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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Madrid%E2%80%93Barajas_Airport_bombing | 2006 Madrid–Barajas Airport bombing | ["1 Background","2 Planning","3 Details of the bombing","3.1 Explosion","3.2 Victims","4 Aftermath","4.1 Reaction","5 Memorial","6 Reconstruction","7 Arrest and trials","7.1 Torture trial","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°29′30″N 3°35′41″W / 40.49167°N 3.59472°W / 40.49167; -3.59472Van bomb by the Basque separatist organisation ETA
2006 Madrid–Barajas Airport bombingPart of the Basque conflictSmoke billows from the parking buildingLocationMadrid, SpainDate30 December 2006 08:59 (UTC+1)TargetMadrid–Barajas AirportAttack typevan bombingDeaths2Injured52PerpetratorETA
vteBasque conflict
Operación Ogro
Cafetería Rolando bombing
Assassination of Juan María de Araluce
Assassination of Augusto Unceta Barrenechea
Getxo shooting
July 1979 Madrid bombings
Alonsotegi bombing
Ispaster attack
Orio ambush
Markina attack
Zarautz attack
Rentería ambush
Killing of Lasa and Zabala
Monbar attack
Plaza República Dominicana bombing
Hipercor bombing
Zaragoza bombing
Netherlands attacks
Sabadell bombing
Vic bombing
Mutxamel bombing
1992 Madrid bombing
1993 Madrid bombings
Vallecas bombing
2000 Madrid bombing
2001 Madrid bombing
Madrid-Barajas Airport bombing
Getxo bombing
Burgos bombing
Palma Nova bombing
On 30 December 2006, a van bomb exploded in the Terminal 4 parking area at the Madrid–Barajas Airport in Spain, killing two and injuring 52. On 9 January 2007, the Basque nationalist and separatist organisation ETA claimed responsibility for the attack. The attack, one of the most powerful carried out by ETA, damaged the airport terminal and destroyed the entire parking structure. The bombing ended a nine-month ceasefire declared by the armed organisation and prompted the government to halt plans for negotiations with the organisation. Despite the attack, ETA claimed that the ceasefire was still in place and regretted the death of civilians. The organisation eventually announced the end of the ceasefire in June 2007.
Ordered and planned by then head of commandos Miguel Garikoitz Aspiazu Rubina alias Txeroki, the attack was carried out by the "commando Elurra", whose members were arrested in early 2008 and sentenced for the attack in May 2010. Txeroki was arrested in November 2008 and was condemned to prison in 2011.
Background
On 22 March 2006, ETA announced a ceasefire. Following the announcement, the Spanish government led by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero on one side and the armed organisation, as well as Batasuna, a Basque nationalist party banned for its ties with ETA, on the other, engaged in talks in order to put an end to the conflict between the two sides. The Basque Nationalist Party, then in charge of the Basque Government, also took part in the conversations. Most of the Basque and Spanish political parties, as well as international institutions, welcomed the announcement, except for the main opposition party People's Party, which called on the government to continue "fighting terrorism" and reject negotiations of any kind.
The three ETA members firing salvos during the 2006 Gudari Eguna
During the celebration of the 2006 Gudari Eguna in Aritxulegi, Gipuzkoa on 23 September, three armed ETA members took part in the event and stated that the organisation would "keep on taking up arms until independence and socialism are achieved" in the Basque Country. The armed men also claimed that "the fight is not a thing of the past, it is the present and the future". The statement was regarded by some as intended to put pressure on the talks with the Spanish government, while others saw it as a declaration of ETA's ultimate intentions, making it clear that they would not disarm until every one of their goals had been completely achieved. Despite that, Rodriguez Zapatero stated that the Spanish government would still keep its offer for talks. One of the ETA members was Mattin Sarasola, who took part in the attack.
On 24 October, a commando unit formed by at least five members of ETA stole around 300 revolvers and 50 pistols, as well as ammunition, from an arms warehouse in Vauvert, France, and on 4 November, the Basque newspaper Gara released an ETA private document in which it warned the Spanish government that the "peace process" was "in crisis". After the bombing, the ABC newspaper reported that before the attack, ETA had reminded Rodríguez Zapatero about the 2004 Madrid train bombings as a way to pressure the Government. During the ceasefire, street violence around the Basque Country, known as kale borroka, did not stop.
According to Spanish police, the decision to break the truce may have come from a more violent side of ETA, opposed to any negotiations with the Spanish government, formed by members who joined ETA after participating in the kale borroka and led by Txeroki, who was in charge of all of the organisation's commandos since 2004.
Madrid has been one of the most targeted cities by ETA. Prior to the attack, 36 car bombs had gone off in the city in the previous 20 years and at least 119 people had been killed in attacks carried out by the armed organisation. Some of the most important attacks have been a bomb explosion inside a cafeteria on 13 September 1974, which killed 13 people, a triple bomb attack on 29 July 1979, that killed 7 people, a car bomb explosion on 15 July 1986, which killed 12 Civil Guards, as well as two car bombs that killed seven and six army members in 1993 and 1995, respectively. The Madrid–Barajas airport had also been the location of ETA attacks on 29 July 1979, when three civilians were killed, and on 27 August 2002, when a car bomb exploded on the second floor of the Terminal 2 parking, causing only material damage, after a warning call from the armed organisation.
Planning
In two meetings held at the Baztan valley in Navarre in the summer of 2006, Txeroki, then head of commandos, ordered fellow ETA members Mattin Sarasola, Igor Portu and Mikel San Sebastián to carry out the bombing. The three members had been born in the Navarrese town of Lesaka and were part of the "commando Elurra" (Basque: snow), previously known as "Goiztiarrak", formed in 2002. Until 2006, the commando had the only task of helping members of ETA cross the Spanish-France border and transporting explosives. The cell was also linked with a car bomb attack against a discothèque in the town of Urdax on 14 February 2006, as well as with another attack against a discothèque in Santesteban on 21 December 2005. The leader of the commando group, Joseba Aranibar alias "Basurde" and Joseba Iturbide, who was also part of the cell, did not take part in the meetings. During the first meeting, Txeroki gave instructions on how to carry out the attack and told the members of the commando which secondary roads they should take to arrive to the airport and avoid being caught by security forces. After the meeting, Sarasola took part in the 23 September event along with Joseba Iturbide and an unknown member of the organisation.
In October, Sarasola, Portu and San Sebastián rehearsed the route to the airport twice. The first rehearsal was made with San Sebastián's personal car and the second one, on 21 October, with a Volkswagen Polo rented in Irun, Gipuzkoa. Leaving from Navarre, the commando members succeeded in parking the Volkswagen Polo in the Terminal 4 car park. After the rehearsals, they met again with Txeroki, who gave them the final instructions for the attack, including the day the attack would take place, as well as how to dress on the day of the bombing. Txeroki asked Sarasola to wear a wig, a cap, as well as a face mask on his nose. Sarasola would also have to carry a suitcase and a crutch, pretending to be lame on one of his legs. He also asked Sarasola to buy a mobile phone with which Portu would warn of the bombing, and told them which places they should phone: the DYA headquarters, a Basque roadside assistance association, in Bilbao, Madrid's firemen and the emergency telephone number 112. Nonetheless, Portu would eventually also call a Basque emergency number.
On 27 December, Portu, Sarasola and San Sebastián stole a Renault Trafic at gunpoint in the French town of Luz Ardiden and held its owner for three days in a cabin located in the Pyrenees. During that time, he was forced to send mobile messages to his mother, stating that he was all right. He was released 40 minutes after the attack. Commando leader Joseba Aranibar loaded the van with explosives, while Sarasola and San Sebastián spent the night at the cabin.
On the morning of 29 December, Aranibar gave the van to Sarasola and San Sebastian. Following the route they had planned, Sarasola drove the van while San Sebastián was driving a motorbike in front of the van. Meanwhile, Portu arrived with another vehicle to a point located 50 kilometres from the airport. Portu met Sarasola and gave him the equipment he needed in order to disguise himself. At 6:51 pm, Sarasola parked the van in the unit D of the Terminal 4 car park and triggered the bomb. He then took a taxi to the town of San Sebastián de los Reyes, where he got rid of the disguise. From there he took another taxi and met Portu, who was driving San Sebastian's motorbike. They then met San Sebastian and they all went back to Lesaka. On the next day, Portu went to the city of San Sebastián, from where he made the warning calls.
Details of the bombing
Explosion
Evacuated passengers gathering outside the terminal after the explosion
At 07:53 am, Igor Portu used a mobile phone to call the DYA headquarters to warn them that a "powerful van bomb" would explode at 09:00. Three minutes later he called the firemen of Madrid, between 07:52 and 07:59 he phoned Gara and finally the SOS/DEIAK emergency number of San Sebastián, this time from a telephone box. Police immediately cordoned off the car park, with hundreds of people being evacuated from the terminal through jetways and gathered outside on the airport ramps.
At 08:59 the Renault Trafic went off, destroying much of section D of the parking lot of the airport's newly built Terminal 4 and sending a massive column of smoke into the air. The terminal, designed by Antonio Lamela and Richard Rogers, had been inaugurated just a few months before, on 5 February 2006. According to reports, the van was carrying 500 to 800 kilograms (1,100 to 1,800 lb) of an unknown kind of explosive, probably a mix of ammonium nitrate and hexogen, becoming the third most powerful explosive device ever used by ETA. The explosion demolished almost all of the five floors of the car park and produced around 40,000 tones of debris, with the zone being compared by Spanish authorities to the World Trade Center ground zero, as well as damaging at least 1300 vehicles parked in the terminal. The terminal building was also affected.
As a result of the explosion, two Ecuadorian citizens, Carlos Alonso Palate and Diego Armando Estacio, who were taking a nap inside their cars and did not manage to evacuate died. It took five days for the rescue teams to reach the buried bodies. 52 other people were injured, with Samur emergency services setting up a field hospital in the terminal in order to assist those injured, mainly from flying glass and damage to their ears due to the shock wave. Hospitals across Madrid received 11 people slightly injured in the blast, with only three of them remaining in the hospitals at the end of the day. The bombing represented ETA's first deadly attack since 2003.
Victims
Carlos Alonso Palate, 35, was born in the town of Ambato, in the province of Tungurahua, Ecuador. He arrived in Spain in 2002 and lived in Valencia, where he worked in a plastic factory, and was in Madrid to pick up a friend's wife who had come to spend New Year's Eve in Spain. He was buried in the small town of Picaihua on January 6. The other victim, Diego Armando Estacio, 19, was born in Machala, El Oro. He arrived in Madrid in 2001, where he worked as a construction worker, and was at the airport to pick up some of his girlfriend's relatives. He was buried in his home town on 8 January.
Aftermath
Excavator removing debris from the blast on 24 January
After the blast, Aena immediately closed Terminal 4 and hundreds of flights were interrupted. Flights at the other three terminals were not affected. At 2:00pm, some flights started departing, while Aena asked passengers to only use public transport in order to go to the terminal. After several hours, regular air traffic resumed and by 7:00pm, 388 out of the 575 scheduled had already departed from the terminal.
During the following days, firemen and emergency services kept on removing debris at the scene of the blast and around 25,000 tones of it had been removed by 21 January. The huge amount of debris made it difficult to rescue the bodies of the dead. The body of Carlos Alonso Palate was found inside his car on 4 January, and was repatriated to Ecuador on the following day, when Diego Armando Estacio's body was found, who was sent back home on 7 January. Both bodies departed from the Torrejón Air Base on planes arranged by the Spanish government, who also granted the Spanish nationality to descendants of the dead.
Several authorities visited the bomb site during the days after the blast. On 3 January, Leader of the People's Party Mariano Rajoy visited the bomb site along with President of Madrid Esperanza Aguirre and mayor of Madrid Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón. Rodriguez Zapatero visited the scene on the following day.
Reaction
Minister of the Interior Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba condemned the attack and stated that "violence is incompatible with dialogue in any democracy" while Rodríguez Zapatero ordered the government to put all peace talks with ETA "on hold" and condemned the "useless and ridiculous step" that the organization had taken, although he did not announce the end of the peace process. Just a few hours earlier, Rodríguez Zapatero had delivered his end of year message and had claimed that "in one year we will be better than today". Mariano Rajoy asked the government not to negotiate with ETA once again and said he would back the government only if it concentrated on eliminating it. Other Spanish political parties, as well as the Basque government, condemned the attack, although the latter stated that they would like the peace process to continue. Spokesman for Batasuna Arnaldo Otegi refused to condemn the attack and denied that the process was damaged and considered it "just another event" of all the ones that were "blocking" the process, and accused the government of not "making any steps", referring to the situation of ETA prisoner Iñaki de Juana Chaos, who was then on a hunger strike. However, Pérez Rubalcaba announced that the process had definitely been broken.
On the following day of the attack, hundreds of members of the Association of Terrorism Victims staged a protest outside the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party headquarters in Madrid, shouting slogans demanding Rodriguez Zapatero's resignation. Earlier, the association president Francisco José Alcaraz asked the government to expel the Communist Party of the Basque Homelands from all regional institutions in case they did not condemn the attack. He also stated that "civil rebellion will remain unstoppable until the terrorists and all their plans have been destroyed". The association held a bigger demonstration on 14 January in Madrid.
On 9 January 2007, in a statement sent to Gara, ETA claimed responsibility for the attack and insisted that the March ceasefire was still in place despite the bombing. The organisation extended its solidarity to the "collateral damage" caused by the bombing, stating that the "objective of this armed action was not to cause victims" and condemned the fact that the airport had not been totally evacuated. ETA also accused the government of creating obstacles to a democratic process. On 6 January, a demonstration in San Sebastian in favour of ETA prisoners and in support of a democratic solution to the process ended up in riots. ETA eventually announced the end of the ceasefire in another statement on 5 June 2007 and resumed its attacks.
Memorial
Memorial held in Bilbao
On the evening of the attack, a minute of silence was held across Spanish town halls. On 14 January, several senior Basque politicians including Patxi López gathered in Bilbao, along with the representative of the Ecuadorian people in the Basque Country, in order to pay tribute to the dead, and on 29 January, hundreds of people gathered at the House of America in Madrid. Then-Ecuadorian Minister for Foreign Affairs María Fernanda Espinosa participated in the event, along with then-Spanish secretary for Ibero-America Trinidad Jiménez. On the day the car park was re-inaugurated, authorities unveiled two busts in the exact park places the victims' cars had been parked.
Reconstruction
The van had been placed in the second floor of the car park, and as a result of the blast a 90% of the building was demolished. The reconstruction of the car park started on 21 January, while the damage caused inside the terminal, mainly broken windows as well as distorted structures, had already been repaired by the end of January. Works lasted six months and the car park was inaugurated again by then-Minister of Public Works Magdalena Álvarez on 20 September 2007. Many businessmen attended the event, which also paid tribute to the dead. The reconstruction had a total cost of 24.5 million euros, and 15 million more were used to compensate the damage caused to the 2,100 cars parked there at the time of the attack, as well as to repair the terminal building.
Arrest and trials
All the suspects involved in the attack were arrested during 2008. On 7 January, Igor Portu and Mattin Sarasola were arrested by the Civil Guard on a road close to Arrasate, Gipuzkoa. At the time of the arrest, they both were carrying a revolver. According to reports by other terrorists, they were placed in patrol cars and were beaten by the officers guarding them. While being handcuffed behind their backs, they were taken separately to an undetermined site, where they were punched and kicked, in addition to receiving death threats. A handcuffed Sarasola was thrown down a hillside before having a gun aimed at his head. The Ministry of Interior denied the claims of torture and attributed the injuries to the moment the terrorists resisted arrest and attempted to escape. On the following day, Pérez Rubalcaba announced that Portu and Sarasola were the perpetrators of the airport attack, after they had confessed so while being in custody. On February 16, Joseba Iturbide and Mikel San Sebastian were arrested in the French town of Saint-Jean-de-Luz, Pyrénées-Atlantiques along with fellow ETA members Jose Antonio Martinez Mur and Asuncion Bengoechea.
Finally, Txeroki, Spain's most wanted man at that time, was arrested in Cauterets, Hautes-Pyrénées on November 17.
On 3 May 2010, Portu, Sarasola and San Sebastián appeared at the Spanish National High Court in Madrid for their role in the attack. All of them refused to address the court, with Sarasola stating that he did not recognise that "fascist court" and said he was "not going to take part in it". On 21 May, they were found guilty of two murders and 48 murder attempts (the final sentence stated that there were 48 wounded people), and each of them was sentenced to 1,040 years of prison, although the maximum a person can serve for a terrorism conviction under the Spanish law is 40 years.
Torture trial
On 25 October 2010, 15 Civil Guards went on trial in San Sebastián in relation to the torture suffered by Portu and Sarasola. On 30 December, four of them were sentenced to prison: two for four years, and the other two for two years. The rest of the officers were found not guilty and were acquitted. It was the first time since 2001 that Civil Guards had been sentenced with claims of torture against members of ETA.
See also
Spain portal
1996 Docklands bombing, a similar attack by the Provisional IRA
ETA's 2006 ceasefire declaration
List of terrorist incidents, 2006
List of ETA attacks
Reus Airport bombing
References
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^ "Los atentados más sangrientos". elmundo.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
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"Cronología del Ministerio del Interior – AGOSTO 2001". MIR (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 March 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
^ a b c d e "El fiscal pedirá 900 años de cárcel para tres autores del atentado de la T-4". elmundo.es (in Spanish). 11 March 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
^ "El comando "Elurra" también actuó en Urdax". diariodenavarra.es (in Spanish). January 18, 2008. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
^ a b c d e f "'Txeroki' ordenó y supervisó el atentado que acabó con la tregua de ETA". elperiodicodearagon.com (in Spanish). 4 May 2010. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
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^ a b c "Pedraz procesa a 'Txeroki' por ordenar el atentado de la T-4 en plena tregua". elmundo.es (in Spanish). 24 November 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
^ "Igor Portu fue el que avisó del atentado de la T-4 del aeropuerto de Barajas". lavanguardia.es (in Spanish). 5 May 2010. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
^ a b "Madrid bomb shatters ETA cease-fire". edition.cnn.com. 30 December 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
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^ a b c d "Finalizan las tareas de desescombro en Barajas sin rastro de la furgoneta de ETA". elcorreo.com (in Spanish). 21 January 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
^ "El colapso que provocó la explosión en el parking, similar al de las Torres Gemelas, según los Bomberos". 20minutos.es (in Spanish). 31 December 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
^ "La Fiscalía eleva de 900 a 1.120 años la petición de penas para los etarras que atentaron en la T-4". lavanguardia.es (in Spanish). 5 May 2010. Archived from the original on 8 May 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
^ "Tres personas siguen hospitalizadas y otras ocho han sido dadas de alta tras el atentado". elmundo.es (in Spanish). 30 December 2006. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
^ "Un trabajador que ahorraba para volver a Ecuador". elpais.com (in Spanish). 3 January 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
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External links
Media related to 2006 Madrid-Barajas Airport bombing at Wikimedia Commons
Explosion hits Madrid Airport's terminal 4 at Wikinews
Picture gallery by elmundo.es
40°29′30″N 3°35′41″W / 40.49167°N 3.59472°W / 40.49167; -3.59472
vteBasque Conflict31 July 1959 (1959-07-31) – 21 October 2011 (2011-10-21)ParticipantsState security forces Spain
Ertzaintza
National Police Corps
Spanish Army
Civil Guard
France
National Gendarmerie
National Police
Basque National Liberation Movement
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA Militarra
ETA Politiko-Militarra)
Iparretarrak
Iraultza
Autonomous Anti-Capitalist Commandos
Irrintzi
Kale borroka
Hordago
Euskal Zuzentasuna
Neo-fascist paramilitaries
Batallón Vasco Español
Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación
Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista
Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey
Grupos Armados Españoles
Acción Nacional Española
Antiterrorismo ETA
Chronology
Burgos trials (1970)
Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco (1973) (ETA)
Cafetería Rolando bombing (1974) (ETA)
Assassination of Juan María de Araluce Villar (1976) (ETA)
Assassination of Augusto Unceta Barrenechea (1977) (ETA)
1978 Getxo attack (1978) (ETA)
Assassination of Argala (1978) (BVE)
July 1979 Madrid bombings (1979) (ETA)
Alonsotegi bombing (1980) (GAE)
Ispaster attack (1980) (ETA)
1980 Orio ambush (1980) (ETA)
Markina attack (1980) (ETA)
Zarautz attack (1980) (ETA)
Rentería ambush (1982) (ETA)
Killing of Lasa and Zabala (1983) (GAL)
Assassination of Santiago Brouard (1984) (GAL)
Monbar Hotel attack (1985) (GAL)
Plaza República Dominicana bombing (1986) (ETA)
Hipercor bombing (1987) (ETA)
Dissolution of GAL (1987)
Zaragoza barracks bombing (1987) (ETA)
ETA Netherlands attacks (1989–1990) (ETA)
Sabadell bombing (1990) (ETA)
Vic bombing (1991) (ETA)
Mutxamel bombing (1991) (ETA)
1992 Madrid bombing (1992) (ETA)
1993 Madrid bombings (1993) (ETA)
Vallecas bombing (1995) (ETA)
Assassination of Miguel Ángel Blanco (1997) (ETA)
2000 Madrid bombing (2000) (ETA)
2001 Madrid bombing (2001) (ETA)
Madrid–Barajas Airport bombing (2006) (ETA)
2008 Getxo bombing (2008) (ETA)
Burgos bombing (2009) (ETA)
Palma Nova bombing (2009) (ETA)
2010 ETA ceasefire (2010)
ETA ends armed activity (2011)
Political partiesBasque nationalist parties
Batasuna
Herri Batasuna
Basque Nationalist Party
Eusko Alkartasuna
Basque Nationalist Action
Batzarre
Aralar
Euskadiko Ezkerra
Communist Party of the Basque Homelands
Askatasuna
Navarrese Left Union
Euskal Herritarrok
People's Socialist Revolutionary Party
Zutik
Herritarren Zerrenda
Euskal Herriko Alderdi Sozialista
Eusko Sozialistak
Euskal Iraultzarako Alderdia
Basque Socialist Party
Herriko Alderdi Sozialista
Auzolan
Party of the Revolutionary Patriotic Workers
Demokrazia Hiru Milioi
Spanish unionist parties
Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
People's Party
Union of the Democratic Centre
Communist Party of Spain
Alianza Popular
Democratic and Social Centre
People's Democratic Party
Union, Progress and Democracy
Navarrese People's Union
People's Socialist Party
Fuerza Nueva
National Front
Carlist Party (1970)
Spanish Alternative
Basque nationalismHistory of the BasquesHistory of SpainHistory of FrancePolitics of the Basque Country
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Basque_conflict"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Basque_conflict"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Basque_conflict"},{"link_name":"Basque conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_conflict"},{"link_name":"Operación Ogro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Luis_Carrero_Blanco"},{"link_name":"Cafetería Rolando bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafeter%C3%ADa_Rolando_bombing"},{"link_name":"Assassination of Juan María de Araluce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Araluce_Villar"},{"link_name":"Assassination of Augusto Unceta Barrenechea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Augusto_Unceta_Barrenechea"},{"link_name":"Getxo shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_1978_Getxo_attack"},{"link_name":"July 1979 Madrid bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_1979_Madrid_bombings"},{"link_name":"Alonsotegi bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonsotegi_bombing"},{"link_name":"Ispaster attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Ispaster_attack"},{"link_name":"Orio ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Orio_ambush"},{"link_name":"Markina attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Markina_attack"},{"link_name":"Zarautz attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Zarautz_attack"},{"link_name":"Rentería ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1982_Renter%C3%ADa_attack"},{"link_name":"Killing of Lasa and Zabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Lasa_and_Zabala"},{"link_name":"Monbar attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monbar_Hotel_attack"},{"link_name":"Plaza República Dominicana bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana_bombing"},{"link_name":"Hipercor bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipercor_bombing"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza_barracks_bombing"},{"link_name":"Netherlands attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETA_attacks_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Sabadell bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabadell_bombing"},{"link_name":"Vic bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mutxamel bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutxamel_bombing"},{"link_name":"1992 Madrid bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Madrid_bombing"},{"link_name":"1993 Madrid bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Madrid_bombings"},{"link_name":"Vallecas bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Vallecas_bombing"},{"link_name":"2000 Madrid bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2000_Madrid_bombing"},{"link_name":"2001 Madrid bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Madrid_bombing"},{"link_name":"Madrid-Barajas Airport bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Getxo bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Getxo_bombing"},{"link_name":"Burgos bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Burgos_bombing"},{"link_name":"Palma Nova bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Palma_Nova_bombing"},{"link_name":"van bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_bomb"},{"link_name":"Madrid–Barajas Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Barajas_Airport"},{"link_name":"Basque nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_nationalism"},{"link_name":"separatist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatism"},{"link_name":"ETA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)"},{"link_name":"a nine-month ceasefire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETA%27s_2006_ceasefire_declaration"},{"link_name":"Miguel Garikoitz Aspiazu Rubina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Garikoitz_Aspiazu_Rubina"}],"text":"Van bomb by the Basque separatist organisation ETAvteBasque conflict\nOperación Ogro\nCafetería Rolando bombing\nAssassination of Juan María de Araluce\nAssassination of Augusto Unceta Barrenechea\nGetxo shooting\nJuly 1979 Madrid bombings\nAlonsotegi bombing\nIspaster attack\nOrio ambush\nMarkina attack\nZarautz attack\nRentería ambush\nKilling of Lasa and Zabala\nMonbar attack\nPlaza República Dominicana bombing\nHipercor bombing\nZaragoza bombing\nNetherlands attacks\nSabadell bombing\nVic bombing\nMutxamel bombing\n1992 Madrid bombing\n1993 Madrid bombings\nVallecas bombing\n2000 Madrid bombing\n2001 Madrid bombing\nMadrid-Barajas Airport bombing\nGetxo bombing\nBurgos bombing\nPalma Nova bombingOn 30 December 2006, a van bomb exploded in the Terminal 4 parking area at the Madrid–Barajas Airport in Spain, killing two and injuring 52. On 9 January 2007, the Basque nationalist and separatist organisation ETA claimed responsibility for the attack. The attack, one of the most powerful carried out by ETA, damaged the airport terminal and destroyed the entire parking structure. The bombing ended a nine-month ceasefire declared by the armed organisation and prompted the government to halt plans for negotiations with the organisation. Despite the attack, ETA claimed that the ceasefire was still in place and regretted the death of civilians. The organisation eventually announced the end of the ceasefire in June 2007.Ordered and planned by then head of commandos Miguel Garikoitz Aspiazu Rubina alias Txeroki, the attack was carried out by the \"commando Elurra\", whose members were arrested in early 2008 and sentenced for the attack in May 2010. Txeroki was arrested in November 2008 and was condemned to prison in 2011.","title":"2006 Madrid–Barajas Airport bombing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_government"},{"link_name":"José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero"},{"link_name":"Batasuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batasuna"},{"link_name":"conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Conflict"},{"link_name":"Basque Nationalist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party"},{"link_name":"Basque Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Government"},{"link_name":"People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ArmaTiroPumEtaMilikiliklik26_8.jpg"},{"link_name":"salvos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvo"},{"link_name":"Gudari Eguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euzko_Gudarostea#Gudari"},{"link_name":"Gipuzkoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipuzkoa"},{"link_name":"independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-correo1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diario1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-correo1-1"},{"link_name":"revolvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolvers"},{"link_name":"Vauvert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauvert"},{"link_name":"Gara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gara"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"2004 Madrid train bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"kale borroka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale_borroka"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cadenaser1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais1-5"},{"link_name":"a bomb explosion inside a cafeteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafeter%C3%ADa_Rolando_bombing"},{"link_name":"triple bomb attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_1979_Madrid_bombings"},{"link_name":"car bomb explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana_bombing"},{"link_name":"Civil Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"army members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_army"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo_atentados-6"},{"link_name":"on 29 July 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_1979_Madrid_bombings"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mir_august_2001-7"}],"text":"On 22 March 2006, ETA announced a ceasefire. Following the announcement, the Spanish government led by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero on one side and the armed organisation, as well as Batasuna, a Basque nationalist party banned for its ties with ETA, on the other, engaged in talks in order to put an end to the conflict between the two sides. The Basque Nationalist Party, then in charge of the Basque Government, also took part in the conversations. Most of the Basque and Spanish political parties, as well as international institutions, welcomed the announcement, except for the main opposition party People's Party, which called on the government to continue \"fighting terrorism\" and reject negotiations of any kind.The three ETA members firing salvos during the 2006 Gudari EgunaDuring the celebration of the 2006 Gudari Eguna in Aritxulegi, Gipuzkoa on 23 September, three armed ETA members took part in the event and stated that the organisation would \"keep on taking up arms until independence and socialism are achieved\" in the Basque Country. The armed men also claimed that \"the fight is not a thing of the past, it is the present and the future\".[1] The statement was regarded by some as intended to put pressure on the talks with the Spanish government, while others saw it as a declaration of ETA's ultimate intentions, making it clear that they would not disarm until every one of their goals had been completely achieved. Despite that, Rodriguez Zapatero stated that the Spanish government would still keep its offer for talks.[2] One of the ETA members was Mattin Sarasola, who took part in the attack.[1]On 24 October, a commando unit formed by at least five members of ETA stole around 300 revolvers and 50 pistols, as well as ammunition, from an arms warehouse in Vauvert, France, and on 4 November, the Basque newspaper Gara released an ETA private document in which it warned the Spanish government that the \"peace process\" was \"in crisis\". After the bombing, the ABC newspaper reported that before the attack, ETA had reminded Rodríguez Zapatero about the 2004 Madrid train bombings as a way to pressure the Government.[3] During the ceasefire, street violence around the Basque Country, known as kale borroka, did not stop.According to Spanish police, the decision to break the truce may have come from a more violent side of ETA, opposed to any negotiations with the Spanish government, formed by members who joined ETA after participating in the kale borroka and led by Txeroki, who was in charge of all of the organisation's commandos since 2004.[4]Madrid has been one of the most targeted cities by ETA. Prior to the attack, 36 car bombs had gone off in the city in the previous 20 years and at least 119 people had been killed in attacks carried out by the armed organisation.[5] Some of the most important attacks have been a bomb explosion inside a cafeteria on 13 September 1974, which killed 13 people, a triple bomb attack on 29 July 1979, that killed 7 people, a car bomb explosion on 15 July 1986, which killed 12 Civil Guards, as well as two car bombs that killed seven and six army members in 1993 and 1995, respectively.[6] The Madrid–Barajas airport had also been the location of ETA attacks on 29 July 1979, when three civilians were killed, and on 27 August 2002, when a car bomb exploded on the second floor of the Terminal 2 parking, causing only material damage, after a warning call from the armed organisation.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baztan valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baztan_(comarca)"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarre"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo1-8"},{"link_name":"Lesaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesaka"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo1-8"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-correo1-1"},{"link_name":"Urdax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdax"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navarra1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aragon1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aragon1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc1-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-correo1-1"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen Polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo"},{"link_name":"Irun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irun"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aragon1-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo1-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aragon1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc1-11"},{"link_name":"roadside assistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakdown_cover"},{"link_name":"112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/112_(emergency_telephone_number)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aragon1-10"},{"link_name":"Renault Trafic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Trafic"},{"link_name":"Luz Ardiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz_Ardiden"},{"link_name":"Pyrenees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo2-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo2-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo2-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo1-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aragon1-10"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián de los Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_los_Reyes"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo1-8"}],"text":"In two meetings held at the Baztan valley in Navarre in the summer of 2006, Txeroki, then head of commandos, ordered fellow ETA members Mattin Sarasola, Igor Portu and Mikel San Sebastián to carry out the bombing.[8] The three members had been born in the Navarrese town of Lesaka[8] and were part of the \"commando Elurra\" (Basque: snow), previously known as \"Goiztiarrak\", formed in 2002. Until 2006, the commando had the only task of helping members of ETA cross the Spanish-France border and transporting explosives.[1] The cell was also linked with a car bomb attack against a discothèque in the town of Urdax on 14 February 2006, as well as with another attack against a discothèque in Santesteban on 21 December 2005.[9] The leader of the commando group, Joseba Aranibar alias \"Basurde\" and Joseba Iturbide, who was also part of the cell, did not take part in the meetings.[10] During the first meeting, Txeroki gave instructions on how to carry out the attack and told the members of the commando which secondary roads they should take to arrive to the airport and avoid being caught by security forces.[10][11] After the meeting, Sarasola took part in the 23 September event along with Joseba Iturbide and an unknown member of the organisation.[1]\n\nIn October, Sarasola, Portu and San Sebastián rehearsed the route to the airport twice. The first rehearsal was made with San Sebastián's personal car and the second one, on 21 October, with a Volkswagen Polo rented in Irun, Gipuzkoa. Leaving from Navarre, the commando members succeeded in parking the Volkswagen Polo in the Terminal 4 car park.[10] After the rehearsals, they met again with Txeroki,[8] who gave them the final instructions for the attack, including the day the attack would take place, as well as how to dress on the day of the bombing. Txeroki asked Sarasola to wear a wig, a cap, as well as a face mask on his nose. Sarasola would also have to carry a suitcase and a crutch, pretending to be lame on one of his legs.[10][11] He also asked Sarasola to buy a mobile phone with which Portu would warn of the bombing, and told them which places they should phone: the DYA headquarters, a Basque roadside assistance association, in Bilbao, Madrid's firemen and the emergency telephone number 112. Nonetheless, Portu would eventually also call a Basque emergency number.[10]On 27 December, Portu, Sarasola and San Sebastián stole a Renault Trafic at gunpoint in the French town of Luz Ardiden and held its owner for three days in a cabin located in the Pyrenees. During that time, he was forced to send mobile messages to his mother, stating that he was all right.[12] He was released 40 minutes after the attack. Commando leader Joseba Aranibar loaded the van with explosives, while Sarasola and San Sebastián spent the night at the cabin.[12]On the morning of 29 December, Aranibar gave the van to Sarasola and San Sebastian.[11][12] Following the route they had planned, Sarasola drove the van while San Sebastián was driving a motorbike in front of the van. Meanwhile, Portu arrived with another vehicle to a point located 50 kilometres from the airport. Portu met Sarasola and gave him the equipment he needed in order to disguise himself.[8] At 6:51 pm,[10] Sarasola parked the van in the unit D of the Terminal 4 car park and triggered the bomb. He then took a taxi to the town of San Sebastián de los Reyes, where he got rid of the disguise. From there he took another taxi and met Portu, who was driving San Sebastian's motorbike. They then met San Sebastian and they all went back to Lesaka. On the next day, Portu went to the city of San Sebastián, from where he made the warning calls.[8]","title":"Planning"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Details of the bombing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Desconcierto_en_la_T4.jpg"},{"link_name":"telephone box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_booth"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lavanguardia1-13"},{"link_name":"airport ramps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_ramp"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn1-14"},{"link_name":"Richard Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rogers"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo5-15"},{"link_name":"ammonium nitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate"},{"link_name":"hexogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDX"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elcorreo2-16"},{"link_name":"World Trade Center ground zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20minutos-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elcorreo2-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lavanguardia2-18"},{"link_name":"Samur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.A.M.U.R."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo3-19"}],"sub_title":"Explosion","text":"Evacuated passengers gathering outside the terminal after the explosionAt 07:53 am, Igor Portu used a mobile phone to call the DYA headquarters to warn them that a \"powerful van bomb\" would explode at 09:00. Three minutes later he called the firemen of Madrid, between 07:52 and 07:59 he phoned Gara and finally the SOS/DEIAK emergency number of San Sebastián, this time from a telephone box.[13] Police immediately cordoned off the car park, with hundreds of people being evacuated from the terminal through jetways and gathered outside on the airport ramps.[14]At 08:59 the Renault Trafic went off, destroying much of section D of the parking lot of the airport's newly built Terminal 4 and sending a massive column of smoke into the air. The terminal, designed by Antonio Lamela and Richard Rogers, had been inaugurated just a few months before, on 5 February 2006.[15] According to reports, the van was carrying 500 to 800 kilograms (1,100 to 1,800 lb) of an unknown kind of explosive, probably a mix of ammonium nitrate and hexogen, becoming the third most powerful explosive device ever used by ETA.[16] The explosion demolished almost all of the five floors of the car park and produced around 40,000 tones of debris, with the zone being compared by Spanish authorities to the World Trade Center ground zero,[17] as well as damaging at least 1300 vehicles parked in the terminal. The terminal building was also affected.[16]As a result of the explosion, two Ecuadorian citizens, Carlos Alonso Palate and Diego Armando Estacio, who were taking a nap inside their cars and did not manage to evacuate died. It took five days for the rescue teams to reach the buried bodies. 52 other people were injured,[18] with Samur emergency services setting up a field hospital in the terminal in order to assist those injured, mainly from flying glass and damage to their ears due to the shock wave. Hospitals across Madrid received 11 people slightly injured in the blast, with only three of them remaining in the hospitals at the end of the day.[19] The bombing represented ETA's first deadly attack since 2003.","title":"Details of the bombing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ambato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambato,_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Tungurahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungurahua_Province"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia,_Spain"},{"link_name":"New Year's Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais_palate-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo_sepelio-21"},{"link_name":"Machala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machala"},{"link_name":"El Oro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Oro_Province"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais_estacio-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo_sepelio-21"}],"sub_title":"Victims","text":"Carlos Alonso Palate, 35, was born in the town of Ambato, in the province of Tungurahua, Ecuador. He arrived in Spain in 2002 and lived in Valencia, where he worked in a plastic factory, and was in Madrid to pick up a friend's wife who had come to spend New Year's Eve in Spain.[20] He was buried in the small town of Picaihua on January 6.[21] The other victim, Diego Armando Estacio, 19, was born in Machala, El Oro. He arrived in Madrid in 2001, where he worked as a construction worker, and was at the airport to pick up some of his girlfriend's relatives.[22] He was buried in his home town on 8 January.[21]","title":"Details of the bombing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%B3dulo_D_aparcamiento_Barajas_-_ETA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aena"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais_aena-23"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn1-14"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais_aena-23"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elcorreo2-16"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo_repa1-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo_repa2-25"},{"link_name":"Torrejón Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrej%C3%B3n_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thinkspain-26"},{"link_name":"Mariano Rajoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Rajoy"},{"link_name":"President of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Esperanza Aguirre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanza_Aguirre"},{"link_name":"mayor of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Ruiz-Gallard%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thinkspain-26"}],"text":"Excavator removing debris from the blast on 24 JanuaryAfter the blast, Aena immediately closed Terminal 4 and hundreds of flights were interrupted.[23] Flights at the other three terminals were not affected.[14] At 2:00pm, some flights started departing, while Aena asked passengers to only use public transport in order to go to the terminal. After several hours, regular air traffic resumed and by 7:00pm, 388 out of the 575 scheduled had already departed from the terminal.[23]During the following days, firemen and emergency services kept on removing debris at the scene of the blast and around 25,000 tones of it had been removed by 21 January.[16] The huge amount of debris made it difficult to rescue the bodies of the dead. The body of Carlos Alonso Palate was found inside his car on 4 January, and was repatriated to Ecuador on the following day,[24] when Diego Armando Estacio's body was found, who was sent back home on 7 January.[25] Both bodies departed from the Torrejón Air Base on planes arranged by the Spanish government, who also granted the Spanish nationality to descendants of the dead.[26]Several authorities visited the bomb site during the days after the blast. On 3 January, Leader of the People's Party Mariano Rajoy visited the bomb site along with President of Madrid Esperanza Aguirre and mayor of Madrid Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón. Rodriguez Zapatero visited the scene on the following day.[26]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minister of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_P%C3%A9rez_Rubalcaba"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo_reacciones-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo_reacciones-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc_zapatero-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo_reacciones-27"},{"link_name":"Arnaldo Otegi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaldo_Otegi"},{"link_name":"Iñaki de Juana Chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1aki_de_Juana_Chaos"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo_otegi-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo_reacciones-27"},{"link_name":"Spanish Socialist Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the Basque Homelands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Basque_Homelands"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thinkspain-26"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais_claim-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc_claim-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais_claim-30"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais_manifa-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo_fintregua-33"}],"sub_title":"Reaction","text":"Minister of the Interior Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba condemned the attack and stated that \"violence is incompatible with dialogue in any democracy\"[27] while Rodríguez Zapatero ordered the government to put all peace talks with ETA \"on hold\" and condemned the \"useless and ridiculous step\" that the organization had taken,[27] although he did not announce the end of the peace process.[28] Just a few hours earlier, Rodríguez Zapatero had delivered his end of year message and had claimed that \"in one year we will be better than today\". Mariano Rajoy asked the government not to negotiate with ETA once again and said he would back the government only if it concentrated on eliminating it. Other Spanish political parties, as well as the Basque government, condemned the attack, although the latter stated that they would like the peace process to continue.[27] Spokesman for Batasuna Arnaldo Otegi refused to condemn the attack and denied that the process was damaged and considered it \"just another event\" of all the ones that were \"blocking\" the process, and accused the government of not \"making any steps\", referring to the situation of ETA prisoner Iñaki de Juana Chaos, who was then on a hunger strike.[29] However, Pérez Rubalcaba announced that the process had definitely been broken.[27]On the following day of the attack, hundreds of members of the Association of Terrorism Victims staged a protest outside the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party headquarters in Madrid, shouting slogans demanding Rodriguez Zapatero's resignation. Earlier, the association president Francisco José Alcaraz asked the government to expel the Communist Party of the Basque Homelands from all regional institutions in case they did not condemn the attack. He also stated that \"civil rebellion will remain unstoppable until the terrorists and all their plans have been destroyed\".[26] The association held a bigger demonstration on 14 January in Madrid.On 9 January 2007, in a statement sent to Gara, ETA claimed responsibility for the attack and insisted that the March ceasefire was still in place despite the bombing. The organisation extended its solidarity to the \"collateral damage\" caused by the bombing, stating that the \"objective of this armed action was not to cause victims\" and condemned the fact that the airport had not been totally evacuated.[30][31] ETA also accused the government of creating obstacles to a democratic process.[30] On 6 January, a demonstration in San Sebastian in favour of ETA prisoners and in support of a democratic solution to the process ended up in riots.[32] ETA eventually announced the end of the ceasefire in another statement on 5 June 2007 and resumed its attacks.[33]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tribute_Madrid_Airport_bombing.jpg"},{"link_name":"minute of silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_of_silence"},{"link_name":"Patxi López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patxi_L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20minutes_tribute-34"},{"link_name":"María Fernanda Espinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Fernanda_Espinosa"},{"link_name":"Ibero-America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibero-America"},{"link_name":"Trinidad Jiménez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_Jim%C3%A9nez"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eluniverso_tributo-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elcorreo_reapertura-36"}],"text":"Memorial held in BilbaoOn the evening of the attack, a minute of silence was held across Spanish town halls. On 14 January, several senior Basque politicians including Patxi López gathered in Bilbao, along with the representative of the Ecuadorian people in the Basque Country, in order to pay tribute to the dead,[34] and on 29 January, hundreds of people gathered at the House of America in Madrid. Then-Ecuadorian Minister for Foreign Affairs María Fernanda Espinosa participated in the event, along with then-Spanish secretary for Ibero-America Trinidad Jiménez.[35] On the day the car park was re-inaugurated, authorities unveiled two busts in the exact park places the victims' cars had been parked.[36]","title":"Memorial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elcorreo2-16"},{"link_name":"Magdalena Álvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_%C3%81lvarez"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elcorreo_reapertura-36"}],"text":"The van had been placed in the second floor of the car park, and as a result of the blast a 90% of the building was demolished. The reconstruction of the car park started on 21 January, while the damage caused inside the terminal, mainly broken windows as well as distorted structures, had already been repaired by the end of January.[16] Works lasted six months and the car park was inaugurated again by then-Minister of Public Works Magdalena Álvarez on 20 September 2007. Many businessmen attended the event, which also paid tribute to the dead. The reconstruction had a total cost of 24.5 million euros, and 15 million more were used to compensate the damage caused to the 2,100 cars parked there at the time of the attack, as well as to repair the terminal building.[36]","title":"Reconstruction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arrasate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondrag%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"revolver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolver"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo_arrest1-37"},{"link_name":"patrol cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_car"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thereader_arrest-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thereader_arrest-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo_arrest2-39"},{"link_name":"Saint-Jean-de-Luz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jean-de-Luz"},{"link_name":"Pyrénées-Atlantiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters_arrest-40"},{"link_name":"Cauterets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauterets"},{"link_name":"Hautes-Pyrénées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautes-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timesonline_arrest-41"},{"link_name":"Spanish National High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiencia_Nacional_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtve_trial1-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtve_trial2-43"}],"text":"All the suspects involved in the attack were arrested during 2008. On 7 January, Igor Portu and Mattin Sarasola were arrested by the Civil Guard on a road close to Arrasate, Gipuzkoa. At the time of the arrest, they both were carrying a revolver.[37] According to reports by other terrorists, they were placed in patrol cars and were beaten by the officers guarding them. While being handcuffed behind their backs, they were taken separately to an undetermined site, where they were punched and kicked, in addition to receiving death threats. A handcuffed Sarasola was thrown down a hillside before having a gun aimed at his head.[38] The Ministry of Interior denied the claims of torture and attributed the injuries to the moment the terrorists resisted arrest and attempted to escape.[38] On the following day, Pérez Rubalcaba announced that Portu and Sarasola were the perpetrators of the airport attack, after they had confessed so while being in custody.[39] On February 16, Joseba Iturbide and Mikel San Sebastian were arrested in the French town of Saint-Jean-de-Luz, Pyrénées-Atlantiques along with fellow ETA members Jose Antonio Martinez Mur and Asuncion Bengoechea.[40] \nFinally, Txeroki, Spain's most wanted man at that time, was arrested in Cauterets, Hautes-Pyrénées on November 17.[41]On 3 May 2010, Portu, Sarasola and San Sebastián appeared at the Spanish National High Court in Madrid for their role in the attack. All of them refused to address the court, with Sarasola stating that he did not recognise that \"fascist court\" and said he was \"not going to take part in it\".[42] On 21 May, they were found guilty of two murders and 48 murder attempts (the final sentence stated that there were 48 wounded people), and each of them was sentenced to 1,040 years of prison, although the maximum a person can serve for a terrorism conviction under the Spanish law is 40 years.[43]","title":"Arrest and trials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtve_tortura1-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo_tortura1-45"}],"sub_title":"Torture trial","text":"On 25 October 2010, 15 Civil Guards went on trial in San Sebastián in relation to the torture suffered by Portu and Sarasola. On 30 December, four of them were sentenced to prison: two for four years, and the other two for two years. The rest of the officers were found not guilty and were acquitted.[44] It was the first time since 2001 that Civil Guards had been sentenced with claims of torture against members of ETA.[45]","title":"Arrest and trials"}] | [{"image_text":"The three ETA members firing salvos during the 2006 Gudari Eguna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/ArmaTiroPumEtaMilikiliklik26_8.jpg/220px-ArmaTiroPumEtaMilikiliklik26_8.jpg"},{"image_text":"Evacuated passengers gathering outside the terminal after the explosion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Desconcierto_en_la_T4.jpg/205px-Desconcierto_en_la_T4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Excavator removing debris from the blast on 24 January","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/M%C3%B3dulo_D_aparcamiento_Barajas_-_ETA.jpg/220px-M%C3%B3dulo_D_aparcamiento_Barajas_-_ETA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial held in Bilbao","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tribute_Madrid_Airport_bombing.jpg/220px-Tribute_Madrid_Airport_bombing.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Spain portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spain"},{"title":"1996 Docklands bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Docklands_bombing"},{"title":"Provisional IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"title":"ETA's 2006 ceasefire declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETA%27s_2006_ceasefire_declaration"},{"title":"List of terrorist incidents, 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents,_2006"},{"title":"List of ETA attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ETA_attacks"},{"title":"Reus Airport bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reus_Airport_bombing"}] | [{"reference":"\"El 'comando Elurra' recogió los fusiles escondidos en el monte Aritxulegi meses después del Gudari Eguna\". elcorreo.com/vizcaya (in Spanish). 16 January 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20080116/mas-actualidad/politica/comando-elurra-recogio-fusiles-200801161758.html","url_text":"\"El 'comando Elurra' recogió los fusiles escondidos en el monte Aritxulegi meses después del Gudari Eguna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zapatero pide a Batasuna que haga \"sólo política\" y se desmarque de la violencia\". diariovasco.com (in Spanish). 25 September 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diariovasco.com/pg060925/prensa/noticias/Politica/200609/25/DVA-POL-022.html","url_text":"\"Zapatero pide a Batasuna que haga \"sólo política\" y se desmarque de la violencia\""}]},{"reference":"\"La banda recordó al Ejecutivo el precedente del 11-M\" (in Spanish). ABC. 12 January 2007. Archived from the original on 12 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070112224601/http://www.abc.es/20061231/nacional-terrorismo/banda-recordo-ejecutivo-precedente_200612310243.html","url_text":"\"La banda recordó al Ejecutivo el precedente del 11-M\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)","url_text":"ABC"},{"url":"http://www.abc.es/20061231/nacional-terrorismo/banda-recordo-ejecutivo-precedente_200612310243.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Txeroki', el terrorista que decidió romper la tregua\". cadenaser.com (in Spanish). 17 November 2008. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120923074455/http://www.cadenaser.com/espana/articulo/txeroki-terrorista-decidio-romper-tregua/csrcsrpor/20081117csrcsrnac_4/Tes","url_text":"\"'Txeroki', el terrorista que decidió romper la tregua\""},{"url":"http://www.cadenaser.com/espana/articulo/txeroki-terrorista-decidio-romper-tregua/csrcsrpor/20081117csrcsrnac_4/Tes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Atentados de ETA en Madrid\". elpais.com (in Spanish). 9 February 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Atentados/ETA/Madrid/elpporesp/20040311elpepunac_2/Tes","url_text":"\"Atentados de ETA en Madrid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los atentados más sangrientos\". elmundo.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmundo.es/eta/historia/atentados.html","url_text":"\"Los atentados más sangrientos\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101226153849/http://www.elmundo.es/eta/historia/atentados.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cronología del Ministerio del Interior – AGOSTO 2001\". MIR (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 March 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080313001432/http://www.mir.es/DGRIS/Cronologia/2001/agosto.htm","url_text":"\"Cronología del Ministerio del Interior – AGOSTO 2001\""},{"url":"http://www.mir.es/DGRIS/Cronologia/2001/agosto.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"El fiscal pedirá 900 años de cárcel para tres autores del atentado de la T-4\". elmundo.es (in Spanish). 11 March 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/03/11/espana/1268307754.html","url_text":"\"El fiscal pedirá 900 años de cárcel para tres autores del atentado de la T-4\""}]},{"reference":"\"El comando \"Elurra\" también actuó en Urdax\". diariodenavarra.es (in Spanish). January 18, 2008. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724011632/http://www.diariodenavarra.es/20080118/navarra/el-comando-elurra-tambien-actuo-urdax.html?not=2008011802285988&dia=20080118&seccion=navarra&seccion2=terrorismo","url_text":"\"El comando \"Elurra\" también actuó en Urdax\""},{"url":"http://www.diariodenavarra.es/20080118/navarra/el-comando-elurra-tambien-actuo-urdax.html?not=2008011802285988&dia=20080118&seccion=navarra&seccion2=terrorismo","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Txeroki' ordenó y supervisó el atentado que acabó con la tregua de ETA\". elperiodicodearagon.com (in Spanish). 4 May 2010. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130121233815/http://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=579638","url_text":"\"'Txeroki' ordenó y supervisó el atentado que acabó con la tregua de ETA\""},{"url":"http://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=579638","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Así ordenó \"Txeroki\" volar la T-4\". abc.es (in Spanish). 25 November 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.es/20081125/nacional-terrorismo/ordeno-txeroki-volar-20081125.html","url_text":"\"Así ordenó \"Txeroki\" volar la T-4\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pedraz procesa a 'Txeroki' por ordenar el atentado de la T-4 en plena tregua\". elmundo.es (in Spanish). 24 November 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/11/24/espana/1227531091.html","url_text":"\"Pedraz procesa a 'Txeroki' por ordenar el atentado de la T-4 en plena tregua\""}]},{"reference":"\"Igor Portu fue el que avisó del atentado de la T-4 del aeropuerto de Barajas\". lavanguardia.es (in Spanish). 5 May 2010. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130213163437/http://www.lavanguardia.es/politica/noticias/20100505/53921678153/igor-portu-fue-el-que-aviso-del-atentado-de-la-t-4-del-aeropuerto-de-barajas-madrid-eta-dya-diego-ar.html","url_text":"\"Igor Portu fue el que avisó del atentado de la T-4 del aeropuerto de Barajas\""},{"url":"http://www.lavanguardia.es/politica/noticias/20100505/53921678153/igor-portu-fue-el-que-aviso-del-atentado-de-la-t-4-del-aeropuerto-de-barajas-madrid-eta-dya-diego-ar.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Madrid bomb shatters ETA cease-fire\". edition.cnn.com. 30 December 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/12/30/madrid.blast/","url_text":"\"Madrid bomb shatters ETA cease-fire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zapatero inaugura la Terminal 4, que sitúa Barajas en el cuarto puesto europeo por número de vuelos\". elmundo.es (in Spanish). 4 February 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/02/04/madrid/1139028853.html","url_text":"\"Zapatero inaugura la Terminal 4, que sitúa Barajas en el cuarto puesto europeo por número de vuelos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finalizan las tareas de desescombro en Barajas sin rastro de la furgoneta de ETA\". elcorreo.com (in Spanish). 21 January 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elcorreo.com/alava/20070121/politica/finaliza-desescombro-barajas-rastro_200701211833.html","url_text":"\"Finalizan las tareas de desescombro en Barajas sin rastro de la furgoneta de ETA\""}]},{"reference":"\"El colapso que provocó la explosión en el parking, similar al de las Torres Gemelas, según los Bomberos\". 20minutos.es (in Spanish). 31 December 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/187058/0/diego/atentado/desaparecido/","url_text":"\"El colapso que provocó la explosión en el parking, similar al de las Torres Gemelas, según los Bomberos\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Fiscalía eleva de 900 a 1.120 años la petición de penas para los etarras que atentaron en la T-4\". lavanguardia.es (in Spanish). 5 May 2010. Archived from the original on 8 May 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100508143157/http://www.lavanguardia.es/politica/noticias/20100505/53922117977/la-fiscalia-eleva-de-900-a-1.120-anos-la-peticion-de-penas-para-los-etarras-que-atentaron-en-la-t-4.html","url_text":"\"La Fiscalía eleva de 900 a 1.120 años la petición de penas para los etarras que atentaron en la T-4\""},{"url":"http://www.lavanguardia.es/politica/noticias/20100505/53922117977/la-fiscalia-eleva-de-900-a-1.120-anos-la-peticion-de-penas-para-los-etarras-que-atentaron-en-la-t-4.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tres personas siguen hospitalizadas y otras ocho han sido dadas de alta tras el atentado\". elmundo.es (in Spanish). 30 December 2006. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/12/30/espana/1167493709.html","url_text":"\"Tres personas siguen hospitalizadas y otras ocho han sido dadas de alta tras el atentado\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101204121348/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/12/30/espana/1167493709.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Un trabajador que ahorraba para volver a Ecuador\". elpais.com (in Spanish). 3 January 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/trabajador/ahorraba/volver/Ecuador/elpepuesp/20070103elpepunac_11/Tes","url_text":"\"Un trabajador que ahorraba para volver a Ecuador\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ecuador sepulta la pesadilla del terrorismo de ETA con los sepelios de Palate y Estacio\". elmundo.es (in Spanish). 7 January 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/01/07/espana/1168170448.html","url_text":"\"Ecuador sepulta la pesadilla del terrorismo de ETA con los sepelios de Palate y Estacio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Llega a Ecuador el avión con los restos de Diego Armando Estacio\". elpais.com (in Spanish). 7 January 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Llega/Ecuador/avion/restos/Diego/Armando/Estacio/elpepuesp/20070107elpepunac_1/Tes","url_text":"\"Llega a Ecuador el avión con los restos de Diego Armando Estacio\""}]},{"reference":"\"La T-4 de Barajas sale del caos tras el atentado\". elpais.com (in Spanish). 30 December 2006. 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Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/01/06/espana/1168072897.html","url_text":"\"El féretro de Diego Armando Estacio llega a Ecuador en un avión del Ejército español\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110202202830/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/01/06/espana/1168072897.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Autopsy confirms second Barajas blast victim also died of asphyxia\". thinkspain.com. January 7, 2007. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved December 31, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723155212/http://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/12405","url_text":"\"Autopsy confirms second Barajas blast victim also died of asphyxia\""},{"url":"http://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/12405","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Reacciones al atentado de ETA contra la T-4 del aeropuerto de Madrid Barajas\". elmundo.es (in Spanish). 30 December 2006. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/01/02/espana/1167757046.html","url_text":"\"Reacciones al atentado de ETA contra la T-4 del aeropuerto de Madrid Barajas\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101204121424/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/01/02/espana/1167757046.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Spanish PM suspends Eta dialogue\". news.bbc.co.uk. 30 December 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6219431.stm","url_text":"\"Spanish PM suspends Eta dialogue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Batasuna dice que el 'proceso de paz no está roto' y exige más 'responsabilidad' al Gobierno\". elmundo.es (in Spanish). 30 December 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/12/30/espana/1167497365.html","url_text":"\"Batasuna dice que el 'proceso de paz no está roto' y exige más 'responsabilidad' al Gobierno\""}]},{"reference":"\"ETA asume la autoría del atentado de Barajas pero asegura que el alto el fuego continúa vigente\". elpais.com (in Spanish). 9 January 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/ETA/asume/autoria/atentado/Barajas/asegura/alto/fuego/continua/vigente/elpepuesp/20070109elpepunac_8/Tes","url_text":"\"ETA asume la autoría del atentado de Barajas pero asegura que el alto el fuego continúa vigente\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eta claims Madrid airport attack\". news.bbc.co.uk. 9 January 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6245013.stm","url_text":"\"Eta claims Madrid airport attack\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Ertzaintza carga contra los simpatizantes de la izquierda 'abertzale' concentrados en Anoeta\". elpais.com (in Spanish). 6 January 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Ertzaintza/carga/simpatizantes/izquierda/abertzale/concentrados/Anoeta/elpepuesp/20070106elpepunac_3/Tes","url_text":"\"La Ertzaintza carga contra los simpatizantes de la izquierda 'abertzale' concentrados en Anoeta\""}]},{"reference":"\"ETA anuncia que da por finalizado el 'alto el fuego' a partir de esta medianoche\". elmundo.es (in Spanish). 5 January 2007. Archived from the original on 21 January 2011. 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Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/01/09/espana/1199877889.html","url_text":"\"Los etarras detenidos en Mondragón son los autores del atentado de la T-4\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110121165917/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/01/09/espana/1199877889.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Spain confirms arrest of 4 ETA suspects in France\". reuters.com. 16 February 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL16307085","url_text":"\"Spain confirms arrest of 4 ETA suspects in France\""}]},{"reference":"\"Txeroki, Spain's most wanted man, arrested in France\". timesonline.co.uk. 18 November 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article5169717.ece","url_text":"\"Txeroki, Spain's most wanted man, arrested in France\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los etarras acusados del atentado de la T4 no reconocen al tribunal y se niegan a declarar\". rtve.es/noticias (in Spanish). 3 May 2010. Archived from the original on 27 January 2011. 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Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/12/30/paisvasco/1293722900.html","url_text":"\"Primera condena por torturas impuesta a guardias civiles en diez años\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2006_Madrid%E2%80%93Barajas_Airport_bombing¶ms=40_29_30_N_3_35_41_W_type:event_region:ES","external_links_name":"40°29′30″N 3°35′41″W / 40.49167°N 3.59472°W / 40.49167; -3.59472"},{"Link":"http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20080116/mas-actualidad/politica/comando-elurra-recogio-fusiles-200801161758.html","external_links_name":"\"El 'comando Elurra' recogió los fusiles escondidos en el monte Aritxulegi meses después del Gudari Eguna\""},{"Link":"http://www.diariovasco.com/pg060925/prensa/noticias/Politica/200609/25/DVA-POL-022.html","external_links_name":"\"Zapatero pide a Batasuna que haga \"sólo política\" y se desmarque de la 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vuelos\""},{"Link":"http://www.elcorreo.com/alava/20070121/politica/finaliza-desescombro-barajas-rastro_200701211833.html","external_links_name":"\"Finalizan las tareas de desescombro en Barajas sin rastro de la furgoneta de ETA\""},{"Link":"http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/187058/0/diego/atentado/desaparecido/","external_links_name":"\"El colapso que provocó la explosión en el parking, similar al de las Torres Gemelas, según los Bomberos\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100508143157/http://www.lavanguardia.es/politica/noticias/20100505/53922117977/la-fiscalia-eleva-de-900-a-1.120-anos-la-peticion-de-penas-para-los-etarras-que-atentaron-en-la-t-4.html","external_links_name":"\"La Fiscalía eleva de 900 a 1.120 años la petición de penas para los etarras que atentaron en la 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunable_nanoporous_carbon | Carbide-derived carbon | ["1 History","2 Nomenclature","3 Synthesis","3.1 Chlorine treatment","3.2 Vacuum decomposition","3.3 Hydrothermal decomposition","4 Applications","5 Proposed applications","5.1 Gas storage and carbon dioxide capturing","5.2 Tribological coatings","5.3 Protein adsorption","5.4 Catalyst support","5.5 Capacitive deionization (CDI)","6 Commercial production and applications","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Type of carbon materials
Carbide-derived carbon (CDC), also known as tunable nanoporous carbon, is the common term for carbon materials derived from carbide precursors, such as binary (e.g. SiC, TiC), or ternary carbides, also known as MAX phases (e.g., Ti2AlC, Ti3SiC2). CDCs have also been derived from polymer-derived ceramics such as Si-O-C or Ti-C, and carbonitrides, such as Si-N-C. CDCs can occur in various structures, ranging from amorphous to crystalline carbon, from sp2- to sp3-bonded, and from highly porous to fully dense. Among others, the following carbon structures have been derived from carbide precursors: micro- and mesoporous carbon, amorphous carbon, carbon nanotubes, onion-like carbon, nanocrystalline diamond, graphene, and graphite. Among carbon materials, microporous CDCs exhibit some of the highest reported specific surface areas (up to more than 3000 m2/g). By varying the type of the precursor and the CDC synthesis conditions, microporous and mesoporous structures with controllable average pore size and pore size distributions can be produced. Depending on the precursor and the synthesis conditions, the average pore size control can be applied at sub-Angstrom accuracy. This ability to precisely tune the size and shapes of pores makes CDCs attractive for selective sorption and storage of liquids and gases (e.g., hydrogen, methane, CO2) and the high electric conductivity and electrochemical stability allows these structures to be effectively implemented in electrical energy storage and capacitive water desalinization.
History
The production of SiCl4 by high temperature reaction of chlorine gas with silicon carbide was first patented in 1918 by Otis Hutchins, with the process further optimized for higher yields in 1956. The solid porous carbon product was initially regarded as a waste byproduct until its properties and potential applications were investigated in more detail in 1959 by Walter Mohun. Research was carried out in the 1960-1980s mostly by Russian scientists on the synthesis of CDC via halogen treatment, while hydrothermal treatment was explored as an alternative route to derive CDCs in the 1990s. Most recently, research activities have centered on optimized CDC synthesis and nanoengineered CDC precursors.
Nomenclature
Historically, various terms have been used for CDC, such as "mineral carbon" or "nanoporous carbon". Later, a more adequate nomenclature introduced by Yury Gogotsi was adopted that clearly denotes the precursor. For example, CDC derived from silicon carbide has been referred to as SiC-CDC, Si-CDC, or SiCDC. Recently, it was recommended to adhere to a unified precursor-CDC-nomenclature to reflect the chemical composition of the precursor (e.g., B4C-CDC, Ti3SiC2-CDC, W2C-CDC).
Synthesis
CDCs have been synthesized using several chemical and physical synthesis methods. Most commonly, dry chlorine treatment is used to selectively etch metal or metalloid atoms from the carbide precursor lattice. The term "chlorine treatment" is to be preferred over chlorination as the chlorinated product, metal chloride, is the discarded byproduct and the carbon itself remains largely unreacted. This method is implemented for commercial production of CDC by Skeleton in Estonia and Carbon-Ukraine. Hydrothermal etching has also been used for synthesis of SiC-CDC which yielded a route for porous carbon films and nanodiamond synthesis.
Schematic of chlorine etching of to produce a porous carbon structure.
Chlorine treatment
The most common method for producing porous carbide-derived carbons involves high-temperature etching with halogens, most commonly chlorine gas. The following generic equation describes the reaction of a metal carbide with chlorine gas (M: Si, Ti, V; similar equations can be written for other CDC precursors):
MC (solid) + 2 Cl2 (gas) → MCl4(gas) + C (solid)
Halogen treatment at temperatures between 200 and 1000 °C has been shown to yield mostly disordered porous carbons with a porosity between 50 and ~80 vol% depending on the precursor. Temperatures above 1000 °C result in predominantly graphitic carbon and an observed shrinkage of the material due to graphitization.
Different bulk porosity of CDCs derived from different carbide precursors.
The linear growth rate of the solid carbon product phase suggests a reaction-driven kinetic mechanism, but the kinetics become diffusion-limited for thicker films or larger particles. A high mass transport condition (high gas flow rates) facilitates the removal of the chloride and shifts the reaction equilibrium towards the CDC product. Chlorine treatment has successfully been employed for CDC synthesis from a variety of carbide precursors, including SiC, TiC, B4C, BaC2, CaC2, Cr3C2, Fe3C, Mo2C, Al4C3, Nb2C, SrC2, Ta2C, VC, WC, W2C, ZrC, ternary carbides such as Ti2AlC, Ti3AlC2, and Ti3SiC2, and carbonitrides such as Ti2AlC0.5N0.5.
Most produced CDCs exhibit a prevalence of micropores (< 2 nm) and mesopores (between 2 and 50 nm), with specific distributions affected by carbide precursor and synthesis conditions. Hierarchic porosity can be achieved by using polymer-derived ceramics with or without utilizing a templating method. Templating yields an ordered array of mesopores in addition to the disordered network of micropores.
It has been shown that the initial crystal structure of the carbide is the primary factor affecting the CDC porosity, especially for low-temperature chlorine treatment. In general, a larger spacing between carbon atoms in the lattice correlates with an increase in the average pore diameter. As the synthesis temperature increases, the average pore diameter increases, while the pore size distribution becomes broader. The overall shape and size of the carbide precursor, however, is largely maintained and CDC formation is usually referred to as a conformal process.
Pore size distributions for different carbide precursors.
Vacuum decomposition
Main article: Epitaxial graphene
Metal or metalloid atoms from carbides can selectively be extracted at high temperatures (usually above 1200 °C) under vacuum. The underlying mechanism is incongruent decomposition of carbides, using the high melting point of carbon compared to corresponding carbide metals that melt and eventually evaporate away, leaving the carbon behind.
Like halogen treatment, vacuum decomposition is a conformal process. The resulting carbon structures are, as a result of the higher temperatures, more ordered, and carbon nanotubes and graphene can be obtained. In particular, vertically aligned carbon nanotubes films of high tube density have been reported for vacuum decomposition of SiC. The high tube density translates into a high elastic modulus and high buckling resistance which is of particular interest for mechanical and tribological applications.
While carbon nanotube formation occurs when trace oxygen amounts are present, very high vacuum conditions (approaching 10−8–10−10 torr) result in the formation of graphene sheets. If the conditions are maintained, graphene transitions into bulk graphite. In particular, by vacuum annealing silicon carbide single crystals (wafers) at 1200–1500 °C, metal/metalloid atoms are selectively removed and a layer of 1–3 layer graphene (depending on the treatment time) is formed, undergoing a conformal transformation of 3 layers of silicon carbide into one monolayer of graphene. Also, graphene formation occurs preferentially on the Si-face of the 6H-SiC crystals, while nanotube growth is favored on the c-face of SiC.
Hydrothermal decomposition
The removal of metal atoms from carbides has been reported at high temperatures (300–1000 °C) and pressures (2–200 MPa). The following reactions are possible between metal carbides and water:
x⁄2 MC + x H2O → Mx⁄2Ox + x⁄2 CH4
MC + (x+1) H2O → MOx + CO + (x+1) H2
MC + (x+2) H2O → MOx + CO2 + (x+2) H2
MC + x H2O → MOx + C + x H2
Only the last reaction yields solid carbon. The yield of carbon-containing gases increases with pressure (decreasing solid carbon yield) and decreases with temperatures (increasing the carbon yield). The ability to produce a usable porous carbon material is dependent on the solubility of the formed metal oxide (such as SiO2) in supercritical water. Hydrothermal carbon formation has been reported for SiC, TiC, WC, TaC, and NbC. Insolubility of metal oxides, for example TiO2, is a significant complication for certain metal carbides (e.g., Ti3SiC2).
Applications
See also: Electric double-layer capacitor and Capa vehicle
One application of carbide-derived carbons is as active material in electrodes for electric double layer capacitors which have become commonly known as supercapacitors or ultracapacitors. This is motivated by their good electrical conductivity combined with high surface area, large micropore volume, and pore size control that enable to match the porosity metrics of the porous carbon electrode to a certain electrolyte. In particular, when the pore size approaches the size of the (desolvated) ion in the electrolyte, there is a significant increase in the capacitance. The electrically conductive carbon material minimizes resistance losses in supercapacitor devices and enhances charge screening and confinement, maximizing the packing density and subsequent charge storage capacity of microporous CDC electrodes.
Confinement of solvated ions in pores, such as those present in CDCs. As the pore size approaches the size of the solvation shell, the solvent molecules are removed, resulting in larger ionic packing density and increased charge storage capability.
CDC electrodes have been shown to yield a gravimetric capacitance of up to 190 F/g in aqueous electrolytes and 180 F/g in organic electrolytes. The highest capacitance values are observed for matching ion/pore systems, which allow high-density packing of ions in pores in superionic states. However, small pores, especially when combined with an overall large particle diameter, impose an additional diffusion limitation on the ion mobility during charge/discharge cycling. The prevalence of mesopores in the CDC structure allows for more ions to move past each other during charging and discharging, allowing for faster scan rates and improved rate handling abilities. Conversely, by implementing nanoparticle carbide precursors, shorter pore channels allow for higher electrolyte mobility, resulting in faster charge/discharge rates and higher power densities.
Proposed applications
Gas storage and carbon dioxide capturing
TiC-CDC activated with KOH or CO2 store up to 21 wt.% of methane at 25 °C at high pressure. CDCs with subnanometer pores in the 0.50–0.88 nm diameter range have shown to store up to 7.1 mol CO2/kg at 1 bar and 0 °C. CDCs also store up to 3 wt.% hydrogen at 60 bar and −196 °C, with additional increases possible as a result of chemical or physical activation of the CDC materials. SiOC-CDC with large subnanometer pore volumes are able to store over 5.5 wt.% hydrogen at 60 bar and −196 °C, almost reaching the goal of the US Department of Energy of 6 wt.% storage density for automotive applications. Methane storage densities of over 21.5 wt.% can be achieved for this material at those conditions. In particular, a predominance of pores with subnanometer diameters and large pore volumes are instrumental towards increasing storage densities.
Tribological coatings
CDC films obtained by vacuum annealing (ESK) or chlorine treatment of SiC ceramics yield a low friction coefficient. The friction coefficient of SiC, which is widely used in tribological applications for its high mechanical strength and hardness, can therefore decrease from ~0.7 to ~0.2 or less under dry conditions. It’s important to mention that graphite cannot operate in dry environments. The porous 3-dimensional network of CDC allows for high ductility and an increased mechanical strength, minimizing fracture of the film under an applied force. Those coatings find applications in dynamic seals. The friction properties can be further tailored with high-temperature hydrogen annealing and subsequent hydrogen termination of dangling bonds.
Protein adsorption
Carbide-derived carbons with a mesoporous structure remove large molecules from biofluids. As other carbons, CDCs possess good biocompatibility. CDCs have been demonstrated to remove cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta from blood plasma. These are the most common receptor-binding agents released into the body during a bacterial infection that cause the primary inflammatory response during the attack and increase the potential lethality of sepsis, making their removal a very important concern. The rates and levels of removal of above cytokines (85–100% removed within 30 minutes) are higher than those observed for comparable activated carbons.
Catalyst support
See also: Catalyst support
Pt nanoparticles can be introduced to the SiC/C interface during chlorine treatment (in the form of Pt3Cl3). The particles diffuse through the material to form Pt particle surfaces, which may serve as catalyst support layers. In particular, in addition to Pt, other noble elements such as gold can be deposited into the pores, with the resulting nanoparticle size controlled by the pore size and overall pore size distribution of the CDC substrate. Such gold or platinum nanoparticles can be smaller than 1 nm even without employing surface coatings. Au nanoparticles in different CDCs (TiC-CDC, Mo2C-CDC, B4C-CDC) catalyze the oxidation of carbon monoxide.
Capacitive deionization (CDI)
See also: Capacitive deionization
As desalinization and purification of water is critical for obtaining deionized water for laboratory research, large-scale chemical synthesis in industry and consumer applications, the use of porous materials for this application has received particular interest. Capacitive deionization operates in a fashion with similarities to a supercapacitor. As an ion-containing water (electrolyte) is flown between two porous electrodes with an applied potential across the system, the corresponding ions assemble into a double layer in the pores of the two terminals, decreasing the ion content in the liquid exiting the purification device. Due to the ability of carbide-derived carbons to closely match the size of ions in the electrolyte, side-by-side comparisons of desalinization devices based on CDCs and activated carbon showed a significant efficiency increase in the 1.2–1.4 V range compared to activated carbon.
Commercial production and applications
Having originated as the by-product of industrial metal chloride synthesis, CDC has certainly a potential for large-scale production at a moderate cost. Currently, only small companies engage in production of carbide-derived carbons and their implementation in commercial products. For example, Skeleton, which is located in Tartu, Estonia, and Carbon-Ukraine, located in Kiev, Ukraine, have a diverse product line of porous carbons for supercapacitors, gas storage, and filtration applications. In addition, numerous education and research institutions worldwide are engaged in basic research of CDC structure, synthesis, or (indirectly) their application for various high-end applications.
See also
Hydrogen storage
Hydrogen economy
Nanotechnology
Nanomaterials
Nanoengineering
Allotropes of carbon
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External links
http://nano.materials.drexel.edu
http://skeletontech.com/
http://carbon.org.ua/
vteAllotropes of carbonsp3 forms
Diamond (cubic)
Lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond)
sp2 forms
Graphite
Graphene
Fullerenes, including C60 (buckminsterfullerene), C70, Fullerene whiskers, Nanotubes, Nanobuds, Nanoscrolls)
Glassy carbon
sp forms
Linear acetylenic carbon
C18 (cyclocarbon)
mixed sp3/sp2 forms
Amorphous carbon
Carbon nanofoam
Carbide-derived carbon
Q-carbon
other forms
C1 (atomic carbon)
C2 (diatomic carbon)
C3 (tricarbon)
hypothetical forms
C3 (cyclopropatriene)
C6 (benzotriyne)
C6 (prismane C8)
Chaoite
Haeckelites
Cubic carbon
Metallic carbon
Penta-graphene
related
Activated carbon
Carbon black
Charcoal
Carbon fiber
Aggregated diamond nanorod | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbide"},{"link_name":"MAX phases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAX_phases"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a4-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a5-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a6-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a7-7"},{"link_name":"micro-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microporous_material"},{"link_name":"mesoporous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoporous_material"},{"link_name":"carbon nanotubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube"},{"link_name":"nanocrystalline diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanodiamond"},{"link_name":"graphene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene"},{"link_name":"graphite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a1-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a8-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a9-9"}],"text":"Carbide-derived carbon (CDC), also known as tunable nanoporous carbon, is the common term for carbon materials derived from carbide precursors, such as binary (e.g. SiC, TiC), or ternary carbides, also known as MAX phases (e.g., Ti2AlC, Ti3SiC2).[1][2][3][4] CDCs have also been derived from polymer-derived ceramics such as Si-O-C or Ti-C, and carbonitrides, such as Si-N-C.[5][6][7] CDCs can occur in various structures, ranging from amorphous to crystalline carbon, from sp2- to sp3-bonded, and from highly porous to fully dense. Among others, the following carbon structures have been derived from carbide precursors: micro- and mesoporous carbon, amorphous carbon, carbon nanotubes, onion-like carbon, nanocrystalline diamond, graphene, and graphite.[1] Among carbon materials, microporous CDCs exhibit some of the highest reported specific surface areas (up to more than 3000 m2/g).[8] By varying the type of the precursor and the CDC synthesis conditions, microporous and mesoporous structures with controllable average pore size and pore size distributions can be produced. Depending on the precursor and the synthesis conditions, the average pore size control can be applied at sub-Angstrom accuracy.[9] This ability to precisely tune the size and shapes of pores makes CDCs attractive for selective sorption and storage of liquids and gases (e.g., hydrogen, methane, CO2) and the high electric conductivity and electrochemical stability allows these structures to be effectively implemented in electrical energy storage and capacitive water desalinization.","title":"Carbide-derived carbon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chlorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine"},{"link_name":"silicon carbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_carbide"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a10-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a11-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a12-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a13-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a14-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a15-15"}],"text":"The production of SiCl4 by high temperature reaction of chlorine gas with silicon carbide was first patented in 1918 by Otis Hutchins,[10] with the process further optimized for higher yields in 1956.[11] The solid porous carbon product was initially regarded as a waste byproduct until its properties and potential applications were investigated in more detail in 1959 by Walter Mohun.[12] Research was carried out in the 1960-1980s mostly by Russian scientists on the synthesis of CDC via halogen treatment,[13][14] while hydrothermal treatment was explored as an alternative route to derive CDCs in the 1990s.[15] Most recently, research activities have centered on optimized CDC synthesis and nanoengineered CDC precursors.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a12-12"},{"link_name":"Yury Gogotsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Gogotsi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a9-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a1-1"}],"text":"Historically, various terms have been used for CDC, such as \"mineral carbon\" or \"nanoporous carbon\".[12] Later, a more adequate nomenclature introduced by Yury Gogotsi[9] was adopted that clearly denotes the precursor. For example, CDC derived from silicon carbide has been referred to as SiC-CDC, Si-CDC, or SiCDC. Recently, it was recommended to adhere to a unified precursor-CDC-nomenclature to reflect the chemical composition of the precursor (e.g., B4C-CDC, Ti3SiC2-CDC, W2C-CDC).[1]","title":"Nomenclature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a1-1"},{"link_name":"chlorination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorination_reaction"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a17-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a18-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Figure2CDC2.jpg"}],"text":"CDCs have been synthesized using several chemical and physical synthesis methods. Most commonly, dry chlorine treatment is used to selectively etch metal or metalloid atoms from the carbide precursor lattice.[1] The term \"chlorine treatment\" is to be preferred over chlorination as the chlorinated product, metal chloride, is the discarded byproduct and the carbon itself remains largely unreacted. This method is implemented for commercial production of CDC by Skeleton in Estonia and Carbon-Ukraine.[citation needed] Hydrothermal etching has also been used for synthesis of SiC-CDC which yielded a route for porous carbon films and nanodiamond synthesis.[16][17]Schematic of chlorine etching of to produce a porous carbon structure.","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graphitization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphitization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Figure3CDC2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a19-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a20-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a2-2"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a21-20"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a9-9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a19-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Figure4CDC.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Chlorine treatment","text":"The most common method for producing porous carbide-derived carbons involves high-temperature etching with halogens, most commonly chlorine gas. The following generic equation describes the reaction of a metal carbide with chlorine gas (M: Si, Ti, V; similar equations can be written for other CDC precursors):MC (solid) + 2 Cl2 (gas) → MCl4(gas) + C (solid)Halogen treatment at temperatures between 200 and 1000 °C has been shown to yield mostly disordered porous carbons with a porosity between 50 and ~80 vol% depending on the precursor. Temperatures above 1000 °C result in predominantly graphitic carbon and an observed shrinkage of the material due to graphitization.Different bulk porosity of CDCs derived from different carbide precursors.The linear growth rate of the solid carbon product phase suggests a reaction-driven kinetic mechanism, but the kinetics become diffusion-limited for thicker films or larger particles. A high mass transport condition (high gas flow rates) facilitates the removal of the chloride and shifts the reaction equilibrium towards the CDC product. Chlorine treatment has successfully been employed for CDC synthesis from a variety of carbide precursors, including SiC, TiC, B4C, BaC2, CaC2, Cr3C2, Fe3C, Mo2C, Al4C3, Nb2C, SrC2, Ta2C, VC, WC, W2C, ZrC, ternary carbides such as Ti2AlC, Ti3AlC2, and Ti3SiC2, and carbonitrides such as Ti2AlC0.5N0.5.Most produced CDCs exhibit a prevalence of micropores (< 2 nm) and mesopores (between 2 and 50 nm), with specific distributions affected by carbide precursor and synthesis conditions.[18] Hierarchic porosity can be achieved by using polymer-derived ceramics with or without utilizing a templating method.[19] Templating yields an ordered array of mesopores in addition to the disordered network of micropores.\nIt has been shown that the initial crystal structure of the carbide is the primary factor affecting the CDC porosity, especially for low-temperature chlorine treatment. In general, a larger spacing between carbon atoms in the lattice correlates with an increase in the average pore diameter.[2][20] As the synthesis temperature increases, the average pore diameter increases, while the pore size distribution becomes broader.[9] The overall shape and size of the carbide precursor, however, is largely maintained and CDC formation is usually referred to as a conformal process.[18]Pore size distributions for different carbide precursors.","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a22-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a19-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a23-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a24-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a16-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a25-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a23-22"}],"sub_title":"Vacuum decomposition","text":"Metal or metalloid atoms from carbides can selectively be extracted at high temperatures (usually above 1200 °C) under vacuum. The underlying mechanism is incongruent decomposition of carbides, using the high melting point of carbon compared to corresponding carbide metals that melt and eventually evaporate away, leaving the carbon behind.[21]Like halogen treatment, vacuum decomposition is a conformal process.[18] The resulting carbon structures are, as a result of the higher temperatures, more ordered, and carbon nanotubes and graphene can be obtained. In particular, vertically aligned carbon nanotubes films of high tube density have been reported for vacuum decomposition of SiC.[22] The high tube density translates into a high elastic modulus and high buckling resistance which is of particular interest for mechanical and tribological applications.[23]While carbon nanotube formation occurs when trace oxygen amounts are present, very high vacuum conditions (approaching 10−8–10−10 torr) result in the formation of graphene sheets. If the conditions are maintained, graphene transitions into bulk graphite. In particular, by vacuum annealing silicon carbide single crystals (wafers) at 1200–1500 °C,[24] metal/metalloid atoms are selectively removed and a layer of 1–3 layer graphene (depending on the treatment time) is formed, undergoing a conformal transformation of 3 layers of silicon carbide into one monolayer of graphene.[25] Also, graphene formation occurs preferentially on the Si-face of the 6H-SiC crystals, while nanotube growth is favored on the c-face of SiC.[22]","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a19-18"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a26-26"}],"sub_title":"Hydrothermal decomposition","text":"The removal of metal atoms from carbides has been reported at high temperatures (300–1000 °C) and pressures (2–200 MPa). The following reactions are possible between metal carbides and water:x⁄2 MC + x H2O → Mx⁄2Ox + x⁄2 CH4MC + (x+1) H2O → MOx + CO + (x+1) H2MC + (x+2) H2O → MOx + CO2 + (x+2) H2MC + x H2O →\tMOx + C + x H2Only the last reaction yields solid carbon. The yield of carbon-containing gases increases with pressure (decreasing solid carbon yield) and decreases with temperatures (increasing the carbon yield). The ability to produce a usable porous carbon material is dependent on the solubility of the formed metal oxide (such as SiO2) in supercritical water. Hydrothermal carbon formation has been reported for SiC, TiC, WC, TaC, and NbC. Insolubility of metal oxides, for example TiO2, is a significant complication for certain metal carbides (e.g., Ti3SiC2).[18][26]","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electric double-layer capacitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_double-layer_capacitor"},{"link_name":"Capa vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capa_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a27-27"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a21-20"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a28-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a29-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a30-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a31-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a32-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a33-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Figure5CDC.jpg"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a29-29"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a34-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a35-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a36-36"}],"text":"See also: Electric double-layer capacitor and Capa vehicleOne application of carbide-derived carbons is as active material in electrodes for electric double layer capacitors which have become commonly known as supercapacitors or ultracapacitors. This is motivated by their good electrical conductivity combined with high surface area,[27] large micropore volume,[20] and pore size control[28] that enable to match the porosity metrics of the porous carbon electrode to a certain electrolyte.[29] In particular, when the pore size approaches the size of the (desolvated) ion in the electrolyte, there is a significant increase in the capacitance. The electrically conductive carbon material minimizes resistance losses in supercapacitor devices and enhances charge screening and confinement,[30] maximizing the packing density and subsequent charge storage capacity of microporous CDC electrodes.[31][32][33]Confinement of solvated ions in pores, such as those present in CDCs. As the pore size approaches the size of the solvation shell, the solvent molecules are removed, resulting in larger ionic packing density and increased charge storage capability.CDC electrodes have been shown to yield a gravimetric capacitance of up to 190 F/g in aqueous electrolytes and 180 F/g in organic electrolytes.[29] The highest capacitance values are observed for matching ion/pore systems, which allow high-density packing of ions in pores in superionic states.[34] However, small pores, especially when combined with an overall large particle diameter, impose an additional diffusion limitation on the ion mobility during charge/discharge cycling. The prevalence of mesopores in the CDC structure allows for more ions to move past each other during charging and discharging, allowing for faster scan rates and improved rate handling abilities.[35] Conversely, by implementing nanoparticle carbide precursors, shorter pore channels allow for higher electrolyte mobility, resulting in faster charge/discharge rates and higher power densities.[36]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Proposed applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a37-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a38-38"}],"sub_title":"Gas storage and carbon dioxide capturing","text":"TiC-CDC activated with KOH or CO2 store up to 21 wt.% of methane at 25 °C at high pressure. CDCs with subnanometer pores in the 0.50–0.88 nm diameter range have shown to store up to 7.1 mol CO2/kg at 1 bar and 0 °C.[37] CDCs also store up to 3 wt.% hydrogen at 60 bar and −196 °C, with additional increases possible as a result of chemical or physical activation of the CDC materials. SiOC-CDC with large subnanometer pore volumes are able to store over 5.5 wt.% hydrogen at 60 bar and −196 °C, almost reaching the goal of the US Department of Energy of 6 wt.% storage density for automotive applications. Methane storage densities of over 21.5 wt.% can be achieved for this material at those conditions. In particular, a predominance of pores with subnanometer diameters and large pore volumes are instrumental towards increasing storage densities.[38]","title":"Proposed applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a39-39"},{"link_name":"dangling bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangling_bond"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a40-40"}],"sub_title":"Tribological coatings","text":"CDC films obtained by vacuum annealing (ESK) or chlorine treatment of SiC ceramics yield a low friction coefficient. The friction coefficient of SiC, which is widely used in tribological applications for its high mechanical strength and hardness, can therefore decrease from ~0.7 to ~0.2 or less under dry conditions.[39] It’s important to mention that graphite cannot operate in dry environments. The porous 3-dimensional network of CDC allows for high ductility and an increased mechanical strength, minimizing fracture of the film under an applied force. Those coatings find applications in dynamic seals. The friction properties can be further tailored with high-temperature hydrogen annealing and subsequent hydrogen termination of dangling bonds.[40]","title":"Proposed applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a41-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a42-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a42-42"}],"sub_title":"Protein adsorption","text":"Carbide-derived carbons with a mesoporous structure remove large molecules from biofluids. As other carbons, CDCs possess good biocompatibility.[41] CDCs have been demonstrated to remove cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta from blood plasma. These are the most common receptor-binding agents released into the body during a bacterial infection that cause the primary inflammatory response during the attack and increase the potential lethality of sepsis, making their removal a very important concern.[42] The rates and levels of removal of above cytokines (85–100% removed within 30 minutes) are higher than those observed for comparable activated carbons.[42]","title":"Proposed applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalyst support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst_support"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a43-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a44-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a44-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a44-44"}],"sub_title":"Catalyst support","text":"See also: Catalyst supportPt nanoparticles can be introduced to the SiC/C interface during chlorine treatment (in the form of Pt3Cl3). The particles diffuse through the material to form Pt particle surfaces, which may serve as catalyst support layers.[43] In particular, in addition to Pt, other noble elements such as gold can be deposited into the pores, with the resulting nanoparticle size controlled by the pore size and overall pore size distribution of the CDC substrate.[44] Such gold or platinum nanoparticles can be smaller than 1 nm even without employing surface coatings.[44] Au nanoparticles in different CDCs (TiC-CDC, Mo2C-CDC, B4C-CDC) catalyze the oxidation of carbon monoxide.[44]","title":"Proposed applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capacitive deionization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitive_deionization"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a45-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a45-45"}],"sub_title":"Capacitive deionization (CDI)","text":"See also: Capacitive deionizationAs desalinization and purification of water is critical for obtaining deionized water for laboratory research, large-scale chemical synthesis in industry and consumer applications, the use of porous materials for this application has received particular interest. Capacitive deionization operates in a fashion with similarities to a supercapacitor. As an ion-containing water (electrolyte) is flown between two porous electrodes with an applied potential across the system, the corresponding ions assemble into a double layer in the pores of the two terminals, decreasing the ion content in the liquid exiting the purification device.[45] Due to the ability of carbide-derived carbons to closely match the size of ions in the electrolyte, side-by-side comparisons of desalinization devices based on CDCs and activated carbon showed a significant efficiency increase in the 1.2–1.4 V range compared to activated carbon.[45]","title":"Proposed applications"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Having originated as the by-product of industrial metal chloride synthesis, CDC has certainly a potential for large-scale production at a moderate cost. Currently, only small companies engage in production of carbide-derived carbons and their implementation in commercial products. For example, Skeleton, which is located in Tartu, Estonia, and Carbon-Ukraine, located in Kiev, Ukraine, have a diverse product line of porous carbons for supercapacitors, gas storage, and filtration applications. In addition, numerous education and research institutions worldwide are engaged in basic research of CDC structure, synthesis, or (indirectly) their application for various high-end applications.","title":"Commercial production and applications"}] | [{"image_text":"Schematic of chlorine etching of to produce a porous carbon structure.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Figure2CDC2.jpg/220px-Figure2CDC2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Different bulk porosity of CDCs derived from different carbide precursors.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Figure3CDC2.jpg/220px-Figure3CDC2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pore size distributions for different carbide precursors.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Figure4CDC.jpg/220px-Figure4CDC.jpg"},{"image_text":"Confinement of solvated ions in pores, such as those present in CDCs. As the pore size approaches the size of the solvation shell, the solvent molecules are removed, resulting in larger ionic packing density and increased charge storage capability.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Figure5CDC.jpg/220px-Figure5CDC.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Hydrogen storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_storage"},{"title":"Hydrogen economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_economy"},{"title":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology"},{"title":"Nanomaterials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials"},{"title":"Nanoengineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoengineering"},{"title":"Allotropes of carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon"}] | [{"reference":"Presser, V.; Heon, M. & Gogotsi, Y. (2011). \"Carbide-Derived Carbons – From Porous Networks to Nanotubes and Graphene\". Advanced Functional Materials. 21 (5): 810–833. doi:10.1002/adfm.201002094. S2CID 96797238.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadfm.201002094","url_text":"10.1002/adfm.201002094"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96797238","url_text":"96797238"}]},{"reference":"Rose, M.; et al. (2011). \"Hierarchical Micro- and Mesoporous Carbide-Derived Carbon as a High-Performance Electrode Material in Supercapacitors\". Small. 7 (8): 1108–1117. doi:10.1002/smll.201001898. PMID 21449047.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsmll.201001898","url_text":"10.1002/smll.201001898"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21449047","url_text":"21449047"}]},{"reference":"Yeon, S.-H.; et al. (2010). \"Carbide-derived-carbons with hierarchical porosity from a preceramic polymer\". Carbon. 48: 201–210. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2009.09.004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.carbon.2009.09.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.carbon.2009.09.004"}]},{"reference":"Presser, V.; et al. (2011). \"Flexible Nano-Felts of Carbide-Derived Carbon with Ultra-High Power Handling Capability\". Advanced Energy Materials. 1 (3): 423–430. doi:10.1002/aenm.201100047. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_Ponds | Fish Ponds | ["1 References"] | Fish Ponds is one of the locations where the Mojave River rose to run on the surface of its course through the Mojave Desert. The site is located in the river bed in Nebo Center, in the eastern part of Barstow, in San Bernardino County, California. Fish Ponds was named for the Mohave chub that were to be found in the ponds in that location.: 218 : 105
References
^ California. Legislature (1891). Journal: Appendix. Reports. Vol. 4. p. 218. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
^ Brown, J.; Boyd, J. (1922). History of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties: With Selected Biography of Actors and Witnesses of the Period of Growth and Achievement... Western Historical Association. p. 105. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
This San Bernardino County, California–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fish Ponds"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"California. Legislature (1891). Journal: Appendix. Reports. Vol. 4. p. 218. Retrieved 2015-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4rJQSKx6A7QC&pg=PA218","url_text":"Journal: Appendix. Reports"}]},{"reference":"Brown, J.; Boyd, J. (1922). History of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties: With Selected Biography of Actors and Witnesses of the Period of Growth and Achievement... Western Historical Association. p. 105. Retrieved 2015-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofsanbern03brow","url_text":"History of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties: With Selected Biography of Actors and Witnesses of the Period of Growth and Achievement..."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofsanbern03brow/page/n86","url_text":"105"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4rJQSKx6A7QC&pg=PA218","external_links_name":"Journal: Appendix. Reports"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofsanbern03brow","external_links_name":"History of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties: With Selected Biography of Actors and Witnesses of the Period of Growth and Achievement..."},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofsanbern03brow/page/n86","external_links_name":"105"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish_Ponds&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_talk:Jim_Zockoll | Talk:Jim Zockoll | [] | This article is rated Start-class on Wikipedia's content assessment scale.It is of interest to the following WikiProjects:Articles for creation This article was reviewed by member(s) of WikiProject Articles for creation. The project works to allow users to contribute quality articles and media files to the encyclopedia and track their progress as they are developed. To participate, please visit the project page for more information.Articles for creationWikipedia:WikiProject Articles for creationTemplate:WikiProject Articles for creationAfC articlesThis article was accepted from this draft on 12 February 2024 by reviewer Paul W (talk · contribs).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontius_of_Byzantium | Leontius of Byzantium | ["1 Problems of identification","2 Biography","3 Theology","4 Works","5 Further reading","6 References"] | Byzantine Christian monk and author
For other uses, see Saint Leontius.
Leontius of Byzantium (Greek: Λεόντιος, 485–543) was a Byzantine Christian monk and the author of an influential series of theological writings on sixth-century Christological controversies. Though the details of his life are scarce, he is considered by some a groundbreaking innovator in Christian theological reflection for having introduced Aristotelian definitions into theology.
Problems of identification
See also: Leontius of Jerusalem
The identity of Leontius has been a matter of controversy for scholars. For many years he was considered to be the same person as Leontius of Jerusalem, but now a clear identification may be made between the two. The first scholar to identify and challenge the ambiguity of the writings that come down to us under the name of "Leontius" was Friedrich Loofs in 1887, arguing for a single author of the corpus leontianum.: 231 That hypothesis influenced scholarship until the publication of Marcel Richard's 1944 article Léonce de Jérusalem et Léonce de Byzance, which aimed to distinguish two figures among the works which had formerly been attributed to a single person. Since the publication of that article, Richard's conclusions have been accepted by all scholars writing about Leontius.: 637
The attribution of various works to one or the other Leontius is widely accepted. Richard identified Leontius of Jerusalem as the author of Contra Monophysitas and Contra Nestorianos, while assigning to Leontius of Byzantium the three books Contra Nestorianos et Eutychianos, the treatise against Severus of Antioch known as Epilysis, and the Triginta capita contra Severum.: 231 Leontius of Byzantium is also considered the author of the Dialogue against the Aphthartodocetists,: 243 and possibly other works as well.
Biography
Current scholarship identifies Leontius of Byzantium as the Leontius mentioned in documents from the reign of Justinian (527–565) and in the biographies of the sixth-century ascetics written by Cyril of Scythopolis,: 6–7 though the latter identification has been challenged.
Based on the works that are currently attributed to him, certain determinations about his biography can be made. He was, perhaps, born at Constantinople, which accounts for his being identified as from Byzantium. He has been given the epithets Hierosolymitanus ("of Jerusalem", due to a possible connection with the Lavra of St. Saba) and Scholasticus (because he is considered to be the first "schoolman," as the introducer of the Aristotelian definitions into theology, though according to others, this name refers to his having been an advocate, a special meaning of the word scholasticus). He himself states that in his early years he belonged to a Nestorian community. For a time, it seems he was also a member of the so-called community of "Scythian monks."
According to Cyril's Vita Sabae, Leontius was a monk of the Lavra of St. Saba near Jerusalem, a disciple of Nonnus of Edessa and one of the leaders of the Origenist party on Palestine.: 7 In 531 he accompanied Saba to Constantinople, where he was condemned for his Origenist views.: 7 Brian Daley, however, considers this association very tenuous, both for historical reasons and because the text of the corpus leontianum does not seem to contain Origenist views.: 8
Theology
Attributable to Leontius we have five polemical writings in defense of the dogma of Chalcedon, a collection of writings referred to as the corpus leontianum.: 5 From this body of writings it may be inferred that Leontius was a monk, ascetic, and hermit.: 6 From the introduction of his third treatise Against the Nestorians we learn that as a young man, he was a member of the circle of Diodorus of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia.: 6
Leontius is best known for the theory of the enhypostasia (ἐνυποστασία) of the human nature of Christ in the divine hypostasis of the Logos.: 5 According to Carlo Dell'Osso, the first scholar to translate his writings into a modern language, his theology is dominated by the theme of diphysitism (a reaction to the heretical doctrine of monophysitism), which is an affirmation of the permanence and distinction of the two natures of Christ — divine and human — after the Incarnation, a condition which Leontius identified as hypostatic union.
Works
The works that comprise the corpus leontianum are the following; they are contained in the Patrologia Graeca, volume 86.: 8 The first complete critical edition of these works was prepared by Brian Daley and published in 2017.
Contra Nestorianos et Eutychianos, against the two extreme positions of Eutychianism and Nestorianism
Dialogue against the Aphthartodocetists, against those who Aphthartodocetism of Christ's human nature
Contra Nestorianos, another work against the followers of Theodore of Mopsuestia
Epilysis, also called Solutio argumentorum a Severo obiectorum, a work against the arguments of Severus of Antioch
Epaporemata, also called Triginta capita contra Severum, another work against Severus
Further reading
Fortescue, Adrian (1910). "Leontius Byzantinus" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. (NB: Typical of less recently scholarly works, information, particular regarding his works, is confused between Leontius of Byzantium and Leontius of Jerusalem.)
Leontius of Byzantium (2013). Against the forgeries of the Apollinarists. — English translation of Adversus fraudes Apollinistarum, Commissioned by Roger Pearse. Translated by Bryson Sewell, 2013. Made from Patrologia Graeca 86 text.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Dell'Osso, Carlo, ed. (2001). Leonzio di Bisanzio: Le Opere (in Italian). Rome: Città Nuova. ISBN 8831131613.
^ a b c Dell'Osso, Carlo (2006). "Leonzio di Bisanzio e Leonzio di Gerusalemme: Una Chiara Distinzione". Augustinianum (in Italian). 46 (1): 231–259. doi:10.5840/agstm200646114.
^ Richard, Marcel (1944). "Léonce de Jérusalem et Léonce de Byzance". Mélanges de Science Religieuse (in French). 1: 35–88.
^ Krausmüller, Dirk (2001). "Leontius of Jerusalem, a Theologian of the Seventh Century". Journal of Theological Studies. 52 (2): 637–657. doi:10.1093/jts/52.2.637.
^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Leontius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 456.
^ Daley, Brian, ed. (2017). Leontius of Byzantium: Complete Works. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199645237.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Leontius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Leontius_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Christological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology"},{"link_name":"Aristotelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"}],"text":"For other uses, see Saint Leontius.Leontius of Byzantium (Greek: Λεόντιος, 485–543) was a Byzantine Christian monk and the author of an influential series of theological writings on sixth-century Christological controversies. Though the details of his life are scarce, he is considered by some a groundbreaking innovator in Christian theological reflection for having introduced Aristotelian definitions into theology.","title":"Leontius of Byzantium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leontius of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontius_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellosso-1"},{"link_name":"Leontius of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontius_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellossoaug-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-richard-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dkraus-4"},{"link_name":"Severus of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellossoaug-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellossoaug-2"}],"text":"See also: Leontius of JerusalemThe identity of Leontius has been a matter of controversy for scholars.[1] For many years he was considered to be the same person as Leontius of Jerusalem, but now a clear identification may be made between the two. The first scholar to identify and challenge the ambiguity of the writings that come down to us under the name of \"Leontius\" was Friedrich Loofs in 1887, arguing for a single author of the corpus leontianum.[2]: 231 That hypothesis influenced scholarship until the publication of Marcel Richard's 1944 article Léonce de Jérusalem et Léonce de Byzance, which aimed to distinguish two figures among the works which had formerly been attributed to a single person.[3] Since the publication of that article, Richard's conclusions have been accepted by all scholars writing about Leontius.[4]: 637The attribution of various works to one or the other Leontius is widely accepted. Richard identified Leontius of Jerusalem as the author of Contra Monophysitas and Contra Nestorianos, while assigning to Leontius of Byzantium the three books Contra Nestorianos et Eutychianos, the treatise against Severus of Antioch known as Epilysis, and the Triginta capita contra Severum.[2]: 231 Leontius of Byzantium is also considered the author of the Dialogue against the Aphthartodocetists,[2]: 243 and possibly other works as well.","title":"Problems of identification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian"},{"link_name":"Cyril of Scythopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_of_Scythopolis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellosso-1"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Nestorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorian_Church"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-5"},{"link_name":"Scythian monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythian_monks"},{"link_name":"Lavra of St. Saba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Saba"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-5"},{"link_name":"Nonnus of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonnus_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"Origenist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origenist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellosso-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellosso-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellosso-1"}],"text":"Current scholarship identifies Leontius of Byzantium as the Leontius mentioned in documents from the reign of Justinian (527–565) and in the biographies of the sixth-century ascetics written by Cyril of Scythopolis,[1]: 6–7 though the latter identification has been challenged.Based on the works that are currently attributed to him, certain determinations about his biography can be made. He was, perhaps, born at Constantinople, which accounts for his being identified as from Byzantium. He has been given the epithets Hierosolymitanus (\"of Jerusalem\", due to a possible connection with the Lavra of St. Saba) and Scholasticus (because he is considered to be the first \"schoolman,\" as the introducer of the Aristotelian definitions into theology, though according to others, this name refers to his having been an advocate, a special meaning of the word scholasticus). He himself states that in his early years he belonged to a Nestorian community.[5] For a time, it seems he was also a member of the so-called community of \"Scythian monks.\"According to Cyril's Vita Sabae, Leontius was a monk of the Lavra of St. Saba near Jerusalem,[5] a disciple of Nonnus of Edessa and one of the leaders of the Origenist party on Palestine.[1]: 7 In 531 he accompanied Saba to Constantinople, where he was condemned for his Origenist views.[1]: 7 Brian Daley, however, considers this association very tenuous, both for historical reasons and because the text of the corpus leontianum does not seem to contain Origenist views.[1]: 8","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chalcedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellosso-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellosso-1"},{"link_name":"Diodorus of Tarsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Theodore of Mopsuestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_of_Mopsuestia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellosso-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellosso-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellosso-1"},{"link_name":"monophysitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophysitism"},{"link_name":"hypostatic union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypostatic_union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellosso-1"}],"text":"Attributable to Leontius we have five polemical writings in defense of the dogma of Chalcedon, a collection of writings referred to as the corpus leontianum.[1]: 5 From this body of writings it may be inferred that Leontius was a monk, ascetic, and hermit.[1]: 6 From the introduction of his third treatise Against the Nestorians we learn that as a young man, he was a member of the circle of Diodorus of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia.[1]: 6Leontius is best known for the theory of the enhypostasia (ἐνυποστασία) of the human nature of Christ in the divine hypostasis of the Logos.[1]: 5 According to Carlo Dell'Osso, the first scholar to translate his writings into a modern language,[1] his theology is dominated by the theme of diphysitism (a reaction to the heretical doctrine of monophysitism), which is an affirmation of the permanence and distinction of the two natures of Christ — divine and human — after the Incarnation, a condition which Leontius identified as hypostatic union.[1]","title":"Theology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patrologia Graeca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellosso-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Eutychianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutychianism"},{"link_name":"Nestorianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorianism"},{"link_name":"Aphthartodocetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphthartodocetae"},{"link_name":"Theodore of Mopsuestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_of_Mopsuestia"},{"link_name":"Severus of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch"}],"text":"The works that comprise the corpus leontianum are the following; they are contained in the Patrologia Graeca, volume 86.[1]: 8 The first complete critical edition of these works was prepared by Brian Daley and published in 2017.[6]Contra Nestorianos et Eutychianos, against the two extreme positions of Eutychianism and Nestorianism\nDialogue against the Aphthartodocetists, against those who Aphthartodocetism of Christ's human nature\nContra Nestorianos, another work against the followers of Theodore of Mopsuestia\nEpilysis, also called Solutio argumentorum a Severo obiectorum, a work against the arguments of Severus of Antioch\nEpaporemata, also called Triginta capita contra Severum, another work against Severus","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Leontius Byzantinus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Leontius_Byzantinus"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Against the forgeries of the Apollinarists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/LeontiusOfByzantium-AgainstTheFraudesOfTheApollinarists"}],"text":"Fortescue, Adrian (1910). \"Leontius Byzantinus\" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. (NB: Typical of less recently scholarly works, information, particular regarding his works, is confused between Leontius of Byzantium and Leontius of Jerusalem.)\nLeontius of Byzantium (2013). Against the forgeries of the Apollinarists. — English translation of Adversus fraudes Apollinistarum, Commissioned by Roger Pearse. Translated by Bryson Sewell, 2013. Made from Patrologia Graeca 86 text.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Fortescue, Adrian (1910). \"Leontius Byzantinus\" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Leontius_Byzantinus","url_text":"\"Leontius Byzantinus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Leontius of Byzantium (2013). Against the forgeries of the Apollinarists.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/LeontiusOfByzantium-AgainstTheFraudesOfTheApollinarists","url_text":"Against the forgeries of the Apollinarists"}]},{"reference":"Dell'Osso, Carlo, ed. (2001). Leonzio di Bisanzio: Le Opere (in Italian). Rome: Città Nuova. ISBN 8831131613.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LNw2kaBuqlgC","url_text":"Leonzio di Bisanzio: Le Opere"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8831131613","url_text":"8831131613"}]},{"reference":"Dell'Osso, Carlo (2006). \"Leonzio di Bisanzio e Leonzio di Gerusalemme: Una Chiara Distinzione\". Augustinianum (in Italian). 46 (1): 231–259. doi:10.5840/agstm200646114.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fagstm200646114","url_text":"10.5840/agstm200646114"}]},{"reference":"Richard, Marcel (1944). \"Léonce de Jérusalem et Léonce de Byzance\". Mélanges de Science Religieuse (in French). 1: 35–88.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Krausmüller, Dirk (2001). \"Leontius of Jerusalem, a Theologian of the Seventh Century\". Journal of Theological Studies. 52 (2): 637–657. doi:10.1093/jts/52.2.637.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2F52.2.637","url_text":"10.1093/jts/52.2.637"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Leontius\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 456.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Leontius","url_text":"Leontius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Daley, Brian, ed. (2017). Leontius of Byzantium: Complete Works. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199645237.","urls":[{"url":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/leontius-of-byzantium-9780199645237?cc=us&lang=en&","url_text":"Leontius of Byzantium: Complete Works"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199645237","url_text":"9780199645237"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Leontius_Byzantinus","external_links_name":"\"Leontius Byzantinus\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/LeontiusOfByzantium-AgainstTheFraudesOfTheApollinarists","external_links_name":"Against the forgeries of the Apollinarists"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LNw2kaBuqlgC","external_links_name":"Leonzio di Bisanzio: Le Opere"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fagstm200646114","external_links_name":"10.5840/agstm200646114"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2F52.2.637","external_links_name":"10.1093/jts/52.2.637"},{"Link":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/leontius-of-byzantium-9780199645237?cc=us&lang=en&","external_links_name":"Leontius of Byzantium: Complete Works"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000080004458","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000115152523","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/592145857892923020315","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/313404583","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/564144647714386865723","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/704144647699626012940","external_links_name":"4"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/70151776825418012734","external_links_name":"5"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1717159474358827662943","external_links_name":"6"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/717159234726703372465","external_links_name":"7"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjxXqXJ78CqbRjckPJbkwC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1341808","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13624047n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13624047n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118571818","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV024999","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14227783","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2009330647&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record40797","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070662304","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810674672505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/10212","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118571818.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/077317696","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingle_Street | Shingle Street | ["1 History","1.1 World War II","2 Shingle Street in culture","2.1 The Shingle Street Shell Line","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°01′55″N 1°27′00″E / 52.032°N 1.45°E / 52.032; 1.45
Human settlement in EnglandShingle StreetShingle Street in January 2008.Shingle StreetLocation within SuffolkCivil parishBawdseyDistrictEast SuffolkShire countySuffolkRegionEastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townWOODBRIDGEPoliceSuffolkFireSuffolkAmbulanceEast of England
UK ParliamentSuffolk Coastal
List of places
UK
England
Suffolk
52°01′55″N 1°27′00″E / 52.032°N 1.45°E / 52.032; 1.45
3km2miles
Shingle Street
Martello Tower
'Pagodas'
Orford Ness
RSPB
Cobra Mist
R i v e r A l d e
R i v e r O r e
Lighthouse
N O R T H S E A
Castle Map of Shingle Street and Orford Ness, Suffolk.
Shingle Street is a coastal settlement on the North Sea coast of the English county of Suffolk. It is 8 miles (13 km) north-east of Felixstowe and 12 miles (19 km) east of Ipswich at the mouth of the River Ore and opposite the tip of Orford Ness. It is within the parish of Hollesley with HM Young Offender Institution Hollesley Bay Colony nearby. A report from October 2004 suggests that Shingle Street is at risk from coastal erosion and flooding and could disappear within 20 years if sea defences are not erected.
History
Shingle Street was originally a home for fishermen and river pilots for the River Ore. Early in the 19th century a Martello tower was built, which was later a home for coastguards. Many of the original buildings date from this period. A public house called the Old Beach House had been built here out of drift wood. Richard Cobbold mentions that in 1797 this public house being kept by Jacob Merrells who was also a pilot. However, in 1810 this was replaced by a pre-fabricated wooden building built in Ipswich in the yard of the Cliff Brewery. It was then brought to Shingle Street by barge and named the Lifeboat Inn. The pub was one of 300 pubs owned by Cobbolds Brewery and was pictured in Souvenir of the Bi-Centenery of the Cliff Brewery in Ipswich.
World War II
See also: Petroleum Warfare Department: Burning seas
Several buildings were destroyed during World War II, including the Lifeboat Inn.
After World War II many strange happenings were reported to have taken place at Shingle Street, including a failed German invasion.
Since the civilian population had been evacuated in May 1940, there were no eyewitness reports, although official documents remained classified until questions in the House of Commons led to their early release in 1993.
These papers disclosed no German landing. Rumours of a failed invasion on the South and East Coasts were commonplace in September 1940 and helped to boost morale. Author James Hayward has proposed that these rumours, which were widely reported in the American press, were a successful example of black propaganda with an aim of ensuring American co-operation and securing lend lease resources by showing that the United Kingdom was capable of successfully resisting the German Army.
Shingle Street in culture
Shingle Street was the inspiration of the Thomas Dolby song "Cloudburst at Shingle Street", from the 1982 album The Golden Age of Wireless.
Shingle Street and its Martello Tower are settings of Neil Spring's 2020 novel "The Haunted Shore".
The Shingle Street Shell Line
The Shingle Street Shell Line
In 2005 stonecutter Lida Cardozo Kindersley and her childhood friend Els Bottema started to arrange a line of shells on the beach, beginning as a way of coping with their shared experience of cancer treatment. After regular visits to add to the line by 2018 it stretched for more than 275m and was made up of 20,000 individual whelk shells. A short documentary film about the work, entitled 'C shells', was released in 2017, followed by a book The Shingle Street Shell Line in 2018.
Views of Shingle Street
Coastguard cottages, Shingle Street
The Martello tower
Percolation lagoon at Shingle Street
References
^ "Orfordness Visitor Map" (PDF). National Trust. 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
^
"Shingle Street". Archived from the original on 24 December 2007.
^ Miller, Tim (2016). Life on the edge : a brief history of Shingle Street. Shingle Street, Suffolk. ISBN 9780993593314.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Cobbold, Anthony (2017). "The Lifeboat Inn, Shinge Street" (PDF). Cobwebs: News and Views (November 2017). Ivybridge, Devon: The Cobbold Family History Trust.
^ Walton, Felix (1923). Souvenir of the Bi-Centenery of the Cliff Brewery in Ipswich. Ipswich: The Bi-Centenery of the Cliff Brewery in Ipswich Fete Committee.
^
Hayward, James (28 May 2001). The Bodies on the Beach: Sealion, Shingle Street and the Burning Sea Myth of 1940. CD41 Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 0-9540549-0-3.
^
"1940: The Secret War at Shingle Street". Ronald Ashford. 7 November 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2007.
^
Hayward, James (2 October 2002). "The Bodies on the Beach". BBC News. Retrieved 23 September 2007.
^
Hansard Debates. House of Commons. 19 February 1993.
^
Hayward, James (2002). Shingle Street. CD41 Publishing. ISBN 0-9540549-1-1.
^ "Shingle Street shell line inspired by friends' cancer treatment". www.bbc.co.uk. 17 March 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
^ "C shells". outhousefilmworks.uk. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
^ "Suffolk Shorts: East Anglian Stories - First Light Festival". firstlightlowestoft.com. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
Further reading
Johnson, Derek E (1992). East Anglia at War 1939-1945. Jarrold Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7117-0598-2.
External links
Media related to Shingle Street at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases: National
Israel | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/11/52.064/1.506/en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.openstreetmap.org/copyright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orford_Ness"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havergate_Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Mist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Alde"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Alde#River_Ore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfordness_Lighthouse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orford_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/12/52.064/1.506/en"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"English county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_county"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Felixstowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felixstowe"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich"},{"link_name":"River Ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ore"},{"link_name":"Orford Ness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orford_Ness"},{"link_name":"Hollesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollesley"},{"link_name":"Hollesley Bay Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollesley_Bay_(HM_Prison)"},{"link_name":"coastal erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_erosion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Human settlement in England3km2miles\nShingle Street\nMartello Tower\n'Pagodas'\nOrford Ness\nRSPB\nCobra Mist\nR i v e r A l d e\nR i v e r O r e\nLighthouse\n\nN O R T H S E A\n\nCastle Map of Shingle Street and Orford Ness, Suffolk.[1]Shingle Street is a coastal settlement on the North Sea coast of the English county of Suffolk. It is 8 miles (13 km) north-east of Felixstowe and 12 miles (19 km) east of Ipswich at the mouth of the River Ore and opposite the tip of Orford Ness. It is within the parish of Hollesley with HM Young Offender Institution Hollesley Bay Colony nearby. A report from October 2004 suggests that Shingle Street is at risk from coastal erosion and flooding and could disappear within 20 years if sea defences are not erected.[2]","title":"Shingle Street"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"river pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_pilot"},{"link_name":"Martello tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martello_tower"},{"link_name":"coastguards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Coastguard"},{"link_name":"public house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_house"},{"link_name":"Richard Cobbold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobbold"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Life_on_the_Edge-3"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich"},{"link_name":"Cliff Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFHT_Lifeboat_Inn-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cobbold_Bi-cent_book-5"}],"text":"Shingle Street was originally a home for fishermen and river pilots for the River Ore. Early in the 19th century a Martello tower was built, which was later a home for coastguards. Many of the original buildings date from this period. A public house called the Old Beach House had been built here out of drift wood. Richard Cobbold mentions that in 1797 this public house being kept by Jacob Merrells who was also a pilot.[3] However, in 1810 this was replaced by a pre-fabricated wooden building built in Ipswich in the yard of the Cliff Brewery. It was then brought to Shingle Street by barge and named the Lifeboat Inn.[4] The pub was one of 300 pubs owned by Cobbolds Brewery and was pictured in Souvenir of the Bi-Centenery of the Cliff Brewery in Ipswich.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petroleum Warfare Department: Burning seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_Warfare_Department#Burning_seas"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"German invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sealion"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS001-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS002-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC001-8"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"black propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_propaganda"},{"link_name":"lend lease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend_lease"},{"link_name":"German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS003-10"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"See also: Petroleum Warfare Department: Burning seasSeveral buildings were destroyed during World War II, including the Lifeboat Inn.After World War II many strange happenings were reported to have taken place at Shingle Street, including a failed German invasion.[6][7][8] \nSince the civilian population had been evacuated in May 1940, there were no eyewitness reports, although official documents remained classified until questions in the House of Commons led to their early release in 1993.[9]\nThese papers disclosed no German landing. Rumours of a failed invasion on the South and East Coasts were commonplace in September 1940 and helped to boost morale. Author James Hayward has proposed that these rumours, which were widely reported in the American press, were a successful example of black propaganda with an aim of ensuring American co-operation and securing lend lease resources by showing that the United Kingdom was capable of successfully resisting the German Army.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Dolby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dolby"},{"link_name":"The Golden Age of Wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Age_of_Wireless"},{"link_name":"Neil Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Spring"}],"text":"Shingle Street was the inspiration of the Thomas Dolby song \"Cloudburst at Shingle Street\", from the 1982 album The Golden Age of Wireless.\nShingle Street and its Martello Tower are settings of Neil Spring's 2020 novel \"The Haunted Shore\".","title":"Shingle Street in culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I_walk_the_line%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1082212.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lida Cardozo Kindersley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lida_Lopes_Cardozo_Kindersley"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cshells-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coastguard_cottages,_Shingle_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1124431.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coastguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Coastguard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martello_tower,_Shingle_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1124450.jpg"},{"link_name":"Martello tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martello_tower"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percolation_lagoon_at_Shingle_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_661396.jpg"}],"sub_title":"The Shingle Street Shell Line","text":"The Shingle Street Shell LineIn 2005 stonecutter Lida Cardozo Kindersley and her childhood friend Els Bottema started to arrange a line of shells on the beach, beginning as a way of coping with their shared experience of cancer treatment. After regular visits to add to the line by 2018 it stretched for more than 275m and was made up of 20,000 individual whelk shells.[11] A short documentary film about the work, entitled 'C shells', was released in 2017, followed by a book The Shingle Street Shell Line in 2018.[12][13]Views of Shingle Street\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoastguard cottages, Shingle Street\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Martello tower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPercolation lagoon at Shingle Street","title":"Shingle Street in culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jarrold Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrold_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7117-0598-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7117-0598-2"}],"text":"Johnson, Derek E (1992). East Anglia at War 1939-1945. Jarrold Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7117-0598-2.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"The Shingle Street Shell Line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/I_walk_the_line%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1082212.jpg/170px-I_walk_the_line%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1082212.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Orfordness Visitor Map\" (PDF). National Trust. 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/orford-ness-national-nature-reserve/documents/orford-ness-visitor-map.pdf","url_text":"\"Orfordness Visitor Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shingle Street\". Archived from the original on 24 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071224210052/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/john.boon/Shingle%20Street/Shinglestreethome.htm","url_text":"\"Shingle Street\""},{"url":"http://homepage.ntlworld.com/john.boon/Shingle%20Street/Shinglestreethome.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Tim (2016). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Abenaki_War | First Abenaki War | ["1 Historical context","2 The war","3 Afterwards","4 References","5 Further reading"] | vteFirst Abenaki War
1st Northeast Coast
2nd Northeast Coast
3rd Northeast Coast
Port La Tour
The First Abenaki War (also known as the northern theatre of King Philip's War) was fought along the New England/Acadia border primarily in present-day Maine. Richard Waldron and Charles Frost led the forces in the northern region, while Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin worked with the tribes that would make up the Wabanaki Confederacy. The natives engaged in annual campaigns against the English settlements in 1675, 1676, and 1677. Waldron sent forces so far north that he attacked the Mi'kmaq in Acadia.
Historian Georges Cerbelaud Salagnac writes that Castine and the Abenaki "displayed consummate skill at it, holding in check at every point, from the Penobscot River to Salmon Falls, N.H., and even beyond, 700 regular troops, and even inflicting humiliating defeats upon them." The official records indicate natives killed or captured 260 English. The villages of Cape Neddick, Scarborough, Casco, Arrowsick, Pemaquid and several others were destroyed. The war cost the colonial government £8,000.
Historical context
Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin was sent from Quebec at the outset of the war with the governor's orders to organize all the natives "throughout the whole colony of Acadia to adopt the interests of the king of France." After Saint-Castin had settled among the Abenakis, King Philip (Pometacom) and his warriors ravaged New England in 1675. Historian Georges Salagnac writes that, "One may reasonably suppose that Saint-Castin began to exercise his talents as a military counsellor on the occasion of this war." The people of Boston thought Saint-Castin was influencing the Wabanaki strategy and supplying them with superior equipment.
The war
In the Northeast Coast Campaign (1675) the Wabanaki Confederacy raided English settlements along the New England/Acadia border in present-day Maine. They killed eighty colonists and burned many farms, blunting the tide of English expansion. Settlers deserted community after community, leaving only the settlements south of the Saco River to maintain an Anglo presence in the region.
In the Northeast Coast Campaign (1676) the Wabanaki Confederacy raided English settlements along the New England/Acadia border in present-day Maine. In the first month, they laid waste to 15 leagues of the coast east of Casco. They killed and captured colonists and burned many farms, blunting the tide of English expansion. The Campaign of 1676 led the English to abandon the region, retreating to Salem. The campaign is most notable for Richard Waldron entering the war, the death of Chief Mogg and the attack on the Mi'kmaq that initiated their involvement in the war.
Natives attacked a settlement at the Sheepscot River near Merrymeeting Bay in Maine in August 1676. Notably, Sir William Phips rescued local settlers by bringing them on board his vessel, forgoing his cargo of lumber. Although he was financially ruined (the Indians destroyed the shipyard and his intended cargo), he was seen as a hero in Boston.
In the Northeast Coast Campaign (1677) the Wabanaki Confederacy raided English settlements along the New England/Acadia border in present-day Maine. They killed and captured colonists and burned many farms, blunting the tide of English expansion.
Afterwards
Native revenge on Richard Waldron for his role in King Philip's War, Dover, New Hampshire (1689)
In response to King Philip's War and King William's War (1689–97), many colonists from northeastern Maine and Massachusetts temporarily relocated to larger towns in Massachusetts and New Hampshire to avoid Wabanaki Indian raids.
The fighting ended in the northern theatre with the Treaty of Casco (1678). Natives assassinated both Charles Frost and Charles Waldon in King William's War. Phips would initiate an attack on the capital of Acadia, Port Royal.
Conflict continued for decades in Maine, New Hampshire and northern Massachusetts. In response to King Philip's War, which stemmed from New England expansion onto native land, the five Indian tribes in the region of Acadia created the Wabanaki Confederacy to form a political and military alliance with New France to stop the New England expansion. During the next 74 years, six colonial wars between New France and New England, along with their respective native allies, took place, starting with King William's War in 1689. (See the French and Indian Wars, Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War.) The conflict was over the border between New England and Acadia, which New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine.
References
^ Williamson (1832).
^ a b Salagnac, Georges Cerbelaud (1979) . "Abbadie de Saint-Castin, Jean-Vincent d', Baron de Saint-Castin". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
^ Williamson (1832), p. 553.
^ Salagnac, Georges Cerbelaud (1979) . "Abbadie de Saint-Castin, Jean-Vincent d', Baron de Saint-Castin". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. citing "Mémoire des services rendus par les sieurs de Saint-Castin, père et fils, dans le pays de Canada en la Nouvelle-France," drawn up in 1720 by Jean-Vincent's son, Bernard-Anselme
^ a b Mandell (2010), p. 81.
^ Churchill, Edwin A. (1994). "Mid-Seventeenth-Century Maine: A World on the Edge". In Emerson W. Baker; Edwin A. Churchill; Richard S. D'Abate; et al. (eds.). American Beginnings: Exploration, Culture, and Cartography in the Land of Norumbega. University of Nebraska Press. p. 258. ISBN 0-8032-4554-8.
^ Williamson (1832), p. 537.
^ Schultz & Tougias (1999), p. 310; Mandell (2010), p. 131-132
^ Lounsberry, Alice (1941). Sir William Phips: Treasure Fisherman and Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 23–26.
^ Norton, Mary Beth (2002). In the Devil's Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692. Knopf Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-307-42636-9.
^ Prins, Harald E.L. (March 1999). Storm Clouds Over Wabanakiak: Confederacy Diplomacy until Dummer's Treaty (1727). The Atlantic Policy Congress of First Nations Chiefs. Amherst, Nova Scotia. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06. Retrieved 2014-10-19.
^ Williamson, William D. (1832). The History of the State of Maine: From Its First Discovery, A. D. 1602, to the Separation, A. D. 1820, Inclusive. Vol. II. Glazier, Masters & Smith. p. 27.• Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005). From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7735-2699-0.• Campbell, William Edgar (2005). The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec. Goose Lane Editions. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-86492-426-1.
Texts
Mandell, Daniel R. (2010). Baltimore, Maryland (ed.). King Philip's War: Colonial Expansion, Native Resistance, and the End of Indian Sovereignty. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9948-5.
Schultz, Eric B.; Tougias, Michael J. (1999). King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict. Countryman Press. ISBN 978-1-58157-701-3.
Williamson, William D. (1832). The History of the State of Maine: From Its First Discovery, A. D. 1602, to the Separation, A. D. 1820, Inclusive. Vol. I. Glazier, Masters & Smith.
Links
First Abenaki War
Further reading
Douglass, William (1755). A Summary, Historical and Political, of the First Planting, Progressive Improvements, and Present State of the British Settlements in North-America... Boston, New England: R. Baldwin. – also at Internet Archive
Mather, Cotton (1853) . Magnalia Christi Americana: Or, The Ecclesiastical History of New-England, from Its First Planting, in the Year 1620, Unto the Year of Our Lord 1698 ... Hartford, Connecticut: Silus Andrus & son. – original 1702 edition at Internet Archive
Lincoln, Charles H., ed. Narratives of the Indian Wars, 1675–1699
Hubbard, William (1865). Samuel G. Drake (ed.). The History of the Indian Wars in New England: from the First Settlement to the Termination of the War with King Philip in 1677. Vol. II. Roxbury, Massachusetts: W. Elliot Woodward.
Hutchinson, Thomas (1828). The History of the Province of Massachusets-Bay, Vol. 1
Hutchinson, Thomas. The History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, from 1749 to 1774, Vol. 2
Minot, George Richards. Continuation of the History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, From the year 1748 to 1765, Vol. II
Morse, J. (1797). "District of Maine". The American Gazetteer. Boston, Massachusetts: At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews. OL 23272543M.
Penhallow, Samuel (1726). The History of the Wars of New-England with the Eastern Indians
Diary of Samuel Sewall, 1674–1729. Vol. 1: 1674–1700. Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Vol. V
Sewall, Rufus King (1859). Ancient Dominions of Maine
Sullivan, James (1795). The History of the District of Maine
Abbott, John S.C., Edward H. Elwell (1892). The History of Maine, comprehensive older history | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_First_Abenaki_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_First_Abenaki_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_First_Abenaki_War"},{"link_name":"First Abenaki War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1st Northeast Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1675)"},{"link_name":"2nd Northeast Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1676)"},{"link_name":"3rd Northeast Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1677)"},{"link_name":"Port La Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_off_Port_La_Tour_(1677)"},{"link_name":"King Philip's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Acadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Richard Waldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Waldron"},{"link_name":"Charles Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frost_(military_officer)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Vincent_d%27Abbadie_de_Saint-Castin"},{"link_name":"Wabanaki Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"1675","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Coast_campaign_(1675)"},{"link_name":"1676","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Coast_campaign_(1676)"},{"link_name":"1677","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Coast_campaign_(1677)"},{"link_name":"Mi'kmaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%27kmaq"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1832-1"},{"link_name":"Penobscot River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penobscot_River"},{"link_name":"Salmon Falls, N.H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_Falls_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCB-2"},{"link_name":"Cape Neddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Neddick,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Casco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Arrowsick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowsic,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Pemaquid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemaquid_Archeological_Site"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1832553-3"}],"text":"vteFirst Abenaki War\n1st Northeast Coast\n2nd Northeast Coast\n3rd Northeast Coast\nPort La TourThe First Abenaki War (also known as the northern theatre of King Philip's War) was fought along the New England/Acadia border primarily in present-day Maine. Richard Waldron and Charles Frost led the forces in the northern region, while Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin worked with the tribes that would make up the Wabanaki Confederacy. The natives engaged in annual campaigns against the English settlements in 1675, 1676, and 1677. Waldron sent forces so far north that he attacked the Mi'kmaq in Acadia.[1]Historian Georges Cerbelaud Salagnac writes that Castine and the Abenaki \"displayed consummate skill at it, holding in check at every point, from the Penobscot River to Salmon Falls, N.H., and even beyond, 700 regular troops, and even inflicting humiliating defeats upon them.\"[2] The official records indicate natives killed or captured 260 English. The villages of Cape Neddick, Scarborough, Casco, Arrowsick, Pemaquid and several others were destroyed. The war cost the colonial government £8,000.[3]","title":"First Abenaki War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Vincent_d%27Abbadie_de_Saint-Castin"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_(New_France)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Abenakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abenaki"},{"link_name":"Pometacom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacomet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCB-2"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"}],"text":"Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin was sent from Quebec at the outset of the war with the governor's orders to organize all the natives \"throughout the whole colony of Acadia to adopt the interests of the king of France.\"[4] After Saint-Castin had settled among the Abenakis, King Philip (Pometacom) and his warriors ravaged New England in 1675. Historian Georges Salagnac writes that, \"One may reasonably suppose that Saint-Castin began to exercise his talents as a military counsellor on the occasion of this war.\"[2] The people of Boston thought Saint-Castin was influencing the Wabanaki strategy and supplying them with superior equipment.","title":"Historical context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northeast Coast Campaign (1675)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1675)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandell201081-5"},{"link_name":"Saco River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saco_River"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Northeast Coast Campaign (1676)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1676)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1832537-7"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Richard Waldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Waldron"},{"link_name":"Mi'kmaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%27kmaq"},{"link_name":"Sheepscot River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheepscot_River"},{"link_name":"Merrymeeting Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrymeeting_Bay"},{"link_name":"William Phips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Phips"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Northeast Coast Campaign (1677)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1677)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandell201081-5"}],"text":"In the Northeast Coast Campaign (1675) the Wabanaki Confederacy raided English settlements along the New England/Acadia border in present-day Maine. They killed eighty colonists and burned many farms, blunting the tide of English expansion.[5] Settlers deserted community after community, leaving only the settlements south of the Saco River to maintain an Anglo presence in the region.[6]In the Northeast Coast Campaign (1676) the Wabanaki Confederacy raided English settlements along the New England/Acadia border in present-day Maine. In the first month, they laid waste to 15 leagues of the coast east of Casco.[7] They killed and captured colonists and burned many farms, blunting the tide of English expansion. The Campaign of 1676 led the English to abandon the region, retreating to Salem.[8] The campaign is most notable for Richard Waldron entering the war, the death of Chief Mogg and the attack on the Mi'kmaq that initiated their involvement in the war.Natives attacked a settlement at the Sheepscot River near Merrymeeting Bay in Maine in August 1676. Notably, Sir William Phips rescued local settlers by bringing them on board his vessel, forgoing his cargo of lumber. Although he was financially ruined (the Indians destroyed the shipyard and his intended cargo), he was seen as a hero in Boston.[9]In the Northeast Coast Campaign (1677) the Wabanaki Confederacy raided English settlements along the New England/Acadia border in present-day Maine. They killed and captured colonists and burned many farms, blunting the tide of English expansion.[5]","title":"The war"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Night_Attack_of_Indians.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richard Waldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Waldron"},{"link_name":"Dover, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"King William's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_William%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Casco (1678)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Casco_(1678)"},{"link_name":"Port Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)"},{"link_name":"Acadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia"},{"link_name":"Wabanaki Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"King William's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_William%27s_War"},{"link_name":"French and Indian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Father Rale's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Rale%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Father Le Loutre's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Kennebec River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennebec_River"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Native revenge on Richard Waldron for his role in King Philip's War, Dover, New Hampshire (1689)In response to King Philip's War and King William's War (1689–97), many colonists from northeastern Maine and Massachusetts temporarily relocated to larger towns in Massachusetts and New Hampshire to avoid Wabanaki Indian raids.[10]The fighting ended in the northern theatre with the Treaty of Casco (1678). Natives assassinated both Charles Frost and Charles Waldon in King William's War. Phips would initiate an attack on the capital of Acadia, Port Royal.Conflict continued for decades in Maine, New Hampshire and northern Massachusetts. In response to King Philip's War, which stemmed from New England expansion onto native land, the five Indian tribes in the region of Acadia created the Wabanaki Confederacy to form a political and military alliance with New France to stop the New England expansion.[11] During the next 74 years, six colonial wars between New France and New England, along with their respective native allies, took place, starting with King William's War in 1689. (See the French and Indian Wars, Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War.) The conflict was over the border between New England and Acadia, which New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine.[12]","title":"Afterwards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglass, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Douglass_(physician)"},{"link_name":"A Summary, Historical and Political, of the First Planting, Progressive Improvements, and Present State of the British Settlements in North-America...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/asummaryhistori01dgoog"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/summaryhistorica01dougrich"},{"link_name":"Mather, Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Mather"},{"link_name":"Magnalia Christi Americana: Or, The Ecclesiastical History of New-England, from Its First Planting, in the Year 1620, Unto the Year of Our Lord 1698 ...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=f0Y5s7bsqDQC&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/magnaliachristia00math"},{"link_name":"Narratives of the Indian Wars, 1675–1699","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/narrativesofthei007749mbp"},{"link_name":"Hubbard, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hubbard_(clergyman)"},{"link_name":"Samuel G. Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gardner_Drake"},{"link_name":"The History of the Indian Wars in New England: from the First Settlement to the Termination of the War with King Philip in 1677","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofindianw02hubb"},{"link_name":"The History of the Province of Massachusets-Bay, Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofprovinc02hutc"},{"link_name":"The History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, from 1749 to 1774, Vol. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyprovince00hutcgoog"},{"link_name":"Continuation of the History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, From the year 1748 to 1765, Vol. II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/continuationofhi02minorich#page/n3/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Morse, J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedidiah_Morse"},{"link_name":"\"District of Maine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/americangazettee00mors#page/n303/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23272543M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL23272543M"},{"link_name":"The History of the Wars of New-England with the Eastern Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/historyofwarsofn00penh#page/n3/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Diary of Samuel Sewall, 1674–1729. Vol. 1: 1674–1700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/s5collections05massuoft"},{"link_name":"Ancient Dominions of Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/ancientdominions00sewa#page/n7/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"The History of the District of Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/historyofdistric00sull#page/n7/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"The History of Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_IsYMAAAAYAAJ"}],"text":"Douglass, William (1755). A Summary, Historical and Political, of the First Planting, Progressive Improvements, and Present State of the British Settlements in North-America... Boston, New England: R. Baldwin. – also at Internet Archive\nMather, Cotton (1853) [1702]. Magnalia Christi Americana: Or, The Ecclesiastical History of New-England, from Its First Planting, in the Year 1620, Unto the Year of Our Lord 1698 ... Hartford, Connecticut: Silus Andrus & son. – original 1702 edition at Internet Archive\nLincoln, Charles H., ed. Narratives of the Indian Wars, 1675–1699\nHubbard, William (1865). Samuel G. Drake (ed.). The History of the Indian Wars in New England: from the First Settlement to the Termination of the War with King Philip in 1677. Vol. II. Roxbury, Massachusetts: W. Elliot Woodward.\nHutchinson, Thomas (1828). The History of the Province of Massachusets-Bay, Vol. 1\nHutchinson, Thomas. The History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, from 1749 to 1774, Vol. 2\nMinot, George Richards. Continuation of the History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, From the year 1748 to 1765, Vol. II\nMorse, J. (1797). \"District of Maine\". The American Gazetteer. Boston, Massachusetts: At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews. OL 23272543M.\nPenhallow, Samuel (1726). The History of the Wars of New-England with the Eastern Indians\nDiary of Samuel Sewall, 1674–1729. Vol. 1: 1674–1700. Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Vol. V\nSewall, Rufus King (1859). Ancient Dominions of Maine\nSullivan, James (1795). The History of the District of Maine\nAbbott, John S.C., Edward H. Elwell (1892). The History of Maine, comprehensive older history","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Native revenge on Richard Waldron for his role in King Philip's War, Dover, New Hampshire (1689)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Night_Attack_of_Indians.jpg/220px-Night_Attack_of_Indians.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Salagnac, Georges Cerbelaud (1979) [1969]. \"Abbadie de Saint-Castin, Jean-Vincent d', Baron de Saint-Castin\". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/abbadie_de_saint_castin_jean_vincent_d_2E.html","url_text":"\"Abbadie de Saint-Castin, Jean-Vincent d', Baron de Saint-Castin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Canadian Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"}]},{"reference":"Salagnac, Georges Cerbelaud (1979) [1969]. \"Abbadie de Saint-Castin, Jean-Vincent d', Baron de Saint-Castin\". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/abbadie_de_saint_castin_jean_vincent_d_2E.html","url_text":"\"Abbadie de Saint-Castin, Jean-Vincent d', Baron de Saint-Castin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Canadian Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"}]},{"reference":"Churchill, Edwin A. (1994). \"Mid-Seventeenth-Century Maine: A World on the Edge\". In Emerson W. Baker; Edwin A. Churchill; Richard S. D'Abate; et al. (eds.). American Beginnings: Exploration, Culture, and Cartography in the Land of Norumbega. University of Nebraska Press. p. 258. ISBN 0-8032-4554-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QPNANp9ZxkYC&pg=PA241","url_text":"\"Mid-Seventeenth-Century Maine: A World on the Edge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-4554-8","url_text":"0-8032-4554-8"}]},{"reference":"Lounsberry, Alice (1941). Sir William Phips: Treasure Fisherman and Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 23–26.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sirwilliamphipst00loun","url_text":"Sir William Phips: Treasure Fisherman and Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sirwilliamphipst00loun/page/23","url_text":"23"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Mary Beth (2002). In the Devil's Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692. Knopf Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-307-42636-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2ZeU1RMYK0C&pg=PP1","url_text":"In the Devil's Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42636-9","url_text":"978-0-307-42636-9"}]},{"reference":"Prins, Harald E.L. (March 1999). Storm Clouds Over Wabanakiak: Confederacy Diplomacy until Dummer's Treaty (1727). The Atlantic Policy Congress of First Nations Chiefs. Amherst, Nova Scotia. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06. Retrieved 2014-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161106174427/http://www.wabanaki.com/Harald_Prins.htm","url_text":"Storm Clouds Over Wabanakiak: Confederacy Diplomacy until Dummer's Treaty (1727)"},{"url":"http://www.wabanaki.com/Harald_Prins.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Williamson, William D. (1832). The History of the State of Maine: From Its First Discovery, A. D. 1602, to the Separation, A. D. 1820, Inclusive. Vol. II. Glazier, Masters & Smith. p. 27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D._Williamson","url_text":"Williamson, William D."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofstateof02will_0","url_text":"The History of the State of Maine: From Its First Discovery, A. D. 1602, to the Separation, A. D. 1820, Inclusive"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofstateof02will_0/page/27","url_text":"27"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005). From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7735-2699-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cG4wSmIlziYC&pg=PP1","url_text":"From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2699-0","url_text":"978-0-7735-2699-0"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, William Edgar (2005). The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec. Goose Lane Editions. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-86492-426-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Je0MAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP1","url_text":"The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86492-426-1","url_text":"978-0-86492-426-1"}]},{"reference":"Mandell, Daniel R. (2010). Baltimore, Maryland (ed.). King Philip's War: Colonial Expansion, Native Resistance, and the End of Indian Sovereignty. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9948-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_aDvP0d19rAC&pg=PP1","url_text":"King Philip's War: Colonial Expansion, Native Resistance, and the End of Indian Sovereignty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9948-5","url_text":"978-0-8018-9948-5"}]},{"reference":"Schultz, Eric B.; Tougias, Michael J. (1999). King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict. Countryman Press. 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A Summary, Historical and Political, of the First Planting, Progressive Improvements, and Present State of the British Settlements in North-America... Boston, New England: R. Baldwin.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Douglass_(physician)","url_text":"Douglass, William"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/asummaryhistori01dgoog","url_text":"A Summary, Historical and Political, of the First Planting, Progressive Improvements, and Present State of the British Settlements in North-America..."}]},{"reference":"Mather, Cotton (1853) [1702]. Magnalia Christi Americana: Or, The Ecclesiastical History of New-England, from Its First Planting, in the Year 1620, Unto the Year of Our Lord 1698 ... 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Fromm | Heinz Fromm | ["1 Biography","2 References"] | German civil servant (born 1948)
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Heinz Fromm (born 10 July 1948 in Frieda) is a German civil servant, who served as President of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution from 2000 to 2012. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.
Biography
After obtaining his law degree, he joined the civil service of the state of Hesse in 1979. He became Director of the State Office for the Protection of the Constitution in Hesse in 1991, and served in this capacity until 1993. From 1993 to 1999, he was Secretary of State in the Hessian Ministry of the Interior, and subsequently from 1999 to 2000 Director of Kassel Prison.
He resigned on 2 July 2012, shortly after it was revealed that his office had destroyed files connected to the National Socialist Underground, a neo-Nazi terrorist group held responsible for a series of murders of immigrants. He was succeeded in his post by Hans-Georg Maaßen.
References
^ a b c "Amtsleitung". Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
^ "Innenminister entlässt Verfassungsschutzpräsident Fromm". Der Spiegel. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
^ "German intelligence chief Heinz Fromm quits over murders". BBC. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frieda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieda_(Werra)"},{"link_name":"Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bfv-1"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"}],"text":"Heinz Fromm (born 10 July 1948 in Frieda) is a German civil servant, who served as President of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution from 2000 to 2012.[1] He is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.","title":"Heinz Fromm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bfv-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bfv-1"},{"link_name":"National Socialist Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Underground"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegel212-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc12-3"},{"link_name":"Hans-Georg Maaßen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Maa%C3%9Fen"}],"text":"After obtaining his law degree, he joined the civil service of the state of Hesse in 1979.[1] He became Director of the State Office for the Protection of the Constitution in Hesse in 1991, and served in this capacity until 1993. From 1993 to 1999, he was Secretary of State in the Hessian Ministry of the Interior, and subsequently from 1999 to 2000 Director of Kassel Prison.[1]He resigned on 2 July 2012, shortly after it was revealed that his office had destroyed files connected to the National Socialist Underground, a neo-Nazi terrorist group held responsible for a series of murders of immigrants.[2][3] He was succeeded in his post by Hans-Georg Maaßen.","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Amtsleitung\". Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. Retrieved 2 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/das_bfv/praesident_bfv.html","url_text":"\"Amtsleitung\""}]},{"reference":"\"Innenminister entlässt Verfassungsschutzpräsident Fromm\". Der Spiegel. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/innenminister-friedrich-entlaesst-verfassungsschutzpraesident-fromm-a-842052.html","url_text":"\"Innenminister entlässt Verfassungsschutzpräsident Fromm\""}]},{"reference":"\"German intelligence chief Heinz Fromm quits over murders\". BBC. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18674873","url_text":"\"German intelligence chief Heinz Fromm quits over murders\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHeinz_Fromm&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/das_bfv/praesident_bfv.html","external_links_name":"\"Amtsleitung\""},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/innenminister-friedrich-entlaesst-verfassungsschutzpraesident-fromm-a-842052.html","external_links_name":"\"Innenminister entlässt Verfassungsschutzpräsident Fromm\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18674873","external_links_name":"\"German intelligence chief Heinz Fromm quits over murders\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorlatinib | Lorlatinib | ["1 Medical uses","2 Contraindications","3 Side effects","4 Interactions","5 Pharmacology","5.1 Mechanism of action","5.2 Pharmacokinetics","6 Chemistry","7 History","8 Society and culture","8.1 Legal status","9 Research","10 References","11 External links"] | Kinase inhibitor for treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer
LorlatinibClinical dataTrade namesLorbrena, LorviquaOther namesPF-6463922AHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa619005License data
US DailyMed: Lorlatinib
Pregnancycategory
AU: D
Routes ofadministrationBy mouthATC codeL01ED05 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status
AU: S4 (Prescription only)
CA: ℞-only
US: ℞-only
EU: Rx-only
In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic dataBioavailability81%Protein binding66%MetabolismMainly CYP3A4 and UGT1A4Elimination half-life24 hrs (single dose)Excretion48% urine (<1% unchanged), 41% faeces (9% unchanged)Identifiers
IUPAC name
(10R)-7-Amino-12-fluoro-2,10,16-trimethyl-15-oxo-10,15,16,17-tetrahydro-2H-4,8-methenopyrazolobenzoxadiazacyclotetradecine-3-carbonitrile
CAS Number1454846-35-5PubChem CID71731823DrugBankDB12130ChemSpider32813339UNIIOSP71S83EUKEGGD11012ChEBICHEBI:143117CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID201027944 ECHA InfoCard100.245.079 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC21H19FN6O2Molar mass406.421 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image
SMILES
C1Oc2cc(cnc2N)c3c(CN(C)C(=O)c4ccc(F)cc14)nn(C)c3C#N
InChI
InChI=1S/C21H19FN6O2/c1-11-15-7-13(22)4-5-14(15)21(29)27(2)10-16-19(17(8-23)28(3)26-16)12-6-18(30-11)20(24)25-9-12/h4-7,9,11H,10H2,1-3H3,(H2,24,25)/t11-/m1/s1Key:IIXWYSCJSQVBQM-LLVKDONJSA-N
Lorlatinib, sold under the brand name Lorbrena in the United States, Canada, and Japan, and Lorviqua in the European Union, is an anti-cancer medication used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. It is an orally administered inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and C-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1), two enzymes that play a role in the development of cancer. It was developed by Pfizer.
The most common adverse reactions include edema, peripheral neuropathy, weight gain, cognitive effects, fatigue, dyspnea, arthralgia, diarrhea, mood effects, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and cough.
Lorlatinib was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2018, and in the European Union in May 2019.
Medical uses
Lorlatinib is indicated for the treatment of adults with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer whose tumors are anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive.
Contraindications
Lorlatinib must not be combined with strong inducers (i.e. activators) of the liver enzymes CYP3A4/5 if it can be avoided, as serious cases of liver toxicity have been observed under combination with the CYP3A4/5 inducer rifampicin.
Side effects
The most common side effects in studies were high blood cholesterol (84% of patients), high blood triglycerides (67%), edema (55%), peripheral neuropathy (48%), cognitive effects (29%), fatigue (28%), weight gain (26%), and mood effects (23%). Serious side effects led to dose reduction in 23% of patients and to termination of lorlatinib treatment in 3% of patients.
Interactions
Lorlatinib is metabolized by the enzymes CYP3A4/5. Therefore, CYP3A4/5 inducers such as rifampicin, carbamazepine or St John's wort decrease its concentrations in the blood plasma and can reduce its effectiveness. Additionally, the combination of lorlatinib with rifampicin showed liver toxicity in studies. Inhibitors of these enzymes such as ketoconazole or grapefruit juice increase lorlatinib plasma concentrations, leading to higher toxicity. Lorlatinib is also a (moderate) CYP3A4/5 inducer, so that drugs that are metabolized by these enzymes are broken down more quickly when combined with lorlatinib. Examples include midazolam and ciclosporin.
Interactions via other enzymes have only been studied in vitro. According to these findings, lorlatinib may inhibit CYP2C9, UGT1A1 and several transport proteins, induce CYP2B6, and has probably no relevant effect on CYP1A2.
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Further information: ALK inhibitor
Lorlatinib is a small molecule kinase inhibitor of ALK and ROS1 as well as a number of other kinases. It is active in vitro against many mutated forms of ALK.
Pharmacokinetics
Lorlatinib is cleaved to the metabolite M8 (top left), which makes up 21% of the circulating substance, and an undetected metabolite (given in brackets). Other phase I metabolites are given in the bottom row. Most of these metabolites, as well as the original substance, undergo glucuronidation.
Lorlatinib is taken by mouth and reaches highest blood plasma concentrations 1.2 hours after a single dose, or 2 hours after ingestion when taken regularly. Its absolute bioavailability is 80.8%. Intake with fatty food increases its availability by 5%, which is not considered clinically significant. When in the bloodstream, 66% of the substance are bound to plasma proteins. Lorlatinib is able to cross the blood–brain barrier.
Lorlatinib is inactivated by oxidation, mainly through CYP3A4, and by glucuronidation, mainly through UGT1A4. Other CYPs and UGTs play a minor role. Lorlatinib and its metabolites are excreted with a half-life of 23.6 hours after a single dose; 47.7% into the urine (of which less than 1% in unchanged form), and 40.9% into the faeces (9.1% unchanged).
Chemistry
Lorlatinib is a white to off-white powder. It has high solubility in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and very low solubility at a pH over 4.5.
History
In November 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval to lorlatinib for people with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer whose disease has progressed on crizotinib and at least one other ALK inhibitor for metastatic disease or whose disease has progressed on alectinib or ceritinib as the first ALK inhibitor therapy for metastatic disease. Approval was based on a subgroup of 215 participants with ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC, previously treated with one or more ALK kinase inhibitors, enrolled in a non‑randomized, dose-ranging and activity-estimating, multi‑cohort, multicenter study (Study B7461001; NCT01970865). The major efficacy measures were overall response rate (ORR) and intracranial ORR, according to RECIST 1.1, as assessed by an independent central review committee.
In March 2021, the FDA granted regular approval to lorlatinib based on data from study B7461006 (NCT03052608), a randomized, multicenter, open-label, active-controlled trial conducted in 296 participants with ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer who had not received prior systemic therapy for metastatic disease. Participants were required to have ALK-positive tumors detected by the VENTANA ALK (D5F3) CDx assay. Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive lorlatinib 100 mg orally once daily (n=149) or crizotinib 250 mg orally twice daily (n=147).
Society and culture
Legal status
In 2015, the FDA granted lorlatinib orphan drug status for the treatment of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive or ROS1-positive non-small cell lung cancer.
Lorlatinib was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2018, and in the European Union in May 2019.
Research
In June 2024, Pfizer announced positive longer-term follow-up results from the phase III CROWN study of lorlatinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer showing that 60% of participants treated with lorlatinib were alive without disease progression after five years.
References
^ a b "Lorviqua APMDS". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
^ "Lorbrena Product information". Health Canada. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
^ "Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Lorbrena". Health Canada. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h "Lorbrena- lorlatinib tablet, film coated". DailyMed. 7 September 2023. Archived from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ a b c d "Lorviqua EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 6 May 2019. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ a b Nagasaka M, Ge Y, Sukari A, Kukreja G, Ou SI (July 2020). "A user's guide to lorlatinib". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 151: 102969. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102969. PMID 32416346.
^ a b c "FDA approves lorlatinib for metastatic ALK-positive NSCLC". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 3 March 2021. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ a b c d e "FDA approves lorlatinib for second- or third-line treatment of ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 14 December 2018. Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "Drug Approval Package: Lorbrena (lorlatinib)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 10 December 2018. Archived from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ a b c d e f "Lorviqua: EPAR – Product Information" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 17 June 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
^ a b "Lorviqua: EPAR – Public assessment report" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 17 June 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
^ "Lorlatinib". NCI Drug Dictionary. National Cancer Institute. 2 February 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
^ "Lorlatinib Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "European Commission Approves Lorviqua (lorlatinib) for Certain Adult Patients with Previously-Treated ALK-Positive Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, PM Pfizer, May 7, 2019". pfizer.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
^ Syed YY (January 2019). "Lorlatinib: First Global Approval". Drugs. 79 (1): 93–98. doi:10.1007/s40265-018-1041-0. PMID 30604291. S2CID 57426966.
^ "Pfizer's Lorbrena CROWN Study Shows Majority of Patients with ALK-Positive Advanced Lung Cancer Living Beyond Five Years Without Disease Progression". Yahoo Finance. 31 May 2024. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "A Study Of Lorlatinib Versus Crizotinib In First Line Treatment Of Patients With ALK-Positive NSCLC". ClinicalTrials.gov. 14 February 2024. Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ Solomon BJ, Liu G, Felip E, Mok TS, Soo RA, Mazieres J, et al. (May 2024). "Lorlatinib Versus Crizotinib in Patients With Advanced ALK-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: 5-Year Outcomes From the Phase III CROWN Study". Journal of Clinical Oncology: JCO2400581. doi:10.1200/JCO.24.00581. PMID 38819031.
External links
Clinical trial number NCT01970865 for "A Study Of PF-06463922 An ALK/ROS1 Inhibitor In Patients With Advanced Non Small Cell Lung Cancer With Specific Molecular Alterations" at ClinicalTrials.gov
vteTargeted cancer therapy / antineoplastic agents (L01)CI monoclonal antibodies ("-mab")Receptor tyrosine kinase
ErbB: HER1/EGFR (Cetuximab
Panitumumab)
HER2/neu (Pertuzumab, Trastuzumab (+hyaluronidase)
Trastuzumab emtansine
Trastuzumab deruxtecan)
Others for solid tumors
EpCAM (Catumaxomab
Edrecolomab)
VEGF-A (Bevacizumab)
Leukemia/lymphoma
lymphoid: CD3 (Glofitamab, Elranatamab, Mosunetuzumab), CD20 (Glofitamab
Ibritumomab
Mosunetuzumab
Obinutuzumab
Ofatumumab
Rituximab
Tositumomab), CD30 (Brentuximab), CD52 (Alemtuzumab)
myeloid: CD33 (Gemtuzumab ozogamicin)
Other
Amivantamab
Atezolizumab
Avelumab
Belantamab mafodotin
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Toripalimab
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Tyrosine kinase inhibitors ("-nib")Receptor tyrosine kinase
ErbB: HER1/EGFR (Afatinib
Brigatinib
Dacomitinib
Erlotinib
Gefitinib
Icotinib
Mobocertinib
Olmutinib
Osimertinib
Rociletinib
Vandetanib)
HER1/EGFR and HER2/neu
Lapatinib
Neratinib
Tucatinib
RTK class III: C-kit and PDGFR (Avapritinib
Axitinib
Masitinib
Pazopanib
Ripretinib
Sorafenib
Sunitinib
Toceranib)
FLT3 (Lestaurtinib, Gilteritinib (AXL, ALK, LTK))
VEGFR
Axitinib
Cediranib
Fruquintinib
Lenvatinib
Nintedanib
Pazopanib
Regorafenib
Semaxanib
Sorafenib
Sunitinib
Tivozanib
Toceranib
Vandetanib
ALK
Alectinib
Brigatinib
Ceritinib
RET inhibitors: Entrectinib (ALK, ROS1, NTRK), Futibatinib (FGFR2), Infigratinib, Larotrectinib (NTRK), Pemigatinib (FGFR), Pralsetinib, Repotrectinib (ROS1, TRK, ALK), Selpercatinib (VEGFR, FGFR), Vandetanib (VEGFR, EGFR).
c-MET inhibitors: Cabozantinib (VEGFR), Capmatinib, Crizotinib (ALK)
Non-receptor
bcr-abl
Asciminib
Bosutinib
Dasatinib
Imatinib
Nilotinib
Ponatinib
Radotinib
Src (Bosutinib
Dasatinib)
Janus kinase
Baricitinib
Fedratinib
Filgotinib
Lestaurtinib
Momelotinib
Pacritinib
Ruxolitinib
MAP2K
Binimetinib
Cobimetinib
Selumetinib
Trametinib
EML4-ALK
Crizotinib
Entrectinib
Lorlatinib
Bruton's
Acalabrutinib
Ibrutinib
Pirtobrutinib
Zanubrutinib
Other
fusion protein against VEGF (Aflibercept)
proapoptotic peptide against ANXA2 and prohibitin (Adipotide)
exotoxin against IL-2 (Denileukin diftitox)
mTOR inhibitors
Everolimus
Ridaforolimus
Temsirolimus
hedgehog inhibitors
Glasdegib
Sonidegib
Vismodegib
CDK inhibitors
Abemaciclib
Dalpiciclib
Palbociclib
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Adagrasib
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Midostaurin
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Pexidartinib
Quizartinib
Regorafenib
Ripretinib
Sorafenib
Sunitinib
Tebentafusp
Tepotinib
Vandetanib
Venetoclax
vteGrowth factor receptor modulatorsAngiopoietin
Agonists: Angiopoietin 1
Angiopoietin 4
Antagonists: Angiopoietin 2
Angiopoietin 3
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
CE-245677
Rebastinib
Antibodies: Evinacumab (against angiopoietin 3)
Nesvacumab (against angiopoietin 2)
CNTF
Agonists: Axokine
CNTF
Dapiclermin
EGF (ErbB)EGF(ErbB1/HER1)
Agonists: Amphiregulin
Betacellulin
EGF (urogastrone)
Epigen
Epiregulin
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)
Murodermin
Nepidermin
Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα)
Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib
Agerafenib
Brigatinib
Canertinib
Dacomitinib
Erlotinib
Gefitinib
Grandinin
Icotinib
Lapatinib
Neratinib
Osimertinib
Vandetanib
WHI-P 154
Antibodies: Cetuximab
Depatuxizumab
Depatuxizumab mafodotin
Futuximab
Imgatuzumab
Matuzumab
Necitumumab
Nimotuzumab
Panitumumab
Zalutumumab
ErbB2/HER2
Agonists: Unknown/none
Antibodies: Ertumaxomab
Pertuzumab
Trastuzumab
Trastuzumab deruxtecan
Trastuzumab duocarmazine
Trastuzumab emtansine
Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib
Lapatinib
Mubritinib
Neratinib
Tucatinib
ErbB3/HER3
Agonists: Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 6 (neuroglycan C))
Antibodies: Duligotumab
Patritumab
Seribantumab
ErbB4/HER4
Agonists: Betacellulin
Epigen
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)
Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (tomoregulin, TMEFF))
FGFFGFR1
Agonists: Ersofermin
FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 (KGF2), 20)
Repifermin
Selpercatinib
Trafermin
Velafermin
FGFR2
Agonists: Ersofermin
FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (KGF), 8, 9, 10 (KGF2), 17, 18, 22)
Palifermin
Repifermin
Selpercatinib
Sprifermin
Trafermin
Antibodies: Aprutumab
Aprutumab ixadotin
Kinase inhibitors: Infigratinib
FGFR3
Agonists: Ersofermin
FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 8, 9, 18, 23)
Selpercatinib
Sprifermin
Trafermin
Antibodies: Burosumab (against FGF23)
FGFR4
Agonists: Ersofermin
FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 6, 8, 9, 19)
Trafermin
Unsorted
Agonists: FGF15/19
HGF (c-Met)
Agonists: Fosgonimeton
Hepatocyte growth factor
Potentiators: Dihexa (PNB-0408)
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
AM7
AMG-458
Amuvatinib
BMS-777607
Cabozantinib
Capmatinib
Crizotinib
Foretinib
Golvatinib
INCB28060
JNJ-38877605
K252a
MK-2461
PF-04217903
PF-2341066
PHA-665752
SU-11274
Tivantinib
Volitinib
Antibodies: Emibetuzumab
Ficlatuzumab
Flanvotumab
Onartuzumab
Rilotumumab
Telisotuzumab
Telisotuzumab vedotin
IGFIGF-1
Agonists: des(1-3)IGF-1
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (somatomedin C)
IGF-1 LR3
Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)
Insulin
Mecasermin
Mecasermin rinfabate
Kinase inhibitors: BMS-754807
Linsitinib
NVP-ADW742
NVP-AEW541
OSl-906
Antibodies: AVE-1642
Cixutumumab
Dalotuzumab
Figitumumab
Ganitumab
Robatumumab
R1507
Teprotumumab
Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)
IGF-2
Agonists: Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)
Antibodies: Dusigitumab
Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)
Others
Binding proteins: IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1)
Trofinetide
LNGF (p75NTR)
Agonists: BDNF
BNN-20
BNN-27
Cenegermin
DHEA
DHEA-S
NGF
NT-3
NT-4
Antagonists: ALE-0540
Dexamethasone
EVT-901 (SAR-127963)
Testosterone
Antibodies: Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110)
ASP-6294
Fasinumab
Frunevetmab
Fulranumab
MEDI-578
Ranevetmab
Tanezumab
Aptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004
Decoy receptors: LEVI-04 (p75NTR-Fc)
PDGF
Agonists: Becaplermin
Platelet-derived growth factor (A, B, C, D)
Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
Avapritinib
Axitinib
Crenolanib
Imatinib
Lenvatinib
Masitinib
Motesanib
Nintedanib
Pazopanib
Radotinib
Quizartinib
Ripretinib
Sunitinib
Sorafenib
Toceranib
Antibodies: Olaratumab
Ramucirumab
Tovetumab
RET (GFL)GFRα1
Agonists: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)
Liatermin
Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib
GFRα2
Agonists: Neurturin (NRTN)
Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib
GFRα3
Agonists: Artemin (ARTN)
Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib
GFRα4
Agonists: Persephin (PSPN)
Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib
Unsorted
Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
SCF (c-Kit)
Agonists: Ancestim
Stem cell factor
Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
Axitinib
Dasatinib
Imatinib
Masitinib
Nilotinib
Pazopanib
Quizartinib
Sorafenib
Sunitinib
Toceranib
TGFβ
See here instead.
TrkTrkA
Agonists: Amitriptyline
BNN-20
BNN-27
Cenegermin
DHEA
DHEA-S
Gambogic amide
NGF
Tavilermide
Antagonists: ALE-0540
Dexamethasone
FX007
Testosterone
Negative allosteric modulators: VM-902A
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
AZD-6918
CE-245677
CH-7057288
DS-6051
Entrectinib
GZ-389988
K252a
Larotrectinib
Lestaurtinib
Milciclib
ONO-4474
ONO-5390556
PLX-7486
Rebastinib
SNA-120 (pegylated K252a))
Antibodies: Against TrkA: GBR-900; Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110)
ASP-6294
Fasinumab
Frunevetmab
Fulranumab
MEDI-578
Ranevetmab
Tanezumab
Aptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004
Decoy receptors: ReN-1820 (TrkAd5)
TrkB
Agonists: 3,7-DHF
3,7,8,2'-THF
4'-DMA-7,8-DHF
7,3'-DHF
7,8-DHF
7,8,2'-THF
7,8,3'-THF
Amitriptyline
BDNF
BNN-20
Deoxygedunin
Deprenyl
Diosmetin
DMAQ-B1
HIOC
LM22A-4
N-Acetylserotonin
NT-3
NT-4
Norwogonin (5,7,8-THF)
R7
R13
TDP6
Antagonists: ANA-12
Cyclotraxin B
Gossypetin (3,5,7,8,3',4'-HHF)
Ligands: DHEA
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
AZD-6918
CE-245677
CH-7057288
DS-6051
Entrectinib
GZ-389988
K252a
Larotrectinib
Lestaurtinib
ONO-4474
ONO-5390556
PLX-7486
TrkC
Agonists: BNN-20
DHEA
NT-3
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
AZD-6918
CE-245677
CH-7057288
DS-6051
Entrectinib
GZ-389988
K252a
Larotrectinib
Lestaurtinib
ONO-4474
ONO-5390556
PLX-7486
VEGF
Agonists: Placental growth factor (PGF)
Ripretinib
Telbermin
VEGF (A, B, C, D (FIGF))
Allosteric modulators: Cyclotraxin B
Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
Altiratinib
Axitinib
Cabozantinib
Cediranib
Fruquintinib
Lapatinib
Lenvatinib
Motesanib
Nintedanib
Pazopanib
Pegaptanib
Rebastinib
Regorafenib
Semaxanib
Sorafenib
Sunitinib
Toceranib
Tivozanib
Vandetanib
WHI-P 154
Antibodies: Alacizumab pegol
Bevacizumab
Icrucumab
Ramucirumab
Ranibizumab
Decoy receptors: Aflibercept
Others
Additional growth factors: Adrenomedullin
Colony-stimulating factors (see here instead)
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)
Ephrins (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B1, B2, B3)
Erythropoietin (see here instead)
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI; PGI, PHI, AMF)
Glia maturation factor (GMF)
Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF)
Interleukins/T-cell growth factors (see here instead)
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP; HLP, HGFLP)
Midkine (NEGF2)
Migration-stimulating factor (MSF; PRG4)
Oncomodulin
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)
Pleiotrophin
Renalase
Thrombopoietin (see here instead)
Wnt signaling proteins
Additional growth factor receptor modulators: Cerebrolysin (neurotrophin mixture)
Portal: Medicine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-cancer medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-cancer_medication"},{"link_name":"non-small cell lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-small_cell_lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorbrena_FDA_label-4"},{"link_name":"anaplastic lymphoma kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaplastic_lymphoma_kinase"},{"link_name":"C-ros oncogene 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-ros_oncogene_1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nagasaka_2020-6"},{"link_name":"Pfizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_20210304-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_20210304-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorviqua_EPAR-5"}],"text":"Lorlatinib, sold under the brand name Lorbrena in the United States, Canada, and Japan, and Lorviqua in the European Union, is an anti-cancer medication used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.[4] It is an orally administered inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and C-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1), two enzymes that play a role in the development of cancer.[6] It was developed by Pfizer.[7]The most common adverse reactions include edema, peripheral neuropathy, weight gain, cognitive effects, fatigue, dyspnea, arthralgia, diarrhea, mood effects, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and cough.[7]Lorlatinib was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2018,[8][9] and in the European Union in May 2019.[5]","title":"Lorlatinib"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicated"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorbrena_FDA_label-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorviqua_EPAR-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nagasaka_2020-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_20210304-7"}],"text":"Lorlatinib is indicated for the treatment of adults with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer whose tumors are anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive.[4][5][6][7]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inducers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inducer"},{"link_name":"CYP3A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A4"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A5"},{"link_name":"liver toxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_toxicity"},{"link_name":"rifampicin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampicin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorbrena_FDA_label-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMA-10"}],"text":"Lorlatinib must not be combined with strong inducers (i.e. activators) of the liver enzymes CYP3A4/5 if it can be avoided, as serious cases of liver toxicity have been observed under combination with the CYP3A4/5 inducer rifampicin.[4][10]","title":"Contraindications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high blood cholesterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia"},{"link_name":"high blood triglycerides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertriglyceridemia"},{"link_name":"edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema"},{"link_name":"peripheral neuropathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy"},{"link_name":"cognitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive"},{"link_name":"fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorbrena_FDA_label-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMA-10"}],"text":"The most common side effects in studies were high blood cholesterol (84% of patients), high blood triglycerides (67%), edema (55%), peripheral neuropathy (48%), cognitive effects (29%), fatigue (28%), weight gain (26%), and mood effects (23%). Serious side effects led to dose reduction in 23% of patients and to termination of lorlatinib treatment in 3% of patients.[4][10]","title":"Side effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carbamazepine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamazepine"},{"link_name":"St John's wort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_wort"},{"link_name":"blood plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma"},{"link_name":"ketoconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoconazole"},{"link_name":"grapefruit juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit_juice"},{"link_name":"midazolam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midazolam"},{"link_name":"ciclosporin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclosporin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorbrena_FDA_label-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMA-10"},{"link_name":"in vitro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro"},{"link_name":"CYP2C9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2C9"},{"link_name":"UGT1A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT1A1"},{"link_name":"transport proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_protein"},{"link_name":"CYP2B6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2B6"},{"link_name":"CYP1A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP1A2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMA-10"}],"text":"Lorlatinib is metabolized by the enzymes CYP3A4/5. Therefore, CYP3A4/5 inducers such as rifampicin, carbamazepine or St John's wort decrease its concentrations in the blood plasma and can reduce its effectiveness. Additionally, the combination of lorlatinib with rifampicin showed liver toxicity in studies. Inhibitors of these enzymes such as ketoconazole or grapefruit juice increase lorlatinib plasma concentrations, leading to higher toxicity. Lorlatinib is also a (moderate) CYP3A4/5 inducer, so that drugs that are metabolized by these enzymes are broken down more quickly when combined with lorlatinib. Examples include midazolam and ciclosporin.[4][10]Interactions via other enzymes have only been studied in vitro. According to these findings, lorlatinib may inhibit CYP2C9, UGT1A1 and several transport proteins, induce CYP2B6, and has probably no relevant effect on CYP1A2.[10]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ALK inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALK_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"small molecule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_molecule"},{"link_name":"kinase inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"ALK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaplastic_lymphoma_kinase"},{"link_name":"ROS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROS1"},{"link_name":"kinases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorbrena_FDA_label-4"}],"sub_title":"Mechanism of action","text":"Further information: ALK inhibitorLorlatinib is a small molecule kinase inhibitor of ALK and ROS1 as well as a number of other kinases. It is active in vitro against many mutated forms of ALK.[4]","title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lorlatinib_metabolism.svg"},{"link_name":"metabolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite"},{"link_name":"phase I metabolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_I_metabolism"},{"link_name":"glucuronidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucuronidation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMA-public-11"},{"link_name":"medical citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"bioavailability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability"},{"link_name":"medical citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"medical citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"plasma proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_protein"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorbrena_FDA_label-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMA-10"},{"link_name":"blood–brain barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation"},{"link_name":"glucuronidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucuronidation"},{"link_name":"UGT1A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGT1A4"},{"link_name":"medical citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"CYPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450"},{"link_name":"UGTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDP-glucuronosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"medical citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"metabolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMA-10"}],"sub_title":"Pharmacokinetics","text":"Lorlatinib is cleaved to the metabolite M8 (top left), which makes up 21% of the circulating substance, and an undetected metabolite (given in brackets). Other phase I metabolites are given in the bottom row. Most of these metabolites, as well as the original substance, undergo glucuronidation.[11]Lorlatinib is taken by mouth and reaches highest blood plasma concentrations 1.2 hours after a single dose, or 2 hours after ingestion when taken regularly.[medical citation needed] Its absolute bioavailability is 80.8%.[medical citation needed] Intake with fatty food increases its availability by 5%, which is not considered clinically significant.[medical citation needed] When in the bloodstream, 66% of the substance are bound to plasma proteins.[4][10] Lorlatinib is able to cross the blood–brain barrier.[12]Lorlatinib is inactivated by oxidation, mainly through CYP3A4, and by glucuronidation, mainly through UGT1A4.[medical citation needed] Other CYPs and UGTs play a minor role.[medical citation needed] Lorlatinib and its metabolites are excreted with a half-life of 23.6 hours after a single dose; 47.7% into the urine (of which less than 1% in unchanged form), and 40.9% into the faeces (9.1% unchanged).[10]","title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molarity"},{"link_name":"hydrochloric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMA-public-11"}],"text":"Lorlatinib is a white to off-white powder. It has high solubility in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and very low solubility at a pH over 4.5.[11]","title":"Chemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA-8"}],"text":"In November 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval to lorlatinib for people with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer whose disease has progressed on crizotinib and at least one other ALK inhibitor for metastatic disease or whose disease has progressed on alectinib or ceritinib as the first ALK inhibitor therapy for metastatic disease.[8] Approval was based on a subgroup of 215 participants with ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC, previously treated with one or more ALK kinase inhibitors, enrolled in a non‑randomized, dose-ranging and activity-estimating, multi‑cohort, multicenter study (Study B7461001; NCT01970865).[8] The major efficacy measures were overall response rate (ORR) and intracranial ORR, according to RECIST 1.1, as assessed by an independent central review committee.[8]In March 2021, the FDA granted regular approval to lorlatinib based on data from study B7461006 (NCT03052608), a randomized, multicenter, open-label, active-controlled trial conducted in 296 participants with ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer who had not received prior systemic therapy for metastatic disease. Participants were required to have ALK-positive tumors detected by the VENTANA ALK (D5F3) CDx assay. Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive lorlatinib 100 mg orally once daily (n=149) or crizotinib 250 mg orally twice daily (n=147).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orphan drug status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_drug_status"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorviqua_EPAR-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMA-approval-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syed_2019-15"}],"sub_title":"Legal status","text":"In 2015, the FDA granted lorlatinib orphan drug status for the treatment of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive or ROS1-positive non-small cell lung cancer.[13]Lorlatinib was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2018,[8] and in the European Union in May 2019.[5][14][15]","title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-small cell lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-small_cell_lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"In June 2024, Pfizer announced positive longer-term follow-up results from the phase III CROWN study of lorlatinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer showing that 60% of participants treated with lorlatinib were alive without disease progression after five years.[16][17][18]","title":"Research"}] | [{"image_text":"Lorlatinib is cleaved to the metabolite M8 (top left), which makes up 21% of the circulating substance, and an undetected metabolite (given in brackets). Other phase I metabolites are given in the bottom row. Most of these metabolites, as well as the original substance, undergo glucuronidation.[11]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lorlatinib_metabolism.svg/500px-Lorlatinib_metabolism.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Lorviqua APMDS\". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/auspmd/lorviqua","url_text":"\"Lorviqua APMDS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240310030732/https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/auspmd/lorviqua","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lorbrena Product information\". Health Canada. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info.do?lang=en&code=97619","url_text":"\"Lorbrena Product information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220530062803/https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info.do?lang=en&code=97619","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Lorbrena\". Health Canada. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hpr-rps.hres.ca/reg-content/summary-basis-decision-detailTwo.php?linkID=SBD00438&lang=en","url_text":"\"Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Lorbrena\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Canada","url_text":"Health Canada"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220531060624/https://hpr-rps.hres.ca/reg-content/summary-basis-decision-detailTwo.php?linkID=SBD00438&lang=en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lorbrena- lorlatinib tablet, film coated\". DailyMed. 7 September 2023. 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Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03052608","url_text":"\"A Study Of Lorlatinib Versus Crizotinib In First Line Treatment Of Patients With ALK-Positive NSCLC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240601222152/https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03052608","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Solomon BJ, Liu G, Felip E, Mok TS, Soo RA, Mazieres J, et al. (May 2024). \"Lorlatinib Versus Crizotinib in Patients With Advanced ALK-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: 5-Year Outcomes From the Phase III CROWN Study\". Journal of Clinical Oncology: JCO2400581. doi:10.1200/JCO.24.00581. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEAR_(theatre_show) | GEAR (theatre show) | ["1 History","2 Content","3 Venue","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | GEAR (Japanese: ギア) is a Japanese long-run non-verbal theatre show that originates in Kyoto and incorporates elements of technology, skilled performance arts. It is the first long-run show with original content in Japan.
History
GEAR was first created by Art Complex in Osaka as a project of the Osaka Regional Arts and Cultural Promotion Project Plan. After several successful runs promoted by different cultural affairs agencies in the Kansai region, it opened as a long run show in a specially designated theatre in downtown Kyoto in April 2012. It is currently in its fifth year of performances.
Content
GEAR follows four robots who work in a falling-apart toy factory in the distant future. An electrical accident brings one of the dolls they manufacture to life, and Doll and Robots learn together the value of play and humanity. Each robot discovers a special skill they have, and so the show gradually incorporates mime, juggling, breakdance, and magic.
Much of the design for GEAR, costumes and visual style is by Kyoto-based Manga artist Akihiro Yamada, which lends an idiosyncratic look to the show.
Another distinguishing mark of GEAR is the extensive use of stage technology. Projection mapping is used extensively, as are lasers, an LED dress, and moving lighting. In the words of Japan Times reviewer Andrew Eglinton: In contrast, the production was lent a particularly powerful dimension through projection-mapping technology that allowed the crew to project light and video designs onto isolated parts of the Modernist factory to create the impression of a futuristic, automated world. In “Gear,” though, projection-mapping animates the space and enables fast-paced scene changes, and is also used to turn audience members into mapping surfaces to conjure a remarkable holistic experience.
Venue
1928 Building, home of GEAR. Photo (c) and by Inoue Yoshikazu
The long-term theatre for GEAR is a building in downtown Kyoto called 1928. The building was built in 1928, and used to house the Kyoto branch of the Osaka Mainichi Newspaper. The building has many Art Deco embellishments and is a good example of Taisho Era Japanese architecture. It is designated a Kyoto City Tangible Cultural Property.
See also
Kyoto Butoh-kan
Nanta
STOMP
Blue Man Group
Akihiro Yamada
References
^ "GEAR". GEAR website.
^ a b "Past Performances". GEAR. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ a b c d e Eglinton, Andrew (Feb 26, 2014). "Get into 'Gear' at an immersive Kyoto theater show". Japan Times. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ a b Brett, Bull. Fodor's Japan. Clancy, Judith,, Farris, Jay,, Goss, Rob,, Janette, Misha,, Kitano, Noriko,, Morel, Robert (22nd ed.). New York. p. 463. ISBN 9781101879719. OCLC 946456516.
^ a b Rafaële., Brillaud (23 April 2015). Portrais de Kyôto: Kyôto par ceux qui y vivent !. . p. 68. ISBN 9782367740454. OCLC 974372483.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ a b Kohara, Keito (2016). Complex Entertainment. Kyoto, Japan: 1928, Limited. p. 6.
External links
・GEAR official website | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"GEAR (theatre show)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Kansai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansai_region"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"GEAR was first created by Art Complex in Osaka as a project of the Osaka Regional Arts and Cultural Promotion Project Plan.[2] After several successful runs promoted by different cultural affairs agencies in the Kansai region, it opened as a long run show in a specially designated theatre in downtown Kyoto in April 2012.[2] It is currently in its fifth year of performances.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"mime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mime_artist"},{"link_name":"juggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggling"},{"link_name":"breakdance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakdancing"},{"link_name":"magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(illusion)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"Manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Akihiro Yamada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihiro_Yamada"},{"link_name":"stage technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_tech"},{"link_name":"Projection mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_mapping"},{"link_name":"lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"LED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode"},{"link_name":"moving lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_lighting"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"GEAR follows four robots who work in a falling-apart toy factory in the distant future. An electrical accident brings one of the dolls they manufacture to life, and Doll and Robots learn together the value of play and humanity.[3] Each robot discovers a special skill they have, and so the show gradually incorporates mime, juggling, breakdance, and magic.[4][5]Much of the design for GEAR, costumes and visual style is by Kyoto-based Manga artist Akihiro Yamada, which lends an idiosyncratic look to the show.Another distinguishing mark of GEAR is the extensive use of stage technology. Projection mapping is used extensively, as are lasers, an LED dress, and moving lighting.[3] In the words of Japan Times reviewer Andrew Eglinton:In contrast, the production was lent a particularly powerful dimension through projection-mapping technology that allowed the crew to project light and video designs onto isolated parts of the Modernist factory to create the impression of a futuristic, automated world.In “Gear,” though, projection-mapping animates the space and enables fast-paced scene changes, and is also used to turn audience members into mapping surfaces to conjure a remarkable holistic experience.[3]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1928_Building.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mainichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Taisho Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_period"},{"link_name":"Japanese architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_architecture"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"Tangible Cultural Property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangible_Cultural_Property_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"1928 Building, home of GEAR. Photo (c) and by Inoue YoshikazuThe long-term theatre for GEAR is a building in downtown Kyoto called 1928. The building was built in 1928, and used to house the Kyoto branch of the Osaka Mainichi Newspaper.[3][5][4] The building has many Art Deco embellishments and is a good example of Taisho Era Japanese architecture.[6] It is designated a Kyoto City Tangible Cultural Property.[6][3]","title":"Venue"}] | [{"image_text":"1928 Building, home of GEAR. Photo (c) and by Inoue Yoshikazu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/1928_Building.jpg/220px-1928_Building.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Kyoto Butoh-kan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Butoh-kan"},{"title":"Nanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanta_(show)"},{"title":"STOMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomp_(theatrical_show)"},{"title":"Blue Man Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Man_Group"},{"title":"Akihiro Yamada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihiro_Yamada"}] | [{"reference":"\"GEAR\". GEAR website.","urls":[{"url":"http://gear.ac/","url_text":"\"GEAR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past Performances\". GEAR. Retrieved 20 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://gear.ac/","url_text":"\"Past Performances\""}]},{"reference":"Eglinton, Andrew (Feb 26, 2014). \"Get into 'Gear' at an immersive Kyoto theater show\". Japan Times. Retrieved 20 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2014/02/26/stage/get-into-gear-at-an-immersive-kyoto-theater-show/#.WZkCw617GRs","url_text":"\"Get into 'Gear' at an immersive Kyoto theater show\""}]},{"reference":"Brett, Bull. Fodor's Japan. Clancy, Judith,, Farris, Jay,, Goss, Rob,, Janette, Misha,, Kitano, Noriko,, Morel, Robert (22nd ed.). New York. p. 463. ISBN 9781101879719. OCLC 946456516.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101879719","url_text":"9781101879719"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/946456516","url_text":"946456516"}]},{"reference":"Rafaële., Brillaud (23 April 2015). Portrais de Kyôto: Kyôto par ceux qui y vivent !. [Place of publication not identified]. p. 68. ISBN 9782367740454. OCLC 974372483.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782367740454","url_text":"9782367740454"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/974372483","url_text":"974372483"}]},{"reference":"Kohara, Keito (2016). Complex Entertainment. Kyoto, Japan: 1928, Limited. p. 6.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://gear.ac/","external_links_name":"\"GEAR\""},{"Link":"http://gear.ac/","external_links_name":"\"Past Performances\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2014/02/26/stage/get-into-gear-at-an-immersive-kyoto-theater-show/#.WZkCw617GRs","external_links_name":"\"Get into 'Gear' at an immersive Kyoto theater show\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/946456516","external_links_name":"946456516"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/974372483","external_links_name":"974372483"},{"Link":"http://gear.ac/","external_links_name":"GEAR official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRI_I_Gusti_Ngurah_Rai | KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai | ["1 Design and description","2 Construction and career","3 References","4 External links"] | Martadinata-class frigate
For other ships with the same name, see KRI Ngurah Rai (344).
KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai arrived at Pearl Harbor to participate in RIMPAC 2022, 28 June 2022History
Indonesia
NameKRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai
NamesakeI Gusti Ngurah Rai
Builder
Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding, Vlissingen, Netherlands
PAL Indonesia, Surabaya, Indonesia
Laid down18 January 2016
Launched29 September 2016
Commissioned10 January 2018
Identification
IMO number: 4908573
MMSI number: 525014087
Callsign: YCTO
Pennant number: 332
Motto
Sanskrit: Puputan Yudha Sagara
"Fight at Sea Till Last Drop of Blood"
StatusIn active service
General characteristics
Class and typeMartadinata-class frigate
Displacement2,365 tons
Length105.11 m (344 ft 10 in)
Beam14.02 m (46 ft 0 in)
Draft3.75 m (12 ft 4 in)
Propulsion
Propulsion Systems:
Combined diesel or electric (CODOE)
2 x 10000 kW MCR diesel engines
2 x 1300 kW MCR electric motors
2 x double input/single output gearbox
2 x 3.65 m CPP
Integrated platform management system
Auxiliary Systems:
6 x 735 kWE Caterpillar C32A generator sets
1 x 180 kWE emergency gen. set
Chilled water 2 x units, redundant distribution
Fire fighting 4 x main pumps + 1 x service pump
Freshwater making capacity 2 x 14 m3/day(RO) + 2 x 7.5 m3/day (evaporators)
Speed
Maximum: 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph)
Cruising: 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph)
Economy: 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph)
Speed on E-propulsion: 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)
Range
Cruising: 3,600 nmi (6,700 km; 4,100 mi)
Economy: 5,000 nmi (9,300 km; 5,800 mi)
Endurance: > 20 days at sea
Complement122 personnel
Sensors and processing systems
Combat System: Thales Group TACTICOS
Search radar: SMART-S Mk2 3D multibeam surveillance radar
IFF: Thales TSB 2520
Navigation radar: Sperry Marine BridgeMasterE ARPA radar
Fire control radar: STIR 1.2 MK.2 (STING) electro-optical fire control system
Data Link: LINK Y Mk 2 datalink system
Sonar: Thales UMS 4132 Kingklip hull-mounted sonar
CAPTAS 2/UMS 4229 (VDS)
Internal Communications: Thales Communication's Fibre Optical COmmunications Network (FOCON) or EID's ICCS
Satellite Comms: Nera F series
Navigation System: Raytheon Anschutz integrated navigation
Integrated Platform Management System: Imtech UniMACs 3000 Integrated Bridge System
Nautical equipment:
Integrated bridge console 2 x navigation radar: ECDIS & GMDSS-A3 reference gyro
Electronic warfare & decoys
ESM: Thales VIGILE 100
ECM: Thales Scorpion
Decoy: TERMA SKWS DLT-12T 130mm decoy launchers
Armament
Guns:1 x OTO Melara 76 mm1 x 35 mm Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun2 x 20 mm Denel GI-2
Missiles:12 x MBDA VL MICA8 x Exocet MM40 Block III
Torpedoes:2 x 3 EuroTorp B515 torpedo tubes for A244/S Mod.3 Whitehead torpedoes
ArmorHull material: Steel grade A / AH36
Aircraft carried1 x AS565 Panther helicopter
Aviation facilitiesHelicopter hangar and flight deck
KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai (332) is the second ship of the Martadinata-class frigate of the Indonesian Navy.
Design and description
The R.E. Martadinata class of guided-missile frigates of the Indonesian Navy are SIGMA 10514 types of the Netherlands-designed Sigma family of modular naval vessels, the frigates are each built from six modules or sections, for I Gusti Ngurah Rai, five were built at the PT PAL shipyard at Surabaya, and one of the module was built at Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding facility in Vlissingen, the Netherlands.
I Gusti Ngurah Rai has a length of 105.11 m (344 ft 10 in), beam of 14.02 m (46 ft 0 in), draft of 3.75 m (12 ft 4 in), and her displacement is 2,365 t (2,328 long tons). The ship is powered by combined diesel or electric (CODOE) propulsion, consisted of two 10,000 kW (13,000 shp) MCR diesel engines and two 1,300 kW (1,700 shp) MCR electric motors connected to two shafts with controllable-pitch propellers. Her maximum speed is 28 knots (52 km/h), range of 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km) while cruising at 14 knots (26 km/h), and endurance up to 20 days. The frigate has complement of 122 personnel.
She is armed with one OTO Melara 76 mm gun, one 35 mm Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun close-in weapon system, and two 20 mm Denel GI-2 autocannons. For surface warfare, I Gusti Ngurah Rai are equipped with eight Exocet MM40 Block III anti-ship missiles, and twelve vertical launching system cell for MBDA MICA anti-aircraft missiles. For anti-submarine warfare, she is equipped with two triple 324 mm EuroTorp B515 torpedo tubes for A244/S Mod.3 Whitehead torpedoes.
Her electronic system and sensors consisted of Thales Group TACTICOS combat management system with ten Multifunction Operator Consoles (MOC) Mk.4, SMART-S Mk 2 3D multibeam surveillance radar integrated with Thales TSB 2520 IFF system, Sperry Marine BridgeMasterE ARPA navigation radar, STIR 1.2 MK.2 (STING) electro-optical fire control system, LINK Y Mk 2 datalink system, Thales UMS 4132 Kingklip medium frequency active/passive hull-mounted sonar, CAPTAS 2/UMS 4229 variable depth sonar, Thales VIGILE 100 ESM, Thales Scorpion ECM, and TERMA SKWS DLT-12T 130mm decoy launchers located in port and starboard.
I Gusti Ngurah Rai also has a hangar and flight deck at stern and could accommodate one <10 tons helicopter. The ship is usually assigned with an Eurocopter AS565 Panther helicopter. The frigate also carries two rigid-hull inflatable boats.
Construction and career
KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai (332) performing RAS with KRI Bontang (907).
The ship construction was started with the first steel cutting ceremony on 17 September 2014 at PAL Indonesia shipyard in Surabaya. Her keel was laid down on 18 January 2016. The Dutch-built module was transported to PAL Indonesia shipyard for final assembly. The frigate was launched on 29 September 2016. She underwent her first sea trial on 26 April 2017. The ship was handed over to the Indonesian Navy on 30 October 2017. I Gusti Ngurah Rai was officially commissioned on 10 January 2018 by Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces Air Chief Marshal Hadi Tjahjanto at Benoa Port, Bali.
The ship finished her FFBNW (Fit For But Not With) refit project, which consisted of four work stages, and was formally handed over to the Indonesian Navy on 3 November 2020. The refit project included the installation of the Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun close-in weapon system and integration of the Sensor, Weapon and Command (SEWACO) system.
She participated in the 2022 RIMPAC in the Hawaiian Islands.
I Gusti Ngurah Rai, along with Raden Eddy Martadinata, Abdul Halim Perdanakusuma, Karel Satsuitubun, Fatahillah, Malahayati, Sultan Hasanuddin, Sultan Iskandar Muda, Sultan Nuku, dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Surabaya, Teluk Banten, Tarakan and Bima Suci were deployed in waters off Nusa Dua, Bali to patrol the area during 2022 G20 Bali summit on 15–16 November 2022.
References
^ "Kapal Perusak Kawal Rudal PKR 10514 di Kukuhkan Menjadi KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai 332". radarkotanews.com (in Indonesian). 10 January 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
^ a b c d e f "Product Sheet Damen Sigma Frigate 10514 02 2017.pdf" (PDF). damen.com. February 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^ "Imtech Naval Projects Reference List" (PDF). Marine.imtech.nl. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
^ a b "Sukses Lakukan Alih Teknologi Pembangunan PKR 10514". PAL.co.id (in Indonesian). 30 October 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
^ "Indonesian Navy receives first Sigma-10514 guided missile frigate". navaltoday.com. 27 January 2017. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^ "35mm CIWS ordered for Indonesian frigates". defencetechnologyreview.realviewdigital.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^ "Defence Technology Review : DTR JUNE 2017, Page 1". Archived from the original on 2017-08-19. Retrieved 2019-01-16.
^ a b "Indonesian Navy commissions second SIGMA frigate KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai". navaltoday.com. 12 January 2018. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^ "Thales to supply key systems for new corvettes Indonesian Navy worth 60m euro". Thales Nederland. defense-aerospace.com. 2004-10-27. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
^ a b "Platform 1880". thales7seas.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^ "DSEI 2013: Indonesia signs for Thales TACTICOS system". shephardmedia.com. 10 September 2013. Archived from the original on 16 January 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^ "25 years of Thales TACTICOS Combat Management System". navyrecognition.com. 6 May 2018. Archived from the original on 16 January 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^ "Airbus Helicopters delivers first three AS565 MBe Panther to Indonesia". helicopters.airbus.com. 22 November 2016. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^ "Sea Trial KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai 332". radarmiliter.com (in Indonesian). 28 April 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
^ "PT Pal Delivers 2nd SIGMA 10514 PKR Frigate to Indonesia (TNI AL) KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai". navyrecognition.com. November 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
^ "Panglima kukuhkan nama KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai". Antaranews.com (in Indonesian). 10 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
^ "KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai-332 Siap Tempur dan Kawal Kedaulatan NKRI". pal.co.id (in Indonesian). 3 November 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
^ "TNI AL siagakan 14 kapal perang amankan KTT G20". Antaranews.com (in Indonesian). 14 November 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
External links
Media related to KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai (332) at Wikimedia Commons
KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai 332 Puputan Yudha Sagara (Garuda TV Show) by NET. TV on YouTube (in Indonesian)
Melaut Bareng Kapal Perang Canggih: KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai-332 | Mata Najwa (in Indonesian)
vteMartadinata-class frigates
Raden Eddy Martadinata
I Gusti Ngurah Rai
Preceded by: Ahmad Yani class
List of ships of the Indonesian Navy | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KRI Ngurah Rai (344)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRI_Ngurah_Rai_(344)"},{"link_name":"Martadinata-class frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martadinata-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Navy"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see KRI Ngurah Rai (344).KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai (332) is the second ship of the Martadinata-class frigate of the Indonesian Navy.","title":"KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frigates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Sigma family of modular naval vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-class_corvette"},{"link_name":"PT PAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT_PAL_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Surabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya"},{"link_name":"Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damen_Schelde_Naval_Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"Vlissingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlissingen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palsukses-4"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"combined diesel or electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combined_diesel_or_electric&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"kW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"shp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower"},{"link_name":"kW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"shp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower"},{"link_name":"controllable-pitch propellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-pitch_propeller_(marine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-damen10514-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NT2017-5"},{"link_name":"OTO Melara 76 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTO_Melara_76_mm"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinmetall_Oerlikon_Millennium_Gun"},{"link_name":"close-in weapon system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-in_weapon_system"},{"link_name":"Denel GI-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denel_Land_Systems_GI-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Exocet MM40 Block III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocet"},{"link_name":"vertical launching system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_launching_system"},{"link_name":"MBDA MICA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MICA_(missile)"},{"link_name":"EuroTorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroTorp"},{"link_name":"A244/S Mod.3 Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A244-S"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NT2018-8"},{"link_name":"Thales Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_Group"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thales7-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"SMART-S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMART-S"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"variable depth sonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_depth_sonar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thales7-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NT2018-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-damen10514-2"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter AS565 Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_AS565_Panther"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"rigid-hull inflatable boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid-hull_inflatable_boat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-damen10514-2"}],"text":"The R.E. Martadinata class of guided-missile frigates of the Indonesian Navy are SIGMA 10514 types of the Netherlands-designed Sigma family of modular naval vessels, the frigates are each built from six modules or sections, for I Gusti Ngurah Rai, five were built at the PT PAL shipyard at Surabaya, and one of the module was built at Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding facility in Vlissingen, the Netherlands.[4]I Gusti Ngurah Rai has a length of 105.11 m (344 ft 10 in), beam of 14.02 m (46 ft 0 in), draft of 3.75 m (12 ft 4 in), and her displacement is 2,365 t (2,328 long tons). The ship is powered by combined diesel or electric (CODOE) propulsion, consisted of two 10,000 kW (13,000 shp) MCR diesel engines and two 1,300 kW (1,700 shp) MCR electric motors connected to two shafts with controllable-pitch propellers. Her maximum speed is 28 knots (52 km/h), range of 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km) while cruising at 14 knots (26 km/h), and endurance up to 20 days. The frigate has complement of 122 personnel.[2][5]She is armed with one OTO Melara 76 mm gun,[6] one 35 mm Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun close-in weapon system, and two 20 mm Denel GI-2 autocannons.[7] For surface warfare, I Gusti Ngurah Rai are equipped with eight Exocet MM40 Block III anti-ship missiles, and twelve vertical launching system cell for MBDA MICA anti-aircraft missiles. For anti-submarine warfare, she is equipped with two triple 324 mm EuroTorp B515 torpedo tubes for A244/S Mod.3 Whitehead torpedoes.[8]Her electronic system and sensors consisted of Thales Group TACTICOS combat management system[9] with ten Multifunction Operator Consoles (MOC) Mk.4,[10][11][12] SMART-S Mk 2 3D multibeam surveillance radar integrated with Thales TSB 2520 IFF system, Sperry Marine BridgeMasterE ARPA navigation radar, STIR 1.2 MK.2 (STING) electro-optical fire control system, LINK Y Mk 2 datalink system, Thales UMS 4132 Kingklip medium frequency active/passive hull-mounted sonar, CAPTAS 2/UMS 4229 variable depth sonar, Thales VIGILE 100 ESM, Thales Scorpion ECM,[10] and TERMA SKWS DLT-12T 130mm decoy launchers located in port and starboard.[8]I Gusti Ngurah Rai also has a hangar and flight deck at stern and could accommodate one <10 tons helicopter.[2] The ship is usually assigned with an Eurocopter AS565 Panther helicopter.[13] The frigate also carries two rigid-hull inflatable boats.[2]","title":"Design and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KRI_I_Gusti_Ngurah_Rai_(332)_and_KRI_Bontang_(907)_performing_replenishment_at_sea.jpg"},{"link_name":"RAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underway_replenishment"},{"link_name":"PAL Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Surabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palsukses-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Hadi Tjahjanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadi_Tjahjanto"},{"link_name":"Benoa Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoa_Port"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Fit For But Not With","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_but_not_with"},{"link_name":"Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinmetall_Oerlikon_Millennium_Gun"},{"link_name":"close-in weapon system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-in_weapon_system"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Raden Eddy Martadinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRI_Raden_Eddy_Martadinata"},{"link_name":"Abdul Halim Perdanakusuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNLMS_Evertsen_(F815)"},{"link_name":"Karel Satsuitubun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNLMS_Isaac_Sweers_(F814)"},{"link_name":"Fatahillah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRI_Fatahillah_(361)"},{"link_name":"Malahayati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRI_Malahayati_(362)"},{"link_name":"Sultan Hasanuddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRI_Sultan_Hasanuddin"},{"link_name":"Sultan Iskandar Muda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRI_Sultan_Iskandar_Muda_(367)"},{"link_name":"Sultan Nuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRI_Sultan_Nuku_(373)"},{"link_name":"dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRI_dr._Wahidin_Sudirohusodo"},{"link_name":"Surabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRI_Surabaya_(591)"},{"link_name":"Teluk Banten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRI_Teluk_Banten_(516)"},{"link_name":"Tarakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KRI_Tarakan_(905)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bima Suci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRI_Bima_Suci"},{"link_name":"Nusa Dua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusa_Dua"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"2022 G20 Bali summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_G20_Bali_summit"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai (332) performing RAS with KRI Bontang (907).The ship construction was started with the first steel cutting ceremony on 17 September 2014 at PAL Indonesia shipyard in Surabaya. Her keel was laid down on 18 January 2016. The Dutch-built module was transported to PAL Indonesia shipyard for final assembly. The frigate was launched on 29 September 2016.[4] She underwent her first sea trial on 26 April 2017.[14] The ship was handed over to the Indonesian Navy on 30 October 2017.[15] I Gusti Ngurah Rai was officially commissioned on 10 January 2018 by Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces Air Chief Marshal Hadi Tjahjanto at Benoa Port, Bali.[16]The ship finished her FFBNW (Fit For But Not With) refit project, which consisted of four work stages, and was formally handed over to the Indonesian Navy on 3 November 2020. The refit project included the installation of the Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun close-in weapon system and integration of the Sensor, Weapon and Command (SEWACO) system.[17]She participated in the 2022 RIMPAC in the Hawaiian Islands.I Gusti Ngurah Rai, along with Raden Eddy Martadinata, Abdul Halim Perdanakusuma, Karel Satsuitubun, Fatahillah, Malahayati, Sultan Hasanuddin, Sultan Iskandar Muda, Sultan Nuku, dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Surabaya, Teluk Banten, Tarakan and Bima Suci were deployed in waters off Nusa Dua, Bali to patrol the area during 2022 G20 Bali summit on 15–16 November 2022.[18]","title":"Construction and career"}] | [{"image_text":"KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai (332) performing RAS with KRI Bontang (907).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/KRI_I_Gusti_Ngurah_Rai_%28332%29_and_KRI_Bontang_%28907%29_performing_replenishment_at_sea.jpg/220px-KRI_I_Gusti_Ngurah_Rai_%28332%29_and_KRI_Bontang_%28907%29_performing_replenishment_at_sea.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Kapal Perusak Kawal Rudal PKR 10514 di Kukuhkan Menjadi KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai 332\". radarkotanews.com (in Indonesian). 10 January 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radarkotanews.com/kapal-perusak-kawal-rudal-pkr-10514-di-kukuhkan-menjadi-kri-i-gusti-ngurah-rai-332/","url_text":"\"Kapal Perusak Kawal Rudal PKR 10514 di Kukuhkan Menjadi KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai 332\""}]},{"reference":"\"Product Sheet Damen Sigma Frigate 10514 02 2017.pdf\" (PDF). damen.com. February 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://products.damen.com/-/media/Products/Images/Clusters-groups/Naval/Sigma-Frigate/Sigma-Frigate-10514/Docs/Product_Sheet_Damen_Sigma_Frigate_10514_02_2017.pdf","url_text":"\"Product Sheet Damen Sigma Frigate 10514 02 2017.pdf\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170619094344/http://products.damen.com/-/media/Products/Images/Clusters-groups/Naval/Sigma-Frigate/Sigma-Frigate-10514/Docs/Product_Sheet_Damen_Sigma_Frigate_10514_02_2017.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Imtech Naval Projects Reference List\" (PDF). Marine.imtech.nl. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2016-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928032536/http://marine.imtech.nl/content/content_group/76/265/File/Naval%20References.pdf","url_text":"\"Imtech Naval Projects Reference List\""},{"url":"http://marine.imtech.nl/content/content_group/76/265/File/Naval%20References.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sukses Lakukan Alih Teknologi Pembangunan PKR 10514\". PAL.co.id (in Indonesian). 30 October 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pal.co.id/2019/12/publikasi/news-berita/sukses-lakukan-alih-teknologi-pembangunan-pkr-10514/","url_text":"\"Sukses Lakukan Alih Teknologi Pembangunan PKR 10514\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indonesian Navy receives first Sigma-10514 guided missile frigate\". navaltoday.com. 27 January 2017. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://navaltoday.com/2017/01/27/indonesian-navy-receives-first-sigma-10514-guided-missile-frigate/","url_text":"\"Indonesian Navy receives first Sigma-10514 guided missile frigate\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232309/https://navaltoday.com/2017/01/27/indonesian-navy-receives-first-sigma-10514-guided-missile-frigate/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"35mm CIWS ordered for Indonesian frigates\". defencetechnologyreview.realviewdigital.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://defencetechnologyreview.realviewdigital.com/?iguid=89106e87-6698-4dd4-b554-8e3c271c0b60#folio=6","url_text":"\"35mm CIWS ordered for Indonesian frigates\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819053717/http://defencetechnologyreview.realviewdigital.com/?iguid=89106e87-6698-4dd4-b554-8e3c271c0b60#folio=6","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Defence Technology Review : DTR JUNE 2017, Page 1\". Archived from the original on 2017-08-19. 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Retrieved 20 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2017/november-2017-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/5675-pt-pal-delivers-2nd-sigma-10514-pkr-frigate-to-indonesia-tni-al-kri-i-gusti-ngurah-rai.html","url_text":"\"PT Pal Delivers 2nd SIGMA 10514 PKR Frigate to Indonesia (TNI AL) KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Panglima kukuhkan nama KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai\". Antaranews.com (in Indonesian). 10 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.antaranews.com/berita/676528/panglima-kukuhkan-nama-kri-i-gusti-ngurah-rai","url_text":"\"Panglima kukuhkan nama KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai\""}]},{"reference":"\"KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai-332 Siap Tempur dan Kawal Kedaulatan NKRI\". pal.co.id (in Indonesian). 3 November 2020. 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Retrieved 25 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/654793/tni-al-siagakan-14-kapal-perang-amankan-ktt-g20","url_text":"\"TNI AL siagakan 14 kapal perang amankan KTT G20\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/imo:4908573","external_links_name":"4908573"},{"Link":"https://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/mmsi:525014087","external_links_name":"525014087"},{"Link":"https://www.radarkotanews.com/kapal-perusak-kawal-rudal-pkr-10514-di-kukuhkan-menjadi-kri-i-gusti-ngurah-rai-332/","external_links_name":"\"Kapal Perusak Kawal Rudal PKR 10514 di Kukuhkan Menjadi KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai 332\""},{"Link":"https://products.damen.com/-/media/Products/Images/Clusters-groups/Naval/Sigma-Frigate/Sigma-Frigate-10514/Docs/Product_Sheet_Damen_Sigma_Frigate_10514_02_2017.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Product Sheet Damen Sigma Frigate 10514 02 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TV on YouTube (in Indonesian)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Don_qLEr1js","external_links_name":"Melaut Bareng Kapal Perang Canggih: KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai-332 | Mata Najwa (in Indonesian)"}] |
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Television station in Iriga and Naga, Camarines SurRPN TV-10 Iriga/RPTV-10 Iriga (DWKI-TV) Iriga and Naga, Camarines SurChannelsAnalog: 10 (VHF)Digital: TBA (UHF)BrandingRPN TV-10 Iriga RPTV-10 IrigaProgrammingAffiliationsRPTVOwnershipOwnerRadio Philippines Network (Nine Media Corporation)OperatorTV5 Network, Inc.Sister stationsThrough TV5:DWNA-TV (TV5)DWTU-TV (One Sports)Through NMC/Aliw:DWQJ (95.1 DWIZ News FM)HistoryFounded1972Former affiliationsKBS (1972-1975)New Vision 9 (1989-1994)C/S 9 (2008–2009) Solar TV (2009-2011)ETC (2011-2013)Solar News Channel (2013-2014)9TV (2014-2015)CNN Philippines (2015-2024)Call sign meaningDWKanlaon Broadcasting SystemIriga (former branding)Technical informationLicensing authorityNTCPower10 KilowattsERP39.48 Kilowatts ERP
RPN DWKI-TV, channel 10, is a television station of Radio Philippines Network. Its new state of the art transmitter is located at Bonacua Building, Iriga-Baao road, Brgy. San Nicolas, Iriga City, Camarines Sur. This station underwent rehabilitation and is now broadcasting in full power, was officially relaunched as RPTV.
Areas of coverage
Market audience
Iriga, Naga and the province of Camarines Sur and also throughout Bicol Region (especially in Northern Albay)
Note: Areas receiving signals may vary. This channel had Co-channel interference with ABS-CBN TV 10 Tabaco until 2020, when it was shut down due to franchise expiration.
See also
Radio Philippines Network
List of Radio Philippines Network affiliate stations
vteBroadcast television in the Naga City marketVHF channels
DWMA 4 (PTV)
DZGB 5 (PBN)
DWAI 7 (GMA)
DWKI 10 (RPN/RPTV) (Iriga City)
(PA) 11 (All TV)
UHF channels
DWNA 22 (TV5)
DZDP 28 (GTV)
DWTU 40 (One Sports)
DWGD 44 (GMA)
Digital channels
16 (Bicol Broadcasting System)/All TV)
17 (IBC)
20 (A2Z/Light TV)
32 (BEAM)
38 (GMA)
46 (PTV)
47 (Net 25)
48 (GNN)
50 (PSUB/PCMC)
Defunct andinactive stations
DWLV 2 (Bicol Broadcasting System)
DZNC 11 (ABS-CBN)
DWNC 13 (IBC)
DWMC 24 (S+A)
DWHC 32 (BEAM)
DZLW 47 (Net 25)
DWFA 48 (GNN)
vteRadio Philippines Network/RPTV stations in LuzonStations
DZKB 9 (Metro Manila)
DZBS 12 (Baguio)
DZPT 26 (Tarlac City)¹
DZPJ 5 (Puerto Princesa)¹
DWKI 10 (Iriga)
¹network affiliate
See also
TV5
ABS-CBN
GMA
GTV
IBC
PTV
RPN/RPTV stations in Visayas and Mindanao
vteRadio Philippines Network, Inc.Government of the Philippines (Presidential Communications Office) (20%)
Type: State agency
Industry: State media Key figures
James Lindenberg
Roberto Benedicto
Benjamin Ramos (President and CEO, RPN/Nine Media)
D. Edgard A. Cabangon (Chairman, RPN/Nine Media)
Radio stations
RPN Radyo Ronda
TV networks
Radio Philippines Network
DZKB-TV
stations
RPTV
Other assets
Nine Media News and Current Affairs (as Nine Media)
Nine Media Corporation (34%)
People's Television Network
Presidential Broadcast Service
RPN Compound
South Tower
Inactive assets
RPN News and Public Affairs
RPN Entertainment Group
RPN TV Production
Former assets
9TV
Broadcast City
CNN Philippines
Crime/Suspense
C/S 9
ETC
Solar Entertainment Corporation
Solar News Channel
Solar TV
vteNine Media Corporation
Founder
Wilson Y. Tieng
Willy Y. Tieng
William Y. Tieng
President and CEO (Nine Media)
Benjamin Ramos
Chairman (Nine Media)
D. Edgard A. Cabangon
Divisions
Nine Media News and Current Affairs
Subsidiaries
Radio Philippines Network (34%)
National television networks
CNN Philippines12 (defunct)
RPTV13
1Joint venture with Radio Philippines Network 2A brand licensing agreement with Warner Bros. Discovery3Joint venture with TV5 Network
Headquarters
Upper Ground Floor Worldwide Corporate Center, Mandaluyong City
vteSolar EntertainmentSubsidiaries and divisions
SolarFlix Productions
Solar Pictures
Domestic Sattelite Corporation (DOMSAT)
OMNI Digital Media Ventures (Blink)
Southern Broadcasting Network
Broadcast television networks
Shop TV7
SolarFlix3
Solar Learning7
Pay television networks
Front Row Channel8
Solar Sports
Online, digital and interactiveJack TVMiscellaneousEasy TV (defunct)Defunct television networks
2nd Avenue4
Basketball TV
Blink (40%)6
C/S Origin
C/S 9
CT
Chase
Diva Universal2
eGG Network9
ETC3
Jack CITY
Jack TV
MTVph5
My Movie Channel
NBA League Pass
NBA Premium TV
Solar All Access
Solar News Channel (50%)3 (34%)1
Solar TV
Solar USA
Talk TV (50%)3
TGC
Universal Channel2
Affiliates
Solar News (former division)
Radio Philippines Network (34%)
Solar Television Network (former subsidiary)
1Former joint venture with Radio Philippines Network2Joint venture with Universal Networks International3Affiliate with Southern Broadcasting Network 4Former affiliate with Rajah Broadcasting Network5Joint venture with Paramount International Networks Asia6Co-owned with SM Lifestyle Entertainment7Digital-only. On test broadcast.8Distribution only. Channel owned by Jungo TV.9Distribution only. Channel owned by Astro. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radio Philippines Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Philippines_Network"},{"link_name":"Iriga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriga_City"},{"link_name":"Camarines Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"RPTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPTV_(TV_channel)"}],"text":"Television station in Iriga and Naga, Camarines SurRPN DWKI-TV, channel 10, is a television station of Radio Philippines Network. Its new state of the art transmitter is located at Bonacua Building, Iriga-Baao road, Brgy. San Nicolas, Iriga City, Camarines Sur. This station underwent rehabilitation and is now broadcasting in full power, was officially relaunched as RPTV.","title":"DWKI-TV"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Areas of coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriga"},{"link_name":"Naga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga,_Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Camarines Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Bicol Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicol_Region"},{"link_name":"Albay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albay"},{"link_name":"Co-channel interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-channel_interference"}],"sub_title":"Market audience","text":"Iriga, Naga and the province of Camarines Sur and also throughout Bicol Region (especially in Northern Albay)Note: Areas receiving signals may vary. This channel had Co-channel interference with ABS-CBN TV 10 Tabaco until 2020, when it was shut down due to franchise expiration.","title":"Areas of coverage"}] | [] | [{"title":"Radio Philippines Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Philippines_Network"},{"title":"List of Radio Philippines Network affiliate stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Radio_Philippines_Network_affiliate_stations"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Naga_City_TV"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Naga_City_TV"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Naga_City_TV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"title":"Broadcast television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_television"},{"title":"Naga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga,_Camarines_Sur"},{"title":"VHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequency"},{"title":"DWMA 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2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DWLV-TV&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"DZNC 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DZNC-TV"},{"title":"ABS-CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN"},{"title":"DWNC 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DWNC-TV"},{"title":"IBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"title":"S+A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_Sports_and_Action"},{"title":"DWHC 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DWHC-DTV"},{"title":"BEAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Enterprises_and_Affiliated_Media"},{"title":"Net 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"title":"DWFA 48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DWFA-DTV"},{"title":"GNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Nation_Network"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:RPN_Luzon"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:RPN_Luzon"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RPN_Luzon"},{"title":"Radio Philippines Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Philippines_Network"},{"title":"RPTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPTV_(TV_channel)"},{"title":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"title":"DZKB 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DZKB-TV"},{"title":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"},{"title":"DZBS 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DZBS-TV"},{"title":"Baguio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baguio"},{"title":"Tarlac City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarlac_City"},{"title":"Puerto Princesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Princesa"},{"title":"DWKI 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Iriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriga"},{"title":"TV5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:TV5_Luzon"},{"title":"ABS-CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:ABS-CBN_Luzon"},{"title":"GMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:GMA_Luzon"},{"title":"GTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:GTV_(Philippine_TV_network)_Luzon"},{"title":"IBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IBC_Luzon"},{"title":"PTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:PTV_Luzon"},{"title":"Visayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:RPN_Visayas"},{"title":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:RPN_Mindanao"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Radio_Philippines_Network"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Radio_Philippines_Network"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radio_Philippines_Network"},{"title":"Radio Philippines Network, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Philippines_Network"},{"title":"Government of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Presidential Communications Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Communications_Group_(Philippines)#Presidential_Communications_Office"},{"title":"State agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_agency"},{"title":"State media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_media"},{"title":"James Lindenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lindenberg"},{"title":"Roberto Benedicto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Benedicto"},{"title":"RPN Radyo Ronda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Radio_Philippines_Network_affiliate_stations"},{"title":"Radio Philippines 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City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_City"},{"title":"CNN Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Philippines"},{"title":"Crime/Suspense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/S"},{"title":"C/S 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/S_9"},{"title":"ETC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETC_(Philippine_TV_network)"},{"title":"Solar Entertainment Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Entertainment_Corporation"},{"title":"Solar News Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_News_Channel"},{"title":"Solar TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_TV"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nine_Media_Corporation"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nine_Media_Corporation"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nine_Media_Corporation"},{"title":"Nine Media 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Time_(film) | Good Time (film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Music","4 Release","5 Reception","5.1 Critical response","5.2 Accolades","6 References","7 External links"] | 2017 film by the Safdie brothers
Good TimeTheatrical release posterDirected byJosh SafdieBenny SafdieWritten by
Ronald Bronstein
Josh Safdie
Produced by
Paris Kasidokostas-Latsis
Terry Dougas
Oscar Boyson
Sebastian Bear-McClard
Starring
Robert Pattinson
Benny Safdie
Buddy Duress
Taliah Lennice Webster
Jennifer Jason Leigh
Barkhad Abdi
CinematographySean Price WilliamsEdited by
Ronald Bronstein
Benny Safdie
Music byOneohtrix Point NeverProductioncompanies
Rhea Films
Elara Pictures
Hercules Film Fund
Distributed byA24Release dates
May 25, 2017 (2017-05-25) (Cannes)
August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11) (United States)
Running time101 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$2 millionBox office$4.1 million
Good Time is a 2017 American crime-thriller film directed by Josh and Benny Safdie and written by Josh Safdie and Ronald Bronstein. It stars Robert Pattinson as a small-time criminal who tries to free his developmentally disabled brother, played by Benny Safdie, from police custody, while attempting to avoid his own arrest; Buddy Duress, Taliah Lennice Webster, Jennifer Jason Leigh, and Barkhad Abdi co-star. Electronic musician Oneohtrix Point Never composed the film's score.
Good Time was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section of the 2017 Cannes Film Festival. The film was released by A24 on August 11 that same year. It received critical acclaim for Pattinson's performance, the direction, the story, and the music.
Plot
In New York City, Nick Nikas struggles with a court-ordered therapy session in which Peter, a psychiatrist, attempts to determine the extent of his cognitive and social impairment, touching upon a violent incident with his grandmother. Nick's brother Connie pulls him out of the session. The brothers rob a bank, but a dye pack in the bag of money explodes, causing their getaway driver to crash, and Connie and Nick flee on foot. Although they manage to remove the dye from their clothes, a police officer finds them suspicious and attempts to question them, and Nick runs. He is arrested and sent to Rikers Island, while Connie escapes.
That night, Connie attempts to secure a bail bond to get Nick out of jail. Most of the money from the robbery was destroyed by the dye, but he convinces his girlfriend Corey to pay the remaining $10,000 with her mother's credit card, only to discover her mother has canceled it. When Connie learns a fight with another inmate has already put Nick in the hospital, he leaves Corey and goes there to free him. He finds an unconscious and bandaged patient guarded by a police officer, and sneaks him onto an Access-A-Ride bus, then tricks Annie, one of the other riders, into letting them wait in her house until morning. Connie watches TV with Crystal, Annie's 16-year-old granddaughter. When his mug shot appears on the news, he kisses her as a distraction. They are interrupted by the sounds of the patient regaining consciousness, and Connie discovers he did not break Nick out of the hospital, but rather a different criminal named Ray.
Ray recounts the story of his day to Connie, and Connie realizes that the bottle of LSD solution and bag of stolen money Ray's friends ditched in a haunted house ride in Adventureland while they were running from police are probably still there, as the friends were arrested and Ray was injured. Connie tells Crystal he wants to borrow Annie's car to take Ray home, and he, Crystal, and Ray drive to Adventureland. Leaving Crystal in the car, Connie and Ray search for the money, but only find the LSD. They are caught by Dash, Adventureland's security guard, who says the police are on their way. Connie beats Dash unconscious and, when a police car arrives, steals Dash's uniform. Ray pours LSD down Dash's throat, and Connie tells the officers that Dash, who is hallucinating, is the intruder. Crystal is arrested when she gets out of Annie's car, and Connie watches the police take her away.
Unable to find the money, Connie and Ray go to Dash's apartment, where Connie befriends Dash's pit bull by letting it smell Dash's jacket. Ray calls his friend Caliph to offer to sell back the LSD, and, while they wait for Caliph and the sun rises, Ray begins drinking. Connie tells Ray that he is a leech on society, and they have a heated argument. Caliph arrives without any money, and Connie, protected by the dog, tells him to come back with $15,000. Although Caliph agrees, he tells Ray that he is really going to get a gun.
Sensing danger, Connie attempts to leave with the acid before Caliph returns. Ray attacks him in the hallway and tries to get the drugs, but Dash's dog attacks Ray. Connie gets away, and Ray escapes into the apartment, where, hearing sirens, he looks out the window and sees Connie get caught by the police. There is a pounding at the door, and Ray attempts to reach a neighboring apartment by climbing out a window, but he slips. As Connie is being put in a police car, he witnesses Ray fall to his death. Peter greets Nick and Nick's grandmother in a lobby. While he walks Nick back to join a class, Peter remarks that Connie did the "right thing", and both brothers are where they belong. Nick is initially very uncomfortable, but he gradually begins to participate in the group activity. As Nick begins to take part, Peter assures him that he will have a “good time.”
Cast
Robert Pattinson as Constantine "Connie" Nikas, Nick's older brother and Corey's much younger boyfriend
Benny Safdie as Nikolas "Nick" Nikas, Connie's younger brother, who has a developmental disability
Buddy Duress as Ray, a criminal recently released on parole
Taliah Lennice Webster as Crystal, a teenager who helps Connie
Jennifer Jason Leigh as Corey Ellman, Connie's much older girlfriend
Barkhad Abdi as Dash, the Park Security Guard
Necro as Caliph, Ray's friend, who is also a criminal
Peter Verby as Peter, the Psychiatrist
Saida Mansoor as Agapia Nikas, Connie and Nick's grandmother
Gladys Mathon as Annie, Crystal's grandmother
Rose Gregorio as Loren Ellman, Corey's mother
Eric Paykert as Eric, the bail bondsman
Astrid Corrales as Bail Bondsman's Assistant
Rachel Black as Rachel, the public defender
Hirakish Ranasaki as Trevor, Caliph's friend, who deals acid
Maynard Nicholl as Donnie, who robbed a RadioShack
Ben Edelman as Acid Buying Complainer
Robert Clohessy as 6th (credited as 7th) Floor Elmhurst Police Officer
Craig muMs Grant as Denny, the Access-A-Ride Driver
Souléymane Sy Savané as African Cab Driver
Dorothi Fox as Elderly Woman in Hospital
Evonne Walton as Bank Teller
Production
On July 9, 2015, it was announced that Josh and Benny Safdie were set to direct a caper film called Good Time, and that Robert Pattinson was attached to star. Sebastian Bear-McClard and Oscar Boyson of Elara Pictures produced the film, which Pattinson described as a "really hardcore kind of Queens, New York, mentally damaged psychopath, bank robbery movie".
Principal photography for the film took place in New York City in February and March 2016.
Music
Oneohtrix Point Never provided the film's score, which won the Soundtrack Award at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival. His work for the film included a collaboration with singer Iggy Pop, "The Pure and the Damned", which was used in a trailer and played over the film's end credits. The score was released as Oneohtrix Point Never's eighth studio album in August 2017.
The Safdie brothers directed a music video for "The Pure and the Damned", which featured Pattinson and Benny Safdie reprising their roles as Connie and Nick, respectively, as well as a CGI stand-in for Iggy Pop.
Release
In October 2016, A24 acquired the film's distribution rights. It was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section of the 2017 Cannes Film Festival. The film began a limited theatrical release in the U.S. on August 11, 2017, and expanded wide two weeks later.
Reception
Critical response
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 91% based on 239 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10; the website's "critics consensus" reads: "A visual treat filled out by consistently stellar work from Robert Pattinson, Good Time is a singularly distinctive crime drama offering far more than the usual genre thrills." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100 based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Richard Brody of The New Yorker gave the film a glowing review, calling it "an instant crime classic in the age of Trump", and awarding specific praise to Pattinson's performance, as well as the Safdies' direction and Sean Price Williams' cinematography. David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review, writing: "Led by Robert Pattinson giving arguably his most commanding performance to date as a desperate bank robber cut from the same cloth as Al Pacino's Sonny Wortzik in Dog Day Afternoon, this is a richly textured genre piece that packs a visceral charge in its restless widescreen visuals and adrenalizing music, which recalls the great mood-shaping movie scores of Tangerine Dream."
Guy Lodge of Variety also gave the film a positive review, and said that "Robert Pattinson hits a career high in Benny and Josh Safdie's nervy, vivid heist thriller, which merges messy humanity with tight genre mechanics." The Economist praised Pattinson's performance, saying it "establishes him as a capable character actor". Emily Yoshida of Vulture wrote: "For all its throttling thrills, Good Time is a film about a destructive love—and loving someone despite not having the right kind of love to give them. Ignore the deceptively convivial title: This is the kind of thrill that sticks."
Conversely, Rex Reed of The New York Observer criticized the film, calling it "just under two hours of pointless toxicity," populated by brainless characters, filled with ludicrous writing, and laced with mostly over-the-top acting. He called the characters "so contrived that the movie defies even the most basic logic", and wrote that, "At best, it's a frenetic, disjointed and totally surreal look at people in crisis, seen through the eyes of other people in crisis. It all takes place in one night, but it seems to last days." Likewise, A. O. Scott of The New York Times said: "Sometimes it flaunts its clichés—Nick's disability, and Benny Safdie's slack-jawed portrayal of it, is a big one—and other times it cloaks them in rough visual textures and jumpy, bumpy camera movements, so that a rickety genre thrill ride feels like something daring and new. It isn't. It's stale, empty and cold."
Accolades
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
Cannes Film Festival
May 17–28, 2017
Palme d'Or
Safdie brothers
Nominated
Cannes Soundtrack Award
Oneohtrix Point Never
Won
Hollywood Music in Media Awards
November 16, 2017
Original Score – Feature Film
Won
Soundtrack Album
Good Time
Nominated
Gotham Independent Film Awards
November 27, 2017
Best Feature
Good Time
Nominated
Best Actor
Robert Pattinson
Nominated
Detroit Film Critics Society
December 8, 2017
Best Actor
Nominated
Best Use of Music
Oneohtrix Point Never
Nominated
Boston Online Film Critics Association
December 9, 2017
Best Film
Good Time
10th Place
Online Film Critics Society
December 12, 2017
Best Editing
Ronald Bronstein and Benny Safdie
Nominated
Best Actor
Robert Pattinson
Nominated
San Diego Film Critics Society
December 12, 2017
Best Actor
Nominated
Dublin Film Critics' Circle
December 13, 2017
Best Actor
3rd Place
Seattle Film Critics Society
December 18, 2017
Best Actor
Nominated
Indiewire Critics' Poll
December 19, 2017
Best Actor
3rd Place
Florida Film Critics Circle
December 23, 2017
Best Actor
Nominated
North Texas Film Critics Association
December 20, 2017
Best Actor
Nominated
Houston Film Critics Society
January 6, 2018
Best Actor
Nominated
Austin Film Critics Association
January 8, 2018
Best Actor
Nominated
Evening Standard British Film Awards
February 8, 2018
Best Actor
Nominated
Satellite Awards
February 10, 2018
Best Actor
Nominated
Independent Spirit Awards
March 3, 2018
Best Male Lead
Nominated
Best Director
Safdie Brothers
Nominated
Best Supporting Male
Benny Safdie
Nominated
Best Supporting Female
Taliah Lennice Webster
Nominated
Best Editing
Ronald Bronstein and Benny Safdie
Nominated
References
^ "Good Time". British Board of Film Classification. November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
^ Sean Fennessey (December 26, 2019). "The Genius of 'Uncut Gems.' Plus: the Safdie Brothers!". The Big Picture (Podcast). The Ringer. Event occurs at 49:12. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
^ "Good Time(2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
^ "Good Time". a24films.com.
^ a b c Ford, Rebecca (July 9, 2015). "Robert Pattinson to Star in Caper 'Good Time' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ Perez, Rodrigo (March 21, 2017). "Robert Pattinson Says He's Making A "100% Improvised Movie" & Creating Music For A Slapstick Comedy". The Playlist. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
^ "On the Set for 1/8/16: Robert Pattinson Starts on the Feature, 'Good Time' While Michael Fassbender & Marion Cotillard Wrap 'Assassin's Creed'". SSN Insider. January 8, 2016. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ "'Good Time' Starring Robert Pattinson Open Casting Call for Lead Roles". Project Casting. December 2, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ Kim, Michelle (May 27, 2017). "Oneohtrix Point Never Wins Soundtrack Award at Cannes Film Festival". Pitchfork. Conde Nast. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
^ Bowe, Miles (May 16, 2017). "Hear Oneohtrix Point Never's new song featuring Iggy Pop 'The Pure And The Damned'". Fact Magazine. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (October 27, 2016). "A24 Acquires Robert Pattinson Crime Drama 'Good Time'". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
^ a b "The 2017 Official Selection". Cannes. April 13, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
^ "2017 Cannes Film Festival Announces Lineup: Todd Haynes, Sofia Coppola, 'Twin Peaks' and More". IndieWire. April 13, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
^ "Robert Pattinson's 'Good Time' Gets August Release in U.S." Variety. May 8, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
^ "Good Time (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
^ "Good Time". Metacritic. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
^ Brody, Richard (August 15, 2017). ""Good Time" Is an Instant-Classic Crime Drama for the Age of Trump". The New Yorker.
^ Rooney, David (May 25, 2017). "'Good Time': Film Review Cannes 2017". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^ Lodge, Guy (May 25, 2017). "Cannes Film Review: Robert Pattinson in 'Good Time'". Variety. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^ N.B. (August 18, 2017). "Robert Pattinson has put his teen heartthrob roles behind him". The Economist. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
^ Yoshida, Emily (August 8, 2017). "Good Time Is a Thrilling Turn for Robert Pattinson". Vulture.
^ Reed, Rex (August 11, 2017). "Contrived and Disjointed, 'Good Time' Drags". The New York Observer.
^ Scott, A. O. (August 10, 2017). "Review: A 'Good Time,' if in Name Only". The New York Times.
^ Bychawski, Adam (May 27, 2017). "Oneohtrix Point Never wins Cannes Soundtrack Award". FACT. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
^ "Hollywood Music in Media Awards: Full Winners List". The Hollywood Reporter. November 17, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
^ Erbland, Kate (October 19, 2017). "'Get Out' Leads 2017 Gotham Awards Nominations". IndieWire. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
^ "The 2017 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Winners". IndieWire. October 19, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
^ Erbland, Kate (December 9, 2017). "Boston Online Film Critics Name 'Get Out' Best Film Of 2017". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
^ Hipes, Patrick (December 28, 2018). "'Get Out' Named Best Picture By Online Film Critics Society". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
^ "2017 San Diego Film Critics Society's Award Nominations". sdfcs.org. December 9, 2017. Archived from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
^ "The critics have spoken - Dublin Film Critics Circle Awards announced for 2017". The Independent. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
^ "Seattle film critics name 'Get Out' best film of 2017". Seattle Times. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
^ Kohn, Eric (December 19, 2017). "2017 Critics Poll: The Best Films and Performances According to Over 200 Critics". Indiewire. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
^ "The 2017 Florida Film Critics Circle (FFCC) Nominations". Next Best Picture. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
^ "The 2017 North Texas Film Critics Association (NTFCA) Nominations". Next Best Picture. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
^ "'The Shape of Water' inundates Houston critics' film awards nominations". Houston Chronicle. December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ "The 2017 Austin Film Critics Association (AFCA) Nominations". Next Best Picture. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ "Revealed: The Evening Standard British Film Award longlist". Standard.co.uk. November 28, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
^ Pond, Steve (November 28, 2017). "'Dunkirk,' 'The Shape of Water' Lead Satellite Award Nominations". TheWrap. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
^ Sharf, Zack (November 21, 2017). "2018 Independent Spirit Award Nominations". Indiewire. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
^ Nyren, Erin (March 3, 2018). "2018 Independent Spirit Awards: Winners List (Updating Live)". Variety.
External links
Good Time at IMDb
Good Time at Box Office Mojo
Good Time at Metacritic
Good Time at Rotten Tomatoes
Good Time at Letterboxd
vteFilms directed by Josh Safdie and Benny SafdieFeature films
The Pleasure of Being Robbed (2008, Josh only)
Daddy Longlegs (2009)
Heaven Knows What (2014)
Good Time (2017)
Uncut Gems (2019)
The Smashing Machine (2024, Benny only)
Documentaries
Lenny Cooke (2013)
Portals: Film United States Crime New York (state) 2010s | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime-thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime-thriller_film"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Josh and Benny Safdie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safdie_brothers"},{"link_name":"Ronald Bronstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Bronstein"},{"link_name":"Robert Pattinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pattinson"},{"link_name":"developmentally disabled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmentally_disabled"},{"link_name":"Benny Safdie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Safdie"},{"link_name":"Buddy Duress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Duress"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Jason Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Jason_Leigh"},{"link_name":"Barkhad Abdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkhad_Abdi"},{"link_name":"Oneohtrix Point Never","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneohtrix_Point_Never"},{"link_name":"score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score"},{"link_name":"Palme d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"2017 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"A24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A24"}],"text":"Good Time is a 2017 American crime-thriller film[4] directed by Josh and Benny Safdie and written by Josh Safdie and Ronald Bronstein. It stars Robert Pattinson as a small-time criminal who tries to free his developmentally disabled brother, played by Benny Safdie, from police custody, while attempting to avoid his own arrest; Buddy Duress, Taliah Lennice Webster, Jennifer Jason Leigh, and Barkhad Abdi co-star. Electronic musician Oneohtrix Point Never composed the film's score.Good Time was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section of the 2017 Cannes Film Festival. The film was released by A24 on August 11 that same year. It received critical acclaim for Pattinson's performance, the direction, the story, and the music.","title":"Good Time (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dye pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye_pack"},{"link_name":"Rikers Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikers_Island"},{"link_name":"bail bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail"},{"link_name":"Access-A-Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibility_of_the_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority#Access-A-Ride"},{"link_name":"mug shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mug_shot"},{"link_name":"LSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide"},{"link_name":"Adventureland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventureland_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"pit bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_bull"}],"text":"In New York City, Nick Nikas struggles with a court-ordered therapy session in which Peter, a psychiatrist, attempts to determine the extent of his cognitive and social impairment, touching upon a violent incident with his grandmother. Nick's brother Connie pulls him out of the session. The brothers rob a bank, but a dye pack in the bag of money explodes, causing their getaway driver to crash, and Connie and Nick flee on foot. Although they manage to remove the dye from their clothes, a police officer finds them suspicious and attempts to question them, and Nick runs. He is arrested and sent to Rikers Island, while Connie escapes.That night, Connie attempts to secure a bail bond to get Nick out of jail. Most of the money from the robbery was destroyed by the dye, but he convinces his girlfriend Corey to pay the remaining $10,000 with her mother's credit card, only to discover her mother has canceled it. When Connie learns a fight with another inmate has already put Nick in the hospital, he leaves Corey and goes there to free him. He finds an unconscious and bandaged patient guarded by a police officer, and sneaks him onto an Access-A-Ride bus, then tricks Annie, one of the other riders, into letting them wait in her house until morning. Connie watches TV with Crystal, Annie's 16-year-old granddaughter. When his mug shot appears on the news, he kisses her as a distraction. They are interrupted by the sounds of the patient regaining consciousness, and Connie discovers he did not break Nick out of the hospital, but rather a different criminal named Ray.Ray recounts the story of his day to Connie, and Connie realizes that the bottle of LSD solution and bag of stolen money Ray's friends ditched in a haunted house ride in Adventureland while they were running from police are probably still there, as the friends were arrested and Ray was injured. Connie tells Crystal he wants to borrow Annie's car to take Ray home, and he, Crystal, and Ray drive to Adventureland. Leaving Crystal in the car, Connie and Ray search for the money, but only find the LSD. They are caught by Dash, Adventureland's security guard, who says the police are on their way. Connie beats Dash unconscious and, when a police car arrives, steals Dash's uniform. Ray pours LSD down Dash's throat, and Connie tells the officers that Dash, who is hallucinating, is the intruder. Crystal is arrested when she gets out of Annie's car, and Connie watches the police take her away.Unable to find the money, Connie and Ray go to Dash's apartment, where Connie befriends Dash's pit bull by letting it smell Dash's jacket. Ray calls his friend Caliph to offer to sell back the LSD, and, while they wait for Caliph and the sun rises, Ray begins drinking. Connie tells Ray that he is a leech on society, and they have a heated argument. Caliph arrives without any money, and Connie, protected by the dog, tells him to come back with $15,000. Although Caliph agrees, he tells Ray that he is really going to get a gun.Sensing danger, Connie attempts to leave with the acid before Caliph returns. Ray attacks him in the hallway and tries to get the drugs, but Dash's dog attacks Ray. Connie gets away, and Ray escapes into the apartment, where, hearing sirens, he looks out the window and sees Connie get caught by the police. There is a pounding at the door, and Ray attempts to reach a neighboring apartment by climbing out a window, but he slips. As Connie is being put in a police car, he witnesses Ray fall to his death. Peter greets Nick and Nick's grandmother in a lobby. While he walks Nick back to join a class, Peter remarks that Connie did the \"right thing\", and both brothers are where they belong. Nick is initially very uncomfortable, but he gradually begins to participate in the group activity. As Nick begins to take part, Peter assures him that he will have a “good time.”","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Pattinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pattinson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jul2015THR-5"},{"link_name":"Benny Safdie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Safdie"},{"link_name":"developmental disability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_disability"},{"link_name":"Buddy Duress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Duress"},{"link_name":"parole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Jason Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Jason_Leigh"},{"link_name":"Barkhad Abdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkhad_Abdi"},{"link_name":"Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventureland_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Necro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necro_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Rose Gregorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Gregorio"},{"link_name":"bail bondsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail_bondsman"},{"link_name":"public defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_defender"},{"link_name":"acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide"},{"link_name":"RadioShack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RadioShack"},{"link_name":"Robert Clohessy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clohessy"},{"link_name":"Elmhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmhurst_Hospital_Center"},{"link_name":"Craig muMs Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_muMs_Grant"},{"link_name":"Access-A-Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibility_of_the_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority#Access-A-Ride"},{"link_name":"Souléymane Sy Savané","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%C3%A9ymane_Sy_Savan%C3%A9"}],"text":"Robert Pattinson as Constantine \"Connie\" Nikas,[5] Nick's older brother and Corey's much younger boyfriend\nBenny Safdie as Nikolas \"Nick\" Nikas, Connie's younger brother, who has a developmental disability\nBuddy Duress as Ray, a criminal recently released on parole\nTaliah Lennice Webster as Crystal, a teenager who helps Connie\nJennifer Jason Leigh as Corey Ellman, Connie's much older girlfriend\nBarkhad Abdi as Dash, the Park Security Guard\nNecro as Caliph, Ray's friend, who is also a criminal\nPeter Verby as Peter, the Psychiatrist\nSaida Mansoor as Agapia Nikas, Connie and Nick's grandmother\nGladys Mathon as Annie, Crystal's grandmother\nRose Gregorio as Loren Ellman, Corey's mother\nEric Paykert as Eric, the bail bondsman\nAstrid Corrales as Bail Bondsman's Assistant\nRachel Black as Rachel, the public defender\nHirakish Ranasaki as Trevor, Caliph's friend, who deals acid\nMaynard Nicholl as Donnie, who robbed a RadioShack\nBen Edelman as Acid Buying Complainer\nRobert Clohessy as 6th (credited as 7th) Floor Elmhurst Police Officer\nCraig muMs Grant as Denny, the Access-A-Ride Driver\nSouléymane Sy Savané as African Cab Driver\nDorothi Fox as Elderly Woman in Hospital\nEvonne Walton as Bank Teller","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josh and Benny Safdie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safdie_brothers"},{"link_name":"caper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caper_story"},{"link_name":"Robert Pattinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pattinson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jul2015THR-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jul2015THR-5"},{"link_name":"Queens, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On July 9, 2015, it was announced that Josh and Benny Safdie were set to direct a caper film called Good Time, and that Robert Pattinson was attached to star.[5] Sebastian Bear-McClard and Oscar Boyson of Elara Pictures produced the film,[5] which Pattinson described as a \"really hardcore kind of Queens, New York, mentally damaged psychopath, bank robbery movie\".[6]Principal photography for the film took place in New York City in February and March 2016.[7][8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oneohtrix Point Never","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneohtrix_Point_Never"},{"link_name":"Soundtrack Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Soundtrack_Award"},{"link_name":"2017 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Iggy Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Pop"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iggy-10"},{"link_name":"eighth studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Time_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Benny Safdie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Safdie"},{"link_name":"CGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Oneohtrix Point Never provided the film's score, which won the Soundtrack Award at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival.[9] His work for the film included a collaboration with singer Iggy Pop, \"The Pure and the Damned\", which was used in a trailer[10] and played over the film's end credits. The score was released as Oneohtrix Point Never's eighth studio album in August 2017.The Safdie brothers directed a music video for \"The Pure and the Damned\", which featured Pattinson and Benny Safdie reprising their roles as Connie and Nick, respectively, as well as a CGI stand-in for Iggy Pop.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A24"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Palme d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"2017 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Main-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IW-13"},{"link_name":"limited theatrical release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_theatrical_release"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"wide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_release"}],"text":"In October 2016, A24 acquired the film's distribution rights.[11] It was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section of the 2017 Cannes Film Festival.[12][13] The film began a limited theatrical release in the U.S. on August 11, 2017,[14] and expanded wide two weeks later.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Richard Brody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brody"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Sean Price Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Price_Williams"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"Al Pacino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Pacino"},{"link_name":"Dog Day Afternoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_Day_Afternoon"},{"link_name":"Tangerine Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Dream"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(website)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rex Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Reed"},{"link_name":"The New York Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Observer"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"A. O. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._O._Scott"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 91% based on 239 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10; the website's \"critics consensus\" reads: \"A visual treat filled out by consistently stellar work from Robert Pattinson, Good Time is a singularly distinctive crime drama offering far more than the usual genre thrills.\"[15] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100 based on 41 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[16]Richard Brody of The New Yorker gave the film a glowing review, calling it \"an instant crime classic in the age of Trump\", and awarding specific praise to Pattinson's performance, as well as the Safdies' direction and Sean Price Williams' cinematography.[17] David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review, writing: \"Led by Robert Pattinson giving arguably his most commanding performance to date as a desperate bank robber cut from the same cloth as Al Pacino's Sonny Wortzik in Dog Day Afternoon, this is a richly textured genre piece that packs a visceral charge in its restless widescreen visuals and adrenalizing music, which recalls the great mood-shaping movie scores of Tangerine Dream.\"[18]Guy Lodge of Variety also gave the film a positive review, and said that \"Robert Pattinson hits a career high in Benny and Josh Safdie's nervy, vivid heist thriller, which merges messy humanity with tight genre mechanics.\"[19] The Economist praised Pattinson's performance, saying it \"establishes him as a capable character actor\".[20] Emily Yoshida of Vulture wrote: \"For all its throttling thrills, Good Time is a film about a destructive love—and loving someone despite not having the right kind of love to give them. Ignore the deceptively convivial title: This is the kind of thrill that sticks.\"[21]Conversely, Rex Reed of The New York Observer criticized the film, calling it \"just under two hours of pointless toxicity,\" populated by brainless characters, filled with ludicrous writing, and laced with mostly over-the-top acting. He called the characters \"so contrived that the movie defies even the most basic logic\", and wrote that, \"At best, it's a frenetic, disjointed and totally surreal look at people in crisis, seen through the eyes of other people in crisis. It all takes place in one night, but it seems to last days.\"[22] Likewise, A. O. Scott of The New York Times said: \"Sometimes it flaunts its clichés—Nick's disability, and Benny Safdie's slack-jawed portrayal of it, is a big one—and other times it cloaks them in rough visual textures and jumpy, bumpy camera movements, so that a rickety genre thrill ride feels like something daring and new. It isn't. It's stale, empty and cold.\"[23]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Good Time\". British Board of Film Classification. November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/good-time-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotizmdi","url_text":"\"Good Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"}]},{"reference":"Sean Fennessey (December 26, 2019). \"The Genius of 'Uncut Gems.' Plus: the Safdie Brothers!\". The Big Picture (Podcast). The Ringer. Event occurs at 49:12. Retrieved January 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theringer.com/2019/12/26/21035657/genius-of-uncut-gems-plus-safdie-brothers","url_text":"\"The Genius of 'Uncut Gems.' Plus: the Safdie Brothers!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Good Time(2017)\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt4846232/","url_text":"\"Good Time(2017)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"Good Time\". a24films.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://a24films.com/films/good-time","url_text":"\"Good Time\""}]},{"reference":"Ford, Rebecca (July 9, 2015). \"Robert Pattinson to Star in Caper 'Good Time' (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/robert-pattinson-star-caper-good-807597","url_text":"\"Robert Pattinson to Star in Caper 'Good Time' (Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"Perez, Rodrigo (March 21, 2017). \"Robert Pattinson Says He's Making A \"100% Improvised Movie\" & Creating Music For A Slapstick Comedy\". The Playlist. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://theplaylist.net/robert-pattinson-says-hes-making-100-improvised-movie-making-music-slapstick-comedy-20170321/","url_text":"\"Robert Pattinson Says He's Making A \"100% Improvised Movie\" & Creating Music For A Slapstick Comedy\""}]},{"reference":"\"On the Set for 1/8/16: Robert Pattinson Starts on the Feature, 'Good Time' While Michael Fassbender & Marion Cotillard Wrap 'Assassin's Creed'\". SSN Insider. January 8, 2016. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160109234920/http://www.ssninsider.com/on-the-set-for-1816-robert-pattinson-starts-on-the-feature-good-time-while-michael-fassbender-marion-cotillard-wrap-assassins-creed/","url_text":"\"On the Set for 1/8/16: Robert Pattinson Starts on the Feature, 'Good Time' While Michael Fassbender & Marion Cotillard Wrap 'Assassin's Creed'\""},{"url":"http://www.ssninsider.com/on-the-set-for-1816-robert-pattinson-starts-on-the-feature-good-time-while-michael-fassbender-marion-cotillard-wrap-assassins-creed/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Good Time' Starring Robert Pattinson Open Casting Call for Lead Roles\". Project Casting. December 2, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.projectcasting.com/casting-calls-acting-auditions/good-time-robert-pattinson-open-casting-call/","url_text":"\"'Good Time' Starring Robert Pattinson Open Casting Call for Lead Roles\""}]},{"reference":"Bowe, Miles (May 16, 2017). \"Hear Oneohtrix Point Never's new song featuring Iggy Pop 'The Pure And The Damned'\". Fact Magazine. Retrieved May 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.factmag.com/2017/05/16/hear-oneohtrix-point-nevers-new-song-featuring-iggy-pop-the-pure-and-the-damned/","url_text":"\"Hear Oneohtrix Point Never's new song featuring Iggy Pop 'The Pure And The Damned'\""}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Mike Jr. (October 27, 2016). \"A24 Acquires Robert Pattinson Crime Drama 'Good Time'\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on April 24, 2019. 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The New Yorker.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/the-safdie-brothers-transcendent-good-time","url_text":"\"\"Good Time\" Is an Instant-Classic Crime Drama for the Age of Trump\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"Rooney, David (May 25, 2017). \"'Good Time': Film Review Cannes 2017\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/good-time-review-cannes-2017-1004988","url_text":"\"'Good Time': Film Review Cannes 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Lodge, Guy (May 25, 2017). \"Cannes Film Review: Robert Pattinson in 'Good Time'\". Variety. Retrieved May 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/good-time-cannes-review-robert-pattinson-1202426336/","url_text":"\"Cannes Film Review: Robert Pattinson in 'Good Time'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"N.B. (August 18, 2017). \"Robert Pattinson has put his teen heartthrob roles behind him\". The Economist. Retrieved August 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2017/08/dawn-new-career","url_text":"\"Robert Pattinson has put his teen heartthrob roles behind him\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist","url_text":"The Economist"}]},{"reference":"Yoshida, Emily (August 8, 2017). \"Good Time Is a Thrilling Turn for Robert Pattinson\". Vulture.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/article/cannes-2017-good-time-review.html","url_text":"\"Good Time Is a Thrilling Turn for Robert Pattinson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(website)","url_text":"Vulture"}]},{"reference":"Reed, Rex (August 11, 2017). \"Contrived and Disjointed, 'Good Time' Drags\". The New York Observer.","urls":[{"url":"https://observer.com/2017/08/good-time-movie-review-crime-thriller/","url_text":"\"Contrived and Disjointed, 'Good Time' Drags\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Observer","url_text":"The New York Observer"}]},{"reference":"Scott, A. O. (August 10, 2017). \"Review: A 'Good Time,' if in Name Only\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/10/movies/good-time-review-robert-pattinson.html","url_text":"\"Review: A 'Good Time,' if in Name Only\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Bychawski, Adam (May 27, 2017). \"Oneohtrix Point Never wins Cannes Soundtrack Award\". FACT. Retrieved May 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.factmag.com/2017/05/27/oneohtrix-point-never-wins-cannes-soundtrack-award/","url_text":"\"Oneohtrix Point Never wins Cannes Soundtrack Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hollywood Music in Media Awards: Full Winners List\". The Hollywood Reporter. November 17, 2017. 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Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/film/news/spirit-awards-2018-winners-list-1202716594/","url_text":"\"2018 Independent Spirit Awards: Winners List (Updating Live)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/good-time-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotizmdi","external_links_name":"\"Good Time\""},{"Link":"https://www.theringer.com/2019/12/26/21035657/genius-of-uncut-gems-plus-safdie-brothers","external_links_name":"\"The Genius of 'Uncut Gems.' 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_James_Winslow | Donald James Winslow | ["1 Life","2 Work","3 Bibliography","4 References"] | Donald James Winslow (1911 – 10 July 2010) was a professor at Boston University in Boston, United States who specialized in the subject of biography.
Life
Donald James Winslow was born in 1911, the third of four children of Guy Winslow, president of Lasell Junior College in Auburndale, Massachusetts. His father was a trustee of Tufts College and a friend of John Cousens, who would become president of Tufts.
During his childhood, he met guests who spoke at Lasell such as the poet Robert Frost.
He graduated from Newton High School in 1929, and was admitted to Tufts, earning a BA in English in 1934 and an MA in English in 1935.
He began teaching in the Boston University department of English in 1936, first as a teaching fellow and then as an instructor.
He earned a PhD from the University in 1942, and then joined US Army Air Corps Weather Service, serving there until 1946.
Returning to Boston University, Winslow rejoined the English Department, becoming a full Professor in 1953.
He chaired the English department at Boston University from 1952 to 1962.
Winslow hired the poet Robert Lowell as a teacher in the English department, and Lowell in turn taught the poets Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton.
Winslow was drawn to the subject of biography, becoming the bibliographer of the University of Hawaii's quarterly magazine Biography and giving one of the first university courses on the subject of biography.
He also taught courses on "Thomas Hardy", "Virginia Woolf", "The Age of Johnson", "The Age of Pope" and "Literature of the Eighteenth Century".
Winslow retired from the university in 1977.
He died of heart failure on 10 July 2010 at the age of 98.
The archives of Lasell College are named after Winslow, who gathered and established the collection.
Work
Winslow wrote his master's thesis and doctoral dissertation on the British writer Thomas Hardy.
In 1938, he took a bicycle tour of Dorset, England, where he met Hardy's sister Kate. Later he wrote a monograph about Kate Hardy.
After retiring from the university, in 1987 he published a book Lasell: A History of the First Junior College for Women.
He also published a Glossary of Terms on Life Writing.
Bibliography
Donald James Winslow (1935). Love in the novels of Thomas Hardy. Tufts College.
Donald J. Winslow (1980). Life-writing: a glossary of terms in biography, autobiography, and related forms. University of Hawaii Press for the Biographical Research Center. ISBN 0-8248-0748-0.
Donald J. Winslow, F. B. Pinion (1982). Thomas Hardy's sister Kate. Thomas Hardy Society. ISBN 0-904398-30-7.
Donald J. Winslow (1987). Lasell: a history of the first junior college for women. Lasell Junior College. ISBN 0-9619720-0-9.
George Lane, Donald J. Winslow (1991). Survivors: the faculty experience at Lasell in the administrations of Greene, Griffin and Mitchell.
References
^ a b c Charlotte Lindgren Winslow (July 19, 2010). "Remembering Donald James Winslow (1911-2010)". Retrieved 2010-12-16.
^ a b c d "Donald James Winslow" (PDF). Boston University English Department Newsletter. Fall 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
^ a b c d e Bryan Marquard (September 24, 2010). "Donald Winslow, professor at BU; specialized in life writing; at 98". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
Authority control databases International
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Donald James Winslow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lasell Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasell_Junior_College"},{"link_name":"Auburndale, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburndale,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Tufts College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_College"},{"link_name":"John Cousens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cousens"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winslow2010-1"},{"link_name":"Robert Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Frost"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BUEnglish2010-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marquard2010-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BUEnglish2010-2"},{"link_name":"Robert Lowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lowell"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Plath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Plath"},{"link_name":"Anne Sexton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Sexton"},{"link_name":"University of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biography_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marquard2010-3"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Virginia Woolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf"},{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BUEnglish2010-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marquard2010-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BUEnglish2010-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marquard2010-3"}],"text":"Donald James Winslow was born in 1911, the third of four children of Guy Winslow, president of Lasell Junior College in Auburndale, Massachusetts. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Gordon_(activist) | Dorothy Gordon (activist) | ["1 Early life","2 Education","3 Professional life","3.1 Early career","4 Current involvements","5 References"] | Ghanaian technology activist and development specialist
Dorothy GordonDorothy Gordon at re:publica 18BornDorothy GordonNsawam, GhanaEducationAchimota School, University of Ghana, University of Sussex
Dorothy K. Gordon is a Ghanaian technology activist and development specialist. She was the founding director general of the Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT (AITI-KACE). She left AITI-KACE in 2016. She is former board member of Creative Commons and currently serves on its advisory council. She also serves on the board of Linux Professional Institute
Early life
Gordon was born in Nsawam, Ghana, she spent her childhood in the United Kingdom and Nigeria and returned to Ghana for secondary school. She is fluent in English and French.
Education
She received her secondary education from Achimota School and went on to the University of Ghana and the Institute of Development Studies of the University of Sussex.
Professional life
This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Dorothy Gordon" activist – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Gordon has worked in technology and development for over 25 years. She worked as a Senior Deputy Resident Representative at the UNDP. Dorothy Gordon steered policy and training programmes on open source technologies of AITI-KACE in Ghana and other African countries as a council member of the Free Software and Open Source Foundation for Africa (FOSSFA). In 2013, she was named one of twenty of 'Africa’s Most Powerful Women In Technology'.
Early career
Her early career was focused on rural development and environmental issues. She completed National Service with the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research at the University of Ghana working on migration studies. She moved to Senegal where she worked with ENDA Tier Monde (Environment Development Action in the Third World), first on the Action Research Team in the Sine-Saloum and Fleuve and then as editor for the English version of the international journal ENDA-Action.
UNDP
After her post-graduate studies she joined UNDP in the newly formed NGO division in UNDP-HQ as the Africa 2000 network co-ordinator. She designed and implemented this multimillion-dollar project with a focus on sustainable environmental management and promotion of indigenous technical knowledge transfer between rural communities throughout the African continent. Other UN assignments included work as Assistant Resident Representative in Zambia and managing volunteer engagements in the Sahel and subsequently South Asia with United Nations Volunteers in Geneva and Bonn. In her role as Senior Deputy Resident Representative in India she had oversight over one of the largest UNDP country programmes with direct responsibility for achieving targets against negotiated monitoring and evaluation frameworks during a period of organisational restructuring. The first joint programme evaluation was carried out during her tenure.
Communications and Consulting
During a special leave from the UN to work in Ghana, she was a consultant on the USAID Leland project with a focus on public access through telecenters as well as other projects for CAFRAD, ECA, UNDP and others. As a PricewaterhouseCoopers associate, she worked on public and civil society assignments involving strategy and organisational restructuring. She also lectured on NGO management at the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration. She served for 2 terms on the board of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation and was part of the team which drafted the National Media Policy incorporating principles of media freedom and independence.
Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT (AITI-KACE)
Appointed in 2003 as the first Director-General of the Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT, she set up strong internal systems and external partnerships to establish and strategically position AITI as a Centre of Excellence in ICT with a global reputation and strong leadership within Africa. Financial sustainability was achieved through consistent growth and expansion of activity in areas of training, consulting, community engagement and advisory services for governments, regional and multilateral bodies including ECOWAS, UNESCO and the World Bank as well as major global technology companies.
In addition to technology leadership through introduction of emerging technologies and related new training products and methodologies, she ensured that AITI-KACE also supported programmes including code camps and information literacy to reach underserved communities. These included women, the aged and rural youth. The annual innovation week was established to encourage technology start-ups, strategic use of licensing regimes including CC and GPL and improved links between public, private and civil sectors and the technology community. AITI is a best practice example for India's IT diplomacy and South-South cooperation. The Centre has inspired the establish of many similar Centres globally.
As Director-General she served as a member on a number of think tanks, commissions and advisory panels including the World Bank World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends; Global Commission for Internet Governance (GCIG) for 'One Internet'.
Current involvements
Currently she remains actively involved at Board or Jury level on a number of global initiatives working on defining a better technology mediated future. She is a board member and expert for the World Summit Awards. She also serves on the board of directors of the Linux Professional Institute. She works on gender and technology with Chatham House and as Chair for the Working group on Information Literacy UNESCO/IFAP. She is also an Advisory council member Creative Commons Global and for kasahorow an NGO that gives African language speakers around the world the freedom to express themselves in their own languages in the digital age.
She serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Cyber Policy as well as the International Journal of Gender Science and Technology. She is a long term Council Member of the Free Software and Open Source Foundation for Africa. She is also Chair of Literacy Bridge Ghana, which works to save lives and improve livelihoods of impoverished families through comprehensive programmes that provide on-demand access to locally relevant knowledge.
Madam Dorothy was at the just ended World Summit Awards Grand Jury in Ghana and spoke as the WSA Expert in Ghana. The event was held from November 3, 2018 to November 7, 2018.
References
^ "Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine". Retrieved 2022-05-28.
^ "Fostering Commitment and Leadership" (PDF). www.gh.undp.org. UNDP Ghana. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
^ "Dorothy Gordon". XMedialab. XMediaLab. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
^ "Dorothy Gordon". Creative Commons. org. Creative Commons. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
^ "Dorothy Gordon". Linux Professional Institute. Linux Professional Institute. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
^ Sowe, Sulayman. "Free and Open Source Software in sub-Saharan Africa". Retrieved 19 February 2018.
^ "Africa's Most Powerful Women In Technology - 2013 - African Leadership Magazine". African Leadership Magazine. 2013-08-14. Archived from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
^ "Global Commission on Internet Governance". Centre for International Governance Innovation.
^ "WSA BOARD - WSA". www.worldsummitawards.org.
^ "Dorothy Gordon - WSA". www.worldsummitawards.org.
^ "The kasahorow Fellowship (2007-2010) - kasahorow". www.kasahorow.org.
^ "GCNet Hosts World Summit Awards Innovation Days Meeting". Modern Ghana. 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2019-01-26. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ghanaian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian"},{"link_name":"Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana-India_Kofi_Annan_Centre_of_Excellence_in_ICT"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Creative Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons"},{"link_name":"Linux Professional Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Professional_Institute"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Dorothy K. Gordon is a Ghanaian technology activist and development specialist. She was the founding director general of the Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT (AITI-KACE).[1] She left AITI-KACE in 2016. She is former board member of Creative Commons and currently serves on its advisory council. She also serves on the board of Linux Professional Institute[2][3][4][5]","title":"Dorothy Gordon (activist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"}],"text":"Gordon was born in Nsawam, Ghana, she spent her childhood in the United Kingdom and Nigeria and returned to Ghana for secondary school. She is fluent in English and French.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Achimota School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achimota_School"},{"link_name":"University of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"University of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sussex"}],"text":"She received her secondary education from Achimota School and went on to the University of Ghana and the Institute of Development Studies of the University of Sussex.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UNDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNDP"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Free Software and Open Source Foundation for Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Software_and_Open_Source_Foundation_for_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Gordon has worked in technology and development for over 25 years. She worked as a Senior Deputy Resident Representative at the UNDP. Dorothy Gordon steered policy and training programmes on open source technologies of AITI-KACE in Ghana and other African countries[6] as a council member of the Free Software and Open Source Foundation for Africa (FOSSFA). In 2013, she was named one of twenty of 'Africa’s Most Powerful Women In Technology'.[7]","title":"Professional life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UNDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNDP"},{"link_name":"UNDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNDP"},{"link_name":"NGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana-India_Kofi_Annan_Centre_of_Excellence_in_ICT"},{"link_name":"Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana-India_Kofi_Annan_Centre_of_Excellence_in_ICT"},{"link_name":"ECOWAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Her early career was focused on rural development and environmental issues. She completed National Service with the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research at the University of Ghana working on migration studies. She moved to Senegal where she worked with ENDA Tier Monde (Environment Development Action in the Third World), first on the Action Research Team in the Sine-Saloum and Fleuve and then as editor for the English version of the international journal ENDA-Action.UNDPAfter her post-graduate studies she joined UNDP in the newly formed NGO division in UNDP-HQ as the Africa 2000 network co-ordinator. She designed and implemented this multimillion-dollar project with a focus on sustainable environmental management and promotion of indigenous technical knowledge transfer between rural communities throughout the African continent. Other UN assignments included work as Assistant Resident Representative in Zambia and managing volunteer engagements in the Sahel and subsequently South Asia with United Nations Volunteers in Geneva and Bonn. In her role as Senior Deputy Resident Representative in India she had oversight over one of the largest UNDP country programmes with direct responsibility for achieving targets against negotiated monitoring and evaluation frameworks during a period of organisational restructuring. The first joint programme evaluation was carried out during her tenure.Communications and ConsultingDuring a special leave from the UN to work in Ghana, she was a consultant on the USAID Leland project with a focus on public access through telecenters as well as other projects for CAFRAD, ECA, UNDP and others. As a PricewaterhouseCoopers associate, she worked on public and civil society assignments involving strategy and organisational restructuring. She also lectured on NGO management at the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration. She served for 2 terms on the board of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation and was part of the team which drafted the National Media Policy incorporating principles of media freedom and independence.Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT (AITI-KACE)Appointed in 2003 as the first Director-General of the Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT, she set up strong internal systems and external partnerships to establish and strategically position AITI as a Centre of Excellence in ICT with a global reputation and strong leadership within Africa. Financial sustainability was achieved through consistent growth and expansion of activity in areas of training, consulting, community engagement and advisory services for governments, regional and multilateral bodies including ECOWAS, UNESCO and the World Bank as well as major global technology companies.In addition to technology leadership through introduction of emerging technologies and related new training products and methodologies, she ensured that AITI-KACE also supported programmes including code camps and information literacy to reach underserved communities. These included women, the aged and rural youth. The annual innovation week was established to encourage technology start-ups, strategic use of licensing regimes including CC and GPL and improved links between public, private and civil sectors and the technology community. AITI is a best practice example for India's IT diplomacy and South-South cooperation. The Centre has inspired the establish of many similar Centres globally.As Director-General she served as a member on a number of think tanks, commissions and advisory panels including the World Bank World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends; Global Commission for Internet Governance (GCIG) for 'One Internet'.[8]","title":"Professional life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Summit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_Award"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"UNESCO/IFAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Creative Commons Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Currently she remains actively involved at Board or Jury level on a number of global initiatives working on defining a better technology mediated future. She is a board member and expert for the World Summit Awards.[9][10] She also serves on the board of directors of the Linux Professional Institute. She works on gender and technology with Chatham House and as Chair for the Working group on Information Literacy UNESCO/IFAP. She is also an Advisory council member Creative Commons Global and for kasahorow[11] an NGO that gives African language speakers around the world the freedom to express themselves in their own languages in the digital age.She serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Cyber Policy as well as the International Journal of Gender Science and Technology. She is a long term Council Member of the Free Software and Open Source Foundation for Africa. She is also Chair of Literacy Bridge Ghana, which works to save lives and improve livelihoods of impoverished families through comprehensive programmes that provide on-demand access to locally relevant knowledge.Madam Dorothy was at the just ended World Summit Awards Grand Jury in Ghana and spoke as the WSA Expert in Ghana. The event was held from November 3, 2018 to November 7, 2018.[12]","title":"Current involvements"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine\". Retrieved 2022-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/","url_text":"\"Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fostering Commitment and Leadership\" (PDF). www.gh.undp.org. UNDP Ghana. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150918164543/http://www.gh.undp.org/content/dam/ghana/docs/Doc/Inclgro/UNDP_GH_gh-philanthropy-forum-agenda-bios-9-july-2015.pdf","url_text":"\"Fostering Commitment and Leadership\""},{"url":"http://www.gh.undp.org/content/dam/ghana/docs/Doc/Inclgro/UNDP_GH_gh-philanthropy-forum-agenda-bios-9-july-2015.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dorothy Gordon\". XMedialab. XMediaLab. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160821050714/http://www.xmedialab.com/mentor/dorothy-k-gordon","url_text":"\"Dorothy Gordon\""},{"url":"http://www.xmedialab.com/mentor/dorothy-k-gordon","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dorothy Gordon\". Creative Commons. org. Creative Commons. 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Retrieved 2018-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180220034937/http://africanleadership.co.uk/africas-most-powerful-women-in-technology-2013/","url_text":"\"Africa's Most Powerful Women In Technology - 2013 - African Leadership Magazine\""},{"url":"http://africanleadership.co.uk/africas-most-powerful-women-in-technology-2013/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Global Commission on Internet Governance\". Centre for International Governance Innovation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cigionline.org/initiatives/global-commission-internet-governance","url_text":"\"Global Commission on Internet Governance\""}]},{"reference":"\"WSA BOARD - WSA\". www.worldsummitawards.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldsummitawards.org/about/wsa-boards/","url_text":"\"WSA BOARD - WSA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dorothy Gordon - WSA\". www.worldsummitawards.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldsummitawards.org/person/3406/","url_text":"\"Dorothy Gordon - WSA\""}]},{"reference":"\"The kasahorow Fellowship (2007-2010) - kasahorow\". www.kasahorow.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kasahorow.org/node/112/the-kasahorow-fellowship-2007-2010","url_text":"\"The kasahorow Fellowship (2007-2010) - kasahorow\""}]},{"reference":"\"GCNet Hosts World Summit Awards Innovation Days Meeting\". Modern Ghana. 2018-11-21. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzlose_MG | Schwarzlose machine gun | ["1 History","2 Production","3 Overview","4 Use as an infantry and naval weapon","5 Use as a fortification weapon","6 Use as an aircraft gun","7 Variants","7.1 Austro-Hungarian","7.2 British","7.3 Czechoslovak","7.4 Dutch","7.5 Hungarian","7.6 Swedish","8 Users","9 References","10 External links"] | Medium Machine gun Maschinengewehr (Schwarzlose) M. 7 MG M.7/12 mounted on a wheel in a World War I-era anti-aircraft configuration.TypeMedium Machine gunPlace of originAustria-HungaryService historyIn service1908–1948Used bySee UsersWarsBalkan WarsWorld War IRussian Civil WarAustro-Slovene conflict in CarinthiaPolish–Soviet WarGreco-Turkish War (1919–22)Constitutionalist RevolutionColombia–Peru WarAustrian Civil WarSpanish Civil WarWorld War II1948 Arab–Israeli WarProduction historyDesignerAndreas Wilhelm SchwarzloseDesigned1904ManufacturerSteyrProduced1908 – 1918VariantsSee VariantsSpecificationsMass41.4 kg (gun & tripod)Length945 mmBarrel length530 mmCartridge6.5×50mm Arisaka6.5x52mm Carcano6.5×53mmR6.5×54mm Mannlicher–Schönauer6.5×55mm7.62×54mmR.303 British8×50mmR Mannlicher8×56mmR7.92×57mm MauserActionToggle-delayed blowbackRate of fire400-580 rounds/min (M.7/12)600-880 rounds/min (MG-16A)Feed system250-round cloth belt
The Maschinengewehr (Schwarzlose) M. 7, also known as the Schwarzlose MG, is a medium machine-gun, used as a standard issue firearm in the Austro-Hungarian Army throughout World War I. It was utilized by the Dutch, Greek and Hungarian armies during World War II. It was routinely issued to Italian colonial troops, alongside the Mannlicher M1895 rifle.
The primary producers were the ŒWG in Steyr, and FÉG in Budapest.
History
In 1901 Schwarzlose designed a toggle-delayed pistol, but it went nowhere. However, in 1902 he applied for a patent on a toggle-delayed lock for a machine gun, and another one in 1903 for a belt feeding mechanism. Since he had only had the experience of designing handguns before, the design tooks several more years to finalize.
The Schwarzlose M. 7 was a belt-fed machine gun, usually mounted on a tripod, designed by the Prussian firearms designer Andreas Schwarzlose.
While its water-cooled barrel gave it an appearance broadly resembling the family of Maxim-derived machine-guns (such as the British Vickers and the German Maschinengewehr 08), internally the Schwarzlose was of a much simpler design, which made the weapon comparatively inexpensive to manufacture.
Its unusual delayed blowback mechanism contained only a single spring.
The initial variants of the M.7/12 had a cyclic rate of about 400 rounds/minute. During World War I this was increased to 580 rounds/minute by using a stronger mainspring.
The Schwarzlose was robust and reliable, if used in its intended role as an infantry weapon. It met with less success when it was used in roles it had not been designed for, unlike the highly adaptable Maxim-derived machine guns.
Production
The Schwarzlose enjoyed moderate export success in the years leading up to World War I. Apart from the armies of the Austro-Hungarian empire (8mm caliber) it was adopted by the armies of Greece (6.5mm caliber), the Netherlands (6.5mm caliber) and Sweden (using the 6.5×55mm cartridge and designated kulspruta m/1914). In addition, the British ammunition company Kynoch produced a machine gun based on the Schwarzlose patent in 1907, using the .303 British cartridge. The Netherlands used a modified version, the Schwarzlose M.08, in production from 1918 (2,006 made).
After the First World War the Schwarzlose continued in use with the new nations that emerged from the fragments of the Austro-Hungarian empire. Captured examples of the Schwarzlose saw some sporadic use by Russian and Italian units during the First World War. During World War II the Schwarzlose saw limited action in North Africa as an anti-aircraft weapon in Italian service. It was also the standard MG issued to Italian colonial troops. Besides, captured Schwarzlose machine guns of various types saw service with second line units of the Nazi German army, especially during the desperate fighting that took place in the final phases of that conflict.
Overview
Toggle-delayed blowback operation of the 07/12 machine gun.
The Schwarzlose MG M.7 is a toggle-delayed blowback, water-cooled machine gun. The mechanism incorporates a device that oils cartridge cases to ease extraction.
Use as an infantry and naval weapon
Austro-Hungarian machinegunners in the Tyrolean high mountains.
For infantry use, the Schwarzlose was usually employed as a traditional, tripod mounted, heavy machine gun served by a crew of at least three soldiers, one of whom was the commander, usually an NCO, a gunner who carried the weapon, a third soldier who served as an ammunition carrier and loader and he would presumably also carry the tripod although in practice a fourth soldier might be added to the team to carry the tripod. Another less commonly seen method of deployment was the more compact 'backpack mount'. In this configuration the gun was fitted with a backwards folding bipod attached to the front of the water jacket near the muzzle. The backpack mount itself consisted of a square wooden frame with a metal socket in the center. When the gun was fully deployed the frame was laid on the ground, the gun's central mounting point that usually attached to a tripod now had a small mounting pin attached to it instead which was inserted into the mounting socket in the center of the wooden backpack frame and finally the bipod was folded forward. The Schwarzlose would also have seen service as a fortress weapon in which case it would have been deployed on a variety of heavy and specialized fixed mountings and it also saw some use as a naval weapon aboard ships. During World War I, the Schwarzlose was also pressed into service as an anti-aircraft gun, and, as such, it was deployed using a variety of (often improvised) mountings.
Use as a fortification weapon
The 7/12 machine gun with water jacket cover.
After World War I the Schwarzlose equipped the armed forces of Czechoslovakia, where it was adapted (vz. 7/24) and manufactured (vz. 24) as the těžký kulomet vz. 7/24 (heavy machine gun model 7/24) by the Janeček factory (adapted from 8 mm calibre to standard Czechoslovak munition 7,92 Mauser). When Czechoslovakia started building fortifications against Nazi Germany in 1935-1938, light fortifications, known as types 36 and 37, were partially armed with the Schwarzlose vz. 7/24.
Use as an aircraft gun
Apart from its use as a heavy infantry machine gun and as an anti-aircraft weapon, the Schwarzlose saw service with the Austro-Hungarian Luftfahrtruppe during World War I as an aircraft machine gun, a role for which it was not entirely suited. The Schwarzlose was used both as a fixed forward firing gun and as a flexible, ring mounted, defensive weapon.
Synchronizing the Schwarzlose for use in fighters turned out to be a difficult engineering challenge. A critical factor in synchronization is the time delay between the trigger movement and the moment when the bullet leaves the barrel, as during this delay the propeller will continue to rotate, moving over an angle that also varies with engine rpm. Because of the relatively long delay time of the Schwarzlose M7/12, the synchronization systems that were developed could be operated safely only in a narrow band of engine rpm. Therefore, the Austro-Hungarian fighters were equipped with large and prominent tachometers in the cockpit. The M16 version of the gun could be synchronized with greater accuracy, but a widened engine rpm restriction still had to be respected, except for aircraft equipped with Daimler synchronization gear. The result was never entirely satisfactory and Austro-Hungarian aircraft thus armed usually carried the Kravics indicator to warn the pilot of a malfunction in the synchronization gear. The Kravics propeller hit indicator consisted of electric wiring wrapped around the critical area of the propeller blades, connected to a light in the cockpit by a slip ring on the propeller shaft. If the light went out, the pilot knew the propeller had been hit.
Until these synchronization problems had been overcome, it was not uncommon to see the Schwarzlose deployed in a removable forward firing Type-II VK gun container which had been developed by the Luftfahrtruppe's Versuchs Kompanie at Fischamend. The Type-II VK, which received the macabre nickname 'baby coffin' due to its shape, is remarkable in that it was possibly the first example of what today would be called a gun pod. It was usually mounted on the centerline of the upper wing of Austro-Hungarian fighters and two-seat combat aircraft during the early phases of World War I and remained in use on two-seat combat aircraft until the end of the war. In its role as an aircraft weapon, the Schwarzlose was initially used unmodified — other than that the distinctive cone shaped flash-hider seen on most of the infantry weapons was removed. The Schwarzlose was further modified for aircraft use, much as the German Empire's own lMG 08 Spandau ordnance had been modified early in 1915, by cutting slots into the water jacket's sheetmetal to facilitate air cooling. In 1916, the water jacket was removed entirely, and the resulting weapon was re-designated as the Schwarzlose MG-16 and MG-16A when fitted with a stronger spring and a blowback enhancer to increase the gun's cyclic rate, which was eventually brought up to 880 rounds per minute in some versions of the MG-16A. As a defensive ring-mounted gun, the Schwarzlose usually retained its normal twin firing handles and trigger button, although some MG-16 aircraft guns were fitted with enlarged pistol-shaped handles and a handgun-style trigger. All ring-mounted defensive guns were equipped with specialized sights and a box for the ammunition belt, which allowed quick and trouble-free reloading. After the end of World War I, the Schwarzlose saw limited use as an aircraft gun with various East European air forces. The best-known post-war operator of the Schwarzlose was probably the Polish air force, who acquired and used significant numbers of surplus Austro-Hungarian aircraft and used them against Soviet forces during the Polish-Soviet War. The Schwarzlose was, however, quickly phased out of service as an aircraft weapon when more suitable equipment became available.
Variants
The first variant, designated M.7. Note the gap between the top cover and the water jacket (absent on later models).
Austro-Hungarian
MG M.7, MG M.7/12, MG-16, MG-16A in 8×50mmR Mannlicher.
British
Kynoch Machine Gun was manufactured by the Kynoch ammunition company, presumably in .303 British,
Czechoslovak
Czecho-Slovakian Š 24 machine gun
Schwarzlose-Janeček vz.07/24 (or vz. 24, or Š 24): The M.7/12 Machine Gun was modified by inventor František Janeček. Modifications include: rechambering to 7.92×57 mm Mauser, a lighter bolt, shorter recoil spring and extension of the barrel by 100 mm. Manufacture and adaptation of these guns took place in the Zbrojovka Brno factory. During 1922 and 1934 there were 4937 modified Schwarzlose M.7/12 MGs to vz.7/24 and 2253 newly produced vz.24 MGs.
Dutch
M08, M08/13, M08/15 in 6.5×53mmR.
Hungarian
MG M.07/31 converted from original 8×50mmR Mannlicher to 8×56mmR. Same as their Mannlicher M1895 rifles.
Swedish
Swedish Schwarzlose machine gun body
Kulspruta m/1914 in 6.5×55mm. First 511 guns were bought from the ŒWG, but starting from 1917 Sweden began producing them at Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori state small arms factory in Eskilstuna, where additional 753 were produced using tooling acquired from ŒWG after the WWI. Its m/14 tripod design was so liked by the Swedish military that it remained even after it the gun itself was superseded by Browning, and stayed in service until 1980.
Users
Brigade II of the Polish Legions of the Austria-Hungary in Volhynia, 1915 or 1916.
Slovene soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian Army posing with 9 Schwarzlose MGs, in a group photo, Tiraspol in 1918.
British soldiers seize a Schwarzlose machine gun from a Jewish weapons cache during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine.
Albania
Austria-Hungary
Austria
Kingdom of Bulgaria
Brazil: During the Constitutionalist revolution a number were imported from Czechoslosvakia by Governor Flores da Cunha of Rio Grande do Sul; these were later issued to the Military Brigade during the Campanha da Legalidade
China
Colombia: used in the Colombia–Peru War in 1933.
Czechoslovakia
Finland: Used by Swedish volunteer unit (SFK) during Winter War.
Nazi Germany: Adopted as the Schweres Maschinengewehr 7/12(ö).
Kingdom of Greece
Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Italy: Received at least 900 from Austria-Hungary as reparations following the conclusion of WWI. Some were converted to 6.5mm Carcano. During WWII, they were issued to the 1st Army, 4th Army, and aerial defense units.
Kingdom of the Netherlands
Ottoman Empire
Second Polish Republic
Kingdom of Romania: Model 1907/12 in 8mm. Converted to 7.62×54mmR, metal belt feeding and fitted with a larger water jacket. Around 1,000 of these machine guns were converted to 7.92×57mm Mauser and remained in service during World War II with the border guards and marines, and occasionally as anti-aircraft guns.
Russian Empire
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs: Used in the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia, later passed on to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Kingdom of Serbia
Spain
Sweden: Adopted as the Kulspruta m/1914 in 6.5×55mm cartridge.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia: Model 1907/12 in 8mm
Yugoslavia: Used by partisans in World War II.
Used by Jewish partisans during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine.
Japan: 6.5mm Arisaka version was used by Imperial Japanese Navy during Inter-War Era. It was equipped on Fusō-class battleship and Kongō-class battlecruiser.
References
Notes
^ "Vintage Saturday: Assorted Machine Guns". Forgotten Weapons. 18 October 2014.
^ Anyathor007 (18 August 2012). "The Birth of Israel". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Peterson 2007, p. 31
^ "Automatic gun". Google Patents.
^ Ortner 2011, p. 214
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Willbanks 2004, p. 57
^ "Schwarzlose 1901 Toggle-Delayed Prototype (Video)". 10 March 2017.
^ GB 190204176A
^ GB 190406417A
^ Peterson 2013, p. 34
^ Janson, Olof (30 April 2020). "The Swedish machineguns before 1950". Gothia Arms Historical Society.
^ a b "Kynoch Machine Gun". Forgotten Weapons. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
^ Hatcher 1947, pp. 38–44
^ Williams, Anthony G. "Synchronisation systems" (PDF). Military Guns & Ammunition. Based on "Flying Guns: World War I" and "Flying Guns: World War II" by Anthony G Williams and Emmanuel Gustin.
^ Woodman 1989, p. ?
^ Chant 2002, p. 89
^ "Standard_Flying_12-18". Rota Nazdar.
^ a b Smith 1969, p. 211.
^ a b Smith 1969, p. 459.
^ "Swedish Medium Machine Guns: Kulspruta M/36 LV DBL – Small Arms Defense Journal".
^ "Vhu Praha".
^ "Hotchkiss machinegun and Schwarzlose Machine gun in Sweden".
^ a b "Machine Guns, part 2". Jaeger Platoon.net. 4 November 2017.
^ Brigada Militar (August 2011). "Brigada Militar na Legalidade" (PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Porto Alegre: Corag. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
^ "四川機器局" . ChineseFirearms.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 17 April 2021.
^ Jowett, Philip (28 June 2018). Latin American Wars 1900–1941: "Banana Wars," Border Wars & Revolutions. Men-at-Arms. Vol. 519. Osprey Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-47282-628-2.
^ "Czechoslovakia" (PDF). Armaments Year-book : General and Statistical Information. Series of League of Nations publications. IX, Disarmament. Vol. 1926.IX.1. Geneva: League of Nations. 1926. p. 339.
^ Lugosi, József (2008). "Gyalogsági fegyverek 1868–2008 ". In Lugosi, József; Markó, György (eds.). Hazánk dicsőségére: 160 éves a Magyar Honvédség (in Hungarian). Budapest: Zrínyi Kiadó. p. 382. ISBN 978-963-327-461-3.
^ Riccio, Ralph (2013). Italian small arms of the first & second world wars. Schiffer Publishing. p. 161. ISBN 9780764345838.
^ Smith 1969, p. 490.
^ Lohnstein, Marc (23 August 2018). Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 1936–42. Men-at-Arms. Vol. 521. pp. 12 & 21. ISBN 978-1-47283-375-4.
^ Nowakowski, Tomasz (2014). "Śmiercionośne narzędzie I wojny światowej - karabin maszynowy Schwarzlose M. 07/12" . Poligon (in Polish). 44 (3): 15–17.
^ Smith 1969, p. 535.
^ Peterson 2007, p. 286
^ Axworthy, Mark (1995). Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945. London: Arms and Armour Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-85409-267-0.
^ Василевский, А. М. (1990). Дело всей жизни (in Russian) (7th ed.). Moscow: Izdatel'stvo političeskoj literatury. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-5-25000-820-4. в течение осени и зимы 1915 года… своих винтовок царской армии уже недоставало. Многие солдаты, в частности, весь наш полк, имели на вооружении трофейные австрийские винтовки, благо патронов к ним было больше, чем к нашим. По той же причине наряду с пулемётами "Максим" сплошь и рядом в царской армии можно было встретить австрийский "Шварцлозе".
^ de Quesada, Alejandro (20 January 2015). The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (2): Republican Forces. Men-at-Arms. Vol. 498. Osprey Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-78200-785-2.
^ Smith 1969, p. 723.
^ 防衛庁防衛研修所戦史室 (November 1969). 海軍軍戦備<1>昭和十六年十一月まで. 戦史叢書. Vol. 31. 朝雲新聞社. pp. appendix sheet 1-1, 2–1.
Sources
Chant, Christopher (2002). A Century of Triumph: The History of Aviation. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-3479-5.
Hatcher, Julian (1947). Hatcher's Notebook. The Military Service Press Company. ISBN 0-8117-0795-4.
Ortner, M. Christian (2011). Storm Troops. Verlag Militaria. ISBN 978-3-9501642-8-2.
Peterson, Phillip (24 September 2007). Standard Catalog of Military Firearms: The Collector's Price and Reference Guide. Gun Digest Books. ISBN 978-1-4402-3046-2.
Peterson, Phillip (18 October 2013). Standard Catalog of Military Firearms: The Collector's Price and Reference Guide. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. ISBN 978-1-4402-3692-1.
Smith, Joseph E. (1969). Small Arms of the World (11 ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company. ISBN 978-0-81171-566-9.
Willbanks, James H. (1 January 2004). Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-480-6.
Woodman, Harry (1989). Early Aircraft Armament. Weidenfeld Military. ISBN 0-85368-990-3.
Instruktion Maschinengewehr (Schwarzlose) M. 7 (PDF). Wien: k. k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. 1913 .
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Schwarzlose MG.
"Těžký kulomet Schwarzlose" . Fronta.cz (in Czech). Photogallery, probably of Czech heavy machine gun model 7/24.
"Schwarzlose Heavy Machine Gun Model 07/12". Manowar's Hungarian Weapons & History.
"The Swedish machineguns before 1950". Gothia Arms Historical Society.
"The Schwarzlose Machine Gun". The Vintage Aviator.
"Schwarzlose machine gun 1912". YouTube. Animation showing mechanism of Schwarzlose machine gun.
MidWestMetal (4 December 2009). "Firing the Schwarzlose Machine Gun". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
Forgotten Weapons (2 March 2015). "Schwarzlose M1907/12 Heavy Machine Gun at James D Julia". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. - Explanation of how the gun works.
vteAustro-Hungarian infantry weapons and equipment of World War ISidearmsRevolvers
Gasser M1870 (limited)
Gasser-Kropatschek M1876 (limited)
Rast & Gasser M1898
Pistols
Roth-Steyr M1907
Steyr-Pieper M1908
Steyr-Pieper M1909
Frommer Stop
Steyr M1912
Mauser C96 (purchased)
Dreyse M1907 (purchased)
RiflesDomestic
Werndl-Holub M1867 (limited)
Kropatschek M1886 (limited)
Mannlicher M1886
Mannlicher M1888
Mannlicher M1890 Carbine
Mannlicher M1893
Mannlicher M1895
Mannlicher–Schönauer
Gewehr 1888
Steyr-Mauser M1912
Foreign
Berdan rifle (captured)
Ottoman Mauser (in Ottoman Empire)
Mosin-Nagant M1891 (captured)
Carcano M1891 (captured)
Type 30 (captured)
Type 38 (captured)
Hand grenades
M15 stick grenade
M17 egg grenade
M17 stick grenade
Machine gunsDomestic
Salvator-Dormus M1893
Schwarzlose M.7
Schwarzlose M.7/12
Foreign
Perino M1908 (captured)
Maxim M1910 (captured)
Fiat-Revelli M1914 (captured)
Villar-Perosa M1915 (captured)
Madsen (purchased)
Montigny mitrailleuse (limited use)
Helmets
M16 Stahlhelm
M17 Stahlhelm
Berndorf helmet
Other equipment
Hebel M1894 flare gun
vteGerman firearms and light weapons of World War IISidearms
Mauser C96
Luger
Walther P38
Walther PP and PPK
Sauer 38H
Mauser HSc
Sturmpistole
Dreyse M1907 Pistol
Volkspistole
Rifles and carbines
FG 42
G 98/40
Gewehr 41
Gewehr 43/Karabiner 43
Grossfuss Sturmgewehr
Karabinek wz. 1929
Karabiner 98k
M30 Luftwaffe drilling
MKb 42(W) / MKb 42(H)
MP 43/MP 44/StG 44
StG 45(M)
VG 1-5
Submachine guns
MP 18/MP 28
MP 34
MP35
MP 38/MP 40
MP 41
MP 3008
Erma EMP
EMP 44
Machine guns and other larger weapons
MG 08
Schwarzlose MG M.07/12
MG 13
MG 15
MG 17
MG 26
MG 30
MG 34
MG 39 Rh
MG 42
MG 45
MG 131
IMG 28
MG 35/36A
Faustpatrone
Raketen-Panzerbüchse 43
Panzerfaust
Panzerschreck
Fliegerfaust/Luftfaust
Flammenwerfer 35
Flammenwerfer 41
Einstossflammenwerfer 46
Panzerbüchse 39
Solothurn S-18/1000
VMG 1927
Infantry mortars
5 cm leGrW 36
8 cm GrW 34
kz 8 cm GrW 42
12 cm GrW 42
Grenade launchers
Kampfpistole
Leuchtpistole 34
Leuchtpistole 42
Schiessbecher
Sturmpistole
Grenades
Blendkörper 1H
Blendkörper 2H
Fallschirm Leuchtpatrone
Gewehr-Panzergranate
Gross Gewehr-Panzergranate
Gewehr-Granatpatrone 40
Gross Panzergranate 46 & 61
Gewehr-Sprenggranate
Hafthohlladung
Model 1924 Stielhandgranate
Model 1939 Eihandgranate
Model 1943 Stielhandgranate
Multi-Star Signal Cartridge
Nebelpatrone
Panzerwurfkörper 42
Panzerwurfmine
Propaganda-Gewehrgranate
Shaving Stick Grenade
Splitterring
Sprengpatrone
Wurfgranate Patrone 326
Wurfkörper 361
Notable foreign-made weapons
Modele 1935A as Pistole 625(f)
Kongsberg Colt as Pistole 657(n)
Browning Hi-Power as Pistole 640(b)
M1911 as Pistole 660(a)
PPSh-41 as MP 717(r)
Radom wz. 35 Vis as Pistole 645(p)
Puška vz. 24 as Gewehr 24(t)
Puška vz. 33 as Gewehr 33/40(t)
Lewis gun as leMG 137(e)
Bren light machine gun as leMG 138(e)
Kulomet vz. 37 as leMG 148(j)/MG 37(t)
Browning wz. 1928 (BAR) as leMG 154/2(p)
Beretta Model 38/42 as MP 738(i)
ZB vz. 26 as leMG 146/1(j)
Sten MK I-III as MP 748-750(e)
PPS-43 submachine gun as MP 719(r)
SVT-40 as Sl.-Gewehr 259(r)
M1 Garand as Sl.-Gewehr 251(a)
Kb ppanc wz. 35 as PzB 770(p)
Bazooka as RPzB 788(a)
M1917 Enfield as Gewehr 250(a)
M1903 Enfield as Gewehr 249(a)
M1 carbine as Karabiner 455(a)
Thompson Model 1928 as MP 760/2(r)
German cartridges of the Wehrmacht
7.63×25mm Mauser
7.65×17mmSR Browning
7.65×21mm Parabellum
7.92×33mm Kurz
7.92×57mm Mauser
7.92×94mm Patronen
9×19mm Parabellum
13.2×92mmSR
20×138mmB
vteDelayed blowback firearmsLever delayed
AA-52
Benelli B76
Cristóbal Carbine
Danuvia 43M
Dlugov
FAMAS
FN Five-seven
FNAB-43
Garanin
MAC-58
Sterling 7.62
ST Kinetics CPW
TKB-517
AVB-7.62
Roller delayed
Calico M960
CEAM Modèle 1950
CETME Ameli
CETME rifle
CETME Model L
Gerät 03 prototype
HK G3
HK G41
HK MP5
HK P9
HK PSG1
HK MSG90
HK SR9
HK UCP
HK21
HK33
HK43
HK SL6
HK SL7
MG 45
PTR 91F
SIG 510
SIG MG 710
SRM Arms Model 1216
StG 45(M)
Gas delayed
Arsenal P-M02
Grossfuss Sturmgewehr
Heckler & Koch P7
M-77B
Steyr GB
Volkssturmgewehr 1-5
Walther CCP
Hesitation locked
M50 Reising
Remington Model 51
Remington Model 53
Remington R51
SIG MKMO
Flywheel delayed
Barnitzke machine gun
MGD PM-9
Radial delayed
CMMG MkG
Toggle delayed
Schwarzlose machine gun
T1E3
Model 32 semi-automatic rifle
Vector delayed
Jatimatic
KRISS Vector | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medium machine-gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Army"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Army"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Italian colonial troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Colonial_Troops"},{"link_name":"Mannlicher M1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannlicher_M1895"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willbanks2004-6"},{"link_name":"ŒWG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92WG"},{"link_name":"FÉG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%89G"}],"text":"The Maschinengewehr (Schwarzlose) M. 7, also known as the Schwarzlose MG, is a medium machine-gun, used as a standard issue firearm in the Austro-Hungarian Army throughout World War I. It was utilized by the Dutch, Greek and Hungarian armies during World War II. It was routinely issued to Italian colonial troops, alongside the Mannlicher M1895 rifle.[6]The primary producers were the ŒWG in Steyr, and FÉG in Budapest.","title":"Schwarzlose machine gun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"toggle-delayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toggle-delayed_blowback"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"tripod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Andreas Schwarzlose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Wilhelm_Schwarzlose"},{"link_name":"water-cooled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-cooled"},{"link_name":"Maxim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_gun"},{"link_name":"Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Maschinengewehr 08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_MG%2708"},{"link_name":"cyclic rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_rate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterson2013-10"}],"text":"In 1901 Schwarzlose designed a toggle-delayed pistol, but it went nowhere.[7] However, in 1902 he applied for a patent on a toggle-delayed lock for a machine gun,[8] and another one in 1903[9] for a belt feeding mechanism. Since he had only had the experience of designing handguns before, the design tooks several more years to finalize.The Schwarzlose M. 7 was a belt-fed machine gun, usually mounted on a tripod, designed by the Prussian firearms designer Andreas Schwarzlose.\nWhile its water-cooled barrel gave it an appearance broadly resembling the family of Maxim-derived machine-guns (such as the British Vickers and the German Maschinengewehr 08), internally the Schwarzlose was of a much simpler design, which made the weapon comparatively inexpensive to manufacture.\nIts unusual delayed blowback mechanism contained only a single spring.The initial variants of the M.7/12 had a cyclic rate of about 400 rounds/minute. During World War I this was increased to 580 rounds/minute by using a stronger mainspring.\nThe Schwarzlose was robust and reliable, if used in its intended role as an infantry weapon. It met with less success when it was used in roles it had not been designed for, unlike the highly adaptable Maxim-derived machine guns.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"6.5×55mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6.5%C3%9755mm"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kynoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynoch"},{"link_name":".303 British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.303_British"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForgottenWeaponsBlog-12"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willbanks2004-6"}],"text":"The Schwarzlose enjoyed moderate export success in the years leading up to World War I. Apart from the armies of the Austro-Hungarian empire (8mm caliber) it was adopted by the armies of Greece (6.5mm caliber), the Netherlands (6.5mm caliber) and Sweden (using the 6.5×55mm cartridge and designated kulspruta m/1914).[11] In addition, the British ammunition company Kynoch produced a machine gun based on the Schwarzlose patent in 1907, using the .303 British cartridge.[12] The Netherlands used a modified version, the Schwarzlose M.08, in production from 1918 (2,006 made).After the First World War the Schwarzlose continued in use with the new nations that emerged from the fragments of the Austro-Hungarian empire. Captured examples of the Schwarzlose saw some sporadic use by Russian and Italian units during the First World War. During World War II the Schwarzlose saw limited action in North Africa as an anti-aircraft weapon in Italian service. It was also the standard MG issued to Italian colonial troops. Besides, captured Schwarzlose machine guns of various types saw service with second line units of the Nazi German army, especially during the desperate fighting that took place in the final phases of that conflict.[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schwarzlose_MG,_Funktion.jpg"},{"link_name":"toggle-delayed blowback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowback_(firearms)#Toggle-delayed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Toggle-delayed blowback operation of the 07/12 machine gun.The Schwarzlose MG M.7 is a toggle-delayed blowback, water-cooled machine gun. The mechanism incorporates a device that oils cartridge cases to ease extraction.[13]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MG-Nest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tyrolean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"NCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"water jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_jacket"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"}],"text":"Austro-Hungarian machinegunners in the Tyrolean high mountains.For infantry use, the Schwarzlose was usually employed as a traditional, tripod mounted, heavy machine gun served by a crew of at least three soldiers, one of whom was the commander, usually an NCO, a gunner who carried the weapon, a third soldier who served as an ammunition carrier and loader and he would presumably also carry the tripod although in practice a fourth soldier might be added to the team to carry the tripod. Another less commonly seen method of deployment was the more compact 'backpack mount'. In this configuration the gun was fitted with a backwards folding bipod attached to the front of the water jacket near the muzzle. The backpack mount itself consisted of a square wooden frame with a metal socket in the center. When the gun was fully deployed the frame was laid on the ground, the gun's central mounting point that usually attached to a tripod now had a small mounting pin attached to it instead which was inserted into the mounting socket in the center of the wooden backpack frame and finally the bipod was folded forward. The Schwarzlose would also have seen service as a fortress weapon in which case it would have been deployed on a variety of heavy and specialized fixed mountings and it also saw some use as a naval weapon aboard ships. During World War I, the Schwarzlose was also pressed into service as an anti-aircraft gun, and, as such, it was deployed using a variety of (often improvised) mountings.","title":"Use as an infantry and naval weapon"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schwarzlose_MG_07.JPG"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"fortifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_border_fortifications"}],"text":"The 7/12 machine gun with water jacket cover.After World War I the Schwarzlose equipped the armed forces of Czechoslovakia, where it was adapted (vz. 7/24) and manufactured (vz. 24) as the těžký kulomet vz. 7/24 (heavy machine gun model 7/24) by the Janeček factory (adapted from 8 mm calibre to standard Czechoslovak munition 7,92 Mauser). When Czechoslovakia started building fortifications against Nazi Germany in 1935-1938, light fortifications, known as types 36 and 37, were partially armed with the Schwarzlose vz. 7/24.","title":"Use as a fortification weapon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ring mounted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willbanks2004-6"},{"link_name":"Synchronizing the Schwarzlose for use in fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization_gear#Austro-Hungarian_gears"},{"link_name":"tachometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachometer"},{"link_name":"synchronization gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization_gear"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"gun pod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_pod"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"lMG 08 Spandau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_08#Aircraft_versions"},{"link_name":"Polish-Soviet War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Apart from its use as a heavy infantry machine gun and as an anti-aircraft weapon, the Schwarzlose saw service with the Austro-Hungarian Luftfahrtruppe during World War I as an aircraft machine gun, a role for which it was not entirely suited. The Schwarzlose was used both as a fixed forward firing gun and as a flexible, ring mounted, defensive weapon.[6]Synchronizing the Schwarzlose for use in fighters turned out to be a difficult engineering challenge. A critical factor in synchronization is the time delay between the trigger movement and the moment when the bullet leaves the barrel, as during this delay the propeller will continue to rotate, moving over an angle that also varies with engine rpm. Because of the relatively long delay time of the Schwarzlose M7/12, the synchronization systems that were developed could be operated safely only in a narrow band of engine rpm. Therefore, the Austro-Hungarian fighters were equipped with large and prominent tachometers in the cockpit. The M16 version of the gun could be synchronized with greater accuracy, but a widened engine rpm restriction still had to be respected, except for aircraft equipped with Daimler synchronization gear. The result was never entirely satisfactory and Austro-Hungarian aircraft thus armed usually carried the Kravics indicator to warn the pilot of a malfunction in the synchronization gear. The Kravics propeller hit indicator consisted of electric wiring wrapped around the critical area of the propeller blades, connected to a light in the cockpit by a slip ring on the propeller shaft. If the light went out, the pilot knew the propeller had been hit.[14]Until these synchronization problems had been overcome, it was not uncommon to see the Schwarzlose deployed in a removable forward firing Type-II VK gun container which had been developed by the Luftfahrtruppe's Versuchs Kompanie at Fischamend. The Type-II VK, which received the macabre nickname 'baby coffin' due to its shape, is remarkable in that it was possibly the first example of what today would be called a gun pod.[15] It was usually mounted on the centerline of the upper wing of Austro-Hungarian fighters and two-seat combat aircraft during the early phases of World War I and remained in use on two-seat combat aircraft until the end of the war. In its role as an aircraft weapon, the Schwarzlose was initially used unmodified — other than that the distinctive cone shaped flash-hider seen on most of the infantry weapons was removed. The Schwarzlose was further modified for aircraft use, much as the German Empire's own lMG 08 Spandau ordnance had been modified early in 1915, by cutting slots into the water jacket's sheetmetal to facilitate air cooling. In 1916, the water jacket was removed entirely, and the resulting weapon was re-designated as the Schwarzlose MG-16 and MG-16A when fitted with a stronger spring and a blowback enhancer to increase the gun's cyclic rate, which was eventually brought up to 880 rounds per minute in some versions of the MG-16A. As a defensive ring-mounted gun, the Schwarzlose usually retained its normal twin firing handles and trigger button, although some MG-16 aircraft guns were fitted with enlarged pistol-shaped handles and a handgun-style trigger. All ring-mounted defensive guns were equipped with specialized sights and a box for the ammunition belt, which allowed quick and trouble-free reloading. After the end of World War I, the Schwarzlose saw limited use as an aircraft gun with various East European air forces. The best-known post-war operator of the Schwarzlose was probably the Polish air force, who acquired and used significant numbers of surplus Austro-Hungarian aircraft and used them against Soviet forces during the Polish-Soviet War. The Schwarzlose was, however, quickly phased out of service as an aircraft weapon when more suitable equipment became available.[16]","title":"Use as an aircraft gun"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1907_MG_M_System_Schwarzlose_8mm.jpg"}],"text":"The first variant, designated M.7. Note the gap between the top cover and the water jacket (absent on later models).","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8×50mmR Mannlicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8%C3%9750mmR_Mannlicher"}],"sub_title":"Austro-Hungarian","text":"MG M.7, MG M.7/12, MG-16, MG-16A in 8×50mmR Mannlicher.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kynoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynoch"},{"link_name":".303 British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.303_British"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForgottenWeaponsBlog-12"}],"sub_title":"British","text":"Kynoch Machine Gun was manufactured by the Kynoch ammunition company, presumably in .303 British,[12]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vojensk%C3%BD_skanzen_Sme%C4%8Dno,_Sme%C4%8Dno,_okr._Kladno,_St%C5%99edo%C4%8Desk%C3%BD_kra_24j.JPG"},{"link_name":"František Janeček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Jane%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"7.92×57 mm Mauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.92%C3%9757_mm_Mauser"},{"link_name":"Zbrojovka Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbrojovka_Brno"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Czechoslovak","text":"Czecho-Slovakian Š 24 machine gunSchwarzlose-Janeček vz.07/24 (or vz. 24, or Š 24): The M.7/12 Machine Gun was modified by inventor František Janeček. Modifications include: rechambering to 7.92×57 mm Mauser, a lighter bolt, shorter recoil spring and extension of the barrel by 100 mm. Manufacture and adaptation of these guns took place in the Zbrojovka Brno factory. During 1922 and 1934 there were 4937 modified Schwarzlose M.7/12 MGs to vz.7/24 and 2253 newly produced vz.24 MGs.[17]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"6.5×53mmR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6.5%C3%9753mmR"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1969211-18"}],"sub_title":"Dutch","text":"M08, M08/13, M08/15 in 6.5×53mmR.[18]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8×50mmR Mannlicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8%C3%9750mmR_Mannlicher"},{"link_name":"8×56mmR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8%C3%9756mmR"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1969459-19"},{"link_name":"Mannlicher M1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannlicher_M1895#Conversions"}],"sub_title":"Hungarian","text":"MG M.07/31 converted from original 8×50mmR Mannlicher to 8×56mmR.[19] Same as their Mannlicher M1895 rifles.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AM.006992.jpg"},{"link_name":"6.5×55mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6.5%C3%9755mm"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1969211-18"},{"link_name":"Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustafs_Stads_Gev%C3%A4rsfaktori"},{"link_name":"Eskilstuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskilstuna"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VHU-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Swedish","text":"Swedish Schwarzlose machine gun bodyKulspruta m/1914 in 6.5×55mm.[18] First 511 guns were bought from the ŒWG, but starting from 1917 Sweden began producing them at Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori state small arms factory in Eskilstuna, where additional 753 were produced[20] using tooling acquired from ŒWG after the WWI.[21] Its m/14 tripod design was so liked by the Swedish military that it remained even after it the gun itself was superseded by Browning, and stayed in service until 1980.[22]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polish_Legions_II_Brigade_WWI_in_Volhynia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brigade II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Brigade,_Polish_Legions"},{"link_name":"Polish Legions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Volhynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slovenski_vojaki_v_Tiraspoli_pri_Odesi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tiraspol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiraspol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Forces_in_the_Middle_East,_1945-1947_E32044.jpg"},{"link_name":"1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Civil_War_in_Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M/14_Schwarzlose-23"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willbanks2004-6"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willbanks2004-6"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willbanks2004-6"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Military Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Brigade_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Campanha da Legalidade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanha_da_Legalidade"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Colombia–Peru War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leticia_Incident"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Winter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M/14_Schwarzlose-23"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willbanks2004-6"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willbanks2004-6"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1969459-19"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"1st Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Army_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"4th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Army_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1969490-30"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willbanks2004-6"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Second Polish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willbanks2004-6"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1969535-33"},{"link_name":"7.62×54mmR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.62%C3%9754mmR"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"7.92×57mm Mauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.92%C3%9757mm_Mauser"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs"},{"link_name":"Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Slovene_conflict_in_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willbanks2004-6"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willbanks2004-6"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1969723-38"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans"},{"link_name":"Jewish partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haganah"},{"link_name":"1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Civil_War_in_Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Fusō-class battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fus%C5%8D-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Kongō-class battlecruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong%C5%8D-class_battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Brigade II of the Polish Legions of the Austria-Hungary in Volhynia, 1915 or 1916.Slovene soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian Army posing with 9 Schwarzlose MGs, in a group photo, Tiraspol in 1918.British soldiers seize a Schwarzlose machine gun from a Jewish weapons cache during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine.Albania[23]\n Austria-Hungary[6]\n Austria[6]\n Kingdom of Bulgaria[6]\n Brazil: During the Constitutionalist revolution a number were imported from Czechoslosvakia by Governor Flores da Cunha of Rio Grande do Sul; these were later issued to the Military Brigade during the Campanha da Legalidade[24]\n China[25]\n Colombia: used in the Colombia–Peru War in 1933.[26]\n Czechoslovakia[27]\n Finland: Used by Swedish volunteer unit (SFK) during Winter War.[23]\n Nazi Germany:[6] Adopted as the Schweres Maschinengewehr 7/12(ö).\n Kingdom of Greece[6]\n Kingdom of Hungary[28][19]\n Kingdom of Italy: Received at least 900 from Austria-Hungary as reparations following the conclusion of WWI. Some were converted to 6.5mm Carcano. During WWII, they were issued to the 1st Army, 4th Army, and aerial defense units.[29][30]\n Kingdom of the Netherlands[6][31]\n Ottoman Empire[32]\n Second Polish Republic\n Kingdom of Romania:[6] Model 1907/12 in 8mm.[33] Converted to 7.62×54mmR, metal belt feeding and fitted with a larger water jacket.[34] Around 1,000 of these machine guns were converted to 7.92×57mm Mauser and remained in service during World War II with the border guards and marines, and occasionally as anti-aircraft guns.[35]\n Russian Empire[36]\n State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs: Used in the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia, later passed on to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.\n Kingdom of Serbia[6]\n Spain[37]\n Sweden: Adopted as the Kulspruta m/1914 in 6.5×55mm cartridge.[6]\n Kingdom of Yugoslavia: Model 1907/12 in 8mm[38]\n Yugoslavia: Used by partisans in World War II.\nUsed by Jewish partisans during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine.\n Japan: 6.5mm Arisaka version was used by Imperial Japanese Navy during Inter-War Era. It was equipped on Fusō-class battleship and Kongō-class battlecruiser.[39]","title":"Users"}] | [{"image_text":"Toggle-delayed blowback operation of the 07/12 machine gun.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Schwarzlose_MG%2C_Funktion.jpg/300px-Schwarzlose_MG%2C_Funktion.jpg"},{"image_text":"Austro-Hungarian machinegunners in the Tyrolean high mountains.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/MG-Nest.jpg/300px-MG-Nest.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 7/12 machine gun with water jacket cover.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Schwarzlose_MG_07.JPG/300px-Schwarzlose_MG_07.JPG"},{"image_text":"The first variant, designated M.7. Note the gap between the top cover and the water jacket (absent on later models).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1907_MG_M_System_Schwarzlose_8mm.jpg/300px-1907_MG_M_System_Schwarzlose_8mm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Czecho-Slovakian Š 24 machine gun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vojensk%C3%BD_skanzen_Sme%C4%8Dno%2C_Sme%C4%8Dno%2C_okr._Kladno%2C_St%C5%99edo%C4%8Desk%C3%BD_kra_24j.JPG/220px-Vojensk%C3%BD_skanzen_Sme%C4%8Dno%2C_Sme%C4%8Dno%2C_okr._Kladno%2C_St%C5%99edo%C4%8Desk%C3%BD_kra_24j.JPG"},{"image_text":"Swedish Schwarzlose machine gun body","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/AM.006992.jpg/220px-AM.006992.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brigade II of the Polish Legions of the Austria-Hungary in Volhynia, 1915 or 1916.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Polish_Legions_II_Brigade_WWI_in_Volhynia.jpg/300px-Polish_Legions_II_Brigade_WWI_in_Volhynia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Slovene soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian Army posing with 9 Schwarzlose MGs, in a group photo, Tiraspol in 1918.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Slovenski_vojaki_v_Tiraspoli_pri_Odesi.jpg/300px-Slovenski_vojaki_v_Tiraspoli_pri_Odesi.jpg"},{"image_text":"British soldiers seize a Schwarzlose machine gun from a Jewish weapons cache during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/British_Forces_in_the_Middle_East%2C_1945-1947_E32044.jpg/300px-British_Forces_in_the_Middle_East%2C_1945-1947_E32044.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Vintage Saturday: Assorted Machine Guns\". Forgotten Weapons. 18 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forgottenweapons.com/vintage-saturday-assorted-machine-guns/","url_text":"\"Vintage Saturday: Assorted Machine Guns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgotten_Weapons","url_text":"Forgotten Weapons"}]},{"reference":"Anyathor007 (18 August 2012). \"The Birth of Israel\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/vCC3BEwdS0M","url_text":"\"The Birth of Israel\""},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vCC3BEwdS0M&t=44m56s","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Automatic gun\". Google Patents.","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US863101A","url_text":"\"Automatic gun\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schwarzlose 1901 Toggle-Delayed Prototype (Video)\". 10 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forgottenweapons.com/schwarzlose-1901-toggle-delayed-prototype-video","url_text":"\"Schwarzlose 1901 Toggle-Delayed Prototype (Video)\""}]},{"reference":"Janson, Olof (30 April 2020). \"The Swedish machineguns before 1950\". Gothia Arms Historical Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gotavapen.se/gota/artiklar/utv_ksp58/ksp14/schwarzlose.htm","url_text":"\"The Swedish machineguns before 1950\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kynoch Machine Gun\". Forgotten Weapons. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forgottenweapons.com/kynoch-machine-gun/","url_text":"\"Kynoch Machine Gun\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Anthony G. \"Synchronisation systems\" (PDF). Military Guns & Ammunition. Based on \"Flying Guns: World War I\" and \"Flying Guns: World War II\" by Anthony G Williams and Emmanuel Gustin.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.quarryhs.co.uk/Synchro.pdf","url_text":"\"Synchronisation systems\""}]},{"reference":"\"Standard_Flying_12-18\". Rota Nazdar.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rotanazdar.cz/?p=3411","url_text":"\"Standard_Flying_12-18\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swedish Medium Machine Guns: Kulspruta M/36 LV DBL – Small Arms Defense Journal\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sadefensejournal.com/swedish-medium-machine-guns-kulspruta-m36-lv-dbl","url_text":"\"Swedish Medium Machine Guns: Kulspruta M/36 LV DBL – Small Arms Defense Journal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vhu Praha\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vhu.cz/tezky-kulomet-schwarzlose-m-712","url_text":"\"Vhu Praha\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hotchkiss machinegun and Schwarzlose Machine gun in Sweden\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gotavapen.se/gota/artiklar/utv_ksp58/ksp14/2_ksp14.htm","url_text":"\"Hotchkiss machinegun and Schwarzlose Machine gun in Sweden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Machine Guns, part 2\". Jaeger Platoon.net. 4 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jaegerplatoon.net/MG2.htm","url_text":"\"Machine Guns, part 2\""}]},{"reference":"Brigada Militar (August 2011). \"Brigada Militar na Legalidade\" (PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Porto Alegre: Corag. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://brigadamilitar.rs.gov.br/upload/arquivos/202009/28134944-2017-bm-na-legalidade-agosto-2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Brigada Militar na Legalidade\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411042757/https://brigadamilitar.rs.gov.br/upload/arquivos/202009/28134944-2017-bm-na-legalidade-agosto-2011.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"四川機器局\" [Sichuan Machinery Bureau]. ChineseFirearms.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 17 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210417135855/http://www.chinesefirearms.com/110108/history/sichurn.htm","url_text":"\"四川機器局\""},{"url":"http://www.chinesefirearms.com/110108/history/sichurn.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jowett, Philip (28 June 2018). Latin American Wars 1900–1941: \"Banana Wars,\" Border Wars & Revolutions. Men-at-Arms. Vol. 519. Osprey Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-47282-628-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8LJeDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Latin American Wars 1900–1941: \"Banana Wars,\" Border Wars & Revolutions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47282-628-2","url_text":"978-1-47282-628-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Czechoslovakia\" (PDF). Armaments Year-book : General and Statistical Information. Series of League of Nations publications. IX, Disarmament. Vol. 1926.IX.1. Geneva: League of Nations. 1926. p. 339.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/le0282ar.pdf","url_text":"\"Czechoslovakia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations","url_text":"League of Nations"}]},{"reference":"Lugosi, József (2008). \"Gyalogsági fegyverek 1868–2008 [Infantry weapons 1868–2008]\". In Lugosi, József; Markó, György (eds.). Hazánk dicsőségére: 160 éves a Magyar Honvédség [To the glory of our country: 160 years of the Hungarian Armed Forces] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Zrínyi Kiadó. p. 382. ISBN 978-963-327-461-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-327-461-3","url_text":"978-963-327-461-3"}]},{"reference":"Riccio, Ralph (2013). Italian small arms of the first & second world wars. Schiffer Publishing. p. 161. ISBN 9780764345838.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780764345838","url_text":"9780764345838"}]},{"reference":"Lohnstein, Marc (23 August 2018). Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 1936–42. Men-at-Arms. Vol. 521. pp. 12 & 21. ISBN 978-1-47283-375-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U2dkDwAAQBAJ&q=Schwarzlose","url_text":"Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 1936–42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47283-375-4","url_text":"978-1-47283-375-4"}]},{"reference":"Nowakowski, Tomasz (2014). \"Śmiercionośne narzędzie I wojny światowej - karabin maszynowy Schwarzlose M. 07/12\" [A deadly tool of the First World War - the machine gun Schwarzlose M. 07/12]. Poligon (in Polish). 44 (3): 15–17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Axworthy, Mark (1995). Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945. London: Arms and Armour Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-85409-267-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_and_Armour_Press","url_text":"Arms and Armour Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-267-0","url_text":"978-1-85409-267-0"}]},{"reference":"Василевский, А. М. (1990). Дело всей жизни [A lifelong cause] (in Russian) (7th ed.). Moscow: Izdatel'stvo političeskoj literatury. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-5-25000-820-4. в течение осени и зимы 1915 года… своих винтовок царской армии уже недоставало. Многие солдаты, в частности, весь наш полк, имели на вооружении трофейные австрийские винтовки, благо патронов к ним было больше, чем к нашим. По той же причине наряду с пулемётами \"Максим\" сплошь и рядом в царской армии можно было встретить австрийский \"Шварцлозе\". [During the autumn and winter of 1915 ... the Tsarist Army lacked its own rifles. Many soldiers, in particular, our entire regiment, were armed with captured Austrian rifles, since there were more cartridges for them than for ours. For the same reason, along with the Maxim machine guns, one could often meet the Austrian Schwarzlose in the Tsarist army.]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Vasilevsky","url_text":"Василевский, А. М."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-25000-820-4","url_text":"978-5-25000-820-4"}]},{"reference":"de Quesada, Alejandro (20 January 2015). The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (2): Republican Forces. Men-at-Arms. Vol. 498. Osprey Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-78200-785-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-785-2","url_text":"978-1-78200-785-2"}]},{"reference":"防衛庁防衛研修所戦史室 (November 1969). 海軍軍戦備<1>昭和十六年十一月まで. 戦史叢書. Vol. 31. 朝雲新聞社. pp. appendix sheet 1-1, 2–1.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/military_history_search/SoshoView?kanno=031","url_text":"海軍軍戦備<1>昭和十六年十一月まで"}]},{"reference":"Chant, Christopher (2002). A Century of Triumph: The History of Aviation. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-3479-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rHLDaKYjgdsC&pg=PA89","url_text":"A Century of Triumph: The History of Aviation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-3479-5","url_text":"978-0-7432-3479-5"}]},{"reference":"Hatcher, Julian (1947). Hatcher's Notebook. The Military Service Press Company. ISBN 0-8117-0795-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-0795-4","url_text":"0-8117-0795-4"}]},{"reference":"Ortner, M. Christian (2011). Storm Troops. Verlag Militaria. ISBN 978-3-9501642-8-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9501642-8-2","url_text":"978-3-9501642-8-2"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Phillip (24 September 2007). Standard Catalog of Military Firearms: The Collector's Price and Reference Guide. Gun Digest Books. ISBN 978-1-4402-3046-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NFkUzYBFOt8C&pg=PA11","url_text":"Standard Catalog of Military Firearms: The Collector's Price and Reference Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-3046-2","url_text":"978-1-4402-3046-2"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Phillip (18 October 2013). Standard Catalog of Military Firearms: The Collector's Price and Reference Guide. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. ISBN 978-1-4402-3692-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wWYFAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA34","url_text":"Standard Catalog of Military Firearms: The Collector's Price and Reference Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-3692-1","url_text":"978-1-4402-3692-1"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Joseph E. (1969). Small Arms of the World (11 ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company. ISBN 978-0-81171-566-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/smallarmsofworld00smit","url_text":"Small Arms of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81171-566-9","url_text":"978-0-81171-566-9"}]},{"reference":"Willbanks, James H. (1 January 2004). Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-480-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VWkYoAkoMHIC&pg=PA57","url_text":"Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-480-6","url_text":"978-1-85109-480-6"}]},{"reference":"Woodman, Harry (1989). Early Aircraft Armament. Weidenfeld Military. ISBN 0-85368-990-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85368-990-3","url_text":"0-85368-990-3"}]},{"reference":"Instruktion [...] Maschinengewehr (Schwarzlose) M. 7 (PDF). Wien: k. k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. 1913 [1908].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forgottenweapons.com/wp-content/uploads/Schwarzlose/Instruktion%20Maschinengewehr%20Schwarzlose%20M7.pdf","url_text":"Instruktion [...] Maschinengewehr (Schwarzlose) M. 7"}]},{"reference":"\"Těžký kulomet Schwarzlose\" [Schwarzlose heavy machine gun]. Fronta.cz (in Czech).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fronta.cz/fotogalerie/tezky-kulomet-schwarzlose-m07-12","url_text":"\"Těžký kulomet Schwarzlose\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schwarzlose Heavy Machine Gun Model 07/12\". Manowar's Hungarian Weapons & History.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hungariae.com/Schwarz.htm","url_text":"\"Schwarzlose Heavy Machine Gun Model 07/12\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Swedish machineguns before 1950\". Gothia Arms Historical Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gotavapen.se/gota/artiklar/utv_ksp58/ksp14/schwarzlose.htm","url_text":"\"The Swedish machineguns before 1950\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Schwarzlose Machine Gun\". The Vintage Aviator.","urls":[{"url":"http://thevintageaviator.co.nz/projects/reproduction-guns/schwarzlose-machine-gun","url_text":"\"The Schwarzlose Machine Gun\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schwarzlose machine gun 1912\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fwhr4je3Smk:","url_text":"\"Schwarzlose machine gun 1912\""}]},{"reference":"MidWestMetal (4 December 2009). \"Firing the Schwarzlose Machine Gun\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0-R-q7pfvM","url_text":"\"Firing the Schwarzlose Machine Gun\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/o0-R-q7pfvM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Forgotten Weapons (2 March 2015). \"Schwarzlose M1907/12 Heavy Machine Gun at James D Julia\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_pWNjuZj30","url_text":"\"Schwarzlose M1907/12 Heavy Machine Gun at James D Julia\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/9_pWNjuZj30","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.forgottenweapons.com/vintage-saturday-assorted-machine-guns/","external_links_name":"\"Vintage Saturday: Assorted Machine Guns\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/vCC3BEwdS0M","external_links_name":"\"The Birth of Israel\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vCC3BEwdS0M&t=44m56s","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US863101A","external_links_name":"\"Automatic gun\""},{"Link":"https://www.forgottenweapons.com/schwarzlose-1901-toggle-delayed-prototype-video","external_links_name":"\"Schwarzlose 1901 Toggle-Delayed Prototype 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnotize_(The_Notorious_B.I.G._song) | Hypnotize (The Notorious B.I.G. song) | ["1 Background","2 Reception","3 Music video","4 Track listing","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","5.3 Decade-end charts","6 Certifications","7 Release history","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References"] | 1997 single by The Notorious B.I.G.
"Hypnotize"Single by The Notorious B.I.G.from the album Life After Death ReleasedMarch 4, 1997 (1997-03-04)Recorded1996GenreEast Coast hip hopHip hopLength
3:49 (album version)
3:59 (CD single)
Label
Bad Boy
Arista
Songwriter(s)
Christopher Wallace
Sean Combs
Deric Angelettie
Ron Lawrence
Andy Armer
Randy Alpert
Producer(s)
D-Dot
Ron "Amen-Ra" Lawrence
Sean "Puffy" Combs (co.)
The Notorious B.I.G. singles chronology
"You Can't Stop the Reign" (1996)
"Hypnotize" (1997)
"Mo Money Mo Problems" (1997)
Music video"Hypnotize" on YouTube
"Hypnotize" is a single by American rapper The Notorious B.I.G. featuring vocals by Pamela Long, released as the first single from his album Life After Death on March 4, 1997. The last song released before his death in a drive-by shooting a week later, it was the fifth song by a credited artist to hit number one posthumously, and the first since "(Just Like) Starting Over" by John Lennon in 1980. Rolling Stone ranked the song as number 30 on their list of the "100 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs of All Time".
Background
Diddy (known then as Puff Daddy) produced "Hypnotize" and sampled Herb Alpert's 1979 hit "Rise" which was written by Andy Armer and Herb's nephew, Randy "Badazz" Alpert. Randy recalled, "I asked Puffy, in 1996 when he first called me concerning using 'Rise' for 'Hypnotize,' why he chose the 'Rise' groove. He told me that in the summer of 1979 when he was I think 10 years old the song was a huge hit everywhere in New York and 'Rise' along with Chic's 'Good Times' were 'the songs' that all the kids were dancing and roller skating to that summer. He had always remembered that summer and that song. When he first played the loop for Biggie, (he said that) Biggie smiled and hugged him."
Randy continued, "Over the years I was approached by Ice Cube, Eazy-E, Vanilla Ice, and maybe another 4–5 artists to use the song and I never said 'yes' until I heard a rough version of Biggie's recording produced by Sean 'Puffy' Combs, D-Dot, and Ron Lawrence. I was sent a cassette from Puffy and when I cranked it up I not only immediately loved it but my gut thought that this could be a number one record once again. The original 'Rise' record climbed the chart all summer and became number one around the end of October; Biggie's version was released and charted its first week at number two and went to number one the second week."
"That was us saying our franchise player, our Michael Jordan, is here, and you other guys gotta top this. We're both from the same hood, and my goal was to give him that king-of-Brooklyn status with that track… That record was more of a statement of where he came from and how high the bar was going to be raised for the rest of the rappers." – Deric 'D-Dot' Angelettie
The melody and phrasing of the chorus is interpolated from a lyrical section of Slick Rick's song "La Di Da Di", and it is also from these lyrics that the title "Hypnotize" is derived. Often misattributed to Lil' Kim, Pamela Long from the group Total sang this part.
In 2013, asked about the lyrics, "Escargot, my car go...", Lil' Cease of Junior M.A.F.I.A. stated, "That's the shit that made B.I.G dope B.I.G used to talk about all the cars but, nigga didn't even know how to drive. He wouldn't dare get in the driver seat."
Reception
The song was a hit on U.S. radio before being issued as a single. On its release, "Hypnotize" entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number two, right behind labelmate and co-writer and co-producer Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs ("Can't Nobody Hold Me Down"). When "Hypnotize" reached number one two weeks later, it made The Notorious B.I.G. the fifth artist in Hot 100 history to have a posthumous chart-topper (see List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones). It also gave back-to-back number-one hits to Combs' Bad Boy Records label. Nominated for Best Rap Solo Performance at the 1998 Grammy Awards, it lost to "Men in Black" by Will Smith. The single reached number 10 in the UK, B.I.G.'s first top 10 hit in that country. Kris Ex of Pitchfork wrote "Big was a master of flow, sounding unforced and unlabored over a bevy of pristine, hi-fidelity maximalist beats that seemed to always bow to his intent."
50 Cent told NME that the song was the one he would want played at his funeral: "I'd just want everyone to have as much of a party as possible."
Billboard and The Guardian both ranked the song number two on their lists of the greatest Notorious B.I.G. songs, and Rolling Stone ranked the song number seven on their list of the 50 greatest Notorious B.I.G. songs.
Music video
The music video, directed by Paul Hunter and filmed in California, was released in March 1997. It begins with the caption: Florida Keys 5:47 pm, with B.I.G. and Puff Daddy mingling with women on a Tempest yacht. Helicopters disrupt their bash and attempt to capture them. It cuts to B.I.G. and Puff Daddy in an underground parking lot, where they spot a black Hummer and men dressed in black riding motorcycles. They attempt to get away by driving their vehicle in reverse in the streets. The video cuts to a pool party that's set underwater, where mermaid models can be seen singing through the windows, and ends with B.I.G. and Puff Daddy escaping the helicopters. Intercut throughout the video are scenes of B.I.G. and Puff Daddy behind a sepia background with female dancers and B.I.G dancing behind a black background while pieces of the chorus are captioned below.
"For a big guy, he could really dance, but because his leg was still messed up he had to stay in one spot. But he was smiling, because he was happy to be stepped up. It was like, 'I'm free to really kill this.'" – Deric 'D-Dot' Angelettie
Track listing
"Hypnotize" (radio mix) – 4:06
"Hypnotize" (instrumental) – 3:59
"Hypnotize" (album version) – 5:32
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1997)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
63
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
27
Canada (Nielsen SoundScan)
3
Canada Dance/Urban (RPM)
15
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)
67
Germany (Official German Charts)
15
Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)
8
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
23
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
16
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
15
Scotland (OCC)
41
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
29
UK Singles (OCC)
10
UK Dance (OCC)
3
UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC)
4
US Billboard Hot 100
1
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
1
US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard)
1
US Rhythmic (Billboard)
3
Chart (2022)
Peakposition
Canada Digital Song Sales (Billboard)
7
Year-end charts
Chart (1997)
Position
Canada Dance/Urban (RPM)
11
Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)
41
Germany (Official German Charts)
87
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
74
UK Urban (Music Week)
9
US Billboard Hot 100
25
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
24
Decade-end charts
Chart (1990–1999)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100
88
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)
Gold
45,000‡
Italy (FIMI) sales since 2009
Gold
35,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)
2× Platinum
1,200,000‡
United States (RIAA)
Platinum
1,200,000
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Region
Date
Format(s)
Label(s)
Ref.
United States
March 4, 1997
Rhythmic contemporary radio
AristaBad Boy Entertainment
April 4, 1997
12-inch vinylCDcassette
United Kingdom
April 21, 1997
CDcassette
AristaPuff Daddy
See also
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1997
List of number-one R&B singles of 1997 (U.S.)
Notes
^ Long is only credited with providing "background vocals" in the Life After Death album and "Hypnotize" CD single liner notes. She is not given a "featuring" credit like other artists on the album.
References
^ a b "100 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. June 2, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
^ https://www.whosampled.com/The-Notorious-B.I.G./Hypnotize/
^ Life After Death (booklet). Bad Boy. 1997. 78612-73011-2.
^ Hypnotize (liner notes). Arista. 1997. 74321-46643-2.
^ Zellner, Xander (June 27, 2018). "Artists Who Hit No. 1 On The Hot 100 Posthumously: XXXTentacion & More". Billboard. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
^ a b Liner Notes, Liner notes from both Life After Death as well as Hypnotize reference this sample.
^ a b Quoting Randy Alpert from personal interview,.
^ Lynskey, Dorian (May 2015). "The Greatest Songs Ever! Hypnotize". Blender: 64.
^ Ralph Bristout (March 25, 2013). "Lil Cease & Banger Give Details Behind Classic Life After Death References". XXL Magazine. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
^ Ex, Kris (March 9, 2017). "Pitchfork Life After Death review". Pitchfork. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
^ Haynes, Gavin (October 1, 2015). "Soundtrack of my life". NME. p. 48.
^ Josephs, Brian (March 9, 2020). "The Notorious B.I.G.'s 25 Best Songs: Critic's Picks". Billboard. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
^ Petridis, Alexis (March 5, 2021). "The Notorious BIG: his 20 greatest tracks – ranked!". The Guardian. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
^ "The 50 Best Notorious B.I.G. Songs". Rolling Stone. March 9, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
^ Lynskey, Dorian (May 2015). "The Greatest Songs Ever! Hypnotize". Blender: 65.
^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1997". Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 206.
^ "The Notorious B.I.G. – Hypnotize" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
^ "The Notorious B.I.G. Chart History (Canadian Digital Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
^ "Top RPM Dance/Urban: Issue 3205." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 14, no. 29. July 19, 1997. p. 12. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
^ "The Notorious B.I.G. – Hypnotize" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
^ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (12.6. '97 – 18.6. '97)". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). June 13, 1997. p. 20. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 28, 1997" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
^ "The Notorious B.I.G. – Hypnotize" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ "The Notorious B.I.G. – Hypnotize". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
^ "The Notorious B.I.G. – Hypnotize". Singles Top 100. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ "The Notorious B.I.G.: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
^ "Official Hip Hop and R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
^ "The Notorious B.I.G. Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ "The Notorious B.I.G. Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ "The Notorious B.I.G. Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ "The Notorious B.I.G. Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ "The Notorious B.I.G. Chart History (Canadian Digital Song Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
^ "RPM '97 Year End Top 50 Dance Tracks". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
^ "Árslistinn 1997 – Íslenski Listinn – 100 Vinsælustu Lögin". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). January 2, 1998. p. 25. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
^ "Top 100 Single–Jahrescharts 1997" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1997" (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
^ "The Urban Top 40 Tracks Of 1997" (PDF). Music Week. January 10, 1998. Retrieved August 6, 2023.
^ "Billboard Top 100 – 1997". Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
^ "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1997". Billboard. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
^ "Billboard Hot 100 Decade-End 1990-1999" (PDF). Retrieved May 20, 2018.
^ "Danish single certifications – Notorious B.I.G. – Hypnotize". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved April 21, 2023.
^ "Italian single certifications – Notorious B.I.G. – Hypnotize" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved May 4, 2021. Select "2021" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Select "Hypnotize" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Singoli" under "Sezione".
^ "British single certifications – Notorious BIG – Hypnotize". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
^ "Best-Selling Records of 1997". Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 5. January 31, 1998. p. 76. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
^ a b "American single certifications – Notorious B.I.G. – Hypnotize". Recording Industry Association of America.
^ "New Releases". Radio & Records. No. 1186. February 28, 1997. p. 53.
^ "New Releases: Singles". Music Week. April 19, 1997. p. 35.
vteThe Notorious B.I.G.
Songs
Discography
Awards and nominations
Death
Studio albums
Ready to Die
Life After Death
Posthumous albums
Born Again
Duets: The Final Chapter
The King & I
Compilations
Greatest Hits
Notorious: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Singles
"Party and Bullshit"
"Juicy"
"Big Poppa" / "Who Shot Ya?"
"One More Chance"
"Hypnotize"
"Mo Money Mo Problems"
"Sky's the Limit"
"Dead Wrong"
"Notorious B.I.G."
"Nasty Girl"
"Spit Your Game"
"Old Thing Back"
Featured singles
"Flava in Ya Ear (Remix)"
"Can't You See"
"The Points"
"Runnin' from tha Police"
"This Time Around"
"It's All About the Benjamins"
"Victory"
"Runnin' (Dying to Live)"
Other songs
"Just Playing (Dreams)"
"Notorious Thugs"
"Going Back to Cali"
"Ten Crack Commandments"
Related articles
Bad Boy Entertainment
Sean Combs
Faith Evans
Junior M.A.F.I.A.
Conspiracy
"Player's Anthem"
"I Need You Tonight"
"Get Money"
Lil' Cease
Lil' Kim
East Coast-West Coast hip hop rivalry
"I'll Be Missing You"
Biggie & Tupac
Notorious
City of Lies
vteMTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video
"Parents Just Don't Understand" (1989)
"U Can't Touch This" (1990)
"Mama Said Knock You Out" (1991)
"Tennessee" (1992)
"People Everyday" (1993)
"Doggy Dogg World" (1994)
"Keep Their Heads Ringin'" (1995)
"Gangsta's Paradise" (1996)
"Hypnotize" (1997)
"Gettin' Jiggy wit It" (1998)
"Can I Get A..." (1999)
"Forgot About Dre" (2000)
"Ride wit Me" (2001)
"Without Me" (2002)
"In da Club" (2003)
"99 Problems" (2004)
"Number One Spot" (2005)
"Ridin'" (2006)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"The Notorious B.I.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G."},{"link_name":"Pamela Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Long_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[A]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Life After Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_After_Death"},{"link_name":"his death in a drive-by shooting a week later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_the_Notorious_B.I.G."},{"link_name":"(Just Like) Starting Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(Just_Like)_Starting_Over"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rs100-1"}],"text":"\"Hypnotize\" is a single by American rapper The Notorious B.I.G. featuring vocals by Pamela Long,[A] released as the first single from his album Life After Death on March 4, 1997. The last song released before his death in a drive-by shooting a week later, it was the fifth song by a credited artist to hit number one posthumously, and the first since \"(Just Like) Starting Over\" by John Lennon in 1980.[5] Rolling Stone ranked the song as number 30 on their list of the \"100 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs of All Time\".[1]","title":"Hypnotize (The Notorious B.I.G. song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Combs"},{"link_name":"Herb Alpert's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Alpert"},{"link_name":"Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_(instrumental)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wikipedia_Liner_Notes_from_Life_After_Death-7"},{"link_name":"Good Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Times_(Chic_song)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Songfacts_Website-8"},{"link_name":"Ice Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cube_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Eazy-E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eazy-E"},{"link_name":"Vanilla Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_Ice"},{"link_name":"D-Dot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Dot"},{"link_name":"Ron Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_%22Amen-Ra%22_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Songfacts_Website-8"},{"link_name":"Michael Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jordan"},{"link_name":"the same hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Deric 'D-Dot' Angelettie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deric_Angelettie"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(music)"},{"link_name":"Slick Rick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slick_Rick"},{"link_name":"La Di Da Di","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Di_Da_Di"},{"link_name":"Lil' Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil%27_Kim"},{"link_name":"Total","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_(group)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wikipedia_Liner_Notes_from_Life_After_Death-7"},{"link_name":"Lil' Cease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil%27_Cease"},{"link_name":"Junior M.A.F.I.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_M.A.F.I.A."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Diddy (known then as Puff Daddy) produced \"Hypnotize\" and sampled Herb Alpert's 1979 hit \"Rise\" which was written by Andy Armer and Herb's nephew, Randy \"Badazz\" Alpert.[6] Randy recalled, \"I asked Puffy, in 1996 when he first called me concerning using 'Rise' for 'Hypnotize,' why he chose the 'Rise' groove. He told me that in the summer of 1979 when he was I think 10 years old the song was a huge hit everywhere in New York and 'Rise' along with Chic's 'Good Times' were 'the songs' that all the kids were dancing and roller skating to that summer. He had always remembered that summer and that song. When he first played the loop for Biggie, (he said that) Biggie smiled and hugged him.\"[7]Randy continued, \"Over the years I was approached by Ice Cube, Eazy-E, Vanilla Ice, and maybe another 4–5 artists to use the song and I never said 'yes' until I heard a rough version of Biggie's recording produced by Sean 'Puffy' Combs, D-Dot, and Ron Lawrence. I was sent a cassette from Puffy and when I cranked it up I not only immediately loved it but my gut thought that this could be a number one record once again. The original 'Rise' record climbed the chart all summer and became number one around the end of October; Biggie's version was released and charted its first week at number two and went to number one the second week.\"[7]\"That was us saying our franchise player, our Michael Jordan, is here, and you other guys gotta top this. We're both from the same hood, and my goal was to give him that king-of-Brooklyn status with that track… That record was more of a statement of where he came from and how high the bar was going to be raised for the rest of the rappers.\" – Deric 'D-Dot' Angelettie[8]The melody and phrasing of the chorus is interpolated from a lyrical section of Slick Rick's song \"La Di Da Di\", and it is also from these lyrics that the title \"Hypnotize\" is derived. Often misattributed to Lil' Kim, Pamela Long from the group Total sang this part.[6]In 2013, asked about the lyrics, \"Escargot, my car go...\", Lil' Cease of Junior M.A.F.I.A. stated, \"That's the shit that made B.I.G dope B.I.G used to talk about all the cars but, nigga didn't even know how to drive. He wouldn't dare get in the driver seat.\"[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Sean \"Puff Daddy\" Combs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Combs"},{"link_name":"Can't Nobody Hold Me Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Nobody_Hold_Me_Down"},{"link_name":"List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_chart_achievements_and_milestones"},{"link_name":"Bad Boy Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Boy_Records"},{"link_name":"Best Rap Solo Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rap_Solo_Performance"},{"link_name":"1998 Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Men in Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_in_Black_(song)"},{"link_name":"Will Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Smith"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"50 Cent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Cent"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The song was a hit on U.S. radio before being issued as a single. On its release, \"Hypnotize\" entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number two, right behind labelmate and co-writer and co-producer Sean \"Puff Daddy\" Combs (\"Can't Nobody Hold Me Down\"). When \"Hypnotize\" reached number one two weeks later, it made The Notorious B.I.G. the fifth artist in Hot 100 history to have a posthumous chart-topper (see List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones). It also gave back-to-back number-one hits to Combs' Bad Boy Records label. Nominated for Best Rap Solo Performance at the 1998 Grammy Awards, it lost to \"Men in Black\" by Will Smith. The single reached number 10 in the UK, B.I.G.'s first top 10 hit in that country. Kris Ex of Pitchfork wrote \"Big was a master of flow, sounding unforced and unlabored over a bevy of pristine, hi-fidelity maximalist beats that seemed to always bow to his intent.\"[10]50 Cent told NME that the song was the one he would want played at his funeral: \"I'd just want everyone to have as much of a party as possible.\"[11]Billboard and The Guardian both ranked the song number two on their lists of the greatest Notorious B.I.G. songs,[12][13] and Rolling Stone ranked the song number seven on their list of the 50 greatest Notorious B.I.G. songs.[14]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hunter_(director)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"yacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht"},{"link_name":"Hummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummer"},{"link_name":"Deric 'D-Dot' Angelettie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deric_Angelettie"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The music video, directed by Paul Hunter and filmed in California, was released in March 1997. It begins with the caption: Florida Keys 5:47 pm, with B.I.G. and Puff Daddy mingling with women on a Tempest yacht. Helicopters disrupt their bash and attempt to capture them. It cuts to B.I.G. and Puff Daddy in an underground parking lot, where they spot a black Hummer and men dressed in black riding motorcycles. They attempt to get away by driving their vehicle in reverse in the streets. The video cuts to a pool party that's set underwater, where mermaid models can be seen singing through the windows, and ends with B.I.G. and Puff Daddy escaping the helicopters. Intercut throughout the video are scenes of B.I.G. and Puff Daddy behind a sepia background with female dancers and B.I.G dancing behind a black background while pieces of the chorus are captioned below.\"For a big guy, he could really dance, but because his leg was still messed up [from a car accident that shattered his thighbone] he had to stay in one spot. But he was smiling, because he was happy to be stepped up. It was like, 'I'm free to really kill this.'\" – Deric 'D-Dot' Angelettie[15]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"\"Hypnotize\" (radio mix) – 4:06\n\"Hypnotize\" (instrumental) – 3:59\n\"Hypnotize\" (album version) – 5:32[16]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypnotize_(The_Notorious_B.I.G._song)&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_The_Notorious_B.I.G.-19"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadadance_-21"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_The_Notorious_B.I.G.-23"},{"link_name":"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslenski_listinn"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-25"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_The_Notorious_B.I.G.-26"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_The_Notorious_B.I.G.-27"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-28"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_The_Notorious_B.I.G.-29"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKsinglesbyname_The_Notorious_B.I.G.-30"},{"link_name":"UK Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKdance_-31"},{"link_name":"UK Hip Hop/R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKrandb_-32"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_The_Notorious_B.I.G.-33"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrandbhiphop_The_Notorious_B.I.G.-34"},{"link_name":"Hot Rap Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Rap_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrapsongs_The_Notorious_B.I.G.-35"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrhythmic_The_Notorious_B.I.G.-36"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypnotize_(The_Notorious_B.I.G._song)&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypnotize_(The_Notorious_B.I.G._song)&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1997)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[17]\n\n63\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[18]\n\n27\n\n\nCanada (Nielsen SoundScan)[19]\n\n3\n\n\nCanada Dance/Urban (RPM)[20]\n\n15\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[21]\n\n67\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[22]\n\n15\n\n\nIceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[23]\n\n8\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[24]\n\n23\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[25]\n\n16\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[26]\n\n15\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[27]\n\n41\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[28]\n\n29\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[29]\n\n10\n\n\nUK Dance (OCC)[30]\n\n3\n\n\nUK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC)[31]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[32]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[33]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Hot Rap Songs (Billboard)[34]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[35]\n\n3\n\n\n\nChart (2022)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nCanada Digital Song Sales (Billboard)[36]\n\n7\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1997)\n\nPosition\n\n\nCanada Dance/Urban (RPM)[37]\n\n11\n\n\nIceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[38]\n\n41\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[39]\n\n87\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[40]\n\n74\n\n\nUK Urban (Music Week)[41]\n\n9\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[42]\n\n25\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[43]\n\n24\n\nDecade-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1990–1999)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[44]\n\n88","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"^ Long is only credited with providing \"background vocals\" in the Life After Death album and \"Hypnotize\" CD single liner notes. She is not given a \"featuring\" credit like other artists on the album.[3][4]","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_1997"},{"title":"List of number-one R&B singles of 1997 (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_R%26B_singles_of_1997_(U.S.)"}] | [{"reference":"\"100 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs of All Time\". Rolling Stone. June 2, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-hip-hop-songs-of-all-time-105784/","url_text":"\"100 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs of All Time\""}]},{"reference":"Life After Death (booklet). Bad Boy. 1997. 78612-73011-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Boy_Records","url_text":"Bad Boy"}]},{"reference":"Hypnotize (liner notes). Arista. 1997. 74321-46643-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arista_Records","url_text":"Arista"}]},{"reference":"Zellner, Xander (June 27, 2018). \"Artists Who Hit No. 1 On The Hot 100 Posthumously: XXXTentacion & More\". Billboard. Retrieved May 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8463015/artists-who-hit-no-1-hot-100-posthumously-xxxtentacion","url_text":"\"Artists Who Hit No. 1 On The Hot 100 Posthumously: XXXTentacion & More\""}]},{"reference":"Lynskey, Dorian (May 2015). \"The Greatest Songs Ever! Hypnotize\". Blender: 64.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(magazine)","url_text":"Blender"}]},{"reference":"Ralph Bristout (March 25, 2013). \"Lil Cease & Banger Give Details Behind Classic Life After Death References\". XXL Magazine. Retrieved December 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xxlmag.com/lil-cease-banger-give-details-behind-classic-life-after-death-references/","url_text":"\"Lil Cease & Banger Give Details Behind Classic Life After Death References\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXL_Magazine","url_text":"XXL Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Ex, Kris (March 9, 2017). \"Pitchfork Life After Death review\". Pitchfork. Retrieved March 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/22946-life-after-death/","url_text":"\"Pitchfork Life After Death review\""}]},{"reference":"Haynes, Gavin (October 1, 2015). \"Soundtrack of my life\". NME. p. 48.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Josephs, Brian (March 9, 2020). \"The Notorious B.I.G.'s 25 Best Songs: Critic's Picks\". Billboard. Retrieved March 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/the-notorious-big-25-best-songs-list-8457034/","url_text":"\"The Notorious B.I.G.'s 25 Best Songs: Critic's Picks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Petridis, Alexis (March 5, 2021). \"The Notorious BIG: his 20 greatest tracks – ranked!\". The Guardian. Retrieved March 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/mar/05/the-notorious-big-his-20-greatest-tracks-ranked","url_text":"\"The Notorious BIG: his 20 greatest tracks – ranked!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"The 50 Best Notorious B.I.G. Songs\". Rolling Stone. March 9, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-notorious-big-songs-1312298/hypnotize-1997-1314518/","url_text":"\"The 50 Best Notorious B.I.G. 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Retrieved February 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-notorious-b.i.g./chart-history/cns/","url_text":"\"The Notorious B.I.G. Chart History (Canadian Digital Songs)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 14, no. 29. July 19, 1997. p. 12. Retrieved February 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1997/MM-1997-07-19.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (12.6. '97 – 18.6. '97)\". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). June 13, 1997. p. 20. Retrieved February 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timarit.is/page/2955691?iabr=on#page/n1/mode/2up/","url_text":"\"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (12.6. '97 – 18.6. '97)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dagblaðið Vísir"}]},{"reference":"\"The Notorious B.I.G. Chart History (Canadian Digital Song Sales)\". Billboard. Retrieved July 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-notorious-b.i.g./chart-history/cns/","url_text":"\"The Notorious B.I.G. Chart History (Canadian Digital Song Sales)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM '97 Year End Top 50 Dance Tracks\". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved February 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.7908&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.7908.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.7908","url_text":"\"RPM '97 Year End Top 50 Dance Tracks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Árslistinn 1997 – Íslenski Listinn – 100 Vinsælustu Lögin\". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). January 2, 1998. p. 25. Retrieved February 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timarit.is/page/2963913?iabr=on#page/n15/mode/2up/","url_text":"\"Árslistinn 1997 – Íslenski Listinn – 100 Vinsælustu Lögin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dagblaðið Vísir"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Single–Jahrescharts 1997\" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved April 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1997","url_text":"\"Top 100 Single–Jahrescharts 1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment","url_text":"GfK Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 1997\" (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Retrieved February 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1997&cat=s","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MegaCharts","url_text":"MegaCharts"}]},{"reference":"\"The Urban Top 40 Tracks Of 1997\" (PDF). Music Week. January 10, 1998. Retrieved August 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1998/Music-Week-1998-01-10.pdf","url_text":"\"The Urban Top 40 Tracks Of 1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Top 100 – 1997\". Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved August 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090611194337/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1997","url_text":"\"Billboard Top 100 – 1997\""},{"url":"http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1997","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1997\". Billboard. Retrieved October 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1997/hot-r-and-and-b-hip-hop-songs","url_text":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Hot 100 Decade-End 1990-1999\" (PDF). Retrieved May 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1999/BB-1999-12-25.pdf","url_text":"\"Billboard Hot 100 Decade-End 1990-1999\""}]},{"reference":"\"Danish single certifications – Notorious B.I.G. – Hypnotize\". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved April 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://ifpi.dk/node/12360","url_text":"\"Danish single certifications – Notorious B.I.G. – Hypnotize\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Danmark","url_text":"IFPI Danmark"}]},{"reference":"\"Italian single certifications – Notorious B.I.G. – Hypnotize\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved May 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/certificazioni/certificazioni.kl#/certifications","url_text":"\"Italian single certifications – Notorious B.I.G. – Hypnotize\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana","url_text":"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana"}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Notorious BIG – Hypnotize\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/12469-2295-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Notorious BIG – Hypnotize\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Best-Selling Records of 1997\". Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 5. January 31, 1998. p. 76. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved May 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76","url_text":"\"Best-Selling Records of 1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Notorious B.I.G. – Hypnotize\". 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April 19, 1997. p. 35.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=glEiPXAYE-U","external_links_name":"\"Hypnotize\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-hip-hop-songs-of-all-time-105784/","external_links_name":"\"100 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs of All Time\""},{"Link":"https://www.whosampled.com/The-Notorious-B.I.G./Hypnotize/","external_links_name":"https://www.whosampled.com/The-Notorious-B.I.G./Hypnotize/"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8463015/artists-who-hit-no-1-hot-100-posthumously-xxxtentacion","external_links_name":"\"Artists Who Hit No. 1 On The Hot 100 Posthumously: XXXTentacion & More\""},{"Link":"http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=4256","external_links_name":"Quoting Randy Alpert from personal interview"},{"Link":"https://www.xxlmag.com/lil-cease-banger-give-details-behind-classic-life-after-death-references/","external_links_name":"\"Lil Cease & Banger Give Details Behind Classic Life After Death References\""},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/22946-life-after-death/","external_links_name":"\"Pitchfork Life After Death review\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/the-notorious-big-25-best-songs-list-8457034/","external_links_name":"\"The Notorious B.I.G.'s 25 Best Songs: Critic's Picks\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/mar/05/the-notorious-big-his-20-greatest-tracks-ranked","external_links_name":"\"The Notorious BIG: his 20 greatest tracks – ranked!\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-notorious-big-songs-1312298/hypnotize-1997-1314518/","external_links_name":"\"The 50 Best Notorious B.I.G. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Publishing_Group | Kappa Publishing Group | ["1 History","2 Subsidiaries","3 Brands","4 Kappa Map Group","5 Publications","6 Lawsuit","7 References","8 External links"] | Pennsylvania publisher founded in 1955
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Kappa Publishing GroupFounded1955; 69 years ago (1955)FounderH.L. HerbertCountry of originUnited StatesHeadquarters locationBlue Bell, PennsylvaniaPublication typesBooks, magazines, mapsOfficial websitewww.kappapublishing.com
Kappa Publishing Group, Inc. is a Blue Bell, Pennsylvania-based publishing company concentrating on adult puzzle books and magazines as well as children's magazines and maps. It is a private company founded in 1955 with $11.5 million in annual sales.
History
In January 2012, Kappa announced that they had acquired Modern Publishing.
Subsidiaries
It has a number of subsidiary companies, such as London Publishing or GAMES Publications. Its original owner, H.L. Herbert ("Larry") founded his puzzle business, Official Publications in Manhattan with titles including Teen Word-Finds, Superb Word-Finds, Variety Word-Finds and countless crossword puzzle, crosspatch and fill-it-in titles. Sons Anthony Herbert (Editorial Director) and Paul Herbert (Sales) helped the business grow to the success it became. Edward Tobias was the Editor. Prior to Mr. Herbert, Sr.'s passing in the 1980s, he sold the business to Nick Karabots, who owned the printer where the titles were being printed. The business was then moved to Ft. Washington, PA. Top word-find contributors in the early 80's included Rich Latta and Frank J. D'Agostino.
Brands
Kappa Publishing Group has a number of brands used for publishing magazines and books for puzzles and games.
GAMES, which is used for GAMES Magazine and other magazines and books
Official, such as for Official's Logic Puzzles and Official's Variety Puzzles
Blue Ribbon, such as for Blue Ribbon Word Find
Children's Fun Puzzles
Kappa Map Group
Kappa began acquiring map publishers in 2007 with the acquisition of Universal Map. It acquired Mapsco in March 2010 and the map division of travel publisher Langenscheidt in August, including its brands ADC (Alexandria Drafting Company), Arrow Map, Hagstrom Map, American Map and Trakker Map. The Kappa Map Group suddenly ceased operations in early 2022 when the group's Managing Director departed for another position and no so-called "white knight" was found to rescue the mapping group. Decades of cartographic work was abandoned when the Map Group closed down.
Publications
Kappa also publishes Pro Wrestling Illustrated and Horoscope Guide. Former boxing publications include:
Ring Magazine
KO Magazine
World Boxing
Lawsuit
In December 2005, Kappa Publishing settled a class-action lawsuit in which they were accused of sending junk faxes. The settlement was for $1.5 million to 13,500 potential class members, $560,000 in attorneys' fees and expenses and $65,000 for administrative expenses.
References
^ "Kappa Books Acquires Modern Publishing". Publishers Weekly. January 27, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
^ LLC, Universal Map Group. "Universal Map Group, LLC Announces Agreement to Acquire the Assets of Mapsco, Inc". PR Newswire. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
External links
Kappa Publishing website
Kappa Map Group unresponsive link
vteKappa Publishing GroupMagazines
Games
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Maps
Hagstrom Map
Mapsco
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
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This article about a United States publishing company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue Bell, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Bell,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"Kappa Publishing Group, Inc. is a Blue Bell, Pennsylvania-based publishing company concentrating on adult puzzle books and magazines as well as children's magazines and maps. It is a private company founded in 1955 with $11.5 million in annual sales.","title":"Kappa Publishing Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In January 2012, Kappa announced that they had acquired Modern Publishing.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ft. Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ft._Washington"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"It has a number of subsidiary companies, such as London Publishing or GAMES Publications. Its original owner, H.L. Herbert (\"Larry\") founded his puzzle business, Official Publications in Manhattan with titles including Teen Word-Finds, Superb Word-Finds, Variety Word-Finds and countless crossword puzzle, crosspatch and fill-it-in titles. Sons Anthony Herbert (Editorial Director) and Paul Herbert (Sales) helped the business grow to the success it became. Edward Tobias was the Editor. Prior to Mr. Herbert, Sr.'s passing in the 1980s, he sold the business to Nick Karabots, who owned the printer where the titles were being printed. The business was then moved to Ft. Washington, PA. Top word-find contributors in the early 80's included Rich Latta and Frank J. D'Agostino.[citation needed]","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GAMES Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAMES_Magazine"}],"text":"Kappa Publishing Group has a number of brands used for publishing magazines and books for puzzles and games.GAMES, which is used for GAMES Magazine and other magazines and books\nOfficial, such as for Official's Logic Puzzles and Official's Variety Puzzles\nBlue Ribbon, such as for Blue Ribbon Word Find\nChildren's Fun Puzzles","title":"Brands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universal Map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Map"},{"link_name":"Mapsco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapsco"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Langenscheidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langenscheidt"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Kappa began acquiring map publishers in 2007 with the acquisition of Universal Map. It acquired Mapsco in March 2010[2] and the map division of travel publisher Langenscheidt in August, including its brands ADC (Alexandria Drafting Company), Arrow Map, Hagstrom Map, American Map and Trakker Map. The Kappa Map Group suddenly ceased operations in early 2022 when the group's Managing Director departed for another position and no so-called \"white knight\" was found to rescue the mapping group. Decades of cartographic work was abandoned when the Map Group closed down.[citation needed]","title":"Kappa Map Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pro Wrestling Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"Ring Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_Magazine"},{"link_name":"KO Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KO_Magazine"},{"link_name":"World Boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing"}],"text":"Kappa also publishes Pro Wrestling Illustrated and Horoscope Guide. Former boxing publications include:Ring Magazine\nKO Magazine\nWorld Boxing","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nola.com/newsflash/louisiana/index.ssf?/base/news-22/11357906448570.xml&storylist=louisiana"}],"text":"In December 2005, Kappa Publishing settled a class-action lawsuit in which they were accused of sending junk faxes. The settlement was for $1.5 million to 13,500 potential class members, $560,000 in attorneys' fees and expenses and $65,000 for administrative expenses.[1]","title":"Lawsuit"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Kappa Books Acquires Modern Publishing\". Publishers Weekly. January 27, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/50393-kappa-books-acquires-modern-publishing.html","url_text":"\"Kappa Books Acquires Modern Publishing\""}]},{"reference":"LLC, Universal Map Group. \"Universal Map Group, LLC Announces Agreement to Acquire the Assets of Mapsco, Inc\". PR Newswire. Retrieved November 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/universal-map-group-llc-announces-agreement-to-acquire-the-assets-of-mapsco-inc-89502132.html","url_text":"\"Universal Map Group, LLC Announces Agreement to Acquire the Assets of Mapsco, Inc\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kappa_Publishing_Group&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kappa+Publishing+Group%22","external_links_name":"\"Kappa Publishing Group\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kappa+Publishing+Group%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kappa+Publishing+Group%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kappa+Publishing+Group%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kappa+Publishing+Group%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kappa+Publishing+Group%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.kappapublishing.com/","external_links_name":"www.kappapublishing.com"},{"Link":"http://www.nola.com/newsflash/louisiana/index.ssf?/base/news-22/11357906448570.xml&storylist=louisiana","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/50393-kappa-books-acquires-modern-publishing.html","external_links_name":"\"Kappa Books Acquires Modern Publishing\""},{"Link":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/universal-map-group-llc-announces-agreement-to-acquire-the-assets-of-mapsco-inc-89502132.html","external_links_name":"\"Universal Map Group, LLC Announces Agreement to Acquire the Assets of Mapsco, Inc\""},{"Link":"http://www.kappapublishing.com/","external_links_name":"Kappa Publishing website"},{"Link":"https://www.kappamapgroup.com/","external_links_name":"Kappa Map Group"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/142278991","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008026657","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kappa_Publishing_Group&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kappa_Publishing_Group&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25624_Kronecker | List of minor planets: 25001–26000 | [] | List of 1000 sequentially numbered minor planets
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 25001 through 26000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.
Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
Near-Earth obj.
MBA (inner)
MBA (outer)
Centaur
Mars-crosser
MBA (middle)
Jupiter trojan
Trans-Neptunian obj.
Unclassified
Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code
20,000s
21,000s
22,000s
23,000s
24,000s
25,000s
26,000s
27,000s
28,000s
29,000s
30,000s
25,001…
25,101…
25,201…
25,301…
25,401…
25,501…
25,601…
25,701…
25,801…
25,901…
25001–25100
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
25001 Pacheco
1998 OW6
Pacheco
July 31, 1998
Majorca
Á. López J.
·
8.3 km
MPC · JPL
25002
1998 OP7
—
July 26, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
NYS
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25003
1998 OZ8
—
July 26, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
FLO
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
25004
1998 OF10
—
July 26, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25005
1998 OU12
—
July 26, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25006
1998 OD13
—
July 26, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25007
1998 PJ
—
August 5, 1998
Kleť
Kleť Obs.
NYS
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
25008
1998 PL
—
August 8, 1998
Woomera
F. B. Zoltowski
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25009
1998 PG1
—
August 15, 1998
Woomera
F. B. Zoltowski
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25010
1998 PL1
—
August 14, 1998
Majorca
Á. López J., R. Pacheco
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25011
1998 PP1
—
August 13, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
17 km
MPC · JPL
25012
1998 QC
—
August 17, 1998
Višnjan Observatory
Višnjan Obs.
FLO
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25013
1998 QR
—
August 17, 1998
Kleť
Kleť Obs.
FLO
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25014 Christinepalau
1998 QT
Christinepalau
August 18, 1998
Les Tardieux Obs.
M. Boeuf
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25015 Lairdclose
1998 QN2
Lairdclose
August 19, 1998
Haleakala
NEAT
FLO · moon
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25016
1998 QJ4
—
August 18, 1998
Reedy Creek
J. Broughton
NYS
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25017
1998 QG6
—
August 24, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
·
8.4 km
MPC · JPL
25018 Valbousquet
1998 QN6
Valbousquet
August 24, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
25019 Walentosky
1998 QO10
Walentosky
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25020 Tinyacheng
1998 QY13
Tinyacheng
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25021 Nischaykumar
1998 QV17
Nischaykumar
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
moon
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25022 Hemalibatra
1998 QK18
Hemalibatra
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25023 Sundaresh
1998 QA19
Sundaresh
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25024 Calebmcgraw
1998 QL19
Calebmcgraw
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS ·
7.6 km
MPC · JPL
25025 Joshuavo
1998 QW20
Joshuavo
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25026
1998 QF23
—
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25027
1998 QN25
—
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
25028
1998 QL26
—
August 25, 1998
Woomera
F. B. Zoltowski
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25029 Ludwighesse
1998 QO28
Ludwighesse
August 26, 1998
Prescott
P. G. Comba
·
5.5 km
MPC · JPL
25030
1998 QL29
—
August 22, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
ERI
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25031
1998 QM30
—
August 23, 1998
Višnjan Observatory
Višnjan Obs.
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25032 Randallray
1998 QV31
Randallray
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25033
1998 QM32
—
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
25034 Lesliemarie
1998 QS32
Lesliemarie
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25035 Scalesse
1998 QN33
Scalesse
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25036 Elizabethof
1998 QT36
Elizabethof
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
SUL
7.1 km
MPC · JPL
25037
1998 QC37
—
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25038 Matebezdek
1998 QK37
Matebezdek
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25039 Chensun
1998 QF38
Chensun
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
25040
1998 QF40
—
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
25041
1998 QX40
—
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25042 Qiujun
1998 QN42
Qiujun
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
9.5 km
MPC · JPL
25043 Fangxing
1998 QQ42
Fangxing
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
25044
1998 QE43
—
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25045 Baixuefei
1998 QU43
Baixuefei
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25046 Suyihan
1998 QK44
Suyihan
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25047 Tsuitehsin
1998 QN44
Tsuitehsin
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
25048
1998 QJ45
—
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
25049 Christofnorn
1998 QS45
Christofnorn
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
25050 Michmadsen
1998 QN50
Michmadsen
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
25051 Vass
1998 QE53
Vass
August 20, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
7.7 km
MPC · JPL
25052 Rudawska
1998 QG54
Rudawska
August 27, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25053 Matthewknight
1998 QB55
Matthewknight
August 27, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
EOS
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
25054
1998 QN55
—
August 26, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25055
1998 QM57
—
August 30, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
HEN
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25056
1998 QP57
—
August 30, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
9.1 km
MPC · JPL
25057
1998 QW62
—
August 30, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
HNS
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
25058 Shanegould
1998 QO63
Shanegould
August 25, 1998
Reedy Creek
J. Broughton
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25059
1998 QA69
—
August 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25060
1998 QP69
—
August 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
MAR
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25061
1998 QQ69
—
August 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
MAR
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25062 Rasmussen
1998 QH71
Rasmussen
August 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
25063
1998 QV74
—
August 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
MAR
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
25064
1998 QN85
—
August 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
6.7 km
MPC · JPL
25065 Lautakkin
1998 QW85
Lautakkin
August 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
25066
1998 QN86
—
August 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
25067
1998 QW86
—
August 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25068
1998 QV88
—
August 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
25069
1998 QF89
—
August 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25070
1998 QY90
—
August 28, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25071
1998 QN92
—
August 28, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
JLI
7.8 km
MPC · JPL
25072
1998 QB93
—
August 28, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25073 Lautakshing
1998 QM94
Lautakshing
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25074 Honami
1998 QF96
Honami
August 19, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25075 Kiyomoto
1998 QK98
Kiyomoto
August 28, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
25076
1998 QM98
—
August 28, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
H
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
25077
1998 QJ99
—
August 26, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
NYS
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25078
1998 QV99
—
August 26, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
NYS
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
25079
1998 QU103
—
August 26, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
AGN
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
25080
1998 QX103
—
August 26, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
25081
1998 QR108
—
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25082 Williamhodge
1998 RP1
Williamhodge
September 15, 1998
Prescott
P. G. Comba
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
25083
1998 RV1
—
September 14, 1998
Catalina
CSS
GEF
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
25084 Jutzi
1998 RP5
Jutzi
September 15, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
EUN
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
25085 Melena
1998 RM6
Melena
September 14, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
25086
1998 RU8
—
September 13, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
25087 Kaztaniguchi
1998 RK17
Kaztaniguchi
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25088 Yoshimura
1998 RR19
Yoshimura
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25089 Sanabria-Rivera
1998 RN25
Sanabria-Rivera
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25090
1998 RA39
—
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25091 Sanchez-Claudio
1998 RH41
Sanchez-Claudio
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25092
1998 RV42
—
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
25093 Andmikhaylov
1998 RO45
Andmikhaylov
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25094 Zemtsov
1998 RF46
Zemtsov
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
25095 Churinov
1998 RT46
Churinov
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25096
1998 RW46
—
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25097
1998 RK47
—
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
V
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25098 Gridnev
1998 RQ47
Gridnev
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
25099 Mashinskiy
1998 RS47
Mashinskiy
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
25100 Zhaiweichao
1998 RY47
Zhaiweichao
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25101–25200
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
25101
1998 RJ48
—
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
9.6 km
MPC · JPL
25102 Zhaoye
1998 RW50
Zhaoye
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25103 Kimdongyoung
1998 RC51
Kimdongyoung
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25104 Chohyunghoon
1998 RY51
Chohyunghoon
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
25105 Kimnayeon
1998 RJ52
Kimnayeon
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
WIT
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25106 Ryoojungmin
1998 RC53
Ryoojungmin
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25107
1998 RL54
—
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
9.0 km
MPC · JPL
25108 Boström
1998 RV55
Boström
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.8 km
MPC · JPL
25109 Hofving
1998 RR56
Hofving
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
25110
1998 RC61
—
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
25111 Klokun
1998 RG64
Klokun
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25112 Mymeshkovych
1998 RL65
Mymeshkovych
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
25113 Benwasserman
1998 RS65
Benwasserman
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25114
1998 RJ66
—
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25115 Drago
1998 RP66
Drago
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25116 Jonathanwang
1998 RW68
Jonathanwang
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25117
1998 RX68
—
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
25118 Kevlin
1998 RM71
Kevlin
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
MRX
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25119 Kakani
1998 RA72
Kakani
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.6 km
MPC · JPL
25120 Yvetteleung
1998 RN73
Yvetteleung
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25121
1998 RL75
—
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25122 Kaitlingus
1998 RJ77
Kaitlingus
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25123
1998 RA78
—
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
25124 Zahramaarouf
1998 RC78
Zahramaarouf
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
AGN
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
25125 Brodallan
1998 RN78
Brodallan
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25126
1998 RO78
—
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25127 Laurentbrunetto
1998 SZ
Laurentbrunetto
September 16, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
·
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
25128
1998 SK1
—
September 16, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
THM
8.5 km
MPC · JPL
25129 Uranoscope
1998 SP1
Uranoscope
September 16, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25130
1998 SV1
—
September 16, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
·
8.3 km
MPC · JPL
25131 Katiemelua
1998 SY3
Katiemelua
September 18, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
MRX
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25132
1998 SO9
—
September 17, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
8.5 km
MPC · JPL
25133 Douglin
1998 SU14
Douglin
September 18, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25134
1998 SC17
—
September 17, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
6.8 km
MPC · JPL
25135
1998 SX21
—
September 23, 1998
Višnjan Observatory
Višnjan Obs.
NYS
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25136
1998 SE22
—
September 23, 1998
Višnjan Observatory
Višnjan Obs.
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
25137 Seansolomon
1998 SS23
Seansolomon
September 17, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25138 Jaumann
1998 SM24
Jaumann
September 17, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
25139 Roatsch
1998 SN25
Roatsch
September 22, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
NEM
7.6 km
MPC · JPL
25140 Schmedemann
1998 SU25
Schmedemann
September 22, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25141
1998 SC27
—
September 20, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25142 Hopf
1998 SA28
Hopf
September 26, 1998
Prescott
P. G. Comba
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
25143 Itokawa
1998 SF36
Itokawa
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
APO · PHA
330 m
MPC · JPL
25144
1998 SC43
—
September 23, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
25145
1998 SH43
—
September 23, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
URS
8.4 km
MPC · JPL
25146 Xiada
1998 SN43
Xiada
September 24, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25147
1998 SZ45
—
September 25, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25148
1998 SE47
—
September 25, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
7.0 km
MPC · JPL
25149
1998 SM49
—
September 22, 1998
Bergisch Gladbach
W. Bickel
·
5.5 km
MPC · JPL
25150
1998 SB51
—
September 26, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
NYS
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
25151 Stefanschröder
1998 SS53
Stefanschröder
September 16, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
PAE
7.9 km
MPC · JPL
25152 Toplis
1998 SX53
Toplis
September 16, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
25153 Tomhockey
1998 SY53
Tomhockey
September 16, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25154 Ayers
1998 SZ54
Ayers
September 16, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
THM
7.5 km
MPC · JPL
25155 van Belle
1998 SA55
van Belle
September 16, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
KOR
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
25156 Shkolnik
1998 SL55
Shkolnik
September 16, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
25157 Fabian
1998 SA56
Fabian
September 16, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
THM
5.5 km
MPC · JPL
25158 Berman
1998 SF57
Berman
September 17, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25159 Michaelwest
1998 SN57
Michaelwest
September 17, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
11 km
MPC · JPL
25160 Joellama
1998 SN58
Joellama
September 17, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
NYS
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25161 Strosahl
1998 SR58
Strosahl
September 17, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
V
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25162 Beckage
1998 ST59
Beckage
September 17, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
NYS
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
25163 Williammcdonald
1998 SC60
Williammcdonald
September 17, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
VER
8.6 km
MPC · JPL
25164 Sonomastate
1998 SJ62
Sonomastate
September 19, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25165 Leget
1998 SK62
Leget
September 19, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25166 Thompson
1998 SM62
Thompson
September 19, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
NAE
8.3 km
MPC · JPL
25167
1998 SO64
—
September 20, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
EUN
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25168
1998 SC65
—
September 20, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25169
1998 SR65
—
September 20, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25170
1998 SB66
—
September 20, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
25171
1998 SX66
—
September 20, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
KOR
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25172
1998 SF67
—
September 20, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
25173
1998 SN71
—
September 21, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
KOR
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
25174
1998 SQ72
—
September 21, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
EUN
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
25175 Lukeandraka
1998 SX75
Lukeandraka
September 29, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25176 Thomasaunins
1998 ST81
Thomasaunins
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
HEN
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25177
1998 ST84
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25178 Shreebose
1998 SA96
Shreebose
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
25179
1998 SG100
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
CLO
8.4 km
MPC · JPL
25180 Kenyonconlin
1998 SM107
Kenyonconlin
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25181
1998 SN108
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
9.5 km
MPC · JPL
25182 Siddhawan
1998 ST110
Siddhawan
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
25183 Grantfisher
1998 SJ115
Grantfisher
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
25184 Taylorgaines
1998 SL115
Taylorgaines
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
25185
1998 SR115
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.6 km
MPC · JPL
25186
1998 SY115
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25187
1998 SH116
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
WIT ·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
25188
1998 SR117
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.3 km
MPC · JPL
25189 Glockner
1998 SD118
Glockner
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25190 Thomasgoodin
1998 SM118
Thomasgoodin
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25191 Rachelouise
1998 SE123
Rachelouise
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.0 km
MPC · JPL
25192
1998 SU124
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
25193 Taliagreene
1998 SV126
Taliagreene
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
25194
1998 ST132
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
HOF
9.8 km
MPC · JPL
25195
1998 SR133
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25196
1998 SH134
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
THM
8.4 km
MPC · JPL
25197
1998 SX137
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
25198 Kylienicole
1998 SC138
Kylienicole
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
25199 Jiahegu
1998 SB139
Jiahegu
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
HOF
11 km
MPC · JPL
25200
1998 SK139
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
9.3 km
MPC · JPL
25201–25300
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
25201
1998 SV140
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25202
1998 SW140
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25203
1998 SP143
—
September 18, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25204
1998 SP144
—
September 20, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
7.0 km
MPC · JPL
25205
1998 SQ144
—
September 20, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
25206
1998 SX145
—
September 20, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
MRX
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25207
1998 SY145
—
September 20, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
NYS
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
25208
1998 SK146
—
September 20, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
11 km
MPC · JPL
25209
1998 SO146
—
September 20, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
HEN
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25210
1998 SE147
—
September 20, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
7.7 km
MPC · JPL
25211
1998 SU147
—
September 20, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
25212 Ayushgupta
1998 SU149
Ayushgupta
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25213
1998 SP159
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
25214
1998 SS162
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
25215
1998 SC164
—
September 18, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
FLO
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25216 Enricobernardi
1998 TU1
Enricobernardi
October 10, 1998
Pleiade
F. Castellani, I. Dal Prete
EUN
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25217
1998 TX1
—
October 13, 1998
Reedy Creek
J. Broughton
GEF
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25218
1998 TZ1
—
October 13, 1998
Reedy Creek
J. Broughton
·
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
25219
1998 TM5
—
October 13, 1998
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
25220
1998 TQ6
—
October 15, 1998
Reedy Creek
J. Broughton
V
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25221
1998 TJ10
—
October 12, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
THM
7.5 km
MPC · JPL
25222
1998 TT13
—
October 13, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
25223
1998 TT26
—
October 14, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
EOS
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
25224
1998 TD27
—
October 14, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
25225 Patrickbenson
1998 TN30
Patrickbenson
October 10, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
MAS
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25226 Brasch
1998 TP30
Brasch
October 10, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
MAS
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25227 Genehill
1998 TQ30
Genehill
October 10, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25228 Mikekitt
1998 TR30
Mikekitt
October 10, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
6.6 km
MPC · JPL
25229 Karenkitt
1998 TV30
Karenkitt
October 10, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25230 Borgis
1998 TT31
Borgis
October 11, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
25231 Naylor
1998 TW32
Naylor
October 14, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
5.7 km
MPC · JPL
25232 Schatz
1998 TN33
Schatz
October 14, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
KOR
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
25233 Tallman
1998 TD34
Tallman
October 14, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
EOS
6.8 km
MPC · JPL
25234 Odell
1998 TW34
Odell
October 14, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
EOS
7.0 km
MPC · JPL
25235
1998 UC3
—
October 20, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
KOR
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25236
1998 UT6
—
October 18, 1998
Gekko
T. Kagawa
·
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
25237 Hurwitz
1998 UG7
Hurwitz
October 20, 1998
Prescott
P. G. Comba
·
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
25238
1998 UJ7
—
October 21, 1998
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25239
1998 UB8
—
October 23, 1998
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
6.9 km
MPC · JPL
25240 Qiansanqiang
1998 UO8
Qiansanqiang
October 16, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
HOF
10 km
MPC · JPL
25241
1998 UF14
—
October 23, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
KOR
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
25242
1998 UH15
—
October 20, 1998
Granville
R. G. Davis
·
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
25243
1998 UQ15
—
October 23, 1998
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
25244
1998 UV15
—
October 24, 1998
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
NYS
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25245
1998 UW18
—
October 26, 1998
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
HYG
9.3 km
MPC · JPL
25246
1998 UX18
—
October 26, 1998
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
25247
1998 UW19
—
October 23, 1998
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25248
1998 UX19
—
October 24, 1998
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
THM
7.7 km
MPC · JPL
25249
1998 UV22
—
October 31, 1998
Gekko
T. Kagawa
MIT
7.7 km
MPC · JPL
25250 Jonnapeterson
1998 UX23
Jonnapeterson
October 17, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
RAF
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25251
1998 UL25
—
October 18, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25252
1998 UC26
—
October 18, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
25253
1998 UV29
—
October 18, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
GEF
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
25254
1998 UM32
—
October 29, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
EOS
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
25255
1998 UX32
—
October 28, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
MIT
6.6 km
MPC · JPL
25256 Imbrie-Moore
1998 UG34
Imbrie-Moore
October 28, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25257 Elizmakarron
1998 UF42
Elizmakarron
October 28, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25258 Nathaniel
1998 VU
Nathaniel
November 7, 1998
Kleť
M. Tichý, J. Tichá
·
5.9 km
MPC · JPL
25259 Lucarnold
1998 VK4
Lucarnold
November 11, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
·
6.8 km
MPC · JPL
25260
1998 VN5
—
November 8, 1998
Nachi-Katsuura
Y. Shimizu, T. Urata
·
10 km
MPC · JPL
25261
1998 VX5
—
November 11, 1998
Gekko
T. Kagawa
·
8.0 km
MPC · JPL
25262
1998 VL14
—
November 10, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25263
1998 VM16
—
November 10, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
17 km
MPC · JPL
25264 Erickeen
1998 VP16
Erickeen
November 10, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
25265
1998 VR17
—
November 10, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25266 Taylorkinyon
1998 VS20
Taylorkinyon
November 10, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
25267
1998 VH21
—
November 10, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
PAD
8.1 km
MPC · JPL
25268
1998 VP23
—
November 10, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
6.9 km
MPC · JPL
25269
1998 VY23
—
November 10, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25270
1998 VR27
—
November 10, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
HYG
17 km
MPC · JPL
25271
1998 VT27
—
November 10, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
25272
1998 VK32
—
November 14, 1998
Reedy Creek
J. Broughton
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25273 Barrycarole
1998 VN32
Barrycarole
November 15, 1998
Cocoa
I. P. Griffin
KOR
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
25274
1998 VE33
—
November 15, 1998
Reedy Creek
J. Broughton
EUN
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
25275 Jocelynbell
1998 VF33
Jocelynbell
November 14, 1998
Goodricke-Pigott
R. A. Tucker
V
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25276 Dimai
1998 VJ33
Dimai
November 15, 1998
Pianoro
V. Goretti
EOS
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
25277
1998 VR34
—
November 14, 1998
Uenohara
N. Kawasato
K-2
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
25278
1998 VD51
—
November 13, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25279
1998 VF52
—
November 13, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25280
1998 VY53
—
November 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
25281
1998 WP
—
November 16, 1998
High Point
D. K. Chesney
·
13 km
MPC · JPL
25282
1998 WR
—
November 18, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
7.7 km
MPC · JPL
25283
1998 WU
—
November 17, 1998
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
25284
1998 WL2
—
November 17, 1998
Catalina
CSS
ALA ·
9.6 km
MPC · JPL
25285
1998 WB7
—
November 17, 1998
Uenohara
N. Kawasato
KOR ·
7.6 km
MPC · JPL
25286
1998 WC8
—
November 18, 1998
Kushiro
S. Ueda, H. Kaneda
·
7.9 km
MPC · JPL
25287
1998 WR9
—
November 28, 1998
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
25288
1998 WM10
—
November 21, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25289
1998 WE12
—
November 21, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
6.2 km
MPC · JPL
25290 Vibhuti
1998 WH14
Vibhuti
November 21, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25291
1998 WO16
—
November 21, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
25292
1998 WQ16
—
November 21, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
9.7 km
MPC · JPL
25293
1998 WS16
—
November 21, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
25294 Johnlaberee
1998 WA17
Johnlaberee
November 21, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.3 km
MPC · JPL
25295
1998 WK17
—
November 21, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
ALA
15 km
MPC · JPL
25296
1998 WD20
—
November 26, 1998
Kashihara
F. Uto
THM
9.4 km
MPC · JPL
25297
1998 WW20
—
November 18, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.8 km
MPC · JPL
25298 Fionapaine
1998 WB22
Fionapaine
November 18, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
25299
1998 WX22
—
November 18, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
25300 Andyromine
1998 WE23
Andyromine
November 18, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
XIZ
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25301–25400
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
25301 Ambrofogar
1998 XZ2
Ambrofogar
December 7, 1998
San Marcello
M. Tombelli, A. Boattini
·
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
25302 Niim
1998 XW3
Niim
December 9, 1998
Chichibu
N. Satō
EOS
12 km
MPC · JPL
25303
1998 XE17
—
December 8, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
·
15 km
MPC · JPL
25304
1998 XQ28
—
December 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25305
1998 XH62
—
December 9, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25306
1998 XQ73
—
December 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
21 km
MPC · JPL
25307
1998 XU77
—
December 15, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.8 km
MPC · JPL
25308
1998 XW82
—
December 15, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
6.6 km
MPC · JPL
25309 Chrisauer
1998 XQ87
Chrisauer
December 15, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25310
1998 XY92
—
December 15, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
15 km
MPC · JPL
25311
1998 YV3
—
December 17, 1998
Ondřejov
T. Rezek, P. Pravec
·
6.8 km
MPC · JPL
25312 Asiapossenti
1998 YU6
Asiapossenti
December 22, 1998
Colleverde
V. S. Casulli
·
18 km
MPC · JPL
25313
1998 YV8
—
December 22, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
5.9 km
MPC · JPL
25314
1999 AK3
—
January 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.4 km
MPC · JPL
25315
1999 AZ8
—
January 9, 1999
Xinglong
SCAP
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
25316 Comnick
1999 AH23
Comnick
January 10, 1999
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
7.9 km
MPC · JPL
25317
1999 BL12
—
January 24, 1999
Črni Vrh
Črni Vrh
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
25318
1999 CH12
—
February 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
H
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
25319
1999 CT14
—
February 15, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
7.5 km
MPC · JPL
25320
1999 CP15
—
February 11, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
H
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25321 Rohitsingh
1999 FR27
Rohitsingh
March 19, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
25322 Rebeccajean
1999 FM28
Rebeccajean
March 19, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25323
1999 FC34
—
March 19, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25324
1999 GQ4
—
April 10, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
8.3 km
MPC · JPL
25325
1999 JS5
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
H
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25326 Lawrencesun
1999 JB32
Lawrencesun
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25327
1999 JB63
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25328
1999 JK83
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25329
1999 JO84
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
25330
1999 KV4
—
May 17, 1999
Catalina
CSS
APO +1km
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25331 Berrevoets
1999 KY4
Berrevoets
May 20, 1999
Oaxaca
J. M. Roe
·
6.5 km
MPC · JPL
25332
1999 KK6
—
May 17, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
H
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25333 Britwenger
1999 KW13
Britwenger
May 18, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25334
1999 LK11
—
June 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25335
1999 NT
—
July 9, 1999
Les Tardieux Obs.
M. Boeuf
·
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
25336
1999 OR2
—
July 22, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
25337 Elisabetta
1999 PK
Elisabetta
August 6, 1999
Ceccano
G. Masi
H
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
25338
1999 RE2
—
September 6, 1999
Fountain Hills
C. W. Juels
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
25339
1999 RE27
—
September 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
H
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
25340 Segoves
1999 RX31
Segoves
September 10, 1999
Kleť
M. Tichý, Z. Moravec
H
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
25341
1999 RT38
—
September 13, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25342
1999 RQ42
—
September 14, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
EUN
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
25343
1999 RA44
—
September 15, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
FLO
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25344
1999 RN72
—
September 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
L5
23 km
MPC · JPL
25345
1999 RW88
—
September 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
25346
1999 RS103
—
September 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
25347
1999 RQ116
—
September 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
L5
29 km
MPC · JPL
25348 Wisniowiecki
1999 RJ124
Wisniowiecki
September 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25349
1999 RL127
—
September 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
25350
1999 RB143
—
September 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
25351
1999 RK173
—
September 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
25352
1999 RQ201
—
September 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25353
1999 RB210
—
September 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25354 Zdasiuk
1999 RD211
Zdasiuk
September 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25355
1999 RU221
—
September 5, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25356
1999 SK6
—
September 30, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
629
7.7 km
MPC · JPL
25357
1999 TM
—
October 1, 1999
Zeno
T. Stafford
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
25358 Boskovice
1999 TY3
Boskovice
October 2, 1999
Ondřejov
L. Kotková
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25359
1999 TW11
—
October 10, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević, M. Jurić
FLO
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25360
1999 TK14
—
October 10, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević, M. Jurić
NYS
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25361
1999 TC23
—
October 3, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
MAS
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25362
1999 TH24
—
October 4, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25363
1999 TW24
—
October 2, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
25364 Allisonbaas
1999 TD26
Allisonbaas
October 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25365 Bernreuter
1999 TC27
Bernreuter
October 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
25366 Maureenbobo
1999 TH30
Maureenbobo
October 4, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25367 Cicek
1999 TC96
Cicek
October 2, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
25368 Gailcolwell
1999 TQ96
Gailcolwell
October 2, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25369 Dawndonovan
1999 TR108
Dawndonovan
October 4, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
25370 Karenfletch
1999 TW144
Karenfletch
October 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
25371 Frangaley
1999 TS153
Frangaley
October 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25372 Shanagarza
1999 TB164
Shanagarza
October 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
25373 Gorsch
1999 TC166
Gorsch
October 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25374 Harbrucker
1999 TC178
Harbrucker
October 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25375 Treenajoi
1999 TR180
Treenajoi
October 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25376 Christikeen
1999 TS180
Christikeen
October 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS ·
5.7 km
MPC · JPL
25377 Rolaberee
1999 TZ196
Rolaberee
October 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25378 Erinlambert
1999 TY197
Erinlambert
October 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25379
1999 TL210
—
October 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
25380
1999 TA212
—
October 15, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
25381 Jerrynelson
1999 TE213
Jerrynelson
October 15, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
ERI
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25382
1999 TK226
—
October 3, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
FLO
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
25383 Lindacker
1999 UN1
Lindacker
October 18, 1999
Kleť
Kleť Obs.
NYS
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
25384 Partizánske
1999 UW1
Partizánske
October 18, 1999
Ondřejov
P. Kušnirák
·
10 km
MPC · JPL
25385
1999 UC3
—
October 20, 1999
Gekko
T. Kagawa
·
6.2 km
MPC · JPL
25386
1999 UE3
—
October 17, 1999
Bergisch Gladbach
W. Bickel
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25387
1999 UN3
—
October 16, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
V
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25388
1999 UG4
—
October 31, 1999
Oaxaca
J. M. Roe
NYS
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25389
1999 UJ9
—
October 29, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25390
1999 UU10
—
October 31, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
GAL
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
25391
1999 UC16
—
October 29, 1999
Catalina
CSS
FLO
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
25392
1999 UC26
—
October 30, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25393
1999 UK26
—
October 30, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25394
1999 UQ48
—
October 30, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25395
1999 VF6
—
November 5, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
FLO
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25396
1999 VL10
—
November 9, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25397
1999 VY10
—
November 7, 1999
Gnosca
S. Sposetti
FLO
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25398
1999 VM12
—
November 11, 1999
Fountain Hills
C. W. Juels
·
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
25399 Vonnegut
1999 VN20
Vonnegut
November 11, 1999
Fountain Hills
C. W. Juels
HNS
6.8 km
MPC · JPL
25400
1999 VU20
—
November 9, 1999
Nachi-Katsuura
Y. Shimizu, T. Urata
FLO
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25401–25500
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
25401
1999 VY24
—
November 13, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25402 Angelanorse
1999 VA27
Angelanorse
November 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25403 Carlapiazza
1999 VE31
Carlapiazza
November 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25404 Shansample
1999 VU31
Shansample
November 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25405 Jeffwidder
1999 VM32
Jeffwidder
November 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
25406 Debwysocki
1999 VR32
Debwysocki
November 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25407
1999 VM34
—
November 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
25408
1999 VB35
—
November 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25409
1999 VD36
—
November 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.5 km
MPC · JPL
25410 Abejar
1999 VG36
Abejar
November 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25411
1999 VM37
—
November 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25412 Arbesfeld
1999 VZ38
Arbesfeld
November 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25413 Dorischen
1999 VE39
Dorischen
November 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25414 Cherkassky
1999 VH48
Cherkassky
November 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
25415 Jocelyn
1999 VL53
Jocelyn
November 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25416 Chyanwen
1999 VY58
Chyanwen
November 4, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25417 Coquillette
1999 VZ65
Coquillette
November 4, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25418 Deshmukh
1999 VG66
Deshmukh
November 4, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
25419
1999 VC72
—
November 11, 1999
Xinglong
SCAP
FLO
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25420
1999 VN81
—
November 5, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25421 Gafaran
1999 VL86
Gafaran
November 5, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25422 Abigreene
1999 VL111
Abigreene
November 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25423
1999 VS127
—
November 9, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
25424 Gunasekaran
1999 VQ158
Gunasekaran
November 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25425 Chelsealynn
1999 VR169
Chelsealynn
November 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25426 Alexanderkim
1999 VU169
Alexanderkim
November 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
25427 Kratchmarov
1999 VP170
Kratchmarov
November 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
25428 Lakhanpal
1999 VM172
Lakhanpal
November 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25429
1999 VM187
—
November 15, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25430 Ericlarson
1999 VT189
Ericlarson
November 15, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25431
1999 VW194
—
November 2, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
25432 Josepherli
1999 VG225
Josepherli
November 5, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
25433
1999 WM2
—
November 26, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25434 Westonia
1999 WS2
Westonia
November 29, 1999
Kleť
M. Tichý
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25435
1999 WX3
—
November 28, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25436
1999 WE4
—
November 28, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25437
1999 WP4
—
November 28, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
V
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25438
1999 WY5
—
November 30, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
PHO
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
25439
1999 WV6
—
November 28, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25440
1999 WR7
—
November 28, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25441
1999 WG8
—
November 28, 1999
Kvistaberg
UDAS
NYS
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25442
1999 WQ9
—
November 30, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
9.0 km
MPC · JPL
25443
1999 WC10
—
November 30, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
8.4 km
MPC · JPL
25444
1999 WL13
—
November 29, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25445
1999 XK1
—
December 2, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
25446
1999 XF2
—
December 4, 1999
Gekko
T. Kagawa
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25447
1999 XE4
—
December 4, 1999
Catalina
CSS
NYS
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
25448
1999 XJ4
—
December 4, 1999
Catalina
CSS
NYS
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25449
1999 XN6
—
December 4, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25450
1999 XQ7
—
December 4, 1999
Fountain Hills
C. W. Juels
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
25451
1999 XC8
—
December 3, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
25452
1999 XS10
—
December 5, 1999
Catalina
CSS
V
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
25453
1999 XU11
—
December 6, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
15 km
MPC · JPL
25454
1999 XN12
—
December 5, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
25455 Anissamak
1999 XP12
Anissamak
December 5, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25456 Caitlinmann
1999 XQ12
Caitlinmann
December 5, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25457 Mariannamao
1999 XH13
Mariannamao
December 5, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
PAE
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
25458
1999 XT13
—
December 5, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
25459
1999 XL14
—
December 5, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
8.6 km
MPC · JPL
25460
1999 XX15
—
December 6, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25461
1999 XR18
—
December 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
25462 Haydenmetsky
1999 XV18
Haydenmetsky
December 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25463
1999 XJ21
—
December 5, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
25464 Maxrabinovich
1999 XA24
Maxrabinovich
December 6, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25465 Rajagopalan
1999 XT25
Rajagopalan
December 6, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25466
1999 XG31
—
December 6, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.4 km
MPC · JPL
25467
1999 XV32
—
December 6, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
ADE
11 km
MPC · JPL
25468 Ramakrishna
1999 XS33
Ramakrishna
December 6, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25469 Ransohoff
1999 XC34
Ransohoff
December 6, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
25470
1999 XW35
—
December 6, 1999
Ametlla de Mar
J. Nomen
·
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
25471
1999 XZ35
—
December 6, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25472 Joanoro
1999 XL36
Joanoro
December 6, 1999
Ametlla de Mar
J. Nomen
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25473
1999 XJ38
—
December 3, 1999
Uenohara
N. Kawasato
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25474
1999 XO38
—
December 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25475 Lizrao
1999 XY40
Lizrao
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.2 km
MPC · JPL
25476 Sealfon
1999 XU42
Sealfon
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25477 Preyashah
1999 XC44
Preyashah
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
25478 Shrock
1999 XR45
Shrock
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
25479 Ericshyu
1999 XD54
Ericshyu
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25480
1999 XB67
—
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
ADE
7.6 km
MPC · JPL
25481 Willjaysun
1999 XU68
Willjaysun
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25482 Tallapragada
1999 XM72
Tallapragada
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25483 Trusheim
1999 XF74
Trusheim
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25484
1999 XL75
—
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
25485
1999 XY75
—
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.8 km
MPC · JPL
25486 Michaelwham
1999 XF81
Michaelwham
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25487
1999 XU82
—
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
25488 Figueiredo
1999 XD83
Figueiredo
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25489
1999 XN83
—
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
25490 Kevinkelly
1999 XN84
Kevinkelly
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS ·
6.6 km
MPC · JPL
25491 Meador
1999 XS84
Meador
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
25492 Firnberg
1999 XF85
Firnberg
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
25493
1999 XG85
—
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.1 km
MPC · JPL
25494
1999 XV86
—
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
25495 Michaelroddy
1999 XW86
Michaelroddy
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
25496
1999 XY86
—
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
25497 Brauerman
1999 XV87
Brauerman
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
25498
1999 XJ88
—
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.0 km
MPC · JPL
25499
1999 XR88
—
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25500
1999 XF91
—
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
THM
8.3 km
MPC · JPL
25501–25600
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
25501
1999 XK91
—
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
25502
1999 XO91
—
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
25503
1999 XW93
—
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.5 km
MPC · JPL
25504
1999 XS94
—
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
10 km
MPC · JPL
25505
1999 XQ95
—
December 7, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
slow
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
25506
1999 XS95
—
December 9, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
DOR
8.4 km
MPC · JPL
25507
1999 XB96
—
December 9, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25508
1999 XC96
—
December 9, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
V
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25509 Rodwong
1999 XF97
Rodwong
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS ·
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
25510 Donvincent
1999 XJ97
Donvincent
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25511 Annlipinsky
1999 XM97
Annlipinsky
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25512 Anncomins
1999 XT97
Anncomins
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
slow
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25513 Weseley
1999 XM98
Weseley
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25514 Lisawu
1999 XJ99
Lisawu
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
25515 Briancarey
1999 XU99
Briancarey
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25516 Davidknight
1999 XS100
Davidknight
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25517 Davidlau
1999 XD101
Davidlau
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25518 Paulcitrin
1999 XO101
Paulcitrin
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
PAD
6.9 km
MPC · JPL
25519 Bartolomeo
1999 XS101
Bartolomeo
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25520 Deronchang
1999 XV102
Deronchang
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25521 Stevemorgan
1999 XH103
Stevemorgan
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25522 Roisen
1999 XK103
Roisen
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
25523
1999 XU104
—
December 10, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25524
1999 XA106
—
December 11, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
GEF
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25525
1999 XM113
—
December 11, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
25526
1999 XV115
—
December 5, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25527
1999 XM117
—
December 5, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25528
1999 XP126
—
December 7, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
7.9 km
MPC · JPL
25529
1999 XL127
—
December 11, 1999
Fountain Hills
C. W. Juels
·
7.8 km
MPC · JPL
25530
1999 XQ127
—
December 6, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
FLO
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25531 Lessek
1999 XE133
Lessek
December 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25532
1999 XJ133
—
December 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
6.2 km
MPC · JPL
25533
1999 XC140
—
December 2, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25534
1999 XK140
—
December 2, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
7.9 km
MPC · JPL
25535
1999 XF144
—
December 15, 1999
Fountain Hills
C. W. Juels
slow
7.0 km
MPC · JPL
25536
1999 XG144
—
December 15, 1999
Fountain Hills
C. W. Juels
HNS
5.5 km
MPC · JPL
25537
1999 XK157
—
December 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25538 Markcarlson
1999 XN158
Markcarlson
December 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25539 Roberthelm
1999 XA159
Roberthelm
December 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
25540
1999 XQ159
—
December 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25541 Greathouse
1999 XB160
Greathouse
December 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25542 Garabedian
1999 XH160
Garabedian
December 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25543 Fruen
1999 XR160
Fruen
December 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
25544 Renerogers
1999 XU161
Renerogers
December 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25545
1999 XG164
—
December 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
25546
1999 XL164
—
December 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
25547
1999 XV164
—
December 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
25548
1999 XP165
—
December 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
MAR
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
25549 Jonsauer
1999 XZ167
Jonsauer
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
fast
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
25550
1999 XH168
—
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25551 Drewhall
1999 XP168
Drewhall
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25552 Gaster
1999 XS168
Gaster
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25553 Ivanlafer
1999 XC169
Ivanlafer
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25554 Jayaranjan
1999 XG169
Jayaranjan
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25555 Ratnavarma
1999 XJ169
Ratnavarma
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.2 km
MPC · JPL
25556
1999 XP169
—
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25557
1999 XW171
—
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
25558
1999 XT172
—
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
ADE
10 km
MPC · JPL
25559
1999 XW172
—
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
URS
12 km
MPC · JPL
25560 Chaihaoxi
1999 XD173
Chaihaoxi
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25561 Leehyunki
1999 XN173
Leehyunki
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
25562 Limdarren
1999 XJ174
Limdarren
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25563
1999 XR174
—
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25564
1999 XC175
—
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
25565 Lusiyang
1999 XM175
Lusiyang
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.6 km
MPC · JPL
25566 Panying
1999 XM177
Panying
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25567
1999 XJ178
—
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.2 km
MPC · JPL
25568
1999 XC179
—
December 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
MAR
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25569
1999 XE192
—
December 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25570 Kesun
1999 XT194
Kesun
December 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
25571
1999 XP195
—
December 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
25572
1999 XJ197
—
December 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
HNS
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
25573 Wanghaoyu
1999 XT205
Wanghaoyu
December 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25574
1999 XZ205
—
December 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.9 km
MPC · JPL
25575
1999 XD206
—
December 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.5 km
MPC · JPL
25576
1999 XL213
—
December 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25577 Wangmanqiang
1999 XN213
Wangmanqiang
December 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25578
1999 XB217
—
December 13, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
KOR
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25579
1999 XO217
—
December 13, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
THM
8.8 km
MPC · JPL
25580 Xuelai
1999 XU220
Xuelai
December 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
25581
1999 XD221
—
December 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.6 km
MPC · JPL
25582
1999 XG221
—
December 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
11 km
MPC · JPL
25583
1999 XJ221
—
December 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
12 km
MPC · JPL
25584 Zhangnelson
1999 XO221
Zhangnelson
December 15, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25585
1999 XK224
—
December 13, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
THM
6.5 km
MPC · JPL
25586
1999 XY225
—
December 13, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
EOS
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
25587
1999 XL227
—
December 15, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
FLO
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25588
1999 XW230
—
December 7, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25589 Danicamckellar
1999 XY231
Danicamckellar
December 9, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
25590
1999 XM238
—
December 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.1 km
MPC · JPL
25591
1999 XG252
—
December 9, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
THM
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
25592
1999 YO1
—
December 19, 1999
Moriyama
Y. Ikari
FLO
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25593 Camillejordan
1999 YA5
Camillejordan
December 28, 1999
Prescott
P. G. Comba
NYS
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25594 Kessler
1999 YA9
Kessler
December 29, 1999
Farpoint
G. Hug, G. Bell
EOS
7.3 km
MPC · JPL
25595
1999 YD9
—
December 29, 1999
Farpoint
G. Hug, G. Bell
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25596
1999 YO9
—
December 31, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
FLO
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25597 Glendahill
1999 YS14
Glendahill
December 31, 1999
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25598
1999 YK16
—
December 31, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
EOS
7.7 km
MPC · JPL
25599
2000 AN
—
January 2, 2000
Fountain Hills
C. W. Juels
FLO
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25600
2000 AS1
—
January 2, 2000
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25601–25700
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
25601 Francopacini
2000 AX2
Francopacini
January 1, 2000
San Marcello
M. Tombelli, L. Tesi
THM
8.2 km
MPC · JPL
25602 Ucaronia
2000 AA3
Ucaronia
January 2, 2000
Pian dei Termini
A. Boattini, A. Caronia
V
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
25603
2000 AR4
—
January 2, 2000
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25604 Karlin
2000 AM6
Karlin
January 4, 2000
Prescott
P. G. Comba
KOR
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25605
2000 AP7
—
January 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
25606 Chiangshenghao
2000 AT7
Chiangshenghao
January 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25607 Tsengiching
2000 AN10
Tsengiching
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
25608 Hincapie
2000 AY10
Hincapie
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25609 Bogantes
2000 AA12
Bogantes
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
25610
2000 AC20
—
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25611 Mabellin
2000 AY20
Mabellin
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25612 Yaoskalucia
2000 AZ22
Yaoskalucia
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
THM
6.7 km
MPC · JPL
25613 Bubenicek
2000 AL24
Bubenicek
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25614 Jankral
2000 AE28
Jankral
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.0 km
MPC · JPL
25615 Votroubek
2000 AR31
Votroubek
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
V
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25616 Riinuots
2000 AJ32
Riinuots
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25617 Thomasnesch
2000 AN32
Thomasnesch
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.3 km
MPC · JPL
25618
2000 AJ34
—
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
ERI
8.8 km
MPC · JPL
25619 Martonspohn
2000 AQ34
Martonspohn
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.6 km
MPC · JPL
25620 Jayaprakash
2000 AL40
Jayaprakash
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25621
2000 AF41
—
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
25622
2000 AN46
—
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.6 km
MPC · JPL
25623
2000 AY47
—
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25624 Kronecker
2000 AK48
Kronecker
January 6, 2000
Prescott
P. G. Comba
·
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
25625 Verdenet
2000 AN48
Verdenet
January 5, 2000
Le Creusot
J.-C. Merlin
EUT
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25626
2000 AD50
—
January 5, 2000
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
NYS · fast
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25627
2000 AU50
—
January 5, 2000
Fountain Hills
C. W. Juels
·
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
25628 Kummer
2000 AZ50
Kummer
January 7, 2000
Prescott
P. G. Comba
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25629 Mukherjee
2000 AH52
Mukherjee
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25630 Sarkar
2000 AT53
Sarkar
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
HOF
6.6 km
MPC · JPL
25631
2000 AJ55
—
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
SAN
6.8 km
MPC · JPL
25632
2000 AO55
—
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
25633
2000 AB56
—
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
THM
7.5 km
MPC · JPL
25634
2000 AZ59
—
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
25635
2000 AW61
—
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.4 km
MPC · JPL
25636 Vaishnav
2000 AS62
Vaishnav
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25637
2000 AL63
—
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.5 km
MPC · JPL
25638 Ahissar
2000 AB64
Ahissar
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25639 Fedina
2000 AV64
Fedina
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25640 Klintefelt
2000 AA65
Klintefelt
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25641
2000 AT65
—
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25642 Adiseshan
2000 AW65
Adiseshan
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
CHA
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25643
2000 AK68
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
25644
2000 AP70
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
25645 Alexanderyan
2000 AZ73
Alexanderyan
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
25646 Noniearora
2000 AL74
Noniearora
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25647
2000 AQ75
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25648 Baghel
2000 AJ77
Baghel
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25649
2000 AC78
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
7.4 km
MPC · JPL
25650 Shaubakshi
2000 AX79
Shaubakshi
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25651
2000 AG81
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
HYG
9.0 km
MPC · JPL
25652 Maddieball
2000 AQ83
Maddieball
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
THM
6.6 km
MPC · JPL
25653 Baskaran
2000 AV84
Baskaran
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25654
2000 AX85
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25655 Baupeter
2000 AU86
Baupeter
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25656 Bejnood
2000 AF87
Bejnood
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
25657 Berkowitz
2000 AM87
Berkowitz
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.0 km
MPC · JPL
25658 Bokor
2000 AE88
Bokor
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25659 Liboynton
2000 AG88
Liboynton
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25660
2000 AO88
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
25661
2000 AZ88
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
25662 Chonofsky
2000 AA89
Chonofsky
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
HEN
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
25663 Nickmycroft
2000 AD89
Nickmycroft
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25664
2000 AM89
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.6 km
MPC · JPL
25665
2000 AO89
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
9.6 km
MPC · JPL
25666
2000 AR89
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
25667
2000 AK91
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.5 km
MPC · JPL
25668
2000 AY94
—
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
THM
7.9 km
MPC · JPL
25669 Kristinrose
2000 AJ95
Kristinrose
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25670 Densley
2000 AT95
Densley
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25671
2000 AW95
—
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
25672
2000 AX95
—
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
6.5 km
MPC · JPL
25673 Di Mascio
2000 AJ99
Di Mascio
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
25674 Kevinellis
2000 AT99
Kevinellis
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25675
2000 AX101
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
25676 Jesseellison
2000 AG102
Jesseellison
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
25677 Aaronenten
2000 AK102
Aaronenten
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25678 Ericfoss
2000 AU105
Ericfoss
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25679 Andrewguo
2000 AX105
Andrewguo
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25680 Walterhansen
2000 AP106
Walterhansen
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25681
2000 AC107
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
12 km
MPC · JPL
25682
2000 AF110
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
25683 Haochenhong
2000 AA114
Haochenhong
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.4 km
MPC · JPL
25684
2000 AB114
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25685 Katlinhornig
2000 AK116
Katlinhornig
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
V
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25686 Stephoskins
2000 AF117
Stephoskins
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25687
2000 AY117
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
25688 Hritzo
2000 AV120
Hritzo
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.9 km
MPC · JPL
25689 Duannihuang
2000 AL121
Duannihuang
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25690 Iredale
2000 AP123
Iredale
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
25691
2000 AQ123
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
25692
2000 AJ124
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
12 km
MPC · JPL
25693 Ishitani
2000 AQ124
Ishitani
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25694
2000 AX124
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
25695 Eileenjang
2000 AD125
Eileenjang
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
25696 Kylejones
2000 AE125
Kylejones
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25697 Kadiyala
2000 AA126
Kadiyala
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
25698 Snehakannan
2000 AQ126
Snehakannan
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25699
2000 AD127
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
19 km
MPC · JPL
25700
2000 AA128
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
FIR
16 km
MPC · JPL
25701–25800
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
25701 Alexkeeler
2000 AE128
Alexkeeler
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
MRX
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25702
2000 AF128
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
11 km
MPC · JPL
25703
2000 AH128
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
MAR
6.7 km
MPC · JPL
25704 Kendrick
2000 AO128
Kendrick
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
HOF
7.7 km
MPC · JPL
25705
2000 AU128
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
ALA
13 km
MPC · JPL
25706 Cekoscielski
2000 AU139
Cekoscielski
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25707
2000 AQ141
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
ADE
7.7 km
MPC · JPL
25708 Vedantkumar
2000 AU141
Vedantkumar
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25709
2000 AP142
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
25710 Petelandgren
2000 AL151
Petelandgren
January 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
25711 Lebovits
2000 AE152
Lebovits
January 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25712
2000 AQ158
—
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
THM
8.4 km
MPC · JPL
25713
2000 AM159
—
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25714 Aprillee
2000 AW160
Aprillee
January 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
25715 Lizmariemako
2000 AY162
Lizmariemako
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25716
2000 AE164
—
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
25717 Ritikmal
2000 AW168
Ritikmal
January 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
25718
2000 AH170
—
January 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25719
2000 AV171
—
January 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
9.1 km
MPC · JPL
25720 Mallidi
2000 AO172
Mallidi
January 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
25721 Anartya
2000 AA174
Anartya
January 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
25722 Evanmarshall
2000 AV174
Evanmarshall
January 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
V
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25723 Shamascharak
2000 AX174
Shamascharak
January 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25724
2000 AM179
—
January 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
25725 McCormick
2000 AW180
McCormick
January 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25726
2000 AD181
—
January 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
9.8 km
MPC · JPL
25727 Karsonmiller
2000 AN182
Karsonmiller
January 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
25728
2000 AU187
—
January 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
ADE
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
25729
2000 AV187
—
January 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
25730
2000 AY189
—
January 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.3 km
MPC · JPL
25731
2000 AL193
—
January 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
14 km
MPC · JPL
25732
2000 AZ193
—
January 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.5 km
MPC · JPL
25733
2000 AG194
—
January 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
25734
2000 AO195
—
January 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
6.7 km
MPC · JPL
25735
2000 AS195
—
January 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
25736
2000 AP196
—
January 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
7.4 km
MPC · JPL
25737
2000 AK198
—
January 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
25738
2000 AO198
—
January 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
25739
2000 AJ202
—
January 10, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.7 km
MPC · JPL
25740
2000 AR202
—
January 10, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
25741
2000 AF222
—
January 8, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
13 km
MPC · JPL
25742 Amandablanco
2000 AV228
Amandablanco
January 7, 2000
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25743 Serrato
2000 AA229
Serrato
January 7, 2000
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
18 km
MPC · JPL
25744 Surajmishra
2000 AW233
Surajmishra
January 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
25745 Schimmelpenninck
2000 AC242
Schimmelpenninck
January 7, 2000
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
7.7 km
MPC · JPL
25746 Nickscoville
2000 AF242
Nickscoville
January 7, 2000
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
6.8 km
MPC · JPL
25747 Nicerasmus
2000 AH242
Nicerasmus
January 7, 2000
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
EUN
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
25748
2000 AP243
—
January 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
15 km
MPC · JPL
25749
2000 BP3
—
January 27, 2000
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
THM
11 km
MPC · JPL
25750 Miwnay
2000 BB4
Miwnay
January 28, 2000
Rock Finder
W. K. Y. Yeung
·
7.1 km
MPC · JPL
25751 Mokshagundam
2000 BS6
Mokshagundam
January 25, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25752
2000 BE8
—
January 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25753
2000 BC14
—
January 28, 2000
Uenohara
N. Kawasato
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25754
2000 BJ14
—
January 28, 2000
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
25755
2000 BR14
—
January 28, 2000
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
EOS
9.5 km
MPC · JPL
25756
2000 BZ16
—
January 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
TEL
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
25757
2000 BS20
—
January 26, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25758
2000 BZ29
—
January 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
THM
9.3 km
MPC · JPL
25759
2000 BH30
—
January 25, 2000
Bergisch Gladbach
W. Bickel
NYS
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
25760 Annaspitz
2000 BF34
Annaspitz
January 30, 2000
Catalina
CSS
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25761
2000 BV45
—
January 28, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
25762
2000 CO2
—
February 2, 2000
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
EOS
7.4 km
MPC · JPL
25763 Naveenmurali
2000 CN4
Naveenmurali
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25764 Divyanag
2000 CQ11
Divyanag
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25765 Heatherlynne
2000 CS11
Heatherlynne
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25766 Nosarzewski
2000 CX17
Nosarzewski
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
HEN
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25767 Stevennoyce
2000 CG20
Stevennoyce
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
25768 Nussbaum
2000 CD24
Nussbaum
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
25769 Munaoli
2000 CL24
Munaoli
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25770
2000 CV24
—
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25771
2000 CW25
—
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
7:4
9.0 km
MPC · JPL
25772 Ashpatra
2000 CB27
Ashpatra
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
WIT
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25773
2000 CX27
—
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
HOF
11 km
MPC · JPL
25774
2000 CA29
—
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
25775 Danielpeng
2000 CF31
Danielpeng
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
MRX
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
25776
2000 CG32
—
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.3 km
MPC · JPL
25777
2000 CE34
—
February 4, 2000
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
HYG
8.2 km
MPC · JPL
25778 Csere
2000 CQ34
Csere
February 4, 2000
Ondřejov
P. Kušnirák
THM
8.8 km
MPC · JPL
25779
2000 CF35
—
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25780
2000 CS37
—
February 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25781 Rajendra
2000 CF38
Rajendra
February 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
25782
2000 CX38
—
February 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
25783 Brandontyler
2000 CM39
Brandontyler
February 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
25784
2000 CU42
—
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
25785
2000 CY45
—
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.8 km
MPC · JPL
25786
2000 CN46
—
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
25787
2000 CF49
—
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.7 km
MPC · JPL
25788
2000 CE51
—
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.3 km
MPC · JPL
25789
2000 CK53
—
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
17 km
MPC · JPL
25790
2000 CW57
—
February 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
25791
2000 CM61
—
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
URS
16 km
MPC · JPL
25792
2000 CZ62
—
February 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
7:4
14 km
MPC · JPL
25793 Chrisanchez
2000 CS65
Chrisanchez
February 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25794
2000 CF71
—
February 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
14 km
MPC · JPL
25795
2000 CS79
—
February 8, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25796
2000 CT81
—
February 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.1 km
MPC · JPL
25797
2000 CG82
—
February 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
7:4
14 km
MPC · JPL
25798 Reneeschaaf
2000 CU82
Reneeschaaf
February 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
25799 Anmaschlegel
2000 CC83
Anmaschlegel
February 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
25800 Glukhovsky
2000 CG83
Glukhovsky
February 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
SHU · 3:2
16 km
MPC · JPL
25801–25900
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
25801 Oliviaschwob
2000 CR84
Oliviaschwob
February 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
25802
2000 CA85
—
February 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
25803
2000 CW87
—
February 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
HYG
8.1 km
MPC · JPL
25804
2000 CC89
—
February 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
HYG
12 km
MPC · JPL
25805
2000 CV91
—
February 6, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
25806
2000 CF93
—
February 6, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
25807 Baharshah
2000 CU93
Baharshah
February 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.1 km
MPC · JPL
25808
2000 CK103
—
February 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
12 km
MPC · JPL
25809
2000 CU125
—
February 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25810
2000 CO127
—
February 2, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
NYS
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
25811 Richardteo
2000 DE1
Richardteo
February 26, 2000
Rock Finder
W. K. Y. Yeung
KOR
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25812
2000 DE4
—
February 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
25813 Savannahshaw
2000 DW18
Savannahshaw
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25814 Preesinghal
2000 DF24
Preesinghal
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25815 Scottskirlo
2000 DM26
Scottskirlo
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.8 km
MPC · JPL
25816
2000 DK29
—
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
HOF
6.9 km
MPC · JPL
25817 Tahilramani
2000 DQ31
Tahilramani
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
25818
2000 DH32
—
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
THM
8.5 km
MPC · JPL
25819 Tripathi
2000 DW32
Tripathi
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
THM
9.4 km
MPC · JPL
25820
2000 DB56
—
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
12 km
MPC · JPL
25821
2000 DY59
—
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25822 Carolinejune
2000 DH72
Carolinejune
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.0 km
MPC · JPL
25823 Dentrujillo
2000 DV73
Dentrujillo
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.9 km
MPC · JPL
25824 Viviantsang
2000 DU75
Viviantsang
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
THM
8.0 km
MPC · JPL
25825
2000 DH88
—
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
25826
2000 DX93
—
February 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
HYG
9.6 km
MPC · JPL
25827
2000 DZ93
—
February 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.5 km
MPC · JPL
25828
2000 DM102
—
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
VER
12 km
MPC · JPL
25829
2000 DU108
—
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
HYG
11 km
MPC · JPL
25830
2000 DN110
—
February 26, 2000
Uccle
T. Pauwels
EUN
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
25831
2000 DH111
—
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
THM
9.1 km
MPC · JPL
25832 Van Scoyoc
2000 EN9
Van Scoyoc
March 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
TEL
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25833
2000 ED15
—
March 5, 2000
Reedy Creek
J. Broughton
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
25834 Vechinski
2000 EN19
Vechinski
March 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
25835 Tomzega
2000 EO20
Tomzega
March 3, 2000
Catalina
CSS
·
12 km
MPC · JPL
25836 Harishvemuri
2000 ER29
Harishvemuri
March 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
25837
2000 EG30
—
March 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.9 km
MPC · JPL
25838
2000 EV30
—
March 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
25839
2000 ES50
—
March 11, 2000
Tebbutt
F. B. Zoltowski
·
6.9 km
MPC · JPL
25840
2000 ER57
—
March 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
VER
10 km
MPC · JPL
25841
2000 EA76
—
March 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
6.7 km
MPC · JPL
25842
2000 EQ78
—
March 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
19 km
MPC · JPL
25843
2000 EQ84
—
March 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
15 km
MPC · JPL
25844
2000 EN85
—
March 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
8.5 km
MPC · JPL
25845
2000 EO86
—
March 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
ADE
9.9 km
MPC · JPL
25846
2000 EF93
—
March 9, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
14 km
MPC · JPL
25847
2000 EV97
—
March 12, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
SYL · 7:4
15 km
MPC · JPL
25848
2000 EL104
—
March 14, 2000
Reedy Creek
J. Broughton
NEM
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
25849
2000 ET107
—
March 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
MAR
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
25850
2000 EG108
—
March 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
TIR
7.8 km
MPC · JPL
25851 Browning
2000 EE120
Browning
March 11, 2000
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
7:4
15 km
MPC · JPL
25852
2000 EW147
—
March 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.9 km
MPC · JPL
25853
2000 ES151
—
March 6, 2000
Haleakala
NEAT
PAL
7.4 km
MPC · JPL
25854
2000 EP166
—
March 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
14 km
MPC · JPL
25855
2000 EA168
—
March 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EMA
12 km
MPC · JPL
25856
2000 EZ170
—
March 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
SYL · 7:4 ·
16 km
MPC · JPL
25857
2000 EM184
—
March 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
25858 Donherbert
2000 EO204
Donherbert
March 10, 2000
Catalina
CSS
·
8.3 km
MPC · JPL
25859
2000 FW3
—
March 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
15 km
MPC · JPL
25860
2000 FY11
—
March 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
8.9 km
MPC · JPL
25861
2000 FS15
—
March 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.9 km
MPC · JPL
25862
2000 FC16
—
March 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
25863
2000 FV47
—
March 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
11 km
MPC · JPL
25864 Banič
2000 GR82
Banič
April 8, 2000
Ondřejov
P. Kušnirák
·
8.9 km
MPC · JPL
25865
2000 GX82
—
April 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
25866
2000 GA100
—
April 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
slow
7.3 km
MPC · JPL
25867 DeMuth
2000 HK66
DeMuth
April 26, 2000
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25868
2000 JT6
—
May 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
25869 Jacoby
2000 JP70
Jacoby
May 1, 2000
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
3:2
23 km
MPC · JPL
25870 Panchovigil
2000 KB14
Panchovigil
May 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
25871
2000 LZ26
—
June 11, 2000
Valinhos
P. R. Holvorcem
EUN
7.1 km
MPC · JPL
25872
2000 MV1
—
June 25, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
780 m
MPC · JPL
25873
2000 MK6
—
June 25, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
ADE
6.9 km
MPC · JPL
25874
2000 OS39
—
July 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25875 Wickramasekara
2000 OT52
Wickramasekara
July 31, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25876
2000 PP16
—
August 1, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
MIS
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
25877 Katherinexue
2000 QN41
Katherinexue
August 24, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
5.7 km
MPC · JPL
25878 Sihengyou
2000 QW77
Sihengyou
August 24, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
25879
2000 QA105
—
August 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
8.6 km
MPC · JPL
25880
2000 QG196
—
August 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
25881
2000 RH41
—
September 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
11 km
MPC · JPL
25882
2000 RY47
—
September 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25883
2000 RD88
—
September 2, 2000
Haleakala
NEAT
L5
30 km
MPC · JPL
25884 Asai
2000 SQ4
Asai
September 20, 2000
Bisei SG Center
BATTeRS
H
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
25885 Wiesinger
2000 SD144
Wiesinger
September 24, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25886
2000 SY181
—
September 19, 2000
Haleakala
NEAT
·
7.1 km
MPC · JPL
25887
2000 SU308
—
September 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
DUR
9.3 km
MPC · JPL
25888
2000 UW109
—
October 31, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
12 km
MPC · JPL
25889
2000 VK29
—
November 1, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
25890 Louisburg
2000 VG38
Louisburg
November 3, 2000
Olathe
L. Robinson
·
12 km
MPC · JPL
25891
2000 WK9
—
November 20, 2000
Fountain Hills
C. W. Juels
PAL
9.1 km
MPC · JPL
25892 Funabashi
2000 WP9
Funabashi
November 22, 2000
Bisei SG Center
BATTeRS
H
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
25893 Sugihara
2000 WR9
Sugihara
November 19, 2000
Desert Beaver
W. K. Y. Yeung
ALA
14 km
MPC · JPL
25894
2000 WV125
—
November 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
25895
2000 XN9
—
December 1, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
L4
33 km
MPC · JPL
25896
2000 XW14
—
December 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
25897
2000 XZ32
—
December 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
25898 Alpoge
2000 YJ41
Alpoge
December 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
25899 Namratanand
2000 YE61
Namratanand
December 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS ·
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
25900
2000 YH98
—
December 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
THM
11 km
MPC · JPL
25901–26000
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
25901 Ericbrooks
2000 YX99
Ericbrooks
December 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
25902
2000 YZ105
—
December 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
HNS
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
25903 Yuvalcalev
2000 YC116
Yuvalcalev
December 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25904
2000 YQ123
—
December 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EMA
7.6 km
MPC · JPL
25905 Clerico
2000 YO134
Clerico
December 31, 2000
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
6.5 km
MPC · JPL
25906 Morrell
2000 YV139
Morrell
December 27, 2000
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
EUP
11 km
MPC · JPL
25907 Capodilupo
2001 AR20
Capodilupo
January 3, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25908
2001 BJ
—
January 17, 2001
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
25909
2001 BU49
—
January 21, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
25910
2001 BM50
—
January 25, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
L4
25 km
MPC · JPL
25911
2001 BC76
—
January 26, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
L4
18 km
MPC · JPL
25912 Recawkwell
2001 CP9
Recawkwell
February 1, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
V
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25913 Jamesgreen
2001 CB29
Jamesgreen
February 2, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
25914 Bair
2001 CC30
Bair
February 2, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25915 Charlesmcguire
2001 CF30
Charlesmcguire
February 2, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
ADE
12 km
MPC · JPL
25916
2001 CP44
—
February 15, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
AMO +1km
5.7 km
MPC · JPL
25917
2001 DT6
—
February 17, 2001
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
17 km
MPC · JPL
25918
2001 DT13
—
February 19, 2001
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
25919 Comuniello
2001 DV15
Comuniello
February 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
25920 Templeanne
2001 DT18
Templeanne
February 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25921
2001 DS21
—
February 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
AEG
8.4 km
MPC · JPL
25922
2001 DY21
—
February 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
6.6 km
MPC · JPL
25923
2001 DS29
—
February 17, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
25924 Douglasadams
2001 DA42
Douglasadams
February 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25925 Jamesfenska
2001 DW48
Jamesfenska
February 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25926
2001 DY48
—
February 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25927 Jagandelman
2001 DE51
Jagandelman
February 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
25928
2001 DJ52
—
February 17, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
9.4 km
MPC · JPL
25929
2001 DY52
—
February 17, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.2 km
MPC · JPL
25930 Spielberg
2001 DJ54
Spielberg
February 21, 2001
Desert Beaver
W. K. Y. Yeung
NYS
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
25931 Peterhu
2001 DJ70
Peterhu
February 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
25932
2001 DB72
—
February 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
LIX ·
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
25933 Ruoyijiang
2001 DM73
Ruoyijiang
February 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
25934
2001 DC74
—
February 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
11 km
MPC · JPL
25935
2001 DG74
—
February 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
25936
2001 DZ79
—
February 20, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25937 Malysz
2001 DY92
Malysz
February 19, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
L4
15 km
MPC · JPL
25938 Stoch
2001 DC102
Stoch
February 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
L4
15 km
MPC · JPL
25939
2001 EQ
—
March 3, 2001
Reedy Creek
J. Broughton
NYS
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
25940 Mikeschottland
2001 ET5
Mikeschottland
March 2, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
6.7 km
MPC · JPL
25941 Susanahearn
2001 EB9
Susanahearn
March 2, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
V
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
25942 Walborn
2001 EH9
Walborn
March 2, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
8.0 km
MPC · JPL
25943 Billahearn
2001 EL10
Billahearn
March 2, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
10 km
MPC · JPL
25944 Charlesross
2001 EP10
Charlesross
March 2, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
NYS
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25945 Moreadalleore
2001 EQ10
Moreadalleore
March 2, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25946
2001 EH12
—
March 3, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
25947
2001 EQ14
—
March 15, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
25948
2001 EW15
—
March 15, 2001
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
25949
2001 EH16
—
March 15, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
NYS
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
25950
2001 EU16
—
March 15, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
VIB
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
25951 Pamross
2001 EZ21
Pamross
March 15, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
V
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
25952
2001 FE2
—
March 17, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.5 km
MPC · JPL
25953 Lanairlett
2001 FM5
Lanairlett
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
25954 Trantow
2001 FM13
Trantow
March 19, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
FLO
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25955 Radway
2001 FX14
Radway
March 19, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
25956 Spanierbeckage
2001 FE16
Spanierbeckage
March 19, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
10 km
MPC · JPL
25957 Davidconnell
2001 FO16
Davidconnell
March 19, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
AGN
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25958 Battams
2001 FF18
Battams
March 19, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25959 Gingergiovale
2001 FZ18
Gingergiovale
March 19, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25960 Timheckman
2001 FQ20
Timheckman
March 19, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
25961 Conti
2001 FL22
Conti
March 21, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
25962 Yifanli
2001 FF26
Yifanli
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
25963 Elisalin
2001 FP26
Elisalin
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25964 Liudavid
2001 FY26
Liudavid
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
25965 Masihdas
2001 FB27
Masihdas
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
25966 Akhilmathew
2001 FP28
Akhilmathew
March 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25967
2001 FF29
—
March 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
25968
2001 FZ30
—
March 21, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
25969
2001 FM33
—
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
25970 Nelakanti
2001 FD35
Nelakanti
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
25971
2001 FP35
—
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
THM
8.8 km
MPC · JPL
25972 Pfefferjosh
2001 FV35
Pfefferjosh
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
25973 Puranik
2001 FP38
Puranik
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
25974
2001 FF43
—
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
25975
2001 FG43
—
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
25976
2001 FE44
—
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
25977
2001 FG46
—
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
22 km
MPC · JPL
25978 Katerudolph
2001 FS48
Katerudolph
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
25979 Alansage
2001 FC49
Alansage
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25980
2001 FK53
—
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
25981 Shahmirian
2001 FT53
Shahmirian
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
25982
2001 FQ57
—
March 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
ALA
16 km
MPC · JPL
25983
2001 FR57
—
March 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
HNS
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
25984
2001 FG60
—
March 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.1 km
MPC · JPL
25985
2001 FZ63
—
March 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
25986 Sunanda
2001 FW65
Sunanda
March 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
25987 Katherynshi
2001 FJ66
Katherynshi
March 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
25988 Janesuh
2001 FA67
Janesuh
March 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
25989
2001 FB67
—
March 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
9.9 km
MPC · JPL
25990
2001 FJ70
—
March 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
25991
2001 FN78
—
March 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.7 km
MPC · JPL
25992 Benjamensun
2001 FT78
Benjamensun
March 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
25993 Kevinxu
2001 FJ80
Kevinxu
March 21, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
25994 Lynnelleye
2001 FK80
Lynnelleye
March 21, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
25995
2001 FA83
—
March 24, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
25996
2001 FN84
—
March 26, 2001
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
25997
2001 FP90
—
March 26, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
11 km
MPC · JPL
25998
2001 FW91
—
March 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
25999
2001 FN94
—
March 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
5.9 km
MPC · JPL
26000
2001 FH98
—
March 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
back to top
See also
Meanings of minor planet names: 25001–26000
References
^ "Small-Body Orbital Elements: Numbered Asteroids, ELEMENTS.NUMBR (64 MB)". NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. November 2023.
^ a b "Data Available from the Minor Planet Center: Discovery circumstances of the numbered minor planets, NumberedMPs.txt (53 MB)". International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center. November 2023.
^ "Critical Lists of Asteroids". Lowell Observatory. November 2023.
External links
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (25001)–(30000) (IAU Minor Planet Center)
vteList of minor planets1–25,000
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699k | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"list of minor planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets"},{"link_name":"JPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPL"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPL-sources-1"},{"link_name":"Minor Planet Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-sources-2"},{"link_name":"Critical list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical-list_minor_planet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-sources-2"},{"link_name":"Lowell Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LowellCrit-3"},{"link_name":"detailed description","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Description_of_partial_lists"},{"link_name":"list of every page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Main_index"},{"link_name":"statistical break-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Diagram-breakup-into-populations"},{"link_name":"dynamical classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Orbital_groups"},{"link_name":"numerical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_named_minor_planets_(numerical)"},{"link_name":"alphabetical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_named_minor_planets_(alphabetical)"},{"link_name":"naming citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_25001%E2%80%9326000"},{"link_name":"Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Group_for_Small_Bodies_Nomenclature"},{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#Main_index"},{"link_name":"100K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#100K"},{"link_name":"200K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#200K"},{"link_name":"300K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#300K"},{"link_name":"400K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#400K"},{"link_name":"500K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#500K"},{"link_name":"600K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#600K"},{"link_name":"color code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Orbital_groups"},{"link_name":"20,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_20001%E2%80%9321000"},{"link_name":"21,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_21001%E2%80%9322000"},{"link_name":"22,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_22001%E2%80%9323000"},{"link_name":"23,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_23001%E2%80%9324000"},{"link_name":"24,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_24001%E2%80%9325000"},{"link_name":"25,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"26,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_26001%E2%80%9327000"},{"link_name":"27,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_27001%E2%80%9328000"},{"link_name":"28,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_28001%E2%80%9329000"},{"link_name":"29,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_29001%E2%80%9330000"},{"link_name":"30,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_30001%E2%80%9331000"},{"link_name":"25,001…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#001"},{"link_name":"25,101…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#101"},{"link_name":"25,201…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#201"},{"link_name":"25,301…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#301"},{"link_name":"25,401…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#401"},{"link_name":"25,501…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#501"},{"link_name":"25,601…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#601"},{"link_name":"25,701…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#701"},{"link_name":"25,801…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#801"},{"link_name":"25,901…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#901"}],"text":"The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 25001 through 26000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's \"Small-Body Orbital Elements\"[1] and data available from the Minor Planet Center.[2] Critical list information is also provided by the MPC,[2] unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory.[3] A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code\n\n20,000s\n21,000s\n22,000s\n23,000s\n24,000s\n25,000s\n26,000s\n27,000s\n28,000s\n29,000s\n30,000s\n\n\n25,001…\n25,101…\n25,201…\n25,301…\n25,401…\n25,501…\n25,601…\n25,701…\n25,801…\n25,901…","title":"List of minor planets: 25001–26000"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"25001–25100"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"25101–25200"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"25201–25300"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"25301–25400"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"25401–25500"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"25501–25600"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"25601–25700"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"25701–25800"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"25801–25900"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to topback to top","title":"25901–26000"}] | [] | [{"title":"Meanings of minor planet names: 25001–26000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_25001%E2%80%9326000"}] | [{"reference":"\"Small-Body Orbital Elements: Numbered Asteroids, ELEMENTS.NUMBR (64 MB)\". NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sb_elem","url_text":"\"Small-Body Orbital Elements: Numbered Asteroids, ELEMENTS.NUMBR (64 MB)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory","url_text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"\"Data Available from the Minor Planet Center: Discovery circumstances of the numbered minor planets, NumberedMPs.txt (53 MB)\". International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center. November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://minorplanetcenter.net//data","url_text":"\"Data Available from the Minor Planet Center: Discovery circumstances of the numbered minor planets, NumberedMPs.txt (53 MB)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center","url_text":"Minor Planet Center"}]},{"reference":"\"Critical Lists of Asteroids\". Lowell Observatory. November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://asteroid.lowell.edu/critlists/legacy/","url_text":"\"Critical Lists of Asteroids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatory","url_text":"Lowell Observatory"}]}] | 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabbar_Patel | Jabbar Patel | ["1 Personal life","2 Theatre","3 Cinema","4 Filmography","5 Festival circuit","6 References","7 External links"] | This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Jabbar Patel" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Indian film director and former paediatrician
Dr. Jabbar PatelPatel in December 2010Born (1942-06-23) 23 June 1942 (age 81)Pandharpur, Bombay state, British India(Present day Maharashtra, India)OccupationsTheatrefilm directorYears active1973–present
Dr. Jabbar Patel (born 23 June 1942) is a former paediatrician and a Marathi-language theatre and film director of India. His production of Vijay Tendulkar's play Ghashiram Kotwal, in 1973 is considered a classic in Modern Indian Theatre. Patel received Filmfare Marathi Lifetime Achievement Award at 7th Filmfare Awards Marathi.
He is the maker of classics films in Marathi cinema, like, Samna, Jait Re Jait (Mohan Agashe, Smita Patil), Umbartha (Smita Patil, Girish Karnad), Simhasan (Nana Patekar, Shreeram Lagoo, Reema Lagoo) Some of his other films are, Mukta, Ek Hota Vidushak, and Musafir (Hindi). His most acclaimed film is Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar released in 1999. He won the 1995 Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration for his Marathi film, Mukta.
Personal life
Patel was born in 1942 in Pandharpur in present day Indian state of Maharashtra. His father was employed in Indian Railways. He obtained his early school education in Haribhai Deokaran High school Solapur. He qualified as a doctor, specialising in paediatric medicine from B. J. Medical College in Pune. He and his wife, a gynecologist ran a clinic in Daund near Pune.The couple have two daughters.
Theatre
Patel started acting while in elementary school. In Solapur, he lived with Shriram Pujari, who was an influential personality in that city. Staying at his home, Jabbar Patel was able to take a closer look at the people from Marathi theatre world who used to stay at the Pujari residence. The roles he played in his high school play Chaphekar, in the silent drama, Hadacha zunzar aahes tu, as well of Shyam in 'Tujh Hai Tujpashi' while in college were appreciated.
Patel started his career with the Marathi experimental theatre group, Progressive Dramatic association (PDA) founded by Bhalba Kelkar. In PDA produced plays, he acted as well as directed. He directed Vijay tendulkar's Ashi Pakhare yeti for PDA which was a great commercial success. In 1972, Patel and colleagues such as Mohan Agashe, and Satish Alekar broke away from PDA over differences on staging their new production, Ghashiram Kotwal written by Vijay Tendulkar. They formed a new group called Theatre Academy. After Ghashiram Kotwal, the group produced 'Teen Paishacha Tamasha', an adaptation of Brecht's Threepenny Opera in 1974.
Cinema
He wrote the lyrics of the song 'Raya asa Zombu naka angala' from the film Samna. He has worked on the film based on the life and work of Santoor maestro Pandit Shivkumar Sharma.
For Jabbar Patel, tackling a political subject is not something new. Whether it was Umbartha, Jait Re Jait, or Simhasan for the silver screen, or Ghasiram Kotwal for the stage, he has handled political subjects. His recent film is also political based "Yashwantrao Chavan".
Jait Re Jait (1977) is a musical milestone in the history of Indian cinema, and expresses the stories of a forgotten tribe through dance and a total of 19 songs. Next came Simhasan (1981) made in a montage style with 35 characters, both won the National Awards. One of Patel’s most acclaimed works is Umbartha (1981), a film featuring Smita Patil as the superintendent of a woman’s reform home.
Filmography
Samna (1974)
Jait Re Jait (1977)
Sinhasan (1979)
Umbartha (1982)
Musafir (1986)
Maharashtra (1986)
Mi SM (1987)
Pathik (1988)
Kusumagraj
Laxman Joshi (1989)
Indian Theatre (1990)
Forts of Maharashtra (1990)
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (Documentary) (1991)
Ek Hota Vidushak (1992)
Mukta (1994)
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (2000)
Hans Akela (Kumar Gandharva) (2005)
Teesri Azadi (2006)
Yashwantrao Chavan – Bakhar Eka Vaadalaachi (2014)
Festival circuit
Jabbar Patel is the chairman of the Pune Film Foundation, and the festival director of the Pune International Film Festival. First Edition of PIFF was started in year 2002 and has been running annually.
References
^ Performance Tradition and Modern Theatre Archived 11 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022: Prasad Oak, Sayali Sanjeev Bag Top Honours, Godavari Named Best Film. Full Winners List". Zoom TV. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
^ "Resurgence of an icon Babasaheb Ambedkar". 8 April 2016.
^ Malvika Maheshwari (16 October 2018). "Post Script:The Dissent to Violence". Art Attacks: Violence and Offence-Taking in India. OUP India. ISBN 978-0-19-909378-6.
^ "chaos- magazine". Retrieved 16 October 2011.
^ "Article from". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
^ Goenka, Tula (2014). Not Only Bollywood. Om Books International, 2014. ISBN 9789381607176.
External links
Jabbar Patel at IMDb
vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Art1950s
Omkarnath Thakur (1955)
Sthanam Narasimha Rao (1956)
Sudhir Khastgir (1957)
Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu (1957)
Debaki Bose (1958)
Shambhu Maharaj (1958)
Nargis (1958)
Satyajit Ray (1958)
Devika Rani (1958)
1960s
K. K. Hebbar (1961)
Bismillah Khan (1961)
Raghunath Krishna Phadke (1961)
Ashok Kumar (1962)
Mehboob Khan (1963)
Melville de Mellow (1963)
Vinayak Pandurang Karmarkar (1964)
Adi Pherozeshah Marzban (1964)
P. C. Sorcar (1964)
Guru Kunchu Kurup (1965)
V. Nagayya (1965)
Ravishankar Raval (1965)
Mrinalini Sarabhai (1965)
Sivaji Ganesan (1966)
M. F. Husain (1966)
Sumitra Charat Ram (1966)
P. Bhanumathi (1966)
Daji Bhatawadekar (1967)
Vasant Desai (1967)
Siddheshwari Devi (1967)
Mohammed Rafi (1967)
Sashadhar Mukherjee (1967)
Vinjamuri Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao (1967)
M. R. Acharekar (1968)
Begum Akhtar (1968)
Sharan Rani Backliwal (1968)
Nikhil Banerjee (1968)
Sunil Dutt (1968)
Durga Khote (1968)
Yamini Krishnamurthy (1968)
Shankar–Jaikishan (1968)
Ayodhya Prasad (1968)
Akkineni Nageswara Rao (1968)
N. T. Rama Rao (1968)
Devi Lal Samar (1968)
Vyjayanthimala (1968)
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas (1969)
David Abraham Cheulkar (1969)
N. S. Bendre (1969)
S. D. Burman (1969)
B. Saroja Devi (1969)
Indrani Rahman (1969)
Balraj Sahni (1969)
S. N. Swamy (artist) (1969)
1970s
Sukumar Bose (1970)
Prem Dhawan (1970)
Ratna Fabri (1970)
Gemini Ganesan (1970)
Ritwik Ghatak (1970)
Damayanti Joshi (1970)
Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan (1970)
Karl Jamshed Khandalavala (1970)
Madhaviah Krishnan (1970)
Rajendra Kumar (1970)
Pankaj Mullick (1970)
Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair (1970)
Relangi (1970)
Gummadi (1970)
Vijay Raghav Rao (1970)
V. Satyanarayana Sarma (1970)
Maisnam Amubi Singh (1970)
K. B. Sundarambal (1970)
Avinash Vyas (1970)
M. Balamuralikrishna (1971)
Sankho Chaudhuri (1971)
Manna Dey (1971)
Tripti Mitra (1971)
Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair (1971)
Chenganoor Raman Pillai (1971)
K. N. Dandayudhapani Pillai (1971)
Shanta Rao (1971)
Ravi (1971)
Sahir Ludhianvi (1971)
Siyaram Tiwari (musician) (1971)
Chiranjeet Chakraborty (1972)
Girija Devi (1972)
Vasudeo S. Gaitonde (1972)
Sunil Janah (1972)
Lalgudi Jayaraman (1972)
Bhimsen Joshi (1972)
Mahendra Kapoor (1972)
Ram Kumar (artist) (1972)
Hrishikesh Mukherjee (1972)
Vazhuvoor Ramaiah Pillai (1972)
Samta Prasad (1972)
M. K. Radha (1972)
Raghu Rai (1972)
Krishna Reddy (1972)
Waheeda Rehman (1972)
Juthika Roy (1972)
Suchitra Sen (1972)
Gubbi Veeranna (1972)
Sitara Devi (1973)
T. N. Krishnan (1973)
Kishan Maharaj (1973)
Ramanathapuram C. S. Murugabhoopathy (1973)
Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair (1973)
Uma Sharma (1973)
S. G. Thakur Singh (1973)
Kaifi Azmi (1974)
Pushkar Bhan (1974)
Mani Madhava Chakyar (1974)
Bindhyabasini Devi (1974)
Naina Devi (1974)
Girish Karnad (1974)
Shriram Lagoo (1974)
Kelucharan Mohapatra (1974)
Nutan (1974)
M. D. Ramanathan (1974)
Som Nath Sadhu (1974)
Emani Sankara Sastry (1974)
Kripal Singh Shekhawat (1974)
Manik Varma (1974)
M. S. Gopalakrishnan (1975)
Jasraj (1975)
Amjad Ali Khan (1975)
Gopi Krishna (1975)
Sanjukta Panigrahi (1975)
Basavaraj Rajguru (1975)
Kalyanam Raghuramayya (1975)
M. S. Sathyu (1975)
K. G. Subramanyan (1975)
Gitchandra Tongbra (1975)
K. J. Yesudas (1975)
Shyam Benegal (1976)
Raghunath Mohapatra (1976)
Ram Narayan (1976)
K. V. Narayanaswamy (1976)
R. Nagendra Rao (1976)
S. Somasundaram (1976)
Parveen Sultana (1976)
Dhanraj Bhagat (1977)
Bhupen Hazarika (1977)
Sheik Chinna Moulana (1977)
Alla Rakha (1977)
Jehangir Sabavala (1977)
Ghulam Rasool Santosh (1977)
1980s
B. V. Karanth (1981)
Namagiripettai Krishnan (1981)
Gambhir Singh Mura (1981)
Dashrath Patel (1981)
S. H. Raza (1981)
Padma Subrahmanyam (1981)
Allah Jilai Bai (1982)
Ammannur Madhava Chakyar (1982)
Jabbar Patel (1982)
Virendra Prabhakar (1982)
Gautam Vaghela (1982)
Sirkazhi Govindarajan (1983)
Gautam Vaghela (1982)
Sirkazhi Govindarajan (1983)
Sharafat Hussain Khan (1983)
Nepal Mahata (1983)
Handel Manuel (1983)
Gulam Mohammed Sheikh (1983)
Raghubir Singh (1983)
Sobha Singh (1983)
Habib Tanvir (1983)
Ganga Devi (1984)
Amitabh Bachchan (1984)
Purushottam Das (1984)
Adoor Gopalakrishnan (1984)
Bhupen Khakhar (1984)
Ben Kingsley (1984)
Vinay Chandra Maudgalya (1984)
Roshan Kumari (1984)
Mavelikara Krishnankutty Nair (1984)
N. Rajam (1984)
Raja and Radha Reddy (1984)
Nek Chand (1984)
Ram Gopal Vijayvargiya (1984)
Shanti Dave (1985)
Asa Singh Mastana (1985)
Laxman Pai (1985)
Smita Patil (1985)
Palghat R. Raghu (1985)
Naseeruddin Shah (1985)
Shankar Bapu Apegaonkar (1986)
Kanika Banerjee (1986)
Subrata Mitra (1986)
Rajkumar Singhajit Singh (1986)
Hisam-ud-din Usta (1986)
K. Balachander (1987)
Kumudini Lakhia (1987)
Vijaya Mehta (1987)
N. Ramani (1987)
Aparna Sen (1987)
Naresh Sohal (1987)
Jitendra Abhisheki (1988)
Shabana Azmi (1988)
Teejan Bai (1988)
Bikash Bhattacharjee (1988)
Zakir Hussain (1988)
Chindodi Leela (1988)
Sudharani Raghupathy (1988)
Sudarshan Sahoo (1988)
Kudrat Singh (1988)
Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman (1988)
Jitendra Abhisheki (1988)
Adyar K. Lakshman (1989)
Haku Shah (1989)
L. Subramaniam (1989)
Ratan Thiyam (1989)
Upendra Trivedi (1989)
1990s
Mohan Agashe (1990)
G. Aravindan (1990)
Prabha Atre (1990)
Asgari Bai (1990)
Gulab Bai (1990)
Balwantrai Bhatt (1990)
Diwaliben Bhil (1990)
Raj Bisaria (1990)
S. M. Ganapathy (1990)
Kamal Haasan (1990)
Bishamber Khanna (1990)
Krishen Khanna (1990)
Allu Ramalingaiah (1990)
Tarun Majumdar (1990)
Madhavi Mudgal (1990)
Om Puri (1990)
Kanak Rele (1990)
Leela Samson (1990)
Maharajapuram Santhanam (1990)
Kapila Vatsyayan (1990)
Ranbir Singh Bisht (1991)
Bharat Gopy (1991)
Ghulam Mustafa Khan (1991)
Hafeez Ahmed Khan (1991)
Shanno Khurana (1991)
Pratima Barua Pandey (1991)
Manu Parekh (1991)
Shivkumar Sharma (1991)
Gurcharan Singh (painter) (1991)
Sharda Sinha (1991)
Alarmel Valli (1991)
Jaya Bachchan (1992)
Pankaj Charan Das (1992)
Biren De (1992)
Srirangam Gopalaratnam (1992)
Sabri Khan (1992)
Sunita Kohli (1992)
Madurai N. Krishnan (1992)
Manoj Kumar (1992)
Meera Mukherjee (1992)
Asha Parekh (1992)
Nataraja Ramakrishna (1992)
Bhagaban Sahu (1992)
Anandji Virji Shah (1992)
Kalyanji Virji Shah (Kalyanji-Anandji) (1992)
Sundari K. Shridharani (1992)
Tapan Sinha (1992)
Muthiah Sthapati (1992)
K. Viswanath (1992)
Chitra Visweswaran (1992)
Dipali Barthakur (1998)
Mammootty (1998)
Kunja Bihari Meher (1998)
Krishnarao Sable (1998)
Zohra Sehgal (1998)
K. Ibomcha Sharma (1998)
U. Srinivas (1998)
Javed Akhtar (1999)
Saryu Doshi (1999)
Sulochana Latkar (1999)
Sumati Mutatkar (1999)
Shobha Deepak Singh (1999)
Jagmohan Sursagar (1999)
Ram V. Sutar (1999)
2000s
Kanhai Chitrakar (2000)
Shekhar Kapur (2000)
Hema Malini (2000)
Anjolie Ela Menon (2000)
Shubha Mudgal (2000)
Alyque Padamsee (2000)
A. R. Rahman (2000)
Ramanand Sagar (2000)
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (2001)
Aamir Raza Husain (2001)
Padmaja Phenany Joglekar (2001)
Mohammed Tayab Khan (2001)
Sunil Kothari (2001)
Nerella Venu Madhav (2001)
Mohanlal (2001)
Shobha Naidu (2001)
D. V. S. Raju (2001)
Avadhanam Sita Raman (2001)
Siramdasu Venkata Rama Rao (2001)
Thota Tharani (2001)
W. D. Amaradeva (2002)
Raj Begum (2002)
Vishwa Mohan Bhatt (2002)
Pushpa Bhuyan (2002)
Rajan Devadas (2002)
Darshana Jhaveri (2002)
Abdul Latif Khan (2002)
Mani Krishnaswami (2002)
Fazal Mohammad (2002)
Manorama (2002)
Govind Nihalani (2002)
Mani Ratnam (2002)
Kiran Segal (2002)
Navaneetham Padmanabha Seshadri (2002)
Saroja Vaidyanathan (2002)
T. H. Vinayakram (2002)
Jahnu Barua (2003)
Danny Denzongpa (2003)
Kshetrimayum Ongbi Thouranisabi Devi (2003)
Rita Ganguly (2003)
Ranjana Gauhar (2003)
Sadashiv Vasantrao Gorakshkar (2003)
Rakhee Gulzar (2003)
Nemi Chandra Jain (2003)
O. P. Jain (2003)
Aamir Khan (2003)
Shafaat Ahmed Khan (2003)
T. M. Soundararajan (2003)
Sukumari (2003)
Satish Vyas (2003)
Bharathiraja (2004)
Maguni Charan Das (2004)
Manoranjan Das (2004)
D. K. Datar (2004)
Kadri Gopalnath (2004)
Hariharan (singer) (2004)
Purshottam Das Jalota (2004)
Krishn Kanhai (2004)
Heisnam Kanhailal (2004)
Anupam Kher (2004)
Sikkil Sisters – Kunjumani & Neela (2004)
Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair (2004)
Sudha Ragunathan (2004)
Haridwaramangalam A. K. Palanivel (2004)
Veernala Jayarama Rao (2004)
Bharati Shivaji (2004)
Singh Bandhu (2004)
Bhajan Sopori (2004)
Neyyattinkara Vasudevan (2004)
Muzaffar Ali (2005)
Shameem Dev Azad (2005)
M. Boyer (2005)
K. S. Chithra (2005)
Yumlembam Gambhini Devi (2005)
Shah Rukh Khan (2005)
Ghulam Sadiq Khan (2005)
Kavita Krishnamurti (2005)
Chaturbhuj Meher (2005)
Kumkum Mohanty (2005)
Punaram Nishad (2005)
Kedar Nath Sahoo (2005)
Sougaijam Thanil Singh (2005)
Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan (2005)
Komala Varadan (2005)
Wadali Brothers (2005)
Ileana Citaristi (2006)
Mehmood Dhaulpuri (2006)
Shree Lal Joshi (2006)
Surinder Kaur (2006)
Rashid Khan (musician) (2006)
Vasundhara Komkali (2006)
Yashodhar Mathpal (2006)
Madhup Mudgal (2006)
Kavungal Chathunni Panicker (2006)
Shyama Charan Pati (2006)
Gayatri Sankaran (2006)
Prasad Sawkar (2006)
Aribam Syam Sharma (2006)
Shobana (2006)
Kanaka Srinivasan (2006)
Pankaj Udhas (2006)
Mohan Babu (2007)
Geeta Chandran (2007)
Astad Deboo (2007)
Neelamani Devi (2007)
Remo Fernandes (2007)
P. Gopinathan (2007)
Pushpa Hans (2007)
Shanti Hiranand (2007)
Ananda Shankar Jayant (2007)
Govardhan Kumari (2007)
Sonam Tshering Lepcha (2007)
Balachandra Menon (2007)
Shashikala (2007)
Gajendra Narayan Singh (2007)
Thingbaijam Babu Singh (2007)
Pannuru Sripathy (2007)
Valayapatti A. R. Subramaniam (2007)
Waman Thakre (2007)
P. R. Thilagam (2007)
Tom Alter (2008)
Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar (2008)
Jonnalagadda Gurappa Chetty (2008)
Meenakshi Chitharanjan (2008)
Madhuri Dixit Nene (2008)
Kekoo Gandhy (2008)
Helen Giri Syiem (2008)
Jatin Goswami (2008)
Hans Raj Hans (2008)
Sabitri Heisnam (2008)
Gokulotsavji Maharaj (2008)
P. K. Narayanan Nambiar (2008)
Gennadi Mikhailovich Pechinkov (2008)
Gangadhar Pradhan (2008)
M. Night Shyamalan (2008)
Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram (2008)
Jawahar Wattal (2008)
Ameena Ahmad Ahuja (2009)
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2009)
Hemi Bawa (2009)
Brahmanandam (2009)
Devayani (dancer) (2009)
Suresh Dutta (2009)
Kalamandalam Gopi (2009)
Niranjan Goswami (2009)
Geeta Kapur (2009)
Nirmal Singh Khalsa (2009)
Hashmat Ullah Khan (2009)
Helen (2009)
S. Krishnaswamy (2009)
Akshay Kumar (2009)
Iravatham Mahadevan (2009)
Hridaynath Mangeshkar (2009)
Penaz Masani (2009)
Shaoli Mitra (2009)
Udit Narayan (2009)
Govind Ram Nirmalkar (2009)
Leela Omchery (2009)
Pratapaditya Pal (2009)
Aruna Sairam (2009)
Mattannoor Sankarankutty (2009)
Kumar Sanu (2009)
Kiran Seth (2009)
Gurumayum Gourakishor Sharma (2009)
Skendrowell Syiemlieh (2009)
Thilakan (2009)
K. P. Udayabhanu (2009)
Vivek (actor) (2009)
2010s
Gul Bardhan (2010)
Carmel Berkson (2010)
Wasifuddin Dagar (2010)
Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi Devi (2010)
Nemai Ghosh (2010)
Sumitra Guha (2010)
Ulhas Kashalkar (2010)
Saif Ali Khan (2010)
Mukund Lath (2010)
Ram Dayal Munda (2010)
Arundathi Nag (2010)
Raghunath Panigrahi (2010)
Resul Pookutty (2010)
Arjun Prajapati (2010)
Rajkumar Achouba Singh (2010)
Shobha Raju (2010)
Mayadhar Raut (2010)
Rekha (2010)
Ajoy Chakrabarty (2011)
Neelam Mansingh Chowdhry (2011)
Makar Dhwaja Darogha (2011)
Mahasundari Devi (2011)
Gajam Govardhana (2011)
Sunayana Hazarilal (2011)
S. R. Janakiraman (2011)
Jayaram (2011)
Kajol (2011)
Shaji N. Karun (2011)
Girish Kasaravalli (2011)
Irrfan Khan (2011)
Tabu (2011)
Kalamandalam Kshemavathy (2011)
Peruvanam Kuttan Marar (2011)
Jivya Soma Mashe (2011)
Dadi Pudumjee (2011)
M. K. Saroja (2011)
Khangembam Mangi Singh (2011)
Prahlad Tipanya (2011)
Usha Uthup (2011)
Satish Alekar (2012)
Satish Alekar (2012)
Vanraj Bhatia (2012)
Nameirakpam Ibemni Devi (2012)
Gopal Prasad Dubey (2012)
Gundecha Brothers (2012)
Chittani Ramachandra Hegde (2012)
Anup Jalota (2012)
Moti Lal Kemmu (2012)
Shahid Parvez (2012)
Mohanlal Chaturbhuj Kumhar (2012)
Sakar Khan (2012)
Joy Michael (2012)
Minati Mishra (2012)
Na Muthuswamy (2012)
R. Nagarathnamma (2012)
Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri (2012)
Priyadarshan (2012)
Priyadarshan (2012)
Vijay Sharma (2012)
Laila Tyabji (2012)
Yamunabai Waikar (2012)
S. Shakir Ali (2013)
Gajam Anjaiah (2013)
Bapu (2013)
Pablo Bartholomew (2013)
Purna Das Baul Samrat (2013)
G. C. D. Bharti (2013)
Apurba Kishore Bir (2013)
Ghanakanta Bora (2013)
B. Jayashree (2013)
Hildamit Lepcha (2013)
Madhu (actor) (2013)
Sudha Malhotra (2013)
Kailash Chandra Meher (2013)
Brahmdeo Ram Pandit (2013)
Nana Patekar (2013)
Rekandar Nageswara Rao (2013)
Ghulam Mohammad Saznawaz (2013)
Jaymala Shiledar (2013)
Ramesh Sippy (2013)
Sridevi (2013)
Suresh Talwalkar (2013)
Mahrukh Tarapor (2013)
Balwant Thakur (2013)
Rajendra Tiku (2013)
Mohammad Ali Baig (2014)
Vidya Balan (2014)
Musafir Ram Bhardwaj (2014)
Sabitri Chatterjee (2014)
Biman Bihari Das (2014)
Sunil Das (2014)
Elam Endira Devi (2014)
Supriya Devi (2014)
Vijay Ghate (2014)
Nayana Apte Joshi (2014)
Elam Endira Devi (2014)
Supriya Devi (2014)
Vijay Ghate (2014)
Nayana Apte Joshi (2014)
Rani Karnaa (2014)
Bansi Kaul (2014)
Moinuddin Khan (musician) (2014)
Geeta Mahalik (2014)
Paresh Maity (2014)
Ram Mohan (2014)
Sudarsan Pattnaik (2014)
Paresh Rawal (2014)
Kalamandalam Satyabhama (2014)
Anuj Sharma (actor) (2014)
Santosh Sivan (2014)
Sooni Taraporevala (2014)
Naresh Bedi (2015)
Sanjay Leela Bhansali (2015)
Rahul Jain (2015)
Ravindra Jain (2015)
Prasoon Joshi (2015)
A. Kanyakumari (2015)
Prafulla Kar (2015)
Tripti Mukherjee (2015)
Neil Nongkynrih (2015)
Kota Srinivasa Rao (2015)
Shekhar Sen (2015)
Pran Kumar Sharma (2015)
Mahesh Raj Soni (2015)
Malini Awasthi (2016)
Madhur Bhandarkar (2016)
Tulsidas Borkar (2016)
Mamta Chandrakar (2016)
Priyanka Chopra (2016)
Ajay Devgn (2016)
Bhikhudan Gadhvi (2016)
Laxma Goud (2016)
Saeed Jaffrey (2016)
Venkatesh Kumar (2016)
Naresh Chander Lal (2016)
Bhalchandra Dattatray Mondhe (2016)
Nila Madhab Panda (2016)
Michael Postel (2016)
Pratibha Prahlad (2016)
Gulabo Sapera (2016)
Prakash Chand Surana (2016)
Basanti Bisht (2017)
Baua Devi (2017)
Jitendra Haripal (2017)
Kailash Kher (2017)
Sadhu Meher (2017)
Aruna Mohanty (2017)
T. K. Murthy (2017)
Mukund Nayak (2017)
Anuradha Paudwal (2017)
Parassala B. Ponnammal (2017)
Bharathi Vishnuvardhan (2017)
Doddarangegowda (2018)
Manoj Joshi (actor) (2018)
Pran Kishore Kaul (2018)
Vijay Kichlu (2018)
Prabhakar Maharana (2018)
Sisir Mishra (2018)
Vijayalakshmi Navaneethakrishnan (2018)
Gobardhan Panika (2018)
R. Sathyanarayana (2018)
Bhajju Shyam (2018)
Ibrahim Sutar (2018)
Rudrapatnam Brothers (2018)
Baba Yogendra (2018)
Anup Ranjan Pandey (2019)
Manoj Bajpayee (2019)
Pritam Bhartwan (2019)
Jyoti Bhatt (2019)
Swapan Chaudhuri (2019)
Dinyar Contractor (2019)
Thanga Darlong (2019)
Prabhu Deva (2019)
Godawari Dutta (2019)
Joravarsinh Jadav (2019)
Fayaz Ahmad Jan (2019)
K. G. Jayan (2019)
Waman Kendre (2019)
Kader Khan (2019)
Abdul Gafur Khatri (2019)
Shankar Mahadevan (2019)
Narthaki Nataraj (2019)
Milena Salvini (2019)
Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry (2019)
Rajeev Taranath (2019)
Hiralal Yadav (2019)
Rajeshwar Acharya (2019)
2020s
Shashadhar Acharya (2020)
Indira P. P. Bora (2020)
Bombay Sisters (2020)
Vajira Chitrasena (2020)
Puru Dadheech (2020)
Madhu Mansuri Hasmukh (2020)
Sarita Joshi (2020)
Kangana Ranaut (2020)
Ramzan Khan (2020)
Manilal Nag (2020)
Dalavai Chalapathi Rao (2020)
Adnan Sami (2020)
Suresh Wadkar (2020)
V. K. Munusamy (2020)
Yadla Gopalarao (2020)
Dulari Devi (2021)
Bombay Jayashri (2021)
KC Sivasankaran (2021)
Rewben Mashangva (2021)
Sanjida Khatun (2021)
Annavarapu Rama Swamy (2021)
Nidumolu Sumathi (2021)
Biren Kumar Basak (2021)
Narayan Debnath (2021)
Bhuri Bai (2021)
Manjamma Jogathi (2021)
Gosaveedu Shaik Hassan (Posthumous) (2022)
Lalita Vakil (2022)
H. R. Keshava Murthy (2022)
Jamyang Tsering Namgyal (2022)
Arjun Singh Dhurve (2022)
Ram Sahay Panday (2022)
Durga Bai Vyam (2022)
Sulochana Chavan (2022)
Sonu Nigam (2022)
Lourembam Bino Devi (2022)
Konsam Ibomcha Singh (2022)
Shyamamani Devi (2022)
Thavil Kongampattu A V Murugaiyan (2022)
Chandraprakash Dwivedi (2022)
Ram Dayal Sharma (2022)
Khandu Wangchuk Bhutia (2022)
S. Ballesh (2022)
Sowcar Janaki (2022)
R Muthukannammal (2022)
A. K. C. Natarajan (2022)
Darshanam Mogilaiah (2022)
Sakini Ramachandraih (2022)
Gaddam Padmaja Reddy (2022)
Kamalini Asthana and Nalini Asthana (duo) (2022)
Shivnath Mishra (2022)
Sheesh Ram (2022)
Ajita Srivastava (2022)
Madhuri Barthwal (2022)
Kaajee Singh (2022)
Jodhaiya Bai Baiga (2023)
Premjit Baria (2023)
Usha Barle (2023)
Hemant Chauhan (2023)
Bhanubhai Chitara (2023)
Hemoprova Chutia (2023)
Subhadra Devi (2023)
Hem Chandra Goswami (2023)
Pritikana Goswami (2023)
Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain (2023)
Dilshad Hussain (2023)
Mahipat Kavi (2023)
M. M. Keeravani (2023)
Parshuram Komaji Khune (2023)
Maguni Charan Kuanr (2023)
Domar Singh Kunvar (2023)
Risingbor Kurkalang (2023)
Rani Machaiah (2023)
Ajay Kumar Mandavi (2023)
Nadoja Pindipapanahalli Munivenkatappa (2023)
Ramesh and Shanti Parmar (2023)
Krishna Patel (2023)
K Kalyanasundaram Pillai (2023)
Kapil Dev Prasad (2023)
Shah Rasheed Ahmed Quadri (2023)
C. V. Raju (2023)
Pareshbhai Rathwa (2023)
Mangala Kanti Roy (2023)
K C Runremsangi (2023)
Ritwik Sanyal (2023)
Kota Satchidananda Sastry (2023)
Neihunuo Sorhie (2023)
Moa Subong (2023)
Raveena Tandon (2023)
Coomi Nariman Wadia (2023)
Ghulam Muhammad Zaz (2023)
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Germany
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marathi-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi-language"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Vijay Tendulkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Tendulkar"},{"link_name":"Ghashiram Kotwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghashiram_Kotwal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Marathi Lifetime Achievement Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Marathi_Lifetime_Achievement_Award"},{"link_name":"7th Filmfare Awards Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Filmfare_Awards_Marathi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Marathi cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_cinema"},{"link_name":"Samna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samna_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jait Re Jait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jait_Re_Jait"},{"link_name":"Umbartha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbartha"},{"link_name":"Ek Hota Vidushak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek_Hota_Vidushak"},{"link_name":"Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Babasaheb_Ambedkar_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nargis_Dutt_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_on_National_Integration"}],"text":"Indian film director and former paediatricianDr. Jabbar Patel (born 23 June 1942) is a former paediatrician and a Marathi-language theatre and film director of India. His production of Vijay Tendulkar's play Ghashiram Kotwal, in 1973 is considered a classic in Modern Indian Theatre.[1] Patel received Filmfare Marathi Lifetime Achievement Award at 7th Filmfare Awards Marathi.[2]He is the maker of classics films in Marathi cinema, like, Samna, Jait Re Jait (Mohan Agashe, Smita Patil), Umbartha (Smita Patil, Girish Karnad), Simhasan (Nana Patekar, Shreeram Lagoo, Reema Lagoo) Some of his other films are, Mukta, Ek Hota Vidushak, and Musafir (Hindi). His most acclaimed film is Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar released in 1999.[3] He won the 1995 Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration for his Marathi film, Mukta.","title":"Jabbar Patel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pandharpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandharpur"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Indian Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways"},{"link_name":"Solapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solapur"},{"link_name":"paediatric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paediatric"},{"link_name":"B. J. Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._J._Medical_College"},{"link_name":"Daund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daund"}],"text":"Patel was born in 1942 in Pandharpur in present day Indian state of Maharashtra. His father was employed in Indian Railways. He obtained his early school education in Haribhai Deokaran High school Solapur. He qualified as a doctor, specialising in paediatric medicine from B. J. Medical College in Pune. He and his wife, a gynecologist ran a clinic in Daund near Pune.The couple have two daughters.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhalba Kelkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhalba_Kelkar"},{"link_name":"Mohan Agashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Agashe"},{"link_name":"Satish Alekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Alekar"},{"link_name":"Ghashiram Kotwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghashiram_Kotwal"},{"link_name":"Vijay Tendulkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Tendulkar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maheshwari2018-4"},{"link_name":"Ghashiram Kotwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghashiram_Kotwal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Patel started acting while in elementary school. In Solapur, he lived with Shriram Pujari, who was an influential personality in that city. Staying at his home, Jabbar Patel was able to take a closer look at the people from Marathi theatre world who used to stay at the Pujari residence. The roles he played in his high school play Chaphekar, in the silent drama, Hadacha zunzar aahes tu, as well of Shyam in 'Tujh Hai Tujpashi' while in college were appreciated.Patel started his career with the Marathi experimental theatre group, Progressive Dramatic association (PDA) founded by Bhalba Kelkar. In PDA produced plays, he acted as well as directed. He directed Vijay tendulkar's Ashi Pakhare yeti for PDA which was a great commercial success. In 1972, Patel and colleagues such as Mohan Agashe, and Satish Alekar broke away from PDA over differences on staging their new production, Ghashiram Kotwal written by Vijay Tendulkar.[4] They formed a new group called Theatre Academy. After Ghashiram Kotwal, the group produced 'Teen Paishacha Tamasha', an adaptation of Brecht's Threepenny Opera in 1974.[5]","title":"Theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samna_(film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Umbartha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbartha"},{"link_name":"Jait Re Jait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jait_Re_Jait"},{"link_name":"National Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Smita Patil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smita_Patil"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"He wrote the lyrics of the song 'Raya asa Zombu naka angala' from the film Samna. He has worked on the film based on the life and work of Santoor maestro Pandit Shivkumar Sharma.[6]For Jabbar Patel, tackling a political subject is not something new. Whether it was Umbartha, Jait Re Jait, or Simhasan for the silver screen, or Ghasiram Kotwal for the stage, he has handled political subjects. His recent film is also political based \"Yashwantrao Chavan\".Jait Re Jait (1977) is a musical milestone in the history of Indian cinema, and expresses the stories of a forgotten tribe through dance and a total of 19 songs. Next came Simhasan (1981) made in a montage style with 35 characters, both won the National Awards. One of Patel’s most acclaimed works is Umbartha (1981), a film featuring Smita Patil as the superintendent of a woman’s reform home.[7]","title":"Cinema"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samna_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jait Re Jait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jait_Re_Jait"},{"link_name":"Sinhasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhasan"},{"link_name":"Umbartha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbartha"},{"link_name":"Ek Hota Vidushak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek_Hota_Vidushak"},{"link_name":"Mukta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukta_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Babasaheb_Ambedkar_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kumar Gandharva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumar_Gandharva"},{"link_name":"Teesri Azadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesri_Azadi"}],"text":"Samna (1974)\nJait Re Jait (1977)\nSinhasan (1979)\nUmbartha (1982)\nMusafir (1986)\nMaharashtra (1986)\nMi SM (1987)\nPathik (1988)\nKusumagraj\nLaxman Joshi (1989)\nIndian Theatre (1990)\nForts of Maharashtra (1990)\nDr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (Documentary) (1991)\nEk Hota Vidushak (1992)\nMukta (1994)\nDr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (2000)\nHans Akela (Kumar Gandharva) (2005)\nTeesri Azadi (2006)\nYashwantrao Chavan – Bakhar Eka Vaadalaachi (2014)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pune International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_International_Film_Festival"}],"text":"Jabbar Patel is the chairman of the Pune Film Foundation, and the festival director of the Pune International Film Festival. First Edition of PIFF was started in year 2002 and has been running annually.","title":"Festival circuit"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022: Prasad Oak, Sayali Sanjeev Bag Top Honours, Godavari Named Best Film. Full Winners List\". Zoom TV. Retrieved 24 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/filmfare-awards-marathi-2022-prasad-oak-sayali-sanjeev-bag-top-honours-godavari-named-best-film-full-winners-list-article-99131271","url_text":"\"Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022: Prasad Oak, Sayali Sanjeev Bag Top Honours, Godavari Named Best Film. Full Winners List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Resurgence of an icon Babasaheb Ambedkar\". 8 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/b-r-ambedkar-resurgence-of-an-icon/article8447300.ece","url_text":"\"Resurgence of an icon Babasaheb Ambedkar\""}]},{"reference":"Malvika Maheshwari (16 October 2018). \"Post Script:The Dissent to Violence\". Art Attacks: Violence and Offence-Taking in India. OUP India. ISBN 978-0-19-909378-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=euF1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT8","url_text":"\"Post Script:The Dissent to Violence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909378-6","url_text":"978-0-19-909378-6"}]},{"reference":"\"chaos- magazine\". Retrieved 16 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chaosmag.in/jabbar.html","url_text":"\"chaos- magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Article from\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120708202013/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/jabbar-patel","url_text":"\"Article from\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/jabbar-patel","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goenka, Tula (2014). Not Only Bollywood. Om Books International, 2014. ISBN 9789381607176.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789381607176","url_text":"9789381607176"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jabbar+Patel%22","external_links_name":"\"Jabbar Patel\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jabbar+Patel%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jabbar+Patel%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jabbar+Patel%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jabbar+Patel%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jabbar+Patel%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.4to40.com/art/print.asp?id=54","external_links_name":"Performance Tradition and Modern Theatre"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071211192140/http://www.4to40.com/art/print.asp?id=54","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/filmfare-awards-marathi-2022-prasad-oak-sayali-sanjeev-bag-top-honours-godavari-named-best-film-full-winners-list-article-99131271","external_links_name":"\"Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022: Prasad Oak, Sayali Sanjeev Bag Top Honours, Godavari Named Best Film. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.R.F.C._Montegn%C3%A9e | R.R.F.C. Montegnée | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | Football clubR.R.F.C. MontegnéeFull nameRoyal Racing Football Club MontegnéeFounded1915Dissolved2014GroundJoseph Vanstraelen, Saint-Nicolas, Liège, Belgium
Royal Racing Football Club Montegnée was a Belgian association football club from the municipality of Saint-Nicolas, Liège. It last played in the Liège Division 4, 8th tier overall in the Belgian league system.
History
Racing Football Club Montegnée was founded in 1915, it received the matricule number 77. It first appeared in the second division in 1923. In 1925 it was relegated to the third division but it came back four years later and won the second division that season. The club then played its only season at the highest level in Belgian football finishing 13th on 14 (before R.S.C. Anderlecht). Montegnée then spent some seasons in the second division until 1938 (except in 1933–34) when it was relegated to the third division again. The club would never come back at the highest two levels.
It was awarded the Royal Stamp in 1952 and became Royal Racing Football Club Montegnée.
After a new appearance in Third Division, the club was relegated two seasons in a row to the Liége Provincial league. But RRFC Montegnée were promoted back to the national Promotion D league on 6 June 2010, with a 5–0 playoff final win against FC Herk. However they were relegated back to the Liège leagues in 2011 for finishing 14th out of 16 in Promotion D. They spent their final season, through demotion, in the bottom division after one season each in the top two. In June 2014 Montegnée merged with Royal Ans Football Club (matricule number 617) because of their and Ans' financial problems to become Royal Ans-Montegnée FC, receiving the number 9638. Both clubs ceased to exist and their matricule numbers were expunged. The new club is now playing in Liège's fourth and bottom division.
References
^ "Ans et Montegnée font peau neuve". walfoot.be (in French). 19 May 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
External links
Official website
Belgian football clubs history
RSSSF Archive: 1st and 2nd division final tables | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian association football club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Saint-Nicolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Nicolas,_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_(province)"},{"link_name":"Liège Division 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Provincial_leagues"}],"text":"Football clubRoyal Racing Football Club Montegnée was a Belgian association football club from the municipality of Saint-Nicolas, Liège. It last played in the Liège Division 4, 8th tier overall in the Belgian league system.","title":"R.R.F.C. Montegnée"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"matricule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matricule"},{"link_name":"second division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"third division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"highest level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_First_Division_A"},{"link_name":"R.S.C. Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"Ans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Racing Football Club Montegnée was founded in 1915, it received the matricule number 77. It first appeared in the second division in 1923. In 1925 it was relegated to the third division but it came back four years later and won the second division that season. The club then played its only season at the highest level in Belgian football finishing 13th on 14 (before R.S.C. Anderlecht). Montegnée then spent some seasons in the second division until 1938 (except in 1933–34) when it was relegated to the third division again. The club would never come back at the highest two levels.It was awarded the Royal Stamp in 1952 and became Royal Racing Football Club Montegnée.After a new appearance in Third Division, the club was relegated two seasons in a row to the Liége Provincial league. But RRFC Montegnée were promoted back to the national Promotion D league on 6 June 2010, with a 5–0 playoff final win against FC Herk. However they were relegated back to the Liège leagues in 2011 for finishing 14th out of 16 in Promotion D. They spent their final season, through demotion, in the bottom division after one season each in the top two. In June 2014 Montegnée merged with Royal Ans Football Club (matricule number 617) because of their and Ans' financial problems to become Royal Ans-Montegnée FC,[1] receiving the number 9638. Both clubs ceased to exist and their matricule numbers were expunged. The new club is now playing in Liège's fourth and bottom division.","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ans et Montegnée font peau neuve\". walfoot.be (in French). 19 May 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walfoot.be/fra/news/lis/2014-05-19/ans-et-montegnee-font-peau-neuve?ref=team_news","url_text":"\"Ans et Montegnée font peau neuve\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.walfoot.be/fra/news/lis/2014-05-19/ans-et-montegnee-font-peau-neuve?ref=team_news","external_links_name":"\"Ans et Montegnée font peau neuve\""},{"Link":"http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/royalracingfootballclubmontegnee/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://users.skynet.be/pluto/Textbelgium/Teams.html","external_links_name":"Belgian football clubs history"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/belghist.html","external_links_name":"RSSSF Archive"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Moro | San Jose de Moro | ["1 Region","2 Site occupation","2.1 Middle Moche Period","2.2 Late Moche Period","2.3 Transitional Period","2.4 Lambayeque Period","3 Excavations","3.1 Tomb types","4 Moche iconography","5 The priestesses","6 Los Chamanas","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References"] | Coordinates: 7°10′55″S 79°26′18″W / 7.1819°S 79.4382°W / -7.1819; -79.4382Archaeological site in Peru
San Jose de Moro is a Moche archaeological site in the Pacanga District, Chepén Province, La Libertad Region, of Northwestern Peru. The site served as a ceremonial funerary complex between the years 400 and 1000 AD.
Region
The site of San Jose de Moro is located in a small community along the banks of the Chamán River in the Jequetepeque District valley of Peru. San Jose de Moro lies along the Pan-American Highway between the modern cities of Trujillo and Chiclayo. The site occupies approximately 10 hectares at about 13 meters above sea level
The desert region is sandy and dry in an area of the country that receives almost no rainfall; the arid conditions providing an ideal environment for high preservation of archaeological material. In the region surrounding San Jose de Moro, there are several other archaeological sites of importance including: Cerro Chepen, San Ildefonso, El Algarrobal de Moro, Portachuelo de Charcape, Pacatnamu, and Cerro Catalina.
Site occupation
Middle Moche Period
The earliest occupation at San Jose de Moro dates to the Middle Moche Period of 400–600 AD. This early period is characterized by boot-shaped tombs and burial offerings consisting of ceramics and metals. The floors during the Middle Moche Period reveal 15 cm in diameter post holes that could have supported temporary structures constructed for visitors during funerary events. Other evidence includes hearths, pots with evidence of cooking, crucible offerings, and domestic pot sherds.
Late Moche Period
The following Late Moche Period (600–850 AD) relates to the height of Moche presence in the Jequetepeque valley. During the Late Moche Period large storage containers, or paicas, are found. These containers were used to store the alcoholic beverage chicha, which would have been consumed in large quantities during feasts and burial ceremonies. Evidence of heavy occupation includes: numerous hearths, food remains, reusable pots, and well-worn surfaces. It was also during the Late Moche Period that funerary occupation reached its peak with the presence of pit tombs, boot-shaped tombs, and chamber burials. The construction of the famous tombs of the priestesses of San Jose de Moro also occurred during this time; these powerful women assumed the roles of governors of the valley.
Transitional Period
The Transitional Period (850–1000 AD) at San Jose de Moro represents a time of change as the hegemony of the Moche empire waned and the Lambayeque state rose in power in the valley. The absence of centralized power during this transitional period allowed for a greater range of cultural expression as evidenced by the various types of artifact traditions found during this time.
The collapse of the Moche in San Jose de Moro was rather abrupt; nevertheless, the site was continually occupied during the Transitional Period. Relatively large quantities of foreign ceramics appear associated with local burials during the transition, including Wari, Nievería, Atarco, Pativilca, Cajamarca in several phases, and Chachapoyas styles. Later, these traditions coalesced in Lambayeque and Chimú cultures.
Lambayeque Period
The final occupation at the site ranges from 1000–1350 AD during the Lambayeque Period. San Jose de Moro declined in importance as a ceremonial funerary center during this time. Despite this, the site continued to hold some prestige and received several burials of importance. This period of less intense occupation shows more burials in the flexed position and containing symbols of the Lambayeque culture.
Excavations
Excavations began at San Jose de Moro in 1991 and continue today in a program conducted by Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru and headed by archaeologist Luis Jamie Castillo. In 1991, each excavation unit held dimensions of 2m x 2m. In 1996, the unit size increased to 6m x 6m and since the year 2000, units are 10m x 10m in size. The larger unit size allows researchers to have a better understanding of the relationships between adjacent ceremonial and funerary areas. Excavations at the site have yielded three different types of tombs and indications of feasting in the form of large spaces for the production and storage of chicha. Caroline Coolidge an archaeology student revealed example of small-faced unbroken figurine in 2019 in San Jose de Moro. The peculiarity of this 1000 years old figurine dating back to the transition period between Moche and Lambayeque cultures was that there were no other items around it, as it was considered that objects like this used to be buried in graves.
Tomb types
The pit tombs at San Jose de Moro are the simplest form of burial. They are long, superficial graves that typically contain one individual with a few burial offerings. Pit tombs appear during later Transitional and Lambayeque occupations of the site with some pit tombs dating back to the Moche period.
Boot-shaped tombs are associated with the Middle and Late Moche periods. The tombs usually have a 2m deep vertical access shaft that leads to a horizontal vault or chamber where the deceased individuals are placed along with offerings. After burial, the vault is sealed with an adobe wall; an indicative feature of the boot-shaped tomb.
Chamber tombs are the most complex type of tomb found at San Jose de Moro. The chambers are built in a quadrangular shape with adobe walls and algarrobo beam roofing. The walls of chamber tombs sometimes contain niches or benches along the edges. The content and size of chamber tombs varies with the time period they are associated with. Chamber tombs often contain more than one individual and numerous grave offerings.
Moche iconography
Moche iconography that appears mostly on Moche ceramics and Moche fine line pottery has come to play an important role in understanding Moche belief systems and ritual ceremonies. As the Moche had no writing system, the detailed art and iconography stands as representation for Moche practices and daily life. Anthropologist Christopher Donnan has even suggested that all Moche art is sacred and that even the most "mundane representations are of religious significance". Moche iconography is also indicative of shamans with depictions of therianthropic beings and intricate rituals.
The priestesses
Over the two decades of excavations at San Jose de Moro several burials have been uncovered containing high status female individuals. The importance of these women is indicated by their attire and by the number and nature of the burial offerings in their association. Furthermore, several of the individuals have been in costumes and with ornamentation that is depicted in Moche iconography relaying the Sacrifice and Presentation Ceremony. This complex Moche ceremony consisted of human sacrifice and the offering of human blood in a sacrifice goblet that appears in Moche art. The women buried at San Jose de Moro are wearing the same headdresses and are interred with similar “Sacrifice goblets” that are seen in the iconography of these ceremonies. Their importance in participation in these ritual ceremonies is indicated by the extensive work put into their tombs, their lavish offerings, and the evidence for grand funerary feasts held in their honor.
Tomb M-U41, The first Priestess. The individual interred in this tomb was a woman aged 30–40 years old. The woman was accompanied by the same ornamentation as the woman depicted in Moche iconography as the Priestess. The individual was placed in a cane coffin that was covered with copper discs. Metal engravings in the shapes of arms and legs were attached to the sides of the coffin as well as a headdress shaped engraving at the head of the coffin. Five additional females were buried with the primary individual inside the chamber tomb. Funerary offerings in the tomb included: spondylus shell necklaces, metal objects, and ceramic vessels.
Los Chamanas
Burial M-U1221- This burial dates to the Late Transitional Period. The tomb contained several female individuals who are thought to be healers or shamans. While the women were not buried with all of the normal paraphernalia of shamans, they had some items potentially linking them. The burial contains a child at the entrance of the tomb accompanied by three skulls, one of them having been cut clean. The burial also contained five mostly complete individuals. Original interpretations of the burial believed the individuals to be chamanas, or female shamans, with assistants. The first chamana is a complete skeleton with burial offerings on her shoulders. The first individual believed to be an assistant is incomplete and is associated with a condor bone musical instrument. The second believed chamana is on top of the first assistant with the condor bone flute being inserted into her vagina, the pelvic of the second chamana and first assistant directly one over the other. A final second assistant is placed on top of the first chamana and is incomplete. Additionally, a child was found on top of the remains of the second chamana. The entire tomb was then filled with other bones and skulls.
The nature of this burial and the associated artifacts have led to the interpretation that these women were Moche healers, or shamans. The incomplete skeletons and skulls are often indicative of secondary burials and sacrificed individuals. The animal bone and the nature of its placement along with the arrangement of the individuals in the tomb and accompanying burial offerings are all characteristic of high status individuals.
See also
Moche culture
History of Peru
Culture of Peru
Notes
^ ":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ ":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ ":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ ":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ ":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ Butters, L. J. C.; Castillo, S. U. (2007). "The Moche of Northern Perú". In Silverman, H.; Isbell, W. (eds.). Handbook of South American Archaeology (PDF). Blackwell Press.
^ ":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ ":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ "Archaeology student makes an unusual find at a Peruvian dig". phys.org. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
^ "Rising second-year makes an unusual find at a Peruvian dig". Harvard Gazette. 2019-07-23. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
^ ":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ ":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ ":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ Quilter, 1990, pg. 44
^ Donnan,1979
^ ":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
^ ":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ Tomasto Cagigao, 4 July 2011
^ Tomasto Cagigao, 4 July 2011
References
Donnan, Christopher B.; McClelland, Donna (1979), The Burial Theme in Moche Iconography, Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, pp. 1–45, OCLC 5153273
"San Jose de Moro Archaeological Program". Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru. 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
Tomasto Cagigao, Elsa (July 4, 2011). Los Chamanas (Speech). San Jose de Moro Bioarchaeology Program. San Jose de Moro, Peru.
Quilter, Jeffery (March 1990). "The Moche Revolt of the Objects". Latin American Antiquity. 1 (1): 42–65. doi:10.2307/971709. ISSN 1045-6635. JSTOR 971709. OCLC 484328923. S2CID 163701911.
7°10′55″S 79°26′18″W / 7.1819°S 79.4382°W / -7.1819; -79.4382 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_culture"},{"link_name":"archaeological site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Pacanga District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacanga_District"},{"link_name":"Chepén Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chep%C3%A9n_Province"},{"link_name":"La Libertad Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Libertad_Region"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"}],"text":"Archaeological site in PeruSan Jose de Moro is a Moche archaeological site in the Pacanga District, Chepén Province, La Libertad Region, of Northwestern Peru. The site served as a ceremonial funerary complex between the years 400 and 1000 AD.","title":"San Jose de Moro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jequetepeque District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jequetepeque_District"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Pan-American Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-American_Highway"},{"link_name":"Trujillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru"},{"link_name":"Chiclayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiclayo"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert"},{"link_name":"El Algarrobal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Algarrobal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The site of San Jose de Moro is located in a small community along the banks of the Chamán River in the Jequetepeque District valley of Peru. San Jose de Moro lies along the Pan-American Highway between the modern cities of Trujillo and Chiclayo. The site occupies approximately 10 hectares at about 13 meters above sea level[1]\nThe desert region is sandy and dry in an area of the country that receives almost no rainfall; the arid conditions providing an ideal environment for high preservation of archaeological material. In the region surrounding San Jose de Moro, there are several other archaeological sites of importance including: Cerro Chepen, San Ildefonso, El Algarrobal de Moro, Portachuelo de Charcape, Pacatnamu, and Cerro Catalina.[2]","title":"Region"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Site occupation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ceramics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"hearths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearths"},{"link_name":"sherds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherds"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Middle Moche Period","text":"The earliest occupation at San Jose de Moro dates to the Middle Moche Period of 400–600 AD. This early period is characterized by boot-shaped tombs and burial offerings consisting of ceramics and metals. The floors during the Middle Moche Period reveal 15 cm in diameter post holes that could have supported temporary structures constructed for visitors during funerary events. Other evidence includes hearths, pots with evidence of cooking, crucible offerings, and domestic pot sherds.[3]","title":"Site occupation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"check spelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Typo_help_inline"},{"link_name":"chicha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicha"},{"link_name":"burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial"},{"link_name":"hearths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearths"},{"link_name":"priestesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Late Moche Period","text":"The following Late Moche Period (600–850 AD) relates to the height of Moche presence in the Jequetepeque valley. During the Late Moche Period large storage containers, or paicas[check spelling], are found. These containers were used to store the alcoholic beverage chicha, which would have been consumed in large quantities during feasts and burial ceremonies. Evidence of heavy occupation includes: numerous hearths, food remains, reusable pots, and well-worn surfaces. It was also during the Late Moche Period that funerary occupation reached its peak with the presence of pit tombs, boot-shaped tombs, and chamber burials. The construction of the famous tombs of the priestesses of San Jose de Moro also occurred during this time; these powerful women assumed the roles of governors of the valley.[4]","title":"Site occupation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire"},{"link_name":"Lambayeque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambayeque,_Peru"},{"link_name":"artifact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Transitional Period","text":"The Transitional Period (850–1000 AD) at San Jose de Moro represents a time of change as the hegemony of the Moche empire waned and the Lambayeque state rose in power in the valley. The absence of centralized power during this transitional period allowed for a greater range of cultural expression as evidenced by the various types of artifact traditions found during this time.[5]The collapse of the Moche in San Jose de Moro was rather abrupt; nevertheless, the site was continually occupied during the Transitional Period. Relatively large quantities of foreign ceramics appear associated with local burials during the transition, including Wari, Nievería, Atarco, Pativilca, Cajamarca in several phases, and Chachapoyas styles. Later, these traditions coalesced in Lambayeque and Chimú cultures.[6]","title":"Site occupation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols"},{"link_name":"Lambayeque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambayeque,_Peru"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Lambayeque Period","text":"The final occupation at the site ranges from 1000–1350 AD during the Lambayeque Period. San Jose de Moro declined in importance as a ceremonial funerary center during this time. Despite this, the site continued to hold some prestige and received several burials of importance. This period of less intense occupation shows more burials in the flexed position and containing symbols of the Lambayeque culture.[7]","title":"Site occupation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Excavations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavations"},{"link_name":"Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontificia_Universidad_Catolica_del_Peru"},{"link_name":"Excavations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavations"},{"link_name":"tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb"},{"link_name":"chicha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicha"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Moche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_culture"},{"link_name":"Lambayeque cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sican_culture"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Excavations began at San Jose de Moro in 1991 and continue today in a program conducted by Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru and headed by archaeologist Luis Jamie Castillo. In 1991, each excavation unit held dimensions of 2m x 2m. In 1996, the unit size increased to 6m x 6m and since the year 2000, units are 10m x 10m in size. The larger unit size allows researchers to have a better understanding of the relationships between adjacent ceremonial and funerary areas. Excavations at the site have yielded three different types of tombs and indications of feasting in the form of large spaces for the production and storage of chicha.[8] Caroline Coolidge an archaeology student revealed example of small-faced unbroken figurine in 2019 in San Jose de Moro. The peculiarity of this 1000 years old figurine dating back to the transition period between Moche and Lambayeque cultures was that there were no other items around it, as it was considered that objects like this used to be buried in graves.[9][10]","title":"Excavations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Chamber tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_tombs"},{"link_name":"adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe"},{"link_name":"algarrobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenaea"},{"link_name":"chamber tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_tombs"},{"link_name":"Chamber tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_tombs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Tomb types","text":"The pit tombs at San Jose de Moro are the simplest form of burial. They are long, superficial graves that typically contain one individual with a few burial offerings. Pit tombs appear during later Transitional and Lambayeque occupations of the site with some pit tombs dating back to the Moche period.[11]Boot-shaped tombs are associated with the Middle and Late Moche periods. The tombs usually have a 2m deep vertical access shaft that leads to a horizontal vault or chamber where the deceased individuals are placed along with offerings. After burial, the vault is sealed with an adobe wall; an indicative feature of the boot-shaped tomb.[12]Chamber tombs are the most complex type of tomb found at San Jose de Moro. The chambers are built in a quadrangular shape with adobe walls and algarrobo beam roofing. The walls of chamber tombs sometimes contain niches or benches along the edges. The content and size of chamber tombs varies with the time period they are associated with. Chamber tombs often contain more than one individual and numerous grave offerings.[13]","title":"Excavations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iconography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography"},{"link_name":"ritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual"},{"link_name":"art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art"},{"link_name":"iconography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography"},{"link_name":"Anthropologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologist"},{"link_name":"sacred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"iconography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography"},{"link_name":"shamans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaman"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Moche iconography that appears mostly on Moche ceramics and Moche fine line pottery has come to play an important role in understanding Moche belief systems and ritual ceremonies. As the Moche had no writing system, the detailed art and iconography stands as representation for Moche practices and daily life. Anthropologist Christopher Donnan has even suggested that all Moche art is sacred and that even the most \"mundane representations are of religious significance\".[14] Moche iconography is also indicative of shamans with depictions of therianthropic beings and intricate rituals.[15]","title":"Moche iconography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iconography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography"},{"link_name":"human sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"coffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"spondylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondylus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Over the two decades of excavations at San Jose de Moro several burials have been uncovered containing high status female individuals. The importance of these women is indicated by their attire and by the number and nature of the burial offerings in their association. Furthermore, several of the individuals have been in costumes and with ornamentation that is depicted in Moche iconography relaying the Sacrifice and Presentation Ceremony. This complex Moche ceremony consisted of human sacrifice and the offering of human blood in a sacrifice goblet that appears in Moche art. The women buried at San Jose de Moro are wearing the same headdresses and are interred with similar “Sacrifice goblets” that are seen in the iconography of these ceremonies. Their importance in participation in these ritual ceremonies is indicated by the extensive work put into their tombs, their lavish offerings, and the evidence for grand funerary feasts held in their honor.[16]Tomb M-U41, The first Priestess. The individual interred in this tomb was a woman aged 30–40 years old. The woman was accompanied by the same ornamentation as the woman depicted in Moche iconography as the Priestess. The individual was placed in a cane coffin that was covered with copper discs. Metal engravings in the shapes of arms and legs were attached to the sides of the coffin as well as a headdress shaped engraving at the head of the coffin. Five additional females were buried with the primary individual inside the chamber tomb. Funerary offerings in the tomb included: spondylus shell necklaces, metal objects, and ceramic vessels.[17]","title":"The priestesses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"healers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healers"},{"link_name":"shamans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamans"},{"link_name":"paraphernalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphernalia"},{"link_name":"shamans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamans"},{"link_name":"tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb"},{"link_name":"skulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulls"},{"link_name":"burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial"},{"link_name":"shamans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamans"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"skeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton"},{"link_name":"burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial"},{"link_name":"shoulders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulders"},{"link_name":"condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor"},{"link_name":"musical instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument"},{"link_name":"condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"vagina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina"},{"link_name":"tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb"},{"link_name":"skulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulls"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial"},{"link_name":"artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"healers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healers"},{"link_name":"shamans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamans"},{"link_name":"skeletons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletons"},{"link_name":"skulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulls"},{"link_name":"secondary burials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_burial"},{"link_name":"bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb"},{"link_name":"burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial"}],"text":"Burial M-U1221- This burial dates to the Late Transitional Period. The tomb contained several female individuals who are thought to be healers or shamans. While the women were not buried with all of the normal paraphernalia of shamans, they had some items potentially linking them. The burial contains a child at the entrance of the tomb accompanied by three skulls, one of them having been cut clean. The burial also contained five mostly complete individuals. Original interpretations of the burial believed the individuals to be chamanas, or female shamans, with assistants.[18] The first chamana is a complete skeleton with burial offerings on her shoulders. The first individual believed to be an assistant is incomplete and is associated with a condor bone musical instrument. The second believed chamana is on top of the first assistant with the condor bone flute being inserted into her vagina, the pelvic of the second chamana and first assistant directly one over the other. A final second assistant is placed on top of the first chamana and is incomplete. Additionally, a child was found on top of the remains of the second chamana. The entire tomb was then filled with other bones and skulls.[19]The nature of this burial and the associated artifacts have led to the interpretation that these women were Moche healers, or shamans. The incomplete skeletons and skulls are often indicative of secondary burials and sacrificed individuals. The animal bone and the nature of its placement along with the arrangement of the individuals in the tomb and accompanying burial offerings are all characteristic of high status individuals.","title":"Los Chamanas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Handbook of South American Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/descargas/articulos/TheMochePeru.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Archaeology student makes an unusual find at a Peruvian dig\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phys.org/news/2019-07-archaeology-student-unusual-peruvian.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Rising second-year makes an unusual find at a Peruvian dig\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/07/rising-second-year-makes-an-unusual-find-at-a-peruvian-dig/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"}],"text":"^ \":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.\n\n^ \":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.\n\n^ \":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.\n\n^ \":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.\n\n^ \":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.\n\n^ Butters, L. J. C.; Castillo, S. U. (2007). \"The Moche of Northern Perú\". In Silverman, H.; Isbell, W. (eds.). Handbook of South American Archaeology (PDF). Blackwell Press.\n\n^ \":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.\n\n^ \":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.\n\n^ \"Archaeology student makes an unusual find at a Peruvian dig\". phys.org. Retrieved 2019-08-19.\n\n^ \"Rising second-year makes an unusual find at a Peruvian dig\". Harvard Gazette. 2019-07-23. Retrieved 2019-08-19.\n\n^ \":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.\n\n^ \":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.\n\n^ \":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.\n\n^ Quilter, 1990, pg. 44\n\n^ Donnan,1979\n\n^ \":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-18.\n\n^ \":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.\n\n^ Tomasto Cagigao, 4 July 2011\n\n^ Tomasto Cagigao, 4 July 2011","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Moche culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_culture"},{"title":"History of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Peru"},{"title":"Culture of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Peru"}] | [{"reference":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","url_text":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""}]},{"reference":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","url_text":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""}]},{"reference":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","url_text":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""}]},{"reference":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","url_text":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""}]},{"reference":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","url_text":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""}]},{"reference":"Butters, L. J. C.; Castillo, S. U. (2007). \"The Moche of Northern Perú\". In Silverman, H.; Isbell, W. (eds.). Handbook of South American Archaeology (PDF). Blackwell Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/descargas/articulos/TheMochePeru.pdf","url_text":"Handbook of South American Archaeology"}]},{"reference":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","url_text":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""}]},{"reference":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","url_text":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archaeology student makes an unusual find at a Peruvian dig\". phys.org. Retrieved 2019-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://phys.org/news/2019-07-archaeology-student-unusual-peruvian.html","url_text":"\"Archaeology student makes an unusual find at a Peruvian dig\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rising second-year makes an unusual find at a Peruvian dig\". Harvard Gazette. 2019-07-23. Retrieved 2019-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/07/rising-second-year-makes-an-unusual-find-at-a-peruvian-dig/","url_text":"\"Rising second-year makes an unusual find at a Peruvian dig\""}]},{"reference":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","url_text":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""}]},{"reference":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","url_text":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""}]},{"reference":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","url_text":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""}]},{"reference":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","url_text":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""}]},{"reference":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\". sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","url_text":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""}]},{"reference":"Donnan, Christopher B.; McClelland, Donna (1979), The Burial Theme in Moche Iconography, Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, pp. 1–45, OCLC 5153273","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5153273","url_text":"5153273"}]},{"reference":"\"San Jose de Moro Archaeological Program\". Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru. 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","url_text":"\"San Jose de Moro Archaeological Program\""}]},{"reference":"Tomasto Cagigao, Elsa (July 4, 2011). Los Chamanas (Speech). San Jose de Moro Bioarchaeology Program. San Jose de Moro, Peru.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Quilter, Jeffery (March 1990). \"The Moche Revolt of the Objects\". Latin American Antiquity. 1 (1): 42–65. doi:10.2307/971709. ISSN 1045-6635. JSTOR 971709. OCLC 484328923. S2CID 163701911.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F971709","url_text":"10.2307/971709"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1045-6635","url_text":"1045-6635"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/971709","url_text":"971709"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/484328923","url_text":"484328923"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163701911","url_text":"163701911"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Jose_de_Moro¶ms=7.1819_S_79.4382_W_","external_links_name":"7°10′55″S 79°26′18″W / 7.1819°S 79.4382°W / -7.1819; -79.4382"},{"Link":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","external_links_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""},{"Link":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","external_links_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""},{"Link":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","external_links_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""},{"Link":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","external_links_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""},{"Link":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","external_links_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""},{"Link":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/descargas/articulos/TheMochePeru.pdf","external_links_name":"Handbook of South American Archaeology"},{"Link":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","external_links_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""},{"Link":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","external_links_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""},{"Link":"https://phys.org/news/2019-07-archaeology-student-unusual-peruvian.html","external_links_name":"\"Archaeology student makes an unusual find at a Peruvian dig\""},{"Link":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/07/rising-second-year-makes-an-unusual-find-at-a-peruvian-dig/","external_links_name":"\"Rising second-year makes an unusual find at a Peruvian dig\""},{"Link":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","external_links_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""},{"Link":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","external_links_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""},{"Link":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","external_links_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""},{"Link":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","external_links_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""},{"Link":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","external_links_name":"\":: SAN JOSÉ DE MORO Archaeological Program ::\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5153273","external_links_name":"5153273"},{"Link":"http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/02english/index.html","external_links_name":"\"San Jose de Moro Archaeological Program\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F971709","external_links_name":"10.2307/971709"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1045-6635","external_links_name":"1045-6635"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/971709","external_links_name":"971709"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/484328923","external_links_name":"484328923"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163701911","external_links_name":"163701911"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Jose_de_Moro¶ms=7.1819_S_79.4382_W_","external_links_name":"7°10′55″S 79°26′18″W / 7.1819°S 79.4382°W / -7.1819; -79.4382"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theagaraya_Nagar_(State_Assembly_Constituency) | Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency | ["1 Madras State","2 Tamil Nadu","3 Election results","3.1 2021","3.2 2016","3.3 2011","3.4 2006","3.5 2001","3.6 1996","3.7 1991","3.8 1989","3.9 1984","3.10 1980","3.11 1977","3.12 1971","3.13 1967","3.14 1962","3.15 1957","4 References"] | Coordinates: 8°43′N 77°45′E / 8.72°N 77.75°E / 8.72; 77.75Constituency no. 24 of 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India
ThiyagarayanagarConstituency No. 24 for the Tamil Nadu Legislative AssemblyConstituency detailsCountryIndiaRegionSouth IndiaStateTamil NaduDistrictChennaiLS constituencyChennai SouthTotal electors2,45,005ReservationNoneMember of Legislative Assembly16th Tamil Nadu Legislative AssemblyIncumbent J. Karunanithi Party DMKAlliance SPAElected year2021
Thiyagarayanagar is the legislative assembly constituency located in the southern part of Chennai district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 24. It is a part of Chennai South parliamentary constituency during national elections. Thiyagarayanagar is in existence since 1957 election. It currently covers T. Nagar and adjacent localities, such as Pondy Bazaar, Kodambakkam, Ashok Nagar, KK Nagar, MGR Nagar, Vadapalani and West Mambalam. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.
Madras State
Year
Winner
Party
1957
K. Vinayakam
Indian National Congress
1962
Kanchi Manimozhiyar
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
1967
M. P. Sivagnanam
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Tamil Nadu
Assembly
Year
Winner
Party
Fifth
1971
K. M. Subramaniam
Indian National Congress
Sixth
1977
R. E. Chandran Jayapal
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Seventh
1980
K. Sourirajan
Indian National Congress
Eighth
1984
K. Sourirajan
Indian National Congress
Ninth
1989
S. A. Ganesan
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Tenth
1991
S. Jayakumar
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Eleventh
1996
A. Chellakumar
Tamil Maanila Congress
Twelfth
2001
J. Anbazhagan
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Thirteenth
2006
V. P. Kalairajan
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Fourteenth
2011
V. P. Kalairajan
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Fifteenth
2016
B. Sathyanarayanan
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Sixteenth
2021
J. Karunanithi
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Election results
Vote share of Winning candidates
2021
41.05%
2016
37.47%
2011
58.48%
2006
48.57%
2001
48.55%
1996
67.16%
1991
61.19%
1989
43.03%
1984
49.26%
1980
50.58%
1977
30.91%
1971
48.32%
1967
57.36%
1962
41.02%
1957
45.10%
2021
2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Thiyagarayanagar
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
DMK
J. Karunanithi
56,035
41.05%
+5.8
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
B. Sathiyanaarayanan
55,898
40.95%
+3.48
MNM
Pala. Karuppiah
14,567
10.67%
New
NTK
S. Sivasankari
8,284
6.07%
+4.61
NOTA
NOTA
1,617
1.18%
-1.33
AMMK
R. Bharaneeswaran
782
0.57%
New
Margin of victory
137
0.10%
-2.12%
Turnout
136,497
55.71%
-2.22%
Rejected ballots
84
0.06%
Registered electors
245,005
DMK gain from Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Swing
3.58%
2016
2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Thiyagarayanagar
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
B. Sathiyanaarayanan
53,207
37.47%
-21.01
DMK
Dr. N. S. Kanimozhi
50,052
35.25%
New
BJP
H. Raja
19,888
14.01%
+10.48
DMDK
V. Kumar
6,210
4.37%
New
PMK
V. Vinoth
5,071
3.57%
New
NOTA
NOTA
3,570
2.51%
New
NTK
Padmanapan
2,072
1.46%
New
Margin of victory
3,155
2.22%
-22.80%
Turnout
141,982
57.93%
-8.64%
Registered electors
245,101
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam hold
Swing
-21.01%
2011
2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Thiyagarayanagar
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
V. P. Kalairajan
75,883
58.48%
+9.92
INC
A. Chellakumar
43,421
33.46%
New
BJP
K. Ravichandran
4,575
3.53%
+0.75
Independent
Traffic Ramaswamy
1,305
1.01%
New
IJK
G. Sarada
958
0.74%
New
Independent
E. Sarathbabu
830
0.64%
New
Margin of victory
32,462
25.02%
14.22%
Turnout
129,751
66.57%
3.69%
Registered electors
194,922
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam hold
Swing
9.92%
2006
2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Thiyagarayanagar
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
V. P. Kalairajan
74,131
48.57%
+2.12
DMK
J. Anbazhagan
57,654
37.77%
-10.77
DMDK
T. Pandian
8,824
5.78%
New
LKPT
S. Arvind
6,323
4.14%
New
BJP
Muktha V. Srinivasan
4,235
2.77%
New
Margin of victory
16,477
10.80%
8.70%
Turnout
152,632
62.87%
19.99%
Registered electors
242,771
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam gain from DMK
Swing
0.02%
2001
2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Thiyagarayanagar
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
DMK
J. Anbazhagan
57,875
48.55%
New
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
E. V. K. Sulochana Sampath
55,376
46.45%
+22.33
MDMK
K. Thyagarajan
3,697
3.10%
New
Margin of victory
2,499
2.10%
-40.94%
Turnout
119,216
42.88%
-12.82%
Registered electors
277,999
DMK gain from TMC(M)
Swing
-18.61%
1996
1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Thiyagarayanagar
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
TMC(M)
A. Chellakumar
76,461
67.16%
New
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
S. Vijayan
27,463
24.12%
-37.07
BJP
S. Srinivasan
5,285
4.64%
+0.39
JD
K. Jagaveera Pandian
1,959
1.72%
New
PMK
D. Kuppusamy
940
0.83%
New
Margin of victory
48,998
43.04%
13.31%
Turnout
113,853
55.70%
3.63%
Registered electors
208,349
TMC(M) gain from Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Swing
5.97%
1991
1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Thiyagarayanagar
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
S. Jayakumar
64,460
61.19%
+39.65
DMK
S. A. Ganesan
33,147
31.47%
-11.56
BJP
R. Durai
4,479
4.25%
+2.94
PMK
A. Krishnamurthy Alias A. K. Morthy
2,137
2.03%
New
Margin of victory
31,313
29.73%
10.62%
Turnout
105,341
52.07%
-13.24%
Registered electors
204,830
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam gain from DMK
Swing
18.16%
1989
1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Thiyagarayanagar
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
DMK
S. A. M. Ganesan
49,772
43.03%
New
INC
K. Sourirajan
27,668
23.92%
-25.34
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
V. Balasubramainan
24,920
21.54%
New
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Jeppiaar
8,268
7.15%
New
BJP
M. S. Nithyanandam
1,517
1.31%
-5.66
Independent
N. Manickam
821
0.71%
New
Independent
A. Kittappan
663
0.57%
New
Margin of victory
22,104
19.11%
10.19%
Turnout
115,667
65.31%
1.88%
Registered electors
178,867
DMK gain from INC
Swing
-6.23%
1984
1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Thiyagarayanagar
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
INC
K. Sourirajan
49,038
49.26%
New
JP
G. Kalivaradan
40,154
40.34%
New
BJP
K. Jana Krishna Murthi
6,945
6.98%
+2.56
Independent
M. K. Srinivasan
2,137
2.15%
New
Margin of victory
8,884
8.92%
1.24%
Turnout
99,550
63.43%
7.99%
Registered electors
160,537
INC gain from GKC
Swing
-1.32%
1980
1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Thiyagarayanagar
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
GKC
K. Sourirajan
42,566
50.58%
New
DMK
R. E. Chandran Jeyapal
36,100
42.89%
+11.98
BJP
K. Sanckar
3,716
4.42%
New
JP
T. Swaminathan
1,462
1.74%
New
Margin of victory
6,466
7.68%
6.32%
Turnout
84,164
55.44%
13.32%
Registered electors
153,113
GKC gain from DMK
Swing
19.66%
1977
1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Thiyagarayanagar
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
DMK
R. E. Chandran Jayapal
23,346
30.91%
-16.27
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
K. Krishnamoorthy
22,316
29.55%
New
JP
K. Krishnamoorthy (Jana)
18,020
23.86%
New
INC
A. J. Doss
7,833
10.37%
-37.95
Independent
K. Sowrirajan
2,387
3.16%
New
Independent
K. Kalyanasundaram
560
0.74%
New
Independent
D. Jayakanthan
481
0.64%
New
Margin of victory
1,030
1.36%
0.22%
Turnout
75,522
42.12%
-23.54%
Registered electors
180,871
DMK gain from INC
Swing
-17.41%
1971
1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Thiyagarayanagar
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
INC
K. M. Subramaniam
37,100
48.32%
New
DMK
D. V. Narayanasamy
36,221
47.18%
-10.18
ABJS
K. Narayan Rao
1,880
2.45%
New
Independent
Thirunagar Rathinam
1,187
1.55%
New
Margin of victory
879
1.14%
-14.07%
Turnout
76,775
65.66%
-6.68%
Registered electors
121,232
INC gain from DMK
Swing
-9.03%
1967
1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election : Thiyagarayanagar
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
DMK
M. P. Sivagnanam
37,662
57.36%
+16.34
Independent
K. M. Subramaniam
27,669
42.14%
New
ABJS
Lakshminarasimhan
333
0.51%
New
Margin of victory
9,993
15.22%
5.29%
Turnout
65,664
72.34%
2.74%
Registered electors
92,089
DMK hold
Swing
16.34%
1962
1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election : Thiyagarayanagar
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
DMK
Kanchi Manimozhiar
35,402
41.02%
New
INC
Guntur Narasimha Rao
26,834
31.09%
-14.01
SWA
C. Damodaram
9,196
10.65%
New
Independent
Krishnamoorthy
8,002
9.27%
New
TNP
K. Murugesan
4,653
5.39%
New
Independent
M. K. Srinivasan
1,424
1.65%
New
Independent
A. S. Jesubatham
566
0.66%
New
Margin of victory
8,568
9.93%
-2.53%
Turnout
86,308
69.61%
36.26%
Registered electors
128,854
DMK gain from INC
Swing
-4.08%
1957
1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election : Thiyagarayanagar
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
INC
K. Vinayakam
16,813
45.10%
New
Independent
A. S. Jesupatham
12,170
32.65%
New
Independent
S. Krishnamoorthy
8,296
22.25%
New
Margin of victory
4,643
12.45%
Turnout
37,279
33.35%
Registered electors
111,797
INC win (new seat)
References
^ "Form 21E (Return of Election)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
^ MS, Nileena (14 January 2016). "T Nagar: Tired of civic problems, will residents opt for NOTA?". Citizen Matters, Chennai. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
^ "2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 24. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ "Thiyagarayanagar Election Result". Retrieved 18 June 2022.
^ "Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu" (PDF). www.elections.tn.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
^ Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu (PDF). Election Commission of Tamil Nadu (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
^ Election Commission of India. "2006 Election Statistical Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2006.
^ Election Commission of India (12 May 2001). "Statistical Report on General Election 2001" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010.
^ Election Commission of India. "1996 Election Statistical Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1991" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1989" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1984" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1980" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1977" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1971" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1967" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1962" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1957" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
"Statistical reports of assembly elections". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
vteAssembly constituencies of Tamil NaduCurrent
A
Aarani
Alandur
Alangudi
Alangulam
Ambasamudram
Ambattur
Ambur
Anaicut
Andipatti
Anna Nagar
Anthiyur
Arakkonam
Arantangi
Aravakurichi
Arcot
Ariyalur
Aruppukottai
Athoor
Attur
Avadi
Avanashi
B
Bargur
Bhavani
Bhavanisagar
Bhuvanagiri
Bodinayakkanur
C
Chengalpattu
Chengam
Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni
Cheyyar
Cheyyur
Chidambaram
Coimbatore North
Coimbatore South
Colachal
Coonoor
Cuddalore
Cumbum
D
Dharapuram
Dharmapuri
Dindigul
E
Edappadi
Egmore
Erode East
Erode West
G
Gandarvakottai
Gangavalli
Gingee
Gobichettipalayam
Gudalur
Gudiyatham
Gummidipoondi
H
Harbour
Harur
Hosur
J
Jayankondam
Jolarpet
K
Kadayanallur
Kalasapakkam
Kallakurichi
Kancheepuram
Kangayam
Kanniyakumari
Karaikudi
Karur
Katpadi
Kattumannarkoil
Kavundampalayam
Killiyoor
Kilpennathur
Kilvaithinankuppam
Kilvelur
Kinathukadavu
Kolathur
Kovilpatti
Krishnagiri
Krishnarayapuram
Kulithalai
Kumarapalayam
Kumbakonam
Kunnam
Kurinjipadi
L
Lalgudi
M
Madathukulam
Madavaram
Madurai Central
Madurai East
Madurai North
Madurai South
Madurai West
Maduranthakam
Maduravoyal
Mailam
Manachanallur
Manamadurai
Manapparai
Mannargudi
Mayiladuturai
Melur
Mettupalayam
Mettur
Modakkurichi
Mudukulathur
Musiri
Mylapore
N
Nagapattinam
Nagercoil
Namakkal
Nanguneri
Nannilam
Natham
Neyveli
Nilakottai
O
Oddanchatram
Omalur
Orathanad
Ottapidaram
P
Padmanabhapuram
Palacode
Palani
Palayamkottai
Palladam
Pallavaram
Panruti
Papanasam
Pappireddipatti
Paramakudi
Paramathi-Velur
Pattukkottai
Pennagaram
Perambalur
Perambur
Peravurani
Periyakulam
Perundurai
Pollachi
Polur
Ponneri
Poompuhar
Poonamallee
Pudukkottai
R
Radhakrishnan Nagar
Radhapuram
Rajapalayam
Ramanathapuram
Ranipet
Rasipuram
Rishivandiyam
Royapuram
S
Saidapet
Salem North
Salem South
Salem West
Sangagiri
Sankarankoil
Sankarapuram
Sattur
Senthamangalam
Sholavandan
Sholinganallur
Sholingur
Singanallur
Sirkazhi
Sivaganga
Sivakasi
Sriperumbudur
Srirangam
Srivaikuntam
Srivilliputhur
Sulur
T
Tambaram
Tenkasi
Thalli
Thanjavur
Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar
Thirumangalam
Thiruparankundram
Thiruporur
Thiruthuraipoondi
Thiruvallur
Thiruverumbur
Thiruvidamarudur
Thiruvottiyur
Thiyagarayanagar
Thondamuthur
Thoothukkudi
Thousand Lights
Thuraiyur
Tindivanam
Tiruchendur
Tiruchengode
Tiruchirappalli East
Tiruchirappalli West
Tiruchuli
Tirukkoyilur
Tirumayam
Tirunelveli
Tiruppattur, Sivaganga
Tiruppattur, Vellore
Tiruppur North
Tiruppur South
Tiruttani
Tiruvadanai
Tiruvaiyaru
Tiruvannamalai
Tiruvarur
Tittakudi
U
Udagamandalam
Udumalaipettai
Ulundurpet
Usilampatti
Uthangarai
Uthiramerur
V
Valparai
Vandavasi
Vaniyambadi
Vanur
Vasudevanallur
Vedaranyam
Vedasandur
Veerapandi
Velachery
Vellore
Veppanahalli
Vikravandi
Vilathikulam
Vilavancode
Villivakkam
Villupuram
Viralimalai
Virudhachalam
Virudhunagar
Virugampakkam
Y
Yercaud
Defunct
A
Acharapakkam
Adirampattinam
Aduthurai
Anamalai
Andanallur
Andimadam
B
Basin Bridge
C
Chennimalai
Chepauk
Cheranmadevi
Chinnasalem
Coimbatore East
Coimbatore West
E
Erode
G
Gangaikondan
I
Ilaiyangudi
K
Kabilarmalai
Kadaladi
Kadambathur
Kadambur
Kadavur
Kadayam
Kandamangalam
Kaniyambadi
Kariapatti
Kaveripattinam
Kodaikanal
Kolathur
Kottur
Kovilpalayam
Kudavasal
Kunnathur
Kuttalam
M
Mallasamudram
Mangalore
Marungapuri
Melapalayam
Melmalayanur
Melur North
Melur South
Morappur
Mugaiyur
N
Nallur
Nambiyur
Natrampalli
Nellikkuppam
P
Pallipattu
Panamarathupatty
Panjapatti
Park Town
Peranamallur
Pernambut
Perur
Pongalur
Porayar
Puliyangudi
Purasawalkam
S
Salem – I
Salem – II
Saliamangalam
Samayanallur
Sathankulam
Sathyamangalam
Sedapatti
Sembanarkoil
St. Thomas Mount
T
T. Palur
Talavasal
Tanippadi
Taramangalam
Thandarambattu
Theni
Thiruvattar
Thiruvonam
Thottiam
Thurinjapuram
Tiruchirappalli – I
Tiruchirappalli – II
Tirukostiyur
Tirunavalur
Tiruppur
Triplicane
U
Uddanapalle
Uppiliapuram
Uthamapalayam
V
Vadamadurai
Valangiman
Valavanur
Varahur
Vazhapadi
Vellakoil
Vengalam
Virinchipuram
W
Washermanpet
Related topics
Elections in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
List of constituencies of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu
Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu
8°43′N 77°45′E / 8.72°N 77.75°E / 8.72; 77.75 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"legislative assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Chennai South parliamentary constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai_South_Lok_Sabha_constituency"},{"link_name":"T. Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Nagar"},{"link_name":"Pondy Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondy_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"Kodambakkam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodambakkam"},{"link_name":"Ashok Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Nagar,_Chennai"},{"link_name":"KK Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._K._Nagar,_Chennai"},{"link_name":"MGR Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGR_Nagar"},{"link_name":"Vadapalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadapalani"},{"link_name":"West Mambalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Mambalam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Constituency no. 24 of 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in IndiaThiyagarayanagar is the legislative assembly constituency located in the southern part of Chennai district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 24. It is a part of Chennai South parliamentary constituency during national elections. Thiyagarayanagar is in existence since 1957 election. It currently covers T. Nagar and adjacent localities, such as Pondy Bazaar, Kodambakkam, Ashok Nagar, KK Nagar, MGR Nagar, Vadapalani and West Mambalam.[2] It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.","title":"Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Madras State"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tamil Nadu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2021"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2016"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2011"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2006"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2001"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1996"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1991"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1989"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1984"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1980"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1977"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1971"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1967"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1962"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1957"}],"text":"Vote share of Winning candidates\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n \n41.05%\n\n\n2016\n \n37.47%\n\n\n2011\n \n58.48%\n\n\n2006\n \n48.57%\n\n\n2001\n \n48.55%\n\n\n1996\n \n67.16%\n\n\n1991\n \n61.19%\n\n\n1989\n \n43.03%\n\n\n1984\n \n49.26%\n\n\n1980\n \n50.58%\n\n\n1977\n \n30.91%\n\n\n1971\n \n48.32%\n\n\n1967\n \n57.36%\n\n\n1962\n \n41.02%\n\n\n1957\n \n45.10%","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2021","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2016","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2011","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2006","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2001","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1996","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1991","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1989","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1984","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1980","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1977","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1971","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1967","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1962","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1957","title":"Election results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Form 21E (Return of Election)\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222082658/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC024.pdf","url_text":"\"Form 21E (Return of Election)\""},{"url":"https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC024.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"MS, Nileena (14 January 2016). \"T Nagar: Tired of civic problems, will residents opt for NOTA?\". Citizen Matters, Chennai. Retrieved 11 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://chennai.citizenmatters.in/user-submitted-post-16","url_text":"\"T Nagar: Tired of civic problems, will residents opt for NOTA?\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary\" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 24. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf","url_text":"\"2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thiyagarayanagar Election Result\". Retrieved 18 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a024","url_text":"\"Thiyagarayanagar Election Result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu\" (PDF). www.elections.tn.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf","url_text":"\"Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu\""},{"url":"https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu (PDF). Election Commission of Tamil Nadu (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf","url_text":"Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu"},{"url":"http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"2006 Election Statistical Report\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf","url_text":"\"2006 Election Statistical Report\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India (12 May 2001). \"Statistical Report on General Election 2001\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 2001\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"1996 Election Statistical Report\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf","url_text":"\"1996 Election Statistical Report\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1991\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1991\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1989\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1989\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1984\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1984\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1980\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1980\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1977\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1977\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1971\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1971\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1967\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1967\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1962\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1962\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1957\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1957\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Statistical reports of assembly elections\". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Cortese | Nicola Cortese | ["1 Banking career","2 Southampton Football Club","2.1 Appointment as executive chairman","2.2 Links with Italian football clubs","2.3 Comments to the Press","2.4 Departure","3 Business style","4 Family","5 References","6 External links"] | Italian banker
Nicola CorteseBornNicola Cortese (1968-08-07) 7 August 1968 (age 55)ItalyNationalityItalianOccupationBankerKnown forExecutive chairman of Southampton
Nicola Cortese (born 7 August 1968) is a Swiss-based Italian banker, best known for his time as executive chairman of Southampton Football Club. He joined the club in August 2009 as a director of Southampton Football Club Limited before departing in January 2014. Katharina Liebherr succeeded him as executive chairman of the club.
Banking career
Cortese was educated in Switzerland and England in business communication and finance. He was involved for ten years in sports business practice as head of the sports and entertainment desk at various Swiss banks, providing global services to sports and entertainment professionals. He is currently a proposed buyer of Sunderland AFC. His most recent position was as an executive at Banque Heritage in Geneva where he managed the finances of billionaires. He had previously run the sports business desk for Credit Suisse.
Southampton Football Club
Appointment as executive chairman
In July 2009, Cortese conducted the deal to buy Southampton, then in administration, for Markus Liebherr, a German-born, Swiss-based industrialist. Following the completion of the purchase, Liebherr realised that his newly acquired business had no senior management structure, and invited Cortese to take the role of executive chairman, with the principal role of developing the long-term strategy for the football club and the business. Cortese was appointed a director of Southampton Football Club Limited on 1 August 2009.
At the time of the appointment, Liebherr commented:
Nicola has been pivotal in conceiving the purchase of the Club and making it happen. I am now delighted to entrust him with overseeing the Club's progress, development and achievement of success over the long term. Nicola and I have enjoyed a long business relationship and it was Nicola who convinced me about buying the Club. He then conducted what proved to be a very difficult process very expertly and professionally. Ultimately, it happened because Nicola was at all times focused on strong business and ethical principles. Since our early conversations about the deal I made it clear that I would only buy the Club if he remained involved following the purchase. I am therefore very happy that he has accepted the role as Executive Chairman.
On accepting the appointment, Cortese said:
I have been running the Club as Markus' representative since 8 July and a good start has been made in recruiting well regarded senior staff and our new First Team Manager, who have begun putting together the strategies for on and off field success. But it is only a start. We have been reviewing, and will continue to review, every aspect of the Club. We will be applying policies to our football team, commercial operations, financial structures, community work and fan communications which ensure that we run as a first-in-class football club and business.I realise that there are great expectations and I will ensure that every effort is expended to meet these expectations, but effectively we need to restructure and create a solid base from which we can build and become successful. This will take time. We will take our example from our supporters, who already are what we aim to become – Premier League. With their support we will again become a Premier League Club. The supporters, the City of Southampton and the region deserve nothing less. Everyone at the Club will be fully committed to responding to this great challenge.
Links with Italian football clubs
In January 2010, rumours were circulated that a top Italian club had approached Southampton about Cortese with a view to him joining their board of directors. Initially the mystery club was believed to be Fiorentina, because at the time that Southampton signed Senegalese striker Papa Waigo on loan in September 2009, Cortese is alleged to have commented that he had "links on the board".
It was subsequently claimed that the club concerned was A.C. Milan, but Cortese pledged his future to Southampton, saying: "Southampton is my baby; I'm not going to abandon it". In a statement on the club's website, Cortese claimed that he had been approached but that he remained totally committed to Southampton:
I am obviously flattered about the interest, and flattered that it has come from a top, top team because I think this is a success, not just for me, but for Southampton Football Club, the supporters, my management team and our First Team. It shows that what is happening here is attracting awareness, that is good for both our supporters and our partners, and also good for attracting new partners. It shows that we are not just creating awareness locally, but nationally, and also as it seems internationally. My answer at the time when I had this approach was a simple one and I didn't have to think for even a second about it. The club, despite where they are and the success that they have had in the past in the Italian leagues cannot offer me anything that Southampton cannot achieve.
Comments to the Press
In February, Cortese was interviewed on Radio Solent when he appeared to put pressure on the Southampton manager, Alan Pardew, when he was reported to say that, despite the form in the EFL Trophy, he was not satisfied with the team's results in League One, with the club's "top priority" being to reach the end of season play-offs.
If you go back to the beginning of the season, Southampton were probably not in a much different position than Norwich or Charlton, with the difference that we started on minus ten points; but Norwich or Charlton had no money to spend in the window. We all know what we spent. Now we are approximately 30 points behind Norwich and 20 points behind Charlton. I think that gap is simply too big.
The following month, Cortese denied that there was any rift between him and Pardew, but once again underlined his desire to reach the play-offs at the end of the season. Cortese said they were both of the opinion that the amount spent in January – around £2 million – meant the playoffs had to become their target for the campaign.
We spent quite a considerable amount of money in the transfer window. Simply, when you do that automatically your expectations change. When the manager comes to ask me about buying players, we also talk about what we are going to end up with when we are buying those players. So we were always on the same page with what we want to achieve.
A few weeks later, on 28 March 2010, Cortese was present at Wembley to witness Southampton win the EFL Trophy, defeating Carlisle United 4–1. After collecting his winner's medal, Pardew embraced both Liebherr and Cortese. Pardew later commented:
There's been a lot of speculation about what the acting chief executive has said and some of the pressure he's put on us and I have to accept that. It was important we won this so I can look him in the eye and say "we've won this".
Departure
Following media speculation over an "irreconcilable rift" with the club's owner, Katharina Liebherr, Cortese resigned from his position at the club on 15 January 2014.
Liebherr, who appointed herself as the Non-Executive Chairman of the club following Cortese's resignation, expressed her regret over the departure, commenting that Cortese had done a "wonderful job" in his tenure as chairman, and "we wanted him to stay".
Business style
In an interview with The Times in March 2010, Cortese discussed his approach to running a football club.
Clubs spend money they do not have; they spend next year’s income. They spend money that will not arrive for two years and say, "But we'll have some success and bring in more cash to cover the shortfall". It cannot be sustained. In good times you need to be saving money for the bad times. If we reach the Premier League, I would like to be in a position where we did not need parachute payments. In good years you should put money away for the bad years.
Family
At the time of his appointment, Cortese was living in Ennetbaden, Switzerland with his wife Alexandra and two children. He has since moved his family to Hampshire.
References
^ a b c d e "Cortese Named Executive Chairman". Southampton F.C. 4 August 2009. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
^ a b c Evans, Tony (22 March 2010). "Nicola Cortese perfects art of balancing". The Times. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
^ "Cortese appointed Saints chairman". BBC. 3 August 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
^ "Southampton chairman Nicola Cortese linked with Serie A club". Southern Daily Echo. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
^ "Italian job for Cortese? 'Nicola who?'". Southern Daily Echo. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
^ Scott, Matt (27 January 2010). "Saint says no to Milan". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
^ Kerins, Dan (27 January 2010). "AC Milan wanted Southampton chairman Nicola Cortese". Southern Daily Echo. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
^ "Nicola Cortese stays at Southampton". BBC Sport. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
^ "Cortese: Saints are my baby". Southern Daily Echo. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
^ "Chairman Committed To Saints". Southampton F.C. 29 January 2010. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
^ "Southampton manager Alan Pardew told league form must improve". Southern Daily Echo. 8 February 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
^ a b "Cortese denies Pardew rift". Southern Daily Echo. 13 March 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
^ "Southampton are too far behind leaders – Nicola Cortese". BBC Sport. 13 March 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
^ "Pards: I can look Cortese in the eye". Southern Daily Echo. 28 March 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
^ "Southampton: Nicola Cortese replaced by owner as chairman". BBC Sport. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
^ "Club Statement". Southampton FC. 15 January 2014. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
^ "Southampton Football Club Limited". Company Details. Companies House. Retrieved 2 April 2010. (Fee required)
External links
Nicola Cortese profile | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"banker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker"},{"link_name":"chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman"},{"link_name":"Southampton Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_F.C."}],"text":"Nicola Cortese (born 7 August 1968) is a Swiss-based Italian banker, best known for his time as executive chairman of Southampton Football Club. He joined the club in August 2009 as a director of Southampton Football Club Limited before departing in January 2014. Katharina Liebherr succeeded him as executive chairman of the club.","title":"Nicola Cortese"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appt-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appt-1"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"billionaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billionaire"},{"link_name":"Credit Suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Suisse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-balancing-2"}],"text":"Cortese was educated in Switzerland and England in business communication and finance.[1] He was involved for ten years in sports business practice as head of the sports and entertainment desk at various Swiss banks, providing global services to sports and entertainment professionals. He is currently a proposed buyer of Sunderland AFC.[1] His most recent position was as an executive at Banque Heritage in Geneva where he managed the finances of billionaires. He had previously run the sports business desk for Credit Suisse.[2]","title":"Banking career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Southampton Football Club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_F.C."},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(British_football)"},{"link_name":"Markus Liebherr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Liebherr"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-balancing-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appt-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appt-1"}],"sub_title":"Appointment as executive chairman","text":"In July 2009, Cortese conducted the deal to buy Southampton, then in administration, for Markus Liebherr, a German-born, Swiss-based industrialist.[2] Following the completion of the purchase, Liebherr realised that his newly acquired business had no senior management structure, and invited Cortese to take the role of executive chairman, with the principal role of developing the long-term strategy for the football club and the business.[3] Cortese was appointed a director of Southampton Football Club Limited on 1 August 2009.At the time of the appointment, Liebherr commented:Nicola has been pivotal in conceiving the purchase of the Club and making it happen. I am now delighted to entrust him with overseeing the Club's progress, development and achievement of success over the long term. Nicola and I have enjoyed a long business relationship and it was Nicola who convinced me about buying the Club. He then conducted what proved to be a very difficult process very expertly and professionally. Ultimately, it happened because Nicola was at all times focused on strong business and ethical principles. Since our early conversations about the deal I made it clear that I would only buy the Club if he remained involved following the purchase. I am therefore very happy that he has accepted the role as Executive Chairman.[1]On accepting the appointment, Cortese said:I have been running the Club as Markus' representative since 8 July and a good start has been made in recruiting well regarded senior staff and our new First Team Manager, who have begun putting together the strategies for on and off field success. But it is only a start. We have been reviewing, and will continue to review, every aspect of the Club. We will be applying policies to our football team, commercial operations, financial structures, community work and fan communications which ensure that we run as a first-in-class football club and business.I realise that there are great expectations and I will ensure that every effort is expended to meet these expectations, but effectively we need to restructure and create a solid base from which we can build and become successful. This will take time. We will take our example from our supporters, who already are what we aim to become – Premier League. With their support we will again become a Premier League Club. The supporters, the City of Southampton and the region deserve nothing less. Everyone at the Club will be fully committed to responding to this great challenge.[1]","title":"Southampton Football Club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fiorentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorentina_F.C."},{"link_name":"Senegalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Papa Waigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Waigo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"A.C. Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Links with Italian football clubs","text":"In January 2010, rumours were circulated that a top Italian club had approached Southampton about Cortese with a view to him joining their board of directors.[4] Initially the mystery club was believed to be Fiorentina, because at the time that Southampton signed Senegalese striker Papa Waigo on loan in September 2009, Cortese is alleged to have commented that he had \"links on the board\".[5]It was subsequently claimed that the club concerned was A.C. Milan,[6][7] but Cortese pledged his future to Southampton, saying: \"Southampton is my baby; I'm not going to abandon it\".[8][9] In a statement on the club's website, Cortese claimed that he had been approached but that he remained totally committed to Southampton:I am obviously flattered about the interest, and flattered that it has come from a top, top team because I think this is a success, not just for me, but for Southampton Football Club, the supporters, my management team and our First Team. It shows that what is happening here is attracting awareness, that is good for both our supporters and our partners, and also good for attracting new partners. It shows that we are not just creating awareness locally, but nationally, and also as it seems internationally. My answer at the time when I had this approach was a simple one and I didn't have to think for even a second about it. The club, despite where they are and the success that they have had in the past in the Italian leagues cannot offer me anything that Southampton cannot achieve.[10]","title":"Southampton Football Club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radio Solent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Solent"},{"link_name":"Alan Pardew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Pardew"},{"link_name":"EFL Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cortese_denies_Pardew_rift-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cortese_denies_Pardew_rift-12"},{"link_name":"Wembley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"EFL Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Carlisle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Comments to the Press","text":"In February, Cortese was interviewed on Radio Solent when he appeared to put pressure on the Southampton manager, Alan Pardew, when he was reported to say that, despite the form in the EFL Trophy, he was not satisfied with the team's results in League One, with the club's \"top priority\"[11] being to reach the end of season play-offs.If you go back to the beginning of the season, Southampton were probably not in a much different position than Norwich or Charlton, with the difference that we started on minus ten points; but Norwich or Charlton had no money to spend in the window. We all know what we spent. Now we are approximately 30 points behind Norwich and 20 points behind Charlton. I think that gap is simply too big.[12]The following month, Cortese denied that there was any rift between him and Pardew, but once again underlined his desire to reach the play-offs at the end of the season.[13] Cortese said they were both of the opinion that the amount spent in January – around £2 million – meant the playoffs had to become their target for the campaign.We spent quite a considerable amount of money in the transfer window. Simply, when you do that automatically your expectations change. When the manager comes to ask me about buying players, we also talk about what we are going to end up with when we are buying those players. So we were always on the same page with what we want to achieve.[12]A few weeks later, on 28 March 2010, Cortese was present at Wembley to witness Southampton win the EFL Trophy, defeating Carlisle United 4–1. After collecting his winner's medal, Pardew embraced both Liebherr and Cortese. Pardew later commented:There's been a lot of speculation about what the acting chief executive has said and some of the pressure he's put on us and I have to accept that. It was important we won this so I can look him in the eye and say \"we've won this\".[14]","title":"Southampton Football Club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Departure","text":"Following media speculation over an \"irreconcilable rift\" with the club's owner, Katharina Liebherr, Cortese resigned from his position at the club on 15 January 2014.[15]\nLiebherr, who appointed herself as the Non-Executive Chairman of the club following Cortese's resignation, expressed her regret over the departure, commenting that Cortese had done a \"wonderful job\" in his tenure as chairman, and \"we wanted him to stay\".[16]","title":"Southampton Football Club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-balancing-2"}],"text":"In an interview with The Times in March 2010, Cortese discussed his approach to running a football club.Clubs spend money they do not have; they spend next year’s income. They spend money that will not arrive for two years and say, \"But we'll have some success and bring in more cash to cover the shortfall\". It cannot be sustained. In good times you need to be saving money for the bad times. If we reach the Premier League, I would like to be in a position where we did not need parachute payments. In good years you should put money away for the bad years.[2]","title":"Business style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ennetbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennetbaden"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Company_Details-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appt-1"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"}],"text":"At the time of his appointment, Cortese was living in Ennetbaden,[17] Switzerland with his wife Alexandra and two children.[1] He has since moved his family to Hampshire.","title":"Family"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Cortese Named Executive Chairman\". Southampton F.C. 4 August 2009. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. 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Retrieved 2 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/saints/news/5060343.Cortese_denies_Pardew_rift/","url_text":"\"Cortese denies Pardew rift\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Daily_Echo","url_text":"Southern Daily Echo"}]},{"reference":"\"Southampton are too far behind leaders – Nicola Cortese\". BBC Sport. 13 March 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/southampton/8565161.stm","url_text":"\"Southampton are too far behind leaders – Nicola Cortese\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Pards: I can look Cortese in the eye\". Southern Daily Echo. 28 March 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/saints/news/5199043.Pards__I_can_look_Cortese_in_the_eye/","url_text":"\"Pards: I can look Cortese in the eye\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Daily_Echo","url_text":"Southern Daily Echo"}]},{"reference":"\"Southampton: Nicola Cortese replaced by owner as chairman\". BBC Sport. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/25752833","url_text":"\"Southampton: Nicola Cortese replaced by owner as chairman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Club Statement\". Southampton FC. 15 January 2014. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. 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Retrieved 2 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://wck2.companieshouse.gov.uk/30ca2db6d8dea35dccf2fce78d7fac5c/compdetails","url_text":"\"Southampton Football Club Limited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_House","url_text":"Companies House"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090805234505/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280~1741573,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Cortese Named Executive Chairman\""},{"Link":"http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280~1741573,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/football_league/article7070442.ece","external_links_name":"\"Nicola Cortese perfects art of balancing\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/southampton/8181386.stm","external_links_name":"\"Cortese appointed Saints chairman\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/saints/news/4871585.Cortese_linked_with_move_to_Italy/","external_links_name":"\"Southampton chairman Nicola Cortese linked with Serie A club\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/saints/news/4873633.Italian_job_for_Cortese_____Nicola_who____/","external_links_name":"\"Italian job for Cortese? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Angel_Landa | Miguel Ángel Landa | ["1 Filmography","2 External links"] | Venezuelan actor, stand-up comedian, and television personality
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is González and the second or maternal family name is Landa.
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Miguel Ángel Landa" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Miguel Ángel LandaBorn (1936-11-04) November 4, 1936 (age 87)Venezuela
Miguel Ángel González Landa (born November 4, 1936) is a Venezuelan actor, stand-up comedian, and television personality best known for hosting the sketch comedy show, Bienvenidos.
Filmography
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1960
Maverick
Swift Wolf
Episode "Thunder from the North"
1964
El Rostro Oculto
1965
Mas Allá del Orinoco - El Hombre de la Furia
1971
Sin Salida
Raul
1973
Cuando quiero llorar no lloro
1974
Bárbara
1975
Sagrado y obsceno
La quema de Judas
Miguelángel Landa
1976
Crónica de un subversivo latinoamericano
1977
El pez que fuma
Dimas
1978
Carmen, la que contaba 16 años
José Navarro
1983
La gata borracha
1985
Ratón de ferretería
Adonay
1986
Manon
Lescaut
Cangrejo
Inspector Martínez
1989
Cuchillos de fuego
1990
Disparen a matar
Comendante Villasmil
1997
Pandemonium, la capital del infierno
Radamés
2005
Secuestro express
Police's Councilor
2012
El Manzano Azul
Francisco
2013
Papita, Mani, Toston
El Abuelo
External links
Miguel Ángel Landa at IMDb
This biographical article related to television is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Bienvenidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bienvenidos_(Venezuelan_TV_series)"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is González and the second or maternal family name is Landa.Miguel Ángel González Landa (born November 4, 1936) is a Venezuelan actor, stand-up comedian, and television personality best known for hosting the sketch comedy show, Bienvenidos.","title":"Miguel Ángel Landa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Miguel+%C3%81ngel+Landa%22","external_links_name":"\"Miguel Ángel Landa\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Miguel+%C3%81ngel+Landa%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Miguel+%C3%81ngel+Landa%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Miguel+%C3%81ngel+Landa%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Miguel+%C3%81ngel+Landa%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Miguel+%C3%81ngel+Landa%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0484397/","external_links_name":"Miguel Ángel Landa"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Landa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxops | Loxops | ["1 Taxonomy","2 Characteristics","3 Breeding","4 Diet","5 Distribution and habitat","6 Conservation status","7 References"] | Group of Hawaiian forest birds
Loxops
The Maui ʻakepa, Loxops ochraceus. Specimen shown is a male.
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Fringillidae
Subfamily:
Carduelinae
Genus:
LoxopsCabanis, 1847
Type species
Fringilla coccineaGmelin, 1789
Species
see text
Oʻahu ʻakepa
Loxops is a Hawaiian honeycreeper genus in the finch family, Fringillidae. Most of them are commonly known as ʻakepa.
Taxonomy
There are 5 species in this genus, two of which are recently extinct or possibly extinct:
ʻAkekeʻe or Kauai ʻakepa, Loxops caeruleirostris
Hawaiʻi ʻakepa, Loxops coccineus
Hawaiʻi creeper or ʻalawī, Loxops mana
Maui ʻakepa, Loxops ochraceus - possibly extinct (1988)
Oʻahu ʻakepa, Loxops wolstenholmei - extinct (1930s)
Molecular analysis supports the genus diverging from its closest relatives, the Chlorodrepanis ʻamakihis, during the earliest Pleistocene, about 2.47 million years ago. The clade containing both genera is sister to the genus Magumma, which contains the ʻanianiau, from which they diverged during the latest Pliocene, about 2.78 million years ago. Genetic analysis of the extant species supports L. mana as being the most basal extant member of the group, diverging from the other species slightly later in the Pleistocene at about 1.9 million years ago, with L. coccineus and L. caeruleirostris diverging 600,000 years after L. mana. The phylogenetic position of the extinct species is not known.
Characteristics
Loxops average the size of 11 cm. They are considered a finch-like bird that also have a notched tail. Their bills have a cone shape to them and they are pale blue with a dark tip. They are also hard to find in the field. Males typically are a darker shade of green on the top while their belly-side is yellow. They also have a black mask that covers their face up until behind its eye while its forehead, forecrown, and backside is also yellow. Females resemble the same colors as the males, but the colors are muted and less vibrant.
The ʻakepa (Loxops sp.) are a group of one of the smallest Hawaiian forest birds, at four inches long and weighing 10 grams. They are placed in the genus Loxops. Only one of the species in the genus, the Hawaiʻi ʻakepa, is still extant, and is classified as Endangered by the IUCN. Previously considered conspecific, the group was split into distinct species in 2015. Found only in high elevation old growth rainforest, these nonmigratory passerines have rounded heads, black eyes, and black wings and tail. Adult males sport one of the most brilliant orange colors found in any bird, a plumage which takes four years to develop. Females are greenish gray on back, lighter gray on front, with varying amounts of yellow and sometimes pale orange on the breast and belly. Juveniles appear similar to females, though are generally duller in color.
All ʻakepa have an unusual cross-bill. When closed, the upper bill tip slightly overlaps the lower bill tip to one side (this cannot be seen in the field). When opening the bill, as in prying open leaf buds to extract small caterpillars, the bills swing dramatically sideways, and this is easily seen in the hand. Some birds cross one way, and some the other, apparently randomly. The ʻakepa cross-bill operates similarly to that in the North American crossbills (genus Loxia), but is much less obvious when the bill is closed.
Hawaiʻi ʻakepa are usually found from 1,500 to 2,200 meters above sea level. They are non-territorial, and group male displays have often been observed in the beginning of the breeding season. They participate in mixed-species flocks during the non-breeding season. ʻAkepa is a Hawaiian term meaning "agile", befitting their active foraging at branch tips.
Breeding
The Loxops commonly breed during the months of March and April and possibly during the months of February to June. The nests of the Loxops are found in the ʻōhiʻa trees.
Diet
The group is highly dependent on ʻōhiʻa lehua trees and koa trees for food. The bills are specialized for opening ʻōhiʻa lehua leaf buds in search of small caterpillars. Fretz (2002) suggests that this food source is only found in old-growth Hawaiian forests and could be one factor in ʻakepa population declines. The lehua (or blossom) of the ʻōhiʻa tree provides a source of nectar that this bird consumes occasionally. The koa tree's cracked bark serves as a home for many insects and arthropods that the ʻakepa finds delectable.
Distribution and habitat
Hawaiʻi ʻakepa on The 'Big' Island
Loxops coccineus: The Hawaiʻi ʻakepa survives only in two or three locations, all on the island of Hawaii: one population in Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge (on the Hamakua Coast of Mauna Kea), one in the upper forest areas of Kau (in the southern part of the island), and one on the northern slope of Hualālai (perhaps extirpated).
Loxops wolstenholmei: The Oahu ʻakepa was found in large numbers until the 1890s. Immediately afterward, a sharp drop in its numbers was noted. Many feel that it had disappeared by the 1920s; however, scattered, unconfirmed reports were posted in the 1990s. This subspecies' male was brick red in coloration, while the female was dark gray.
Loxops ochraceus: The Maui ʻakepa was found on the mountain of Haleakalā in east Maui. This population was detected at low numbers until 1992, when the last sighting was documented. There are still reports of green yellow birds flying in the remote reserve, so there may be individuals remaining, but this is very unlikely as dedicated intensive surveys have failed to confirm any Maui ʻakepa.
Conservation status
Loxops species are considered endangered as their populations have been declining rapidly over the last ten years. Modern developments that take over the environment are threatening the Loxops and reducing their habitat availability in the Kokeʻe region. A lot of the current region of the Loxops is protected by Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve and, to some extent, by Kokeʻe State Park.
References
^ "Fringillidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
^ Lerner, Heather R.L.; Meyer, Matthias; James, Helen F.; Hofreiter, Michael; Fleischer, Robert C. (2011-11-08). "Multilocus Resolution of Phylogeny and Timescale in the Extant Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers". Current Biology. 21 (21): 1838–1844. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 22018543.
^ a b c "Akekee Loxops caeruleirostris". Bird Life. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
vteGenera of finches, sparrows and tanagers
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Suborder: Passeri
Infraorder: Passerida
Superfamily: Passeroidea
PasseroideaEstrildidaeAmandavinae
Amadina
Amandava
Ortygospiza
Erythrurinae
Chloebia
Erythrura
Estrildinae
Brunhilda
Coccopygia
Cryptospiza
Delacourella
Estrilda
Glaucestrilda
Mandingoa
Nesocharis
Nigrita
Parmoptila
Lagonostictinae
Clytospiza
Euschistospiza
Granatina
Hypargos
Lagonosticta
Pyrenestes
Pytilia
Spermophaga
Uraeginthus
Lonchurinae
Euodice
Lepidopygia
Lonchura
Mayrimunia
Padda
Spermestes
Poephilinae
Aidemosyne
Bathilda
Emblema
Heteromunia
Neochmia
Oreostruthus
Poephila
Stagonopleura
Stizoptera
Taeniopygia
Passeridae
Carpospiza
Gymnoris
Hypocryptadius
Montifringilla
Onychostruthus
Passer
Petronia
Pyrgilauda
Ploceidae
Amblyospiza
Anaplectes
Brachycope
Bubalornis
Dinemellia
Euplectes
Foudia
Histurgops
Malimbus
Philetairus
Plocepasser
Ploceus
Pseudonigrita
Quelea
Sporopipes
Prunellidae
Prunella
Urocynchramidae
Urocynchramus
Viduidae
Anomalospiza
Vidua
Nine-primaried oscines
See below ↓
Nine-primaried oscinesFringillidaeCarduelinae
Acanthis
Agraphospiza
†Aidemedia
†Akialoa
Bucanetes
Callacanthis
Carduelis
Carpodacus
†Chloridops
Chloris
Chlorodrepanis
Chrysocorythus
†Ciridops
Coccothraustes
Crithagra
Drepanis
†Dysmorodrepanis
Eophona
Haemorhous
Hemignathus
Hesperiphona
Himatione
Leucosticte
Linaria
Linurgus
Loxia
Loxioides
Loxops
Magumma
†Melamprosops
Mycerobas
Oreomystis
†Orthiospiza
Palmeria
Paroreomyza
Pinicola
Procarduelis
Pseudonestor
†Psittirostra
Pyrrhula
Pyrrhoplectes
†Rhodacanthis
Rhodopechys
Rhodospiza
Rhynchostruthus
Serinus
Spinus
Telespiza
†Vangulifer
†Viridonia
†Xestospiza
Euphoniinae
Chlorophonia
Euphonia
Fringillinae
Fringilla
Motacillidae
Anthus
Dendronanthus
Macronyx
Motacilla
Tmetothylacus
Peucedramidae
Peucedramus
Emberizoidea
See below ↓
EmberizoideaCalcariidae
Calcarius
Plectrophenax
Rhynchophanes
Calyptophilidae
Calyptophilus
Cardinalidae
Amaurospiza
Cardinalis
Caryothraustes
Chlorothraupis
Cyanocompsa
Cyanoloxia
Granatellus
Habia
Passerina
Periporphyrus
Pheucticus
Piranga
Spiza
Emberizidae
Emberiza
Icteridae
See below ↓
Icteriidae
Icteria
Mitrospingidae
Lamprospiza
Mitrospingus
Orthogonys
Nesospingidae
Nesospingus
Parulidae
Basileuterus
Cardellina
Catharopeza
Geothlypis
Helmitheros
Leucopeza
Leiothlypis
Limnothlypis
Mniotilta
Myioborus
Myiothlypis
Oporornis
Oreothlypis
Parkesia
Protonotaria
Seiurus
Setophaga
Vermivora
Passerellidae
Aimophila
Ammodramus
Ammospiza
Amphispiza
Amphispizopsis
Arremon
Arremonops
Artemisiospiza
Atlapetes
Calamospiza
Centronyx
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Taxon identifiersLoxops
Wikidata: Q417324
Wikispecies: Loxops
ADW: Loxops
BioLib: 27826
BOLD: 120279
CoL: 5GZH
GBIF: 2494557
iNaturalist: 10404
ITIS: 179579
NCBI: 64803
Open Tree of Life: 298777
Paleobiology Database: 186442
Authority control databases: National
Israel | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oahu_Akepa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian honeycreeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_honeycreeper"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finch"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"}],"text":"Oʻahu ʻakepaLoxops is a Hawaiian honeycreeper genus in the finch family, Fringillidae. Most of them are commonly known as ʻakepa.","title":"Loxops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-2"},{"link_name":"ʻAkekeʻe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98Akeke%E2%80%98e"},{"link_name":"Hawaiʻi ʻakepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_%CA%BBakepa"},{"link_name":"Hawaiʻi creeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_creeper"},{"link_name":"ʻalawī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_creeper"},{"link_name":"Maui ʻakepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui_%CA%BBakepa"},{"link_name":"Oʻahu ʻakepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBahu_%CA%BBakepa"},{"link_name":"Chlorodrepanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorodrepanis"},{"link_name":"ʻamakihis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAmakihi_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_group"},{"link_name":"Magumma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAnianiau"},{"link_name":"ʻanianiau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAnianiau"},{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"There are 5 species in this genus, two of which are recently extinct or possibly extinct:[2]ʻAkekeʻe or Kauai ʻakepa, Loxops caeruleirostris\nHawaiʻi ʻakepa, Loxops coccineus\nHawaiʻi creeper or ʻalawī, Loxops mana\nMaui ʻakepa, Loxops ochraceus - possibly extinct (1988)\nOʻahu ʻakepa, Loxops wolstenholmei - extinct (1930s)Molecular analysis supports the genus diverging from its closest relatives, the Chlorodrepanis ʻamakihis, during the earliest Pleistocene, about 2.47 million years ago. The clade containing both genera is sister to the genus Magumma, which contains the ʻanianiau, from which they diverged during the latest Pliocene, about 2.78 million years ago. Genetic analysis of the extant species supports L. mana as being the most basal extant member of the group, diverging from the other species slightly later in the Pleistocene at about 1.9 million years ago, with L. coccineus and L. caeruleirostris diverging 600,000 years after L. mana. The phylogenetic position of the extinct species is not known.[3]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loxops-4"},{"link_name":"Hawaiʻi ʻakepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_%CA%BBakepa"},{"link_name":"Endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"passerines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerines"},{"link_name":"Loxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxia"}],"text":"Loxops average the size of 11 cm. They are considered a finch-like bird that also have a notched tail. Their bills have a cone shape to them and they are pale blue with a dark tip. They are also hard to find in the field. Males typically are a darker shade of green on the top while their belly-side is yellow. They also have a black mask that covers their face up until behind its eye while its forehead, forecrown, and backside is also yellow. Females resemble the same colors as the males, but the colors are muted and less vibrant.[4]The ʻakepa (Loxops sp.) are a group of one of the smallest Hawaiian forest birds, at four inches long and weighing 10 grams. They are placed in the genus Loxops. Only one of the species in the genus, the Hawaiʻi ʻakepa, is still extant, and is classified as Endangered by the IUCN. Previously considered conspecific, the group was split into distinct species in 2015. Found only in high elevation old growth rainforest, these nonmigratory passerines have rounded heads, black eyes, and black wings and tail. Adult males sport one of the most brilliant orange colors found in any bird, a plumage which takes four years to develop. Females are greenish gray on back, lighter gray on front, with varying amounts of yellow and sometimes pale orange on the breast and belly. Juveniles appear similar to females, though are generally duller in color.All ʻakepa have an unusual cross-bill. When closed, the upper bill tip slightly overlaps the lower bill tip to one side (this cannot be seen in the field). When opening the bill, as in prying open leaf buds to extract small caterpillars, the bills swing dramatically sideways, and this is easily seen in the hand. Some birds cross one way, and some the other, apparently randomly. The ʻakepa cross-bill operates similarly to that in the North American crossbills (genus Loxia), but is much less obvious when the bill is closed.Hawaiʻi ʻakepa are usually found from 1,500 to 2,200 meters above sea level. They are non-territorial, and group male displays have often been observed in the beginning of the breeding season. They participate in mixed-species flocks during the non-breeding season. ʻAkepa is a Hawaiian term meaning \"agile\", befitting their active foraging at branch tips.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed"},{"link_name":"ʻōhiʻa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrosideros_polymorpha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loxops-4"}],"text":"The Loxops commonly breed during the months of March and April and possibly during the months of February to June. The nests of the Loxops are found in the ʻōhiʻa trees.[4]","title":"Breeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ʻōhiʻa lehua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrosideros_polymorpha"},{"link_name":"koa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_koa"}],"text":"The group is highly dependent on ʻōhiʻa lehua trees and koa trees for food. The bills are specialized for opening ʻōhiʻa lehua leaf buds in search of small caterpillars. Fretz (2002) suggests that this food source is only found in old-growth Hawaiian forests and could be one factor in ʻakepa population declines. The lehua (or blossom) of the ʻōhiʻa tree provides a source of nectar that this bird consumes occasionally. The koa tree's cracked bark serves as a home for many insects and arthropods that the ʻakepa finds delectable.","title":"Diet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E2%80%98Akepa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakalau_Forest_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Kau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Hualālai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hual%C4%81lai"}],"text":"Hawaiʻi ʻakepa on The 'Big' IslandLoxops coccineus: The Hawaiʻi ʻakepa survives only in two or three locations, all on the island of Hawaii: one population in Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge (on the Hamakua Coast of Mauna Kea), one in the upper forest areas of Kau (in the southern part of the island), and one on the northern slope of Hualālai (perhaps extirpated).\nLoxops wolstenholmei: The Oahu ʻakepa was found in large numbers until the 1890s. Immediately afterward, a sharp drop in its numbers was noted. Many feel that it had disappeared by the 1920s; however, scattered, unconfirmed reports were posted in the 1990s. This subspecies' male was brick red in coloration, while the female was dark gray.\nLoxops ochraceus: The Maui ʻakepa was found on the mountain of Haleakalā in east Maui. This population was detected at low numbers until 1992, when the last sighting was documented. There are still reports of green yellow birds flying in the remote reserve, so there may be individuals remaining, but this is very unlikely as dedicated intensive surveys have failed to confirm any Maui ʻakepa.","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alakai_Wilderness_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Kokeʻe State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koke%27e_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loxops-4"}],"text":"Loxops species are considered endangered as their populations have been declining rapidly over the last ten years. Modern developments that take over the environment are threatening the Loxops and reducing their habitat availability in the Kokeʻe region. A lot of the current region of the Loxops is protected by Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve and, to some extent, by Kokeʻe State Park.[4]","title":"Conservation status"}] | [{"image_text":"Oʻahu ʻakepa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Oahu_Akepa.jpg/220px-Oahu_Akepa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hawaiʻi ʻakepa on The 'Big' Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E2%80%98Akepa.jpg/220px-%E2%80%98Akepa.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Fringillidae\". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=196","url_text":"\"Fringillidae\""}]},{"reference":"Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). \"Finches, euphonias\". World Bird List Version 5.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/finches/","url_text":"\"Finches, euphonias\""}]},{"reference":"Lerner, Heather R.L.; Meyer, Matthias; James, Helen F.; Hofreiter, Michael; Fleischer, Robert C. (2011-11-08). \"Multilocus Resolution of Phylogeny and Timescale in the Extant Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers\". Current Biology. 21 (21): 1838–1844. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 22018543.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2011.09.039","url_text":"\"Multilocus Resolution of Phylogeny and Timescale in the Extant Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2011.09.039","url_text":"10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822","url_text":"0960-9822"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22018543","url_text":"22018543"}]},{"reference":"\"Akekee Loxops caeruleirostris\". Bird Life. Retrieved 21 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=8918","url_text":"\"Akekee Loxops caeruleirostris\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=196","external_links_name":"\"Fringillidae\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/finches/","external_links_name":"\"Finches, euphonias\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2011.09.039","external_links_name":"\"Multilocus Resolution of Phylogeny and Timescale in the Extant Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2011.09.039","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822","external_links_name":"0960-9822"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22018543","external_links_name":"22018543"},{"Link":"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=8918","external_links_name":"\"Akekee Loxops caeruleirostris\""},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Loxops/","external_links_name":"Loxops"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id27826","external_links_name":"27826"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=120279","external_links_name":"120279"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5GZH","external_links_name":"5GZH"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2494557","external_links_name":"2494557"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/10404","external_links_name":"10404"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=179579","external_links_name":"179579"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=64803","external_links_name":"64803"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=298777","external_links_name":"298777"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=186442","external_links_name":"186442"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538499005171","external_links_name":"Israel"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_54_(Arkansas) | Arkansas Highway 54 | ["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | State highway in Arkansas, United States
Highway 54Segments of Highway 54 in redRoute informationMaintained by ArDOTExistedApril 1, 1926–presentSection 1Length28.80 mi (46.35 km)East end US 65 / US 165 in DumasWest end US 425 / AR 11 near Star CitySection 2Length52.65 mi (84.73 km)East end AR 114 near PalmyraWest endEnd state maintenance at CR 18
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateArkansasCountiesDesha, Lincoln, Cleveland, Jefferson
Highway system
Arkansas Highway System
Interstate
US
State
Business
Spurs
Suffixed
Scenic
Heritage
← AR 53→ I-55
Highway 54 (AR 54, Ark. 54, and Hwy. 54) is a designation for two state highways in Southeast Arkansas. One route of 28.80 miles (46.35 km) begins at US 65/US 165 in Dumas and runs west to US 425/Highway 11. A second route of 52.65 miles (84.73 km) begins at Highway 114 and runs west to County Road 18 at the Grant/Jefferson county line. Both routes are maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ARDOT).
Route description
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2019)
Highway 54 eastern terminus in Dumas
Highway 54 approaching US 65/US 165 in Dumas
History
Highway 54 was created on April 1, 1926 as one of the original state highways. The route ran east from US 65 in Dumas to State Road 1 entirely within Desha County. It was extended west to Garrett Bridge in 1937, supplanting a Highway 140 designation. The route was extended west to Little Garnett in July 1957 and Star City in June 1960.
The second route was created in April 1963, beginning at Highway 114 and running north to Highway 15 (present-day US 63) in Jefferson County. The route was extended north and west to the Grant County line in November 1966. Though the Arkansas State Highway Commission authorized an extension to Highway 35 at Grapevine, Grant County never satisfied the conditions necessary for extension and rescinded approval in January 1982.
The original section of Highway 54 was supplanted in March 1981 between Dumas and Highway 1 by an extended US 165.
Major intersections
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
DeshaDumas0.000.00 US 65 / US 165 – DeWitt, Pine Bluff, McGehee, Arkansas Post National MemorialEastern terminus
0.691.11 AR 159 north (Main Street) – MonticelloAR 159 southern terminus
2.073.33 AR 980 – Billy Free Municipal AirportNorthern terminus
Lincoln5.629.04 AR 83 northBegin AR 83 overlap
8.52–9.7713.71–15.72 AR 293 – Sedgwick
19.6231.58 AR 83 south – MonticelloEnd AR 83 overlap
28.8046.35 US 425 / AR 11 – Star City, MonticelloWestern terminus
Gap in route
0.000.00 AR 114 – Star City, CalmerEastern terminus
1.552.49 AR 212 east – Star CityAR 212 western terminus
Cleveland
No major junctions
Jefferson11.18–0.0017.99–0.00 US 63 – Pine Bluff, Warren
4.837.77 AR 133 south – RisonAR 133 northern terminus
9.59–0.0015.43–0.00 US 79 – Rison, Pine Bluff
Jefferson–Grantcounty line10.4016.74End state maintenance, continues as CR 18Western terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
See also
United States portalU.S. Roads portal
Notes
^ Although Arkansas highways normally run from south to north and from west to east, the Route Log Database indicates that Highway 54 begins in Dumas and runs west.
References
^ a b Arkansas State Highway Commission (1926-04-01). Map of the State of Arkansas Showing System of State Highways (TIF) (Map). Little Rock: Arkansas State Highway Commission. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
^ a b c d System Information and Research Division (2016). "Arkansas Road Log Database". Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department. Archived from the original (MDB) on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2016-03-27.
^ "Minutes of the Meeting" (PDF). Arkansas State Highway Commission. 1953–1969. p. 558. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
^ "Minutes" (1953–1969), pp. 1787–1788.
^ "Minutes" (1953–1969), pp. 1358.
^ "Minutes of the Meeting" (PDF). Arkansas State Highway Commission. 1970–1979. pp. 1416–1417. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-11-05. Retrieved 2017-09-02.
^ "Minutes" (1980–1989), pp. 211.
^ "Minutes" (1980–1989), pp. 137.
"Minutes of the Meeting" (PDF). Arkansas State Highway Commission. 1953–1969. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2017-09-02.
"Minutes of the Meeting" (PDF). Arkansas State Highway Commission. 1980–1989. Retrieved 2017-09-02.
External links
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Arkansas Highway 54KML is not from Wikidata
Media related to Arkansas Highway 54 at Wikimedia Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arkansas_state_highways"},{"link_name":"Southeast Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"US 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_65_in_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"US 165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_165"},{"link_name":"Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumas,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"US 425","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_425"},{"link_name":"Highway 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Highway 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_114"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-for-4"}],"text":"Highway 54 (AR 54, Ark. 54, and Hwy. 54) is a designation for two state highways in Southeast Arkansas. One route of 28.80 miles (46.35 km) begins at US 65/US 165 in Dumas and runs west to US 425/Highway 11.[a] A second route of 52.65 miles (84.73 km) begins at Highway 114 and runs west to County Road 18 at the Grant/Jefferson county line. Both routes are maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ARDOT).[3]","title":"Arkansas Highway 54"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_65_and_US_165_begin_concurrency_at_Highway_54_in_Dumas,_Arkansas.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Highway_54_in_Dumas,_AR.jpg"}],"text":"Highway 54 eastern terminus in DumasHighway 54 approaching US 65/US 165 in Dumas","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-num-1"},{"link_name":"Garrett Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garrett_Bridge,_Arkansas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Highway 140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_140"},{"link_name":"Little Garnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Garnett,_Arkansas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Highway 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_15"},{"link_name":"Arkansas State Highway Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_State_Highway_Commission"},{"link_name":"Highway 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_35"},{"link_name":"Grapevine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapevine,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Highway 54 was created on April 1, 1926 as one of the original state highways.[1] The route ran east from US 65 in Dumas to State Road 1 entirely within Desha County. It was extended west to Garrett Bridge in 1937, supplanting a Highway 140 designation. The route was extended west to Little Garnett in July 1957[4] and Star City in June 1960.[5]The second route was created in April 1963, beginning at Highway 114 and running north to Highway 15 (present-day US 63) in Jefferson County. The route was extended north and west to the Grant County line in November 1966. Though the Arkansas State Highway Commission authorized an extension to Highway 35 at Grapevine,[6] Grant County never satisfied the conditions necessary for extension and rescinded approval in January 1982.[7]The original section of Highway 54 was supplanted in March 1981 between Dumas and Highway 1 by an extended US 165.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-db-2"}],"text":"^ Although Arkansas highways normally run from south to north and from west to east, the Route Log Database[2] indicates that Highway 54 begins in Dumas and runs west.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Highway 54 eastern terminus in Dumas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/US_65_and_US_165_begin_concurrency_at_Highway_54_in_Dumas%2C_Arkansas.jpg/220px-US_65_and_US_165_begin_concurrency_at_Highway_54_in_Dumas%2C_Arkansas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Highway 54 approaching US 65/US 165 in Dumas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Highway_54_in_Dumas%2C_AR.jpg/220px-Highway_54_in_Dumas%2C_AR.jpg"}] | [{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"}] | [{"reference":"Arkansas State Highway Commission (1926-04-01). Map of the State of Arkansas Showing System of State Highways (TIF) (Map). Little Rock: Arkansas State Highway Commission. Retrieved 2016-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arkansashighways.com/Trans_Plan_Policy/mapping_graphics/archived_tourist_maps/1926.TIF","url_text":"Map of the State of Arkansas Showing System of State Highways"}]},{"reference":"System Information and Research Division (2016). \"Arkansas Road Log Database\". Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department. Archived from the original (MDB) on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2016-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170829203521/http://www.arkansashighways.com/System_Info_and_Research/traffic_info/databases/Road%20Log%20Database.zip","url_text":"\"Arkansas Road Log Database\""},{"url":"http://www.arkansashighways.com/System_Info_and_Research/traffic_info/databases/Road%20Log%20Database.zip","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Minutes of the Meeting\" (PDF). Arkansas State Highway Commission. 1953–1969. p. 558. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2017-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181001143728/http://www.arkansashighways.com/minute_orders/Mo53-69.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the Meeting\""},{"url":"http://www.arkansashighways.com/minute_orders/Mo53-69.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Minutes of the Meeting\" (PDF). Arkansas State Highway Commission. 1970–1979. pp. 1416–1417. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-11-05. Retrieved 2017-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111105110847/http://www.arkansashighways.com/minute_orders/Mo70-79.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the Meeting\""},{"url":"http://www.arkansashighways.com/minute_orders/Mo70-79.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Minutes of the Meeting\" (PDF). Arkansas State Highway Commission. 1953–1969. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2017-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181001143728/http://www.arkansashighways.com/minute_orders/Mo53-69.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the Meeting\""},{"url":"http://www.arkansashighways.com/minute_orders/Mo53-69.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Minutes of the Meeting\" (PDF). Arkansas State Highway Commission. 1980–1989. Retrieved 2017-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arkansashighways.com/minute_orders/M80-89.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the Meeting\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_Highway_54&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.arkansashighways.com/Trans_Plan_Policy/mapping_graphics/archived_tourist_maps/1926.TIF","external_links_name":"Map of the State of Arkansas Showing System of State Highways"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170829203521/http://www.arkansashighways.com/System_Info_and_Research/traffic_info/databases/Road%20Log%20Database.zip","external_links_name":"\"Arkansas Road Log Database\""},{"Link":"http://www.arkansashighways.com/System_Info_and_Research/traffic_info/databases/Road%20Log%20Database.zip","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181001143728/http://www.arkansashighways.com/minute_orders/Mo53-69.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minutes of the Meeting\""},{"Link":"http://www.arkansashighways.com/minute_orders/Mo53-69.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111105110847/http://www.arkansashighways.com/minute_orders/Mo70-79.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minutes of the Meeting\""},{"Link":"http://www.arkansashighways.com/minute_orders/Mo70-79.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181001143728/http://www.arkansashighways.com/minute_orders/Mo53-69.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minutes of the Meeting\""},{"Link":"http://www.arkansashighways.com/minute_orders/Mo53-69.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.arkansashighways.com/minute_orders/M80-89.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minutes of the Meeting\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Arkansas_Highway_54&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Arkansas_Highway_54&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diary_(Freaks_and_Geeks_episode) | Freaks and Geeks | ["1 Plot","2 Cast and characters","2.1 Main cast","2.2 Recurring cast","2.3 Guest stars and cameo appearances","3 Episodes","3.1 Planned storylines","4 Media releases","4.1 DVD and Blu-ray","4.2 Books","4.3 Soundtrack","5 Appearances","6 Reception","6.1 Critical reception","6.2 Ratings","6.3 Awards and nominations","7 Cancellation and legacy","7.1 Syndication and cast reunions","7.2 Documentary","8 References","9 External links","9.1 Further reading"] | American teen comedy-drama television series (1999–2000)
Not to be confused with Freaks and Greeks.
Freaks and GeeksGenre
Period teen drama
Comedy drama
Created byPaul FeigStarring
Linda Cardellini
John Francis Daley
James Franco
Samm Levine
Seth Rogen
Jason Segel
Martin Starr
Becky Ann Baker
Joe Flaherty
Busy Philipps
Opening theme"Bad Reputation"by Joan JettComposerMichael AndrewsCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes18ProductionExecutive producerJudd ApatowCinematography
Russ T. Alsobrook
Bill Pope (pilot)
Editors
Tara Timpone
Sean K. Lambert
Brent White
Camera setupSingle-cameraRunning time44 minutesProduction companiesApatow ProductionsDreamWorks TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkNBCReleaseSeptember 25, 1999 (1999-09-25) –October 17, 2000 (2000-10-17)
Freaks and Geeks is an American teen comedy-drama television series created by Paul Feig and executive-produced by Judd Apatow that aired on NBC during the 1999–2000 television season. The show is set in a suburban high school near Detroit during 1980–81. The theme of Freaks and Geeks reflects "the sad, hilarious unfairness of teen life". With little success when it first aired, due to an erratic episode schedule and conflicts between the creators and NBC, the series was canceled after airing 12 out of the 18 episodes. The series became a cult classic, and Apatow continued the show's legacy by incorporating the actors in future productions.
The series has appeared in numerous lists of the greatest television shows of all time, including lists by Time, Entertainment Weekly, TV Guide and Rolling Stone. It launched most of its young actors' careers, such as James Franco, Seth Rogen, Jason Segel, Busy Philipps, John Francis Daley, Martin Starr, Samm Levine and Linda Cardellini.
Plot
Teenager Lindsay Weir and her younger brother, Sam, attend William McKinley High School during the 1980–81 school year. The show is set in the town of Chippewa, Michigan, a fictional suburb of Detroit (named after Chippewa Valley High School, which series creator Paul Feig attended).
Lindsay joins a group of friends who are referred to as the "freaks" — Daniel Desario, Ken Miller, Nick Andopolis and Kim Kelly — while Sam's friends, Neal Schweiber and Bill Haverchuck, constitute the "geeks." The Weir parents, Harold and Jean, are featured in every episode, and Millie Kentner, Lindsay's nerdy and highly religious former best friend, is a recurring character, as well as Cindy Sanders, the popular cheerleader on whom Sam has a crush.
Lindsay finds herself attempting to transform her life as an academically proficient student, star "mathlete," and young girl into a rebellious teenager who hangs out with troubled slackers. Her relationships with her new friends and the friction they cause with her parents and her own self-image form one central strand of the show. The other follows Sam and his group of geeky friends as they navigate a different part of the social universe and try to fit in.
Cast and characters
Main article: List of Freaks and Geeks characters
Linda Cardellini, James Franco, Seth Rogen and Jason Segel portrayed the show's "Freaks".
John Francis Daley, Samm Levine and Martin Starr portrayed the show's "Geeks".
Main cast
Linda Cardellini as Lindsay Weir
John Francis Daley as Sam Weir
James Franco as Daniel Desario
Samm Levine as Neal Schweiber
Seth Rogen as Ken Miller
Jason Segel as Nick Andopolis
Martin Starr as Bill Haverchuck
Becky Ann Baker as Jean Weir
Joe Flaherty as Harold Weir
Busy Philipps as Kim Kelly (credited after titles as "also starring")
Recurring cast
Dave "Gruber" Allen as Jeff Rosso
Ben Foster as Eli
Chauncey Leopardi as Alan White
Tom Wilson as Coach Ben Fredricks
Ann Dowd as Cookie Kelly
Steve Bannos as Mr. Kowchevski
Kevin Tighe as Mr. Andopolis
Sam McMurray as Vic Schweiber
Amy Aquino as Mrs. Schweiber
Claudia Christian as Gloria Haverchuck
Jessica Campbell as Amy Andrews
Natasha Melnick as Cindy Sanders
Joel Hodgson as Joel, a disco clothing store manager and occasional DJ
Sarah Hagan as Millie Kentner
Jerry Messing as Gordon Crisp
Stephen Lea Sheppard as Harris Trinsky
Shaun Weiss as Sean
JoAnna Garcia as Vicki Appleby
Kayla Ewell as Maureen Sampson
Lizzy Caplan as Sara
Riley Smith as Todd Schellinger
Trace Beaulieu as Mr. Lacovara
Guest stars and cameo appearances
Guest stars included:
Samaire Armstrong as "Deadhead" Laurie
Alexandra Breckenridge as mathlete Shelly Weaver
Jack Conley as Kim Kelly's stepfather
Kevin Corrigan as Millie's delinquent cousin
Allen Covert as a liquor store clerk
Matt Czuchry as a student from rival Lincoln High
Alexander Gould as Ronnie, the boy Lindsay babysits while high
Steve Higgins as Mr. Fleck, the Geeks' A/V teacher
Rashida Jones as Kim Kelly's friend Karen Scarfolli
Bianca Kajlich as a nose piercing punk girl
David Koechner as a waiter, in an uncredited role
David Krumholtz as Neal's brother Barry
Shia LaBeouf as Herbert, the school mascot
Leslie Mann as school teacher Miss Foote
Ben Stiller as a Secret Service agent
Jason Schwartzman as Howie Gelfand, a student dealing in fake IDs
The show's producers were resistant to stunt casting. For example, they resisted the network's suggestion that they have Britney Spears appear as a waitress in one episode; they thought such appearances would detract from the show's realism.
Several of the screenwriters appeared on the show. Mike White played Kim Kelly's oft-discussed injured brother, and first appeared in episode 4, "Kim Kelly is My Friend". Paul Feig, Gabe Sachs and series composer Michael Andrews appear uncredited as members of the fictional band Dimension in "I'm With the Band".
Numerous actors who starred on Freaks and Geeks would later appear on Judd Apatow's later TV series Undeclared, including Rogen, Segel, Levine, Starr, Phillips and Melnick, among several others.
Episodes
The script for the pilot episode of Freaks and Geeks was written by Paul Feig as a spec script. Feig gave the script to producer Judd Apatow, who sold it to DreamWorks, where Apatow was under an overall deal. DreamWorks sold it to NBC, who greenlit a pilot. Before the script was shot, Feig wrote a second episode at the behest of Apatow. He showed this second script to Apatow and pilot director Jake Kasdan, and they suggested that he combine the two episodes to form a stronger pilot. Notable additions include the introduction of Kim Kelly and Lindsay's recollection of her grandmother's death. Feig wrote a final draft after a read-through with the cast, this time incorporating a first meeting between Lindsay and the freaks (in previous drafts, Lindsay was already part of the group).
The show ran for 18 episodes, three of which — "Kim Kelly Is My Friend", "Dead Dogs and Gym Teachers" and "Noshing and Moshing" — were unaired by NBC and not seen until Fox Family ran the show in 2000. The final three episodes premiered at the Museum of Television and Radio prior to being broadcast on television. The list below is ordered by the chronology of the storyline.
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)1"Pilot"Jake KasdanPaul FeigSeptember 25, 1999 (1999-09-25)1009.17
A group of high school students in 1980 faces various social struggles. The show focuses on junior Lindsay Weir, who rebels and begins hanging out with a crowd of freaks, courtesy of an invitation from Daniel Desario; and her brother, freshman Sam Weir, who struggles to find the courage not only to confront his and his friends' bully Alan, but also to ask cheerleader Cindy Sanders to the homecoming dance. Lindsay's affiliation with this gang of "freaks" and her quitting the mathletes worries her family and her friend Millie. Her depression started after her attempt to stop the bullying of a special education student, Eli, goes terribly wrong and ends in him being injured, and is exacerbated by the recent passing of her grandmother.
2"Beers and Weirs"Jake KasdanJ. Elvis Weinstein & Judd ApatowOctober 2, 1999 (1999-10-02)1015.58
When the Weir parents go out of town for the weekend, Lindsay's new friends suggest she throw a party. Lindsay hesitantly agrees in the hopes of impressing Daniel, who has broken up with his girlfriend Kim. She asks Sam not to tell their parents; he agrees, though an anti-alcohol assembly held at school causes him to hesitate over the thought of serving beer at the party. When Sam discusses the matter with his friends Neal and Bill, Bill suggests that they switch the real beer with non-alcoholic beer. Despite the fake beer, the rowdy teenagers begin to think they are drunk and Lindsay soon finds herself having a terrible time when she sees that Daniel is back with Kim.
3"Tricks and Treats"Bryan GordonPaul FeigOctober 30, 1999 (1999-10-30)1025.02
Halloween approaches and Sam persuades his friends to go trick-or-treating with him. The neighborhood reacts awkwardly to the trick-or-treaters' outfits, and things only become worse when Alan picks a fight with the geeks. Lindsay agrees to stay home and hand out candy with her mom on Halloween night. However, when she gets an invite to go cruise around town with Nick, Daniel, Ken and Kim, she ditches her mom to hang out with them. Lindsay enjoys her first taste of vandalism with the freak gang until she accidentally takes things too far, pelting Sam with eggs as he walks home.
4"Kim Kelly Is My Friend"Lesli Linka GlatterMike WhiteSeptember 5, 2000 (2000-09-05)103N/A
Kim's friend, Karen, bullies Sam by writing "Pygmy Geek" on his locker. Sam doesn't take to the label kindly and finds himself in an argument with Neal over who is geekier as Sam is assigned to write a 500-word essay about vandalism in school. Kim invites Lindsay to dinner, explaining that she needs to introduce a nice friend to her parents, so they will stop hassling her to sell her AMC Gremlin, which she inherited from her now-deceased aunt. After Lindsay finds out what an abusive home Kim is living in, the two flee the scene in Kim's car. When Lindsay suggests that Kim lie low at the Weir house, the Weirs find themselves in for a long night as Daniel arrives to attempt to make amends.
5"Tests and Breasts"Ken KwapisBob NickmanNovember 6, 1999 (1999-11-06)1046.14
When Daniel's Algebra teacher, Mr. Kowchevski, threatens to force him to repeat the class (again) if he doesn't pass an upcoming test, Lindsay offers to help him study for it. Daniel would much rather just cheat by getting the answers from her. Lindsay begs Mr. Kowchevski for an extension on Daniel's behalf, but Mr. Kowchevski dismisses Daniel as a loser who will never amount to anything; in fury, Lindsay steals the answers and teaches them to Daniel. They are immediately accused of cheating. Sam begins sex education class with Coach Fredericks but continues to be mystified by the punch line of a joke told by two athletes ("How do you think I rang the doorbell?"). Daniel tries to help Sam understand by giving him a pornographic film, but this only deepens his confusion. Eventually, Coach Fredericks steps in and, off the record, helps him understand the situation better, including why the joke ("So, there once was a guy with no arms and no legs--") is funny. Lindsay and Daniel are called before a disciplinary committee consisting of Mr. Rosso and Mr. Kowchevski, who proves Daniel cheated by asking him to re-take merely the first question of the exam. Daniel makes an impassioned plea about being pigeonholed as a dumb kid, but Lindsay realizes that it's the same speech, word for word, he used to motivate her, and bursts into helpless laughter.
6"I'm with the Band"Judd ApatowGabe Sachs & Jeff JudahNovember 13, 1999 (1999-11-13)1055.08
Nick realizes if he doesn't make a career out of being a drummer, his father is going to make him join the Army. Lindsay attempts to remedy this first by pressuring the band – consisting of Nick, Daniel on guitar, Ken on vocals and Sean on bass – to practice more, which results in the band breaking up when Nick demands they take it more seriously. Lindsay then gets Nick an audition for the band Dimension. Unfortunately, the audition goes miserably, and Nick comes to terms with the fact that his drumming isn't going to save him from joining the Army. Lindsay kisses him. Meanwhile, when the physical education department at McKinley mandates that all students must shower after class, Sam avoids the shower at all costs, afraid to be naked in front of his peers. This leads to Alan locking him out of the gym with no clothes on, resulting in Sam streaking involuntarily in front of the entire school. (To his surprise, Cindy is impressed with his chutzpah.)
7"Carded and Discarded"Judd ApatowJudd Apatow & Paul FeigJanuary 10, 2000 (2000-01-10)1107.59
Sam, Neal and Bill befriend Maureen, a very pretty and friendly new transfer student at McKinley. When the popular crowd shows interest in her, the geeks take Maureen out on a night of all-you-can-eat dining in an attempt to keep from losing her. Lindsay and the freaks try to buy fake IDs to see the band Feedback perform at a local bar. However, after they go through the trouble of getting their IDs and going into the bar, the group is stunned to find out who the hot local band's lead singer is: Mr. Rosso.
8"Girlfriends and Boyfriends"Lesli Linka GlatterPatty Lin & Paul FeigJanuary 17, 2000 (2000-01-17)1067.55
Nick begins making more aggressive advances toward Lindsay, most of which end up making her feel more disturbed than lovestruck. Tension is created between Sam and Bill when Bill is paired with Sam's crush, Cindy, as a science partner. Lindsay discovers that literally everyone, even her parents, assume she is going to have sex with Nick, unsure of what she herself wants to do. (Ultimately, Nick just wants to cuddle platonically, leaving Lindsay yet more confused.) Sam is able to spend more time with Cindy by joining her in the yearbook club, and the two bond only for Cindy to confess her crush on Todd Schellinger, the school's star basketball player, and thank Sam for his brotherly friendship. Sam continues to stand by her when Todd finally asks her out.
9"We've Got Spirit"Danny LeinerMike WhiteJanuary 24, 2000 (2000-01-24)1077.23
Sam becomes the McKinley basketball team's new mascot after the former mascot breaks his arm. He hopes to become closer to Cindy. Instead of winning her heart, however, he increasingly becomes frustrated with her apparent desire to be nothing more than friends as well as her obsessive crush over the basketball team's star athlete, Todd Schellinger. He eventually becomes so fed up that he allows Neal be the mascot during a basketball game, though Neal is much more interested in getting laughs than following orders from Vicki, the bossy head cheerleader. Lindsay tries to figure out the best way to break up with Nick; she confides in her mother, who inadvertently breaks the news to Nick. The freaks, meanwhile, have a sudden interest in sports and school spirit after they get beaten up by a gang of McKinley's rivals at Lincoln.
10"The Diary"Ken OlinStory by : Judd Apatow & Rebecca KirshnerTeleplay by : Rebecca KirshnerJanuary 31, 2000 (2000-01-31)1088.22
Bill is tired of being confined to deep right field during PE baseball games and always being the last one picked. He is constantly embarrassed by Coach Fredericks in front of his classmates and is convinced he could be a great athlete if he were simply given a chance. Instead of confronting Coach Fredricks with this dilemma directly, Bill makes two prank phone calls to him, one of which consists entirely of insults. While Fredericks is (reasonably) angered by the prank calls, he listens to Bill's concerns and gives him a chance to shine by appointing him captain the next softball game, during which time the geeks play with reasonable facility. Meanwhile, when Lindsay's parents fear that her new friends are having a negative effect on her, they prevent her from hanging out with Kim. Harold suggests that he and Jean read her diary. When they do, what they read sends their marriage into a crisis.
11"Looks and Books"Ken KwapisPaul FeigFebruary 7, 2000 (2000-02-07)1096.98
After Lindsay crashes the Weir family car while trying to help the Freaks' band pick up gear for a gig, her parents indefinitely ground her and forbid her to see the Freaks again. Shaken by the experience, Lindsay happily abides and tries to re-associate herself with her old friends, including Millie. In the process, she rejoins the Mathletes team and reveals her competitive side, inadvertently impressing the Freaks with her mental prowess. Meanwhile, after a new hairstyle does not impress Cindy, Sam decides to dress more attractively, buying a powder-blue disco jumpsuit. The attire only attracts negative attention toward him, and Mr. Rosso talks to him about the inner nature of confidence. Lindsay ultimately leaves the Mathletes again, realizing she's grown beyond them.
12"The Garage Door"Bryan GordonGabe Sachs & Jeff Judah & Patty LinMarch 13, 2000 (2000-03-13)1116.57
Sam and Bill both admire Neal's father until Sam, at the mall with his mother, sees Mr. Schweiber hugging a strange woman. Mr. Schweiber tries to downplay the entire thing, claiming he is trying to buy Neal an Atari; Sam, fearing that Mr. Schweiber may be cheating on Mrs. Schweiber, tells Bill and then Neal. Soon after, Neal finds an unfamiliar garage door remote control in his father's car. The Geeks start hunting around the neighborhood on their bicycles, clicking the remote to find what the house it belongs to. Meanwhile, Ken reveals his crush on "Tuba Girl", a girl named Amy who plays the sousaphone in McKinley's marching band. The Freaks, along with Amy, go to the local laser dome to see a laser show where Ken and Amy kiss. Sam and Bill return home due to the late hour; Neal, alone, finds a garage door opening in response to the remote control and his father's car parked within.
13"Chokin' and Tokin'"Miguel ArtetaJudd ApatowMarch 20, 2000 (2000-03-20)1126.04
Lindsay smokes marijuana for the first time. Moments later, her father reminds her that she had promised to babysit for neighbors that night. Afraid to babysit by herself, she pleads Millie to babysit with her. Millie not only takes care of the child they are babysitting, but also takes care of Lindsay while she anxiously deals with the effects of smoking pot. The Geeks are embarrassed in front of their peers when Bill reveals their allergies and ailments to Ms. Foote. Not believing that Bill is actually deathly allergic to peanuts, Alan puts peanuts into Bill's sandwich. After Bill eats one bite of the sandwich, Alan realizes that Bill was right, and the latter is rushed to the hospital. This episode also reveals why Alan bullies Sam, Bill and Neal.
14"Dead Dogs and Gym Teachers"Judd ApatowJudd Apatow & Bob NickmanOctober 10, 2000 (2000-10-10)114N/A
Lindsay and Kim accidentally run over Millie's dog one night. Lindsay wants to come clean to Millie, but Kim threatens that if Lindsay confesses, she will react violently. Feeling guilty, Kim befriends Millie and asks her to join the Freaks to witness The Who, live in concert. Meanwhile, Nick teaches himself to play guitar and writes a love ballad for Lindsay, and Bill, already having a rocky relationship with Coach Fredricks, is devastated to hear that his mother has been dating him.
15"Noshing and Moshing"Jake KasdanJ. Elvis WeinsteinOctober 17, 2000 (2000-10-17)115N/A
While trying to escape his problems with his parents and Kim, Daniel becomes attracted to Jenna Zank, a dropout from McKinley who is into the punk scene. To try to impress her, Daniel changes his appearance and meets her at a punk show. Meanwhile, Neal, trying to cope with the knowledge that his father is unfaithful to his mother and whether to tell her, loses interest in schoolwork and focuses his energy into his new ventriloquism act. He confesses the matter to his older brother Barry, who has come home from college to attend the Schweibers' annual party; Barry counsels him to keep it a secret. At the party, which Dr. Schweiber hosts for his dentistry clients including the Weirs, Neal is forced to perform his act and makes unkind jokes about the guests - and his father. Meanwhile, Lindsay flees with Barry, and the two kiss. Neal, confronted by his mother, tearfully tells her about the affair. Mrs. Schweiber admits that she knows, and that she and her husband are "working on it". Meanwhile, Daniel loses interest in Jenna when he sees her kissing someone else, and is accepted back by Kim.
16"Smooching and Mooching"Jake KasdanSteve BannosJuly 8, 2000 (2000-07-08)1164.07
After Cindy breaks up with Todd, she confides to Bill that she has a crush on Sam, communicating through him that she would like Sam to invite her to a party. Sam does. Meanwhile, Nick's report card is so unsatisfactory that his father gets rid of Nick's prize drum kit. Nick leaves his father's house, spending the night on Daniel's floor and then finagling an invitation to stay with the Weirs indefinitely. Mr. Weir takes Nick under his wing, encouraging not only his love of drumming but that he apply himself a little more aggressively, even paying for Nick to take his first drum lesson and offering him a part-time job. Lindsay, though pleased to see Nick flourishing, is upset to see her parents bonding with him much more easily than they do with her; Mr. Weir explains that Lindsay simply doesn't need anywhere near the help Nick does. Sam and Bill are dismayed, and Neal is delighted, to learn that the party will be a making-out party involving spin the bottle; Neal only succeeds at landing on Bill, whereas Bill's spins land three times on head cheerleader Vicki Appleby; though initially repulsed by his appearance, the two bond over Bill's confidence, and end up kissing. Sam, who retreats to a spare bedroom with Cindy, meets the same fate.
17"The Little Things"Jake KasdanStory by : Jon Kasdan & Judd Apatow & Mike WhiteTeleplay by : Jon KasdanJuly 8, 2000 (2000-07-08)1175.26
After Ken's girlfriend, Amy, reveals to him that she was born an intersex woman, Ken questions his sexuality; his over-analysis of his relationship with her leads him to the conclusion that he has to break up with her. Meanwhile, Sam is having a terrible time dating Cindy, who reveals herself to be demanding, rude, and egotistical. He meets Ken by chance in a restroom, and Sam reminds Ken that he enjoys his relationship with Amy, which Sam cannot claim about Cindy; Ken finds Amy and reaffirms his care for her, while Sam solemnly breaks up with Cindy. All this takes place as Vice President George Bush visits the school. Mr. Rosso chooses Lindsay to ask the first question during a meet-and-greet assembly, but Bush's people censor her proposed question and request she ask about his favorite restaurant instead. She defies orders and asks him a third question: why he's scared to have an honest discourse with high-school students.
18"Discos and Dragons"Paul FeigPaul FeigJuly 8, 2000 (2000-07-08)1136.75
By chance, Lindsay and the freaks find out that Nick has been dating Sara and she has been teaching him to dance for an upcoming disco competition. Daniel, afraid of failing another test, is caught trying to pull the fire alarm. As punishment, he is forced to join the Audio/Visual club – a group whose membership consists solely of the Geeks. They respond to his presence coldly at first, but they later invite him to a game of Dungeons & Dragons, where he excels. Lindsay, as a result of outstanding grades, receives an invitation to an academic summit at the University of Michigan taking place for two weeks during the summer. Confessing the pressure to Mr. Rosso, she is gifted his copy of the Grateful Dead's American Beauty, and she bonds with the music. She pretends to leave for Ann Arbor on a bus, but disembarks at the next stop where she and Kim meet up with two Deadhead classmates. The episode, and the series, ends as the four leave for a series of Grateful Dead concerts in Colorado.
* ^ Initial airing occurred on Fox Family.
Planned storylines
In a 2012 interview with Vanity Fair, Paul Feig detailed what would have happened to the characters if the show had continued: Lindsay would become a human rights lawyer, years after following the Grateful Dead. Sam would have joined the drama club. Neal would cope with his parents' divorce by joining a swing choir in school. Bill would join the basketball team, becoming a jock and leading to tension with the geeks. Daniel would end up in jail. Kim would become pregnant on tour while following the Grateful Dead. Nick would be pressured by his strict father to join the Army.
Media releases
DVD and Blu-ray
On April 6, 2004, a six-DVD Freaks and Geeks box set was released through Shout! Factory and Sony BMG Music Entertainment. A limited "yearbook edition" set, including two additional discs, was also available through the official website for the show. Fans who had signed an online petition to get the show on DVD got priority in purchasing the special set.
On November 25, 2008, the deluxe "Yearbook Edition" box set was re-released through Vivendi Entertainment. The set features all of the episodes, commentaries and special features of the "Complete Series" six-DVD set, plus two extra discs and deluxe packaging. It is packaged as an 80-page color yearbook with essays, pictures and episode synopses.
In July 2015, Shout! Factory announced it had begun preparing for a Blu-ray release of the series. It was subsequently confirmed in December 2015 that Shout! would release the complete series on Blu-ray on March 22, 2016, and the set would contain all special features from the previous releases and the episodes in both their original aspect ratio and widescreen.
As of July 1, 2021, all U.S. DVD and Blu-ray releases have been discontinued and are out of print.
Books
In October 2004, Newmarket Press released two Freaks and Geeks books: Freaks and Geeks: The Complete Scripts, Volume 1 and Freaks and Geeks: The Complete Scripts, Volume 2. Each book covers nine scripts from the series, compiled by Paul Feig and Judd Apatow. Extra content includes behind-the-scenes memos and notes, photos, additional plot lines and excerpts from the Freaks and Geeks series bibles.
Soundtrack
Main article: Freaks and Geeks (soundtrack)
Freaks and Geeks' creators made it a priority to feature genuine, period-specific music that would help to create the show's tone. Clearing such names as Billy Joel, Cheap Trick, the Grateful Dead, Rush, Styx, The Moody Blues, The Who and Van Halen required much of the show's budget. Eventually, this became an obstacle in releasing the show on DVD due to the difficulty and expense of clearing all of the music rights for the series. Music cues were changed or removed for Freaks and Geeks when it aired in reruns on Fox Family. However, Freaks and Geeks' creators chose to wait to release the DVD until they could find a company willing to pay for the original music. Shout! Factory, a music and video company specializing in comprehensive reissues and compilations, eventually brought Freaks and Geeks to DVD with all of its music intact.
Appearances
In 2000, the cast of Freaks and Geeks was featured in an episode of the game show Family Feud hosted by Louie Anderson.
Reception
Critical reception
At Metacritic, Freaks and Geeks has a score of 88 out of 100, based on 26 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". On Rotten Tomatoes, the show has a score of 100% with an average rating of 9.7 out of 10, based on 34 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, "Freaks and Geeks lampoons real-life adolescence while affectionately embracing every growing pain along the way with refreshing honesty."
Ratings
The show averaged 6.77 million viewers and was #93 in the rankings during the only season it ran.
Awards and nominations
The series received three Emmy Award nominations: creator Paul Feig was nominated twice for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, for the episodes "Pilot" and "Discos and Dragons", and it won for Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series (Allison Jones, Coreen Mayrs and Jill Greenberg). It was also nominated for two Television Critics Association Awards, for New Program of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Drama. For acting, the series won for Best Family TV Series – Comedy and was nominated for Best Performance in a TV Series – Young Ensemble at the Young Artist Awards. For the YoungStar Awards, John Francis Daley and Sarah Hagan were nominated for Best Young Actor/Performance in a Comedy TV Series, and the ensemble was nominated for Best Young Ensemble Cast – Television. The series also received several other nominations in other categories.
The series appeared on Time magazine's 2007 "100 Greatest Shows of All Time" list, and placed third on the magazine's list of greatest television shows of the 2000s. In 2004 and 2007, respectively, Freaks and Geeks ranked No. 25 and No. 21 on TV Guide's Top Cult Shows Ever. In 2008, Entertainment Weekly ranked it the 13th-best series of the past 25 years. The same year, AOL TV named it the Best School Show of All Time. In 2013, TV Guide included it in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time, and ranked it No. 1 on their list of 60 shows that were "Cancelled Too Soon". In 2016, it was named the 11th-greatest television series of all time by Rolling Stone.
Cancellation and legacy
One of the cited reasons for its early cancellation was its inability to gain an audience due to its "erratic scheduling" and poor time slots, competing with the high-rated Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. The producers created a website for the series, but NBC would not share its URL because "they didn't want people to know the Internet existed; they were worried about losing viewers to it", as explained by Judd Apatow. Freaks and Geeks was only averaging under 7 million viewers, while other NBC series such as Frasier and Friends were averaging over 14 million viewers each.
NBC and the creative directors of Freaks and Geeks did not have the same vision for the series. After the network picked up the pilot, Garth Ancier replaced Scott Sassa as president of NBC Entertainment. Ancier "didn't understand public school life" and its relevance because he went to a boarding school and then on to Princeton. Creator Paul Feig expressed the "irony of the situation", as everyone involved wanted Freaks and Geeks to be a success, but the network didn't understand the concept of realistically showcasing life as ordinary teenagers. Jake Kasdan and Judd Apatow had multiple arguments with the network concerning "lack of victories" in the script and that the characters needed to be "cool." The writers wanted to produce something that would represent the average high school experience, but the network wanted to produce something that would make high school seem cool. Because the network did not think the series would be a success, they let the writers add things to the script that they "wouldn't have if they thought the show would resurface the next season", like the use of the phrase, "ambiguous genitalia". Apatow said in 2014 that "Everything I've done, in a way, is revenge for the people who cancelled Freaks and Geeks."
Syndication and cast reunions
Cast of Freaks and Geeks at PaleyFest 2011
In June 2010, it was announced that IFC had acquired the rights to air both Freaks and Geeks and Undeclared. Freaks and Geeks's 18-episode run on IFC finished with all episodes having aired as of October 29, 2010. Undeclared's IFC run began on November 5, 2010. Both shows have also joined TeenNick's lineup as of June 13, 2011.
A reunion of several cast members and producers of both shows took place at the Paley Center for Media's PaleyFest on March 12, 2011.
Documentary
A documentary directed by Brent Hodge chronicling the history and production of Freaks and Geeks and featuring interviews with the cast and crew, Freaks and Geeks: The Documentary, debuted at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 21, 2018. The documentary had its television debut on July 16, 2018, on A&E.
References
^ Rao, Sonia (January 27, 2021). "How 'Freaks and Geeks' Went from Misfit Dramedy to Cult Classic, as Told by Its Cast and Creators: 'People Just like It so Much That It Thrusts Itself from the Grave'". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
^ Lloyd, Robert (December 6, 2012). "2 Good 2 Be 4Gotten: An Oral History of Freaks and Geeks". Vanity Fair. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
^ Longo, Chris (September 2, 2013). "Freaks and Geeks: The Enduring Legacy of a Short-Lived Show". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
^ "Paul Feig Directs All-Star Cast in 'Bridesmaids'". My Fox Detroit. May 10, 2011. Archived from the original on March 3, 2014. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
^ Carp, Jesse. "10 Actors You Might Not Remember Being On Freaks And Geeks". Cinema Blend. Archived from the original on May 1, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
^ Elan, Priya (January 31, 2009). "Priya Elan signs up for class with writer of Freaks And Geeks, Gabe Sachs". The Guardian. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
^ Judd Apatow, Jon Kasdan, Seth Rogan, Mike White (April 6, 2004). Freak and Geeks: The Complete Series, "The Little Things" commentary track (DVD). Shout! Factory. Event occurs at 26:23.
^ Wood, Jennifer (September 25, 2014). "School Days & Parisian Nightsuits: Every 'Freaks and Geeks' Episode, Ranked". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
^ Kranich, Briana (March 4, 2020). "11 Actor Crossovers Between Freaks And Geeks And Undeclared". Screen Rant. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
^ a b c Andrew Jay Cohen; Paul Feig; Judd Apatow, eds. (2004). Freaks and Geeks: The Complete Scripts Volume 1 (1st ed.). New York: New Market Press. ISBN 1-55704-645-X.
^ Koski, Genevieve (April 12, 2012). "Paul Feig walks us through Freaks And Geeks (Part 4 of 5)". The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
^ Freaks and Geeks: The Complete Series DVD Episode Booklet
^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Sep. 20–26)". The Los Angeles Times. October 6, 1999. Retrieved May 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Sep. 27-Oct. 3)". The Los Angeles Times. October 6, 1999. Retrieved May 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Oct. 25–31)". The Los Angeles Times. November 3, 1999. Retrieved May 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Nov. 1–7)". The Los Angeles Times. November 10, 1999. Retrieved May 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Nov. 8–14)". The Los Angeles Times. November 17, 1999. Retrieved May 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Jan. 10–16)". The Los Angeles Times. January 19, 2000. Retrieved May 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Jan. 17–23)". The Los Angeles Times. January 26, 2000. Retrieved May 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Jan. 24–30)". The Los Angeles Times. February 2, 2000. Retrieved May 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Jan. 31-Feb. 6)". The Los Angeles Times. February 9, 2000. Retrieved May 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Feb. 7–13)". The Los Angeles Times. February 16, 2000. Retrieved May 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Mar. 13–19)". The Los Angeles Times. March 22, 2000. Retrieved May 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Mar. 20–26)". The Los Angeles Times. March 29, 2000. Retrieved May 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c "National Nielsen Viewership (Jul. 3–9)". The Los Angeles Times. July 12, 2000. Retrieved May 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Lloyd, Robert (December 6, 2012). "Paul Feig: What Would've Happened to Every Character in Freaks and Geeks' Lost Second Season (Drugs! Pregnancies! Republicanism!)". Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^ a b "Freaks and Geeks – Official Press Release: April 6 is the day!". TVShowsOnDVD. January 15, 2004. Archived from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
^ "Freaks and Geeks – Shout Sends Over a New Fact Sheet for their Retailer Release of the Yearbook Edition". TVShowsOnDVD.com. October 20, 2008. Archived from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
^ Shout! Factory (July 10, 2015). "We're doing Freaks & Geeks on Blu! We have the film to work with and it's happening!". Twitter. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
^ Lambert, David (December 3, 2015). "Freaks and Geeks – Shout! Press Release for 'The Complete Series: Collector's Edition' Blu-ray". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
^ "Going Out Of Print Soon – Save While Supplies Last! :: Shout! Factory". shoutfactory.com. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
^ Feig, Paul; Apatow, Judd (2004). Freaks and Geeks: The Complete Scripts, Volume 1 (Newmarket Shooting Script). Newmarket Press. ISBN 155704645X.
^ Freaks And Geeks: The Complete Scripts. ASIN 1557046468.
^ Matheson, Whitney (May 31, 2013). "The Week in Pop: My pop-culture picks". Iowa City Press-Citizen. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ "Freaks and Geeks: Season 1". Metacritic. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
^ "Freaks and Geeks". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
^ "Charts and Data". Variety. August 6, 2000. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
^ ""Freaks and Geeks" (1999) – Awards". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
^ "Freaks and Geeks – The 100 Best TV Shows of All". TIME. September 6, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
^ "Freaks and Geeks – Best Movies, TV, Books and Theater of the Decade". TIME. December 29, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
^ "25 Top Cult Shows Ever!". TV Guide. May 30, 2004.
^ "TV Guide Names the Top Cult Shows Ever". TV Guide. June 29, 2007. Archived from the original on November 24, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
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^ "Best School Shows of All Time". AOL TV. Aol, Inc. August 26, 2008. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
^ Roush, Matt (February 25, 2013). "Showstoppers: The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time". TV Guide. pp. 16–17.
^ Roush, Matt (June 3, 2013). "Cancelled Too Soon". TV Guide. pp. 20 and 21
^ Sheffield, Rob (September 21, 2016). "100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
^ Bartleet, Larry (February 7, 2017). "Why was there never a second season of 'Freaks And Geeks', the cult show that's now on Netflix?". NME. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^ Elan, Pryia (January 30, 2009). "Making the grade". The Guardian. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^ Lloyd, Robert (December 6, 2012). "2 Good 2 Be 4Gotten: An Oral History of Freaks and Geeks". Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^ Friedlander, Whitney (March 11, 2014). "Judd Apatow: Everything He's Done Is Revenge for Canceling 'Freaks and Geeks'". Variety. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^ "Freaks and Geeks, Undeclared Return to TV". TV Guide. June 30, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
^ "Freaks and Geeks & Undeclared – Coming Monday!". TeenNick. June 9, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
^ "Freaks and Geeks / Undeclared Reunion". PaleyCenter.org. March 12, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ "Freaks and Geeks Still Rocks". IGN. March 14, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ Lederman, Marsha (April 20, 2018). "Freaks and Geeks documentary chronicles one of TV's most infamous cases of 'cancelled-too-soon'". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
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External links
Television portalUnited States portal1990s portal
Wikiquote has quotations related to Freaks and Geeks.
Freaks and Geeks at IMDb
Official website – Freaks Perspective (archived)
Official website – Geeks Perspective (archived)
Further reading
Bowe, John (September 26, 2008). "The Trouble with Paul Feig." The New York Times.
Koski, Genevieve (April 9, 2012). "Paul Feig walks us through Freaks And Geeks (Part 1 of 5)." The A.V. Club.
Lloyd, Robert (December 6, 2012). "Paul Feig: What Would’ve Happened to Every Character in Freaks and Geeks’ Lost Second Season (Drugs! Pregnancies! Republicanism!)." Vanity Fair.
Lloyd, Robert (January 2013). "2 Good 2 Be 4Gotten: An Oral History of Freaks and Geeks." Vanity Fair.
vtePaul FeigFilms directed
I Am David (2003)
Unaccompanied Minors (2006)
Bridesmaids (2011)
The Heat (2013)
Spy (2015)
Ghostbusters (2016)
A Simple Favor (2018)
Last Christmas (2019)
The School for Good and Evil (2022)
Jackpot (2024)
Untitled A Simple Favor sequel (TBA)
TV series created
Freaks and Geeks (1999–2000)
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The show is set in the town of Chippewa, Michigan, a fictional suburb of Detroit (named after Chippewa Valley High School, which series creator Paul Feig attended).[4]Lindsay joins a group of friends who are referred to as the \"freaks\" — Daniel Desario, Ken Miller, Nick Andopolis and Kim Kelly — while Sam's friends, Neal Schweiber and Bill Haverchuck, constitute the \"geeks.\" The Weir parents, Harold and Jean, are featured in every episode, and Millie Kentner, Lindsay's nerdy and highly religious former best friend, is a recurring character, as well as Cindy Sanders, the popular cheerleader on whom Sam has a crush.Lindsay finds herself attempting to transform her life as an academically proficient student, star \"mathlete,\" and young girl into a rebellious teenager who hangs out with troubled slackers. Her relationships with her new friends and the friction they cause with her parents and her own self-image form one central strand of the show. 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Daley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Francis_Daley"},{"link_name":"James Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franco"},{"link_name":"Samm Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samm_Levine"},{"link_name":"Seth Rogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Rogen"},{"link_name":"Jason Segel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Segel"},{"link_name":"Martin Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Starr"},{"link_name":"Becky Ann Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_Ann_Baker"},{"link_name":"Joe Flaherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Flaherty"},{"link_name":"Busy Philipps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busy_Philipps"}],"sub_title":"Main cast","text":"Linda Cardellini as Lindsay Weir\nJohn Francis Daley as Sam Weir\nJames Franco as Daniel Desario\nSamm Levine as Neal Schweiber\nSeth Rogen as Ken Miller\nJason Segel as Nick Andopolis\nMartin Starr as Bill Haverchuck\nBecky Ann Baker as Jean Weir\nJoe Flaherty as Harold Weir\nBusy Philipps as Kim Kelly (credited after titles as \"also starring\")","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave \"Gruber\" Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Allen_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ben Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Foster_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Chauncey Leopardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauncey_Leopardi"},{"link_name":"Tom Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Wilson"},{"link_name":"Ann Dowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Dowd"},{"link_name":"Steve Bannos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bannos"},{"link_name":"Kevin Tighe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Tighe"},{"link_name":"Sam McMurray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_McMurray"},{"link_name":"Amy Aquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Aquino"},{"link_name":"Claudia Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Christian"},{"link_name":"Jessica Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Natasha Melnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Melnick"},{"link_name":"Joel Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"Sarah Hagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Hagan"},{"link_name":"Jerry Messing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Messing"},{"link_name":"Stephen Lea Sheppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lea_Sheppard"},{"link_name":"Shaun Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Weiss"},{"link_name":"JoAnna Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JoAnna_Garcia_Swisher"},{"link_name":"Kayla Ewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayla_Ewell"},{"link_name":"Lizzy Caplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzy_Caplan"},{"link_name":"Riley Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_Smith"},{"link_name":"Trace Beaulieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_Beaulieu"}],"sub_title":"Recurring cast","text":"Dave \"Gruber\" Allen as Jeff Rosso\nBen Foster as Eli\nChauncey Leopardi as Alan White\nTom Wilson as Coach Ben Fredricks\nAnn Dowd as Cookie Kelly\nSteve Bannos as Mr. Kowchevski\nKevin Tighe as Mr. Andopolis\nSam McMurray as Vic Schweiber\nAmy Aquino as Mrs. Schweiber\nClaudia Christian as Gloria Haverchuck\nJessica Campbell as Amy Andrews\nNatasha Melnick as Cindy Sanders\nJoel Hodgson as Joel, a disco clothing store manager and occasional DJ\nSarah Hagan as Millie Kentner\nJerry Messing as Gordon Crisp\nStephen Lea Sheppard as Harris Trinsky\nShaun Weiss as Sean\nJoAnna Garcia as Vicki Appleby\nKayla Ewell as Maureen Sampson\nLizzy Caplan as Sara\nRiley Smith as Todd Schellinger\nTrace Beaulieu as Mr. Lacovara","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Samaire Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaire_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Breckenridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Breckenridge"},{"link_name":"Jack Conley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Conley_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Corrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Corrigan"},{"link_name":"Allen Covert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Covert"},{"link_name":"Matt Czuchry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Czuchry"},{"link_name":"Alexander Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gould"},{"link_name":"babysits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babysitting"},{"link_name":"Steve Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Higgins"},{"link_name":"Rashida Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashida_Jones"},{"link_name":"Bianca Kajlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Kajlich"},{"link_name":"David Koechner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Koechner"},{"link_name":"David Krumholtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Krumholtz"},{"link_name":"Shia LaBeouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_LaBeouf"},{"link_name":"Leslie Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Mann"},{"link_name":"Ben Stiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Stiller"},{"link_name":"Jason Schwartzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Schwartzman"},{"link_name":"stunt casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunt_casting"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mike White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_White_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Paul Feig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Feig"},{"link_name":"Gabe Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabe_Sachs"},{"link_name":"Michael Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andrews_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Undeclared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undeclared"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Guest stars and cameo appearances","text":"Guest stars included:[5]Samaire Armstrong as \"Deadhead\" Laurie\nAlexandra Breckenridge as mathlete Shelly Weaver\nJack Conley as Kim Kelly's stepfather\nKevin Corrigan as Millie's delinquent cousin\nAllen Covert as a liquor store clerk\nMatt Czuchry as a student from rival Lincoln High\nAlexander Gould as Ronnie, the boy Lindsay babysits while high\nSteve Higgins as Mr. Fleck, the Geeks' A/V teacher\nRashida Jones as Kim Kelly's friend Karen Scarfolli\nBianca Kajlich as a nose piercing punk girl\nDavid Koechner as a waiter, in an uncredited role\nDavid Krumholtz as Neal's brother Barry\nShia LaBeouf as Herbert, the school mascot\nLeslie Mann as school teacher Miss Foote\nBen Stiller as a Secret Service agent\nJason Schwartzman as Howie Gelfand, a student dealing in fake IDsThe show's producers were resistant to stunt casting. For example, they resisted the network's suggestion that they have Britney Spears appear as a waitress in one episode;[6] they thought such appearances would detract from the show's realism.[7]Several of the screenwriters appeared on the show. Mike White played Kim Kelly's oft-discussed injured brother, and first appeared in episode 4, \"Kim Kelly is My Friend\". Paul Feig, Gabe Sachs and series composer Michael Andrews appear uncredited as members of the fictional band Dimension in \"I'm With the Band\".[8]Numerous actors who starred on Freaks and Geeks would later appear on Judd Apatow's later TV series Undeclared, including Rogen, Segel, Levine, Starr, Phillips and Melnick, among several others.[9]","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Feig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Feig"},{"link_name":"spec script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spec_script"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freaks_scripts_vol._1-10"},{"link_name":"Judd Apatow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judd_Apatow"},{"link_name":"DreamWorks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"greenlit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlight"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot"},{"link_name":"Jake Kasdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Kasdan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freaks_scripts_vol._1-10"},{"link_name":"read-through","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-through"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freaks_scripts_vol._1-10"},{"link_name":"Fox Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeform_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Museum of Television and Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paley_Center_for_Media"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koski-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_airingnote"},{"link_name":"Fox Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeform_(TV_channel)"}],"text":"The script for the pilot episode of Freaks and Geeks was written by Paul Feig as a spec script.[10] Feig gave the script to producer Judd Apatow, who sold it to DreamWorks, where Apatow was under an overall deal. DreamWorks sold it to NBC, who greenlit a pilot. Before the script was shot, Feig wrote a second episode at the behest of Apatow. He showed this second script to Apatow and pilot director Jake Kasdan, and they suggested that he combine the two episodes to form a stronger pilot. Notable additions include the introduction of Kim Kelly and Lindsay's recollection of her grandmother's death.[10] Feig wrote a final draft after a read-through with the cast, this time incorporating a first meeting between Lindsay and the freaks (in previous drafts, Lindsay was already part of the group).[10]The show ran for 18 episodes, three of which — \"Kim Kelly Is My Friend\", \"Dead Dogs and Gym Teachers\" and \"Noshing and Moshing\" — were unaired by NBC and not seen until Fox Family ran the show in 2000. The final three episodes premiered at the Museum of Television and Radio prior to being broadcast on television.[11] The list below is ordered by the chronology of the storyline.[12]* ^ Initial airing occurred on Fox Family.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Paul Feig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Feig"},{"link_name":"Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Planned storylines","text":"In a 2012 interview with Vanity Fair, Paul Feig detailed what would have happened to the characters if the show had continued: Lindsay would become a human rights lawyer, years after following the Grateful Dead. Sam would have joined the drama club. Neal would cope with his parents' divorce by joining a swing choir in school. Bill would join the basketball team, becoming a jock and leading to tension with the geeks. Daniel would end up in jail. Kim would become pregnant on tour while following the Grateful Dead. Nick would be pressured by his strict father to join the Army.[26]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shout! Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout!_Factory"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG Music Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG_Music_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"petition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petition"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvd-27"},{"link_name":"Vivendi Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Shout! Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout!_Factory"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"DVD and Blu-ray","text":"On April 6, 2004, a six-DVD Freaks and Geeks box set was released through Shout! Factory and Sony BMG Music Entertainment. A limited \"yearbook edition\" set, including two additional discs, was also available through the official website for the show. Fans who had signed an online petition to get the show on DVD got priority in purchasing the special set.[27]On November 25, 2008, the deluxe \"Yearbook Edition\" box set was re-released through Vivendi Entertainment. The set features all of the episodes, commentaries and special features of the \"Complete Series\" six-DVD set, plus two extra discs and deluxe packaging. It is packaged as an 80-page color yearbook with essays, pictures and episode synopses.[28]In July 2015, Shout! Factory announced it had begun preparing for a Blu-ray release of the series.[29] It was subsequently confirmed in December 2015 that Shout! would release the complete series on Blu-ray on March 22, 2016, and the set would contain all special features from the previous releases and the episodes in both their original aspect ratio and widescreen.[30]As of July 1, 2021, all U.S. DVD and Blu-ray releases have been discontinued and are out of print.[31]","title":"Media releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newmarket Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket_Press"},{"link_name":"Paul Feig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Feig"},{"link_name":"Judd Apatow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judd_Apatow"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"In October 2004, Newmarket Press released two Freaks and Geeks books: Freaks and Geeks: The Complete Scripts, Volume 1 and Freaks and Geeks: The Complete Scripts, Volume 2. Each book covers nine scripts from the series, compiled by Paul Feig and Judd Apatow. Extra content includes behind-the-scenes memos and notes, photos, additional plot lines and excerpts from the Freaks and Geeks series bibles.[32][33]","title":"Media releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Joel"},{"link_name":"Cheap Trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheap_Trick"},{"link_name":"Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(band)"},{"link_name":"Styx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Moody Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moody_Blues"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"Van Halen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Halen"},{"link_name":"reruns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerun"},{"link_name":"Shout! Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout!_Factory"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvd-27"}],"sub_title":"Soundtrack","text":"Freaks and Geeks' creators made it a priority to feature genuine, period-specific music that would help to create the show's tone. Clearing such names as Billy Joel, Cheap Trick, the Grateful Dead, Rush, Styx, The Moody Blues, The Who and Van Halen required much of the show's budget. Eventually, this became an obstacle in releasing the show on DVD due to the difficulty and expense of clearing all of the music rights for the series. Music cues were changed or removed for Freaks and Geeks when it aired in reruns on Fox Family. However, Freaks and Geeks' creators chose to wait to release the DVD until they could find a company willing to pay for the original music. Shout! Factory, a music and video company specializing in comprehensive reissues and compilations, eventually brought Freaks and Geeks to DVD with all of its music intact.[27]","title":"Media releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Family Feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Feud"},{"link_name":"Louie Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie_Anderson"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"In 2000, the cast of Freaks and Geeks was featured in an episode of the game show Family Feud hosted by Louie Anderson.[34]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"At Metacritic, Freaks and Geeks has a score of 88 out of 100, based on 26 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[35] On Rotten Tomatoes, the show has a score of 100% with an average rating of 9.7 out of 10, based on 34 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Freaks and Geeks lampoons real-life adolescence while affectionately embracing every growing pain along the way with refreshing honesty.\"[36]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Ratings","text":"The show averaged 6.77 million viewers and was #93 in the rankings during the only season it ran.[37]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Paul Feig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Feig"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Writing_for_a_Comedy_Series"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Casting_for_a_Comedy_Series"},{"link_name":"Allison Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Jones_(casting_director)"},{"link_name":"Television Critics Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_Critics_Association"},{"link_name":"Young Artist Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Artist_Award"},{"link_name":"John Francis Daley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Francis_Daley"},{"link_name":"Sarah Hagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Hagan"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"AOL TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL_TV"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Awards and nominations","text":"The series received three Emmy Award nominations: creator Paul Feig was nominated twice for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, for the episodes \"Pilot\" and \"Discos and Dragons\", and it won for Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series (Allison Jones, Coreen Mayrs and Jill Greenberg). It was also nominated for two Television Critics Association Awards, for New Program of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Drama. For acting, the series won for Best Family TV Series – Comedy and was nominated for Best Performance in a TV Series – Young Ensemble at the Young Artist Awards. For the YoungStar Awards, John Francis Daley and Sarah Hagan were nominated for Best Young Actor/Performance in a Comedy TV Series, and the ensemble was nominated for Best Young Ensemble Cast – Television. The series also received several other nominations in other categories.[38]The series appeared on Time magazine's 2007 \"100 Greatest Shows of All Time\" list,[39] and placed third on the magazine's list of greatest television shows of the 2000s.[40] In 2004 and 2007, respectively, Freaks and Geeks ranked No. 25 and No. 21 on TV Guide's Top Cult Shows Ever.[41][42] In 2008, Entertainment Weekly ranked it the 13th-best series of the past 25 years.[43] The same year, AOL TV named it the Best School Show of All Time.[44] In 2013, TV Guide included it in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time,[45] and ranked it No. 1 on their list of 60 shows that were \"Cancelled Too Soon\".[46] In 2016, it was named the 11th-greatest television series of all time by Rolling Stone.[47]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire_(U.S._game_show)"},{"link_name":"Frasier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasier"},{"link_name":"Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Garth Ancier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Ancier"},{"link_name":"Scott Sassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Sassa"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"One of the cited reasons for its early cancellation was its inability to gain an audience due to its \"erratic scheduling\" and poor time slots, competing with the high-rated Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. The producers created a website for the series, but NBC would not share its URL because \"they didn't want people to know the Internet existed; they were worried about losing viewers to it\", as explained by Judd Apatow. Freaks and Geeks was only averaging under 7 million viewers, while other NBC series such as Frasier and Friends were averaging over 14 million viewers each.[48]NBC and the creative directors of Freaks and Geeks did not have the same vision for the series. After the network picked up the pilot, Garth Ancier replaced Scott Sassa as president of NBC Entertainment. Ancier \"didn't understand public school life\" and its relevance because he went to a boarding school and then on to Princeton. Creator Paul Feig expressed the \"irony of the situation\", as everyone involved wanted Freaks and Geeks to be a success, but the network didn't understand the concept of realistically showcasing life as ordinary teenagers. Jake Kasdan and Judd Apatow had multiple arguments with the network concerning \"lack of victories\" in the script and that the characters needed to be \"cool.\" The writers wanted to produce something that would represent the average high school experience, but the network wanted to produce something that would make high school seem cool. Because the network did not think the series would be a success, they let the writers add things to the script that they \"wouldn't have if they thought the show would resurface the next season\", like the use of the phrase, \"ambiguous genitalia\".[49][50] Apatow said in 2014 that \"Everything I've done, in a way, is revenge for the people who cancelled Freaks and Geeks.\"[51]","title":"Cancellation and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PaleyFest_2011_-_Freaks_and_Geeks_Reunion_-_the_cast_(full).jpg"},{"link_name":"IFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Film_Channel"},{"link_name":"Undeclared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undeclared"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"TeenNick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeenNick"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Paley Center for Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paley_Center_for_Media"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Syndication and cast reunions","text":"Cast of Freaks and Geeks at PaleyFest 2011In June 2010, it was announced that IFC had acquired the rights to air both Freaks and Geeks and Undeclared.[52] Freaks and Geeks's 18-episode run on IFC finished with all episodes having aired as of October 29, 2010. Undeclared's IFC run began on November 5, 2010. Both shows have also joined TeenNick's lineup as of June 13, 2011.[53]A reunion of several cast members and producers of both shows took place at the Paley Center for Media's PaleyFest on March 12, 2011.[54][55]","title":"Cancellation and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brent Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Hodge"},{"link_name":"Tribeca Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"A&E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Documentary","text":"A documentary directed by Brent Hodge chronicling the history and production of Freaks and Geeks and featuring interviews with the cast and crew, Freaks and Geeks: The Documentary, debuted at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 21, 2018.[56][57] The documentary had its television debut on July 16, 2018, on A&E.[58]","title":"Cancellation and legacy"}] | [{"image_text":"Cast of Freaks and Geeks at PaleyFest 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PaleyFest_2011_-_Freaks_and_Geeks_Reunion_-_the_cast_%28full%29.jpg/350px-PaleyFest_2011_-_Freaks_and_Geeks_Reunion_-_the_cast_%28full%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Rao, Sonia (January 27, 2021). \"How 'Freaks and Geeks' Went from Misfit Dramedy to Cult Classic, as Told by Its Cast and Creators: 'People Just like It so Much That It Thrusts Itself from the Grave'\". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/01/27/freaks-and-geeks-streaming-hulu-cast-creators-interview/","url_text":"\"How 'Freaks and Geeks' Went from Misfit Dramedy to Cult Classic, as Told by Its Cast and Creators: 'People Just like It so Much That It Thrusts Itself from the Grave'\""}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, Robert (December 6, 2012). \"2 Good 2 Be 4Gotten: An Oral History of Freaks and Geeks\". Vanity Fair. Retrieved April 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2013/01/freaks-and-geeks-oral-history","url_text":"\"2 Good 2 Be 4Gotten: An Oral History of Freaks and Geeks\""}]},{"reference":"Longo, Chris (September 2, 2013). \"Freaks and Geeks: The Enduring Legacy of a Short-Lived Show\". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160424231216/http://www.denofgeek.us/tv/freaks-and-geeks/182832/freaks-and-geeks-the-enduring-legacy-of-a-short-lived-show","url_text":"\"Freaks and Geeks: The Enduring Legacy of a Short-Lived Show\""},{"url":"http://www.denofgeek.us/tv/freaks-and-geeks/182832/freaks-and-geeks-the-enduring-legacy-of-a-short-lived-show","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Feig Directs All-Star Cast in 'Bridesmaids'\". My Fox Detroit. May 10, 2011. Archived from the original on March 3, 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Rapporteur_on_human_rights_in_Iran | United Nations Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in Iran | ["1 Tenures","1.1 Andrés Aguilar (1984–1986)","1.2 Reynaldo Galindo Pohl (1986–1995)","1.3 Maurice Copithorne (1995–2002)","1.4 Ahmed Shaheed (2011-2016)","1.5 Asma Jahangir (2016–2018)","1.6 Javaid Rehman (2018–)","2 List","3 See also","4 External links","5 References"] | United Nations Special Rapporteur
The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran is a United Nations Special Rapporteur whose mandate is to monitor and investigate human rights violations in Iran. The current Special Rapporteur is Javaid Rehman. He is the sixth special rapporteur to Iran, following the tenures of Andrés Aguilar (1984–1986), Reynaldo Galindo Pohl (1986–1995), Maurice Copithorne (1995–2002), Ahmed Shaheed (2011–2016), and Asma Jilani Jahangir (2016–2018).
Tenures
Andrés Aguilar (1984–1986)
In 1984, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) appointed Andrés Aguilar of Venezuela as its Special Representative to Iran on human rights. Iran refused to engage with him and he "eventually resigned, unable to persuade Iranian officials to cooperate with him in any way."
Reynaldo Galindo Pohl (1986–1995)
Galindo Pohl, a prominent diplomat and professor of law from El Salvador, served as the Special Representative from 1986 to 1995. He visited Iran three times between 1990 and 1992, but after his third visit, he was barred from visiting Iran.
Maurice Copithorne (1995–2002)
Following the resignation of Galindo Pohl, the UNCHR appointed Maurice Copithorne, a Canadian lawyer, as the Special Rapporteur. On 22 April 2002, the UNCHR voted not to renew the mandate of the Special Rapporteur, a decision condemned by Human Rights Watch (HRW) and the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF).
Ahmed Shaheed (2011-2016)
In March 2011, the UN Human Rights Council re-established this mandate, which the UNCHR had terminated in 2002, under the title Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Ahmed Shaheed was the Special Rapporteur from 2011 to 2016. He went on to become the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief. He was twice Foreign Minister of the Maldives from 2005 to 2007 and 2008 to 2010.
Asma Jahangir (2016–2018)
Asma Jilani Jahangir was selected as the Special Rapporteur in 2016. She was a human rights lawyer of Pakistani origin and a former President of the Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan. She suffered from cardiac arrest in Lahore on 11 February 2018 and later died at the hospital.
Javaid Rehman (2018–)
On 7 July 2018, Javaid Rehman was appointed as the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human rights situation in the Islamic Republic of Iran
List
#
Rapporteur
Nationality
Years
1
Andrés Aguilar
Venezuela
1984–1986
2
Reynaldo Galindo Pohl
El Salvador
1986–1995
3
Maurice Copithorne
Canada
1995–2002
—
2002–2011
4
Ahmed Shaheed
Maldives
2011–2016
5
Asma Jahangir
Pakistan
2016–2018
6
Javaid Rehman
Pakistan
2018–
See also
High Council for Human Rights (Iran)
Asma Jahangir
Human Rights Commission of Pakistan
External links
https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-iran Site of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran
References
^ "New U.N. Human Rights Rapporteur for Iran". The Iran Primer. United States Institute of Peace. 20 June 2011.
^ a b c Afshari, Reza (2011). Human Rights in Iran: The Abuse of Cultural Relativism. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. xvii–xviii. ISBN 978-0812221398.
^ "Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
^ "Appointment of Asma Jahangir | U.S. Virtual Embassy Iran". U.S. Virtual Embassy Iran. 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "Iran Agrees to UN Visit". IranWire. 14 November 2014.
^ "UN investigator who revealed Iran's 'Baha'i Question' memorandum dies aged 93". Baha'i World News Service. 10 January 2012.
^ "A History of United Nations Special Representatives and Rapporteurs in Iran". Iran Human Rights Documentation Center.
^ "Situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran" (PDF). United Nations. 20 October 1995.
^ "UN criticises Iran's human rights". BBC. 18 October 2000.
^ "Iran: U.N. Fails to Condemn Rights Abuses". HRW. 22 April 2002.
^ "Commission Deplores Unwarranted Rejection of UNCHR Resolution on Iran". USCIRF. 24 April 2002.
^ "Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran". UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
^ "Human rights in Iran are still atrocious: While Iran reopens to the West, repression still prevails at home". The Economist. 24 March 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
^ "IHEU | UN appoints new Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief". iheu.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ "Special Rapporteur on Iran". www.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
^ Human rights icon Asma Jahangir passes away in LahoreHuman rights icon Asma Jahangir passes away in Lahore
vteUnited Nations special rapporteursCountries and territories
Burundi (Fortuné Gaetan Zongo)
Cambodia (Vitit Muntarbhorn)
Iran (Javaid Rehman)
Myanmar (Tom Andrews)
North Korea (Elizabeth Salmón)
Palestine (Francesca Albanese)
Russian Federation (Mariana Katzarova)
Somalia (Isha Dyfan)
Thematic mandates
Adequate Housing (Balakrishnan Rajagopal)
Albinism (Muluka-Anne Miti-Drummond)
Contemporary Forms of Slavery (Tomoya Obokata)
Cultural Rights (Alexandra Xanthaki)
Democratic and Equitable International Order (Livingstone Sewanyana)
Education (Farida Shaheed)
Effects of Economic Reform Policies and Foreign Debt on Human Rights (Attiya Waris)
Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions (Morris Tidball-Binz)
Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association (Clément Nyaletsossi Voule)
Freedom of Opinion and Expression (Irene Khan)
Freedom of Religion or Belief (Nazila Ghanea)
Human Rights Defenders (Mary Lawlor)
Independence of Judges and Lawyers (Margaret Satterthwaite)
Minority Issues (Fernand de Varennes)
Negative Impact of the Unilateral Coercive Measures on the Enjoyment of Human Rights (Alena Douhan)
Physical and Mental Health (Tlaleng Mofokeng)
Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism (Ben Saul)
Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (Ashwini K.P.)
Right to Food (Michael Fakhri)
Sale and Sexual Exploitation of Children (Najat Maalla M'jid)
Torture (Alice Jill Edwards)
Trafficking in Persons (Siobhán Mullally)
Truth, Justice, Reparation & non-Recurrence (Fabián Salvioli)
Violence against Women (Reem Alsalem)
Human Rights and Access to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation (Pedro Arrojo Agudo)
Human Rights and International Solidarity (Cecilia Bailliet)
Human Rights and the Illicit Movement of Toxic Waste (Marcos A. Orellana)
Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises (Damilola Olawuyi)
Human Rights of Indigenous People (Francisco Cali Tzay)
Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons (Paula Gaviria Betancur)
Human Rights of Migrants (François Crépeau)
Human Rights and the Environment (David Boyd)
Human Rights and Climate Change (Elisa Morgera)
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On 22 April 2002, the UNCHR voted not to renew the mandate of the Special Rapporteur, a decision condemned by Human Rights Watch (HRW)[10] and the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF).[11]","title":"Tenures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human Rights Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Council"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Shaheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Shaheed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Ahmed Shaheed (2011-2016)","text":"In March 2011, the UN Human Rights Council re-established this mandate, which the UNCHR had terminated in 2002, under the title Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran.[12] Ahmed Shaheed was the Special Rapporteur from 2011 to 2016.[13] He went on to become the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief.[14] He was twice Foreign Minister of the Maldives from 2005 to 2007 and 2008 to 2010.[15]","title":"Tenures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asma Jilani Jahangir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asma_Jahangir"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Asma Jahangir (2016–2018)","text":"Asma Jilani Jahangir was selected as the Special Rapporteur in 2016. She was a human rights lawyer of Pakistani origin and a former President of the Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan. She suffered from cardiac arrest in Lahore on 11 February 2018 and later died at the hospital.[16]","title":"Tenures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Javaid Rehman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javaid_Rehman"}],"sub_title":"Javaid Rehman (2018–)","text":"On 7 July 2018, Javaid Rehman was appointed as the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human rights situation in the Islamic Republic of Iran","title":"Tenures"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List"}] | [] | [{"title":"High Council for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Council_for_Human_Rights"},{"title":"Asma Jahangir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asma_Jahangir"},{"title":"Human Rights Commission of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Commission_of_Pakistan"}] | [{"reference":"\"New U.N. Human Rights Rapporteur for Iran\". The Iran Primer. 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Baha'i World News Service. 10 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bahai.org/story/879","url_text":"\"UN investigator who revealed Iran's 'Baha'i Question' memorandum dies aged 93\""}]},{"reference":"\"A History of United Nations Special Representatives and Rapporteurs in Iran\". Iran Human Rights Documentation Center.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/news/features/3410-table-of-un-special-rapporteurs-and-representative-involvement-in-iran.html","url_text":"\"A History of United Nations Special Representatives and Rapporteurs in Iran\""}]},{"reference":"\"Situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran\" (PDF). United Nations. 20 October 1995.","urls":[{"url":"http://iranhrdc.org/files/pdf_en/UN_Reports/Maurice%20Copithorne/A.50.661--1995%20Copithorne%20Report.pdf","url_text":"\"Situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran\""}]},{"reference":"\"UN criticises Iran's human rights\". BBC. 18 October 2000.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/978439.stm","url_text":"\"UN criticises Iran's human rights\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iran: U.N. Fails to Condemn Rights Abuses\". HRW. 22 April 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2002/04/21/iran-un-fails-condemn-rights-abuses","url_text":"\"Iran: U.N. Fails to Condemn Rights Abuses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commission Deplores Unwarranted Rejection of UNCHR Resolution on Iran\". USCIRF. 24 April 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uscirf.gov/news-room/press-releases/commission-deplores-unwarranted-rejection-unchr-resolution-iran","url_text":"\"Commission Deplores Unwarranted Rejection of UNCHR Resolution on Iran\""}]},{"reference":"\"Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran\". UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 27 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/sp/countriesmandates/ir/pages/sriran.aspx","url_text":"\"Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran\""}]},{"reference":"\"Human rights in Iran are still atrocious: While Iran reopens to the West, repression still prevails at home\". The Economist. 24 March 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21695716-while-iran-reopens-west-repression-still-prevails-home-human-rights","url_text":"\"Human rights in Iran are still atrocious: While Iran reopens to the West, repression still prevails at home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist","url_text":"The Economist"}]},{"reference":"\"IHEU | UN appoints new Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief\". iheu.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://iheu.org/un-appoints-new-special-rapporteur-on-freedom-of-religion-or-belief/","url_text":"\"IHEU | UN appoints new Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief\""}]},{"reference":"\"Special Rapporteur on Iran\". www.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/SP/CountriesMandates/IR/Pages/SRIran.aspx","url_text":"\"Special Rapporteur on Iran\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-iran","external_links_name":"https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-iran"},{"Link":"http://iranprimer.usip.org/discussion/2011/jun/20/new-un-human-rights-rapporteur-iran","external_links_name":"\"New U.N. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eula_Pearl_Carter_Scott | Eula Pearl Carter Scott | ["1 Early life","2 Pearl in the air","3 Devotion to children","4 Service to Chickasaw Nation","5 Recognition of her accomplishments","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading"] | Chickasaw American stunt pilot, community activist and politician (1915-2005)
Eula Pearl Carter ScottBorn(1915-12-09)December 9, 1915Marlow, OklahomaDiedMarch 28, 2005(2005-03-28) (aged 89)Oklahoma City, OklahomaNationalityChickasaw, AmericanOccupation(s)Aviator, Legislator, political activistKnown forYoungest aviator in Oklahoma in 1928
Eula "Pearl" Carter Scott (December 9, 1915 – March 28, 2005) was an American stunt pilot and political activist. She became the youngest pilot in the United States on September 12, 1929, when she took her first solo flight at the age of 13. She was taught to fly by pioneer aviator Wiley Post. In 1972 she became one of the Chickasaw Nation's first community health representatives; her mother was an original enrollee of the Chickasaw Nation. Scott was elected to the Chickasaw legislature in 1983 and served three terms.
Early life
Pearl was born to George and Lucy Carter on December 9, 1915, in Marlow, Stephens County, Oklahoma. She was the second youngest of three girls, and also had a younger brother named George Carter, Jr. Her father was a wealthy businessman, while Lucy was an original enrollee of the Chickasaw Nation. Pearl evidently eschewed many of the traditional activities of young Chickasaw women. Instead, she acquired her own automobile when she was only eleven years old, and had learned to drive herself by the age of twelve. Pearl said late in her life that her father was blind, and that she had served as his eyes, so she accompanied him everywhere, whether in his office or collecting rents out on the farms. She also said that she spent her whole childhood talking with adults.
Pearl in the air
Aviator Wiley Post was a friend of the Carter family and visited their home from time to time. In 1928, when Pearl was twelve years old, he gave Pearl and her father their first ride in an airplane. She was totally enthralled by the experience, later saying:
"I knew right then, while I was in the air with Wiley that first day, that I would fly someday. I asked him a hundred questions while we were up in the air, and as soon as he set the plane down, I ran over and told Daddy that I wanted to learn to fly."
Post agreed to teach Pearl how to fly. After several months of lessons, her father surprised her with her own Curtiss Robin airplane. On September 12, 1929, she took off on her first solo flight, becoming the youngest person in Oklahoma at that time to accomplish this feat. Not long afterward, she began to perform as a stunt pilot.
In 1931, Post flew into the local airstrip with a man whom Pearl did not recognize. Moments later Post introduced her to the world famous Will Rogers.
Devotion to children
Pearl married at age 16, and quickly started a family of her own. She continued to fly after her first baby, but after she bore a second, she realized that the babies would have to grow up without a mother if there were an accident. She abruptly quit flying. She apparently relented once, when Wiley Post allowed her to take to the air flying his famous "Winnie Mae," in which he had set three world records.
Service to Chickasaw Nation
In 1972, Pearl began her "second career" as an active worker for the Chickasaw Nation. After studying at the Desert Willow Indian Training Center in Tucson, Arizona, she became one of the tribe's first community health representatives. In 1983, she was elected to the Chickasaw Legislature, where she served three terms.
Recognition of her accomplishments
She was inducted into the Chickasaw Nation Hall of Fame, a member of the International Women's Air & Space Museum, and the Oklahoma Aviation and Space Hall of Fame, and is a charter member of the National Museum of the American Indian at the Smithsonian. In 2014 a portrait of her was unveiled in the Oklahoma House of Representatives.
There is a documentary about her titled Pearl Carter Scott: On Top of the World, and a non-documentary narrative feature about her titled Pearl, released in 2010.
Notes
^ George Carter, Jr. was still living in Marlow when Pearl died in 2015.
References
^ a b c oklahoma state senate staff (19 February 2014). "Oklahoma State Senate - News". Oksenate.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
^ a b "Chickasaw Nation Hall of Fame - Eula Pearl Carter Scott". Hof.chickasaw.net. Archived from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
^ a b c d e Deering, Roy. "Love for flying helped woman make history. NewsOK. March 31, 2005. Accessed March 8, 2018.
^ a b "Pearl Carter Scott." Chickasaw Nation Hall of Fame. Accessed 2018-03-08.
^ News 12 Staff. "Portrait of famous aviator and Chickasaw legislator unveiled at Capitol". Kxii.com. Retrieved 2015-11-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Portrait of Celebrated Aviator Pearl Carter Scott Unveiled in Oklahoma - ICTMN.com". Indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com. 2015-11-04. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
^ "Pearl Carter Scott documentary airs on OETA tonight". News OK. 2012-02-23. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
Further reading
Never Give Up! The Life of Pearl Carter Scott, by Paul F. Lambert (2007)
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oksenate1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chickasaw1995-2"},{"link_name":"Wiley Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_Post"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oksenate1-1"},{"link_name":"Chickasaw Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oksenate1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chickasaw1995-2"}],"text":"Eula \"Pearl\" Carter Scott (December 9, 1915 – March 28, 2005) was an American stunt pilot and political activist.[1] She became the youngest pilot in the United States on September 12, 1929, when she took her first solo flight at the age of 13.[2] She was taught to fly by pioneer aviator Wiley Post.[1] In 1972 she became one of the Chickasaw Nation's first community health representatives; her mother was an original enrollee of the Chickasaw Nation.[1] Scott was elected to the Chickasaw legislature in 1983 and served three terms.[2]","title":"Eula Pearl Carter Scott"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlow,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Stephens County, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephens_County,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chickasaw Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNHOF-5"}],"text":"Pearl was born to George and Lucy Carter on December 9, 1915, in Marlow, Stephens County, Oklahoma. She was the second youngest of three girls, and also had a younger brother named George Carter, Jr.[a] Her father was a wealthy businessman, while Lucy was an original enrollee of the Chickasaw Nation. Pearl evidently eschewed many of the traditional activities of young Chickasaw women. Instead, she acquired her own automobile when she was only eleven years old, and had learned to drive herself by the age of twelve. Pearl said late in her life that her father was blind, and that she had served as his eyes, so she accompanied him everywhere, whether in his office or collecting rents out on the farms. She also said that she spent her whole childhood talking with adults.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deering-3"},{"link_name":"Curtiss Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_Robin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deering-3"},{"link_name":"Will Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rogers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deering-3"}],"text":"Aviator Wiley Post was a friend of the Carter family and visited their home from time to time. In 1928, when Pearl was twelve years old, he gave Pearl and her father their first ride in an airplane. She was totally enthralled by the experience, later saying:\"I knew right then, while I was in the air with Wiley that first day, that I would fly someday. I asked him a hundred questions while we were up in the air, and as soon as he set the plane down, I ran over and told Daddy that I wanted to learn to fly.\"[3]Post agreed to teach Pearl how to fly. After several months of lessons, her father surprised her with her own Curtiss Robin airplane. On September 12, 1929, she took off on her first solo flight, becoming the youngest person in Oklahoma at that time to accomplish this feat. Not long afterward, she began to perform as a stunt pilot.[3]In 1931, Post flew into the local airstrip with a man whom Pearl did not recognize. Moments later Post introduced her to the world famous Will Rogers.[3]","title":"Pearl in the air"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winnie Mae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_Mae"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deering-3"}],"text":"Pearl married at age 16, and quickly started a family of her own. She continued to fly after her first baby, but after she bore a second, she realized that the babies would have to grow up without a mother if there were an accident. She abruptly quit flying. She apparently relented once, when Wiley Post allowed her to take to the air flying his famous \"Winnie Mae,\" in which he had set three world records.[3]","title":"Devotion to children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNHOF-5"}],"text":"In 1972, Pearl began her \"second career\" as an active worker for the Chickasaw Nation. After studying at the Desert Willow Indian Training Center in Tucson, Arizona, she became one of the tribe's first community health representatives. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questenberg | Questenberg | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 51°29′38″N 11°7′11″E / 51.49389°N 11.11972°E / 51.49389; 11.11972Ortsteil of Südharz in Saxony-Anhalt, GermanyQuestenberg Ortsteil of SüdharzLocation of Questenberg
Questenberg Show map of GermanyQuestenberg Show map of Saxony-AnhaltCoordinates: 51°29′38″N 11°7′11″E / 51.49389°N 11.11972°E / 51.49389; 11.11972CountryGermanyStateSaxony-AnhaltDistrictMansfeld-Südharz MunicipalitySüdharzArea • Total17.25 km2 (6.66 sq mi)Elevation188 m (617 ft)Population (2006-12-31) • Total289 • Density17/km2 (43/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes06536Dialling codes034651Vehicle registrationMSHWebsitewww.rossla.de
Questenberg is a village and a former municipality in the Mansfeld-Südharz district, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it has been part of the Südharz municipality.
First settlement traces date from 5th and 6th centuries BC. Above the place is the castle called Questenburg. Remainders of the castle (attachment walls and tower), on the steep mountain at the eastern periphery of the village can still be visited and is currently restored by the local Förderverein Questenburg e.V.
References
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Questenberg" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
^ "Förderverein Questenburg e.V" (in German). Retrieved 10 October 2018.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
This Mansfeld-Südharz location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mansfeld-Südharz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfeld-S%C3%BCdharz"},{"link_name":"Saxony-Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Südharz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdharz"},{"link_name":"BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Christ"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ortsteil of Südharz in Saxony-Anhalt, GermanyQuestenberg is a village and a former municipality in the Mansfeld-Südharz district, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it has been part of the Südharz municipality.First settlement traces date from 5th and 6th centuries BC. Above the place is the castle called Questenburg. Remainders of the castle (attachment walls and tower), on the steep mountain at the eastern periphery of the village can still be visited and is currently restored by the local Förderverein Questenburg e.V.[1]","title":"Questenberg"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Förderverein Questenburg e.V\" (in German). Retrieved 10 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xn--frderverein-questenburg-7kc.de/","url_text":"\"Förderverein Questenburg e.V\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Questenberg¶ms=51_29_38_N_11_7_11_E_type:city(289)_region:DE-ST","external_links_name":"51°29′38″N 11°7′11″E / 51.49389°N 11.11972°E / 51.49389; 11.11972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Questenberg¶ms=51_29_38_N_11_7_11_E_type:city(289)_region:DE-ST","external_links_name":"51°29′38″N 11°7′11″E / 51.49389°N 11.11972°E / 51.49389; 11.11972"},{"Link":"http://www.rossla.de/vgem/","external_links_name":"www.rossla.de"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Questenberg%22","external_links_name":"\"Questenberg\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Questenberg%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Questenberg%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Questenberg%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Questenberg%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Questenberg%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.xn--frderverein-questenburg-7kc.de/","external_links_name":"\"Förderverein Questenburg e.V\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/241196653","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4416479-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questenberg&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_Underground_(song) | 6 Underground (song) | ["1 Composition","2 Critical reception","3 Music video","4 Track listings","5 Charts","6 Certifications","7 Release history","8 Usage in media","9 References"] | 1996 single by Sneaker Pimps
"6 Underground"Single by Sneaker Pimpsfrom the album Becoming X B-side
"Can't Find My Way Home"
"Precious"
Released30 September 1996 (1996-09-30)Genre
Trip hop
alternative rock
Length3:54LabelClean UpSongwriter(s)
John Barry
Chris Corner
Liam Howe
Ian Pickering
Producer(s)
Jim Abbiss
Line of Flight
Sneaker Pimps singles chronology
"Roll On" (1996)
"6 Underground" (1996)
"Spin Spin Sugar" (1997)
Audio samplefilehelpMusic video"6 Underground" on YouTube
"6 Underground" is a song by the English band Sneaker Pimps from their debut studio album, Becoming X (1996). First released as a single in the United Kingdom in September 1996 by Clean-up Records, the song reached number 15 on the UK Singles Chart and had moderate radio airplay in the United States, where it was shipped to modern rock and dance stations in February 1997. After the song was used in the 1997 American film The Saint, radio stations began playing "6 Underground" more frequently. The single was re-released in May 1997, when it peaked at number nine on the UK Singles Chart. In the United States, the song peaked at number 45 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number seven on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart.
Both the song and the music video, directed by Toby Tremlett, feature Kelli Dayton (later known as Kelli Ali), the band’s lead singer at the time.
The cover artwork of the single uses a photograph of a Lego Space moonscape. The piece is from the Command Centre playset marketed by The Lego Group from 1978 to 1988. After the commercial success and popularity of the album version of the song, the group released several remixes, some of which became hits in dance clubs and radio stations with a dance format. The most popular version was the remix by Nellee Hooper (which appeared as a hidden track on the album and was depicted in the music video).
Composition
The horns and the harp melody at the beginning of the song are both sampled from "Golden Girl", a track from the 1964 James Bond film Goldfinger (the song plays during a scene when Bond discovers Jill Masterson covered in gold paint). The "a-one two" heard repeatedly in the Nellee Hooper version is sampled from De La Soul's song "Breakadawn".
Chris Corner said, "It's about death in a small town environment. You grow up in this shit town and you yearn to get out. A lot of artists, we just can't survive in a place like that. So, the essence of that song is that living in a small town is like dying. For us it was a huge release to get out and to explore the world, to see what everything else is about. We all wanted that. You know, the northern industrial shithole. And that's really what that song's about."
Critical reception
In his review of the song, Simon Price from Melody Maker wrote, "Cliche of the year. Post-Portishead, post-Garbage. Girl singer. Polite trip hop and gentle junglism. Lamb. Moloko. Sneaker Pimps. The Stone Temple Pilots of The Bristol Sound, basically." In December 1996, Melody Maker ranked "6 Underground" number 30 in their list of "Singles of the Year", adding, "Smokier than Bill Hicks' bedroom, snakier than a python on a hairpin bend, a prime slice of easy sleaze that proved t**p h*p needn't be two dirty words."
Music video
The music video for "6 Underground" was directed by Toby Tremlett, and made its debut on 14 January 1997. It uses the "Nellee Hooper edit" of the song. Throughout the video, which gives off a dark atmosphere, the camera focuses on Kelli Dayton singing in the middle of a dark room sitting in a dentist chair that she spins around. The camera follows Dayton as she slowly walks around the darkened room singing the song. There are also several smaller lit rooms with oval windows within the larger dark room, depicting different scenes such as a man dressed in black practicing various poses, a woman dressed in a nightgown who is vacuuming the floor, a young woman posing around a chair in a red tie shirt and black skirt, a toddler dressed in a costume pouring spaghetti from a jar and tossing it around the room, and an overweight man eating spaghetti while sitting in a recliner. The small rooms with the oval windows could depict a view into people's private lives, and even a view into their souls. A can of worms is poured out by a band member. The other band members are usually seen lurking behind Dayton in this video, including in some scenes where the band is standing in one of the small, brightly lit rooms. At the end of the video, the people in the smaller rooms seem to freeze in place, and in the big room, the band poses at Dayton's dentist chair, and then the lights go out.
Track listings
UK CD single
"6 Underground" (Nellee Hoopers edit) – 3:54
"6 Underground" (album version) – 4:05
"Can't Find My Way Home" – 6:04
"Precious" – 4:18
UK 12-inch single
"6 Underground" (Two Lone Swordsmen vocal mix) – 5:47
"6 Underground" (Nellee Hooper's dub) – 4:28
"6 Underground" (In the Jungle mix) – 7:58
"Can't Find My Way Home" – 6:07
Charts
Weekly chart performance for "6 Underground"
Chart (1996)
Peakposition
Scotland (OCC)
17
UK Singles (OCC)
15
Chart (1997)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
62
Scotland (OCC)
11
UK Singles (OCC)
9
US Billboard Hot 100
45
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
31
US Alternative Airplay (Billboard)
7
Certifications
Certifications and sales for "6 Underground"
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United Kingdom (BPI)
Silver
200,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Release dates and formats for "6 Underground"
Region
Date
Format(s)
Label(s)
Ref(s).
United Kingdom
30 September 1996
12-inch vinylCD
Clean Up
United States
3 February 1997
Modern rockdancetriple-A radio
Virgin
United Kingdom (re-release)
26 May 1997
12-inch vinylCD
Clean Up
Usage in media
The song is featured at the beginning of the Beverly Hills, 90210 episode "Friends in Deed" from its eighth season. The song is used in 1997 film The Saint. A remix of the song — "Six Underground (The Umbrellas Of Ladywell Mix #2)" — is used in the 1998 teen film Can't Hardly Wait, when character Amanda Beckett (Jennifer Love Hewitt) first walks into the party. In 2000, the song is the main theme for the US primetime soap opera Titans. In 2014, the song is used for the enhanced version of the popular video game Grand Theft Auto V on the radio station Non-Stop-Pop FM. The song is also featured in The Watcher (2000), a movie starring James Spader and Keanu Reeves. Also used in ‘Yellowjackets’ Season 2, Episode 7
References
^ Brian Galindo, Alex Naidus & Ryan Creed (5 November 2023). "37 Alt Rock Songs You Haven't Thought About Since The Late '90s". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
^ MacIntosh, Dan (30 November 2016). "Chris Corner of Sneaker Pimps : Songwriter Interviews". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
^ Price, Simon (21 September 1996). "Singles". Melody Maker. p. 54. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
^ "Singles Of The Year". Melody Maker. 21 December 1996. p. 68. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
^ "Sneaker Pimps - 6 Underground (1997)". IMVDb. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 258.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
^ "Sneaker Pimps Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
^ "Sneaker Pimps Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard.
^ "Sneaker Pimps Chart History (Alternative Airplay)". Billboard.
^ "British single certifications – Sneaker Pimps – Six Underground". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
^ "New Releases: Singles". Music Week. 28 September 1996. p. 57.
^ Reece, Doug (25 January 1997). "Virgin Makes Noise for Sneakers Pimps' Bow". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 4. p. 22. While '6 Underground' will not be serviced to modern rock, dance, and triple-A stations until Feb. 3...
^ "Be on the Lookout". Gavin Report. No. 2140. 24 January 1997. p. 36.
^ "New Releases: Singles". Music Week. 24 May 1997. p. 43.
^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120053/soundtrack/
vteSneaker Pimps
Liam Howe
Chris Corner
Simonne Jones
Kelli Ali
Dave Westlake
Joe Wilson
Chris Tate
Ian Pickering
Studio albums
Becoming X
Splinter
Bloodsport
Squaring the Circle
Compilation albums
Becoming Remixed
Singles
"6 Underground"
"Spin Spin Sugar"
"Post-Modern Sleaze"
Other tracks and collaborations
"Long Hard Road Out of Hell"
Related articles
IAMX
Placebo
Robots in Disguise
Ultrafox
The Servant
Authority control databases
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First released as a single in the United Kingdom in September 1996 by Clean-up Records, the song reached number 15 on the UK Singles Chart and had moderate radio airplay in the United States, where it was shipped to modern rock and dance stations in February 1997. After the song was used in the 1997 American film The Saint, radio stations began playing \"6 Underground\" more frequently. The single was re-released in May 1997, when it peaked at number nine on the UK Singles Chart. In the United States, the song peaked at number 45 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number seven on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart.Both the song and the music video, directed by Toby Tremlett, feature Kelli Dayton (later known as Kelli Ali), the band’s lead singer at the time.The cover artwork of the single uses a photograph of a Lego Space moonscape. The piece is from the Command Centre playset marketed by The Lego Group from 1978 to 1988. 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At the end of the video, the people in the smaller rooms seem to freeze in place, and in the big room, the band poses at Dayton's dentist chair, and then the lights go out.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"UK CD single\"6 Underground\" (Nellee Hoopers edit) – 3:54\n\"6 Underground\" (album version) – 4:05\n\"Can't Find My Way Home\" – 6:04\n\"Precious\" – 4:18UK 12-inch single\"6 Underground\" (Two Lone Swordsmen vocal mix) – 5:47\n\"6 Underground\" (Nellee Hooper's dub) – 4:28\n\"6 Underground\" (In the Jungle mix) – 7:58\n\"Can't Find My Way Home\" – 6:07","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beverly Hills, 90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_90210"},{"link_name":"eighth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_90210_(season_8)"},{"link_name":"The Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"teen film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_film"},{"link_name":"Can't Hardly Wait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Hardly_Wait"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Love Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Love_Hewitt"},{"link_name":"Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titans_(2000_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_V"},{"link_name":"The Watcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Watcher_(2000_film)"}],"text":"The song is featured at the beginning of the Beverly Hills, 90210 episode \"Friends in Deed\" from its eighth season. The song is used in 1997 film The Saint.[19] A remix of the song — \"Six Underground (The Umbrellas Of Ladywell Mix #2)\" — is used in the 1998 teen film Can't Hardly Wait, when character Amanda Beckett (Jennifer Love Hewitt) first walks into the party. In 2000, the song is the main theme for the US primetime soap opera Titans. In 2014, the song is used for the enhanced version of the popular video game Grand Theft Auto V on the radio station Non-Stop-Pop FM. The song is also featured in The Watcher (2000), a movie starring James Spader and Keanu Reeves. Also used in ‘Yellowjackets’ Season 2, Episode 7","title":"Usage in media"}] | [{}] | null | [{"reference":"Brian Galindo, Alex Naidus & Ryan Creed (5 November 2023). \"37 Alt Rock Songs You Haven't Thought About Since The Late '90s\". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 19 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/briangalindo/90s-alt-rock-songs-you-forgot-you-loved","url_text":"\"37 Alt Rock Songs You Haven't Thought About Since The Late '90s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed","url_text":"BuzzFeed"}]},{"reference":"MacIntosh, Dan (30 November 2016). \"Chris Corner of Sneaker Pimps : Songwriter Interviews\". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.songfacts.com/blog/interviews/chris-corner-of-sneaker-pimps","url_text":"\"Chris Corner of Sneaker Pimps : Songwriter Interviews\""}]},{"reference":"Price, Simon (21 September 1996). \"Singles\". Melody Maker. p. 54. Retrieved 17 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Price","url_text":"Price, Simon"},{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/nothingelseon/53719585020/","url_text":"\"Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker","url_text":"Melody Maker"}]},{"reference":"\"Singles Of The Year\". Melody Maker. 21 December 1996. p. 68. Retrieved 5 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/nothingelseon/53760986465/","url_text":"\"Singles Of The Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker","url_text":"Melody Maker"}]},{"reference":"\"Sneaker Pimps - 6 Underground (1997)\". IMVDb. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://imvdb.com/video/sneaker-pimps/6-underground","url_text":"\"Sneaker Pimps - 6 Underground (1997)\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 258.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Sneaker Pimps – Six Underground\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 24 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/18842-797-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Sneaker Pimps – Six Underground\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases: Singles\". Music Week. 28 September 1996. p. 57.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"Reece, Doug (25 January 1997). \"Virgin Makes Noise for Sneakers Pimps' Bow\". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 4. p. 22. While '6 Underground' will not be serviced to modern rock, dance, and triple-A stations until Feb. 3...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q4EAAAAMBAJ&PA22","url_text":"\"Virgin Makes Noise for Sneakers Pimps' Bow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Be on the Lookout\". Gavin Report. No. 2140. 24 January 1997. p. 36.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Report","url_text":"Gavin Report"}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases: Singles\". Music Week. 24 May 1997. p. 43.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wuwfe3DRJzE","external_links_name":"\"6 Underground\""},{"Link":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/briangalindo/90s-alt-rock-songs-you-forgot-you-loved","external_links_name":"\"37 Alt Rock Songs You Haven't Thought About Since The Late '90s\""},{"Link":"https://www.songfacts.com/blog/interviews/chris-corner-of-sneaker-pimps","external_links_name":"\"Chris Corner of Sneaker Pimps : Songwriter Interviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/nothingelseon/53719585020/","external_links_name":"\"Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/nothingelseon/53760986465/","external_links_name":"\"Singles Of The Year\""},{"Link":"https://imvdb.com/video/sneaker-pimps/6-underground","external_links_name":"\"Sneaker Pimps - 6 Underground (1997)\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/19961019/41/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19961019/7501/","external_links_name":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/19970607/41/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19970607/7501/","external_links_name":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Sneaker-Pimps/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"Sneaker Pimps Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Sneaker-Pimps/chart-history/ATF","external_links_name":"\"Sneaker Pimps Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Sneaker-Pimps/chart-history/MRT","external_links_name":"\"Sneaker Pimps Chart History (Alternative Airplay)\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/18842-797-1","external_links_name":"\"British single certifications – Sneaker Pimps – Six Underground\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q4EAAAAMBAJ&PA22","external_links_name":"\"Virgin Makes Noise for Sneakers Pimps' Bow\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120053/soundtrack/","external_links_name":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120053/soundtrack/"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/623bc059-eaf1-3dc8-a927-7ed44eed8923","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings | Wing | ["1 Etymology and usage","2 Aerodynamics","2.1 Cross-sectional shape","3 Design features","4 Applications and variants","4.1 In nature","4.2 Tensile structures","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Appendage used for flight
For other uses, see Wing (disambiguation) and Wings (disambiguation).
Wing of a Eurasian magpie, which allows flight by the flapping of wings.
A swept wing KC-10 Extender (top) refuels a trapezoidal-wing F-22 Raptor.
A wing is a type of fin that produces lift while moving through air or some other fluid. Accordingly, wings have streamlined cross-sections that are subject to aerodynamic forces and act as airfoils. A wing's aerodynamic efficiency is expressed as its lift-to-drag ratio. The lift a wing generates at a given speed and angle of attack can be one to two orders of magnitude greater than the total drag on the wing. A high lift-to-drag ratio requires a significantly smaller thrust to propel the wings through the air at sufficient lift.
Lifting structures used in water include various foils, such as hydrofoils. Hydrodynamics is the governing science, rather than aerodynamics. Applications of underwater foils occur in hydroplanes, sailboats and submarines.
Etymology and usage
For many centuries, the word "wing", from the Old Norse vængr, referred mainly to the foremost limbs of birds (in addition to the architectural aisle). But in recent centuries the word's meaning has extended to include lift producing appendages of insects, bats, pterosaurs, boomerangs, some sail boats and aircraft, or the
inverted airfoil on a race car that generates a downward force to increase traction.
Aerodynamics
Condensation in the low pressure region over the wing of an Airbus A340, passing through humid air.
Flaps (green) are used in various configurations to increase the wing area and to increase the lift. In conjunction with spoilers (red), flaps maximize drag and minimize lift during the landing roll.
Main article: Lift (force)
The design and analysis of the wings of aircraft is one of the principal applications of the science of aerodynamics, which is a branch of fluid mechanics. In principle, the properties of the airflow around any moving object can be found by solving the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid dynamics. However, except for simple geometries these equations are notoriously difficult to solve and simpler equations are used.
For a wing to produce lift, it must be oriented at a suitable angle of attack. When this occurs, the wing deflects the airflow downwards as it passes the wing. Since the wing exerts a force on the air to change its direction, the air must also exert an equal and opposite force on the wing.
Cross-sectional shape
An airfoil (American English) or aerofoil (British English) is the shape of a wing, blade (of a propeller, rotor, or turbine), or sail (as seen in cross-section). Wings with an asymmetrical cross section are the norm in subsonic flight. Wings with a symmetrical cross section can also generate lift by using a positive angle of attack to deflect air downward. Symmetrical airfoils have higher stalling speeds than cambered airfoils of the same wing area but are used in aerobatic aircraft as they provide practical performance whether the aircraft is upright or inverted. Another example comes from sailboats, where the sail is a thin membrane with no path-length difference between one side and the other.
For flight speeds near the speed of sound (transonic flight), airfoils with complex asymmetrical shapes are used to minimize the drastic increase in drag associated with airflow near the speed of sound. Such airfoils, called supercritical airfoils, are flat on top and curved on the bottom.
Design features
Main article: Wing configuration
The wing of a landing BMI Airbus A319-100. The slats at its leading edge and the flaps at its trailing edge are extended.
Aircraft wings may feature some of the following:
A rounded leading edge cross-section
A sharp trailing edge cross-section
Leading-edge devices such as slats, slots, or extensions
Trailing-edge devices such as flaps or flaperons (combination of flaps and ailerons)
Winglets to keep wingtip vortices from increasing drag and decreasing lift
Dihedral, or a positive wing angle to the horizontal, increases spiral stability around the roll axis, whereas anhedral, or a negative wing angle to the horizontal, decreases spiral stability.
Aircraft wings may have various devices, such as flaps or slats that the pilot uses to modify the shape and surface area of the wing to change its operating characteristics in flight.
Ailerons (usually near the wingtips) to roll the aircraft clockwise or counterclockwise about its long axis
Spoilers on the upper surface to disrupt the lift and to provide additional traction to an aircraft that has just landed but is still moving.
Vortex generators mitigate flow separation at low speeds and high angles of attack, especially over control surfaces.
Wing fences to keep flow attached to the wing by stopping boundary layer separation from spreading roll direction.
Folding wings allow more aircraft storage in the confined space of the hangar deck of an aircraft carrier
Variable-sweep wing or "swing wings" that allow outstretched wings during low-speed flight (i.e., take-off and landing) and swept back wings for high-speed flight (including supersonic flight), such as in the F-111 Aardvark, the F-14 Tomcat, the Panavia Tornado, the MiG-23, the MiG-27, the Tu-160 and the B-1B Lancer warplanes
Strakes to improve flight characteristics
Chine, which may blend into the wing
Leading-edge droop flap, a high-lift device
Fairings, structures whose primary function is to produce a smooth outline and reduce drag. For example, flap track fairings
Wings may have other minor independent surfaces.
Applications and variants
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Wing" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Besides fixed-wing aircraft, applications for wing shapes include:
Hang gliders, which use wings ranging from fully flexible (paragliders, gliding parachutes), flexible (framed sail wings), to rigid.
Kites, which use a variety of surfaces to attain lift and maintain stability.
Flying model airplanes
Helicopters, which use a rotating wing with a variable pitch angle to provide directional forces.
Propellers, whose blades generate lift for propulsion.
The NASA Space Shuttle, which uses its wings only to glide during its descent to a runway. These types of aircraft are called spaceplanes.
Some racing cars, especially Formula One cars, which use upside-down wings (or airfoils) to provide greater traction at high speeds.
Sailboats, which use flexible cloth sails as vertical wings with variable fullness and direction to move across water.
Hydrofoils, which use rigid wing shaped structures to lift a vessel out of the water to reduce drag and increase speed.
In nature
Further information: Bird's wing
Further information: Insect wing
In nature, wings have evolved in insects, pterosaurs, dinosaurs (birds, Scansoriopterygidae), and mammals (bats) as a means of locomotion. Various species of penguins and other flighted or flightless water birds such as auks, cormorants, guillemots, shearwaters, eider and scoter ducks and diving petrels are avid swimmers, and use their wings to propel through water.
Wing forms in nature
Winged tree seeds that cause autorotation in descent
A laughing gull, exhibiting the "gull wing" outline
Bat in flight
A crane fly, showing the hind wings reduced to drumstick-shaped halteres
Tensile structures
In 1948, Francis Rogallo invented a kite-like tensile wing supported by inflated or rigid struts, which ushered in new possibilities for aircraft. Near in time, Domina Jalbert invented flexible un-sparred ram-air airfoiled thick wings. These two new branches of wings have been since extensively studied and applied in new branches of aircraft, especially altering the personal recreational aviation landscape.
See also
Flight
Natural world
Bat flight
Bird flight
Flight feather
Flying and gliding animals
Insect flight
List of soaring birds
Samara (winged seeds of trees)
Aviation
Aircraft
Blade solidity
FanWing and Flettner airplane (experimental wing types)
Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)
Kite types
Ornithopter – Flapping-wing aircraft (research prototypes, simple toys and models)
Otto Lilienthal
Wing configuration
Wing root
Wingsuit flying
Sailing
Sails
Forces on sails
Wingsail
References
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
^ "Navier-Stokes Equations". Glenn Research Center. 2012-04-16. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
^ Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert. Fundamentals of Physics (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 378. ...the effect of the wing is to give the air stream a downward velocity component. The reaction force of the deflected air mass must then act on the wing to give it an equal and opposite upward component.
^ "If the body is shaped, moved, or inclined in such a way as to produce a net deflection or turning of the flow, the local velocity is changed in magnitude, direction, or both. Changing the velocity creates a net force on the body" "Lift from Flow Turning". Glenn Research Center. Retrieved 2011-06-29.
^ "The cause of the aerodynamic lifting force is the downward acceleration of air by the airfoil..." Weltner, Klaus; Ingelman-Sundberg, Martin. "Physics of Flight – reviewed". Goethe University Frankfurt. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19.
^ "Incorrect Lift Theory". Glenn Research Center.
^ Laitone, E. V. (1997). "Wind tunnel tests of wings at Reynolds numbers below 70 000". Experiments in Fluids. 23 (405): 405–409. doi:10.1007/s003480050128. S2CID 122755021.
^ "What are acrobatic and aerobatic flight?". Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
^ "...consider a sail that is nothing but a vertical wing (generating side-force to propel a yacht). ...it is obvious that the distance between the stagnation point and the trailing edge is more or less the same on both sides. This becomes exactly true in the absence of a mast—and clearly the presence of the mast is of no consequence in the generation of lift. Thus, the generation of lift does not require different distances around the upper and lower surfaces." Holger Babinsky How do Wings Work? Physics Education November 2003, PDF
^ John D. Anderson, Jr. Introduction to Flight 4th ed page 271.
^ "Supercritical wings have a flat-on-top "upside down" look". NASA Dryden Flight Research Center.
^ Hahne, David E.; Jordan, Frank L. Jr. (1991). Semi-span full-scale tests of a business-jet wing with a natural laminar flow airfoil. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Office. p. 5 – via Google Books.
^ "The Physics Of Kite Flying – Aerodynamic Lift". RealWorldPhysicsProblems.com. real-world-physics-problems.com. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ López, Harm Frederik Althuisius. "Helicopter physics" (PDF). ColoradoCollege.edu. Colorado College Dept. of Physics. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ "Rocket aerodynamics". Sciencelearn.org.nz. New Zealand Government Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ Zoechling, Moritz (20 January 2015). "Aerodynamics on Formula 1 Race Cars". APlusPhysics.com. A Plus Physics. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ "Swimming". Stanford university. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
^ "Rogallo Wing -the story told by NASA". History.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
^ Hopkins, Ellen; Bledsoe, Glen (2001). The Golden Knights: The U.S. Army Parachute Team. Capstone. pp. 21. ISBN 9780736807753. Domina Jalbert ram air wing.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wings.
How Wings Work - Holger Babinsky Physics Education 2003
How Airplanes Fly: A Physical Description of Lift
Demystifying the Science of Flight – Audio segment on NPR's Talk of the Nation Science Friday
NASA's explanations and simulations
Flight of the StyroHawk wing
See How It Flies
vteFins, limbs and wingsFins
Aquatic locomotion
Cephalopod fin
Fish locomotion
Fin and flipper locomotion
Caudal fin
Dorsal fin
Fish fin
Flipper
Lobe-finned fish
Ray-finned fish
Pectoral fins
Pelvic fin
Limbs
Limb development
Limb morphology
digitigrade
plantigrade
unguligrade
uniped
biped
facultative biped
triped
quadruped
Arthropod
Cephalopod
Tetrapod
dactyly
Digit
Webbed foot
Wings
Flying and gliding animals
Bat wing
Bird wing
keel
skeleton
feathers
Insect wing
Pterosaur wing
Wingspan
Evolution
Evolution of fish
Evolution of tetrapods
Evolution of birds
Origin of birds
Origin of avian flight
Evolution of cetaceans
Comparative anatomy
Convergent evolution
Analogous structures
Homologous structures
Related
Animal locomotion
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Samara
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Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
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Authority control databases: National
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But in recent centuries the word's meaning has extended to include lift producing appendages of insects, bats, pterosaurs, boomerangs, some sail boats and aircraft, or the \ninverted airfoil on a race car that generates a downward force to increase traction.","title":"Etymology and usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cloud_over_A340_wing.JPG"},{"link_name":"Airbus A340","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A340"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aircraft_flaps.svg"},{"link_name":"Flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"spoilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"aerodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamics"},{"link_name":"fluid mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Navier-Stokes equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier-Stokes_equations"},{"link_name":"fluid dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nasa_NS-2"},{"link_name":"angle of attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_attack"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HR_378a-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weltner_Physics_of_Flight_Reviewed-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Condensation in the low pressure region over the wing of an Airbus A340, passing through humid air.Flaps (green) are used in various configurations to increase the wing area and to increase the lift. In conjunction with spoilers (red), flaps maximize drag and minimize lift during the landing roll.The design and analysis of the wings of aircraft is one of the principal applications of the science of aerodynamics, which is a branch of fluid mechanics. In principle, the properties of the airflow around any moving object can be found by solving the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid dynamics. However, except for simple geometries these equations are notoriously difficult to solve and simpler equations are used.[2]For a wing to produce lift, it must be oriented at a suitable angle of attack. When this occurs, the wing deflects the airflow downwards as it passes the wing. Since the wing exerts a force on the air to change its direction, the air must also exert an equal and opposite force on the wing.[3][4][5][6]","title":"Aerodynamics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"British English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"rotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_rotor"},{"link_name":"turbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine"},{"link_name":"sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail"},{"link_name":"cross-section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiview_orthographic_projection#Section"},{"link_name":"subsonic flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsonic_flight"},{"link_name":"angle of attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_attack"},{"link_name":"stalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stall_(flight)"},{"link_name":"cambered airfoils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camber_(aerodynamics)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"aerobatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Babinsky-9"},{"link_name":"transonic flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transonic_flight"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"supercritical airfoils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_airfoil"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Cross-sectional shape","text":"An airfoil (American English) or aerofoil (British English) is the shape of a wing, blade (of a propeller, rotor, or turbine), or sail (as seen in cross-section). Wings with an asymmetrical cross section are the norm in subsonic flight. Wings with a symmetrical cross section can also generate lift by using a positive angle of attack to deflect air downward. Symmetrical airfoils have higher stalling speeds than cambered airfoils of the same wing area[7] but are used in aerobatic aircraft[8] as they provide practical performance whether the aircraft is upright or inverted. Another example comes from sailboats, where the sail is a thin membrane with no path-length difference between one side and the other.[9]For flight speeds near the speed of sound (transonic flight), airfoils with complex asymmetrical shapes are used to minimize the drastic increase in drag associated with airflow near the speed of sound.[10] Such airfoils, called supercritical airfoils, are flat on top and curved on the bottom.[11]","title":"Aerodynamics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bmi_a319-100_g-dbca_closeup_arp.jpg"},{"link_name":"BMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMI_(airline)"},{"link_name":"Airbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus"},{"link_name":"A319-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A319-100"},{"link_name":"slats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge_slats"},{"link_name":"leading edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge"},{"link_name":"flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"trailing edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing_edge"},{"link_name":"leading edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge"},{"link_name":"trailing edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing_edge"},{"link_name":"slats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge_slats"},{"link_name":"slots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge_slot"},{"link_name":"extensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge_extension"},{"link_name":"flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"Winglets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winglets"},{"link_name":"vortices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex"},{"link_name":"Dihedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"Ailerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron"},{"link_name":"Spoilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"Vortex generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_generator"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Wing fences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_fence"},{"link_name":"Folding wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding_wing"},{"link_name":"hangar deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar"},{"link_name":"aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"Variable-sweep wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing"},{"link_name":"swept back wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swept_wing"},{"link_name":"supersonic flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic_flight"},{"link_name":"F-111 Aardvark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-111_Aardvark"},{"link_name":"F-14 Tomcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14_Tomcat"},{"link_name":"Panavia Tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado"},{"link_name":"MiG-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-23"},{"link_name":"MiG-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-27"},{"link_name":"Tu-160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu-160"},{"link_name":"B-1B Lancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-1B_Lancer"},{"link_name":"Strakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"Chine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chine_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"Leading-edge droop flap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap"},{"link_name":"Fairings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_fairing"},{"link_name":"minor independent surfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_configuration#Minor_independent_surfaces"}],"text":"The wing of a landing BMI Airbus A319-100. The slats at its leading edge and the flaps at its trailing edge are extended.Aircraft wings may feature some of the following:A rounded leading edge cross-section\nA sharp trailing edge cross-section\nLeading-edge devices such as slats, slots, or extensions\nTrailing-edge devices such as flaps or flaperons (combination of flaps and ailerons)\nWinglets to keep wingtip vortices from increasing drag and decreasing lift\nDihedral, or a positive wing angle to the horizontal, increases spiral stability around the roll axis, whereas anhedral, or a negative wing angle to the horizontal, decreases spiral stability.Aircraft wings may have various devices, such as flaps or slats that the pilot uses to modify the shape and surface area of the wing to change its operating characteristics in flight.Ailerons (usually near the wingtips) to roll the aircraft clockwise or counterclockwise about its long axis\nSpoilers on the upper surface to disrupt the lift and to provide additional traction to an aircraft that has just landed but is still moving.\nVortex generators mitigate flow separation at low speeds and high angles of attack, especially over control surfaces.[12]\nWing fences to keep flow attached to the wing by stopping boundary layer separation from spreading roll direction.\nFolding wings allow more aircraft storage in the confined space of the hangar deck of an aircraft carrier\nVariable-sweep wing or \"swing wings\" that allow outstretched wings during low-speed flight (i.e., take-off and landing) and swept back wings for high-speed flight (including supersonic flight), such as in the F-111 Aardvark, the F-14 Tomcat, the Panavia Tornado, the MiG-23, the MiG-27, the Tu-160 and the B-1B Lancer warplanes\nStrakes to improve flight characteristics\nChine, which may blend into the wing\nLeading-edge droop flap, a high-lift device\nFairings, structures whose primary function is to produce a smooth outline and reduce drag. For example, flap track fairingsWings may have other minor independent surfaces.","title":"Design features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fixed-wing aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Hang gliders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_glider"},{"link_name":"paragliders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraglider"},{"link_name":"parachutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute"},{"link_name":"Kites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_types"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Flying model airplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_flight_(model_aircraft)"},{"link_name":"Helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Propellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"spaceplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceplane"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"racing cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_cars"},{"link_name":"Formula One cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One_car"},{"link_name":"airfoils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sailboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailboat"},{"link_name":"flexible cloth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailcloth"},{"link_name":"sails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail"},{"link_name":"Hydrofoils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofoil"}],"text":"Besides fixed-wing aircraft, applications for wing shapes include:Hang gliders, which use wings ranging from fully flexible (paragliders, gliding parachutes), flexible (framed sail wings), to rigid.\nKites, which use a variety of surfaces to attain lift and maintain stability.[13]\nFlying model airplanes\nHelicopters, which use a rotating wing with a variable pitch angle to provide directional forces.[14]\nPropellers, whose blades generate lift for propulsion.\nThe NASA Space Shuttle, which uses its wings only to glide during its descent to a runway. These types of aircraft are called spaceplanes.[15]\nSome racing cars, especially Formula One cars, which use upside-down wings (or airfoils) to provide greater traction at high speeds.[16]\nSailboats, which use flexible cloth sails as vertical wings with variable fullness and direction to move across water.\nHydrofoils, which use rigid wing shaped structures to lift a vessel out of the water to reduce drag and increase speed.","title":"Applications and variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bird's wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s_wing"},{"link_name":"Insect wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_wing"},{"link_name":"evolved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"pterosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaur"},{"link_name":"dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Scansoriopterygidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scansoriopterygidae"},{"link_name":"bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat"},{"link_name":"locomotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_locomotion"},{"link_name":"penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin"},{"link_name":"flightless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flightless_bird"},{"link_name":"auks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auk"},{"link_name":"cormorants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormorant"},{"link_name":"guillemots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillemot"},{"link_name":"shearwaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearwater"},{"link_name":"eider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eider_duck"},{"link_name":"petrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrel"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V19_D181_Various_seeds_of_trees.jpg"},{"link_name":"autorotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorotation_(helicopter)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seagull_wing.jpg"},{"link_name":"laughing gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughing_gull"},{"link_name":"gull wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull_wing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_11327_Wildlife_and_Plants_of_Israel-Bat-003.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halteres-Tipule.jpg"},{"link_name":"crane fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_fly"},{"link_name":"halteres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haltere"}],"sub_title":"In nature","text":"Further information: Bird's wingFurther information: Insect wingIn nature, wings have evolved in insects, pterosaurs, dinosaurs (birds, Scansoriopterygidae), and mammals (bats) as a means of locomotion. Various species of penguins and other flighted or flightless water birds such as auks, cormorants, guillemots, shearwaters, eider and scoter ducks and diving petrels are avid swimmers, and use their wings to propel through water.[17]Wing forms in natureWinged tree seeds that cause autorotation in descent\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA laughing gull, exhibiting the \"gull wing\" outline\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBat in flight\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA crane fly, showing the hind wings reduced to drumstick-shaped halteres","title":"Applications and variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Rogallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Rogallo"},{"link_name":"tensile wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogallo_wing"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Domina Jalbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domina_Jalbert"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Tensile structures","text":"In 1948, Francis Rogallo invented a kite-like tensile wing supported by inflated or rigid struts, which ushered in new possibilities for aircraft.[18] Near in time, Domina Jalbert invented flexible un-sparred ram-air airfoiled thick wings. These two new branches of wings have been since extensively studied and applied in new branches of aircraft, especially altering the personal recreational aviation landscape.[19]","title":"Applications and variants"}] | [{"image_text":"Wing of a Eurasian magpie, which allows flight by the flapping of wings.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dead_Pica_pica_10-right_wing_inside.JPG/220px-Dead_Pica_pica_10-right_wing_inside.JPG"},{"image_text":"A swept wing KC-10 Extender (top) refuels a trapezoidal-wing F-22 Raptor.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wing.two.arp.600pix.jpg/220px-Wing.two.arp.600pix.jpg"},{"image_text":"Condensation in the low pressure region over the wing of an Airbus A340, passing through humid air.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Cloud_over_A340_wing.JPG/220px-Cloud_over_A340_wing.JPG"},{"image_text":"Flaps (green) are used in various configurations to increase the wing area and to increase the lift. In conjunction with spoilers (red), flaps maximize drag and minimize lift during the landing roll.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aircraft_flaps.svg/220px-Aircraft_flaps.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The wing of a landing BMI Airbus A319-100. The slats at its leading edge and the flaps at its trailing edge are extended.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bmi_a319-100_g-dbca_closeup_arp.jpg/220px-Bmi_a319-100_g-dbca_closeup_arp.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight"},{"title":"Bat flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_flight"},{"title":"Bird flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_flight"},{"title":"Flight feather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_feather"},{"title":"Flying and gliding animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_and_gliding_animals"},{"title":"Insect flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_flight"},{"title":"List of soaring birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soaring_birds"},{"title":"Samara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara_(fruit)"},{"title":"Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"title":"Blade solidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_solidity"},{"title":"FanWing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FanWing"},{"title":"Flettner airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flettner_airplane"},{"title":"Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_dynamics_(fixed-wing_aircraft)"},{"title":"Kite types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_types"},{"title":"Ornithopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithopter"},{"title":"Otto Lilienthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Lilienthal"},{"title":"Wing configuration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_configuration"},{"title":"Wing root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_root"},{"title":"Wingsuit flying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingsuit_flying"},{"title":"Sails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sails"},{"title":"Forces on sails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_on_sails"},{"title":"Wingsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingsail"}] | [{"reference":"\"Online Etymology Dictionary\". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=wing","url_text":"\"Online Etymology Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Navier-Stokes Equations\". Glenn Research Center. 2012-04-16. Retrieved 2012-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/nseqs.html","url_text":"\"Navier-Stokes Equations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center","url_text":"Glenn Research Center"}]},{"reference":"Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert. Fundamentals of Physics (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 378. ...the effect of the wing is to give the air stream a downward velocity component. The reaction force of the deflected air mass must then act on the wing to give it an equal and opposite upward component.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"}]},{"reference":"\"Lift from Flow Turning\". Glenn Research Center. Retrieved 2011-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/right2.html","url_text":"\"Lift from Flow Turning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center","url_text":"Glenn Research Center"}]},{"reference":"Weltner, Klaus; Ingelman-Sundberg, Martin. \"Physics of Flight – reviewed\". Goethe University Frankfurt. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719102847/http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~weltner/Flight/PHYSIC4.htm","url_text":"\"Physics of Flight – reviewed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt","url_text":"Goethe University Frankfurt"},{"url":"http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~weltner/Flight/PHYSIC4.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Incorrect Lift Theory\". Glenn Research Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/VirtualAero/BottleRocket/airplane/wrong1.html","url_text":"\"Incorrect Lift Theory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center","url_text":"Glenn Research Center"}]},{"reference":"Laitone, E. V. (1997). \"Wind tunnel tests of wings at Reynolds numbers below 70 000\". Experiments in Fluids. 23 (405): 405–409. doi:10.1007/s003480050128. S2CID 122755021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs003480050128","url_text":"10.1007/s003480050128"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122755021","url_text":"122755021"}]},{"reference":"\"What are acrobatic and aerobatic flight?\". Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved 26 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faa.gov/faq/what-are-acrobatic-and-aerobatic-flight","url_text":"\"What are acrobatic and aerobatic flight?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration","url_text":"Federal Aviation Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Supercritical wings have a flat-on-top \"upside down\" look\". NASA Dryden Flight Research Center.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technology/Facts/TF-2004-13-DFRC.html","url_text":"\"Supercritical wings have a flat-on-top \"upside down\" look\""}]},{"reference":"Hahne, David E.; Jordan, Frank L. Jr. (1991). Semi-span full-scale tests of a business-jet wing with a natural laminar flow airfoil. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Office. p. 5 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc0DAAAAIAAJ&dq=vortex+generator&pg=PA5","url_text":"Semi-span full-scale tests of a business-jet wing with a natural laminar flow airfoil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration","url_text":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"The Physics Of Kite Flying – Aerodynamic Lift\". RealWorldPhysicsProblems.com. real-world-physics-problems.com. Retrieved 28 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.real-world-physics-problems.com/physics-of-kite-flying.html","url_text":"\"The Physics Of Kite Flying – Aerodynamic Lift\""}]},{"reference":"López, Harm Frederik Althuisius. \"Helicopter physics\" (PDF). ColoradoCollege.edu. Colorado College Dept. of Physics. Retrieved 28 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coloradocollege.edu/academics/dept/physics/images/posters_18_19/Harm_Poster.pdf","url_text":"\"Helicopter physics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_College","url_text":"Colorado College"}]},{"reference":"\"Rocket aerodynamics\". Sciencelearn.org.nz. New Zealand Government Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment. Retrieved 28 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/392-rocket-aerodynamics","url_text":"\"Rocket aerodynamics\""}]},{"reference":"Zoechling, Moritz (20 January 2015). \"Aerodynamics on Formula 1 Race Cars\". APlusPhysics.com. A Plus Physics. Retrieved 28 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://aplusphysics.com/community/index.php?/blogs/entry/2732-aerodynamics-on-formula-1-race-cars/","url_text":"\"Aerodynamics on Formula 1 Race Cars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swimming\". Stanford university. Retrieved 2012-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Swimming.html","url_text":"\"Swimming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_university","url_text":"Stanford university"}]},{"reference":"\"Rogallo Wing -the story told by NASA\". History.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4308/ch11.htm#382","url_text":"\"Rogallo Wing -the story told by NASA\""}]},{"reference":"Hopkins, Ellen; Bledsoe, Glen (2001). The Golden Knights: The U.S. Army Parachute Team. Capstone. pp. 21. ISBN 9780736807753. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_on_Screen | Stage on Screen | ["1 Episodes","2 External links"] | Stage on ScreenGenreTheatreCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of episodes6ProductionProduction companyWNETOriginal releaseNetworkPBSReleaseOctober 7, 2000 (2000-10-07) –January 1, 2003 (2003-01-01)
Stage on Screen was a series broadcast on public television PBS affiliate Thirteen WNET New York, which presents American theatrical productions that consist of cinematic and made-for-TV adaptations, live broadcasts, and documentaries that relate to the process of staging theatrical performances.
It is not to be confused with Stage on Screen, the London-based company producing DVD versions of classic stage plays.
Episodes
The Man Who Came to Dinner
Anna Deavere Smith's Twilight: Los Angeles 1992
A. R. Gurney's Far East
Clare Boothe Luce's The Women
Tantalus: Behind the Mask (a documentary on John Barton's Tantalus)
Beckett on Film
External links
Stage on Screen Homepage.
Stage on Screen classic DVD Homepage.
vtePBS
National Association of Educational Broadcasters (1925–1981)
National Educational Television (1952–1970)
American Public Television (1961–)
Educational Television Stations (1963–1973)
Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
Corporation for Public Broadcasting (1967–)
America's Public Television Stations (1979–)
Documentaries
Independent Lens (episodes) (since August 9, 1999)
PBS Short Film Festival (since 2012)
POV (episodes) (since July 5, 1988)
Drama
Masterpiece (since January 10, 1971)
Music and fine arts
American Masters (since June 22, 1986)
Art:21 (since 2001)
Austin City Limits (since January 3, 1976)
Bluegrass Underground (since 2011)
Craft in America (since 2007)
Great Performances (episodes) (since November 4, 1972)
Next at the Kennedy Center (since 2023)
History
American Experience (episodes) (since October 4, 1988)
Antiques Roadshow (since January 9, 1997)
Finding Your Roots (since March 25, 2012)
Secrets of the Dead (since May 15, 2000)
News and public affairs
Amanpour & Company (since September 10, 2018)
BBC World News America (since June 3, 2019 from American Public Television)
Firing Line (episodes) (April 4, 1966 – December 26, 1999; since June 22, 2018)
Frontline (episodes) (since January 17, 1983)
PBS News Hour (since October 20, 1975)
To the Contrary (since April 3, 1992)
Washington Week (since February 23, 1967)
Personalities
Samantha Brown
Ken Burns
Ric Burns
Michael Gerson
Amy Holmes
Bill Moyers
Hari Sreenivasan
Judy Woodruff
How-to and special interest
MotorWeek (since October 15, 1981)
This Old House (episodes) (since January 1, 1979)
Science and nature
Nature (episodes) (since October 10, 1982)
Nova (episodes) (since March 3, 1974)
Networks
Create
PBS
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Major stations
Boston
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WEDU
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Former
BBC OS (January 1, 2020 – March 30, 2023)
A Chef's Life (September 7, 2013 – October 22, 2018)
Need to Know (May 7, 2010 – June 28, 2013)
We'll Meet Again with Ann Curry (January 23, 2018 – January 8, 2019)
See also
List of PBS member stations
List of programs broadcast by PBS
PBS Distribution
PBS Satellite Service
1Defunct network
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_contemplative_programs | Prison contemplative programs | ["1 History","1.1 Modern programs","1.1.1 Prison Animal Programs","2 Benefits","3 Controversies","4 Documentaries","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"] | Practices like meditation and yoga offered at correctional institutions
Prison contemplative programs are classes or practices (which includes meditation, yoga, contemplative prayer or similar) that are offered at correctional institutions for inmates and prison staff. There are measured or anecdotally reported benefits from studies of these programs such a stress relief for inmates and staff. These programs are gaining in acceptance in North America and Europe but are not mainstream.
These rehabilitation programs may be part of prison religious offerings and ministry or may be wholly secular. Of those sponsored by religious organizations some are presented in non-sectarian or in non-religious formats. They have had increasing interest in North American and European prisons since the early 1970s. Contemplative practices in prison however date back at least to Pennsylvania prison reforms in the late 18th century and may have analogs in older correctional history.
In North America, they have been sponsored by Eastern religious traditions, Christian groups, new spiritual movements such as the Scientology-related Criminon prison program, as well as interfaith groups.
History
Early Pennsylvania prisons, based on Quaker ideas, used meditation upon one's crimes as a core component of rehabilitation. When combined with isolation this became known as the Pennsylvania System. James Mease in the early 19th century described this approach involving isolation and meditation and the logic behind it:
(1) a tiresome state of mind from idle seclusion; (2) self-condemnation arising from deep, long-continued and poignant reflections upon a guilty life. All our endeavors, therefore, ought to be directed to the production of that state of mind, which will cause a convict to concentrate his thoughts upon his forlorn condition, to abstract himself from the world, and to think of nothing except that suffering and the privations he endures, the result of his crimes. Such a state of mind is totally incompatible with the least mechanical operation, but is only to be brought about, if ever, by complete mental and bodily insulation.
This approach was critiqued in-between the late 19th and early 20th century, specifically with research showing the isolation it incorporated was causing more harm than benefit. Modern contemplative programs are voluntary and generally in groups instead of in isolation.
Modern programs
In the 1970s organizations such as the Prison-Ashram Project and SYDA Foundation began programs to offer meditation or yoga instruction to inmates. In subsequent years more religious groups began meditation programs, such as the Prison Dharma Network in 1989.
In India these programs became more well known after a highly publicized set of prison reforms in 1993. Kiran Bedi assumed the role of Inspector General of Prisons which included overseeing Tihar Prisons. She introduced yoga and large scale meditation programs at that prison and these programs were filmed and released as the documentary Doing Time, Doing Vipassana. Because of her reforms there she received the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1994. Four more religious groups have established meditation programs at the prison, and intensive retreats inside the prison are offered each year. In North America, vipassana meditation courses are regularly held at the Donaldson Correctional Facility in Alabama through the Vipassana Prison Trust.
One issue with these programs is finding suitable places for meditation, since prisons might not have appropriate places that are quiet or away from activity. In spite of these challenges, in 2004 the Ratna Peace Initiative was founded by Margot and Cliff Neuman in Boulder, Colorado, to support their meditation work in state and federal prisons in Colorado and 47 other states. Ratna (pronounced "RAHT-na") Peace Initiative is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization offering peace of mind to prison inmates and veterans with PTSD through training and social education in meditation and other mindfulness practices. In New York City, former child sex trafficking victim Anneke Lucas has used her history of trauma, recovery, and skills as a yoga and meditation teacher to build a non-profit organization that brings volunteer yoga and meditation instructors into prisons and jails citywide.
In Arizona State Prison in 1989 a Prison Inner Peace Program was started in the Echo Unit by Michael Todd and Richard Wirta, overseen by Thomas L. Magnuson, Psych Associate II, of the Echo Behavioral Health Unit. There was reportedly profoundly lowered recidivism amongst those who completed the program.
Programs have extended outside of prisons to include prisoner re-integration into society and efforts to teach to at risk youth. Sri Sri Ravi Shankar's Prison Smart Los Angeles Youth Project teaches meditation to gangs.
Prison Animal Programs
As of 2014, prison animal programs are present in all 50 states in the United States. Other countries know to have utilized them are Canada, Scotland, England, South Africa and Australia. A wide variety of animals have been used in these programs - domesticated animals like dogs and cats, livestock like cows, and even wildlife like raccoons and rabbits. One program in Ohio even had a domesticated deer and llama.
Benefits
Generally, modern meditation programs are described as helping inmates deal with the stress of confinement. Studies of Transcendental Meditation programs specifically found reduced aggression, reduced rule infractions, and reduced recidivism up to six years after release. Anecdotally, in a 1984 Guatemalan prison program that was studied, guards reported less violence and drug use when inmates and guards both took meditation programs.
In a study published in 2004 authors Komanduri Srinivasa Murty, Angela M. Owens, and Ashwin Vyas conclude the benefits of meditation programs in prisons include:
reduced drug use, recidivism, violence, anger, and self-destructive and risk-taking behavior
enhanced employability and balanced life-style
increased self-awareness, self-confidence, and hopefulness.
They further contend that those programs reduced alcohol and substance abuse.
Controversies
Prison contemplative programs attract controversy when they are seen as religious missionary work. Prisons have sometimes asked religious groups to explicitly offer non-religious programs.
Not all prisons allow contemplative programs. Some inmates or organizations have used religious freedom provisions as a way to secure programs in prisons. In the United States prisoners are allowed to hold any religious beliefs, but the courts have decided that prisons have some latitude in deciding which religious practices occur. Prisons are allowed to consider inmate safety, security, and operations of the prison when considering a religious program. But court actions recognizing Zen Buddhism as an "acceptable religion" secured meditation programs in New York prisons. Author Christopher Queen feels that funding in the United States for prison contemplative programs was hampered in 1997 by the repeal of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993.
Documentaries
Two documentaries depicting prison meditation programs have received significant review. Doing Time, Doing Vipassana released in 1997 documented a large scale meditation program at Tihar Prisons in India with over a thousand inmates. The results of the program, organized by the Burmese Buddhist group led by S. N. Goenka, were considered very positive. That program and film brought greater attention to prison contemplative programs.
The Dhamma Brothers released in 2007 documented a smaller scale, optional meditation program implemented at Donaldson Correctional Facility in Bessemer, Alabama. That film depicts controversy as the meditation program is perceived by residents as missionary and anti-Christian.
See also
Prison reform
Prison religion
Notes
^ a b Bartollas (1985) p.141
^ An Unlikely Source For Meditative Study, Queens Tribune, Jan 12, 2008
^ NEL CARCERE DI VELLETRI PARTONO I CORSI DI SAHAJA YOGA - 30 Novembre 2005
^ a b Pennsylvania Prison Society history Archived 2009-05-01 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Philadelphia Reflections: Pennsylvania Prison Society". www.philadelphia-reflections.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
^ "World Community of Christian Meditation prison Ministry". Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
^ "Fr. Thomas Keating's Centering Prayer program at Folsom State Prison". Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
^ Adamson (2001) pp.35-58
^ Dumm (1985) pp. 387-407
^ Sutherland, Cressey, and Luckenbill (1992) pp.502-503
^ Knapp (1834) pp.71-72 direct page view
^ a b Sutherland, Cressey, and Luckenbill (1992) pp.579-580
^ Smith (2004) pp. 1-25
^ a b Joiner, Whitney (13 September 2007). "Jenny Phillips - Film- Prison- Meditation - Alabama". Retrieved 28 February 2019 – via NYTimes.com.
^ Brooks (2000) pp.109, 154
^ a b c "Prison Meditation and Yoga Conference Report". www.infinityfoundation.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
^ "E-portal will pressure cops: Kiran Bedi - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
^ Beckford and Gilliat-Ray (1998) pp. 11, 51-55, 82
^ "Friends of Peace Pilgrim Newsletter #25, Spring/Summer 1996". Archived from the original on 2012-11-23. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
^ "Friends of Peace Pilgrim, Newsletter 21 Springtime, 1994". Archived from the original on 2012-11-23. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
^ "Friends of Peace Pilgrim, Newsletter 18 Springtime, 1993". Archived from the original on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
^ Hill, Leslie (2020-11-16). "A touch of the outside on the inside: the effect of animal contact on the pains/strains of imprisonment". Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. 59 (8): 433–455. doi:10.1080/10509674.2020.1808558. ISSN 1050-9674.
^ Alexander (2003) pp.169-174
^ O'Connell and Alexander (2004) p.27
^ O'Connell and Alexander (2004) pp.280-282
^ Murty, Owens, and Vyas (2004) p.237
^ Queen (2000) pp.363-364
^ a b Queen (2000) pp.355-357
^ Carlson and Garrett (1999) p.117
^ Queen (2000) p.365
^ LaSalle, Mick; Curiel, Jonathan; Addiego, Walter (27 May 2005). "FILM CLIPS / Also opening Friday". SFGate. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
^ "Jennifer Gonnerman - Authors". www.villagevoice.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
^ Holden, Stephen (8 July 2005). "Prisoners Finding New Hope in the Art of Spiritual Bliss". Retrieved 28 February 2019 – via NYTimes.com.
^ "Doing Time, Doing Vipassana - TV Guide". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
^ "Tihar Prisons Rehabilitation web page". Archived from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
^ historian, Jennifer Rosenberg Jennifer Rosenberg is a; Fact-Checker, History; Topics, Freelance Writer Who Writes About 20th-Century History. "All About the 28-Year History, Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 28 February 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Joiner, Whitney (13 September 2007). "Jenny Phillips - Film- Prison- Meditation - Alabama". Retrieved 28 February 2019 – via NYTimes.com.
^ Catsoulis, Jeannette (11 April 2008). "The Dhamma Brothers - Movies - Review". Retrieved 28 February 2019 – via NYTimes.com.
^ "The Dhamma Brothers - TV Guide". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
^ "Village Voice review of The Dhamma Brothers by Julia Wallace". Retrieved 28 February 2019.
References
Adamson, Christopher (2001) "Evangelical Quakerism and the Early American Penitentiary Revisited: The Contributions of Thomas Eddy, Robers Vaux, John Griscom, Stephen Grellet, Elisha Bates, and Isaac Hopper". Quaker History 2001 90(2): 35-58 24p.
Alexander, Charles Nathaniel (2003) Transcendental Meditation in Criminal Rehabilitation and Crime Prevention ISBN 0-7890-2037-8
Bartollas, Clemens (1985) Correctional Treatment: Theory and Practice ISBN 0-13-178328-9
Beckford, James A. and Gilliat-Ray, Sophie (1998) Religion in Prison: Equal Rites in a Multi-faith Society ISBN 0-521-62246-8
Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (2000) Meditation Revolution: A History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Lineage ISBN 81-208-1648-X
Carlson, Peter M. and Garrett, Judith Simon (1999) Prison And Jail Administration: Practice And Theory ISBN 0-8342-0867-9
Dumm, Thomas L. (1985) Friendly Persuasion: Quakers, Liberal Toleration, and the Birth of the Prison Political Theory 1985 13(3): 387-407 21p.
Knapp, Samuel Lorenzo (1834) The Life of Thomas Eddy Full version
Murty, Komanduri and Owens, Angela and Vyas, Ashwin (2004) Voices from Prison: An Ethnographic Study of Black Male Prisoners ISBN 0-7618-2966-0
O'Connell, David F. and Alexander, Charles N (2004) Self-Recovery: Treating Addictions Using Transcendental Meditation and Maharishi Ayur-Veda ISBN 1-56024-454-2
Smith, Peter S. (2004) "Isolation and Mental Illness in Vridsloselelle 1859-1873: a new perspective on the breakthrough of the modern penitentiary" Scandinavian Journal of History 2004 29(1): 1-25 25p.
Sutherland, Edwin H. and Cressey, Donald Ray and Luckenbill, David F. (1992) Principles of Criminology ISBN 0-930390-69-5
Queen, Christopher S. (2000) Engaged Buddhism in the West ISBN 0-86171-159-9
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Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"meditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation"},{"link_name":"yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise"},{"link_name":"contemplative prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemplative_prayer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bartollas_1985_p.141-1"},{"link_name":"rehabilitation programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)"},{"link_name":"prison religious offerings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_religion"},{"link_name":"prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisons"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPSHistory-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennBio-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Scientology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology"},{"link_name":"Criminon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminon"}],"text":"Prison contemplative programs are classes or practices (which includes meditation, yoga, contemplative prayer or similar) that are offered at correctional institutions for inmates and prison staff. There are measured or anecdotally reported benefits from studies of these programs such a stress relief for inmates and staff.[1] These programs are gaining in acceptance in North America and Europe but are not mainstream.These rehabilitation programs may be part of prison religious offerings and ministry or may be wholly secular. Of those sponsored by religious organizations some are presented in non-sectarian or in non-religious formats. They have had increasing interest in North American and European prisons since the early 1970s.[2][3] Contemplative practices in prison however date back at least to Pennsylvania prison reforms in the late 18th century[4][5] and may have analogs in older correctional history.In North America, they have been sponsored by Eastern religious traditions, Christian groups,[6][7] new spiritual movements such as the Scientology-related Criminon prison program, as well as interfaith groups.","title":"Prison contemplative programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPSHistory-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sutherland579-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sutherland579-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Early Pennsylvania prisons, based on Quaker ideas,[8][9] used meditation upon one's crimes as a core component of rehabilitation.[10][11] When combined with isolation this became known as the Pennsylvania System.[4] James Mease in the early 19th century described this approach involving isolation and meditation and the logic behind it:[Repentance of crime is produced by:] (1) a tiresome state of mind from idle seclusion; (2) self-condemnation arising from deep, long-continued and poignant reflections upon a guilty life. All our endeavors, therefore, ought to be directed to the production of that state of mind, which will cause a convict to concentrate his thoughts upon his forlorn condition, to abstract himself from the world, and to think of nothing except that suffering and the privations he endures, the result of his crimes. Such a state of mind is totally incompatible with the least mechanical operation, but is only to be brought about, if ever, by complete mental and bodily insulation.[12]This approach was critiqued in-between the late 19th and early 20th century, specifically with research showing the isolation it incorporated was causing more harm than benefit.[12][13] Modern contemplative programs are voluntary and generally in groups instead of in isolation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prison-Ashram Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison-Ashram_Project"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joiner-14"},{"link_name":"SYDA Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddha_Yoga"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infinityfoundation-16"},{"link_name":"Prison Dharma Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Dharma_Network"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joiner-14"},{"link_name":"prison reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_reform"},{"link_name":"Kiran Bedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi"},{"link_name":"Inspector General of Prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_General_of_Prisons"},{"link_name":"Tihar Prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihar_Jail"},{"link_name":"Doing Time, Doing Vipassana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing_Time,_Doing_Vipassana"},{"link_name":"Ramon Magsaysay Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ratna Peace Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ratnapeaceinitiative.org"},{"link_name":"Anneke Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneke_Lucas"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Sri Sri Ravi Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Sri_Ravi_Shankar"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infinityfoundation-16"}],"sub_title":"Modern programs","text":"In the 1970s organizations such as the Prison-Ashram Project[14] and SYDA Foundation began programs to offer meditation or yoga instruction to inmates.[15][16] In subsequent years more religious groups began meditation programs, such as the Prison Dharma Network in 1989.[14]In India these programs became more well known after a highly publicized set of prison reforms in 1993. Kiran Bedi assumed the role of Inspector General of Prisons which included overseeing Tihar Prisons. She introduced yoga and large scale meditation programs at that prison and these programs were filmed and released as the documentary Doing Time, Doing Vipassana. Because of her reforms there she received the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1994.[17] Four more religious groups have established meditation programs at the prison, and intensive retreats inside the prison are offered each year. In North America, vipassana meditation courses are regularly held at the Donaldson Correctional Facility in Alabama through the Vipassana Prison Trust.One issue with these programs is finding suitable places for meditation, since prisons might not have appropriate places that are quiet or away from activity.[18] In spite of these challenges, in 2004 the Ratna Peace Initiative was founded by Margot and Cliff Neuman in Boulder, Colorado, to support their meditation work in state and federal prisons in Colorado and 47 other states. Ratna (pronounced \"RAHT-na\") Peace Initiative is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization offering peace of mind to prison inmates and veterans with PTSD through training and social education in meditation and other mindfulness practices. In New York City, former child sex trafficking victim Anneke Lucas has used her history of trauma, recovery, and skills as a yoga and meditation teacher to build a non-profit organization that brings volunteer yoga and meditation instructors into prisons and jails citywide.In Arizona State Prison in 1989 a Prison Inner Peace Program was started in the Echo Unit by Michael Todd and Richard Wirta,[19] overseen by Thomas L. Magnuson, Psych Associate II,[20] of the Echo Behavioral Health Unit. There was reportedly profoundly lowered recidivism amongst those who completed the program.[21]Programs have extended outside of prisons to include prisoner re-integration into society and efforts to teach to at risk youth. Sri Sri Ravi Shankar's Prison Smart Los Angeles Youth Project teaches meditation to gangs.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Modern programs - Prison Animal Programs","text":"As of 2014, prison animal programs are present in all 50 states in the United States. Other countries know to have utilized them are Canada, Scotland, England, South Africa and Australia. A wide variety of animals have been used in these programs - domesticated animals like dogs and cats, livestock like cows, and even wildlife like raccoons and rabbits. One program in Ohio even had a domesticated deer and llama.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bartollas_1985_p.141-1"},{"link_name":"Transcendental Meditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation"},{"link_name":"recidivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recidivism"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Generally, modern meditation programs are described as helping inmates deal with the stress of confinement.[1] Studies of Transcendental Meditation programs specifically found reduced aggression, reduced rule infractions, and reduced recidivism up to six years after release.[23][24] Anecdotally, in a 1984 Guatemalan prison program that was studied, guards reported less violence and drug use when inmates and guards both took meditation programs.[25]In a study published in 2004 authors Komanduri Srinivasa Murty, Angela M. Owens, and Ashwin Vyas conclude the benefits of meditation programs in prisons include:reduced drug use, recidivism, violence, anger, and self-destructive and risk-taking behavior\nenhanced employability and balanced life-style\nincreased self-awareness, self-confidence, and hopefulness.They further contend that those programs reduced alcohol and substance abuse.[26]","title":"Benefits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Queen355-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Queen355-28"},{"link_name":"Religious Freedom Restoration Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Prison contemplative programs attract controversy when they are seen as religious missionary work. Prisons have sometimes asked religious groups to explicitly offer non-religious programs.[27]Not all prisons allow contemplative programs. Some inmates or organizations have used religious freedom provisions as a way to secure programs in prisons.[28] In the United States prisoners are allowed to hold any religious beliefs, but the courts have decided that prisons have some latitude in deciding which religious practices occur. Prisons are allowed to consider inmate safety, security, and operations of the prison when considering a religious program.[29] But court actions recognizing Zen Buddhism as an \"acceptable religion\" secured meditation programs in New York prisons.[28] Author Christopher Queen feels that funding in the United States for prison contemplative programs was hampered in 1997 by the repeal of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993.[30]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doing Time, Doing Vipassana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing_Time,_Doing_Vipassana"},{"link_name":"Tihar Prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihar_Jail"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"S. N. Goenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._N._Goenka"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infinityfoundation-16"},{"link_name":"The Dhamma Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dhamma_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Donaldson Correctional Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaldson_Correctional_Facility"},{"link_name":"Bessemer, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessemer,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Two documentaries depicting prison meditation programs have received significant review. Doing Time, Doing Vipassana released in 1997 documented a large scale meditation program at Tihar Prisons in India with over a thousand inmates.[31][32][33][34] The results of the program, organized by the Burmese Buddhist group led by S. N. Goenka, were considered very positive.[35] That program and film brought greater attention to prison contemplative programs.[16]The Dhamma Brothers released in 2007 documented a smaller scale, optional meditation program implemented at Donaldson Correctional Facility in Bessemer, Alabama. That film depicts controversy as the meditation program is perceived by residents as missionary and anti-Christian.[36][37][38][39][40]","title":"Documentaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bartollas_1985_p.141_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bartollas_1985_p.141_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"An Unlikely Source For Meditative Study, Queens Tribune, Jan 12, 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.queenstribune.com/leisure/AnUnlikelySourceForMeditat.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"NEL CARCERE DI VELLETRI PARTONO I CORSI DI SAHAJA YOGA - 30 Novembre 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.garantedirittidetenutilazio.it/dg4.pdf"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PPSHistory_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PPSHistory_4-1"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Prison Society history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.prisonsociety.org/about/history.shtml"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090501223804/http://prisonsociety.org/about/history.shtml"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PennBio_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Philadelphia Reflections: Pennsylvania Prison Society\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.philadelphia-reflections.com/blog/1263.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"World Community of Christian Meditation prison Ministry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101130124853/http://wccm.org/item.asp?recordid=prisons&pagestyle=default"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wccm.org/item.asp?recordid=prisons&pagestyle=default"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Fr. Thomas Keating's Centering Prayer program at Folsom State Prison\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080726181723/http://www.centeringprayer.com/newsltrs/Spring01/1-01Prison.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.centeringprayer.com/newsltrs/Spring01/1-01Prison.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"direct page view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RaMDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA72&vq=meditation&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sutherland579_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sutherland579_12-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-joiner_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-joiner_14-1"},{"link_name":"\"Jenny Phillips - Film- Prison- Meditation - Alabama\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/movies/13dhar.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-infinityfoundation_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-infinityfoundation_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-infinityfoundation_16-2"},{"link_name":"\"Prison Meditation and Yoga Conference Report\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/i_pr/is_pr_prison_frameset.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"E-portal will pressure cops: Kiran Bedi - Times of India\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/E-portal-will-pressure-cops-Kiran-Bedi/articleshow/2677762.cms"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Friends of Peace Pilgrim Newsletter #25, Spring/Summer 1996\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121123063254/http://www.peacepilgrim.org/FoPP/newsletter/nl25.htm#INNER"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.peacepilgrim.org/FoPP/newsletter/nl25.htm#INNER"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Friends of Peace Pilgrim, Newsletter 21 Springtime, 1994\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121123061102/http://www.peacepilgrim.org/FoPP/newsletter/nl21.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.peacepilgrim.org/FoPP/newsletter/nl21.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Friends of Peace Pilgrim, Newsletter 18 Springtime, 1993\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161221005148/http://www.peacepilgrim.com/FoPP/newsletter/nl18.htm#INNER"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.peacepilgrim.com/FoPP/newsletter/nl18.htm#INNER"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"A touch of the outside on the inside: the effect of animal contact on the pains/strains of imprisonment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2020.1808558"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/10509674.2020.1808558","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F10509674.2020.1808558"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1050-9674","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1050-9674"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Queen355_28-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Queen355_28-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"FILM CLIPS / Also opening Friday\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sfgate.com/movies/article/FILM-CLIPS-Also-opening-Friday-2632429.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"Jennifer Gonnerman - Authors\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.villagevoice.com/author/jennifergonnerman/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Prisoners Finding New Hope in the Art of Spiritual Bliss\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2005/07/08/movies/prisoners-finding-new-hope-in-the-art-of-spiritual-bliss.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"Doing Time, Doing Vipassana - TV Guide\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tvguide.com/movies/doing-time-doing/review/191190"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"Tihar Prisons Rehabilitation web page\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171220045607/http://tiharprisons.nic.in/html/reform.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tiharprisons.nic.in/html/reform.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"\"All About the 28-Year History, Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thoughtco.com/the-berlin-wall-28-year-history-1779495"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"\"Jenny Phillips - Film- Prison- Meditation - Alabama\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/movies/13dhar.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"The Dhamma Brothers - Movies - Review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2008/04/11/movies/11dham.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"\"The Dhamma Brothers - TV Guide\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tvguide.com/movies/dhamma-brothers/review/293190"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"\"Village Voice review of The Dhamma Brothers by Julia Wallace\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.villagevoice.com/film/0815,tracking-3,404106,20.html"}],"text":"^ a b Bartollas (1985) p.141\n\n^ An Unlikely Source For Meditative Study, Queens Tribune, Jan 12, 2008\n\n^ NEL CARCERE DI VELLETRI PARTONO I CORSI DI SAHAJA YOGA - 30 Novembre 2005[permanent dead link]\n\n^ a b Pennsylvania Prison Society history Archived 2009-05-01 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"Philadelphia Reflections: Pennsylvania Prison Society\". www.philadelphia-reflections.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.\n\n^ \"World Community of Christian Meditation prison Ministry\". Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2019.\n\n^ \"Fr. Thomas Keating's Centering Prayer program at Folsom State Prison\". Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2008-04-26.\n\n^ Adamson (2001) pp.35-58\n\n^ Dumm (1985) pp. 387-407\n\n^ Sutherland, Cressey, and Luckenbill (1992) pp.502-503\n\n^ Knapp (1834) pp.71-72 direct page view\n\n^ a b Sutherland, Cressey, and Luckenbill (1992) pp.579-580\n\n^ Smith (2004) pp. 1-25\n\n^ a b Joiner, Whitney (13 September 2007). \"Jenny Phillips - Film- Prison- Meditation - Alabama\". Retrieved 28 February 2019 – via NYTimes.com.\n\n^ Brooks (2000) pp.109, 154\n\n^ a b c \"Prison Meditation and Yoga Conference Report\". www.infinityfoundation.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.\n\n^ \"E-portal will pressure cops: Kiran Bedi - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 February 2019.\n\n^ Beckford and Gilliat-Ray (1998) pp. 11, 51-55, 82\n\n^ \"Friends of Peace Pilgrim Newsletter #25, Spring/Summer 1996\". Archived from the original on 2012-11-23. Retrieved 2016-11-06.\n\n^ \"Friends of Peace Pilgrim, Newsletter 21 Springtime, 1994\". Archived from the original on 2012-11-23. Retrieved 2016-11-06.\n\n^ \"Friends of Peace Pilgrim, Newsletter 18 Springtime, 1993\". Archived from the original on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2016-11-06.\n\n^ Hill, Leslie (2020-11-16). \"A touch of the outside on the inside: the effect of animal contact on the pains/strains of imprisonment\". Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. 59 (8): 433–455. doi:10.1080/10509674.2020.1808558. ISSN 1050-9674.\n\n^ Alexander (2003) pp.169-174\n\n^ O'Connell and Alexander (2004) p.27\n\n^ O'Connell and Alexander (2004) pp.280-282\n\n^ Murty, Owens, and Vyas (2004) p.237\n\n^ Queen (2000) pp.363-364\n\n^ a b Queen (2000) pp.355-357\n\n^ Carlson and Garrett (1999) p.117\n\n^ Queen (2000) p.365\n\n^ LaSalle, Mick; Curiel, Jonathan; Addiego, Walter (27 May 2005). \"FILM CLIPS / Also opening Friday\". SFGate. Retrieved 28 February 2019.\n\n^ \"Jennifer Gonnerman - Authors\". www.villagevoice.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.\n\n^ Holden, Stephen (8 July 2005). \"Prisoners Finding New Hope in the Art of Spiritual Bliss\". Retrieved 28 February 2019 – via NYTimes.com.\n\n^ \"Doing Time, Doing Vipassana - TV Guide\". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.\n\n^ \"Tihar Prisons Rehabilitation web page\". Archived from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2019.\n\n^ historian, Jennifer Rosenberg Jennifer Rosenberg is a; Fact-Checker, History; Topics, Freelance Writer Who Writes About 20th-Century History. \"All About the 28-Year History, Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall\". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 28 February 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Joiner, Whitney (13 September 2007). \"Jenny Phillips - Film- Prison- Meditation - Alabama\". Retrieved 28 February 2019 – via NYTimes.com.\n\n^ Catsoulis, Jeannette (11 April 2008). \"The Dhamma Brothers - Movies - Review\". Retrieved 28 February 2019 – via NYTimes.com.\n\n^ \"The Dhamma Brothers - TV Guide\". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.\n\n^ \"Village Voice review of The Dhamma Brothers by Julia Wallace\". Retrieved 28 February 2019.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Prison reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_reform"},{"title":"Prison religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_religion"}] | [{"reference":"\"Philadelphia Reflections: Pennsylvania Prison Society\". www.philadelphia-reflections.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philadelphia-reflections.com/blog/1263.htm","url_text":"\"Philadelphia Reflections: Pennsylvania Prison Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Community of Christian Meditation prison Ministry\". Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101130124853/http://wccm.org/item.asp?recordid=prisons&pagestyle=default","url_text":"\"World Community of Christian Meditation prison Ministry\""},{"url":"http://www.wccm.org/item.asp?recordid=prisons&pagestyle=default","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fr. Thomas Keating's Centering Prayer program at Folsom State Prison\". Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2008-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080726181723/http://www.centeringprayer.com/newsltrs/Spring01/1-01Prison.htm","url_text":"\"Fr. Thomas Keating's Centering Prayer program at Folsom State Prison\""},{"url":"http://www.centeringprayer.com/newsltrs/Spring01/1-01Prison.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Joiner, Whitney (13 September 2007). \"Jenny Phillips - Film- Prison- Meditation - Alabama\". Retrieved 28 February 2019 – via NYTimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/movies/13dhar.html","url_text":"\"Jenny Phillips - Film- Prison- Meditation - Alabama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prison Meditation and Yoga Conference Report\". www.infinityfoundation.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/i_pr/is_pr_prison_frameset.htm","url_text":"\"Prison Meditation and Yoga Conference Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"E-portal will pressure cops: Kiran Bedi - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/E-portal-will-pressure-cops-Kiran-Bedi/articleshow/2677762.cms","url_text":"\"E-portal will pressure cops: Kiran Bedi - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Friends of Peace Pilgrim Newsletter #25, Spring/Summer 1996\". Archived from the original on 2012-11-23. 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Retrieved 2016-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005148/http://www.peacepilgrim.com/FoPP/newsletter/nl18.htm#INNER","url_text":"\"Friends of Peace Pilgrim, Newsletter 18 Springtime, 1993\""},{"url":"http://www.peacepilgrim.com/FoPP/newsletter/nl18.htm#INNER","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Leslie (2020-11-16). \"A touch of the outside on the inside: the effect of animal contact on the pains/strains of imprisonment\". Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. 59 (8): 433–455. doi:10.1080/10509674.2020.1808558. 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Retrieved 28 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.villagevoice.com/author/jennifergonnerman/","url_text":"\"Jennifer Gonnerman - Authors\""}]},{"reference":"Holden, Stephen (8 July 2005). \"Prisoners Finding New Hope in the Art of Spiritual Bliss\". Retrieved 28 February 2019 – via NYTimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/08/movies/prisoners-finding-new-hope-in-the-art-of-spiritual-bliss.html","url_text":"\"Prisoners Finding New Hope in the Art of Spiritual Bliss\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doing Time, Doing Vipassana - TV Guide\". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/movies/doing-time-doing/review/191190","url_text":"\"Doing Time, Doing Vipassana - TV Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tihar Prisons Rehabilitation web page\". Archived from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171220045607/http://tiharprisons.nic.in/html/reform.htm","url_text":"\"Tihar Prisons Rehabilitation web page\""},{"url":"http://tiharprisons.nic.in/html/reform.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"historian, Jennifer Rosenberg Jennifer Rosenberg is a; Fact-Checker, History; Topics, Freelance Writer Who Writes About 20th-Century History. \"All About the 28-Year History, Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall\". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 28 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thoughtco.com/the-berlin-wall-28-year-history-1779495","url_text":"\"All About the 28-Year History, Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall\""}]},{"reference":"Joiner, Whitney (13 September 2007). \"Jenny Phillips - Film- Prison- Meditation - Alabama\". Retrieved 28 February 2019 – via NYTimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/movies/13dhar.html","url_text":"\"Jenny Phillips - Film- Prison- Meditation - Alabama\""}]},{"reference":"Catsoulis, Jeannette (11 April 2008). \"The Dhamma Brothers - Movies - Review\". Retrieved 28 February 2019 – via NYTimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/11/movies/11dham.html","url_text":"\"The Dhamma Brothers - Movies - Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Dhamma Brothers - TV Guide\". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 28 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/movies/dhamma-brothers/review/293190","url_text":"\"The Dhamma Brothers - TV Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Village Voice review of The Dhamma Brothers by Julia Wallace\". Retrieved 28 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.villagevoice.com/film/0815,tracking-3,404106,20.html","url_text":"\"Village Voice review of The Dhamma Brothers by Julia Wallace\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ratnapeaceinitiative.org/","external_links_name":"Ratna Peace Initiative"},{"Link":"http://www.queenstribune.com/leisure/AnUnlikelySourceForMeditat.html","external_links_name":"An Unlikely Source For Meditative Study, Queens Tribune, Jan 12, 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.garantedirittidetenutilazio.it/dg4.pdf","external_links_name":"NEL CARCERE DI VELLETRI PARTONO I CORSI DI SAHAJA YOGA - 30 Novembre 2005"},{"Link":"http://www.prisonsociety.org/about/history.shtml","external_links_name":"Pennsylvania Prison Society history"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090501223804/http://prisonsociety.org/about/history.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.philadelphia-reflections.com/blog/1263.htm","external_links_name":"\"Philadelphia Reflections: Pennsylvania Prison Society\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101130124853/http://wccm.org/item.asp?recordid=prisons&pagestyle=default","external_links_name":"\"World Community of Christian Meditation prison Ministry\""},{"Link":"http://www.wccm.org/item.asp?recordid=prisons&pagestyle=default","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080726181723/http://www.centeringprayer.com/newsltrs/Spring01/1-01Prison.htm","external_links_name":"\"Fr. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Benin | Human rights in Benin | ["1 Historical background","2 Basic rights","3 Women's rights","4 Children's rights","5 Disabled rights","6 LGBT rights","7 HIV/AIDS rights","8 Minority rights","9 Rights of refugees and asylum seekers","10 Employees' rights","11 Rights of persons under arrest","12 Rights of persons on trial","13 Rights of inmates","14 See also","15 Notes","16 References","17 External links"] | Politics of Benin
Constitution
Human rights
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Patrice Talon
Vice President
Mariam Chabi Talata
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National Assembly
President: Louis Vlavonou
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Recent elections
Presidential: 20162021
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Minister: Aurélien Agbénonci
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The human-rights situation in Benin is considered to be generally above average for sub-Saharan Africa.
A 2012 U.S. report commended Benin "for continuing the transition to democracy" and applauded "the legislative work of recent years to pass and enforce laws regarding domestic violence against women, official corruption, torture, and other crimes", as well as "the establishment of human rights institutions including the human rights Ombudsman and the National Council for the Promotion of Gender Equity and Equality".
The report expressed continued concern, however, "about continuing reports of high levels of violence and abuse by security services, including the police, as well as harsh prison conditions and long pre-trial detention periods", as well as "by reports of serious restrictions on the right to strike in the public sector and authorities' frequent anti-union statements, fueling social tensions and protest actions". In addition, the report noted "the government's slow progress in addressing the worst forms of child labor".
Historical background
Historical ratings
Year
Politicalrights
Civilliberties
Status
President2
1972
7
5
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1973
7
5
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1974
7
6
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1975
7
7
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1976
7
7
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1977
7
7
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1978
7
7
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1979
7
6
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1980
7
6
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1981
7
6
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
19823
7
6
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1983
7
6
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1984
7
7
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1985
7
7
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1986
7
7
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1987
7
7
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1988
7
7
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1989
7
7
Not Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1990
6
4
Partly Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1991
2
3
Free
Nicéphore Soglo
1992
2
3
Free
Nicéphore Soglo
1993
2
3
Free
Nicéphore Soglo
1994
2
3
Free
Nicéphore Soglo
1995
2
2
Free
Nicéphore Soglo
1996
2
2
Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1997
2
2
Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1998
2
2
Free
Mathieu Kérékou
1999
2
3
Free
Mathieu Kérékou
2000
2
2
Free
Mathieu Kérékou
2001
3
2
Free
Mathieu Kérékou
2002
3
2
Free
Mathieu Kérékou
2003
2
2
Free
Mathieu Kérékou
2004
2
2
Free
Mathieu Kérékou
2005
2
2
Free
Mathieu Kérékou
2006
2
2
Free
Yayi Boni
2007
2
2
Free
Yayi Boni
2008
2
2
Free
Yayi Boni
2009
2
2
Free
Yayi Boni
2010
2
2
Free
Yayi Boni
2011
2
2
Free
Yayi Boni
2012
2
2
Free
Yayi Boni
2013
2
2
Free
Yayi Boni
2014
2
2
Free
Yayi Boni
Benin was formerly a French colony known as Dahomey, which won its independence in 1960. From 1972 to 1990 it was a Marxist–Leninist state that was ruled by dictator Mathieu Kérékou, who took power in a coup. Under Kérékou, the country had no freedom of speech or of the press and a very poor human-rights record. It changed its name to the People's Republic of Benin in 1975. In 1990 the word "People's" was removed from the country's official name, and in December 1991 a new constitution was ratified with the goal of establishing a nation in which "the rule of law, fundamental rights, public liberties, human dignity and justice are guaranteed, protected and promoted as the prerequisite for the harmonious development of each Benin citizen".
Under the new constitution, democracy was restored in Benin in 1991. In the elections held that year, Kérékou lost to Nicéphore Soglo and accepted the results of the vote. He was returned to power in the 1996 elections and re-elected in 2001; the 2006 elections, in which Kérékou did not run, was considered free and fair.
Increasingly since 1991, Benin has been generally regarded as having considerably higher human-rights standards than most other African countries. It has been written that Benin "appears to be one of the leading democracies in Africa", but that the many human rights NGOs in the country, which date back to the transitional period, "do not network among themselves", so that "it is normal for organizations working in the same area to not know each other", resulting in a "duplication of efforts". At the 47th Ordinary Session of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights in 2010, the Attorney General of Benin, Victor Topanou declared that "today there is evident political will to ensure the success of the culture of human rights", citing recent efforts to alleviate poverty through micro-credit policies, to improve access to justice by constructing of new law courts and prisons, and to increase food rations and health care in prisons.
Benin is a signatory of the following international agreements: African (Banjul) Charter on Human and People's Rights; Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; Convention on the Rights of the Child; International Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; International Covenant Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
The following is a chart of Benin's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".1
Basic rights
Discrimination based on race, gender, disability, language, and social status is prohibited by the constitution and laws; however, women and disabled people continue to experience discrimination, and the government does little to combat it.
Although Benin's constitution and laws guarantee freedom of speech and of the press, these rights are sometimes denied. The government's Office of Radio and Television (ORTB) has supposedly restricted broadcasts that were critical of the government; the government blocked the signal of a French radio station that reported in 2010 on efforts by members of the National Assembly to impeach President Yayi; and a mass purchase, supposedly by government agents, was made of copies of newspapers that reported on a corruption case. Many journalists engage in self-censorship, and a number of them have been sued for libel, although judges tend to choose not to prosecute them. "Abuse" of the freedom of expression is punishable by imprisonment with hard labor. Still, there is an active media that is often critical of the government, although its reach is limited, partly owing to illiteracy. The most influential news media are owned by the government. Some private media receive government aid.
There is an unrestricted right of access to the Internet, but it is unavailable in most places. The government does not interfere with academic or cultural activities, and generally respects the right to freedom of assembly, although it sometimes refuses permits for gatherings by opposition groups and others. In 2010, the government prohibited several public gatherings, including demonstrations by union members concerned about corruption and other issues. Benin's constitution and laws guarantee the right to move freely around the country, travel abroad, emigrate and repatriate, and these rights are generally honored, although there are checkpoints around the country that block movement and that are used by police and gendarmes to demand bribes. Although minors require documentation when traveling abroad in order to avoid trafficking, the uneven enforcement of this requirement results in continued trafficking.
In accordance with its constitution, Benin is a secular state in which religious freedom is guaranteed to all and in which public schools are not permitted to give religious instruction (although private religious schools are permitted). In Benin, where at the 2002 census the population was 27 percent Roman Catholic, 24 percent Muslim, 17 percent Voudon (Voodoo), 6 percent other indigenous faiths, and 5 percent Celestial Christian, and where the national holidays include both Christian and Muslim holy days, "respect for religious differences was widespread at all levels of society and in all regions", according to a 2011 U.S. government report, although there was "occasional conflict between Voodoo practitioners and Christians over Voodoo initiation practices, requiring intervention by police".
Corruption exists in virtually all sectors and levels of government in Benin. There is a government agency called the Watchdog to Combat Corruption, whose ostensible purpose is to address this problem.
Women's rights
Main article: Women in Benin
The state of women's rights in Benin has improved markedly since the restoration of democracy and the ratification of the Constitution, and the passage of the Personal and Family Code in 2004, both of which overrode various traditional customs that systematically treated women unequally. Still, inequality and discrimination persist. Polygamy and forced marriage are illegal but still occur. Enforcement of the law against rape, the punishment for which can be up to five years in prison, is hampered by corruption, ineffective police work, and fear of social stigma. Police incompetence results in most sexual offenses being reduced to misdemeanors. Domestic violence is widespread, with penalties of up to 3 years in prison, but women are reluctant to report cases and authorities are reluctant to intervene in what are generally considered private matters.
Female genital mutilation has been described as "the worst substantial human rights violation in Benin". About 13 percent of women and girls have been subjected to it (over 70 percent in some regions and tribes), but the law against it is rarely enforced. Prostitution, especially child prostitution, is also common, with the clients often being sex tourists. Sexual harassment is also common, with many female students being abused by their teachers. Although it is a criminal offense punishable by up to two years in prison, enforcement is slack. Local customs which are unfavorable to women no longer have the force of law in Benin, where women enjoy equal rights under the constitution, including in matters related to marriage and inheritance. Still, they experience a great deal of social and employment discrimination owing to traditional attitudes about sex roles, and have a much harder time obtaining credit and when widowed do not have the right to manage their own property. Women in rural areas play subordinate roles and do a great deal of hard labor.
Women who have experienced discrimination or abuse can seek assistance from Women in Law and Development-Benin, the Female Jurists Association of Benin (AFJB), and the Women's Justice and Empowerment Initiative through Care International's Empower Project. A 2012 U.S. report commended Benin for establishing the National Council for the Promotion of Gender Equity and Equality.
Children's rights
The National Commission for Children's Rights and the Ministry of Family are charged with promoting children's rights.
Children become citizens through birth in Benin or birth to parents who are citizens of Benin. Many people's births have not been recorded, which can result in denial of education, health care, and other services. Primary school is compulsory, though many girls do not go to school. Child marriage is widespread, although marriage by children under 14 is technically illegal, with marriage of those between 14 and 17 permitted if the parents give their consent.
In accordance with tribal customs, children are often killed at birth for various reasons – for example, one of a pair of twins is killed because twins are traditionally considered witches. Children who are born prematurely or who do not cry at their birth are also considered witches. The main reason for murdering these children is that they are regarded as sources of misfortune. One report describes the infanticide as follows: "As soon as the child is born in a way considered to make them a witch or abnormal, the head of the family gives the baby to an executioner. The different techniques used to kill newborns are atrocious. The baby is often crashed against a tree before he is buried or is slaughtered. Some child witches or abnormal children are not killed. They are generally abandoned, sold, or given to a family famous for keeping such children. They keep these children not for love but to be used later on as means of exchange as a domestic slave. These children have to survive by begging." The same report notes that while the law of Benin does not explicitly forbid infanticide, it prohibitis homicide, meaning that the murder of infants can be prosecuted as murder. Yet such cases rarely come to court because of respect for traditional beliefs and customs and/or because of the difficulty of gathering the necessary evidence.
Another custom that is still common is that of placing a poor child with a well-off family as a domestic servant, a situation that often results in sexual and labor exploitation and in trafficking. This practice is called "vidomègon". Other problems include child prostitution, which often involves street children, and child labor. There are a number of street children, many of whom do not attend school or have access to medical care.
A 2004 report underscores that in rural Benin, where violence against children is widespread, it is parents who play the leading role in this abuse, noting that they are responsible for "the murder of their children who are not born in a 'normal way'; they themselves ask the primary school teachers to beat their children; they ask policemen to inflict corporal punishment on their children who do wrong; they sell their children to child traffickers....Some of the children who are victims of violence committed by a member of the family or a state officer are not even aware of the fact that what they endure is blameful. Many cases of violence remain unknown because the victims do not denounce them or just because they consider them to be normal." The government has made efforts to improve the life of children in Benin, but the situation is still dire.
The Minors Protection Brigade was created in 1983 and "is mandated to act whenever children are in moral or physical danger. It carries out actions to prevent youth delinquency. It has progressively become an institution where problems involving children are settled in a friendly way. According to its officers, its role is more of a social nature today."
Benin is not a signatory of the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, but it ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990, the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child in 1996, and the Convention no. 182 of ILO in 2004.
Disabled rights
There is no law banning discrimination against disabled individuals, although the government, under the law, is supposed to care for such persons. Nor is there any law requiring any buildings, public or otherwise, to be wheelchair-accessible. There is little in the way of institutional help for disabled people, who generally support themselves through begging. There are, however, protections in the labor law for disabled workers.
LGBT rights
Main article: LGBT rights in Benin
In a 2012 report, the U.S. noted Benin's rejection of a previous recommendation that it "decriminalize sexual relations between consenting, same-sex individuals" and expressed continued concern "about LGBT citizens in Benin", asking: "What services or educational programs do you have in place to ensure the safety and wellbeing of LGBT citizens?" The report called on Benin to "ecriminalize sexual relations between consenting, same-sex individuals and establish educational programs and appropriate policies for police that promote the personal security of all Benin citizens regardless of sexual orientation".
HIV/AIDS rights
It is illegal to discriminate against people based on HIV status, and overt instances of such discrimination are reportedly not frequent.
Minority rights
There is no majority ethnic group in Benin. A range of ethnic groups is represented in the public sector.
Rights of refugees and asylum seekers
There is a system for protecting refugees, of which the country held about 7,300 at the end of 2010, most of them from Togo. Benin works with the UNHCR and other groups to assist such individuals. Those who do not qualify as refugees are invited to apply for residence permits.
Employees' rights
Workers are allowed to unionize and to strike, although they are required to provide three days' notice of strikes and the government can prohibit them for a variety of reasons. Workers, except for those in merchant shipping, are also entitled to bargain collectively. There is a National Consultation and Collective Bargaining Commission that takes part in such negotiations. Forced labor is illegal, although it exists in a number of sectors, with children often involved. Children under 12 may not work at any job; those between 12 and 14 may do light work or hold domestic jobs. But these restrictions are not fully enforced, and in reality children as young as seven work in farms, businesses, construction, markets, and other settings, with some being indentured to "agents" and put to work in other countries.
Owing to a shortage of inspectors, the labor code is enforced poorly and only in the so-called formal sector. There is a minimum wage but it is very low, and there are various restrictions on working hours and the like but these are generally only enforced in the "formal sector". Health and safety standards are not enforced effectively either.
Rights of persons under arrest
Arbitrary arrest is illegal, but it occurs. The police and gendarmerie are ill-equipped and ill-trained, although the government has made efforts to improve the situation. Under the constitution, defendants cannot be arrested without warrants and evidence and must be arraigned by a judge within 48 hours, but these rules are not always observed. Defendants' right to prompt judicial determination is generally respected, however, as is the right to prompt representation and family visits.
There is a problem with acts of violence committed by mobs against suspected criminals whom they feel have been inadequately punished by the courts; the members of such mobs are often not arrested. One report notes that the spread of this practice in Benin has been influenced by its earlier use in Nigeria.
Although Benin's constitution and laws ban torture, it does occur, and detainees are often beaten.
In 2010, Adam Yessoufa died in custody after a reported beating by security forces. No information about the matter was released to the public and no charges were brought against anyone. A 2004 report observed that acts of brutal physical abuse by authorities routinely go unpunished in Benin. The report further noted that "law enforcement officials do not hesitate to use handcuffs and butts of cigarettes to master their own family members or relatives", citing the case of a member of the gendarmerie who handcuffed his wife and used tear gas on her.
Rights of persons on trial
Trials are often delayed because of overcrowded dockets and inadequate staff and facilities. Although the judiciary is supposed to be independent, it is susceptible to influence by other branches of government. There is widespread corruption. Defendants have the usual rights under French civil law and local customs, including the right to jury trial, the presumption of innocence, the right to an attorney, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to appeal. These rights are generally respected. The fact that young defendants are not tried in juvenile courts represents a violation of international norms.
Rights of inmates
Benin's prisons are overcrowded, with one of them housing a number of inmates that is six times its official capacity. Among the other problems in Benin's prisons are malnutrition, disease, poor sanitation, inadequate medical care, and a lack of ventilation. Juveniles are often imprisoned with adults. Human-rights monitors are allowed to visit prisons. Many women are imprisoned with their children and give birth in prison without a doctor present. A 2008 report by IRIN noted that "rison conditions in Benin are so deplorable that they were, alongside police brutality, one of two reasons that compelled the international human rights watchdog Amnesty International to list the country in its annual State of the World's Human Rights report for the first time in 2008". A U.S. government report in 2012 called on Benin to "mprove the conditions of prisons and other places of detention and reduce overcrowding by building more prisons or reducing the length of pre-trial detention". A 2012 report by ACAT-Benin made similar recommendations.
Capital punishment is still officially legal in Benin, and convicts are still sentenced to death, but no executions have taken place since 1987.
See also
Africa portal
Freedom of religion in Benin
Human trafficking in Benin
LGBT rights in Benin
Politics of Benin
Notes
1.^ Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.
2.^ As of January 1.
3.^ The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant "year and a half" reports have been split into three year-long reports through interpolation.
References
^ a b c d "UPR 14th Session – Intervention for Benin". Office of Policy Planning and Public Diplomacy, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on February 27, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ Freedom House (2013). "Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance" (PDF).
^ Freedom House (2014). "Freedom in the World 2014" (PDF).
^ Freedom House (2015). "Freedom in the World 2015" (PDF).
^ a b c "The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa Benin". University of Minnesota Human Rights Library. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ "Human Rights Violations in Benin". UNHCR. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ "Statement by the Attorney General of the Republic of Benin, Minister of Justice, Legislation and Human Rights, and Government Spokesperson, Hon Mr. Victor Topanou". African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ "Human Rights". Matrix. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Retrieved August 22, 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "2010 Human Rights Report: Benin". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ a b c d "Annual Report: Benin 2010". Amnesty International. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ "International Religious Freedom Report for 2011". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ a b "Human Rights Violations in Benin". Alternative Report to the United Nations Committee Against Torture. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ "Female mutilation Benin's main human rights problem". Afrol News. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ a b c d e "Human Rights Violations in Benin". Retrieved January 12, 2013.
^ "BENIN: Prison conditions violate human rights". Humanitarian News and Analysis. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ "BENIN: Prison conditions violate human rights". IRIN News. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
^ "Contribution to Benin's second Periodic Review" (PDF). Human Rights Council. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
External links
2012 Annual Report Archived January 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, by Amnesty International
Freedom in the World 2012 Report Archived June 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, by Freedom House
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OutlineIndex
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human-rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-rights"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"domestic violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence"},{"link_name":"Ombudsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudsman"},{"link_name":"child labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humanrights.gov-1"}],"text":"The human-rights situation in Benin is considered to be generally above average for sub-Saharan Africa.A 2012 U.S. report commended Benin \"for continuing the transition to democracy\" and applauded \"the legislative work of recent years to pass and enforce laws regarding domestic violence against women, official corruption, torture, and other crimes\", as well as \"the establishment of human rights institutions including the human rights Ombudsman and the National Council for the Promotion of Gender Equity and Equality\".The report expressed continued concern, however, \"about continuing reports of high levels of violence and abuse by security services, including the police, as well as harsh prison conditions and long pre-trial detention periods\", as well as \"by reports of serious restrictions on the right to strike in the public sector and authorities' frequent anti-union statements, fueling social tensions and protest actions\". In addition, the report noted \"the government's slow progress in addressing the worst forms of child labor\".[1]","title":"Human rights in Benin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Mathieu Kérékou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www1.umn.edu-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www1.umn.edu-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www1.umn.edu-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Freedom in the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World"},{"link_name":"Freedom House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FH1972-9"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"}],"text":"Benin was formerly a French colony known as Dahomey, which won its independence in 1960. From 1972 to 1990 it was a Marxist–Leninist state that was ruled by dictator Mathieu Kérékou, who took power in a coup. Under Kérékou, the country had no freedom of speech or of the press and a very poor human-rights record. It changed its name to the People's Republic of Benin in 1975. In 1990 the word \"People's\" was removed from the country's official name,[5] and in December 1991 a new constitution was ratified with the goal of establishing a nation in which \"the rule of law, fundamental rights, public liberties, human dignity and justice are guaranteed, protected and promoted as the prerequisite for the harmonious development of each Benin citizen\".[6]Under the new constitution, democracy was restored in Benin in 1991. In the elections held that year, Kérékou lost to Nicéphore Soglo and accepted the results of the vote. He was returned to power in the 1996 elections and re-elected in 2001; the 2006 elections, in which Kérékou did not run, was considered free and fair.[5]Increasingly since 1991, Benin has been generally regarded as having considerably higher human-rights standards than most other African countries. It has been written that Benin \"appears to be one of the leading democracies in Africa\", but that the many human rights NGOs in the country, which date back to the transitional period, \"do not network among themselves\", so that \"it is normal for organizations working in the same area to not know each other\", resulting in a \"duplication of efforts\".[5] At the 47th Ordinary Session of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights in 2010, the Attorney General of Benin, Victor Topanou declared that \"today there is evident political will to ensure the success of the culture of human rights\", citing recent efforts to alleviate poverty through micro-credit policies, to improve access to justice by constructing of new law courts and prisons, and to increase food rations and health care in prisons.[7]Benin is a signatory of the following international agreements: African (Banjul) Charter on Human and People's Rights; Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; Convention on the Rights of the Child; International Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; International Covenant Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[8]The following is a chart of Benin's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is \"free\"; 7, \"not free\".[9]1","title":"Historical background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"},{"link_name":"impeach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeach"},{"link_name":"self-censorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-censorship"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"freedom of assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report:_Benin_2010-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"}],"text":"Discrimination based on race, gender, disability, language, and social status is prohibited by the constitution and laws; however, women and disabled people continue to experience discrimination, and the government does little to combat it.[10]Although Benin's constitution and laws guarantee freedom of speech and of the press, these rights are sometimes denied. The government's Office of Radio and Television (ORTB) has supposedly restricted broadcasts that were critical of the government; the government blocked the signal of a French radio station that reported in 2010 on efforts by members of the National Assembly to impeach President Yayi; and a mass purchase, supposedly by government agents, was made of copies of newspapers that reported on a corruption case. Many journalists engage in self-censorship, and a number of them have been sued for libel, although judges tend to choose not to prosecute them. \"Abuse\" of the freedom of expression is punishable by imprisonment with hard labor. Still, there is an active media that is often critical of the government, although its reach is limited, partly owing to illiteracy. The most influential news media are owned by the government. Some private media receive government aid.There is an unrestricted right of access to the Internet, but it is unavailable in most places. The government does not interfere with academic or cultural activities, and generally respects the right to freedom of assembly, although it sometimes refuses permits for gatherings by opposition groups and others.[10] In 2010, the government prohibited several public gatherings, including demonstrations by union members concerned about corruption and other issues.[11] Benin's constitution and laws guarantee the right to move freely around the country, travel abroad, emigrate and repatriate, and these rights are generally honored, although there are checkpoints around the country that block movement and that are used by police and gendarmes to demand bribes. Although minors require documentation when traveling abroad in order to avoid trafficking, the uneven enforcement of this requirement results in continued trafficking.[10]In accordance with its constitution, Benin is a secular state in which religious freedom is guaranteed to all and in which public schools are not permitted to give religious instruction (although private religious schools are permitted). In Benin, where at the 2002 census the population was 27 percent Roman Catholic, 24 percent Muslim, 17 percent Voudon (Voodoo), 6 percent other indigenous faiths, and 5 percent Celestial Christian, and where the national holidays include both Christian and Muslim holy days, \"respect for religious differences was widespread at all levels of society and in all regions\", according to a 2011 U.S. government report, although there was \"occasional conflict between Voodoo practitioners and Christians over Voodoo initiation practices, requiring intervention by police\".[12]Corruption exists in virtually all sectors and levels of government in Benin. There is a government agency called the Watchdog to Combat Corruption, whose ostensible purpose is to address this problem.[10]","title":"Basic rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polygamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy"},{"link_name":"forced marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_marriage"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_Rights_Violations_in_Benin-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"},{"link_name":"Female genital mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_Rights_Violations_in_Benin-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humanrights.gov-1"}],"text":"The state of women's rights in Benin has improved markedly since the restoration of democracy and the ratification of the Constitution, and the passage of the Personal and Family Code in 2004, both of which overrode various traditional customs that systematically treated women unequally. Still, inequality and discrimination persist. Polygamy and forced marriage are illegal but still occur.[13] Enforcement of the law against rape, the punishment for which can be up to five years in prison, is hampered by corruption, ineffective police work, and fear of social stigma. Police incompetence results in most sexual offenses being reduced to misdemeanors. Domestic violence is widespread, with penalties of up to 3 years in prison, but women are reluctant to report cases and authorities are reluctant to intervene in what are generally considered private matters.[10]Female genital mutilation has been described as \"the worst substantial human rights violation in Benin\".[14] About 13 percent of women and girls have been subjected to it (over 70 percent in some regions and tribes), but the law against it is rarely enforced. Prostitution, especially child prostitution, is also common, with the clients often being sex tourists. Sexual harassment is also common, with many female students being abused by their teachers. Although it is a criminal offense punishable by up to two years in prison, enforcement is slack. Local customs which are unfavorable to women no longer have the force of law in Benin, where women enjoy equal rights under the constitution, including in matters related to marriage and inheritance. Still, they experience a great deal of social and employment discrimination owing to traditional attitudes about sex roles,[10] and have a much harder time obtaining credit and when widowed do not have the right to manage their own property.[13] Women in rural areas play subordinate roles and do a great deal of hard labor.[10]Women who have experienced discrimination or abuse can seek assistance from Women in Law and Development-Benin, the Female Jurists Association of Benin (AFJB), and the Women's Justice and Empowerment Initiative through Care International's Empower Project.[10] A 2012 U.S. report commended Benin for establishing the National Council for the Promotion of Gender Equity and Equality.[1]","title":"Women's rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unhcr.org-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unhcr.org-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unhcr.org-15"}],"text":"The National Commission for Children's Rights and the Ministry of Family are charged with promoting children's rights.Children become citizens through birth in Benin or birth to parents who are citizens of Benin. Many people's births have not been recorded, which can result in denial of education, health care, and other services. Primary school is compulsory, though many girls do not go to school. Child marriage is widespread, although marriage by children under 14 is technically illegal, with marriage of those between 14 and 17 permitted if the parents give their consent.In accordance with tribal customs, children are often killed at birth for various reasons – for example, one of a pair of twins is killed because twins are traditionally considered witches.[10] Children who are born prematurely or who do not cry at their birth are also considered witches. The main reason for murdering these children is that they are regarded as sources of misfortune. One report describes the infanticide as follows: \"As soon as the child is born in a way considered to make them a witch or abnormal, the head of the family gives the baby to an executioner. The different techniques used to kill newborns are atrocious. The baby is often crashed against a tree before he is buried or is slaughtered. Some child witches or abnormal children are not killed. They are generally abandoned, sold, or given to a family famous for keeping such children. They keep these children not for love but to be used later on as means of exchange as a domestic slave. These children have to survive by begging.\" The same report notes that while the law of Benin does not explicitly forbid infanticide, it prohibitis homicide, meaning that the murder of infants can be prosecuted as murder. Yet such cases rarely come to court because of respect for traditional beliefs and customs and/or because of the difficulty of gathering the necessary evidence.[15]Another custom that is still common is that of placing a poor child with a well-off family as a domestic servant, a situation that often results in sexual and labor exploitation and in trafficking. This practice is called \"vidomègon\". Other problems include child prostitution, which often involves street children, and child labor. There are a number of street children, many of whom do not attend school or have access to medical care.[10]A 2004 report underscores that in rural Benin, where violence against children is widespread, it is parents who play the leading role in this abuse, noting that they are responsible for \"the murder of their children who are not born in a 'normal way'; they themselves ask the primary school teachers to beat their children; they ask policemen to inflict corporal punishment on their children who do wrong; they sell their children to child traffickers....Some of the children who are victims of violence committed by a member of the family or a state officer are not even aware of the fact that what they endure is blameful. Many cases of violence remain unknown because the victims do not denounce them or just because they consider them to be normal.\" The government has made efforts to improve the life of children in Benin, but the situation is still dire.The Minors Protection Brigade was created in 1983 and \"is mandated to act whenever children are in moral or physical danger. It carries out actions to prevent youth delinquency. It has progressively become an institution where problems involving children are settled in a friendly way. According to its officers, its role is more of a social nature today.\"[15]Benin is not a signatory of the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction,[10] but it ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990, the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child in 1996, and the Convention no. 182 of ILO in 2004.[15]","title":"Children's rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"}],"text":"There is no law banning discrimination against disabled individuals, although the government, under the law, is supposed to care for such persons. Nor is there any law requiring any buildings, public or otherwise, to be wheelchair-accessible. There is little in the way of institutional help for disabled people, who generally support themselves through begging. There are, however, protections in the labor law for disabled workers.[10]","title":"Disabled rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humanrights.gov-1"}],"text":"In a 2012 report, the U.S. noted Benin's rejection of a previous recommendation that it \"decriminalize sexual relations between consenting, same-sex individuals\" and expressed continued concern \"about LGBT citizens in Benin\", asking: \"What services or educational programs do you have in place to ensure the safety and wellbeing of LGBT citizens?\" The report called on Benin to \"[d]ecriminalize sexual relations between consenting, same-sex individuals and establish educational programs and appropriate policies for police that promote the personal security of all Benin citizens regardless of sexual orientation\".[1]","title":"LGBT rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"}],"text":"It is illegal to discriminate against people based on HIV status, and overt instances of such discrimination are reportedly not frequent.[10]","title":"HIV/AIDS rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"}],"text":"There is no majority ethnic group in Benin. A range of ethnic groups is represented in the public sector.[10]","title":"Minority rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"}],"text":"There is a system for protecting refugees, of which the country held about 7,300 at the end of 2010, most of them from Togo. Benin works with the UNHCR and other groups to assist such individuals. Those who do not qualify as refugees are invited to apply for residence permits.[10]","title":"Rights of refugees and asylum seekers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"}],"text":"Workers are allowed to unionize and to strike, although they are required to provide three days' notice of strikes and the government can prohibit them for a variety of reasons. Workers, except for those in merchant shipping, are also entitled to bargain collectively. There is a National Consultation and Collective Bargaining Commission that takes part in such negotiations. Forced labor is illegal, although it exists in a number of sectors, with children often involved. Children under 12 may not work at any job; those between 12 and 14 may do light work or hold domestic jobs. But these restrictions are not fully enforced, and in reality children as young as seven work in farms, businesses, construction, markets, and other settings, with some being indentured to \"agents\" and put to work in other countries.Owing to a shortage of inspectors, the labor code is enforced poorly and only in the so-called formal sector. There is a minimum wage but it is very low, and there are various restrictions on working hours and the like but these are generally only enforced in the \"formal sector\". Health and safety standards are not enforced effectively either.[10]","title":"Employees' rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arbitrary arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unhcr.org-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report:_Benin_2010-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unhcr.org-15"}],"text":"Arbitrary arrest is illegal, but it occurs. The police and gendarmerie are ill-equipped and ill-trained, although the government has made efforts to improve the situation. Under the constitution, defendants cannot be arrested without warrants and evidence and must be arraigned by a judge within 48 hours, but these rules are not always observed. Defendants' right to prompt judicial determination is generally respected, however, as is the right to prompt representation and family visits.[10]There is a problem with acts of violence committed by mobs against suspected criminals whom they feel have been inadequately punished by the courts; the members of such mobs are often not arrested.[10] One report notes that the spread of this practice in Benin has been influenced by its earlier use in Nigeria.[15]Although Benin's constitution and laws ban torture, it does occur, and detainees are often beaten.\nIn 2010, Adam Yessoufa died in custody after a reported beating by security forces. No information about the matter was released to the public and no charges were brought against anyone.[11] A 2004 report observed that acts of brutal physical abuse by authorities routinely go unpunished in Benin. The report further noted that \"law enforcement officials do not hesitate to use handcuffs and butts of cigarettes to master their own family members or relatives\", citing the case of a member of the gendarmerie who handcuffed his wife and used tear gas on her.[15]","title":"Rights of persons under arrest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Trials are often delayed because of overcrowded dockets and inadequate staff and facilities. Although the judiciary is supposed to be independent, it is susceptible to influence by other branches of government. There is widespread corruption. Defendants have the usual rights under French civil law and local customs, including the right to jury trial, the presumption of innocence, the right to an attorney, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to appeal. These rights are generally respected.[10] The fact that young defendants are not tried in juvenile courts represents a violation of international norms.[16]","title":"Rights of persons on trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report:_Benin_2010-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Benin-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humanrights.gov-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report:_Benin_2010-11"}],"text":"Benin's prisons are overcrowded, with one of them housing a number of inmates that is six times its official capacity.[11] Among the other problems in Benin's prisons are malnutrition, disease, poor sanitation, inadequate medical care, and a lack of ventilation. Juveniles are often imprisoned with adults. Human-rights monitors are allowed to visit prisons.[10] Many women are imprisoned with their children and give birth in prison without a doctor present. A 2008 report by IRIN noted that \"[p]rison conditions in Benin are so deplorable that they were, alongside police brutality, one of two reasons that compelled the international human rights watchdog Amnesty International to list the country in its annual State of the World's Human Rights report for the first time in 2008\".[17] A U.S. government report in 2012 called on Benin to \"[i]mprove the conditions of prisons and other places of detention and reduce overcrowding by building more prisons or reducing the length of pre-trial detention\".[1] A 2012 report by ACAT-Benin made similar recommendations.[18]Capital punishment is still officially legal in Benin, and convicts are still sentenced to death, but no executions have taken place since 1987.[11]","title":"Rights of inmates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_c"}],"text":"1.^ Note that the \"Year\" signifies the \"Year covered\". Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.\n2.^ As of January 1.\n3.^ The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant \"year and a half\" reports have been split into three year-long reports through interpolation.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Africa portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa"},{"title":"Freedom of religion in Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Benin"},{"title":"Human trafficking in Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Benin"},{"title":"LGBT rights in Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Benin"},{"title":"Politics of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Benin"}] | [{"reference":"\"UPR 14th Session – Intervention for Benin\". Office of Policy Planning and Public Diplomacy, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on February 27, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130227231836/http://www.humanrights.gov/2012/10/25/upr-14th-session-intervention-for-benin/","url_text":"\"UPR 14th Session – Intervention for Benin\""},{"url":"http://www.humanrights.gov/2012/10/25/upr-14th-session-intervention-for-benin/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Freedom House (2013). \"Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House","url_text":"Freedom House"},{"url":"https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet.pdf","url_text":"\"Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance\""}]},{"reference":"Freedom House (2014). \"Freedom in the World 2014\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House","url_text":"Freedom House"},{"url":"https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW2014%20Booklet.pdf","url_text":"\"Freedom in the World 2014\""}]},{"reference":"Freedom House (2015). \"Freedom in the World 2015\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House","url_text":"Freedom House"},{"url":"https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/01152015_FIW_2015_final.pdf","url_text":"\"Freedom in the World 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa Benin\". University of Minnesota Human Rights Library. Retrieved January 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/benin.htm","url_text":"\"The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa Benin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Human Rights Violations in Benin\". UNHCR. Retrieved January 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html","url_text":"\"Human Rights Violations in Benin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statement by the Attorney General of the Republic of Benin, Minister of Justice, Legislation and Human Rights, and Government Spokesperson, Hon Mr. Victor Topanou\". African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. Retrieved January 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.achpr.org/sessions/47th/speeches/victor-topanou/","url_text":"\"Statement by the Attorney General of the Republic of Benin, Minister of Justice, Legislation and Human Rights, and Government Spokesperson, Hon Mr. Victor Topanou\""}]},{"reference":"\"Human Rights\". Matrix. Retrieved January 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.policyproject.com/matrix/matrix2.cfm?country=Benin","url_text":"\"Human Rights\""}]},{"reference":"Freedom House (2012). \"Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012\" (XLS). Retrieved August 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House","url_text":"Freedom House"},{"url":"https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls","url_text":"\"Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Human Rights Report: Benin\". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved January 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154331.htm","url_text":"\"2010 Human Rights Report: Benin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report: Benin 2010\". Amnesty International. Retrieved January 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/annual-report-benin-2010","url_text":"\"Annual Report: Benin 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Religious Freedom Report for 2011\". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved January 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper","url_text":"\"International Religious Freedom Report for 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Human Rights Violations in Benin\". Alternative Report to the United Nations Committee Against Torture. Retrieved January 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html","url_text":"\"Human Rights Violations in Benin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Female mutilation Benin's main human rights problem\". Afrol News. Retrieved January 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afrol.com/articles/14810","url_text":"\"Female mutilation Benin's main human rights problem\""}]},{"reference":"\"Human Rights Violations in Benin\". Retrieved January 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html","url_text":"\"Human Rights Violations in Benin\""}]},{"reference":"\"BENIN: Prison conditions violate human rights\". Humanitarian News and Analysis. Retrieved January 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irinnews.org/Report/79523/BENIN-Prison-conditions-violate-human-rights","url_text":"\"BENIN: Prison conditions violate human rights\""}]},{"reference":"\"BENIN: Prison conditions violate human rights\". IRIN News. Retrieved January 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irinnews.org/Report/79523/BENIN-Prison-conditions-violate-human-rights","url_text":"\"BENIN: Prison conditions violate human rights\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contribution to Benin's second Periodic Review\" (PDF). Human Rights Council. Retrieved January 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fiacat.org/IMG/pdf/FIACAT-_ACAT_Benin_EPU_14_octobre_2012_EN.pdf","url_text":"\"Contribution to Benin's second Periodic Review\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130227231836/http://www.humanrights.gov/2012/10/25/upr-14th-session-intervention-for-benin/","external_links_name":"\"UPR 14th Session – Intervention for Benin\""},{"Link":"http://www.humanrights.gov/2012/10/25/upr-14th-session-intervention-for-benin/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance\""},{"Link":"https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW2014%20Booklet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Freedom in the World 2014\""},{"Link":"https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/01152015_FIW_2015_final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Freedom in the World 2015\""},{"Link":"http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/benin.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa Benin\""},{"Link":"http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html","external_links_name":"\"Human Rights Violations in Benin\""},{"Link":"http://www.achpr.org/sessions/47th/speeches/victor-topanou/","external_links_name":"\"Statement by the Attorney General of the Republic of Benin, Minister of Justice, Legislation and Human Rights, and Government Spokesperson, Hon Mr. Victor Topanou\""},{"Link":"http://www.policyproject.com/matrix/matrix2.cfm?country=Benin","external_links_name":"\"Human Rights\""},{"Link":"https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls","external_links_name":"\"Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012\""},{"Link":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154331.htm","external_links_name":"\"2010 Human Rights Report: Benin\""},{"Link":"http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/annual-report-benin-2010","external_links_name":"\"Annual Report: Benin 2010\""},{"Link":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper","external_links_name":"\"International Religious Freedom Report for 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html","external_links_name":"\"Human Rights Violations in Benin\""},{"Link":"http://www.afrol.com/articles/14810","external_links_name":"\"Female mutilation Benin's main human rights problem\""},{"Link":"http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html","external_links_name":"\"Human Rights Violations in Benin\""},{"Link":"http://www.irinnews.org/Report/79523/BENIN-Prison-conditions-violate-human-rights","external_links_name":"\"BENIN: Prison conditions violate human rights\""},{"Link":"http://www.irinnews.org/Report/79523/BENIN-Prison-conditions-violate-human-rights","external_links_name":"\"BENIN: Prison conditions violate human rights\""},{"Link":"http://www.fiacat.org/IMG/pdf/FIACAT-_ACAT_Benin_EPU_14_octobre_2012_EN.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Contribution to Benin's second Periodic Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/benin/report-2012","external_links_name":"2012 Annual Report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150121062655/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/benin/report-2012","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/benin","external_links_name":"Freedom in the World 2012 Report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170601202838/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/benin","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_protein | Biopharmaceutical | ["1 Major classes","1.1 Extracted from living systems","1.2 Produced by recombinant DNA","1.3 Vaccines","1.4 Gene therapy","2 Biosimilars","3 Commercialization","4 Large-scale production","4.1 Transgenics","5 Regulation","5.1 European Union","5.2 United States","5.3 Canada","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Drug made from biological source
"Biologics" redirects here. For the journal, see Biologics (journal).
A biopharmaceutical, also known as a biological medical product, or biologic, is any pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semisynthesized from biological sources. Different from totally synthesized pharmaceuticals, they include vaccines, whole blood, blood components, allergenics, somatic cells, gene therapies, tissues, recombinant therapeutic protein, and living medicines used in cell therapy. Biologics can be composed of sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, or complex combinations of these substances, or may be living cells or tissues. They (or their precursors or components) are isolated from living sources—human, animal, plant, fungal, or microbial. They can be used in both human and animal medicine.
Terminology surrounding biopharmaceuticals varies between groups and entities, with different terms referring to different subsets of therapeutics within the general biopharmaceutical category. Some regulatory agencies use the terms biological medicinal products or therapeutic biological product to refer specifically to engineered macromolecular products like protein- and nucleic acid-based drugs, distinguishing them from products like blood, blood components, or vaccines, which are usually extracted directly from a biological source. Biopharmaceutics is pharmaceutics that works with biopharmaceuticals. Biopharmacology is the branch of pharmacology that studies biopharmaceuticals. Specialty drugs, a recent classification of pharmaceuticals, are high-cost drugs that are often biologics. The European Medicines Agency uses the term advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) for medicines for human use that are "based on genes, cells, or tissue engineering", including gene therapy medicines, somatic-cell therapy medicines, tissue-engineered medicines, and combinations thereof. Within EMA contexts, the term advanced therapies refers specifically to ATMPs, although that term is rather nonspecific outside those contexts.
Gene-based and cellular biologics, for example, often are at the forefront of biomedicine and biomedical research, and may be used to treat a variety of medical conditions for which no other treatments are available.
Building on the market approvals and sales of recombinant virus-based biopharmaceuticals for veterinary and human medicine, the use of engineered plant viruses has been proposed to enhance crop performance and promote sustainable production.
In some jurisdictions, biologics are regulated via different pathways from other small molecule drugs and medical devices.
Major classes
Blood plasma is a type of biopharmaceutical directly extracted from living systems.
Extracted from living systems
Some of the oldest forms of biologics are extracted from the bodies of animals, and other humans especially. Important biologics include:
Whole blood and other blood components
Organ transplantation and tissue transplants
Stem-cell therapy
Antibodies for passive immunity (e.g., to treat a virus infection)
Human reproductive cells
Human breast milk
Fecal microbiota
Some biologics that were previously extracted from animals, such as insulin, are now more commonly produced by recombinant DNA.
Produced by recombinant DNA
See also: Biologics for immunosuppression
Biologics can refer to a wide range of biological products in medicine. However, in most cases, the term is used more restrictively for a class of therapeutics (either approved or in development) that are produced using biological processes involving recombinant DNA technology. These medications are usually one of three types:
Substances that are (nearly) identical to the body's key signaling proteins. Examples are the blood-production stimulating protein erythropoetin, or the growth-stimulating hormone named "growth hormone" or biosynthetic human insulin and its analogues.
Monoclonal antibodies. These are similar to the antibodies that the human immune system uses to fight off bacteria and viruses, but they are "custom-designed" (using hybridoma technology or other methods) and can therefore be made specifically to counteract or block any given substance in the body, or to target any specific cell type; examples of such monoclonal antibodies for use in various diseases are given in the table below.
Receptor constructs (fusion proteins), usually based on a naturally occurring receptor linked to the immunoglobulin frame. In this case, the receptor provides the construct with detailed specificity, whereas the immunoglobulin structure imparts stability and other useful features in terms of pharmacology. Some examples are listed in the table below.
Biologics as a class of medications in this narrower sense have had a profound impact on many medical fields, primarily rheumatology and oncology, but also cardiology, dermatology, gastroenterology, neurology, and others. In most of these disciplines, biologics have added major therapeutic options for treating many diseases, including some for which no effective therapies were available, and others where previously existing therapies were inadequate. However, the advent of biologic therapeutics has also raised complex regulatory issues (see below), and significant pharmacoeconomic concerns because the cost for biologic therapies has been dramatically higher than for conventional (pharmacological) medications. This factor has been particularly relevant since many biological medications are used to treat chronic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease, or for the treatment of otherwise untreatable cancer during the remainder of life. The cost of treatment with a typical monoclonal antibody therapy for relatively common indications is generally in the range of €7,000–14,000 per patient per year.
Older patients who receive biologic therapy for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis are at increased risk for life-threatening infection, adverse cardiovascular events, and malignancy.
The first such substance approved for therapeutic use was biosynthetic "human" insulin made via recombinant DNA. Sometimes referred to as rHI, under the trade name Humulin, was developed by Genentech, but licensed to Eli Lilly and Company, who manufactured and marketed it starting in 1982.
Major kinds of biopharmaceuticals include:
Blood factors (Factor VIII and Factor IX)
Thrombolytic agents (tissue plasminogen activator)
Hormones (insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, gonadotrophins)
Haematopoietic growth factors (Erythropoietin, colony-stimulating factors)
Interferons (Interferons-α, -β, -γ)
Interleukin-based products (Interleukin-2)
Vaccines (Hepatitis B surface antigen)
Monoclonal antibodies (Various)
Additional products (tumour necrosis factor, therapeutic enzymes)
Research and development investment in new medicines by the biopharmaceutical industry stood at $65.2 billion in 2008. A few examples of biologics made with recombinant DNA technology include:
USAN/INN
Trade name
Indication
Technology
Mechanism of action
abatacept
Orencia
rheumatoid arthritis
immunoglobin CTLA-4 fusion protein
T-cell deactivation
adalimumab
Humira
rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease
monoclonal antibody
TNF antagonist
alefacept
Amevive
chronic plaque psoriasis
immunoglobin G1 fusion protein
incompletely characterized
erythropoietin
Epogen
anemia arising from cancer chemotherapy, chronic renal failure, etc.
recombinant protein
stimulation of red blood cell production
etanercept
Enbrel
rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis
recombinant human TNF-receptor fusion protein
TNF antagonist
infliximab
Remicade
rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease
monoclonal antibody
TNF antagonist
trastuzumab
Herceptin
breast cancer
humanized monoclonal antibody
HER2/neu (erbB2) antagonist
ustekinumab
Stelara
psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease
humanized monoclonal antibody
IL-12 and IL-23 antagonist
denileukin diftitox
Ontak
cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL)
Diphtheria toxin engineered protein combining Interleukin-2 and Diphtheria toxin
Interleukin-2 receptor binder
golimumab
Simponi
rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, ulcerative colitis
monoclonal antibody
TNF antagonist
vedolizumab
Entyvio
ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease
monoclonal antibody
α4β7 integrin blocker
ixekizumab
Taltz
plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis
humanized monoclonal antibody
IL-17A neutralizer
Vaccines
Main article: Vaccine
Many vaccines are grown in tissue cultures.
Gene therapy
Viral gene therapy involves artificially manipulating a virus to include a desirable piece of genetic material.
Viral gene therapies using engineered plant viruses have been proposed to enhance crop performance and promote sustainable production.
Biosimilars
Main article: Biosimilar
With the expiration of many patents for blockbuster biologics between 2012 and 2019, the interest in biosimilar production, i.e., follow-on biologics, has increased. Compared to small molecules that consist of chemically identical active ingredients, biologics are vastly more complex and consist of a multitude of subspecies. Due to their heterogeneity and the high process sensitivity, originators and follow-on biosimilars will exhibit variability in specific variants over time. The safety and clinical performance of both originator and biosimilar biopharmaceuticals must remain equivalent throughout their lifecycle. Process variations are monitored by modern analytical tools (e.g., liquid chromatography, immunoassays, mass spectrometry, etc.) and describe a unique design space for each biologic.
Biosimilars require a different regulatory framework compared to small-molecule generics. Legislation in the 21st century has addressed this by recognizing an intermediate ground of testing for biosimilars. The filing pathway requires more testing than for small-molecule generics, but less testing than for registering completely new therapeutics.
In 2003, the European Medicines Agency introduced an adapted pathway for biosimilars, termed similar biological medicinal products. This pathway is based on a thorough demonstration of comparability of the product to an existing approved product. Within the United States, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 created an abbreviated approval pathway for biological products shown to be biosimilar to, or interchangeable with, an FDA-licensed reference biological product. Researchers are optimistic that the introduction of biosimilars will reduce medical expenses to patients and the healthcare system.
Commercialization
When a new biopharmaceutical is developed, the company will typically apply for a patent, which is a grant to exclusive manufacturing rights. This is the primary means by which the drug developer can recover the investment cost for development of the biopharmaceutical. The patent laws in the United States and Europe differ somewhat on the requirements for a patent, with the European requirements perceived as more difficult to satisfy. The total number of patents granted for biopharmaceuticals has risen significantly since the 1970s. In 1978 the total patents granted was 30. This had climbed to 15,600 in 1995, and by 2001 there were 34,527 patent applications. In 2012 the US had the highest IP (Intellectual Property) generation within the biopharmaceutical industry, generating 37 percent of the total number of granted patents worldwide; however, there is still a large margin for growth and innovation within the industry. Revisions to the current IP system to ensure greater reliability for R&D (research and development) investments is a prominent topic of debate in the US as well. Blood products and other human-derived biologics such as breast milk have highly regulated or very hard-to-access markets; therefore, customers generally face a supply shortage for these products. Institutions housing these biologics, designated as 'banks', often cannot distribute their product to customers effectively. Conversely, banks for reproductive cells are much more widespread and available due to the ease with which spermatozoa and egg cells can be used for fertility treatment.
Large-scale production
Biopharmaceuticals may be produced from microbial cells (e.g., recombinant E. coli or yeast cultures), mammalian cell lines (see Cell culture) and plant cell cultures (see Plant tissue culture) and moss plants in bioreactors of various configurations, including photo-bioreactors. Important issues of concern are cost of production (low-volume, high-purity products are desirable) and microbial contamination (by bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma). Alternative platforms of production which are being tested include whole plants (plant-made pharmaceuticals).
Transgenics
Main article: Pharming (genetics)
A potentially controversial method of producing biopharmaceuticals involves transgenic organisms, particularly plants and animals that have been genetically modified to produce drugs. This production is a significant risk for its investor due to production failure or scrutiny from regulatory bodies based on perceived risks and ethical issues. Biopharmaceutical crops also represent a risk of cross-contamination with non-engineered crops, or crops engineered for non-medical purposes.
One potential approach to this technology is the creation of a transgenic mammal that can produce the biopharmaceutical in its milk, blood, or urine. Once an animal is produced, typically using the pronuclear microinjection method, it becomes efficacious to use cloning technology to create additional offspring that carry the favorable modified genome. The first such drug manufactured from the milk of a genetically modified goat was ATryn, but marketing permission was blocked by the European Medicines Agency in February 2006. This decision was reversed in June 2006 and approval was given August 2006.
Regulation
European Union
In the European Union, a biological medicinal product is one of the active substance(s) produced from or extracted from a biological (living) system, and requires, in addition to physicochemical testing, biological testing for full characterisation. The characterisation of a biological medicinal product is a combination of testing the active substance and the final medicinal product together with the production process and its control. For example:
Production process – it can be derived from biotechnology or from other technologies. It may be prepared using more conventional techniques as is the case for blood or plasma-derived products and a number of vaccines.
Active substance – consisting of entire microorganisms, mammalian cells, nucleic acids, proteinaceous, or polysaccharide components originating from a microbial, animal, human, or plant source.
Mode of action – therapeutic and immunological medicinal products, gene transfer materials, or cell therapy materials.
United States
In the United States, biologics are licensed through the biologics license application (BLA), then submitted to and regulated by the FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) whereas drugs are regulated by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Approval may require several years of clinical trials, including trials with human volunteers. Even after the drug is released, it will still be monitored for performance and safety risks. The manufacture process must satisfy the FDA's "Good Manufacturing Practices", which are typically manufactured in a cleanroom environment with strict limits on the amount of airborne particles and other microbial contaminants that may alter the efficacy of the drug.
Canada
In Canada, biologics (and radiopharmaceuticals) are reviewed through the Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate within Health Canada.
See also
Antibody-drug conjugate
Genetic engineering
Host cell protein
List of pharmaceutical companies
List of recombinant proteins
Nanomedicine
References
^ "Biological". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on October 19, 2019.
^ Walsh, Gary (2018). "Biopharmaceutical benchmarks 2018". Nature Biotechnology. 36 (12): 1136–1145. doi:10.1038/nbt.4305. ISSN 1087-0156. PMID 30520869.
^ Ryan, Michael P.; Walsh, Gary (2012). "Veterinary-based biopharmaceuticals". Trends in Biotechnology. 30 (12): 615–620. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.08.005. PMID 22995556.
^ Rader RA (July 2008). "(Re)defining biopharmaceutical". Nature Biotechnology. 26 (7): 743–51. doi:10.1038/nbt0708-743. PMID 18612293.
^ "Drugs@FDA Glossary of Terms". Food and Drug Administration. 2 Feb 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
^ Walsh G (2003). Biopharmaceuticals: Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN 978-0-470-84326-0.
^ Gleason PP, Alexander GC, Starner CI, Ritter ST, Van Houten HK, Gunderson BW, Shah ND (September 2013). "Health plan utilization and costs of specialty drugs within 4 chronic conditions". Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy. 19 (7): 542–8. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2013.19.7.542. PMC 10437312. PMID 23964615.
^ Thomas, Kate; Pollack, Andrew (15 July 2015). "Specialty Pharmacies Proliferate, Along With Questions". New York Times. Sinking Spring, Pa. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
^ Murphy CO. "Specialty Pharmacy Managed Care Strategies" (PDF). Retrieved 24 September 2015.
^ European Medicines Agency, "tooltip definition of advanced therapy medicinal products", Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT), retrieved 2017-05-15.
^ European Medicines Agency, Advanced therapy medicinal products: Overview, retrieved 2017-05-15.
^ Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (2010-04-01). "What is a biological product?". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2014-02-09.
^ a b Pasin, Fabio; Uranga, Mireia; Charudattan, Raghavan; Kwon, Choon-Tak (2024-05-15). "Engineering good viruses to improve crop performance". Nature Reviews Bioengineering. doi:10.1038/s44222-024-00197-y. ISSN 2731-6092.
^ United States Food and Drug Administration (August 2008). "Supplemental applications proposing labeling changes for approved drugs, biologics, and medical devices. Final rule" (PDF). Federal Register. 73 (164): 49603–10. PMID 18958946.
^ Kerr LD (2010). "The use of biologic agents in the geriatric population". J Musculoskel Med. 27: 175–180.
^ BriskFox Financial. "Biopharmaceutical sector sees rising R&D despite credit crunch, finds analysis". Archived from the original on 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
^ a b Calo-Fernández B, Martínez-Hurtado JL (December 2012). "Biosimilars: company strategies to capture value from the biologics market". Pharmaceuticals. 5 (12): 1393–408. doi:10.3390/ph5121393. PMC 3816668. PMID 24281342.
^ Schiestl M, Stangler T, Torella C, Cepeljnik T, Toll H, Grau R (April 2011). "Acceptable changes in quality attributes of glycosylated biopharmaceuticals". Nature Biotechnology. 29 (4): 310–2. doi:10.1038/nbt.1839. PMID 21478841.
^ Lamanna WC, Holzmann J, Cohen HP, Guo X, Schweigler M, Stangler T, Seidl A, Schiestl M (April 2018). "Maintaining consistent quality and clinical performance of biopharmaceuticals". Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 18 (4): 369–379. doi:10.1080/14712598.2018.1421169. PMID 29285958.
^ a b Nick C (2012). "The US Biosimilars Act: Challenges Facing Regulatory Approval". Pharm Med. 26 (3): 145–152. doi:10.1007/bf03262388. S2CID 14604362. Retrieved 2012-06-13.
^ EMA (2008-10-30). "Questions and answers on biosimilar medicines (similar biological medicinal products)" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-15. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
^ 75 FR 61497; United States Food and Drug Administration (2010-10-05). "Approval Pathway for Biosimilar and Interchangeable Biological Products" (PDF). Public Hearing; Request for Comments.
^ Foster, Luke. "Patenting in the Biopharmaceutical Industry—comparing the US with Europe". Archived from the original on 2006-03-16. Retrieved 2006-06-23.
^ "Growth and Policies Behind Biopharmaceutical Innovation". phrma.org. PhRMA. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
^ Carlyle, Erin. "The Guys Who Trade Your Blood For Profit". Forbes. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
^ "Sperm Donors Australia | Donate Sperm". spermdonorsaustralia.com.au. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
^ Decker EL, Reski R (January 2008). "Current achievements in the production of complex biopharmaceuticals with moss bioreactors". Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering. 31 (1): 3–9. doi:10.1007/s00449-007-0151-y. PMID 17701058. S2CID 4673669.
^ Dove A (October 2000). "Milking the genome for profit". Nature Biotechnology. 18 (10): 1045–8. doi:10.1038/80231. PMID 11017040. S2CID 10154550.
^ Phillip B. C. Jones. "European Regulators Curdle Plans for Goat Milk Human Antithrombin" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-06-23.
^ "Go-ahead for 'pharmed' goat drug". BBC News. 2006-06-02. Retrieved 2006-10-25.
^ The Commission of the European Communities (2003-06-25). "Commission Directive 2003/63/EC amending Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union. p. L 159/62.
^ Kingham R, Klasa G, Carver K (2014). Key Regulatory Guidelines for the Development of Biologics in the United States and Europe (PDF). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 75–88. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
^ "Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate". Retrieved 2019-01-20.
External links
Biological Products at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Debbie Strickland (2007). "Guide to Biotechnology" (PDF). Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
Timothy B. Coan; Ron Ellis (2001-06-01). "Report for USA Specialty Pharmaceuticals: Generic Biologics: The Next Frontier" (PDF). Consumer Project on Technology. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
"About biologics". National Psoriasis Foundation. 2006-11-01. Archived from the original on 2006-01-01. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
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Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biologics (journal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologics_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"pharmaceutical drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug"},{"link_name":"semisynthesized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semisynthesis"},{"link_name":"biological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"totally synthesized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_synthesis"},{"link_name":"vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine"},{"link_name":"whole blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_blood"},{"link_name":"allergenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergenic"},{"link_name":"somatic cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_cell"},{"link_name":"gene therapies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy"},{"link_name":"tissues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)"},{"link_name":"recombinant therapeutic protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_proteins"},{"link_name":"living medicines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_medicine"},{"link_name":"cell therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_therapy"},{"link_name":"sugars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"nucleic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid"},{"link_name":"precursors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"regulatory agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_agency"},{"link_name":"macromolecular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecule"},{"link_name":"nucleic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid"},{"link_name":"drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18612293-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"pharmaceutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutics"},{"link_name":"pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"Specialty drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialty_drugs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi_2013-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com_2015_07_16-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UofW-9"},{"link_name":"European Medicines Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMA_CAT-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMA_ATMPs-11"},{"link_name":"biomedicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedicine"},{"link_name":"biomedical research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_research"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_FAQ-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"medical devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_device"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18958946-14"}],"text":"\"Biologics\" redirects here. For the journal, see Biologics (journal).A biopharmaceutical, also known as a biological medical product,[1] or biologic, is any pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semisynthesized from biological sources. Different from totally synthesized pharmaceuticals, they include vaccines, whole blood, blood components, allergenics, somatic cells, gene therapies, tissues, recombinant therapeutic protein, and living medicines used in cell therapy. Biologics can be composed of sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, or complex combinations of these substances, or may be living cells or tissues. They (or their precursors or components) are isolated from living sources—human, animal, plant, fungal, or microbial. They can be used in both human and animal medicine.[2][3]Terminology surrounding biopharmaceuticals varies between groups and entities, with different terms referring to different subsets of therapeutics within the general biopharmaceutical category. Some regulatory agencies use the terms biological medicinal products or therapeutic biological product to refer specifically to engineered macromolecular products like protein- and nucleic acid-based drugs, distinguishing them from products like blood, blood components, or vaccines, which are usually extracted directly from a biological source.[4][5][6] Biopharmaceutics is pharmaceutics that works with biopharmaceuticals. Biopharmacology is the branch of pharmacology that studies biopharmaceuticals. Specialty drugs, a recent classification of pharmaceuticals, are high-cost drugs that are often biologics.[7][8][9] The European Medicines Agency uses the term advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) for medicines for human use that are \"based on genes, cells, or tissue engineering\",[10] including gene therapy medicines, somatic-cell therapy medicines, tissue-engineered medicines, and combinations thereof.[11] Within EMA contexts, the term advanced therapies refers specifically to ATMPs, although that term is rather nonspecific outside those contexts.Gene-based and cellular biologics, for example, often are at the forefront of biomedicine and biomedical research, and may be used to treat a variety of medical conditions for which no other treatments are available.[12]Building on the market approvals and sales of recombinant virus-based biopharmaceuticals for veterinary and human medicine, the use of engineered plant viruses has been proposed to enhance crop performance and promote sustainable production.[13]In some jurisdictions, biologics are regulated via different pathways from other small molecule drugs and medical devices.[14]","title":"Biopharmaceutical"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FreshFrozenPlasma.JPG"},{"link_name":"Blood plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma"}],"text":"Blood plasma is a type of biopharmaceutical directly extracted from living systems.","title":"Major classes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Whole blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_blood"},{"link_name":"Organ transplantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplantation"},{"link_name":"tissue transplants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_transplant"},{"link_name":"Stem-cell therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-cell_therapy"},{"link_name":"Antibodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody"},{"link_name":"passive immunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_immunity"},{"link_name":"virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"},{"link_name":"Human reproductive cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_fertilization"},{"link_name":"breast milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_milk"},{"link_name":"Fecal microbiota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_microbiota_transplant"},{"link_name":"recombinant DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA"}],"sub_title":"Extracted from living systems","text":"Some of the oldest forms of biologics are extracted from the bodies of animals, and other humans especially. Important biologics include:[citation needed]Whole blood and other blood components\nOrgan transplantation and tissue transplants\nStem-cell therapy\nAntibodies for passive immunity (e.g., to treat a virus infection)\nHuman reproductive cells\nHuman breast milk\nFecal microbiotaSome biologics that were previously extracted from animals, such as insulin, are now more commonly produced by recombinant DNA.","title":"Major classes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biologics for immunosuppression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologics_for_immunosuppression"},{"link_name":"recombinant DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA"},{"link_name":"erythropoetin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoetin"},{"link_name":"growth hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"Monoclonal antibodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody"},{"link_name":"hybridoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridoma"},{"link_name":"fusion proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_protein"},{"link_name":"immunoglobulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin"},{"link_name":"pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"rheumatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatology"},{"link_name":"oncology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncology"},{"link_name":"cardiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology"},{"link_name":"dermatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatology"},{"link_name":"gastroenterology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterology"},{"link_name":"neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology"},{"link_name":"chronic diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_diseases"},{"link_name":"rheumatoid arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis"},{"link_name":"psoriatic arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoriatic_arthritis"},{"link_name":"ankylosing spondylitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis"},{"link_name":"malignancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignancy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"recombinant DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA"},{"link_name":"trade name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_name"},{"link_name":"Humulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humulin"},{"link_name":"Genentech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genentech"},{"link_name":"Eli Lilly and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Factor VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_VIII"},{"link_name":"Factor IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_IX"},{"link_name":"tissue plasminogen activator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_plasminogen_activator"},{"link_name":"Hormones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"Erythropoietin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin"},{"link_name":"colony-stimulating factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony-stimulating_factor"},{"link_name":"Interferons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon"},{"link_name":"Interleukin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin"},{"link_name":"Vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine"},{"link_name":"Hepatitis B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B"},{"link_name":"antigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen"},{"link_name":"Monoclonal antibodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody"},{"link_name":"tumour necrosis factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumour_necrosis_factor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"recombinant DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA"}],"sub_title":"Produced by recombinant DNA","text":"See also: Biologics for immunosuppressionBiologics can refer to a wide range of biological products in medicine. However, in most cases, the term is used more restrictively for a class of therapeutics (either approved or in development) that are produced using biological processes involving recombinant DNA technology. These medications are usually one of three types:Substances that are (nearly) identical to the body's key signaling proteins. Examples are the blood-production stimulating protein erythropoetin, or the growth-stimulating hormone named \"growth hormone\" or biosynthetic human insulin and its analogues.\nMonoclonal antibodies. These are similar to the antibodies that the human immune system uses to fight off bacteria and viruses, but they are \"custom-designed\" (using hybridoma technology or other methods) and can therefore be made specifically to counteract or block any given substance in the body, or to target any specific cell type; examples of such monoclonal antibodies for use in various diseases are given in the table below.\nReceptor constructs (fusion proteins), usually based on a naturally occurring receptor linked to the immunoglobulin frame. In this case, the receptor provides the construct with detailed specificity, whereas the immunoglobulin structure imparts stability and other useful features in terms of pharmacology. Some examples are listed in the table below.Biologics as a class of medications in this narrower sense have had a profound impact on many medical fields, primarily rheumatology and oncology, but also cardiology, dermatology, gastroenterology, neurology, and others. In most of these disciplines, biologics have added major therapeutic options for treating many diseases, including some for which no effective therapies were available, and others where previously existing therapies were inadequate. However, the advent of biologic therapeutics has also raised complex regulatory issues (see below), and significant pharmacoeconomic concerns because the cost for biologic therapies has been dramatically higher than for conventional (pharmacological) medications. This factor has been particularly relevant since many biological medications are used to treat chronic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease, or for the treatment of otherwise untreatable cancer during the remainder of life. The cost of treatment with a typical monoclonal antibody therapy for relatively common indications is generally in the range of €7,000–14,000 per patient per year.Older patients who receive biologic therapy for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis are at increased risk for life-threatening infection, adverse cardiovascular events, and malignancy.[15]The first such substance approved for therapeutic use was biosynthetic \"human\" insulin made via recombinant DNA. Sometimes referred to as rHI, under the trade name Humulin, was developed by Genentech, but licensed to Eli Lilly and Company, who manufactured and marketed it starting in 1982.Major kinds of biopharmaceuticals include:Blood factors (Factor VIII and Factor IX)\nThrombolytic agents (tissue plasminogen activator)\nHormones (insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, gonadotrophins)\nHaematopoietic growth factors (Erythropoietin, colony-stimulating factors)\nInterferons (Interferons-α, -β, -γ)\nInterleukin-based products (Interleukin-2)\nVaccines (Hepatitis B surface antigen)\nMonoclonal antibodies (Various)\nAdditional products (tumour necrosis factor, therapeutic enzymes)Research and development investment in new medicines by the biopharmaceutical industry stood at $65.2 billion in 2008.[16] A few examples of biologics made with recombinant DNA technology include:","title":"Major classes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vaccines","text":"Many vaccines are grown in tissue cultures.","title":"Major classes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viral gene therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_gene_therapy"},{"link_name":"virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"}],"sub_title":"Gene therapy","text":"Viral gene therapy involves artificially manipulating a virus to include a desirable piece of genetic material.Viral gene therapies using engineered plant viruses have been proposed to enhance crop performance and promote sustainable production.[13]","title":"Major classes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patents"},{"link_name":"blockbuster biologics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_drug"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biosimilars-17"},{"link_name":"small molecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_molecules"},{"link_name":"active ingredients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_ingredients"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21478841-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"liquid chromatography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_chromatography"},{"link_name":"immunoassays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoassay"},{"link_name":"mass spectrometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biosimilars2012-20"},{"link_name":"European Medicines Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMA1-21"},{"link_name":"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biosimilars2012-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlwww.gpo.gov-22"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biosimilars-17"}],"text":"With the expiration of many patents for blockbuster biologics between 2012 and 2019, the interest in biosimilar production, i.e., follow-on biologics, has increased.[17] Compared to small molecules that consist of chemically identical active ingredients, biologics are vastly more complex and consist of a multitude of subspecies. Due to their heterogeneity and the high process sensitivity, originators and follow-on biosimilars will exhibit variability in specific variants over time. The safety and clinical performance of both originator and biosimilar biopharmaceuticals must remain equivalent throughout their lifecycle.[18][19] Process variations are monitored by modern analytical tools (e.g., liquid chromatography, immunoassays, mass spectrometry, etc.) and describe a unique design space for each biologic.[citation needed]Biosimilars require a different regulatory framework compared to small-molecule generics. Legislation in the 21st century has addressed this by recognizing an intermediate ground of testing for biosimilars. The filing pathway requires more testing than for small-molecule generics, but less testing than for registering completely new therapeutics.[20]In 2003, the European Medicines Agency introduced an adapted pathway for biosimilars, termed similar biological medicinal products. This pathway is based on a thorough demonstration of comparability of the product to an existing approved product.[21] Within the United States, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 created an abbreviated approval pathway for biological products shown to be biosimilar to, or interchangeable with, an FDA-licensed reference biological product.[20][22] Researchers are optimistic that the introduction of biosimilars will reduce medical expenses to patients and the healthcare system.[17]","title":"Biosimilars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"patent laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_patent_law"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scientific_thomson_2006-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"spermatozoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatozoon"},{"link_name":"egg cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_cell"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"When a new biopharmaceutical is developed, the company will typically apply for a patent, which is a grant to exclusive manufacturing rights. This is the primary means by which the drug developer can recover the investment cost for development of the biopharmaceutical. The patent laws in the United States and Europe differ somewhat on the requirements for a patent, with the European requirements perceived as more difficult to satisfy. The total number of patents granted for biopharmaceuticals has risen significantly since the 1970s. In 1978 the total patents granted was 30. This had climbed to 15,600 in 1995, and by 2001 there were 34,527 patent applications.[23] In 2012 the US had the highest IP (Intellectual Property) generation within the biopharmaceutical industry, generating 37 percent of the total number of granted patents worldwide; however, there is still a large margin for growth and innovation within the industry. Revisions to the current IP system to ensure greater reliability for R&D (research and development) investments is a prominent topic of debate in the US as well.[24] Blood products and other human-derived biologics such as breast milk have highly regulated or very hard-to-access markets; therefore, customers generally face a supply shortage for these products. Institutions housing these biologics, designated as 'banks', often cannot distribute their product to customers effectively.[25] Conversely, banks for reproductive cells are much more widespread and available due to the ease with which spermatozoa and egg cells can be used for fertility treatment.[26]","title":"Commercialization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E. coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"Cell culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture"},{"link_name":"Plant tissue culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_tissue_culture"},{"link_name":"moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss"},{"link_name":"bioreactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactor"},{"link_name":"photo-bioreactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo-bioreactors"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17701058-27"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"},{"link_name":"mycoplasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma"},{"link_name":"plant-made pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant-made_pharmaceuticals"}],"text":"Biopharmaceuticals may be produced from microbial cells (e.g., recombinant E. coli or yeast cultures), mammalian cell lines (see Cell culture) and plant cell cultures (see Plant tissue culture) and moss plants in bioreactors of various configurations, including photo-bioreactors.[27] Important issues of concern are cost of production (low-volume, high-purity products are desirable) and microbial contamination (by bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma). Alternative platforms of production which are being tested include whole plants (plant-made pharmaceuticals).","title":"Large-scale production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transgenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic"},{"link_name":"genetically modified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering"},{"link_name":"pronuclear microinjection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinjection#Pronuclear_injection"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11017040-28"},{"link_name":"goat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"ATryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATryn"},{"link_name":"European Medicines Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Transgenics","text":"A potentially controversial method of producing biopharmaceuticals involves transgenic organisms, particularly plants and animals that have been genetically modified to produce drugs. This production is a significant risk for its investor due to production failure or scrutiny from regulatory bodies based on perceived risks and ethical issues. Biopharmaceutical crops also represent a risk of cross-contamination with non-engineered crops, or crops engineered for non-medical purposes.One potential approach to this technology is the creation of a transgenic mammal that can produce the biopharmaceutical in its milk, blood, or urine. Once an animal is produced, typically using the pronuclear microinjection method, it becomes efficacious to use cloning technology to create additional offspring that carry the favorable modified genome.[28] The first such drug manufactured from the milk of a genetically modified goat was ATryn, but marketing permission was blocked by the European Medicines Agency in February 2006.[29] This decision was reversed in June 2006 and approval was given August 2006.[30]","title":"Large-scale production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlec.europa.eu-31"},{"link_name":"plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma"},{"link_name":"microorganisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism"},{"link_name":"proteinaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinaceous"},{"link_name":"polysaccharide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide"},{"link_name":"gene transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer"},{"link_name":"cell therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_therapy"}],"sub_title":"European Union","text":"In the European Union, a biological medicinal product[31] is one of the active substance(s) produced from or extracted from a biological (living) system, and requires, in addition to physicochemical testing, biological testing for full characterisation. The characterisation of a biological medicinal product is a combination of testing the active substance and the final medicinal product together with the production process and its control. For example:Production process – it can be derived from biotechnology or from other technologies. It may be prepared using more conventional techniques as is the case for blood or plasma-derived products and a number of vaccines.\nActive substance – consisting of entire microorganisms, mammalian cells, nucleic acids, proteinaceous, or polysaccharide components originating from a microbial, animal, human, or plant source.\nMode of action – therapeutic and immunological medicinal products, gene transfer materials, or cell therapy materials.","title":"Regulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Biologics_Evaluation_and_Research"},{"link_name":"Center for Drug Evaluation and Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Drug_Evaluation_and_Research"},{"link_name":"clinical trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial"},{"link_name":"cleanroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanroom"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"In the United States, biologics are licensed through the biologics license application (BLA), then submitted to and regulated by the FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) whereas drugs are regulated by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Approval may require several years of clinical trials, including trials with human volunteers. Even after the drug is released, it will still be monitored for performance and safety risks. The manufacture process must satisfy the FDA's \"Good Manufacturing Practices\", which are typically manufactured in a cleanroom environment with strict limits on the amount of airborne particles and other microbial contaminants that may alter the efficacy of the drug.[32]","title":"Regulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Health Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Canada"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"In Canada, biologics (and radiopharmaceuticals) are reviewed through the Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate within Health Canada.[33]","title":"Regulation"}] | [{"image_text":"Blood plasma is a type of biopharmaceutical directly extracted from living systems.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/FreshFrozenPlasma.JPG/120px-FreshFrozenPlasma.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Antibody-drug conjugate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-drug_conjugate"},{"title":"Genetic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering"},{"title":"Host cell protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_cell_protein"},{"title":"List of pharmaceutical companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharmaceutical_companies"},{"title":"List of recombinant proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recombinant_proteins"},{"title":"Nanomedicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomedicine"}] | [{"reference":"\"Biological\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin_Ambar | Saladin Ambar | ["1 Books","2 References"] | Political scientist
Saladin Ambar is an American political scientist. He is a professor of Political Science at Rutgers University, and is a Senior Scholar at the Eagleton Center on the American Governor.
Ambar taught for 18 years in New York and New Jersey public schools. In 2008, he received a PhD from Rutgers University.
Books
Malcolm X at Oxford Union: Racial Politics in a Global Era (Oxford University Press, 2014)
Stars and Shadows: The Politics of Interracial Friendship from Jefferson to Obama (Oxford University Press, 2022)
Governors and the Crises that Define Them (Rutgers University Press) with John Farmer, Kristoffer Shields, and John Weingart
American Cicero: Mario Cuomo and the Defense of American Liberalism (Oxford University Press, 2017)
How Governors Built the Modern American Presidency (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012)
Reconsidering American Political Thought (Routledge, 2019)
References
^ "Eagleton Faculty, Staff and Visiting Associates: Saladin Ambar". eagleton.rutgers.edu. Rutgers University. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
^ "Saladin Ambar". bas.georgetown.edu. Georgetown University. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
^ Germain, Felix (Winter 2014). "Malcolm X at Oxford Union: Racial Politics in a Global Era". Political Science Quarterly. 129 (4): 736–738. doi:10.1002/polq.12265.
^ Corrigan, Lisa (November 30, 2016). "Malcolm X at Oxford Union: Racial Politics in a Global Era by Saladin Ambar (review)". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 19 (1): 147–150. doi:10.14321/rhetpublaffa.19.1.0147 – via Project MUSE.
^ "Malcolm X at Oxford Union: Racial Politics in a Global Era by Saladin Ambar". Publishers Weekly.
^ "Stars and Shadows: The Politics of Interracial Friendship from Jefferson to Obama by Saladin Ambar". Publishers Weekly.
^ Hawley, Michael (September 30, 2018). "Saladin Ambar. American Cicero: Mario Cuomo and the Defense of American Liberalism . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Pp. ix+224. $29.95". American Political Thought. 7 (4): 683–687. doi:10.1086/699862. S2CID 159407437 – via CrossRef. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rutgers University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University"},{"link_name":"Eagleton Center on the American Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagleton_Institute_of_Politics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Saladin Ambar is an American political scientist. He is a professor of Political Science at Rutgers University, and is a Senior Scholar at the Eagleton Center on the American Governor.[1]Ambar taught for 18 years in New York and New Jersey public schools. In 2008, he received a PhD from Rutgers University.[2]","title":"Saladin Ambar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Malcolm X at Oxford Union: Racial Politics in a Global Era (Oxford University Press, 2014)[3][4][5]\nStars and Shadows: The Politics of Interracial Friendship from Jefferson to Obama (Oxford University Press, 2022)[6]\nGovernors and the Crises that Define Them (Rutgers University Press) with John Farmer, Kristoffer Shields, and John Weingart\nAmerican Cicero: Mario Cuomo and the Defense of American Liberalism (Oxford University Press, 2017)[7]\nHow Governors Built the Modern American Presidency (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012)\nReconsidering American Political Thought (Routledge, 2019)","title":"Books"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Eagleton Faculty, Staff and Visiting Associates: Saladin Ambar\". eagleton.rutgers.edu. Rutgers University. Retrieved March 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://eagleton.rutgers.edu/staff/saladin-ambar/","url_text":"\"Eagleton Faculty, Staff and Visiting Associates: Saladin Ambar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saladin Ambar\". bas.georgetown.edu. Georgetown University. Retrieved March 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bas.georgetown.edu/speaker/1571/","url_text":"\"Saladin Ambar\""}]},{"reference":"Germain, Felix (Winter 2014). \"Malcolm X at Oxford Union: Racial Politics in a Global Era\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klodian_Arb%C3%ABri | Klodian Arbëri | ["1 Club career","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External sources"] | Albanian footballer
Klodian ArbëriPersonal informationFull name
Klodian ArbëriDate of birth
(1979-10-10) 10 October 1979 (age 44)Place of birth
Berat, AlbaniaPosition(s)
ForwardSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1996–2000
Tomori Berat
98
(33)2000–2001
Maribor
3
(0)2001–2002
Tomori Berat
26
(8)2002–2003
Vllaznia
11
(4)2003–2005
Lushnja
31
(11)2005–2006
Skënderbeu
30
(6)2006–2007
Dinamo Tirana
10
(1)2007–2010
Lushnja
38
(7)2010–2012
Tomori Berat
25
(5)2012–2013
Bylis
25
(2)2013–2014
Luftëtari
2014
Lushnja
2014–2015
Tomori
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Klodian Arbëri (born 10 October 1979) is an Albanian retired football player.
Club career
The striker had several stints with KS Tomori Berat in the Albanian Superliga.
Arbëri previously played for NK Maribor in the Slovenian PrvaLiga.
Personal life
He is the brother of Theodhor Arbëri and Arben Arbëri.
References
^ Klodian Arbëri at Soccerbase
^ "ARBERI Klodjan". Strukljeva.net. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
External sources
Klodian Arbëri at WorldFootball.net
Klodian Arbëri at FootballDatabase.eu
vteKategoria Superiore top scorers
1930: Hajnali & Maçi
1931: Samsuri
1932: Korça
1933: Agaj
1934: Gurashi
1936: Lushta
1937: Lushta
1945: Boriçi
1946: Shaqiri
1947: Bakalli
1948: Gjinali & Daija
1949: Gjinali
1950: Boriçi
1951: Resmja
1952: Resmja
1953: Resmja
1954: Resmja
1955: Resmja & Jareci
1956: Resmja
1957: Bespalla
1958: Resmja & Shehu
1959: Lubonja
1960: Jareci
1961: Pano
1963: Pano
1964: Jashari
1965: Jashari
1966: Dauti
1967: Zhega
1968: Hyka
1970: Pano
1971: Përnaska
1972: Përnaska
1973: Përnaska
1974: Përnaska
1975: Përnaska
1976: Përnaska
1977: Murati
1978: Murati
1979: Murati & Dibra
1980: Kovaçi
1981: Bajaziti
1982: Ruci
1983: Bajaziti
1984: Ruci
1985: Fakja & Minga
1986: Majaci
1987: Arbëri
1988: Kola
1989: Kola
1990: Majaci
1991: Bozgo
1992: Bilali
1993: Dosti
1994: Martini
1995: Shehu
1996: Çuko
1997: Paço
1998: Bubeqi
1999: Bano
2000: Arbëri
2001: Fortuzi
2002: Fortuzi
2003: Halili
2004: Sinani
2005: Bylykbashi
2006: Salihi
2007: Sinani
2008: Sinani
2009: Memelli
2010: Xhafaj
2011: Xhafaj
2012: Dervishi
2013: Memelli
2014: Pejić
2015: Pejić
2016: Salihi
2017: Pejić
2018: Sowe
2019: Reginaldo
2020: Nwabueze
2021: Bregu
2022: Guindo & Seferi
2023: Hasani
This biographical article related to a football forward from Albania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"}],"text":"Klodian Arbëri (born 10 October 1979) is an Albanian retired football player.","title":"Klodian Arbëri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Striker"},{"link_name":"KS Tomori Berat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KS_Tomori_Berat"},{"link_name":"Albanian Superliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Superliga"},{"link_name":"NK Maribor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Maribor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The striker had several stints with KS Tomori Berat in the Albanian Superliga.Arbëri previously played for NK Maribor in the Slovenian PrvaLiga.[1][2]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theodhor 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eqi"},{"link_name":"Bano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artan_Bano"},{"link_name":"Arbëri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Fortuzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrit_Fortuzi"},{"link_name":"Fortuzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrit_Fortuzi"},{"link_name":"Halili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahir_Halili"},{"link_name":"Sinani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vioresin_Sinani"},{"link_name":"Bylykbashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Bylykbashi"},{"link_name":"Salihi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdi_Salihi"},{"link_name":"Sinani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vioresin_Sinani"},{"link_name":"Sinani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vioresin_Sinani"},{"link_name":"Memelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migen_Memelli"},{"link_name":"Xhafaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Xhafaj"},{"link_name":"Xhafaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Xhafaj"},{"link_name":"Dervishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Dervishi"},{"link_name":"Memelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migen_Memelli"},{"link_name":"Pejić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pero_Peji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Pejić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pero_Peji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Salihi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdi_Salihi"},{"link_name":"Pejić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pero_Peji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Sowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Sowe"},{"link_name":"Reginaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginaldo_Faife"},{"link_name":"Nwabueze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrian_Nwabueze"},{"link_name":"Bregu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejvi_Bregu"},{"link_name":"Guindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliou_Guindo"},{"link_name":"Seferi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taulant_Seferi"},{"link_name":"Hasani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florent_Hasani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Albania.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soccerball_mask.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding 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\n1968: Hyka \n1970: Pano \n1971: Përnaska \n1972: Përnaska \n1973: Përnaska \n1974: Përnaska \n1975: Përnaska \n1976: Përnaska \n1977: Murati \n1978: Murati \n1979: Murati & Dibra \n1980: Kovaçi \n1981: Bajaziti \n1982: Ruci \n1983: Bajaziti \n1984: Ruci \n1985: Fakja & Minga \n1986: Majaci \n1987: Arbëri \n1988: Kola \n1989: Kola \n1990: Majaci \n1991: Bozgo \n1992: Bilali \n1993: Dosti \n1994: Martini \n1995: Shehu \n1996: Çuko \n1997: Paço \n1998: Bubeqi \n1999: Bano \n2000: Arbëri \n2001: Fortuzi \n2002: Fortuzi \n2003: Halili \n2004: Sinani \n2005: Bylykbashi \n2006: Salihi \n2007: Sinani \n2008: Sinani \n2009: Memelli \n2010: Xhafaj \n2011: Xhafaj\n2012: Dervishi\n2013: Memelli\n2014: Pejić\n2015: Pejić\n2016: Salihi \n2017: Pejić\n2018: Sowe\n2019: Reginaldo\n2020: Nwabueze\n2021: Bregu\n2022: Guindo & Seferi\n2023: HasaniThis biographical article related to a football forward from Albania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"External sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"ARBERI Klodjan\". Strukljeva.net. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsolda | Valsolda | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Comune in Lombardy, ItalyValsoldaComuneComune di Valsolda
Coat of armsLocation of Valsolda
ValsoldaLocation of Valsolda in ItalyShow map of ItalyValsoldaValsolda (Lombardy)Show map of LombardyCoordinates: 46°2′N 9°3′E / 46.033°N 9.050°E / 46.033; 9.050CountryItalyRegionLombardyProvinceComo (CO)FrazioniAlbogasio Inferiore, Albogasio Superiore, Castello, Cressogno, Dasio, Drano, Loggio, Oria, Puria, San Mamete (municipal seat), Santa MargheritaGovernment • MayorLaura RomanòArea • Total31.7 km2 (12.2 sq mi)Elevation275 m (902 ft)Population (31 March 2017) • Total1,551 • Density49/km2 (130/sq mi)DemonymValsoldesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code22010Dialing code0344WebsiteOfficial website
Valsolda is a comune (municipality) of about 1,400 inhabitants in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy on the border with Switzerland. It is located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of Milan, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Como and 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of Lugano.
Valsolda (Vallis Solida in Latin) gives the name to the river Soldo who cuts across the valley. The municipality was formed in 1927 and it is subdivided into nine villages: Cressogno, San Mamete (the municipal seat), Albogasio, Oria and Santa Margherita on the shores of Lake Lugano, as well as Loggio, Drano, Puria, Dasio and Castello on the mountains above.
Valsolda is home to the largest natural reserve in Lombardy with over 785 acres of forest populated by deer, roes, chamois, yews, foxes, eagles, hawks and sparrows.
Valsolda was the set of some the works of novelist Antonio Fogazzaro, including Malombra (1881) and Piccolo mondo antico (1895); his house in Oria is still visitable. Other notable figures from the area include painter Paolo Pagani, architect Pellegrino Tibaldi, writer and journalist Brunella Gasperini, TV anchors Victoria Cabello and Kurt Felix, singer Paola Del Medico and the family of World champion figureskater Gundi Busch.
Among the sights in the town is the church of Sant'Ambrogio.
Valsolda borders the following municipalities: Cadro (Switzerland), Cimadera (Switzerland), Claino con Osteno (Italy), Alta Valle Intelvi (Italy), Lugano (Switzerland), Porlezza (Italy), Sonvico (Switzerland), Val Rezzo (Italy) and Villa Luganese (Switzerland).
Valsolda is twinned with the town of Węgrów in Poland.
References
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.
^ "Riserva Naturale Integrale Valsolda".
^ "VILLA FOGAZZARO ROI | Bene FAI".
External links
Official website (in Italian)
Pro Loco Valsolda (in Italian, German, and English)
Museo Casa Pagani (in Italian)
Premio Antonio Fogazzaro (in Italian)
Information and images on Valsolda only IE (in Italian)
vteLake Lugano (Lago di Lugano, Ceresio)
Italy
Lombardy (Province of Como, Province of Varese)
Switzerland
Canton Ticino (District of Lugano, District of Mendrisio)
Settlements
Agno
Barbengo
Bissone
Brusimpiano
Brusino Arsizio
Campione d'Italia
Capolago
Caprino
Carabietta
Caslano
Cassarate
Castagnola
Claino con Osteno
Collina d'Oro
Gandria
Lavena Ponte Tresa
Lugano
Magliaso
Maroggia
Melano
Melide
Morcote
Muzzano
Paradiso
Ponte Tresa
Porlezza
Porto Ceresio
Riva San Vitale
Valsolda
Vico Morcote
Rivers
Cassarate
Cuccio
Laveggio
Magliasina
Mara
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This article on a location in the Province of Como is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Province of Como","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Como"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Como","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Como"},{"link_name":"Lugano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugano"},{"link_name":"Lake Lugano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Lugano"},{"link_name":"natural reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_reserve"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Antonio Fogazzaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Fogazzaro"},{"link_name":"Piccolo mondo antico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo_mondo_antico"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Paolo Pagani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Pagani"},{"link_name":"Pellegrino Tibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellegrino_Tibaldi"},{"link_name":"Brunella Gasperini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunella_Gasperini"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cabello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cabello"},{"link_name":"Kurt Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Felix_(television_presenter)"},{"link_name":"Paola Del Medico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paola_Del_Medico"},{"link_name":"Gundi Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundi_Busch"},{"link_name":"Sant'Ambrogio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio,_Valsolda"},{"link_name":"Cadro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadro"},{"link_name":"Cimadera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimadera"},{"link_name":"Claino con Osteno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claino_con_Osteno"},{"link_name":"Alta Valle Intelvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Valle_Intelvi"},{"link_name":"Lugano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugano"},{"link_name":"Porlezza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porlezza"},{"link_name":"Sonvico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonvico"},{"link_name":"Val Rezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Rezzo"},{"link_name":"Villa Luganese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Luganese"},{"link_name":"Węgrów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99gr%C3%B3w"}],"text":"Valsolda is a comune (municipality) of about 1,400 inhabitants in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy on the border with Switzerland. It is located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of Milan, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Como and 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of Lugano.Valsolda (Vallis Solida in Latin) gives the name to the river Soldo who cuts across the valley. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein | Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein | ["1 Biography","2 Gallery","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"] | German painter (1751–1829)
Heinrich Tischbein, self portrait
Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein, known as the Goethe Tischbein (15 February 1751 in Haina – 26 June 1829 in Eutin), was a German painter from the Tischbein family of artists.
Biography
Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein was born on 15 February 1751 in Haina. His father was Johann Conrad, a carpenter. Tischbein began his artistic studies with his uncle, Johann Heinrich Tischbein the Elder (The "Kassel Tischbein"), in 1765, when Johann Heinrich Wilhelm was only 14 years old. Soon after, he began his travels, first working at the studio of his uncle Johann Jacob Tischbein in Hamburg before moving to Bremen in 1771, and then travelling through Holland in 1772 and 1773.
Tischbein returned to Kassel in 1773. Between 1773 and 1775 he completed many portrait commissions with his brother Johann Heinrich Tischbein the Younger. In 1777, he established himself as a portrait painter in Berlin, and completed commissions with the help of his younger brother Heinrich Jacob. Johann Heinrich Wilhelm was able to visit Rome in 1779 and continue his studies, thanks to a stipend from the Kunsthochschule Kassel. During this time, his style progressed from Rococo to Classicism. After leaving Italy in 1781, Tischbein moved on to Zurich. In Zurich he worked for Johann Kaspar Lavater on his Physiognomische Fragmente project.
In 1783, Tischbein received another stipendium, this time from Duke Ernest II (upon the recommendation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe), allowing him to return to Rome from Zurich. He remained in Italy until 1799 and became friends with Goethe upon the latter's "Italian Journey" in 1786-1788. Tischbein shared a house on Rome's Via del Corso with the painters Friedrich Bury, Johann Heinrich Meyer, Johann Heinrich Lips and Johann Georg Schütz . Goethe lodged for over a year in the shared flat, which is now the Casa di Goethe museum, and they travelled together to Naples in 1787. In the same year, Tischbein painted his famous Goethe in the Roman Campagna. Tischbein taught Goethe to draw during this time. In July 1787 Tischbein relocated to Naples, where he was named director of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Napoli in 1789. He held this position until 1799, when he was forced to leave following the French invasion and the establishment of the Parthenopean Republic.
Tischbein was also an accomplished printmaker. While he was in Naples in the 1790s, he designed and printed etchings and engravings of motifs taken from antique vases as well as illustrations to Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey. The vase engravings were probably intended for a supplementary fifth volume of Sir William Hamilton’s Collection of Engravings from Ancient Vases, the Homer illustrations appeared in Homer nach Antiken gezeichnet.
After leaving Naples, Tischbein travelled across Germany, visiting Kassel, Hanover and Göttingen. He eventually settled in Hamburg until 1808. After 1808, he worked for Grand Duke Peter I of Oldenburg at his summer residence of Eutin Castle. He spent several years after 1810 writing his autobiography, Aus meinem Leben. Tischbein died in Eutin on 26 June 1829.
His son, Peter Friedrich Ludwig Tischbein, was a noted forester and naturalist.
Gallery
Tischbein's most famous painting: Goethe in the Roman Campagna, 1787
Family Scene (1778)
Diogenes Searching for an Honest Man (1780s)
Self portrait (1785)
Goethe at the Window of Tischbein's flat in Rome (1787)
Ulysses and Penelope (1802)
A Naples fisherman's daughter (c. 1817)
The Strength of Man (1821)
References
^ "Tischbein,+Heinrich+Wilhelm". www.zeno.org.
^ a b c d Biographische Daten 1986, p. 251.
^ a b c Heinz 2005, p. 25.
^ a b Biographische Daten 1986, p. 252.
^ Italienische Reise (Italian Journey) by Goethe.
^ a b Heinz 2005, p. 26.
Sources
Fulton, Lesley (2023). “Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein’s Album of Prints in the British Museum”. Print Quarterly, vol. 40, June 2023, pp. 150–169. https://printquarterly.co.uk/contents-of-volume-40-2023/
Heinz, Marianne (2005). "Die Malerfamilie Tischbein". 3x Tischbein und die europäische Malerei um 1800 (in German). Italy: Hirmer Verlag. pp. 20–30. ISBN 3-7774-2785-3.
"J.H.W. Tischbeins biographische Daten". J.H.W. Tischbein (in German). Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag. 1986. pp. 251–255. ISBN 3-529-02545-3.
External links
Media related to Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein at Wikimedia Commons
Full text of Aus meinem Leben at Google Books (in Fraktur)
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_Self_Portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Haina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haina"},{"link_name":"Eutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutin"},{"link_name":"Tischbein family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tischbein_family"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Heinrich Tischbein, self portraitJohann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein, known as the Goethe Tischbein (15 February 1751 in Haina – 26 June 1829 in Eutin), was a German painter from the Tischbein family of artists.[1]","title":"Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiographische_Daten1986251-2"},{"link_name":"Johann Heinrich Tischbein the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Tischbein"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinz200525-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiographische_Daten1986251-2"},{"link_name":"Johann Jacob Tischbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jacob_Tischbein"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinz200525-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiographische_Daten1986251-2"},{"link_name":"Johann Heinrich Tischbein the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Tischbein_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Jacob_Tischbein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiographische_Daten1986251-2"},{"link_name":"Kunsthochschule Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthochschule_Kassel"},{"link_name":"Rococo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo"},{"link_name":"Classicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicism"},{"link_name":"Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich"},{"link_name":"Johann Kaspar Lavater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Kaspar_Lavater"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinz200525-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiographische_Daten1986252-4"},{"link_name":"Duke Ernest II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg"},{"link_name":"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiographische_Daten1986252-4"},{"link_name":"Via del Corso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_del_Corso"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Bury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bury"},{"link_name":"Johann Heinrich Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Johann Heinrich Lips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lips"},{"link_name":"Johann Georg Schütz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Georg_Sch%C3%BCtz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Sch%C3%BCtz"},{"link_name":"Casa di Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_di_Goethe"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Goethe in the Roman Campagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinz200526-6"},{"link_name":"Accademia di Belle Arti di Napoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_di_Napoli"},{"link_name":"Parthenopean Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinz200526-6"},{"link_name":"Peter I of Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Oldenburg"},{"link_name":"Eutin Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutin_Castle"},{"link_name":"Peter Friedrich Ludwig Tischbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Friedrich_Ludwig_Tischbein"}],"text":"Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein was born on 15 February 1751 in Haina. His father was Johann Conrad, a carpenter.[2] Tischbein began his artistic studies with his uncle, Johann Heinrich Tischbein the Elder (The \"Kassel Tischbein\"), in 1765, when Johann Heinrich Wilhelm was only 14 years old.[3][2] Soon after, he began his travels, first working at the studio of his uncle Johann Jacob Tischbein in Hamburg before moving to Bremen in 1771, and then travelling through Holland in 1772 and 1773.[3][2]Tischbein returned to Kassel in 1773. Between 1773 and 1775 he completed many portrait commissions with his brother Johann Heinrich Tischbein the Younger. In 1777, he established himself as a portrait painter in Berlin, and completed commissions with the help of his younger brother Heinrich Jacob.[2] Johann Heinrich Wilhelm was able to visit Rome in 1779 and continue his studies, thanks to a stipend from the Kunsthochschule Kassel. During this time, his style progressed from Rococo to Classicism. After leaving Italy in 1781, Tischbein moved on to Zurich. In Zurich he worked for Johann Kaspar Lavater on his Physiognomische Fragmente project.[3][4]In 1783, Tischbein received another stipendium, this time from Duke Ernest II (upon the recommendation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe), allowing him to return to Rome from Zurich.[4] He remained in Italy until 1799 and became friends with Goethe upon the latter's \"Italian Journey\" in 1786-1788. Tischbein shared a house on Rome's Via del Corso with the painters Friedrich Bury, Johann Heinrich Meyer, Johann Heinrich Lips and Johann Georg Schütz [de]. Goethe lodged for over a year in the shared flat, which is now the Casa di Goethe museum, and they travelled together to Naples in 1787.[5] In the same year, Tischbein painted his famous Goethe in the Roman Campagna. Tischbein taught Goethe to draw during this time.[6] In July 1787 Tischbein relocated to Naples, where he was named director of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Napoli in 1789. He held this position until 1799, when he was forced to leave following the French invasion and the establishment of the Parthenopean Republic.Tischbein was also an accomplished printmaker. While he was in Naples in the 1790s, he designed and printed etchings and engravings of motifs taken from antique vases as well as illustrations to Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey. The vase engravings were probably intended for a supplementary fifth volume of Sir William Hamilton’s Collection of Engravings from Ancient Vases, the Homer illustrations appeared in Homer nach Antiken gezeichnet.After leaving Naples, Tischbein travelled across Germany, visiting Kassel, Hanover and Göttingen.[6] He eventually settled in Hamburg until 1808. After 1808, he worked for Grand Duke Peter I of Oldenburg at his summer residence of Eutin Castle. He spent several years after 1810 writing his autobiography, Aus meinem Leben. Tischbein died in Eutin on 26 June 1829.His son, Peter Friedrich Ludwig Tischbein, was a noted forester and naturalist.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Goethe in the Roman Campagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tischbein_JHW_Familie.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diogenes_looking_for_a_man_-_attributed_to_JHW_Tischbein.jpg"},{"link_name":"Diogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:[email protected]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goethe_am_fenster_tischbein.jpg"},{"link_name":"Goethe at the Window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe_at_the_Window"},{"link_name":"Tischbein's flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_di_Goethe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Odysseus_und_Penelope_(Tischbein).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Napolitansk_fiskerpige_(Neapolitan_fisherman%27s_daughter).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strength_of_Man_Tischbein.jpg"}],"text":"Tischbein's most famous painting: Goethe in the Roman Campagna, 1787\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFamily Scene (1778)\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDiogenes Searching for an Honest Man (1780s)\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSelf portrait (1785)\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGoethe at the Window of Tischbein's flat in Rome (1787)\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUlysses and Penelope (1802)\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Naples fisherman's daughter (c. 1817)\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Strength of Man (1821)","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://printquarterly.co.uk/contents-of-volume-40-2023/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//printquarterly.co.uk/contents-of-volume-40-2023/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7774-2785-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7774-2785-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-529-02545-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-529-02545-3"}],"text":"Fulton, Lesley (2023). “Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein’s Album of Prints in the British Museum”. Print Quarterly, vol. 40, June 2023, pp. 150–169. https://printquarterly.co.uk/contents-of-volume-40-2023/\nHeinz, Marianne (2005). \"Die Malerfamilie Tischbein\". 3x Tischbein und die europäische Malerei um 1800 (in German). Italy: Hirmer Verlag. pp. 20–30. ISBN 3-7774-2785-3.\n\"J.H.W. Tischbeins biographische Daten\". J.H.W. Tischbein (in German). Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag. 1986. pp. 251–255. ISBN 3-529-02545-3.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Heinrich Tischbein, self portrait","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_Self_Portrait.jpg/185px-Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_Self_Portrait.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tischbein,+Heinrich+Wilhelm\". www.zeno.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zeno.org/Kunst/M/Tischbein,+Heinrich+Wilhelm/Aus+meinem+Leben","url_text":"\"Tischbein,+Heinrich+Wilhelm\""}]},{"reference":"Heinz, Marianne (2005). \"Die Malerfamilie Tischbein\". 3x Tischbein und die europäische Malerei um 1800 (in German). Italy: Hirmer Verlag. pp. 20–30. ISBN 3-7774-2785-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7774-2785-3","url_text":"3-7774-2785-3"}]},{"reference":"\"J.H.W. Tischbeins biographische Daten\". J.H.W. Tischbein (in German). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Coalition | Democratic Socialist Coalition | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Democratic Socialist Coalition" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Political party in Cuba
Democratic Socialist Coalition Coalición Socialista DemocráticaLeaderFulgencio BatistaFounded1939 (1939)Dissolved1944 (1944)HeadquartersLa Havana, CubaIdeologyPopulismLiberalismConservatismCommunismPolitical positionBig tentPolitics of CubaPolitical partiesElections
The Democratic Socialist Coalition (Spanish: Coalición Socialista Democrática, CSD) was a Cuban political coalition, led by Fulgencio Batista.
History
The party was founded in 1939, and served for the 1940 general elections, won by Batista.
The founding parties and members were four: the Liberal Party (liberal), the Nationalist Union Party (conservative), the Communist Revolutionary Union (communist), and the Democratic National Association (conservative).
The Coalition won 36 of 162 Deputies, against the 45 of Opposition Front.
In the 1944 election, the coalition supported the presidential candidacy of Carlos Saladrigas Zayas as President and Ramón Zaydín as Vice President. However, the election was won by Ramón Grau San Martín.
In the 1954 elections, the CSD ran as the National Progressive Coalition.
References
^ Jorge Ibarra Cuesta (December 2009). "Actitudes en torno a la cuestión nacional en la convención constituyente de 1940: conservadores, comunistas y reformistas". Caliban. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-01-01.
External links
Cuba portal
vte Political parties in CubaGovernment
Communist Party of Cuba
Opposition
Christian Democratic Party of Cuba
Cuban Democratic Socialist Current
Cuban Liberal Solidarity Party
Cuban Liberal Union
Democratic Social-Revolutionary Party of Cuba
Libertarian Party of Cuba – Jose Marti
Orthodox Renovation Party
Social Democratic Co-ordination of Cuba
Historical
Conservative Party of Cuba
Constitutional Union Party
Cuban National League
Cuban National Party
Cuban Popular Party
Democratic Federal Republican Party of Santiago de Cuba
Democratic Solidarity Party
Democratic Union Party
Independent Republican Party
Liberal Party
National Action Party
National Liberal Party of Cuba
Partido Auténtico
Partido Ortodoxo
People's Labour Party
People's Party
Popular Socialist Party
Progressive Action Party
Republican Party of Havana
Socialist Party of Manzanillo
Socialist Worker Party
Politics
List of political parties
Politics of Cuba
This article about a Cuban political party is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Cuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"political coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_coalition"},{"link_name":"Fulgencio Batista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista"}],"text":"Political party in CubaThe Democratic Socialist Coalition (Spanish: Coalición Socialista Democrática, CSD) was a Cuban political coalition, led by Fulgencio Batista.","title":"Democratic Socialist Coalition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1940 general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Cuban_general_election"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"Nationalist Union Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_Union_Party&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative"},{"link_name":"Communist Revolutionary Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Revolutionary_Union"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"Democratic National Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_National_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative"},{"link_name":"Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Cuba)"},{"link_name":"Opposition Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opposition_Front&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1944 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Cuban_general_election"},{"link_name":"Carlos Saladrigas Zayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Saladrigas_Zayas"},{"link_name":"Ramón Zaydín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Zayd%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Ramón Grau San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Grau_San_Mart%C3%ADn"}],"text":"The party was founded in 1939, and served for the 1940 general elections, won by Batista. \nThe founding parties and members were four: the Liberal Party (liberal), the Nationalist Union Party (conservative), the Communist Revolutionary Union (communist), and the Democratic National Association (conservative).The Coalition won 36 of 162 Deputies, against the 45 of Opposition Front.[1]\nIn the 1944 election, the coalition supported the presidential candidacy of Carlos Saladrigas Zayas as President and Ramón Zaydín as Vice President. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Lahure | Louis Lahure | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Career","2 Personal life","3 Legacy","4 References"] | Louis Joseph LahureBorn(1767-11-29)29 November 1767Mons, Austrian NetherlandsDied24 October 1853(1853-10-24) (aged 85)Wavrechain-sous-Faulx, FranceAllegiance FranceBranch French ArmyYears of service1787–1853RankLieutenant generalWarsFrench Revolutionary WarsNapoleonic WarsAwardsLégion d'HonneurOrder of Leopold
Louis Joseph Lahure (29 November 1767 – 24 October 1853) was a general in the service of the First French Republic and First French Empire.
Biography
Early life
Louis Joseph Lahure was born on 29 November 1767 in Mons in the Austrian Netherlands. He was the son of Nicolas Lahure and Marie-Thérèse du Buisson. He had a brother, Germain Lahure. He studied at the Old University of Leuven.
Career
Lahure served in the Brabant Revolution in 1787. He moved to Lille in France in 1790. He served in the Army of the North under General Nicolas Luckner. He served in the Army of Sambre-et-Meuse.
He became a general. Occupying Holland in January 1795, the French continental army learned that the Dutch navy had been frozen into the ice near Texel Island. Lahure and 128 men simply rode up to it and demanded surrender. No shots were fired and the Dutch fleet was captured.
Lahure became a naturalised French citizen. He was made a Grand Officier of the Legion of Honour and the Order of Leopold. He was also made a Knight of the Order of Saint Louis.
Personal life
Lahure married Anne de Warenghien de Flory in 1800. They had seven children and resided at the Château de Wavrechain-sous-Faulx in northern France.
He died on 24 October 1853.
Legacy
His name is inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. In 1895, Lahure's grandson published his memoirs.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Henri Lambert, Accusé Pichegru, levez-vous: gloire et misère d'un grand soldat : Jean-Charles Pichegru, 1761-1804, Bordeaux: Les Dossiers d'Aquitaine, 2004, p. 99
^ Jules Gheude, Lettre à un ami français: De la disparition de la Belgique, Paris: Mon Petit Éditeur, 2013, p. 19
^ Guillaume de Bertier de Sauvigny, Alfred Fierro, Bibliographie critique des mémoires sur la Restauration écrits ou traduits en français, Paris: Librairie Droz, 1988, p. 154
Authority control databases: People
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinorah_Varsi | Dinorah Varsi | ["1 Early life","2 Middle years","3 Discography","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | Uruguyan pianist and composer
Dinorah VarsiBorn(1939-11-15)15 November 1939Montevideo, UruguayDied17 June 2013(2013-06-17) (aged 73)Berlin, GermanyMusical careerOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)Piano
Musical artist
Dinorah Varsi (15 November 1939 - 17 June 2013) was a Uruguayan classical pianist.
Early life
Grave, Friedhof Heerstraße, in Berlin, Germany
Varsi was born in Montevideo, Uruguay. She started playing the piano at the age of three and studied with Sarah Bourdillon de Santorsola, at Montevideo's Escuela Normal de Música. At the age of eight Varsi played Bach's F minor Keyboard Concerto in Uruguay and Brazil, and in 1949 she made her debut with the OSSODRE (Uruguay's National Radio Symphony Orchestra), playing the same concerto under Vicente Ascone. In 1952, Varsi played her first recital at the Centro Cultural de Música. In 1955, she performed Rachmaninov's Second Piano Concerto with Victor Tevah and the OSSODRE. In 1960 she appeared with the same orchestra, playing Beethoven's G major Concerto with Enrique Jordá. In Buenos Aires in 1959 she took first prize in the George Lalewicz competition, followed by first prizes in the Maria Canals International Music Competition in Barcelona in 1962 and the Concours Clara Haskil in 1967, in Lucerne.
In 1961 Varsi made her debut in the United States when Dallas Symphony Music Director Paul Kletzki invited Varsi to perform as a soloist with his orchestra. She continued her studies in Paris, New York and Switzerland, and after her triumph in the Clara Haskil International Piano Competition in 1967, her international performing and recording career was launched. She performed extensively with major European symphony orchestras and major music festivals, taught master classes, and was a juror at the international competitions. Although the core of her repertoire concentrated on the great Romantic composers, she also played Mozart and contemporary composers such as Galina Ustvolskaya.
Middle years
After leaving Uruguay, Dinorah Varsi studied in New York with American pianist Leonard Shure. In the early sixties she settled in Paris and later in Switzerland where she studied with Hungarian pianist Géza Anda. She won the Haskil Competition, and performed in concerts in Salzburg, Berlin, Prague and Zurich. She appeared in festivals, including as Salzburg, Lucerne, Schleswig-Holstein and Munich. Among her orchestra appearances, she was a soloist with the Berliner Philharmoniker under Semyon Bychkov, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra of Amsterdam under Bernard Haitink, the Royal Philharmonic in London, the Munich Philharmonic and the Rotterdam Philharmonic. Some of the conductors she collaborated with were Giuseppe Sinopoli, Charles Dutoit, Rudolf Kempe and Witold Rowicki. A tour through Southern Africa was completed in 1972 to critical acclaim.
Dinorah Varsi died in Berlin, Germany, on June 17, 2013.
Discography
Varsi's recordings include performances of Schumann (Kreisleriana and Kinderszenen), Chopin (the three piano sonatas, complete Mazurkas, 24 Etudes, 24 Preludes, Fantasy in F minor, Impromptus and complete Nocturnes), Brahms (both concertos, Rhapsodies Op.79, Intermezzi Op.117, piano pieces, Op. 116, 118 and 119), Franck (Prelude, Chorale and Fugue), Debussy (Préludes, Book I) and Galina Ustvolskaya (Sonata Nº4), for Phillips, EMI, Mediaphon, Deutsche Harmonia Mundi and Saphir.
References
^ a b c d e f g "Último adiós para una brillante pianista" (in Spanish). El País. 11 July 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
^ "Programas especiales - Programa Nº 51 - Víctor Tevah" (in Spanish). Radiodifusión Nacional Sodre. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
^ "Ganadores del Concurso Internacional de Música "María Canals"" (in Spanish). Maria Canals International Music Competition. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
^ "Prix, Finalistes & Jurys" (in French). Clara Haskil International Piano Competition. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
^ Marcinik, Laurent (19 June 2013). "Disparition de la pianiste Dinorah Varsi' Archived 2015-04-10 at the Wayback Machine. Diapason. Retrieved 25 September 2014 (in French).
^ "Season 1985/1986". Berliner Philharmoniker. Archived from the original on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
^ Photo and one 1972 program dedicated to Hans Adler, tour organizer
Further reading
Eckhard Pohl, Cellesche Zeitung, 30 March 2006
R. Hontañón, El Diario, Santander, Spain, 18 November 2005
Stuttgarter Zeitung, January 2003
Berliner Morgenpost, April 1966
External links
Official website
Fuhrmann, Wolfgang (11 November 2005). "Einsames Zwiegespräch" (in German). Berliner Zeitung. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Poland
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais-1"},{"link_name":"Uruguayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"}],"text":"Dinorah Varsi (15 November 1939 - 17 June 2013[1]) was a Uruguayan classical pianist.","title":"Dinorah Varsi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grabst%C3%A4tte_Trakehner_Allee_1_(Westend)_Dinorah_Varsi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave"},{"link_name":"Friedhof Heerstraße","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedhof_Heerstra%C3%9Fe"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais-1"},{"link_name":"Bach's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"OSSODRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_Oficial_de_Difusi%C3%B3n,_Radiotelevisi%C3%B3n_y_Espect%C3%A1culos#Ossodre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais-1"},{"link_name":"Rachmaninov's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff"},{"link_name":"Second Piano Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Beethoven's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Enrique Jordá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Jord%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Maria Canals International Music Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Canals_International_Music_Competition"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Paul Kletzki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kletzki"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais-1"},{"link_name":"Clara Haskil International Piano Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Haskil_International_Piano_Competition"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diapason-5"},{"link_name":"Galina Ustvolskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galina_Ustvolskaya"}],"text":"Grave, Friedhof Heerstraße, in Berlin, GermanyVarsi was born in Montevideo, Uruguay. She started playing the piano at the age of three and studied with Sarah Bourdillon de Santorsola,[1] at Montevideo's Escuela Normal de Música. At the age of eight Varsi played Bach's F minor Keyboard Concerto in Uruguay and Brazil, and in 1949 she made her debut with the OSSODRE (Uruguay's National Radio Symphony Orchestra), playing the same concerto under Vicente Ascone.[1] In 1952, Varsi played her first recital at the Centro Cultural de Música. In 1955, she performed Rachmaninov's Second Piano Concerto with Victor Tevah and the OSSODRE.[2] In 1960 she appeared with the same orchestra, playing Beethoven's G major Concerto with Enrique Jordá. In Buenos Aires in 1959 she took first prize in the George Lalewicz competition, followed by first prizes in the Maria Canals International Music Competition in Barcelona in 1962[3] and the Concours Clara Haskil in 1967, in Lucerne.In 1961 Varsi made her debut in the United States when Dallas Symphony Music Director Paul Kletzki invited Varsi to perform as a soloist with his orchestra.[1] She continued her studies in Paris, New York and Switzerland, and after her triumph in the Clara Haskil International Piano Competition in 1967,[4] her international performing and recording career was launched.[5] She performed extensively with major European symphony orchestras and major music festivals, taught master classes, and was a juror at the international competitions. 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In the early sixties she settled in Paris and later in Switzerland where she studied with Hungarian pianist Géza Anda. She won the Haskil Competition, and performed in concerts in Salzburg, Berlin, Prague and Zurich. She appeared in festivals, including as Salzburg, Lucerne, Schleswig-Holstein and Munich.[1] Among her orchestra appearances, she was a soloist with the Berliner Philharmoniker under Semyon Bychkov,[6] the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra of Amsterdam under Bernard Haitink, the Royal Philharmonic in London, the Munich Philharmonic and the Rotterdam Philharmonic. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_Health_Science_Center_at_Brooklyn | SUNY Downstate Medical Center | ["1 History","2 Academics","2.1 College of Medicine","2.2 School of Graduate Studies","2.3 School of Public Health","2.4 College of Health Professions","2.5 College of Nursing","3 Patient care","3.1 University Hospital of Brooklyn","3.2 HEAT (Health and Education Alternatives for Teens) Program","3.3 Brooklyn Free Clinic","3.4 SUNY Downstate at Bay Ridge","4 Research","5 Controversies","6 Notable faculty","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°39′19″N 73°56′45″W / 40.6554°N 73.9457°W / 40.6554; -73.9457This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "SUNY Downstate Medical Center" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
SUNY Downstate Health Sciences UniversityTypePublic medical schoolEstablished1860; 164 years ago (1860)Parent institutionState University of New YorkChancellorDeborah F. StanleyPresidentWayne J. Riley, MD, MPH, MBA, MACPStudents1,846Undergraduates211Postgraduates1,635Other students1,040 residentsLocationBrooklyn, New York40°39′19″N 73°56′45″W / 40.6554°N 73.9457°W / 40.6554; -73.9457Website
SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University is a public medical school and hospital in Brooklyn, New York. It is the southernmost member of the State University of New York (SUNY) system and the only academic medical center for health education, research, and patient care serving Brooklyn's 2.5 million residents. It is the only state-run hospital in New York City. As of Fall 2018, it had a total student body of 1,846 and approximately 8,000 faculty and staff.
Downstate Health Sciences University comprises a College of Medicine, Colleges of Nursing, School of Graduate Studies, School of Health Professions, and School of Public Health, and University Hospital of Brooklyn. It also includes a major research complex and biotechnology facilities.
SUNY Downstate ranks eighth nationally in the number of alumni who are on the faculty of American medical schools. More physicians practicing in New York City graduated from Downstate than from any other medical school. With 1,040 residents (young physicians in training), Downstate's residency program is the 16th largest in the country.
SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University is the fourth largest employer in Brooklyn. Eighty-six percent of its employees are New York City residents; 68 percent live in Brooklyn. The medical center's total direct, indirect, and induced economic impact on New York State is in excess of $2 billion. SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University attracted close to $100 million in external research funding in 2011, which includes $26 million from federal sources. It ranks fourth among SUNY campuses in grant expenditures, and second among SUNY's academic health centers.
History
2010 was SUNY Downstate's sesquicentennial, celebrating 150 years in medical education.
In 2010 SUNY Downstate celebrated its sesquicentennial, commemorating the year that the Long Island College Hospital (as it was then known) first opened its doors to students. Yet Downstate traces its roots back even further (to 1856) when a small group of physicians set up a free dispensary in Brooklyn to care for poor immigrants.
Known as the German General Dispensary, its original aim was to care for indigent Germans living in Brooklyn, but changing demographics soon required it to broaden its outreach. In 1857 it was reorganized as a charitable institution and renamed The St. John's Hospital—the first of many name changes.
Officially chartered by the state in 1858 as the Long Island College Hospital of the City of Brooklyn, it was authorized to operate a hospital and confer medical degrees on candidates who attended two lecture courses and completed a three-year preceptorship under a practicing physician. The notion that care at the hospital bedside should be included as an essential part of medical training was revolutionary for its time, but other medical schools soon adopted the approach and it came to be regarded as essential pedagogy.
In 1860 the school officially opened its doors to 57 (male) students. It was one of only 11 medical schools to admit African American students. The first faculty included many distinguished physicians, such as Dr. Austin Flint Sr., remembered for his role in introducing the stethoscope into standard medical practice in this country. Dr. Flint delivered the commencement address on July 24, 1860, when the school graduated its first new doctors.
In the following decades The Long Island College Hospital greatly expanded both its facilities and medical school curriculum. By the time of the First World War, admission was opened to women and postgraduate training had been introduced. In 1930 the college and hospital were separated from one another so that each would be under its own governing board. The following year, the school was rechartered as the Long Island College of Medicine.
In 1945, the college purchased a large tract of land that would become the site of the future Downstate Medical Center. The “Downstate” era began on April 5, 1950, with the signing of a merger contract between the State University of New York (SUNY) and the Long Island College of Medicine. The medical center came to be known as Downstate to distinguish it from the SUNY medical center in Syracuse, New York, which is known as “Upstate”. Several years later the current campus was built in the East Flatbush section of Brooklyn.
In 1954 President Dwight D. Eisenhower laid the cornerstone for the Basic Sciences Building. In the following years, the complex grew rapidly, with the addition of a student center and residence halls, as well as a nurses' residence. In 1966 Governor Nelson Rockefeller officiated at the dedication of University Hospital of Brooklyn (UHB), Downstate's own teaching hospital. The School of Graduate Studies, the College of Health Related Professions, and the College of Nursing were established that same year. In 1987 Governor Mario Cuomo and Mayor Edward Koch helped break ground for the new Health Science Education Building, where most student classes now take place.
In early 2024, the hospital faced closure due to financial concerns, which would have negatively impacted the borough's BIPOC communities and faced significant delays in accessing healthcare. In April, it was reported spared from closure until 2025.
Academics
SUNY Downstate offers students a broad professional education that prepares them for practice or careers in any location and community. The vast majority of students are drawn from the New York City metropolitan area. Many have immigrant backgrounds and are members of racial and cultural groups who are underrepresented in the health professions. The differences in background and outlook enhance the quality of the educational experience of all students.
Downstate's Colleges of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Related Professions and its School of Graduate Studies and School of Public Health collectively offer more than 30 health-focused programs.
College of Medicine
The College of Medicine, which grants the MD degree, is the 32nd oldest college of medicine in the country. With approximately 800 enrollees, it is one of the largest colleges of medicine in New York State. It ranks eighth out of 140 accredited medical schools in the nation in the number of alumni who hold faculty positions at U.S. medical schools. More physicians practicing in New York City graduated from Downstate's College of Medicine than from any other medical school.
In addition to granting the MD degree, the college sponsors a combined MD/PhD degree with the School of Graduate Studies.
School of Graduate Studies
Of the School of Graduate Studies' three multidisciplinary core programs, Neural and Behavioral Science is the oldest. Faculty research in the neurosciences is especially deep, ranging from the molecular to the behavioral. The Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology has concentrations in cardiovascular, fundamental cellular and molecular biology, cancer biology, and more. The Program in Biomedical Engineering, run jointly with the Polytechnic Institute of NYU, features concentrations in neurorobotics, imaging, and materials.
The School of Graduate Studies has also partnered with the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CSNE) of the University at Albany to offer a combined MD/PhD degree program in nanoscale medicine. This clinical scientist education program provides hands-on training in the development and application of nanotechnology to advance health care. MD training at Downstate is coupled with PhD training in either nanoscale science or nanoscale engineering.
School of Public Health
The first new school established at SUNY Downstate since 1966, the School of Public Health was launched in 2001 as an MPH degree program within the Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health in the College of Medicine. In 2008 it declared school status and was fully accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health in 2010. It currently offers five master's and three doctoral programs, as well as combined degree programs.
College of Health Professions
An upper-division undergraduate and graduate school, the College of Health Professions has graduated close to 4,000 allied health professionals since its establishment in 1966. Approximately 80 percent of students have four-year college degrees in other fields upon enrollment. Its direct-entry midwifery program was the first of its kind in the nation.
College of Nursing
The College of Nursing offers an undergraduate, upper-division RN-to-BS degree program for students who are already licensed as professional nurses and an Accelerated BS program for students who hold a degree in another field and seek basic preparation for beginning nursing practice. The college is one of only four nursing schools in New York State to offer master's degree programs in all advanced nursing practice roles.
Patient care
University Hospital of Brooklyn
Hospital in New York City, United StatesUniversity Hospital of BrooklynGeographyLocation450 Clarkson AvenueBrooklyn, New York City, United StatesOrganizationTypeTeachingAffiliated universitySUNY Downstate College of MedicineLinksWebsitewww.downstate.edu/uhb/
University Hospital of Brooklyn (UHB) offers comprehensive, advanced medical care throughout Brooklyn. It includes a full-service, comprehensive hospital site (UHB at Central Brooklyn). It also previously owned a free-standing Urgent Care and Ambulatory Surgery Center in Bay Ridge, which has since been sold to nearby Maimonides Medical Center. There are also nine ambulatory satellite sites. UHB is licensed for 882 beds and annually provides care to over 300,000 patients. UHB is an 8-story facility with 8 intensive care and step-down units, 12 operating rooms, an adult and pediatric ER, diagnostic and ambulatory surgery facility, and 75 outpatient clinics. The flagship location for UHB, Central Brooklyn includes three community-based health centers in the neighborhoods of East New York, Bedford-Stuyvesant, and Midwood, plus a freestanding Dialysis Center.
HEAT (Health and Education Alternatives for Teens) Program
HEAT is a program established and directed by Dr. Jeffrey Birnbaum which offers culturally competent care for youth who are living at high risk of developing HIV/AIDS. HEAT has a special focus on care for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth but does not limit its services to these populations. The program offers comprehensive clinical services for HIV/AIDS patients as well as sexual health and transgender care services.
HEAT is actively involved in community outreach and Dr. Birnbaum has received various awards for his efforts in combating HIV/AIDS
Brooklyn Free Clinic
The Brooklyn Free Clinic (BFC) is a student-run free clinic operated primarily by the students of the College of Medicine. The BFC offers medical and psychiatric care and health maintenance screening to the uninsured populations of Brooklyn.
The clinic hosts an annual conference on health seen through the eyes of medicine, art, technology and community called BFC What's Next. The clinic has won multiple awards for its advertisement campaigns including a gold medal in conjunction with CDMiConnect at the 2014 MMM Awards for their "We Need U" campaign and a bronze medal at the CLIO Healthcare Awards.
SUNY Downstate at Bay Ridge
SUNY Downstate at Bay Ridge serves the communities of Bay Ridge/Dyker Heights, Bensonhurst, and Sunset Park. It features a walk-in Urgent Care Center, Ambulatory Surgery Center, Advanced Endoscopy Center, and Laser Vision Correction Center. It has onsite laboratory and radiology diagnostic facilities and medical offices for doctors in many clinical specialties.
Research
SUNY Downstate is an important research facility where scientists and clinicians explore many urgent health problems. Historically, areas of research strength include cardiovascular biology, neuroscience, and instrumentation. Current strengths include GABAergic inhibition, learning and memory mechanisms; pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy; robotic prosthetic devices; HIV/AIDS; pain and addiction; optical tomography imaging technology; and fundamental cell biology (mechanisms of transcription and translation).
Downstate's role as the only academic medical center in Brooklyn is central to its powerful role in clinical, translational, and public health research. Downstate's research spans the entire “bench to bedside” spectrum as an integrated entity, bringing together basic scientists, clinical researchers, and practitioners with common interests.
Downstate is the fourth highest grant recipient of SUNY's 64 campuses. In FY 2011, sponsored research programs, including those funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), DARPA, and private foundations, totaled over $60 million. Downstate is the only healthcare facility in Brooklyn that holds the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology.
Controversies
In 2013, SUNY Downstate released a court ordered financial audit which found the institution in need of capital funds citing large losses from 2007 through 2011. The audit cited bloated salaries for top administrators, underuse and poor financial decisions contributed to the losses.
In January 2020, two SUNY Downstate surgeons filed lawsuits accusing the medical center of retaliation against them for reporting patient safety and death concerns in the heart-surgery and organ-transplant programs. Prior to the complaint, the institution paused these two programs in July 2019 due to pressure from the New York State Department of Health and the United Network for Organ Sharing when reviewers found issues in the programs and recommended a more extensive review in hopes to remediate the problems.
Notable faculty
Alexander Skene, MD - authority on women's diseases; discovered the paraurethral glands known as Skene's gland or Skene's ducts (1880).
Robert L. Dickinson, MD - published first “modern” pamphlet on voluntary birth control (1931).
Chandler McCuskey Brooks, PhD - Head of the Graduate program (1956-1966), laid much of the groundwork in spinal cord and hypothalamic physiology, and cardiac pacemaker function (1950s).
Robert Furchgott, PhD - awarded Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology for research on nitric oxide (1998).
Carl Axel Gemzell, MD/PhD - first to use FSH to treat anovulatory women.
See also
University Hospital of Brooklyn at Long Island College Hospital
State University of New York Upstate Medical University
References
^ "Fast Facts - SUNY". www.suny.edu.
^ a b "Facts About SUNY Downstate". 2010-04-28. Archived from the original on 2017-12-24. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
^ a b Greenberg, Rebecca (2024-01-31). "State to shutter SUNY Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn". ny1.com. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
^ Greenberg, Rebecca (2024-03-12). "Concerns mount among health care workers over plans to close SUNY Downstate". ny1.com. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
^ Lewis, Caroline (2024-04-19). "Brooklyn's SUNY Downstate hospital saved from closure until at least 2025". Gothamist. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
^ "HEAT". Heatprogram.org. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
^ Joanna DelBuono (2013-12-12). "Standing O salutes SUNY Downstate's Dr. Jeffrey Birnbaum for his award-winning youth work". Brooklyndaily.com. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
^ "About". Brooklyn Free Clinic. 2013-12-28. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
^ "whatsnext2014". Bfcconference2014.wix.com. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
^ "CDMiConnect and Brooklyn Free Clinic for "We Need U" | MM&M Awards". Awards.mmm-online.com. Archived from the original on 2015-01-11. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
^ "CLIO Healthcare Awards | Integrated Campaign - Grand CLIO Winners". Cliohealthcare.com. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
^ Hartocollis, Anemona (2013-01-17). "Audit, Citing Mismanagement, Finds SUNY Downstate in Dire Fiscal Straits". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
^ "Bombshell: Brooklyn judge orders SUNY Downstate to account for LICH's money, property". Brooklyn Eagle. 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
^ West, Melanie Grayce (2020-01-22). "SUNY Downstate Accused of Retaliating Against Whistleblower Surgeons". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
^ Narvaez, Alfonso A. (1989-12-02). "Chandler Brooks, 83, a Professor Of Physiology and a Researcher". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"medical school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"State University of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"health education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_education"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GreenbergJ-3"},{"link_name":"College of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_Downstate_College_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"medical schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school"},{"link_name":"residency program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residency_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_Downstate_Health_Sciences_University"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State"}],"text":"SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University is a public medical school and hospital in Brooklyn, New York. It is the southernmost member of the State University of New York (SUNY) system and the only academic medical center for health education, research, and patient care serving Brooklyn's 2.5 million residents. It is the only state-run hospital in New York City.[3] As of Fall 2018, it had a total student body of 1,846 and approximately 8,000 faculty and staff.Downstate Health Sciences University comprises a College of Medicine, Colleges of Nursing, School of Graduate Studies, School of Health Professions, and School of Public Health, and University Hospital of Brooklyn. It also includes a major research complex and biotechnology facilities.SUNY Downstate ranks eighth nationally in the number of alumni who are on the faculty of American medical schools. More physicians practicing in New York City graduated from Downstate than from any other medical school. With 1,040 residents (young physicians in training), Downstate's residency program is the 16th largest in the country.SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University is the fourth largest employer in Brooklyn. Eighty-six percent of its employees are New York City residents; 68 percent live in Brooklyn. The medical center's total direct, indirect, and induced economic impact on New York State is in excess of $2 billion. SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University attracted close to $100 million in external research funding in 2011, which includes $26 million from federal sources. It ranks fourth among SUNY campuses in grant expenditures, and second among SUNY's academic health centers.","title":"SUNY Downstate Medical Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Downstate_sesqui_logo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Long Island College Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_College_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"preceptorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preceptor"},{"link_name":"Syracuse, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Upstate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Upstate_Medical_University"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"BIPOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIPOC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenberg-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GreenbergJ-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis-5"}],"text":"2010 was SUNY Downstate's sesquicentennial, celebrating 150 years in medical education.In 2010 SUNY Downstate celebrated its sesquicentennial, commemorating the year that the Long Island College Hospital (as it was then known) first opened its doors to students. Yet Downstate traces its roots back even further (to 1856) when a small group of physicians set up a free dispensary in Brooklyn to care for poor immigrants.Known as the German General Dispensary, its original aim was to care for indigent Germans living in Brooklyn, but changing demographics soon required it to broaden its outreach. In 1857 it was reorganized as a charitable institution and renamed The St. John's Hospital—the first of many name changes.Officially chartered by the state in 1858 as the Long Island College Hospital of the City of Brooklyn, it was authorized to operate a hospital and confer medical degrees on candidates who attended two lecture courses and completed a three-year preceptorship under a practicing physician. The notion that care at the hospital bedside should be included as an essential part of medical training was revolutionary for its time, but other medical schools soon adopted the approach and it came to be regarded as essential pedagogy.In 1860 the school officially opened its doors to 57 (male) students. It was one of only 11 medical schools to admit African American students. The first faculty included many distinguished physicians, such as Dr. Austin Flint Sr., remembered for his role in introducing the stethoscope into standard medical practice in this country. Dr. Flint delivered the commencement address on July 24, 1860, when the school graduated its first new doctors.In the following decades The Long Island College Hospital greatly expanded both its facilities and medical school curriculum. By the time of the First World War, admission was opened to women and postgraduate training had been introduced. In 1930 the college and hospital were separated from one another so that each would be under its own governing board. The following year, the school was rechartered as the Long Island College of Medicine.In 1945, the college purchased a large tract of land that would become the site of the future Downstate Medical Center. The “Downstate” era began on April 5, 1950, with the signing of a merger contract between the State University of New York (SUNY) and the Long Island College of Medicine. The medical center came to be known as Downstate to distinguish it from the SUNY medical center in Syracuse, New York, which is known as “Upstate”. Several years later the current campus was built in the East Flatbush section of Brooklyn.In 1954 President Dwight D. Eisenhower laid the cornerstone for the Basic Sciences Building. In the following years, the complex grew rapidly, with the addition of a student center and residence halls, as well as a nurses' residence. In 1966 Governor Nelson Rockefeller officiated at the dedication of University Hospital of Brooklyn (UHB), Downstate's own teaching hospital. The School of Graduate Studies, the College of Health Related Professions, and the College of Nursing were established that same year. In 1987 Governor Mario Cuomo and Mayor Edward Koch helped break ground for the new Health Science Education Building, where most student classes now take place.In early 2024, the hospital faced closure due to financial concerns, which would have negatively impacted the borough's BIPOC communities and faced significant delays in accessing healthcare.[4][3] In April, it was reported spared from closure until 2025.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"SUNY Downstate offers students a broad professional education that prepares them for practice or careers in any location and community. The vast majority of students are drawn from the New York City metropolitan area. Many have immigrant backgrounds and are members of racial and cultural groups who are underrepresented in the health professions. The differences in background and outlook enhance the quality of the educational experience of all students.Downstate's Colleges of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Related Professions and its School of Graduate Studies and School of Public Health collectively offer more than 30 health-focused programs.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"College of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_Downstate_College_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"College of Medicine","text":"The College of Medicine, which grants the MD degree, is the 32nd oldest college of medicine in the country. With approximately 800 enrollees, it is one of the largest colleges of medicine in New York State. It ranks eighth out of 140 accredited medical schools in the nation in the number of alumni who hold faculty positions at U.S. medical schools. More physicians practicing in New York City graduated from Downstate's College of Medicine than from any other medical school.[citation needed]In addition to granting the MD degree, the college sponsors a combined MD/PhD degree with the School of Graduate Studies.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"School of Graduate Studies","text":"Of the School of Graduate Studies' three multidisciplinary core programs, Neural and Behavioral Science is the oldest. Faculty research in the neurosciences is especially deep, ranging from the molecular to the behavioral. The Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology has concentrations in cardiovascular, fundamental cellular and molecular biology, cancer biology, and more. The Program in Biomedical Engineering, run jointly with the Polytechnic Institute of NYU, features concentrations in neurorobotics, imaging, and materials.The School of Graduate Studies has also partnered with the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CSNE) of the University at Albany to offer a combined MD/PhD degree program in nanoscale medicine. This clinical scientist education program provides hands-on training in the development and application of nanotechnology to advance health care. MD training at Downstate is coupled with PhD training in either nanoscale science or nanoscale engineering.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"School of Public Health","text":"The first new school established at SUNY Downstate since 1966, the School of Public Health was launched in 2001 as an MPH degree program within the Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health in the College of Medicine. In 2008 it declared school status and was fully accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health in 2010. It currently offers five master's and three doctoral programs, as well as combined degree programs.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"College of Health Professions","text":"An upper-division undergraduate and graduate school, the College of Health Professions has graduated close to 4,000 allied health professionals since its establishment in 1966. Approximately 80 percent of students have four-year college degrees in other fields upon enrollment. Its direct-entry midwifery program was the first of its kind in the nation.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"College of Nursing","text":"The College of Nursing offers an undergraduate, upper-division RN-to-BS degree program for students who are already licensed as professional nurses and an Accelerated BS program for students who hold a degree in another field and seek basic preparation for beginning nursing practice. The college is one of only four nursing schools in New York State to offer master's degree programs in all advanced nursing practice roles.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Patient care"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dialysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_dialysis"}],"sub_title":"University Hospital of Brooklyn","text":"Hospital in New York City, United StatesUniversity Hospital of Brooklyn (UHB) offers comprehensive, advanced medical care throughout Brooklyn. It includes a full-service, comprehensive hospital site (UHB at Central Brooklyn). It also previously owned a free-standing Urgent Care and Ambulatory Surgery Center in Bay Ridge, which has since been sold to nearby Maimonides Medical Center. There are also nine ambulatory satellite sites. UHB is licensed for 882 beds and annually provides care to over 300,000 patients. UHB is an 8-story facility with 8 intensive care and step-down units, 12 operating rooms, an adult and pediatric ER, diagnostic and ambulatory surgery facility, and 75 outpatient clinics. The flagship location for UHB, Central Brooklyn includes three community-based health centers in the neighborhoods of East New York, Bedford-Stuyvesant, and Midwood, plus a freestanding Dialysis Center.","title":"Patient care"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"HEAT (Health and Education Alternatives for Teens) Program","text":"HEAT[6] is a program established and directed by Dr. Jeffrey Birnbaum which offers culturally competent care for youth who are living at high risk of developing HIV/AIDS. HEAT has a special focus on care for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth but does not limit its services to these populations. The program offers comprehensive clinical services for HIV/AIDS patients as well as sexual health and transgender care services.HEAT is actively involved in community outreach and Dr. Birnbaum has received various awards for his efforts in combating HIV/AIDS [7]","title":"Patient care"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn Free Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Free_Clinic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Brooklyn Free Clinic","text":"The Brooklyn Free Clinic (BFC)[8] is a student-run free clinic operated primarily by the students of the College of Medicine. The BFC offers medical and psychiatric care and health maintenance screening to the uninsured populations of Brooklyn.The clinic hosts an annual conference on health seen through the eyes of medicine, art, technology and community called BFC What's Next.[9] The clinic has won multiple awards for its advertisement campaigns including a gold medal in conjunction with CDMiConnect at the 2014 MMM Awards for their \"We Need U\" campaign[10] and a bronze medal at the CLIO Healthcare Awards.[11]","title":"Patient care"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"SUNY Downstate at Bay Ridge","text":"SUNY Downstate at Bay Ridge serves the communities of Bay Ridge/Dyker Heights, Bensonhurst, and Sunset Park. It features a walk-in Urgent Care Center, Ambulatory Surgery Center, Advanced Endoscopy Center, and Laser Vision Correction Center. It has onsite laboratory and radiology diagnostic facilities and medical offices for doctors in many clinical specialties.[citation needed]","title":"Patient care"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"SUNY Downstate is an important research facility where scientists and clinicians explore many urgent health problems. Historically, areas of research strength include cardiovascular biology, neuroscience, and instrumentation. Current strengths include GABAergic inhibition, learning and memory mechanisms; pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy; robotic prosthetic devices; HIV/AIDS; pain and addiction; optical tomography imaging technology; and fundamental cell biology (mechanisms of transcription and translation).[citation needed]Downstate's role as the only academic medical center in Brooklyn is central to its powerful role in clinical, translational, and public health research. Downstate's research spans the entire “bench to bedside” spectrum as an integrated entity, bringing together basic scientists, clinical researchers, and practitioners with common interests.[citation needed]Downstate is the fourth highest grant recipient of SUNY's 64 campuses. In FY 2011, sponsored research programs, including those funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), DARPA, and private foundations, totaled over $60 million. Downstate is the only healthcare facility in Brooklyn that holds the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology.[citation needed]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"New York State Department of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Health"},{"link_name":"United Network for Organ Sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Network_for_Organ_Sharing"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 2013, SUNY Downstate released a court ordered financial audit which found the institution in need of capital funds citing large losses from 2007 through 2011. The audit cited bloated salaries for top administrators, underuse and poor financial decisions contributed to the losses.[12][13]In January 2020, two SUNY Downstate surgeons filed lawsuits accusing the medical center of retaliation against them for reporting patient safety and death concerns in the heart-surgery and organ-transplant programs. Prior to the complaint, the institution paused these two programs in July 2019 due to pressure from the New York State Department of Health and the United Network for Organ Sharing when reviewers found issues in the programs and recommended a more extensive review in hopes to remediate the problems.[14]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Skene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Skene"},{"link_name":"Skene's gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skene%27s_gland"},{"link_name":"Robert L. Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Chandler McCuskey Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler_McCuskey_Brooks"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Robert Furchgott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Furchgott"},{"link_name":"Carl Axel Gemzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Axel_Gemzell"}],"text":"Alexander Skene, MD - authority on women's diseases; discovered the paraurethral glands known as Skene's gland or Skene's ducts (1880).\nRobert L. Dickinson, MD - published first “modern” pamphlet on voluntary birth control (1931).\nChandler McCuskey Brooks, PhD - Head of the Graduate program (1956-1966),[15] laid much of the groundwork in spinal cord and hypothalamic physiology, and cardiac pacemaker function (1950s).\nRobert Furchgott, PhD - awarded Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology for research on nitric oxide (1998).\nCarl Axel Gemzell, MD/PhD - first to use FSH to treat anovulatory women.","title":"Notable faculty"}] | [{"image_text":"2010 was SUNY Downstate's sesquicentennial, celebrating 150 years in medical education.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Downstate_sesqui_logo.jpg/220px-Downstate_sesqui_logo.jpg"}] | [{"title":"University Hospital of Brooklyn at Long Island College Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Hospital_of_Brooklyn_at_Long_Island_College_Hospital"},{"title":"State University of New York Upstate Medical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Upstate_Medical_University"}] | [{"reference":"\"Fast Facts - SUNY\". www.suny.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.suny.edu/about/fast-facts/","url_text":"\"Fast Facts - SUNY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facts About SUNY Downstate\". 2010-04-28. Archived from the original on 2017-12-24. Retrieved 2010-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171224132912/http://www.downstate.edu/sunyintro/suny_facts.html","url_text":"\"Facts About SUNY Downstate\""},{"url":"http://www.downstate.edu/sunyintro/suny_facts.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Greenberg, Rebecca (2024-01-31). \"State to shutter SUNY Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn\". ny1.com. Retrieved 2024-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://ny1.com/nyc/brooklyn/health/2024/01/31/state-to-shutter-suny-downstate-medical-center-in-brooklyn","url_text":"\"State to shutter SUNY Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn\""}]},{"reference":"Greenberg, Rebecca (2024-03-12). \"Concerns mount among health care workers over plans to close SUNY Downstate\". ny1.com. Retrieved 2024-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://ny1.com/nyc/brooklyn/health/2024/03/11/suny-downstate-closure-could-impact-maternal-mortality-rates-in-brooklyn","url_text":"\"Concerns mount among health care workers over plans to close SUNY Downstate\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Caroline (2024-04-19). \"Brooklyn's SUNY Downstate hospital saved from closure until at least 2025\". Gothamist. Retrieved 2024-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://gothamist.com/news/brooklyns-suny-downstate-hospital-saved-from-closure-until-at-least-2025","url_text":"\"Brooklyn's SUNY Downstate hospital saved from closure until at least 2025\""}]},{"reference":"\"HEAT\". Heatprogram.org. Retrieved 2015-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://heatprogram.org/history.html","url_text":"\"HEAT\""}]},{"reference":"Joanna DelBuono (2013-12-12). \"Standing O salutes SUNY Downstate's Dr. Jeffrey Birnbaum for his award-winning youth work\". Brooklyndaily.com. Retrieved 2015-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brooklyndaily.com/stories/2013/50/all-standingo-box-2013-12-13-bd_2013_50.html","url_text":"\"Standing O salutes SUNY Downstate's Dr. Jeffrey Birnbaum for his award-winning youth work\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Brooklyn Free Clinic. 2013-12-28. Retrieved 2015-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brooklynfreeclinic.org/about-bfc/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"whatsnext2014\". Bfcconference2014.wix.com. Retrieved 2015-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://bfcconference2014.wix.com/whatsnext2014","url_text":"\"whatsnext2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"CDMiConnect and Brooklyn Free Clinic for \"We Need U\" | MM&M Awards\". Awards.mmm-online.com. Archived from the original on 2015-01-11. Retrieved 2015-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150111190229/http://awards.mmm-online.com/cdmiconnect-and-brooklyn-free-clinic-we-need-u","url_text":"\"CDMiConnect and Brooklyn Free Clinic for \"We Need U\" | MM&M Awards\""},{"url":"http://awards.mmm-online.com/cdmiconnect-and-brooklyn-free-clinic-we-need-u","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CLIO Healthcare Awards | Integrated Campaign - Grand CLIO Winners\". Cliohealthcare.com. Retrieved 2015-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cliohealthcare.com/catalog/2013/integrated_campaign/","url_text":"\"CLIO Healthcare Awards | Integrated Campaign - Grand CLIO Winners\""}]},{"reference":"Hartocollis, Anemona (2013-01-17). \"Audit, Citing Mismanagement, Finds SUNY Downstate in Dire Fiscal Straits\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/18/nyregion/audit-finds-suny-downstate-in-dire-fiscal-straits.html","url_text":"\"Audit, Citing Mismanagement, Finds SUNY Downstate in Dire Fiscal Straits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Bombshell: Brooklyn judge orders SUNY Downstate to account for LICH's money, property\". Brooklyn Eagle. 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2020-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2013/06/28/bombshell-brooklyn-judge-orders-suny-downstate-to-account-for-lichs-money-property/","url_text":"\"Bombshell: Brooklyn judge orders SUNY Downstate to account for LICH's money, property\""}]},{"reference":"West, Melanie Grayce (2020-01-22). \"SUNY Downstate Accused of Retaliating Against Whistleblower Surgeons\". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/suny-downstate-accused-of-retaliating-against-whistleblower-surgeons-11579718998","url_text":"\"SUNY Downstate Accused of Retaliating Against Whistleblower Surgeons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"Narvaez, Alfonso A. (1989-12-02). \"Chandler Brooks, 83, a Professor Of Physiology and a Researcher\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/02/obituaries/chandler-brooks-83-a-professor-of-physiology-and-a-researcher.html","url_text":"\"Chandler Brooks, 83, a Professor Of Physiology and a Researcher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SUNY_Downstate_Medical_Center¶ms=40.6554_N_73.9457_W_type:landmark_region:US-NY","external_links_name":"40°39′19″N 73°56′45″W / 40.6554°N 73.9457°W / 40.6554; -73.9457"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SUNY+Downstate+Medical+Center%22","external_links_name":"\"SUNY Downstate Medical Center\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SUNY+Downstate+Medical+Center%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SUNY+Downstate+Medical+Center%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SUNY+Downstate+Medical+Center%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SUNY+Downstate+Medical+Center%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SUNY+Downstate+Medical+Center%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SUNY_Downstate_Medical_Center¶ms=40.6554_N_73.9457_W_type:landmark_region:US-NY","external_links_name":"40°39′19″N 73°56′45″W / 40.6554°N 73.9457°W / 40.6554; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McVitie_%26_Price | McVitie's | ["1 History","1.1 Early history; McVities, Guest and Co","1.2 1875–1947; McVitie & Price","1.3 1948–2001; United Biscuits Group","1.4 2002–present; Recent history","2 Wedding cakes","3 Products","3.1 Biscuits","3.2 Cakes","3.3 Other snacks","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | British brand of snack foods
McVitie'sThe McVitie's logo as updated in 2005Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryConfectioneryFounded1830; 194 years ago (1830) Edinburgh, ScotlandFounderRobert McVitieHeadquartersUnited KingdomArea servedUK, India, Italy, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, the Netherlands, Israel, Egypt, SwedenParentPladisWebsitemcvities.com
McVitie's (/məkˈvɪtiz/) is a British snack food brand owned by United Biscuits. The name is derived from the original Scottish biscuit maker, McVitie & Price, Ltd., established in 1830 on Rose Street in Edinburgh, Scotland. The company moved to various sites in the city before completing the St. Andrews Biscuit Works factory on Robertson Avenue in the Gorgie district in 1888.
The company also established one in Glasgow and two large manufacturing plants south of the border, in Heaton Chapel, Stockport, and Park Royal, London. There are seven McVitie's factories in the UK, with each producing a different types of biscuit; the Harlesden site in north-west London manufactures the chocolate digestives. Under United Biscuits McVitie's held a Royal Warrant from Queen Elizabeth II. The best-selling biscuit manufacturer in the United Kingdom, McVitie's produces Jaffa Cakes and popular biscuits such as chocolate digestives, Hobnobs, and Rich tea. In 2020, sales of McVitie's biscuits in the UK were more than five times the next two competitors.
History
Early history; McVities, Guest and Co
McVitie's factory in Heaton Chapel, Stockport produces over 2,000 Jaffa Cakes a minute.
Memorial to Robert McVitie, Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh
Robert McVitie was born in Dumfries in 1809. He served an apprenticeship with a baker and in 1834 he moved to Edinburgh. He initially lived and worked at 130 Rose Street, just north of Princes Street in the New Town. In 1835, he moved to the adjacent building at 129 Rose Street. It was called a "provision Shop". In 1843, he opened a second shop at 14 Charlotte Place (later renamed Randolph Place) just west of Charlotte Square.
McVitie's is first described as a "baker and confectioner" rather than a provision shop in 1856 at 5 Charlotte Place. He used the basement area below the shop as the bakery. By 1865, the bakery had moved to 47 London Street just round the corner from his flat at 76 Broughton Street. In 1870, McVitie is described as a baker at 12 Antigua Street and 2 East London Street, both also near his home in Broughton Street. In 1875, the business was expanded to 23 and 24 Queensferry Street where McVitie is described as a baker and confectioner. In 1881, his eldest son, also Robert (1854–1910), was in charge of the Queensferry Street business while the other properties remained in his name until 1884 although he died in 1883. In the same year Robert junior also occupied 8 and 9 Merchant Street. In 1887, he employed Alexander Grant from Forres, an experienced biscuit maker, to aid him. He was employed as foreman of the bakery but left to set up his own bakery in Inverness, Scotland but he failed and returned to McVitie's.
In the late 19th century it was decided to split the operations of the business, with retail made a separate company. In 1898, McVitie rebranded the company as McVities, Guest and Co (usually McVities) after joining with his brother-in-law Edward Graham Guest. In 1903, they built the McVities Guest Tearoom at 135/136 Princes Street (on the corner of South Charlotte Street).
1875–1947; McVitie & Price
In 1875, the company had been joined by Charles Edward Price as a salesman. His success in this role led to a partnership in 1888 to create McVitie & Price. In 1888, they built the huge St Andrews Biscuit Works on Robertson Avenue in the Gorgie district of south-west Edinburgh. Price left in 1910 following the death of Robert.
An early 20th century McVitie & Price's Digestive biscuit tin, located in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Plain digestives were launched in 1892.
In 1891, the London salesman for the company George Andrews Brown persuaded the company to redesign their Rich Tea biscuit to a smaller size to accommodate the London taste. The original Gorgie factory burned down in 1894, but was rebuilt the same year to a much improved technical standard. It remained operative until 1969 when production ceased and operations were transferred to the English sites which had been established at Harlesden, north-west London in 1902 which is the largest biscuit factory in the UK, and Manchester in 1914.
Robert McVitie died married but childless in 1910 in Berkhamsted rather than at his home 12 Greenhill Gardens in south Edinburgh. He is commemorated in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh. After his death, McVitie & Price Limited was incorporated as a joint–stock limited company in 1911 placing Alexander Grant as managing director and principal share-holder. The firm acquired the Edinburgh bakery of Simon Henderson & Sons in 1922.
1948–2001; United Biscuits Group
McVitie's factory in Harlesden, north-west London
McVitie & Price merged with another Scottish bakery company, Macfarlane, Lang & Co., Ltd, in 1948 to become United Biscuits Group. McVitie's brand products are manufactured in five United Kingdom factories: the two former McVitie & Price factories in Harlesden, England and Stockport, England; a former Macfarlane, Lang & Co. factory named Victoria Biscuit Works in Glasgow; a former Carr's factory named The Biscuit Works established 1831 in Carlisle, England; and the McVitie's Cake Co. factory (formerly Riley's Toffee Works) in Halifax, England.
McVitie's chocolate digestive. First produced in 1925, travel writer Bill Bryson called it a “British masterpiece”. It is the UK's most popular biscuit to dunk into tea.
McVitie & Price's first major biscuit was the McVitie's digestive, created in 1892 by a new young employee at the company named Sir Alexander Grant. The biscuit was given its name because it was thought that its high baking soda content served as an aid to food digestion. Grant later became managing director of the company. In 1923, he was the main benefactor in establishing the National Library of Scotland giving an endowment of £100,000. Grant donated a further £100,000 in 1928 to assist with the building of the National Library premises on George IV Bridge in Edinburgh.
In 1924, Ramsay MacDonald, prime minister of Britain’s new Labour Government, admitted that Grant had given him a Daimler car and £30,000 of shares in McVitie's. Grant had been MacDonald’s childhood friend, and shortly after received a baronetcy (hereditary knighthood) from the prime minister. The affair, regarded by many as corruption by the prime minister, severely shook the government.
The McVitie's Chocolate Homewheat Digestive was created in 1925. Over 71 million packets of McVitie's chocolate digestives are eaten in the United Kingdom each year, equating to 52 biscuits per second. Hobnobs were launched in 1985 and a milk chocolate variant followed in 1987. Launched in 1927, Jaffa Cakes were ranked the best selling cake or biscuit in the UK in 2012.
2002–present; Recent history
Some of the products in the McVitie's line were rebranded McV in 2002, but they were replaced in 2005 with a restyled version of the McVitie's brand logo. In 2007, United Biscuits licensed the McVitie's brand to Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd for biscuit production in Japan. In 2009, McVitie's biscuits were voted as the most popular biscuits to dunk in tea, with McVitie's chocolate digestives, Rich tea, and Hobnobs ranked the country's top three favourite biscuits in 2009.
McVitie's Rich tea biscuits were launched in 1891.
In June 2014, McVitie's announced their intention to make 157 shop floor roles redundant at their Stockport manufacturing facility. This redundancy announcement was due to the modernisation agenda of the company and involved a move from an 8-hour 5-day operation to a 12-hour 7-day operation. In November 2014, United Biscuits and hence also McVitie's were sold to Yildiz, a company in Istanbul, Turkey which in 2016 merged some of its subsidiaries including United Biscuits as Pladis.
In 2020, sales of McVitie's biscuits in the United Kingdom were more than five times their closest two competitors in the biscuit category (Kit Kat and Cadbury biscuits). In 2022, McVitie's became the main sponsor of Britain's Got Talent. In 2023, McVitie's struck a deal to sponsor English championship football club Hull City.
Wedding cakes
Although not their core operation it is noteworthy that McVitie's were commissioned in 1893 to create a wedding cake for the royal wedding of the Duke of York and Princess Mary, who became King George V and Queen Mary. The cake was over 7 feet (2 metres) high and cost 140 guineas. It was viewed by 14,000 people and was wonderful publicity for the company. They received many commissions for royal wedding cakes and christening cakes.
In 1947, McVitie & Price made the principal wedding cake for Princess Elizabeth (future Queen Elizabeth II) and Philip Mountbatten, which was served at the wedding breakfast. McVitie's were commissioned to make a chocolate biscuit cake as a groom's cake for the 2011 Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton.
Products
Biscuits
McVitie's Hobnobs (plain pictured) were launched in 1985. The chocolate version (first produced in 1987) ranks high in polls for dunking.
McVitie's-branded Club mint flavoured biscuit
Abbey Crunch
All Butter Shortbread
BN
Chocolate Digestives
Club Biscuits.
Cookies, including Boasters.
Deli Choc
Digestives
Digestives Lights
Fig Roll
Fruit shortcake
Ginger Nuts
Gold Bar
Hobnobs
Iced Gems
Marie finger biscuit
Minis
Penguin
Rich Tea
Tasties
Taxi
Trio
United (discontinued)
V.I.Bs (Very Important Biscuits)
Cakes
Classed a cake in a UK court ruling, McVitie's launched Jaffa Cakes in 1927.
Carrot Cake
Fruit cake
Jaffa Cakes
Jamaica Ginger Cake
Lemon Cake
Lyle's Golden Syrup Cake
Mini Rolls
Moments Brownies
Tunis Cake
Waffles
Other snacks
Mini Cheddars ("original" and "BBQ" flavours)
Breakfast
Cheddars
Cracker Crisps
Blissfills
Digestive Thins
Family Circle
Krackawheats
McVities Digestive Slices
Minis
Mini Cheddars
Nibbles (Digestive and Hobnob varieties)
Victoria Biscuit Selection
See also
Food portalUnited Kingdom portal
Burton's Foods
Fox's Biscuits
Jacob Fruitfield Food Group
Huntley & Palmers
Sunshine Biscuits (Australia), a licensed manufacturer of McVitie's biscuits
References
^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
^ a b The National Archives of Scotland. "McVitie & Price, Ltd". Retrieved 2 November 2007.
^ "See how chocolate digestives are made at a London biscuit factory". Time Out. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
^ a b "Biscuits: Taste for nostalgia grows biccies". The Grocer. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
^ Wallop, Harry (6 May 2012). "Jaffa Cakes - definitely not biscuits - prepare to take on imitators". The Daily Telegraph. The factory, which covers more than 10 acres, produces 2,000 Jaffa Cakes a minute
^ a b Made in Scotland, by Carol Foreman
^ Edinburgh Post Office directory 1834
^ edinburgh Post Office directory 1836
^ Edinburgh Post office directory 1843
^ Edinburgh Post Office directory 1865
^ Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1870
^ Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1875
^ Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1881
^ Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1884
^ “McVitie's, Guest and Co”. Graces Guide.
^ “Macvitties Guest & Co / McVities Guest & Co shop and tea room”. Scottish Architects.
^ "McVitie's History | McVitie's UK".
^ "A journey through the McVitie's factory behind Britain's favourite biscuit". MyLondon. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
^ Marketer, The Conscious (31 December 2020). "Harlesden: The last of the inner-city London suburbs". Medium. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1909
^ "McVitie & Price, Ltd". Gov.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
^ a b Made in Scotland, Carol Foreman
^ United Biscuits. "Our History". Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
^ "Our Locations". United Biscuits. Archived from the original on 24 June 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
^ a b c d "Chocolate digestive is nation's favourite dunking biscuit". The Daily Telegraph (London). 2 May 2009
^ "National Biscuit Day: a chequered history of McVitie's Digestives". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
^ "History Cook: the rise of the chocolate biscuit". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
^ Macmillan, p.238-52
^ William D Rubinstein (2003). Twentieth-Century Britain: A Political History, Palgrave. p. 146.
^ "McVitie's". United Biscuits. Archived from the original on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
^ Osman, Richard (2017). The World Cup Of Everything: Bringing the fun home. Hachette UK.
^ "Jaffa Cakes - definitely not biscuits - prepare to take on imitators". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 28 December 2014
^ "157 jobs could go at McVities". Manchester Evening News. 19 September 2014.
^ Wood, Zoe (3 November 2014). "Jaffa Cakes and McVitie's maker sold to Turkish food group in £2bn deal". The Guardian.
^ Walsh, Dominic. "World domination takes the biscuit". The Times. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
^ "Britains Got Talent is proud to welcome new series sponsor, McVities". ITV Media. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
^ "Hull City secure major new sponsorship deal with iconic brand McVities". Hull Daily Mail. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
^ "Sixty facts about a royal marriage (item 43)". BBC News. 18 November 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
^ "Prince William's Groom's Cake". CNN. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
^ "McVitie's Fruit Shortcake". McVitie's.
^ "McVitie's launches Tasties biscuits". The Grocer.
^ "United Bars are the eighties sweets we need to see back on our shelves," The Daily Edge, 9 February 2016
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/məkˈvɪtiz/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United Biscuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Biscuits"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares"},{"link_name":"Rose Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Street"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Gorgie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgie"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archives-2"},{"link_name":"Heaton Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaton_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Stockport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport"},{"link_name":"Park Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Royal,_London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"biscuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuit"},{"link_name":"Harlesden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlesden"},{"link_name":"chocolate digestives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_digestive"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Warrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Jaffa Cakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa_Cakes"},{"link_name":"chocolate digestives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_digestive"},{"link_name":"Hobnobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobnob_biscuit"},{"link_name":"Rich tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_tea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grocer-4"}],"text":"McVitie's (/məkˈvɪtiz/)[1] is a British snack food brand owned by United Biscuits. The name is derived from the original Scottish biscuit maker, McVitie & Price, Ltd., established in 1830 on Rose Street in Edinburgh, Scotland. The company moved to various sites in the city before completing the St. Andrews Biscuit Works factory on Robertson Avenue in the Gorgie district in 1888.[2]The company also established one in Glasgow and two large manufacturing plants south of the border, in Heaton Chapel, Stockport, and Park Royal, London. There are seven McVitie's factories in the UK, with each producing a different types of biscuit; the Harlesden site in north-west London manufactures the chocolate digestives.[3] Under United Biscuits McVitie's held a Royal Warrant from Queen Elizabeth II. The best-selling biscuit manufacturer in the United Kingdom, McVitie's produces Jaffa Cakes and popular biscuits such as chocolate digestives, Hobnobs, and Rich tea. In 2020, sales of McVitie's biscuits in the UK were more than five times the next two competitors.[4]","title":"McVitie's"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McVitie%27s_Biscuit_Factory,_Wellington_Road_North,_Stockport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_803875.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heaton Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaton_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Stockport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport"},{"link_name":"Jaffa Cakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa_Cakes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_to_Robert_McVitie,_Dean_Cemetery,_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Made_in_Scotland,_by_Carol_Foreman-6"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Princes Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_Street"},{"link_name":"New Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Square"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Made_in_Scotland,_by_Carol_Foreman-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Alexander Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Grant,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Forres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forres"},{"link_name":"Inverness, Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Princes Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_Street"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Early history; McVities, Guest and Co","text":"McVitie's factory in Heaton Chapel, Stockport produces over 2,000 Jaffa Cakes a minute.[5]Memorial to Robert McVitie, Dean Cemetery, EdinburghRobert McVitie was born in Dumfries in 1809.[6] He served an apprenticeship with a baker and in 1834 he moved to Edinburgh. He initially lived and worked at 130 Rose Street, just north of Princes Street in the New Town.[7] In 1835, he moved to the adjacent building at 129 Rose Street. It was called a \"provision Shop\".[8] In 1843, he opened a second shop at 14 Charlotte Place (later renamed Randolph Place) just west of Charlotte Square.[9]McVitie's is first described as a \"baker and confectioner\" rather than a provision shop in 1856 at 5 Charlotte Place. He used the basement area below the shop as the bakery.[6] By 1865, the bakery had moved to 47 London Street just round the corner from his flat at 76 Broughton Street.[10] In 1870, McVitie is described as a baker at 12 Antigua Street and 2 East London Street, both also near his home in Broughton Street.[11] In 1875, the business was expanded to 23 and 24 Queensferry Street where McVitie is described as a baker and confectioner.[12] In 1881, his eldest son, also Robert (1854–1910), was in charge of the Queensferry Street business[13] while the other properties remained in his name until 1884 although he died in 1883. In the same year Robert junior also occupied 8 and 9 Merchant Street.[14] In 1887, he employed Alexander Grant from Forres, an experienced biscuit maker, to aid him. He was employed as foreman of the bakery but left to set up his own bakery in Inverness, Scotland but he failed and returned to McVitie's.In the late 19th century it was decided to split the operations of the business, with retail made a separate company. In 1898, McVitie rebranded the company as McVities, Guest and Co (usually McVities) after joining with his brother-in-law Edward Graham Guest.[15] In 1903, they built the McVities Guest Tearoom at 135/136 Princes Street (on the corner of South Charlotte Street).[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Edward Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Price"},{"link_name":"Gorgie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgie"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biscuit_tins_VA_2490.JPG"},{"link_name":"biscuit tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuit_tin"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"digestives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_biscuit"},{"link_name":"Rich Tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Tea"},{"link_name":"Harlesden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlesden"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Berkhamsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkhamsted"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Dean Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Made_in_Scotland,_Carol_Foreman-22"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archives-2"}],"sub_title":"1875–1947; McVitie & Price","text":"In 1875, the company had been joined by Charles Edward Price as a salesman. His success in this role led to a partnership in 1888 to create McVitie & Price. In 1888, they built the huge St Andrews Biscuit Works on Robertson Avenue in the Gorgie district of south-west Edinburgh.[17] Price left in 1910 following the death of Robert.An early 20th century McVitie & Price's Digestive biscuit tin, located in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Plain digestives were launched in 1892.In 1891, the London salesman for the company George Andrews Brown persuaded the company to redesign their Rich Tea biscuit to a smaller size to accommodate the London taste. The original Gorgie factory burned down in 1894, but was rebuilt the same year to a much improved technical standard. It remained operative until 1969 when production ceased and operations were transferred to the English sites which had been established at Harlesden, north-west London in 1902 which is the largest biscuit factory in the UK, and Manchester in 1914.[18][19]Robert McVitie died married but childless in 1910 in Berkhamsted rather than at his home 12 Greenhill Gardens in south Edinburgh.[20] He is commemorated in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh. After his death, McVitie & Price Limited was incorporated as a joint–stock limited company in 1911 placing Alexander Grant as managing director and principal share-holder.[21][22] The firm acquired the Edinburgh bakery of Simon Henderson & Sons in 1922.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McVitie%27s_Biscuit_Factory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4774329.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harlesden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlesden"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Harlesden, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlesden"},{"link_name":"Stockport, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Carr's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr%27s"},{"link_name":"Carlisle, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Halifax, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McVitie%27s_chocolate_digestive_biscuit.jpg"},{"link_name":"chocolate digestive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_digestive"},{"link_name":"Bill Bryson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bryson"},{"link_name":"dunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunking_(biscuit)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digestion-25"},{"link_name":"digestive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_biscuit"},{"link_name":"Alexander Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Grant,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digestion-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"National Library of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"National Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"George IV Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Ramsay MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"baronetcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetcy"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"chocolate digestives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_digestive"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Hobnobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobnob_biscuit"},{"link_name":"milk chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_chocolate"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Jaffa Cakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa_Cakes"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"1948–2001; United Biscuits Group","text":"McVitie's factory in Harlesden, north-west LondonMcVitie & Price merged with another Scottish bakery company, Macfarlane, Lang & Co., Ltd, in 1948 to become United Biscuits Group.[23] McVitie's brand products are manufactured in five United Kingdom factories: the two former McVitie & Price factories in Harlesden, England and Stockport, England; a former Macfarlane, Lang & Co. factory named Victoria Biscuit Works in Glasgow; a former Carr's factory named The Biscuit Works established 1831 in Carlisle, England; and the McVitie's Cake Co. factory (formerly Riley's Toffee Works) in Halifax, England.[24]McVitie's chocolate digestive. First produced in 1925, travel writer Bill Bryson called it a “British masterpiece”. It is the UK's most popular biscuit to dunk into tea.[25]McVitie & Price's first major biscuit was the McVitie's digestive, created in 1892 by a new young employee at the company named Sir Alexander Grant.[26] The biscuit was given its name because it was thought that its high baking soda content served as an aid to food digestion.[25][27] Grant later became managing director of the company. In 1923, he was the main benefactor in establishing the National Library of Scotland giving an endowment of £100,000. Grant donated a further £100,000 in 1928 to assist with the building of the National Library premises on George IV Bridge in Edinburgh.[28]In 1924, Ramsay MacDonald, prime minister of Britain’s new Labour Government, admitted that Grant had given him a Daimler car and £30,000 of shares in McVitie's. Grant had been MacDonald’s childhood friend, and shortly after received a baronetcy (hereditary knighthood) from the prime minister. The affair, regarded by many as corruption by the prime minister, severely shook the government.[29]The McVitie's Chocolate Homewheat Digestive was created in 1925. Over 71 million packets of McVitie's chocolate digestives are eaten in the United Kingdom each year, equating to 52 biscuits per second.[30] Hobnobs were launched in 1985 and a milk chocolate variant followed in 1987.[31] Launched in 1927, Jaffa Cakes were ranked the best selling cake or biscuit in the UK in 2012.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"licensed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensed"},{"link_name":"Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Seika"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"dunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunking_(biscuit)"},{"link_name":"tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"chocolate digestives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_biscuit"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digestion-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rich_tea.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rich tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Tea"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Yildiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Holding"},{"link_name":"Istanbul, Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"United Biscuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Biscuits"},{"link_name":"Pladis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pladis"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Kit Kat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Kat"},{"link_name":"Cadbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadbury"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grocer-4"},{"link_name":"Britain's Got Talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain%27s_Got_Talent"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Hull City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"2002–present; Recent history","text":"Some of the products in the McVitie's line were rebranded McV in 2002, but they were replaced in 2005 with a restyled version of the McVitie's brand logo. In 2007, United Biscuits licensed the McVitie's brand to Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd for biscuit production in Japan. In 2009, McVitie's biscuits were voted as the most popular biscuits to dunk in tea, with McVitie's chocolate digestives, Rich tea, and Hobnobs ranked the country's top three favourite biscuits in 2009.[25]McVitie's Rich tea biscuits were launched in 1891.In June 2014, McVitie's announced their intention to make 157 shop floor roles redundant at their Stockport manufacturing facility.[33] This redundancy announcement was due to the modernisation agenda of the company and involved a move from an 8-hour 5-day operation to a 12-hour 7-day operation. In November 2014, United Biscuits and hence also McVitie's were sold to Yildiz, a company in Istanbul, Turkey[34] which in 2016 merged some of its subsidiaries including United Biscuits as Pladis.[35]In 2020, sales of McVitie's biscuits in the United Kingdom were more than five times their closest two competitors in the biscuit category (Kit Kat and Cadbury biscuits).[4] In 2022, McVitie's became the main sponsor of Britain's Got Talent.[36] In 2023, McVitie's struck a deal to sponsor English championship football club Hull City.[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"royal wedding of the Duke of York and Princess Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_George_and_Princess_Victoria_Mary"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Teck"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Made_in_Scotland,_Carol_Foreman-22"},{"link_name":"wedding cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_and_Philip_Mountbatten%27s_wedding_cakes"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Philip Mountbatten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"chocolate biscuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_biscuit"},{"link_name":"groom's cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groom%27s_cake"},{"link_name":"Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Although not their core operation it is noteworthy that McVitie's were commissioned in 1893 to create a wedding cake for the royal wedding of the Duke of York and Princess Mary, who became King George V and Queen Mary. The cake was over 7 feet (2 metres) high and cost 140 guineas. It was viewed by 14,000 people and was wonderful publicity for the company. They received many commissions for royal wedding cakes and christening cakes.[22]In 1947, McVitie & Price made the principal wedding cake for Princess Elizabeth (future Queen Elizabeth II) and Philip Mountbatten, which was served at the wedding breakfast.[38] McVitie's were commissioned to make a chocolate biscuit cake as a groom's cake for the 2011 Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton.[39]","title":"Wedding cakes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McVitie%27s_HobNobs_Nobbly_Oaty_Biscuits.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hobnobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobnob_biscuit"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digestion-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McVities_Club_Mint_biscuit_(whole_and_filling_shown)_(UK_version).jpg"},{"link_name":"Abbey Crunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Crunch"},{"link_name":"Shortbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortbread"},{"link_name":"BN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BN_(biscuit)"},{"link_name":"Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_(biscuit)"},{"link_name":"Cookies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookies"},{"link_name":"Digestives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_biscuit"},{"link_name":"Fig Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig_Roll"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Ginger Nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Nuts"},{"link_name":"Hobnobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HobNobs"},{"link_name":"Penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_(biscuit)"},{"link_name":"Rich Tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_tea"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_(chocolate)"},{"link_name":"Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trio_(chocolate_bar)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Biscuits","text":"McVitie's Hobnobs (plain pictured) were launched in 1985. The chocolate version (first produced in 1987) ranks high in polls for dunking.[25]McVitie's-branded Club mint flavoured biscuitAbbey Crunch\nAll Butter Shortbread\nBN\nChocolate Digestives\nClub Biscuits.\nCookies, including Boasters.\nDeli Choc\nDigestives\nDigestives Lights\nFig Roll\nFruit shortcake[40]\nGinger Nuts\nGold Bar\nHobnobs\nIced Gems\nMarie finger biscuit\nMinis\nPenguin\nRich Tea\nTasties[41]\nTaxi\nTrio\nUnited (discontinued)[42]\nV.I.Bs (Very Important Biscuits)","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JaffaCake.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jaffa Cakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa_Cakes"},{"link_name":"Carrot Cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot_Cake"},{"link_name":"Fruit cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_cake"},{"link_name":"Jaffa Cakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa_Cakes"},{"link_name":"Lyle's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_%26_Lyle"},{"link_name":"Golden Syrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Syrup"},{"link_name":"Tunis Cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis_Cake"}],"sub_title":"Cakes","text":"Classed a cake in a UK court ruling, McVitie's launched Jaffa Cakes in 1927.Carrot Cake\nFruit cake\nJaffa Cakes\nJamaica Ginger Cake\nLemon Cake\nLyle's Golden Syrup Cake\nMini Rolls\nMoments Brownies\nTunis Cake\nWaffles","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McVities_Mini_Cheddars_(Original_and_BBQ)_with_bags.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cheddars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheddars"},{"link_name":"Mini Cheddars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Cheddars"}],"sub_title":"Other snacks","text":"Mini Cheddars (\"original\" and \"BBQ\" flavours)Breakfast\nCheddars\nCracker Crisps\nBlissfills\nDigestive Thins\nFamily Circle\nKrackawheats\nMcVities Digestive Slices\nMinis\nMini Cheddars\nNibbles (Digestive and Hobnob varieties)\nVictoria Biscuit Selection","title":"Products"}] | [{"image_text":"McVitie's factory in Heaton Chapel, Stockport produces over 2,000 Jaffa Cakes a minute.[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/McVitie%27s_Biscuit_Factory%2C_Wellington_Road_North%2C_Stockport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_803875.jpg/220px-McVitie%27s_Biscuit_Factory%2C_Wellington_Road_North%2C_Stockport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_803875.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial to Robert McVitie, Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Memorial_to_Robert_McVitie%2C_Dean_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/220px-Memorial_to_Robert_McVitie%2C_Dean_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"image_text":"An early 20th century McVitie & Price's Digestive biscuit tin, located in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Plain digestives were launched in 1892.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Biscuit_tins_VA_2490.JPG/200px-Biscuit_tins_VA_2490.JPG"},{"image_text":"McVitie's factory in Harlesden, north-west London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/McVitie%27s_Biscuit_Factory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4774329.jpg/220px-McVitie%27s_Biscuit_Factory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4774329.jpg"},{"image_text":"McVitie's chocolate digestive. First produced in 1925, travel writer Bill Bryson called it a “British masterpiece”. It is the UK's most popular biscuit to dunk into tea.[25]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/McVitie%27s_chocolate_digestive_biscuit.jpg/200px-McVitie%27s_chocolate_digestive_biscuit.jpg"},{"image_text":"McVitie's Rich tea biscuits were launched in 1891.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rich_tea.jpg/180px-Rich_tea.jpg"},{"image_text":"McVitie's Hobnobs (plain pictured) were launched in 1985. The chocolate version (first produced in 1987) ranks high in polls for dunking.[25]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/McVitie%27s_HobNobs_Nobbly_Oaty_Biscuits.jpg/220px-McVitie%27s_HobNobs_Nobbly_Oaty_Biscuits.jpg"},{"image_text":"McVitie's-branded Club mint flavoured biscuit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/McVities_Club_Mint_biscuit_%28whole_and_filling_shown%29_%28UK_version%29.jpg/220px-McVities_Club_Mint_biscuit_%28whole_and_filling_shown%29_%28UK_version%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Classed a cake in a UK court ruling, McVitie's launched Jaffa Cakes in 1927.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/JaffaCake.jpg/220px-JaffaCake.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mini Cheddars (\"original\" and \"BBQ\" flavours)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/McVities_Mini_Cheddars_%28Original_and_BBQ%29_with_bags.jpg/220px-McVities_Mini_Cheddars_%28Original_and_BBQ%29_with_bags.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"United Kingdom portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Burton's Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton%27s_Foods"},{"title":"Fox's Biscuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox%27s_Biscuits"},{"title":"Jacob Fruitfield Food Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Fruitfield_Food_Group"},{"title":"Huntley & Palmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers"},{"title":"Sunshine Biscuits (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Biscuits_(Australia)"}] | [{"reference":"Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)","url_text":"Jones, Daniel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)","url_text":"Roach, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Setter","url_text":"Setter, Jane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Esling","url_text":"Esling, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary","url_text":"Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6","url_text":"978-0-521-15255-6"}]},{"reference":"The National Archives of Scotland. \"McVitie & Price, Ltd\". Retrieved 2 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_of_Scotland","url_text":"The National Archives of Scotland"},{"url":"http://www.dswebhosting.info/NAS/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Site20&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo==%27GD381/3%27)","url_text":"\"McVitie & Price, Ltd\""}]},{"reference":"\"See how chocolate digestives are made at a London biscuit factory\". Time Out. Retrieved 16 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/london/news/see-how-chocolate-digestives-are-made-at-a-london-biscuit-factory-061118","url_text":"\"See how chocolate digestives are made at a London biscuit factory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biscuits: Taste for nostalgia grows biccies\". The Grocer. Retrieved 22 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/top-products/biscuits-top-products-report-2020/651364.article","url_text":"\"Biscuits: Taste for nostalgia grows biccies\""}]},{"reference":"Wallop, Harry (6 May 2012). \"Jaffa Cakes - definitely not biscuits - prepare to take on imitators\". The Daily Telegraph. The factory, which covers more than 10 acres, produces 2,000 Jaffa Cakes a minute","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"McVitie's History | McVitie's UK\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mcvities.co.uk/about","url_text":"\"McVitie's History | McVitie's UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"A journey through the McVitie's factory behind Britain's favourite biscuit\". MyLondon. Retrieved 16 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mylondon.news/news/west-london-news/mcvities-biscuit-factory-harlesden-journey-14827431","url_text":"\"A journey through the McVitie's factory behind Britain's favourite biscuit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyLondon","url_text":"MyLondon"}]},{"reference":"Marketer, The Conscious (31 December 2020). \"Harlesden: The last of the inner-city London suburbs\". Medium. Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://theconsciousmarketer.medium.com/try-harlesden-before-it-dies-81dc5767c6ec","url_text":"\"Harlesden: The last of the inner-city London suburbs\""}]},{"reference":"\"McVitie & Price, Ltd\". Gov.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/SC007907","url_text":"\"McVitie & Price, Ltd\""}]},{"reference":"United Biscuits. \"Our History\". Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200427132711/http://www.unitedbiscuits.com/802561A0047922E/vWeb/pcTSTT5DWHZ4","url_text":"\"Our History\""},{"url":"http://www.unitedbiscuits.com/802561A0047922E/vWeb/pcTSTT5DWHZ4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Locations\". United Biscuits. Archived from the original on 24 June 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070624214113/http://www.unitedbiscuits.com/80256C1A0047922E/vWeb/pcTSTT5DWHZ7","url_text":"\"Our Locations\""},{"url":"http://www.unitedbiscuits.com/80256C1A0047922E/vWeb/pcTSTT5DWHZ7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Biscuit Day: a chequered history of McVitie's Digestives\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/food-and-drink/features/national-biscuit-day-chequered-history-mcvities-digestives/","url_text":"\"National Biscuit Day: a chequered history of McVitie's Digestives\""}]},{"reference":"\"History Cook: the rise of the chocolate biscuit\". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/5f890020-bba6-11e8-8274-55b72926558f","url_text":"\"History Cook: the rise of the chocolate biscuit\""}]},{"reference":"\"McVitie's\". United Biscuits. Archived from the original on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070809043301/http://www.unitedbiscuits.com/80256C1A0047922E/vWeb/pcTSTT5EPGEC","url_text":"\"McVitie's\""},{"url":"http://www.unitedbiscuits.com/80256C1A0047922E/vWeb/pcTSTT5EPGEC","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Osman, Richard (2017). The World Cup Of Everything: Bringing the fun home. Hachette UK.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"157 jobs could go at McVities\". Manchester Evening News. 19 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/157-jobs-could-go-mcvities-7795155","url_text":"\"157 jobs could go at McVities\""}]},{"reference":"Wood, Zoe (3 November 2014). \"Jaffa Cakes and McVitie's maker sold to Turkish food group in £2bn deal\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/nov/03/united-biscuits-jaffa-cakes-mcvities-yildiz-two-billion-deal","url_text":"\"Jaffa Cakes and McVitie's maker sold to Turkish food group in £2bn deal\""}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Dominic. \"World domination takes the biscuit\". The Times. Retrieved 15 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/world-domination-takes-the-biscuit-x3v7lwnkm","url_text":"\"World domination takes the biscuit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Britains Got Talent is proud to welcome new series sponsor, McVities\". ITV Media. Retrieved 16 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itvmedia.co.uk/making-an-impact/britains-got-talent-is-proud-to-welcome-new-series-sponsor-mcvities","url_text":"\"Britains Got Talent is proud to welcome new series sponsor, McVities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hull City secure major new sponsorship deal with iconic brand McVities\". Hull Daily Mail. Retrieved 27 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/hull-city-mcvities-sponsorship-deal-8675684","url_text":"\"Hull City secure major new sponsorship deal with iconic brand McVities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sixty facts about a royal marriage (item 43)\". BBC News. 18 November 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7100546.stm","url_text":"\"Sixty facts about a royal marriage (item 43)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prince William's Groom's Cake\". CNN. Retrieved 27 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/03/26/uk.royal.wedding.cake/index.html?hpt=C2","url_text":"\"Prince William's Groom's Cake\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://mcvities.com/","external_links_name":"mcvities.com"},{"Link":"http://www.dswebhosting.info/NAS/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Site20&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo==%27GD381/3%27)","external_links_name":"\"McVitie & Price, Ltd\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeout.com/london/news/see-how-chocolate-digestives-are-made-at-a-london-biscuit-factory-061118","external_links_name":"\"See how chocolate digestives are made at a London biscuit factory\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/top-products/biscuits-top-products-report-2020/651364.article","external_links_name":"\"Biscuits: Taste for nostalgia grows biccies\""},{"Link":"https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/MacVitties,_Guest_and_Co","external_links_name":"“McVitie's, Guest and Co”"},{"Link":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=202265","external_links_name":"“Macvitties Guest & Co / McVities Guest & Co shop and tea room”"},{"Link":"http://www.mcvities.co.uk/about","external_links_name":"\"McVitie's History | McVitie's UK\""},{"Link":"https://www.mylondon.news/news/west-london-news/mcvities-biscuit-factory-harlesden-journey-14827431","external_links_name":"\"A journey through the McVitie's factory behind Britain's favourite biscuit\""},{"Link":"https://theconsciousmarketer.medium.com/try-harlesden-before-it-dies-81dc5767c6ec","external_links_name":"\"Harlesden: The last of the inner-city London suburbs\""},{"Link":"https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/SC007907","external_links_name":"\"McVitie & Price, Ltd\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200427132711/http://www.unitedbiscuits.com/802561A0047922E/vWeb/pcTSTT5DWHZ4","external_links_name":"\"Our History\""},{"Link":"http://www.unitedbiscuits.com/802561A0047922E/vWeb/pcTSTT5DWHZ4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070624214113/http://www.unitedbiscuits.com/80256C1A0047922E/vWeb/pcTSTT5DWHZ7","external_links_name":"\"Our Locations\""},{"Link":"http://www.unitedbiscuits.com/80256C1A0047922E/vWeb/pcTSTT5DWHZ7","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/4927255/Chocolate-digestive-is-nations-favourite-dunking-biscuit.html","external_links_name":"\"Chocolate digestive is nation's favourite dunking biscuit\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/food-and-drink/features/national-biscuit-day-chequered-history-mcvities-digestives/","external_links_name":"\"National Biscuit Day: a chequered history of McVitie's Digestives\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/5f890020-bba6-11e8-8274-55b72926558f","external_links_name":"\"History Cook: the rise of the chocolate biscuit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070809043301/http://www.unitedbiscuits.com/80256C1A0047922E/vWeb/pcTSTT5EPGEC","external_links_name":"\"McVitie's\""},{"Link":"http://www.unitedbiscuits.com/80256C1A0047922E/vWeb/pcTSTT5EPGEC","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/9249366/Jaffa-Cakes-definitely-not-biscuits-prepare-to-take-on-imitators.html","external_links_name":"\"Jaffa Cakes - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Brannan | Duncan Brannan | ["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 Television","3.2 Anime","3.3 Video games","3.4 Other work","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | American voice actor
Duncan BrannanBorn (1970-06-25) June 25, 1970 (age 53)Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.OccupationsVoice actorwriterteacherministerYears active1993–presentSpouse
Ralana Lynn Gregg (m. 1993)Children2
Duncan Brannan (born June 25, 1970) is an American voice actor, who has provided voices for numerous mainstream children's entertainment characters, English-language dubs of Japanese anime, and other commercial properties. He is mainly known for being the voice of Chuck E. Cheese from 1993-2012.
Career
Brannan was the voice of Chuck E. Cheese in restaurant chains across the U.S., as well as his English and Spanish voice in national commercials seen on PBS, Nickelodeon, and other places from January 1994 to April 2012. He was replaced by musician and singer Jaret Reddick when Chuck E. Cheese’s revamped their image. Brannan is also known for his work on the children's TV series Barney & Friends from 1997 to 2002, providing Barney's character and singing voice for home video releases, his singing voice for the PBS series following Bob West’s (who's also done voices of Chuck E Cheese characters) departure, fill-in and replacement, as well as Barney’s voice for numerous public relations spots on radio and television and merchandise from plush toys to games, compact discs, and more. Ironically, Chuck E. Cheese was a sponsor to Barney & Friends at the time as well as other PBS programs such as Arthur and Clifford the Big Red Dog.
Brannan has also voiced commercials and industrials for secular and religious markets. Some of his most notable credits are: Taco Bueno, Martha Stewart, Just Brakes, The Department of Defence, Brinker's International (for Chili's, Maggiano's, On the Border, and Romano's Macaroni Grill), Methodist Health Systems, Leslie's Pool Supplies, Cambien Voyager, New Horizons, Stop Her Now, K Havnanian Homes, First United Bank, Campus Crusade for Christ, Chuck Swindoll, Lone Star College System, Parkland Health and Hospital Systems, JPI Realtors, Eddie Eagle & the Wing Team, Okratron 5000, and Funimation, Inc.
Outside of voice acting, Brannan also works as a writer, artist, consultant, and pastor.
Personal life
He currently resides in Fort Worth, Texas with his wife Ralana Lynn Gregg, whom he married on January 2, 1993. Together they have two daughters, Kaydra and Karlisa Brannan.
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1998
It's Time for Counting
Barney (speaking voice)
Direct-to-video; Voice actor workprints; Uncredited.
1998
My Party with Barney
Barney (voice)
Direct-to-video film created by Kideo
1999
Chuck E. Cheese in the Galaxy 5000
Chuck E. Cheese (voice)
Direct-to-video
1999
More Barney Songs
Barney (speaking/additional voice)
Direct-to-video; Voice actor workprints; Uncredited in episodes 14-20
2000
Barney's Super Singing Circus
Barney (voice)
Direct-to-video
2000
Come on Over to Barney's House
Barney (voice)
Direct-to-video
2001
Barney: Let's Go to the Zoo
Barney (voice)
Direct-to-video
2002
Barney: You Can Be Anything
Barney (voice)
Direct-to-video
2002
Barney: Let's Go to the Beach!
Barney (voice)
Direct-to-video
2002
Barney: Fun on Wheels
Barney (voice)
Direct-to-video
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1997–2002
Barney & Friends
Barney (speaking voice)
Voice actor workprintsUncredited in episodes 14-20
Anime
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1993–1995
Dragon Ball Z
Babidi / Sharpner / Smitty / Commander / Old Man
45 episodes
1994
Yu Yu Hakusho: Ghost Files
Shogo Sato
3 episodes
1995
Dragon Ball
Monster Carrot
Episode: "Usagi oyabun no tokui-waza"
1995
Dragon Ball Z: Wrath of the Dragon
Sharpner
Film
1995–2003
Dragon Ball
Pamput / Ninja Marasaki / Fighter / Monster Carrot
11 episodes
1996–1997
Detective Conan
Oswald Burny / Ken Tomason
2 episodes
1996–2002
Dragon Ball GT
Dr. Myuu / Scholar Bot / Zoonama / Babidi
16 episodes
1999
Blue Gender
Man #1
Episode: "Priority"
2000–2011
One Piece
Mr. 3 / Sarquiss / Major Inspector Shepherd / Additional Voices
28 episodes
2001
Baki the Grappler
Takagi
Episode: "The Right to Fight"
2001–2003
Dragon Ball Z
Babidi / Sharpner / Smitty / Commander / Old Man
45 episodes
2003
Kiddy Grade
Additional Voices
Credited as Duncan Brennan
2003
The Galaxy Railways
Guy Sander
3 episodes
2004
Fullmetal Alchemist
Additional Voices / Number 48 / Younger Slicer Brother
4 episodes
2004
Samurai 7
Shichiroji
21 episodes
2005
The Detective Memoirs of Chief Straw Hat Luffy
Mr. 3
TV movie
2006
Mushi-Shi
Extra
Episode: "White in the Ink Slab"
2006
Jyu oh sei
Third
9 episodes
2006
Love and Honor
Hori / Senior Chief
Film
2007
Darker Than Black
Jean
2 episodes
2007
Vexille
SWORD Comm Officer 2
Film
2007
Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone
Additional Voices
Film
2007
Baccano!
Denkuro
Episode: "Everything Began on Board the Advena Avis"
2007–2009
Dragonaut: The Resonance
Kasuga Nozaki
14 episodes
2008
Gunslinger Girl: Il Teatrino
Bernardo
2 episodes
2008
Soul Eater
Additional Voices
Episode: "Shakunetsu no Bôsou Tokkyû! Dai ma dôshi ga nokoshita ma dôgu?"
2008
Casshern Sins
Additional Voices
2 episodes
2009
Linebarrels of Iron
Additional Voices
2 episodes
2009
Eden of the East the Movie I: The King of Eden
Additional Voices
Film
2009–2010
Tenchi Muyo! War on Geminar
Dagmyer
13 episodes
2009–2010
Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood
Additional Voices / Fox / Number 48 / Younger Slicer Brother
8 episodes
2010
Trigun: Badlands Rumble
Additional Voices
Film
2010
Black Butler
Priest
Episode: "Teroshitsuji"
2011
Fractale
Additional Voices
4 episodes
2011
Deadman Wonderland
Additional Voices
Episode: "Death Row Inmate"
2011
Gekijouban Sengoku Basara: The Last Party
Additional Voices
Film
2011
Appleseed XIII: Tartaros
Additional Voices
Film
2011
Appleseed XIII: Ouranos
Additional Voices
Film
2011
Last Exile: Gin'yoku no Fam
Luscinia
5 episodes
2011
Future Diary
Additional Voices
2 episodes
2011
Appleseed XIII
Additional Voices
13 episodes
2011–2012
Fairy Tail
Sugarboy
16 episodes
2012
Eureka Seven: Ao
Nakamura
9 episodes
2012
Good Luck Girl!
Additional Voices / Genjuro
2 episodes
2013
Karneval
Additional Voices / Murano
2 episodes
2013
Ghost in the Shell: Arise – Border 1: Ghost Pain
Additional Voices
Film
2013–2014
Tokyo Ravens
Additional Voices
5 episodes
2013–2020
Attack on Titan
Thomas Wagner
4 episodes
2014
Noragami
Additional Voices
Episode: "Over the Line"
2014
Ping Pong the Animation
Additional Voices
4 episodes
2014
Free!
Sugimoto
Episode: "Stroke of an Unexpected Meeting!"
2014
Tokyo Ghoul
Additional Voices
Episode: "Cloudburst"
2014
Tokyo ESP
Additional Voices
4 episodes
2014
One Piece: 3D2Y – Overcome Ace's Death! Luffy's Vow to His Friends
Mr. 3
TV movie
2014
Barakamon
Kawafuji / Additional Voices
10 episodes
2014
Laughing Under the Clouds
Additional Voices
Episode: "Three Brothers, Standing Under the Clouds"
2014
Riddle Story of Devil
Additional Voices
2 episodes
2014–2015
Dragon Ball Z Kai
Sharpener / Babidi
8 episodes
2015
Tokyo Ghoul: Root A
Additional Voices
Episode: "Hangman"
2015
The Rolling Girls
Ma-Bo
2 episodes
2015
Ninja Slayer
Offender
Episode: "Born in Red Black"
2015
The Boy and the Beast
Additional Voices
Film
2015
Snow White with the Red Hair
Brecker
2 episodes
2015
The Empire of Corpses
Additional Voices
Film
2015
Kekkai Sensen
Additional Voices / Elder
7 episodes
2015
Attack on Titan: Junior High
Thomas Wagner
12 episodes
2015
Owari no serafu
Norito Goshi
9 episodes
2016
Handa-kun
Takao Kawafuji
12 episodes
2018
One Piece: Episode of Skypeia
Additional Voices
TV movie
2018
Hinomaru Sumo
Additional Voices
4 episodes
2018
That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime
Additional Voices
Episode: "Gabiru Is Here"
2018–2019
A Certain Magical Index
Tatemiya / Additional Voices
6 episodes
2019
Magical Girl Special Ops Asuka
Additional Voices
Episode: "The Magical Girl Comes Back"
2019
Gorgeous Butterfly: Young Nobunaga
Nobuhiro
Episode: "Coming of Age"
2019
One Piece: Stampede
Galdino
Film
2019
Arifureta: From Commonplace to World's Strongest
Additional Voices / Walla: Students
2 episodes
2019
Ensemble Stars
Male Student 08B
Episode: "Episode #1.8"
2019
BEM
Additional Voices
Episode: "Chimera"
2019
Yu-No: A Girl Who Chants Love at the Bound of this World
Additional Voices
2 episodes
2019
Black Clover
Digit
3 episodes
2019
Africa no Salaryman
Additional Voices
6 episodes
2019
Stand My Heroes: Piece of Truth
Additional Voices
Episode: "PIECE 2"
Video games
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2003
Dragon Ball Z: Budokai 2
Babidi
Credited as Duncan Brennan
2004
Dragon Ball Z: Budokai 3
Babidi
2005
Dragon Ball Z: Sagas
Red Ribbon Army
2008
Dragon Ball Z: Infinite World
Babidi
2009
Dragon Ball: Revenge of King Piccolo
Murasaki
2014
Smite
2020
Dragon Ball Z: Kakarot
Babidi / Sharpener
Other work
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1993–2012
Chuck E. Cheese's
Chuck E. Cheese (1994–2012), Jasper T. Jowls (1994, 1996), Mr. Munch (1994, 1996–1999), Pasqually P. Pieplate (1996, 1999), Larry the Technician (1993–1998, 2012)
Animatronic stage show
Notes
^ He spoked some of his dialogue during the scenes after It's Time for Counting, Bob West has returned to speak and sing songs in his personalized video.
^ In the final draft, Bob West has dubbed over Brannan's lines in the last 7 episodes from November 20–28, 1997.
^ In the final draft, Bob West has dubbed over Brannan's lines from November 20, 1997 to April 10, 1998.
References
^ a b Nordyke, Kimberly (July 3, 2012). "Chuck E. Cheese Voice Actor Says He Was Blindsided by Mascot Makeover". The Hollywood Reporter. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
^ "Duncan Brannan, Voice Of Chuck E. Cheese, Fired, Hopes People 'Experienced Jesus Christ' Through His Work". Huff Post. July 2, 2012. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
^ a b Pressly, Ty (July 3, 2012). "Chuck E. Cheese Fired". NBCDFW.com. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
^ Weaver, Caity (July 2, 2012). "Voice of Chuck E. Cheese Gets Fired, Hopes Stint as Pizza-Pushing Rat Helped Kids 'Experience Jesus Christ'". Gawker.com. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
^ Pfeiffer, Eric (July 3, 2012). "Voice of Chuck E. Cheese replaced; actor says he hopes customers 'have seen Christ in me'". Yahoo! News. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
^ a b c "Crossroads Church / Hello".
^ a b c d "Duncan Brannan - 64 Character Images". Behind The Voice Actors.
External links
Duncan Brannan at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
Duncan Brannan at IMDb
Duncan Brannan on X | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"}],"text":"Duncan Brannan (born June 25, 1970) is an American voice actor, who has provided voices for numerous mainstream children's entertainment characters, English-language dubs of Japanese anime, and other commercial properties. He is mainly known for being the voice of Chuck E. Cheese from 1993-2012.","title":"Duncan Brannan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chuck E. 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Cheese in restaurant chains across the U.S., as well as his English and Spanish voice in national commercials seen on PBS, Nickelodeon, and other places from January 1994 to April 2012.[1][2][3][4] He was replaced by musician and singer Jaret Reddick when Chuck E. Cheese’s revamped their image.[1][5][3] Brannan is also known for his work on the children's TV series Barney & Friends from 1997 to 2002, providing Barney's character and singing voice for home video releases, his singing voice for the PBS series following Bob West’s (who's also done voices of Chuck E Cheese characters) departure, fill-in and replacement, as well as Barney’s voice for numerous public relations spots on radio and television and merchandise from plush toys to games, compact discs, and more. Ironically, Chuck E. Cheese was a sponsor to Barney & Friends at the time as well as other PBS programs such as Arthur and Clifford the Big Red Dog.Brannan has also voiced commercials and industrials for secular and religious markets. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pera | Robert Pera | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Apple","2.2 Ubiquiti Networks","2.3 Memphis Grizzlies","3 References","4 External links"] | American billionaire businessman (born 1978)
Robert PeraBorn (1978-03-10) March 10, 1978 (age 46)San Carlos, California, U.S.EducationUniversity of California, San DiegoTitleCEO of Ubiquiti NetworksMemphis Grizzlies ownerWebsitewww.rjpblog.com
Robert J. Pera (born March 10, 1978) is the founder of Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. a global communications technology company that Pera took public in 2011. In October 2012, Pera also became the owner of the Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association. At the age of 36, Pera earned a spot on Forbes' list of the 10 youngest billionaires in the world.
Early life and education
Pera established his first computer services company while attending high school. That company provided networking and database services to local businesses. Pera also played on his high school's basketball team until a heart condition, which has long since been resolved, kept him home for a year. After high school, Pera attended the University of California, San Diego, where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a B.S. in Electrical Engineering and a B.A. in Japanese Language. He stayed on at UC San Diego and completed his master's in electrical engineering with an emphasis on Digital Communications and Circuit Design.
Career
Apple
After graduation, Pera, who admired Steve Jobs, secured a job at Apple Inc., where he tested the company's Wi-Fi devices to ensure compliance with Federal Communications Commission standards for electromagnetic emissions. While working at Apple, Pera noticed that the power sources that Apple's Wi-Fi devices used to throw signals were far below FCC limits. Boosting their power, he reasoned, could increase their transmission range to over dozens of miles, which could facilitate Internet access in areas that telephone and cable companies do not reach. When his bosses at Apple ignored his idea, Pera decided to build his own low-cost, high-performance Wi-Fi module. For the next year, Pera spent his nights and weekends in his apartment testing prototypes. By early 2005 he was ready to start his own business and he left Apple to form Ubiquiti Networks.
Ubiquiti Networks
Pera founded Ubiquiti Networks in March 2005 using $30,000 of personal savings and credit card debt. Ubiquiti's early products utilized existing Wi-Fi technology to wirelessly deliver the Internet to underserved areas (e.g., rural areas and emerging markets) lacking the infrastructure to access the Internet through traditional avenues such as phone lines and cable lines. The company has since successfully branched out into other product lines such as wireless access points, security cameras and traditional networking equipment (e.g., switches and routers).
Memphis Grizzlies
On June 11, 2012, sources told ESPN.com that Michael Heisley had an agreement in principle to sell the Memphis Grizzlies to Robert Pera. The official sale of the Memphis Grizzlies to Pera was approved on October 25, 2012. The Grizzlies made the NBA playoffs in the two seasons before Pera purchased the team and made the playoffs during the first five seasons of his tenure as owner. In the first year of Pera's ownership, the Grizzlies won a club record 56 games and made its first-ever appearance in the Western Conference Finals. The Grizzlies team won more playoff games during the first two years of Pera's tenure than it did during the team's 17 previous seasons in the NBA.
Pera is a supporter of the Grizzlies Foundation, a sports charity which operates in Memphis.
References
^ Stein, Marc (June 11, 2012). "Sources: Deal for Grizzlies reached". ESPN.com.
^ "Robert Pera". Leaders Lead. October 31, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
^ a b "Creating connectivity". Leaders Interview. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
^ a b c d e f g Boudway, Ira (April 24, 2013). "Robert Pera: The Kid That Bought the Grizzlies". Bloomberg Business. Archived from the original on April 25, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
^ a b c Dolan, Kerry (January 3, 2012). "Silicon Valley's Newest Billionaire: Wireless Wonder Robert Pera". Forbes. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
^ "Ubiquiti Networks' Product Offerings". Retrieved January 1, 2015.
^ Windhorst, Brian (25 October 2012). "Owners approve sale of Grizzlies".
^ "Sources: NBA Teams: Memphis Grizzlies Records Year by Year". LandofBasketball.com.
^ "Sources: Memphis Grizzlies Playoff History". RealGM.com.
^ Hipp, Bennett. "Grizzlies Foundation works to provide greater impact for Memphis youth". NBA.com.
External links
Robert J. Pera profile page at Forbes.com
Robert J. Pera's blog
ESPN article "Deal for Grizzlies reached"
vteNational Basketball Association ownersEasternConferenceAtlantic
Boston Basketball Partners (Boston Celtics)
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vteMemphis Grizzlies
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"You Dropped a Bomb on Me"
Radio network | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ubiquiti Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquiti_Networks"},{"link_name":"Memphis Grizzlies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Robert J. Pera (born March 10, 1978) is the founder of Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. a global communications technology company that Pera took public in 2011. 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He stayed on at UC San Diego and completed his master's in electrical engineering with an emphasis on Digital Communications and Circuit Design.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Jobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs"},{"link_name":"Apple Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boudway-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boudway-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boudway-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boudway-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boudway-4"},{"link_name":"Ubiquiti Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquiti_Networks"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boudway-4"}],"sub_title":"Apple","text":"After graduation, Pera, who admired Steve Jobs, secured a job at Apple Inc., where he tested the company's Wi-Fi devices to ensure compliance with Federal Communications Commission standards for electromagnetic emissions.[4] While working at Apple, Pera noticed that the power sources that Apple's Wi-Fi devices used to throw signals were far below FCC limits.[4] Boosting their power, he reasoned, could increase their transmission range to over dozens of miles, which could facilitate Internet access in areas that telephone and cable companies do not reach.[4] When his bosses at Apple ignored his idea, Pera decided to build his own low-cost, high-performance Wi-Fi module.[4] For the next year, Pera spent his nights and weekends in his apartment testing prototypes.[4] By early 2005 he was ready to start his own business and he left Apple to form Ubiquiti Networks.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ubiquiti Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquiti_Networks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kerry-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kerry-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Ubiquiti Networks","text":"Pera founded Ubiquiti Networks in March 2005 using $30,000 of personal savings and credit card debt.[5] Ubiquiti's early products utilized existing Wi-Fi technology to wirelessly deliver the Internet to underserved areas (e.g., rural areas and emerging markets) lacking the infrastructure to access the Internet through traditional avenues such as phone lines and cable lines.[5] The company has since successfully branched out into other product lines such as wireless access points, security cameras and traditional networking equipment (e.g., switches and routers).[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ESPN.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com"},{"link_name":"Michael Heisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Heisley"},{"link_name":"Memphis Grizzlies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Western Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Conference_(NBA)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bennet-10"}],"sub_title":"Memphis Grizzlies","text":"On June 11, 2012, sources told ESPN.com that Michael Heisley had an agreement in principle to sell the Memphis Grizzlies to Robert Pera. The official sale of the Memphis Grizzlies to Pera was approved on October 25, 2012.[7] The Grizzlies made the NBA playoffs in the two seasons before Pera purchased the team and made the playoffs during the first five seasons of his tenure as owner. In the first year of Pera's ownership, the Grizzlies won a club record 56 games and made its first-ever appearance in the Western Conference Finals.[8] The Grizzlies team won more playoff games during the first two years of Pera's tenure than it did during the team's 17 previous seasons in the NBA.[9]Pera is a supporter of the Grizzlies Foundation, a sports charity which operates in Memphis.[10]","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Stein, Marc (June 11, 2012). \"Sources: Deal for Grizzlies reached\". ESPN.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/nba/story/_/id/8038389/sources-billionaire-robert-pera-agrees-purchase-memphis-grizzlies","url_text":"\"Sources: Deal for Grizzlies reached\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Pera\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61_Cygni_A | 61 Cygni | ["1 Name","2 Observation history","2.1 Early observations","2.2 Parallax measurement","2.3 Binary observations","3 Amateur observation","4 Properties","5 Claims of a planetary system","5.1 Refining planetary boundaries","5.2 Object for biosignature research","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 21h 06m 53.9434s, +38° 44′ 57.898″Binary star system in the Cygnus constellation
61 Cygni
Location of 61 Cygni (circled)
Observation dataEpoch J2000.0 Equinox J2000.0
Constellation
Cygnus
61 Cygni A
Right ascension
21h 06m 53.9396s
Declination
+38° 44′ 57.902″
Apparent magnitude (V)
5.21
61 Cygni B
Right ascension
21h 06m 55.2638s
Declination
+38° 44′ 31.359″
Apparent magnitude (V)
6.05
Characteristics
61 Cyg A
Spectral type
K5V
U−B color index
+1.155
B−V color index
+1.139
Variable type
BY Dra
61 Cyg B
Spectral type
K7V
U−B color index
+1.242
B−V color index
+1.320
Variable type
Flare star
Astrometry61 Cygni ARadial velocity (Rv)−65.97±0.12 km/sProper motion (μ) RA: 4,164.209 mas/yr Dec.: 3,249.614 mas/yr Parallax (π)285.9949 ± 0.0599 masDistance11.404 ± 0.002 ly (3.4966 ± 0.0007 pc)Absolute magnitude (MV)7.50661 Cygni BRadial velocity (Rv)−64.59±0.12 km/sProper motion (μ) RA: 4,105.976 mas/yr Dec.: 3,155.942 mas/yr Parallax (π)286.0054 ± 0.0289 masDistance11.404 ± 0.001 ly (3.4964 ± 0.0004 pc)Absolute magnitude (MV)8.228
OrbitCompanion61 Cygni BPeriod (P)678 ±34 yrSemi-major axis (a)24.272 ±0.592″Eccentricity (e)0.49 ±0.03Inclination (i)51 ±2°Longitude of the node (Ω)178 ±2°Periastron epoch (T)1709 ±16Argument of periastron (ω)(secondary)149 ±6°
Details61 Cygni AMass0.70 M☉Radius0.665 ±0.005 R☉Luminosity0.153 ±0.01 L☉Surface gravity (log g)4.40 cgsTemperature4,526 ±66 KMetallicity –0.20 dexRotation35.54±0.47 dAge6.1 ±1 Gyr61 Cygni BMass0.63 M☉Radius0.595 ±0.008 R☉Luminosity0.085 ±0.007 L☉Surface gravity (log g)4.20 cgsTemperature4,077 ±59 KMetallicity –0.27 dexRotation34.55±0.57 dAge6.1 ±1 Gyr
Other designations GJ 820 A/B, Struve 2758, ADS 14636, V1803 Cygni, GCTP 5077.00 61 Cygni A: V1803 Cygni, HD 201091, HIP 104214,
HR 8085, BD+38°4343, LHS 62, SAO 7091961 Cygni B: HD 201092, HIP 104217, HR 8086, BD+38°4344, LHS 63
Database referencesSIMBADThe systemAB
61 Cygni /ˈsɪɡni/ is a binary star system in the constellation Cygnus, consisting of a pair of K-type dwarf stars that orbit each other in a period of about 659 years. Of apparent magnitude 5.20 and 6.05, respectively, they can be seen with binoculars in city skies or with the naked eye in rural areas without light pollution.
61 Cygni first attracted the attention of astronomers when its large proper motion was first demonstrated by Giuseppe Piazzi in 1804. In 1838, Friedrich Bessel measured its distance from Earth at about 10.4 light-years, very close to the actual value of about 11.4 light-years; this was the first distance estimate for any star other than the Sun, and first star to have its stellar parallax measured. Among all stars or stellar systems listed in the modern Hipparcos Catalogue, 61 Cygni has the seventh-highest proper motion, and the highest among all visible stars or systems.
Over the course of the twentieth century, several different astronomers reported evidence of a massive planet orbiting one of the two stars, but recent high-precision radial velocity observations have shown that all such claims were unfounded. No planets have been confirmed in this stellar system to date.
Name
61 Cygni is relatively dim, so it does not appear on ancient star maps, nor is it given a name in western or Chinese systems.
The name "61 Cygni" is part of the Flamsteed designation assigned to stars. According to this designation scheme, devised by John Flamsteed to catalog his observations, stars of a particular constellation are numbered in the order of their right ascension, not in Greek letters as the Bayer designation does. The star does not appear under that name in Flamsteed's Historia Coelestis Britannica, although it has been stated by him that 61 Cygni actually corresponds to what he referred to as 85 Cygni in the 1712 edition. It has also been called "Bessel's Star" or "Piazzi's Flying Star". It features as "the Swan" (from its Latin origin, "cygnus") in Alastair Reynolds' science fiction novel Chasm City (London: Victor Gollancz, 2001).
Observation history
Early observations
The first well recorded observation of the star system using optical instruments was made by James Bradley on 25 September 1753, when he noticed that it was a double star. William Herschel began systematic observations of 61 Cygni as part of a wider study of binary stars. His observations led to the conclusion that binary stars were separated enough that they would show different movements in parallax over the year, and hoped to use this as a way to measure the distance to the stars.
61 Cygni showing proper motion (movement from our vantage point) at some early 21st century one-year intervals.
In 1792, Giuseppe Piazzi noticed the high proper motion when he compared his own observations of 61 Cygni with those of Bradley, made 40 years earlier. This led to considerable interest in 61 Cygni by contemporary astronomers, and its continual observation since that date. Piazzi's repeated measurements led to a definitive value of its motion, which he published in 1804. It was in this record he christened the system as the "Flying Star".
Piazzi noted that this motion meant that it was probably one of the closest stars, and suggested it would be a prime candidate for an attempt to determine its distance through parallax measurements, along with two other possibilities, Delta Eridani and Mu Cassiopeiae.
Parallax measurement
A number of astronomers soon took up the task, including attempts by François Arago and Claude-Louis Mathieu in 1812, who recorded the parallax at 500 milliarcseconds (mas), and Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters used Arago's data to calculate a value of 550 mas. Peters calculated a better value based on observations made by Bernhard von Lindenau at Seeburg between 1812 and 1814; he calculated it to be 470 ±510 mas. Von Lindenau had already noted that he had seen no parallax, and as Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve pointed out after his own test series between 1818 and 1821, all of these numbers are more accurate than the accuracy of the instrument used.
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel made a notable contribution in 1812 when he used a different method to measure distance. Assuming the orbital period of the two stars in the binary to be 400 years, he estimated the distance between the two this would require, and then measured the angular distance between the stars. This led to a value of 460 mas. He then followed this up with direct parallax measurements in a series of observations between 1815 and 1816, comparing it with six other stars. The two sets of measurements produced values of 760 and 1320 mas. All of these estimates, like earlier attempts by others, retained inaccuracies greater than the measurements.
When Joseph von Fraunhofer invented a new type of heliometer, Bessel carried out another set of measurements using this device in 1837 and 1838 at Königsberg. He published his findings in 1838 with a value of 369.0 ±19.1 mas to A and 260.5 ±18.8 to B, and estimated the center point to be at 313.6 ±13.6. This corresponds to a distance of about 600,000 astronomical units, or about 10.4 light-years. This was the first direct and reliable measurement of the distance to a star other than the Sun. His measurement was published only shortly before similar parallax measurements of Vega by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve and Alpha Centauri by Thomas Henderson that same year. Bessel continued to make additional measurements at Königsberg, publishing a total of four complete observational runs, the last in 1868. The best of these placed the center point at 360.2 ±12.1 mas, made during observations in 1849. This is close to the currently accepted value of 287.18 mas (yielding 11.36 light-years).
Only a few years after Bessel's measurement, in 1842 Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander noted that Groombridge 1830 had an even larger proper motion, and 61 Cygni became the second highest known. It was later moved further down the list by Kapteyn's Star and Barnard's Star. 61 Cygni has the seventh highest proper motion of all stellar systems listed in the modern Hipparcos Catalogue, but retains the title of highest proper motion among stars visible to the naked eye.
Binary observations
Due to the wide angular separation between 61 Cygni A and B, and the correspondingly slow orbital motion, it was initially unclear whether the two stars in the 61 Cygni system were a gravitationally bound system or simply a juxtaposition of stars. von Struve first argued for its status as a binary in 1830, but the matter remained open.
However, by 1917 refined measured parallax differences demonstrated that the separation was significantly less. The binary nature of this system was clear by 1934, and orbital elements were published.
In 1911, Benjamin Boss published data indicating that the 61 Cygni system was a member of a comoving group of stars. This group containing 61 Cygni was later expanded to include 26 potential members. Possible members include Beta Columbae, Pi Mensae, 14 Tauri and 68 Virginis. The space velocities of this group of stars range from 105 to 114 km/s relative to the Sun.
Observations taken by planet search programs show that both components have strong linear trends in the radial velocity measurements.
Amateur observation
An observer using 7×50 binoculars can find 61 Cygni two binocular fields southeast of the bright star Deneb. The angular separation of the two stars is slightly greater than the angular size of Saturn (16–20″). So, under ideal viewing conditions, the binary system can be resolved by a telescope with a 7 mm aperture. This is
well within the capability for aperture of typical binoculars, though to resolve the binary these need a steady mount and some 10x magnification. With a separation of 28 arc-seconds between the component stars, 10× magnification would give an apparent separation of 280 arc-seconds, above the generally regarded eye resolution limit of 4 arc-minutes or 240 arc-seconds.
Properties
Although it appears to be a single star to the naked eye, 61 Cygni is a widely-separated binary star system, composed of two K class (orange) main sequence stars, the brighter 61 Cygni A and fainter 61 Cygni B, which have apparent magnitudes of 5.2 and 6.1, respectively. Both appear to be old-disk stars, with an estimated age that is older than the Sun. At a distance of just over 11 light-years, it is the 15th-nearest-known star system to the Earth (not including the Sun). 61 Cygni A is the fourth-nearest star that is visible to the naked eye for mid-latitude northern observers, after Sirius, Epsilon Eridani, and Procyon A. This system will make its closest approach at about 20,000 CE, when the separation from the Sun will be about 9 light-years. Smaller and dimmer than the Sun, 61 Cygni A has about 70 percent of a solar mass, 72 percent of its diameter and about 8.5 percent of its luminosity and 61 Cygni B has about 63 percent of a solar mass, 67 percent of its diameter, and 3.9 percent of its luminosity.
61 Cygni A's long-term stability led to it being selected as an "anchor star" in the Morgan–Keenan (MK) classification system in 1943, serving as the K5 V "anchor point" since that time. Starting in 1953, 61 Cygni B has been considered a K7 V standard star (Johnson & Morgan 1953, Keenan & McNeil 1989).
A size comparison between the Sun (left), 61 Cygni A (bottom) and 61 Cygni B (upper right).
61 Cygni A is a typical BY Draconis variable star designated as V1803 Cyg while 61 Cygni B is a flare type variable star named HD 201092 with their magnitudes varying 5.21 V and 6.03, respectively. The two stars orbit their common barycenter in a period of 659 years, with a mean separation of about 84 AU—84 times the separation between the Earth and the Sun. The relatively large orbital eccentricity of 0.48 means that the two stars are separated by about 44 AU at periapsis and 124 AU at apoapsis. The leisurely orbit of the pair has made it difficult to pin down their respective masses, and the accuracy of these values remain somewhat controversial. In the future this issue may be resolved through the use of asteroseismology. 61 Cygni A has about 11% more mass than 61 Cygni B.
The system has an activity cycle that is much more pronounced than the solar sunspot cycle. This is a complex activity cycle that varies with a period of about 7.5±1.7 years. The starspot activity combined with rotation and chromospheric activity is a characteristic of a BY Draconis variable. Because of differential rotation, this star's surface rotation period varies by latitude from 27 to 45 days, with an average period of 35 days.
The orbital motion of component B relative to component A as seen from Earth as well as the true appearance from face-on view. The time steps are approximately 10 years.
The outflow of the stellar wind from component A produces a bubble within the local interstellar cloud. Along the direction of the star's motion within the Milky Way, this extends out to a distance of 30 AU, or roughly the orbital distance of Neptune from the Sun. This is lower than the separation between the two components of 61 Cygni, and so the two most likely do not share a common atmosphere. The compactness of the astrosphere is likely due to the low mass outflow and the relatively high velocity through the local interstellar medium.
61 Cygni B displays a more chaotic pattern of variability than A, with significant short-term flares. There is an 11.7-year periodicity to the overall activity cycle of B. Both stars exhibit stellar flare activity, but the chromosphere of B is 25% more active than for 61 Cygni A. As a result of differential rotation, the period of rotation varies by latitude from 32 to 47 days, with an average period of 38 days.
There is some disagreement over the evolutionary age of this system. Kinematic data gives an age estimate of about 10 Gyr. Gyrochronology, or the age determination of a star based on its rotation and color, results in an average age of 2.0 ±0.2 Gyr. The ages based on chromospheric activity for A and B are 2.36 Gyr and 3.75 Gyr, respectively. Finally the age estimates using the isochrone method, which involve fitting the stars to evolutionary models, yield upper limits of 0.44 Gyr and 0.68 Gyr. However, a 2008 evolutionary model using the CESAM2k code from the Côte d'Azur Observatory gives an age estimate of 6.0 ±1.0 Gyr for the pair.
Claims of a planetary system
On different occasions, it has been claimed that 61 Cygni might have unseen low-mass companions, planets or a brown dwarf. Kaj Strand of the Sproul Observatory, under the direction of Peter van de Kamp, made the first such claim in 1942 using observations to detect tiny but systematic variations in the orbital motions of 61 Cygni A and B. These perturbations suggested that a third body of about 16 Jupiter masses must be orbiting 61 Cygni A. Reports of this third body served as inspiration for Hal Clement's 1953 science fiction novel Mission of Gravity. In 1957, van de Kamp narrowed his uncertainties, claiming that the object had a mass of eight times that of Jupiter, a calculated orbital period of 4.8 years, and a semi-major axis of 2.4 AU, where 1 AU is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun. In 1977, Soviet astronomers at the Pulkovo Observatory near Saint Petersburg suggested that the system included three planets: two giant planets with six and twelve Jupiter masses around 61 Cyg A, and one giant planet with seven Jupiter masses around 61 Cygni B.
In 1978, Wulff-Dieter Heintz of the Sproul Observatory proved that these claims were spurious, as they were unable to detect any evidence of such motion down to six percent of the Sun's mass—equivalent to about 60 times the mass of Jupiter.
In 2018, analysis of the DR2 data gathered by the Gaia space telescope revealed significant proper motion anomalies in the orbits of the binary stars around each other; the stars were not quite orbiting around their centre of mass with 61 Cygni B also orbiting too slowly for its assumed mass. These anomalies taken together are indicative of the possible presence of a perturbing third object in orbit around 61 Cygni B.
The habitable zone for 61 Cygni A, defined as the locations where liquid water could be present on an Earth-like planet, is 0.26–0.58 AU. For 61 Cygni B, the habitable zone is 0.24–0.50 AU.
Refining planetary boundaries
Since no certain planetary object has been detected around either star so far, McDonald Observatory team has set limits to the presence of one or more planets around 61 Cygni A and 61 Cygni B with masses between 0.07 and 2.1 Jupiter masses and average separations spanning between 0.05 and 5.2 AU.
Because of the proximity of this system to the Sun, it is a frequent target of interest for astronomers. Both stars were selected by NASA as "Tier 1" targets for the proposed optical Space Interferometry Mission. This mission is potentially capable of detecting planets with as little as 3 times the mass of the Earth at an orbital distance of 2 AU from the star.
Measurements of this system appeared to have detected an excess of far infrared radiation, beyond what is emitted by the stars. Such an excess is sometimes associated with a disk of dust, but in this case it lies sufficiently close to one or both of the stars that it has not been resolved with a telescope. A 2011 study using the Keck Interferometer Nuller failed to detect any exozodiacal dust around 61 Cygni A.
Object for biosignature research
The two stars are among five (all nearby star) paradigms listed among those K-type stars of a type in a 'sweet spot' between Sun-analog stars and M stars for the likelihood of evolved life, per analysis of Giada Arney from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
See also
List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs
Barnard's Star
Notes
^ By convention, limiting visual magnitude of 6.0
^ Per the Rayleigh criterion:
α
R
=
138
D
{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}\alpha _{R}\ =\ {\frac {138}{D}}\end{smallmatrix}}}
mm.
^ At periapsis:
r
p
e
r
=
(
1
−
e
)
⋅
a
≈
44
{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}r_{per}\ =\ (1\ -\ e)\cdot a\ \approx \ 44\end{smallmatrix}}}
AUAt apoapsis:
r
a
p
=
(
1
+
e
)
⋅
a
≈
124
{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}r_{ap}\ =\ (1\ +\ e)\cdot a\ \approx \ 124\end{smallmatrix}}}
AU
References
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 61 Cygni.
"61 Cygni 2". SolStation. Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
Kaler, James B. "61 Cygni". University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Archived from the original on 7 July 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
vte← Celestial objects within 15–20 light-years Primary member typeCelestial objects by systems.Subgiant starsG-type
Delta Pavonis (19.893±0.015 ly)
Main-sequencestarsA-type
Altair (Alpha Aquilae) (16.730±0.049 ly)
G-type
Alsafi (Sigma Draconis) (18.7993±0.0081 ly)
Achird (Eta Cassiopeiae) (19.3314±0.0025 ly)
K-type main-sequence star B
e (82 G.) Eridani (19.7045±0.0093 ly)
3 (6?) planets: b, c?, d (c), e?, f?, g?, d
K-type
Groombridge 1618 (15.8857±0.0017 ly)
Omicron2 (40) Eridani (16.3330±0.0042 ly)
white dwarf B
red dwarf C
70 Ophiuchi (16.7074±0.0087 ly)
K-type main-sequence star B
Gliese 570 (19.1987±0.0074 ly)
2 red dwarfs: B, C
T-type brown dwarf D
36 Ophiuchi (19.4185±0.0036 ly)
2 K-type main-sequence stars: B, C
HR 7703 (19.609±0.013 ly)
red dwarf B
M-type(red dwarfs)
GJ 1245 (15.2001±0.0034 ly)
2 red dwarfs: B, C
Gliese 876 (15.2382±0.0025 ly)
4 planets: d, c, b, e
LHS 288 (15.7586±0.0034 ly)
GJ 1002 (15.8060±0.0036 ly)
2 planets: b, c
Gliese 412 (15.9969±0.0026 ly)
red dwarf B
AD Leonis (16.1939±0.0024 ly)
Gliese 832 (16.2005±0.0019 ly)
planet b
Gliese 682 (16.3328±0.0026 ly)
2? planets: b?, c?
EV Lacertae (16.4761±0.0018 ly)
G 9-38 (16.800±0.011 ly)
red dwarf B
GJ 3379 (16.9861±0.0027 ly)
Gliese 445 (17.1368±0.0017 ly)
2M1540 (17.3738±0.0046 ly)
GJ 3323 (17.5309±0.0026 ly)
2 planets: b, c
Gliese 526 (17.7263±0.0024 ly)
Stein 2051 (17.9925±0.0020 ly)
white dwarf B
Gliese 251 (18.2146±0.0028 ly)
planet b
LP 816-60 (18.3305±0.0038 ly)
LSR J1835+3259 (18.5534±0.0049 ly)
Gliese 205 (18.6042±0.0022 ly)
Gliese 229 (18.7906±0.0018 ly)
T-type brown dwarf B
2 planets: Ab, Ac
Ross 47 (18.8883±0.0031 ly)
Gliese 693 (19.2078±0.0053 ly)
Gliese 754 (19.2724±0.0067 ly)
Gliese 908 (19.2745±0.0032 ly)
Gliese 752 (19.2922±0.0027 ly)
red dwarf B (vB 10)
planet Ab
Gliese 588 (19.2996±0.0031 ly)
2? planets: b?, c?
YZ Canis Minoris (19.5330±0.0040 ly)
GJ 1005 (19.577±0.035 ly)
red dwarf B
Gliese 268 (19.7414±0.0076 ly)
red dwarf B
DegeneratestarsWhite dwarfs
Gliese 440 (15.1226±0.0013 ly)
Brown dwarfsL-type
DENIS 0255−4700 (15.877±0.014 ly)
T-type
WISE 1741+2553 (15.22±0.20 ly)
WISE 1506+7027 (16.856±0.052 ly)
DENIS 0817-6155 (17.002±0.037 ly)
2MASS 0939-2448 (17.41±0.44 ly)
T-type brown dwarf B
2MASS 1114-2618 (18.20±0.14 ly)
2MASS 0415-0935 (18.62±0.18 ly)
SIMP0136 (19.955±0.057 ly)
2MASS 0937+2931 (19.96+0.22−0.21 ly)
Y-type
WISE 1639−6847 (15.450±0.041 ly)
WISE 0350−5658 (18.49±0.24 ly)
Sub-brown dwarfsand rogue planetsY-type
WISE 1541−2250 (19.54±0.24 ly)
vteConstellation of Cygnus
List of stars in Cygnus
StarsBayer
α (Deneb)
β (Albireo)
γ (Sadr)
δ (Fawaris)
ε (Aljanah)
ζ
η
θ
ι1
ι2
κ
λ
μ
ν
ξ
o1
o2
ο3
π1 (Azelfafage)
π2
ρ
σ
τ
υ
φ
χ
ψ
ω1
ω2
P
Q
Flamsteed
2
4
8
9
15
16 (c)
17
20 (d)
22
23
26 (e)
27 (b1)
28 (b2)
29 (b3)
33
35
39
41
47
52
55
56
57
59 (f1)
61
63 (f2)
68 (A)
71 (g)
72
74
75
Variable
R
T
W
X
Y
RW
SS
SU
TT
AZ
BC
BI
CH
KY
V380
V389
V404
V476
V1027
V1057
V1143
V1191
V1334
V1489
V1500
V1668
V1794
V1974
V2214
V2513
HR
7633
7767
7912
8193
HD
185269
185435
187123
188753
191806
197037
Gliese
777
806
1245
Kepler
2
3
5
6
11
15
16
17
18
22
23
27
28
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
47
51
56
61
63
64 (PH1)
66
67
68
69
70
78
80
84
86 (PH2)
87
89
107
167
182
186
223
289
371
385
411
419
432
445
451
452
560
737
1229
1520
1625
1649
1708
WR
133
134
135
136
137
138a
140
142
147
148
150
Other
AFGL 2591
BD+40° 4210
BD+43 3654
Cygnus OB2 #8A
Cygnus OB2 #12
Cygnus X-1
Cygnus X-3
G79.29+0.46
G 208-44
G 208-45
GSC 03949-00967
HAT-P-17
KELT-9
KELT-20
KIC 8462852
KIC 9832227
KIC 11026764
KIC 11145123
KOI-5
KOI-74
KOI-81
KOI-256
MWC 349
N6946-BH1
PSR J2032+4127
SPECULOOS-3
W75N(B)-VLA2
WASP-48
WISE J2000+3629
Wolf 1069
StarclustersAssociation
Cygnus OB2
Cygnus OB7
Cygnus OB9
Open
Berkeley 86
DR 6
IC 5146
Messier 29
Messier 39
NGC 6811
NGC 6819
NGC 6834
NGC 6866
NGC 6871
NGC 6910
Molecularclouds
Cygnus X (including DR 21)
NebulaeDark
Barnard 146
Barnard 147
IC 5146
L1014
H II
NGC 6914
North America Nebula
Pelican Nebula
Sadr Region
Sh2-101
Sh2-106
Planetary
Abell 78
Egg Nebula
IRAS 19475+3119
IRAS 20324+4057
Kronberger 61
M1-92
NGC 6826
NGC 6881
NGC 6884
NGC 7008
NGC 7026
NGC 7027
NGC 7048
Soap Bubble Nebula
WR
Crescent Nebula
SNR
Cygnus Loop (including Veil Nebula)
GalaxiesNGC
6801
6946
7013
Other
3C 438
4C +48.48
Cygnus A
ZTF J203349.8+322901.1
ExoplanetsKepler
2b
3b
3c
5b
6b
11b
15b
16b
17b
22b
23b
28b
32b
33b
34b
36b
39b
40b
41b
47b
56b
61b
64b (PH1b)
68b
69b
70b
78b
87c
186b
e
f
371b
c
409b
419b
432b
451b
452b
560b
737b
1229b
1520b
1625b
1652b
1658b
1649b
c
1708b
Other
b3 Cygni b
HD 185269 b
HD 187123 b
c
HD 191806 b
KELT-9b
KELT-20b
TrES-5b
ExomoonsKepler
1625b I
1708b I
Portals: Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"21h 06m 53.9434s, +38° 44′ 57.898″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wikisky.org/?ra=21.114984277778&de=38.749416111111&zoom=2&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"/ˈsɪɡni/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"binary star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_star"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Cygnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygnus_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"K-type dwarf stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star"},{"link_name":"apparent magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_magnitude"},{"link_name":"naked eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_eye"},{"link_name":"proper motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_motion"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Piazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Piazzi"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Bessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bessel"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"stellar parallax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_parallax"},{"link_name":"Hipparcos Catalogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos_Catalogue"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highestpropermotion-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet"},{"link_name":"radial velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_velocity"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittenmyer2006-19"}],"text":"Coordinates: 21h 06m 53.9434s, +38° 44′ 57.898″Binary star system in the Cygnus constellation61 Cygni /ˈsɪɡni/ is a binary star system in the constellation Cygnus, consisting of a pair of K-type dwarf stars that orbit each other in a period of about 659 years. Of apparent magnitude 5.20 and 6.05, respectively, they can be seen with binoculars in city skies or with the naked eye in rural areas without light pollution.61 Cygni first attracted the attention of astronomers when its large proper motion was first demonstrated by Giuseppe Piazzi in 1804. In 1838, Friedrich Bessel measured its distance from Earth at about 10.4 light-years, very close to the actual value of about 11.4 light-years; this was the first distance estimate for any star other than the Sun, and first star to have its stellar parallax measured. Among all stars or stellar systems listed in the modern Hipparcos Catalogue, 61 Cygni has the seventh-highest proper motion, and the highest among all visible stars or systems.[note 1][16][17]Over the course of the twentieth century, several different astronomers reported evidence of a massive planet orbiting one of the two stars, but recent high-precision radial velocity observations have shown that all such claims were unfounded.[18] No planets have been confirmed in this stellar system to date.","title":"61 Cygni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acamar-20"},{"link_name":"Chinese systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Flamsteed designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamsteed_designation"},{"link_name":"John Flamsteed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Flamsteed"},{"link_name":"right ascension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ascension"},{"link_name":"Bayer designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_designation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iau-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-astriillinois-23"},{"link_name":"Historia Coelestis Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Coelestis_Britannica"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsky-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Chasm City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasm_City"}],"text":"61 Cygni is relatively dim, so it does not appear on ancient star maps, nor is it given a name in western[19] or Chinese systems.[20]The name \"61 Cygni\" is part of the Flamsteed designation assigned to stars. According to this designation scheme, devised by John Flamsteed to catalog his observations, stars of a particular constellation are numbered in the order of their right ascension, not in Greek letters as the Bayer designation does.[21][22] The star does not appear under that name in Flamsteed's Historia Coelestis Britannica,[23] although it has been stated by him that 61 Cygni actually corresponds to what he referred to as 85 Cygni in the 1712 edition.[24] It has also been called \"Bessel's Star\" or \"Piazzi's Flying Star\".[25][26] It features as \"the Swan\" (from its Latin origin, \"cygnus\") in Alastair Reynolds' science fiction novel Chasm City (London: Victor Gollancz, 2001).","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Observation history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bradley"},{"link_name":"William Herschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel"},{"link_name":"parallax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hopkins-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:61_Cygni_Proper_Motion.gif"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Piazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Piazzi"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hopkins-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fodera-Serio-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hirshfeld-31"},{"link_name":"Delta Eridani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Eridani"},{"link_name":"Mu Cassiopeiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_Cassiopeiae"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fodera-Serio-30"}],"sub_title":"Early observations","text":"The first well recorded observation of the star system using optical instruments was made by James Bradley on 25 September 1753, when he noticed that it was a double star. William Herschel began systematic observations of 61 Cygni as part of a wider study of binary stars. His observations led to the conclusion that binary stars were separated enough that they would show different movements in parallax over the year, and hoped to use this as a way to measure the distance to the stars.[27]61 Cygni showing proper motion (movement from our vantage point) at some early 21st century one-year intervals.In 1792, Giuseppe Piazzi noticed the high proper motion when he compared his own observations of 61 Cygni with those of Bradley, made 40 years earlier. This led to considerable interest in 61 Cygni by contemporary astronomers, and its continual observation since that date.[27] Piazzi's repeated measurements led to a definitive value of its motion, which he published in 1804.[28][29] It was in this record he christened the system as the \"Flying Star\".[30]Piazzi noted that this motion meant that it was probably one of the closest stars, and suggested it would be a prime candidate for an attempt to determine its distance through parallax measurements, along with two other possibilities, Delta Eridani and Mu Cassiopeiae.[29]","title":"Observation history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"François Arago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago"},{"link_name":"Claude-Louis Mathieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Louis_Mathieu"},{"link_name":"milliarcseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_of_arc"},{"link_name":"Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Heinrich_Friedrich_Peters"},{"link_name":"Bernhard von Lindenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_von_Lindenau"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Wilhelm_von_Struve"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hopkins-28"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Bessel"},{"link_name":"orbital period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_period"},{"link_name":"angular distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_distance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hopkins-28"},{"link_name":"Joseph von Fraunhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer"},{"link_name":"heliometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliometer"},{"link_name":"Königsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"astronomical units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hopkins-28"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bessel-34"},{"link_name":"Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Wilhelm_von_Struve"},{"link_name":"Alpha Centauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Centauri"},{"link_name":"Thomas Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Henderson_(astronomer)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hopkins-28"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bessel1839-36"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Argelander"},{"link_name":"Groombridge 1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groombridge_1830"},{"link_name":"Kapteyn's Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapteyn%27s_Star"},{"link_name":"Barnard's Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard%27s_Star"},{"link_name":"Hipparcos Catalogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos_Catalogue"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highestpropermotion-17"}],"sub_title":"Parallax measurement","text":"A number of astronomers soon took up the task, including attempts by François Arago and Claude-Louis Mathieu in 1812, who recorded the parallax at 500 milliarcseconds (mas), and Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters used Arago's data to calculate a value of 550 mas. Peters calculated a better value based on observations made by Bernhard von Lindenau at Seeburg between 1812 and 1814; he calculated it to be 470 ±510 mas. Von Lindenau had already noted that he had seen no parallax, and as Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve pointed out after his own test series between 1818 and 1821, all of these numbers are more accurate than the accuracy of the instrument used.[27]Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel made a notable contribution in 1812 when he used a different method to measure distance. Assuming the orbital period of the two stars in the binary to be 400 years, he estimated the distance between the two this would require, and then measured the angular distance between the stars. This led to a value of 460 mas.[citation needed] He then followed this up with direct parallax measurements in a series of observations between 1815 and 1816, comparing it with six other stars. The two sets of measurements produced values of 760 and 1320 mas. All of these estimates, like earlier attempts by others, retained inaccuracies greater than the measurements.[27]When Joseph von Fraunhofer invented a new type of heliometer, Bessel carried out another set of measurements using this device in 1837 and 1838 at Königsberg. He published his findings in 1838[31][32] with a value of 369.0 ±19.1 mas to A and 260.5 ±18.8 to B, and estimated the center point to be at 313.6 ±13.6. This corresponds to a distance of about 600,000 astronomical units, or about 10.4 light-years. This was the first direct and reliable measurement of the distance to a star other than the Sun.[27][33] His measurement was published only shortly before similar parallax measurements of Vega by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve and Alpha Centauri by Thomas Henderson that same year.[34] Bessel continued to make additional measurements at Königsberg, publishing a total of four complete observational runs, the last in 1868. The best of these placed the center point at 360.2 ±12.1 mas, made during observations in 1849.[27] This is close to the currently accepted value of 287.18 mas (yielding 11.36 light-years).[35]Only a few years after Bessel's measurement, in 1842 Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander noted that Groombridge 1830 had an even larger proper motion, and 61 Cygni became the second highest known. It was later moved further down the list by Kapteyn's Star and Barnard's Star. 61 Cygni has the seventh highest proper motion of all stellar systems listed in the modern Hipparcos Catalogue, but retains the title of highest proper motion among stars visible to the naked eye.[16]","title":"Observation history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gravitationally bound system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_system"},{"link_name":"juxtaposition of stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_binary"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis_1898-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis_1898-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"orbital elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_elements"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Boss"},{"link_name":"comoving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoving_distance"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boss-40"},{"link_name":"Beta Columbae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Columbae"},{"link_name":"Pi Mensae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Mensae"},{"link_name":"14 Tauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_Tauri"},{"link_name":"68 Virginis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68_Virginis"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"radial velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_velocity"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard2016-43"}],"sub_title":"Binary observations","text":"Due to the wide angular separation between 61 Cygni A and B, and the correspondingly slow orbital motion, it was initially unclear whether the two stars in the 61 Cygni system were a gravitationally bound system or simply a juxtaposition of stars.[36] von Struve first argued for its status as a binary in 1830, but the matter remained open.[36]However, by 1917 refined measured parallax differences demonstrated that the separation was significantly less.[37] The binary nature of this system was clear by 1934, and orbital elements were published.[38]In 1911, Benjamin Boss published data indicating that the 61 Cygni system was a member of a comoving group of stars.[39] This group containing 61 Cygni was later expanded to include 26 potential members. Possible members include Beta Columbae, Pi Mensae, 14 Tauri and 68 Virginis. The space velocities of this group of stars range from 105 to 114 km/s relative to the Sun.[40][41]Observations taken by planet search programs show that both components have strong linear trends in the radial velocity measurements.[42]","title":"Observation history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"binoculars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars"},{"link_name":"Deneb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deneb"},{"link_name":"angular size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_size"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skyandtelescope-46"}],"text":"An observer using 7×50 binoculars can find 61 Cygni two binocular fields southeast of the bright star Deneb. The angular separation of the two stars is slightly greater than the angular size of Saturn (16–20″).[43] So, under ideal viewing conditions, the binary system can be resolved by a telescope with a 7 mm aperture.[note 2] This is\nwell within the capability for aperture of typical binoculars, though to resolve the binary these need a steady mount and some 10x magnification. With a separation of 28 arc-seconds between the component stars, 10× magnification would give an apparent separation of 280 arc-seconds, above the generally regarded eye resolution limit of 4 arc-minutes or 240 arc-seconds.[44]","title":"Amateur observation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K class (orange)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification"},{"link_name":"main sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_sequence"},{"link_name":"apparent magnitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_magnitude"},{"link_name":"old-disk stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-disk_star"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pasp81_482_553-48"},{"link_name":"Sirius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius"},{"link_name":"Epsilon Eridani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Eridani"},{"link_name":"Procyon A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyon_A"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RECONS-10"},{"link_name":"CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"solar mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-size_compare-49"},{"link_name":"long-term stability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification#Spectral_peculiarities"},{"link_name":"K5 V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baas25_1319-50"},{"link_name":"K7 V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keenan89-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compare_61_cygni.png"},{"link_name":"BY Draconis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BY_Draconis_variable"},{"link_name":"variable star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_star"},{"link_name":"flare type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_star"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simbad-53"},{"link_name":"barycenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycentric_coordinates_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"orbital eccentricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity"},{"link_name":"periapsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periapsis"},{"link_name":"apoapsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoapsis"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"asteroseismology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroseismology"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa488-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RECONS-10"},{"link_name":"activity cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_magnetic_field"},{"link_name":"sunspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunspot"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa406-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apj657-57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orbit_61_Cygni_arcsec.png"},{"link_name":"Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune"},{"link_name":"astrosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar-wind_bubble"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa406-56"},{"link_name":"chromosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosphere"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apj657-57"},{"link_name":"Kinematic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_kinematics"},{"link_name":"Gyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byr"},{"link_name":"Gyrochronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_rotation"},{"link_name":"chromospheric activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_magnetic_field"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Côte d'Azur Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa488-11"}],"text":"Although it appears to be a single star to the naked eye, 61 Cygni is a widely-separated binary star system, composed of two K class (orange) main sequence stars, the brighter 61 Cygni A and fainter 61 Cygni B, which have apparent magnitudes of 5.2 and 6.1, respectively. Both appear to be old-disk stars,[45][46] with an estimated age that is older than the Sun. At a distance of just over 11 light-years, it is the 15th-nearest-known star system to the Earth (not including the Sun). 61 Cygni A is the fourth-nearest star that is visible to the naked eye for mid-latitude northern observers, after Sirius, Epsilon Eridani, and Procyon A.[10] This system will make its closest approach at about 20,000 CE, when the separation from the Sun will be about 9 light-years. Smaller and dimmer than the Sun, 61 Cygni A has about 70 percent of a solar mass, 72 percent of its diameter and about 8.5 percent of its luminosity and 61 Cygni B has about 63 percent of a solar mass, 67 percent of its diameter, and 3.9 percent of its luminosity.[47]\n61 Cygni A's long-term stability led to it being selected as an \"anchor star\" in the Morgan–Keenan (MK) classification system in 1943, serving as the K5 V \"anchor point\" since that time.[48] Starting in 1953, 61 Cygni B has been considered a K7 V standard star (Johnson & Morgan 1953,[49] Keenan & McNeil 1989[50]).A size comparison between the Sun (left), 61 Cygni A (bottom) and 61 Cygni B (upper right).61 Cygni A is a typical BY Draconis variable star designated as V1803 Cyg while 61 Cygni B is a flare type variable star named HD 201092 with their magnitudes varying 5.21 V and 6.03, respectively.[51] The two stars orbit their common barycenter in a period of 659 years, with a mean separation of about 84 AU—84 times the separation between the Earth and the Sun. The relatively large orbital eccentricity of 0.48 means that the two stars are separated by about 44 AU at periapsis and 124 AU at apoapsis.[note 3] The leisurely orbit of the pair has made it difficult to pin down their respective masses, and the accuracy of these values remain somewhat controversial. In the future this issue may be resolved through the use of asteroseismology.[11] 61 Cygni A has about 11% more mass than 61 Cygni B.[10]The system has an activity cycle that is much more pronounced than the solar sunspot cycle. This is a complex activity cycle that varies with a period of about 7.5±1.7 years.[52][53] The starspot activity combined with rotation and chromospheric activity is a characteristic of a BY Draconis variable. Because of differential rotation, this star's surface rotation period varies by latitude from 27 to 45 days, with an average period of 35 days.[54]The orbital motion of component B relative to component A as seen from Earth as well as the true appearance from face-on view. The time steps are approximately 10 years.The outflow of the stellar wind from component A produces a bubble within the local interstellar cloud. Along the direction of the star's motion within the Milky Way, this extends out to a distance of 30 AU, or roughly the orbital distance of Neptune from the Sun. This is lower than the separation between the two components of 61 Cygni, and so the two most likely do not share a common atmosphere. The compactness of the astrosphere is likely due to the low mass outflow and the relatively high velocity through the local interstellar medium.[55]61 Cygni B displays a more chaotic pattern of variability than A, with significant short-term flares. There is an 11.7-year periodicity to the overall activity cycle of B.[53] Both stars exhibit stellar flare activity, but the chromosphere of B is 25% more active than for 61 Cygni A.[56] As a result of differential rotation, the period of rotation varies by latitude from 32 to 47 days, with an average period of 38 days.[54]There is some disagreement over the evolutionary age of this system. Kinematic data gives an age estimate of about 10 Gyr. Gyrochronology, or the age determination of a star based on its rotation and color, results in an average age of 2.0 ±0.2 Gyr. The ages based on chromospheric activity for A and B are 2.36 Gyr and 3.75 Gyr, respectively. Finally the age estimates using the isochrone method, which involve fitting the stars to evolutionary models, yield upper limits of 0.44 Gyr and 0.68 Gyr.[57] However, a 2008 evolutionary model using the CESAM2k code from the Côte d'Azur Observatory gives an age estimate of 6.0 ±1.0 Gyr for the pair.[11]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brown dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_dwarf"},{"link_name":"Kaj Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaj_Aage_Gunnar_Strand"},{"link_name":"Peter van de Kamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_van_de_Kamp"},{"link_name":"perturbations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Hal Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Clement"},{"link_name":"Mission of Gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_of_Gravity"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Pulkovo Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulkovo_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Jupiter masses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_masses"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cumming1999-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Wulff-Dieter Heintz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulff-Dieter_Heintz"},{"link_name":"Sproul Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproul_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walker1995-67"},{"link_name":"Gaia space telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KervellaArenou2018-68"},{"link_name":"habitable zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitable_zone"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa555_A104-69"}],"text":"On different occasions, it has been claimed that 61 Cygni might have unseen low-mass companions, planets or a brown dwarf. Kaj Strand of the Sproul Observatory, under the direction of Peter van de Kamp, made the first such claim in 1942 using observations to detect tiny but systematic variations in the orbital motions of 61 Cygni A and B. These perturbations suggested that a third body of about 16 Jupiter masses must be orbiting 61 Cygni A.[58] Reports of this third body served as inspiration for Hal Clement's 1953 science fiction novel Mission of Gravity.[59] In 1957, van de Kamp narrowed his uncertainties, claiming that the object had a mass of eight times that of Jupiter, a calculated orbital period of 4.8 years, and a semi-major axis of 2.4 AU, where 1 AU is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun.[60] In 1977, Soviet astronomers at the Pulkovo Observatory near Saint Petersburg suggested that the system included three planets: two giant planets with six and twelve Jupiter masses around 61 Cyg A,[61] and one giant planet with seven Jupiter masses around 61 Cygni B.[62]In 1978, Wulff-Dieter Heintz of the Sproul Observatory proved that these claims were spurious, as they were unable to detect any evidence of such motion down to six percent of the Sun's mass—equivalent to about 60 times the mass of Jupiter.[63][64]In 2018, analysis of the DR2 data gathered by the Gaia space telescope revealed significant proper motion anomalies in the orbits of the binary stars around each other; the stars were not quite orbiting around their centre of mass with 61 Cygni B also orbiting too slowly for its assumed mass. These anomalies taken together are indicative of the possible presence of a perturbing third object in orbit around 61 Cygni B.[65]The habitable zone for 61 Cygni A, defined as the locations where liquid water could be present on an Earth-like planet, is 0.26–0.58 AU. For 61 Cygni B, the habitable zone is 0.24–0.50 AU.[66]","title":"Claims of a planetary system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McDonald Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-search-70"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Space Interferometry Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Interferometry_Mission"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"excess of far infrared radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_excess"},{"link_name":"disk of dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debris_disk"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Keck Interferometer Nuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory"},{"link_name":"exozodiacal dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apj734_1_67-73"}],"sub_title":"Refining planetary boundaries","text":"Since no certain planetary object has been detected around either star so far, McDonald Observatory team has set limits to the presence of one or more planets around 61 Cygni A and 61 Cygni B with masses between 0.07 and 2.1 Jupiter masses and average separations spanning between 0.05 and 5.2 AU.[67]Because of the proximity of this system to the Sun, it is a frequent target of interest for astronomers. Both stars were selected by NASA as \"Tier 1\" targets for the proposed optical Space Interferometry Mission.[68] This mission is potentially capable of detecting planets with as little as 3 times the mass of the Earth at an orbital distance of 2 AU from the star.Measurements of this system appeared to have detected an excess of far infrared radiation, beyond what is emitted by the stars. Such an excess is sometimes associated with a disk of dust, but in this case it lies sufficiently close to one or both of the stars that it has not been resolved with a telescope.[69] A 2011 study using the Keck Interferometer Nuller failed to detect any exozodiacal dust around 61 Cygni A.[70]","title":"Claims of a planetary system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nasa2019-03-07-74"}],"sub_title":"Object for biosignature research","text":"The two stars are among five (all nearby star) paradigms listed among those K-type stars of a type in a 'sweet spot' between Sun-analog stars and M stars for the likelihood of evolved life, per analysis of Giada Arney from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.[71]","title":"Claims of a planetary system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"Rayleigh criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_resolution"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"}],"text":"^ By convention, limiting visual magnitude of 6.0\n\n^ Per the Rayleigh criterion:\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n R\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 138\n D\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{smallmatrix}\\alpha _{R}\\ =\\ {\\frac {138}{D}}\\end{smallmatrix}}}\n \n mm.\n\n^ At periapsis: \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n p\n e\n r\n \n \n \n =\n \n (\n 1\n \n −\n \n e\n )\n ⋅\n a\n \n ≈\n \n 44\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{smallmatrix}r_{per}\\ =\\ (1\\ -\\ e)\\cdot a\\ \\approx \\ 44\\end{smallmatrix}}}\n \n AUAt apoapsis: \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n a\n p\n \n \n \n =\n \n (\n 1\n \n +\n \n e\n )\n ⋅\n a\n \n ≈\n \n 124\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{smallmatrix}r_{ap}\\ =\\ (1\\ +\\ e)\\cdot a\\ \\approx \\ 124\\end{smallmatrix}}}\n \n AU","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"61 Cygni showing proper motion (movement from our vantage point) at some early 21st century one-year intervals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/61_Cygni_Proper_Motion.gif/220px-61_Cygni_Proper_Motion.gif"},{"image_text":"A size comparison between the Sun (left), 61 Cygni A (bottom) and 61 Cygni B (upper right).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Compare_61_cygni.png/220px-Compare_61_cygni.png"},{"image_text":"The orbital motion of component B relative to component A as seen from Earth as well as the true appearance from face-on view. The time steps are approximately 10 years.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Orbit_61_Cygni_arcsec.png/220px-Orbit_61_Cygni_arcsec.png"}] | [{"title":"List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars_and_brown_dwarfs"},{"title":"Barnard's Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard%27s_Star"}] | [{"reference":"Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). \"Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties\". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202243940","url_text":"\"Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.00211","url_text":"2208.00211"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023A&A...674A...1G","url_text":"2023A&A...674A...1G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202243940","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361/202243940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244398875","url_text":"244398875"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Mark (9 February 2019). \"61 Cygni\". Mark Fisher. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. 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Summary of the content and survey properties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.00211","url_text":"2208.00211"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023A&A...674A...1G","url_text":"2023A&A...674A...1G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202243940","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361/202243940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244398875","url_text":"244398875"}]},{"reference":"\"61 Cygni\". The Internet Stellar Database. 4 April 2011. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Committee_for_the_Fourth_International | Socialist Equality Party (United States) | ["1 History","1.1 Revolutionary Tendency","1.2 Reorganized Minority Tendency","1.3 Workers League","1.4 Socialist Equality Party","2 Ideology","2.1 The Obama administration","2.2 Workers' struggles and the trade unions","2.3 International revolution","2.4 Class unity","2.5 Democratic rights","2.6 Imperialism and war","3 Election results","3.1 Presidential elections","3.2 Congressional elections","3.3 State elections","3.4 Local elections","4 References","5 External links"] | Trotskyist political party
Socialist Equality Party ChairmanDavid NorthSecretaryJoseph KishoreAssistant SecretaryLawrence PorterFoundedSeptember 1964; 59 years ago (September 1964), (as American Committee for the Fourth International)HeadquartersPO Box 48377Oak Park, Michigan 48237Youth wingIYSSEIdeology
Trotskyism
Communism
Revolutionary socialism
Political positionFar-leftInternational affiliationICFIColors RedWebsitesocialequality.comPolitics of United StatesPolitical partiesElections
The Socialist Equality Party (SEP) is a Trotskyist political party in the United States, one of several Socialist Equality parties around the world affiliated with the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI). The ICFI publishes daily news articles, perspectives and commentaries on the World Socialist Web Site and maintains Mehring Books as publishing house.
The SEP was formed in 1995 by the Workers League, the US supporters of the ICFI. The Workers League had been founded in 1966 by the American Committee for the Fourth International (ACFI), headed by Tim Wohlforth, which emerged out of a split with the Socialist Workers Party, in opposition to the latter's support for Castroism.
According to the party's website, the SEP "seeks not to reform capitalism, but to create a socialist, democratic and egalitarian society through the establishment of a workers' government and the revolutionary transformation of the world economy. We seek to unify workers in the United States and internationally in the common struggle for socialism—that is, for equality and the rational and democratic utilization of the wealth of the planet."
In 2008, the SEP held its official founding congress, where it adopted a statement of principles and official organizational history. It has participated in elections in the United States, including running Jerry White for President and Niles Niemuth for Vice President in 2016, and Niemuth in Michigan's 12th congressional district in 2018.
History
Revolutionary Tendency
Main article: Revolutionary Tendency
In the early 1960s, most American Trotskyists were organized in the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) as part of the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI). Tim Wohlforth was a youth leader in that party and was opposed to the course of the organization, which was heading toward reunification with the International Secretariat of the Fourth International (ISFI). With others, including James Robertson, he formed the Revolutionary Tendency (RT) within the SWP. It developed links with the Socialist Labour League in Britain, led by Gerry Healy.
They saw the course of the SWP towards a regrouping with the ISFI, which had long been called Pabloite by members of the ICFI as breaking with basic Trotskyist principles. The party leadership at the same time blocked discussion over other issues, such as the SWP's support for Fidel Castro as an "unconscious" Trotskyist.
The ICFI leadership, supported by the RT, argued that if a revolution can be carried out by an unconscious Trotskyist, there was no point of building the Fourth International as the conscious leadership of the working class. The ICFI traced the SWP's support for Cuba to their "regroupment" policy, in which according to the ICFI they attempted to gain the support of the middle class radical supporters of Cuba. The ICFI claimed this was done without a genuine discussion of the principles of the Fourth International.
Reorganized Minority Tendency
The two main leaders of the RT had different evaluations of the SWP. Robertson's position led the SWP to expel him and his supporters first, but he and his supporters did not join the ICFI. Robertson's group went on to form the Spartacist League. The remainder of the tendency, now led by Wohlforth alone, renamed their group the Reorganized Minority Tendency.
Wohlforth and a small handful of his supporters were themselves expelled early in September 1964, proclaiming themselves the American Committee for the Fourth International (ACFI) and launching the biweekly Bulletin of International Socialism. They maintained connections with Gerry Healy and the rest of the ICFI, which they considered the legitimate Trotskyist movement, becoming that group's American section.
Wohlforth and his co-thinkers claimed the split was due to their insistence on a discussion of the decision by the Sri Lankan Lanka Sama Samaja Party to participate in the national government. They characterized this decision as "opportunism" that originated in the "centrist" position of the LSSP during the split between the ISFI and ICFI of 1953.
Workers League
The ACFI grew throughout the 1960s along with most leftist groupings. The ACFI was renamed the Workers League (WL) in 1966 and developed into a nationwide organization with hundreds of members. Its youth work, which led to the development of the Young Socialists, was particularly successful in this period.
In 1985, the ICFI split over policies advanced by the Workers Revolutionary Party in Britain. The policies they disagreed with included supporting national bourgeois regimes, including those of Saddam Hussein and Muammar Gadhafi; and supporting Gordon McLennan, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain. Many of Healy's former supporters saw these moves as a repetition of the mistakes of Pabloism.
The Workers League engaged in a long-term campaign against the rival Socialist Workers Party (SWP). In the 1970s, they issued a report titled "Security and the Fourth International" which alleged, amongst other things, that leading SWP member Joseph Hansen, who had been an assistant to Leon Trotsky during his Mexico City exile, was an accomplice in his assassination alleging that he and by implication the SWP were agents of the Soviet secret police (GPU). The WL also supported a lawsuit against the SWP by expelled member Alan Gelfand, who argued that he had been unconstitutionally deprived of his freedom of political expression by being expelled from the SWP by agents of the government. He attempted to force the government to reveal all its agents in the SWP and force the SWP to readmit him as a member. The lawsuit was dismissed in 1989, but not before confirming that former SWP leader Jim Cannon's secretary, Sylvia Callen (referred to by then-SWP national secretary Jack Barnes as his "hero"), had been a GPU agent.
The WL and its successor organization, the Socialist Equality Party, also countered the SWP's campaign in defense of Mark Curtis with its own campaign alleging that the SWP member was guilty of the sexual assault charge for which he was imprisoned.
Socialist Equality Party
Previous Socialist Equality Party logo
In 1995, the various parties affiliated with the ICFI renamed themselves the Socialist Equality Party. The ICFI launched the World Socialist Web Site in 1998. The party is also associated with the publishing house Mehring Books, formerly known as Labor Publications.
In 2006, the Socialist Equality Party relaunched its student movement (the Students for Social Equality) as the International Students for Social Equality, which was renamed the International Youth and Students for Social Equality (IYSSE) in 2012.
Ideology
The Socialist Equality Party is a political party of and for the working class. The SEP seeks not to reform capitalism, but to create a socialist, democratic and egalitarian society through the establishment of a workers' government and the revolutionary transformation of world economy. We seek to unify workers in the United States and internationally in the common struggle for socialism—that is, for equality and the rational and democratic utilization of the wealth of the planet.— Socialist Equality Party
The Obama administration
The Socialist Equality Party claims that the majority of left-wing opponents of the Bush administration have "lined up behind the Obama Administration", despite the fact, they say, that the Obama administration's policies are in many respects similar to those of the Bush administration. The Socialist Equality Party seeks to create a mass movement in opposition to the Obama administration on the basis of a socialist program.
Workers' struggles and the trade unions
Although some members of the Socialist Equality Party are union members and the party is committed to working within those organizations, it does not seek to facilitate any sort of social change through the trade unions, which they characterize as having interests antithetical to the workers they represent. The party calls for a break with the American union bureaucracies and the formation of "workplace committees" that will carry on economic struggles.
International revolution
The Socialist Equality Party believes the revolution against capitalism is international in scope. Therefore, the strategy of the party flows from a consideration of the international conditions of the working class.
Class unity
The Socialist Equality Party supports the unity of the working class and opposes "identity politics". According to the party, the "shift from class to identity has been at the expense of an understanding of the real causes, rooted in the capitalist system, of the hardships that confront all working people. At its worst, it has promoted a competition among different "identities" for access to educational institutions, jobs and other "opportunities" which, in a socialist society, would be freely available to all people without such demeaning, dehumanizing and arbitrary distinctions". The party opposes all forms of discrimination on any grounds and asserts that only a politically unified working class, composed of all races, religions and sexual orientations, can bring forth a free society.
Democratic rights
The Socialist Equality Party believes democracy is a fundamental characteristic of the struggle for socialism and the party states: "Political equality is impossible without economic equality. Like the struggle against war, the fight to defend and expand democratic rights requires the independent political mobilization of the working class, on the basis of a socialist program, to conquer state power". Further, "it would favor the abolition of existing institutions that either curtail democratic processes or serve as centers of conspiracy against the people (such as the imperial Presidency, standing army, and national-security apparatus). These and other necessary changes of a profoundly democratic character, to be determined by the masses themselves, are possible only in the context of the mass mobilization of the working class, imbued with socialist consciousness".
Imperialism and war
The Socialist Equality Party asserts that capitalism leads inevitably to war as imperialist states seek geo-political dominance, spheres of influence, markets, control of vital resources and access to cheap labor. Therefore, the party encourages and supports the widest mass protests against American militarism and its plans for war. The War on Terror is viewed as an assertion of imperial aggression on behalf of corporate interests and the party calls for an end to the conflicts in the Middle East.
Election results
The SEP has fielded electoral candidates in the United States for local, state, and federal offices. SEP candidates usually run as official SEP candidates on their own ballot line.
No SEP candidate has yet won an election.
Presidential elections
Year
Presidential candidate
Vice presidential candidate
Popular votes
%
Electoral votes
Result
Ballot access
Notes
Ref
2024
Joseph Kishore
Jerome White
T.B.D
T.B.D
T.B.D
T.B.D
T.B.D
running as a Socialist Equality Party candidate
2020
Joseph Kishore
Norissa Santa Cruz
345
0.00%
0
Lost
9 / 538
ran as Socialist Equality Party candidate
2016
Jerome White
Niles Niemuth
382
0.00%
0
Lost
0 / 538
ran as write-in candidate
2012
Jerome White
Phyllis Scherrer
1,279
0.00%
0
Lost
17 / 538
ran as Socialist Equality Party candidate
2008
Jerome White
Bill Van Auken
18
0.00%
0
Lost
0 / 538
ran as write-in candidate
2004
Bill Van Auken
Jim Lawrence
1,857
0.00%
0
Lost
45 / 538
ran as Socialist Equality Party candidate
1996
Jerome White
Fred Mazelis
2,438
0.00%
0
Lost
43 / 538
ran as Socialist Equality Party candidate
1992
Helen Halyard
Fred Mazelis
3,050
0.00%
0
Lost
33 / 538
ran as Workers League candidate
1988
Edward Winn
Helen Halyard
18,693
0.02%
0
Lost
59 / 538
ran as Workers League candidate
1984
Edward Winn
Helen Halyard
10,798
0.01%
0
Lost
71 / 538
ran as Workers League candidate
Congressional elections
Year
Candidate
Chamber
State
District
Votes
%
Result
Notes
Ref
2006
Bill Van Auken
Senate
New York
Class 1
6,004
0.1%
Lost
2006
Jerome White
House
Michigan
MI-12
1,862
0.8%
Lost
2018
David Moore
Senate
California
Class 1
24,601
0.4%
Lost
Top two primary
2018
Niles Niemuth
House
Michigan
MI-12
2,200
0.8%
Lost
2018
Kevin Mitchell
House
California
CA-51
1,473
1.9%
Lost
Top two primary
State elections
Year
Candidate
Office
State
District
Votes
%
Result
Notes
Ref
2021
David Moore
Governor
California
31,160
0.4%
Lost
urged a "No" vote on the recall
2016
Naomi Spencer
State House
West Virginia
16th
921
2.3%
Lost
2010
D'Artagnan Collier
State House
Michigan
9th
138
0.7%
Lost
2006
Joe Parnarauskis
State Senate
Illinois
52nd
1,894
3.4%
Lost
2006
Eric DesMarais
State Senate
Maine
32nd
296
2.3%
Lost
2003
John Burton
Governor
California
6,748
0.1%
Lost
urged a "No" vote on the recall
Local elections
Year
Candidate
Office
Area
District
Votes
%
Result
Notes
Ref
2013
D'Artagnan Collier
Mayor
Detroit
91
0.1%
Lost
2009
D'Artagnan Collier
Mayor
Detroit
1,265
1.4%
Lost
References
^ "Socialist Equality Party 2016".
^ "Niles Niemuth for Congress 2018".
^ Tim Wohlforth, The Prophet's Children: Travels on the American Left. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1994; pp. 123–124.
^ "Socialist Equality Party raises its U.S. profile". Archived from the original on 30 July 2004.
^ "M-I: Denounce SEP gangsterism!".
^ "World Socialist Web Site". Archived from the original on 12 December 1998.
^ "About Mehring Books,", October 2016.
^ "Resolutions of the SEP Congress: Build the International Youth and Students for Social Equality". 3 September 2012.
^ Wachtler, Mark. "Socialists say Obama imprisoning Political Opposition". Opposition News.
^ "D'Artagnan Collier Speaks to rally of City workers".
^ "Strategy and tactics, Marxism vs. opportunism".
^ "Orthodox Trotskyism on the "Pseudo-Left" and Jeremy Corbyn". Tendance Coatesy.
^ "The World Tasks of the Socialist Equality Party". 25 September 2008.
^ a b Richards, M. "Understanding the US Socialist Equality Party". The Smirking Chimp.
^ a b c d "Socialist Equality Party Statement of Principles".
^ "Socialist Equality Party selects Joseph Kishore and Jerry White as its presidential and vice presidential candidates for the 2024 US election". World Socialist Web Site. 2024-02-27. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
^ "Federal Elections 2020" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. October 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2022.
^ "Federal Elections 2016" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. December 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019.
^ "Federal Elections 2012" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. July 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019.
^ "Federal Elections 2008" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. July 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019.
^ Berg-Andersson, Richard; Roza, Tony (December 1, 2009). "The Green Papers: 2008 General Election". Archived from the original on September 18, 2008.
^ "Federal Elections 2004" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. July 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019.
^ "Federal Elections 96" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. July 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019.
^ "Federal Elections 92" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. July 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019.
^ "Federal Elections 88" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. July 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019.
^ "Federal Elections 84" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. July 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019.
^ "Socialist Equality candidate:"Society can't afford the rich"" (Flash video). YouTube.
^ "Socialist Equality Party announces candidates in New York, Michigan and California". 21 March 2006.
^ "2018 California Primary Election Results". California Secretary of State. Archived from the original on June 7, 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
^ "Michigan's 12th Congressional District election, 2018 – Ballotpedia". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
^ "Election Result Data". Retrieved 2018-07-23.
^ "Vote for SEP candidate David Moore in California recall". World Socialist Web Site. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-02.
^ a b "Socialist Equality Party to contest state elections in Illinois, Maine, Oregon and Washington". 15 May 2006.
^ "John Christopher Burton Candidate Statement".
^ Collier, D'Artagnan. "Support D'Artagnan Collier for Detroit Mayor". World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
External links
Socialist Equality Party.
World Socialist Web Site.
The Bulletin. Marxists Internet Archive.
"The Workers League and the founding of the Socialist Equality Party". Archived from the original on 15 August 2000.
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Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trotskyist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskyism"},{"link_name":"political party in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"International Committee of the Fourth International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Fourth_International"},{"link_name":"World Socialist Web Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Socialist_Web_Site"},{"link_name":"Mehring Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehring_Books"},{"link_name":"Tim Wohlforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wohlforth"},{"link_name":"Socialist Workers Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Castroism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castroism"},{"link_name":"Jerry White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_White_(socialist)"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Michigan's 12th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%27s_12th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Socialist Equality Party (SEP) is a Trotskyist political party in the United States, one of several Socialist Equality parties around the world affiliated with the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI). The ICFI publishes daily news articles, perspectives and commentaries on the World Socialist Web Site and maintains Mehring Books as publishing house.The SEP was formed in 1995 by the Workers League, the US supporters of the ICFI. The Workers League had been founded in 1966 by the American Committee for the Fourth International (ACFI), headed by Tim Wohlforth, which emerged out of a split with the Socialist Workers Party, in opposition to the latter's support for Castroism.According to the party's website, the SEP \"seeks not to reform capitalism, but to create a socialist, democratic and egalitarian society through the establishment of a workers' government and the revolutionary transformation of the world economy. We seek to unify workers in the United States and internationally in the common struggle for socialism—that is, for equality and the rational and democratic utilization of the wealth of the planet.\"In 2008, the SEP held its official founding congress, where it adopted a statement of principles and official organizational history. It has participated in elections in the United States, including running Jerry White for President and Niles Niemuth for Vice President in 2016,[1] and Niemuth in Michigan's 12th congressional district in 2018.[2]","title":"Socialist Equality Party (United States)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Socialist Workers Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"International Committee of the Fourth International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Fourth_International"},{"link_name":"Tim Wohlforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wohlforth"},{"link_name":"International Secretariat of the Fourth International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Secretariat_of_the_Fourth_International"},{"link_name":"James Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robertson_(Trotskyist)"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Tendency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Tendency_(SWP)"},{"link_name":"Socialist Labour League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labour_League"},{"link_name":"Gerry Healy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Healy"},{"link_name":"Pabloite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabloite"},{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"Fourth International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_International"},{"link_name":"working class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class"}],"sub_title":"Revolutionary Tendency","text":"In the early 1960s, most American Trotskyists were organized in the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) as part of the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI). Tim Wohlforth was a youth leader in that party and was opposed to the course of the organization, which was heading toward reunification with the International Secretariat of the Fourth International (ISFI). With others, including James Robertson, he formed the Revolutionary Tendency (RT) within the SWP. It developed links with the Socialist Labour League in Britain, led by Gerry Healy.They saw the course of the SWP towards a regrouping with the ISFI, which had long been called Pabloite by members of the ICFI as breaking with basic Trotskyist principles. The party leadership at the same time blocked discussion over other issues, such as the SWP's support for Fidel Castro as an \"unconscious\" Trotskyist.The ICFI leadership, supported by the RT, argued that if a revolution can be carried out by an unconscious Trotskyist, there was no point of building the Fourth International as the conscious leadership of the working class. The ICFI traced the SWP's support for Cuba to their \"regroupment\" policy, in which according to the ICFI they attempted to gain the support of the middle class radical supporters of Cuba. The ICFI claimed this was done without a genuine discussion of the principles of the Fourth International.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spartacist League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacist_League_(US)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lanka Sama Samaja Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanka_Sama_Samaja_Party"},{"link_name":"opportunism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunism"},{"link_name":"centrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_centrism"}],"sub_title":"Reorganized Minority Tendency","text":"The two main leaders of the RT had different evaluations of the SWP. Robertson's position led the SWP to expel him and his supporters first, but he and his supporters did not join the ICFI. Robertson's group went on to form the Spartacist League. The remainder of the tendency, now led by Wohlforth alone, renamed their group the Reorganized Minority Tendency.Wohlforth and a small handful of his supporters were themselves expelled early in September 1964, proclaiming themselves the American Committee for the Fourth International (ACFI) and launching the biweekly Bulletin of International Socialism.[3] They maintained connections with Gerry Healy and the rest of the ICFI, which they considered the legitimate Trotskyist movement, becoming that group's American section.Wohlforth and his co-thinkers claimed the split was due to their insistence on a discussion of the decision by the Sri Lankan Lanka Sama Samaja Party to participate in the national government. They characterized this decision as \"opportunism\" that originated in the \"centrist\" position of the LSSP during the split between the ISFI and ICFI of 1953.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Workers Revolutionary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Revolutionary_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gadhafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"Gordon McLennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_McLennan_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pabloism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Pablo"},{"link_name":"Security and the Fourth International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Fourth_International#.27Security_and_the_Fourth_International.27"},{"link_name":"Joseph Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hansen_(socialist)"},{"link_name":"Leon Trotsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky"},{"link_name":"GPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Political_Directorate"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Callen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Callen"},{"link_name":"Mark Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Curtis_(SWP_member)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Workers League","text":"The ACFI grew throughout the 1960s along with most leftist groupings. The ACFI was renamed the Workers League (WL) in 1966 and developed into a nationwide organization with hundreds of members. Its youth work, which led to the development of the Young Socialists, was particularly successful in this period.In 1985, the ICFI split over policies advanced by the Workers Revolutionary Party in Britain. The policies they disagreed with included supporting national bourgeois regimes, including those of Saddam Hussein and Muammar Gadhafi; and supporting Gordon McLennan, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain.[citation needed] Many of Healy's former supporters saw these moves as a repetition of the mistakes of Pabloism.The Workers League engaged in a long-term campaign against the rival Socialist Workers Party (SWP). In the 1970s, they issued a report titled \"Security and the Fourth International\" which alleged, amongst other things, that leading SWP member Joseph Hansen, who had been an assistant to Leon Trotsky during his Mexico City exile, was an accomplice in his assassination alleging that he and by implication the SWP were agents of the Soviet secret police (GPU). The WL also supported a lawsuit against the SWP by expelled member Alan Gelfand, who argued that he had been unconstitutionally deprived of his freedom of political expression by being expelled from the SWP by agents of the government. He attempted to force the government to reveal all its agents in the SWP and force the SWP to readmit him as a member. The lawsuit was dismissed in 1989, but not before confirming that former SWP leader Jim Cannon's secretary, Sylvia Callen (referred to by then-SWP national secretary Jack Barnes as his \"hero\"), had been a GPU agent.The WL and its successor organization, the Socialist Equality Party, also countered the SWP's campaign in defense of Mark Curtis with its own campaign alleging that the SWP member was guilty of the sexual assault charge for which he was imprisoned.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"World Socialist Web Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Socialist_Web_Site"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mehring Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehring_Books"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Students for Social Equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_Social_Equality"},{"link_name":"International Youth and Students for Social Equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Youth_and_Students_for_Social_Equality"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Socialist Equality Party","text":"Previous Socialist Equality Party logoIn 1995, the various parties affiliated with the ICFI renamed themselves the Socialist Equality Party. The ICFI launched the World Socialist Web Site in 1998.[6] The party is also associated with the publishing house Mehring Books, formerly known as Labor Publications.[7]In 2006, the Socialist Equality Party relaunched its student movement (the Students for Social Equality) as the International Students for Social Equality, which was renamed the International Youth and Students for Social Equality (IYSSE) in 2012.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Socialist Equality Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//socialequality.com/about"}],"text":"The Socialist Equality Party is a political party of and for the working class. The SEP seeks not to reform capitalism, but to create a socialist, democratic and egalitarian society through the establishment of a workers' government and the revolutionary transformation of world economy. We seek to unify workers in the United States and internationally in the common struggle for socialism—that is, for equality and the rational and democratic utilization of the wealth of the planet.— Socialist Equality Party","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"The Obama administration","text":"The Socialist Equality Party claims that the majority of left-wing opponents of the Bush administration have \"lined up behind the Obama Administration\", despite the fact, they say, that the Obama administration's policies are in many respects similar to those of the Bush administration.[9] The Socialist Equality Party seeks to create a mass movement in opposition to the Obama administration on the basis of a socialist program.","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"trade unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Workers' struggles and the trade unions","text":"Although some members[10] of the Socialist Equality Party are union members and the party is committed to working within those organizations,[11] it does not seek to facilitate any sort of social change through the trade unions, which they characterize as having interests antithetical to the workers they represent. The party calls for a break with the American union bureaucracies and the formation of \"workplace committees\" that will carry on economic struggles.[12]","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"International revolution","text":"The Socialist Equality Party believes the revolution against capitalism is international in scope.[13] Therefore, the strategy of the party flows from a consideration of the international conditions of the working class.","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"identity politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_politics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smirkingchimp.com-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socialequality.com-15"}],"sub_title":"Class unity","text":"The Socialist Equality Party supports the unity of the working class and opposes \"identity politics\". According to the party, the \"shift from class to identity has been at the expense of an understanding of the real causes, rooted in the capitalist system, of the hardships that confront all working people. At its worst, it has promoted a competition among different \"identities\" for access to educational institutions, jobs and other \"opportunities\" which, in a socialist society, would be freely available to all people without such demeaning, dehumanizing and arbitrary distinctions\".[14] The party opposes all forms of discrimination on any grounds and asserts that only a politically unified working class, composed of all races, religions and sexual orientations, can bring forth a free society.[15]","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socialequality.com-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smirkingchimp.com-14"}],"sub_title":"Democratic rights","text":"The Socialist Equality Party believes democracy is a fundamental characteristic of the struggle for socialism and the party states: \"Political equality is impossible without economic equality. Like the struggle against war, the fight to defend and expand democratic rights requires the independent political mobilization of the working class, on the basis of a socialist program, to conquer state power\".[15] Further, \"it would favor the abolition of existing institutions that either curtail democratic processes or serve as centers of conspiracy against the people (such as the imperial Presidency, standing army, and national-security apparatus). These and other necessary changes of a profoundly democratic character, to be determined by the masses themselves, are possible only in the context of the mass mobilization of the working class, imbued with socialist consciousness\".[14]","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socialequality.com-15"},{"link_name":"War on Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terror"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socialequality.com-15"}],"sub_title":"Imperialism and war","text":"The Socialist Equality Party asserts that capitalism leads inevitably to war as imperialist states seek geo-political dominance, spheres of influence, markets, control of vital resources and access to cheap labor.[15] Therefore, the party encourages and supports the widest mass protests against American militarism and its plans for war. The War on Terror is viewed as an assertion of imperial aggression on behalf of corporate interests and the party calls for an end to the conflicts in the Middle East.[15]","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electoral candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"local","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"federal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"ballot line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_line"}],"text":"The SEP has fielded electoral candidates in the United States for local, state, and federal offices. SEP candidates usually run as official SEP candidates on their own ballot line.No SEP candidate has yet won an election.","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Presidential elections","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Congressional elections","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"State elections","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Local elections","title":"Election results"}] | [{"image_text":"Previous Socialist Equality Party logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Socialist_Equality_Party_%28United_States%29_logo.svg/300px-Socialist_Equality_Party_%28United_States%29_logo.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Socialist Equality Party 2016\".","urls":[{"url":"http://sep2016.com/","url_text":"\"Socialist Equality Party 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Niles Niemuth for Congress 2018\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niles2018.com/","url_text":"\"Niles Niemuth for Congress 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Socialist Equality Party raises its U.S. profile\". Archived from the original on 30 July 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040730025005/http://socialism.com/fsarticles/vol25no3/party.html","url_text":"\"Socialist Equality Party raises its U.S. profile\""},{"url":"http://www.socialism.com/fsarticles/vol25no3/party.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"M-I: Denounce SEP gangsterism!\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driftline.org/cgi-bin/archive/archive_msg.cgi?file=spoon-archives/marxism-international.archive/marxism-international_1997/marxism-international.9707&msgnum=15&start=1093&end=1432","url_text":"\"M-I: Denounce SEP gangsterism!\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Socialist Web Site\". Archived from the original on 12 December 1998.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wsws.org/","url_text":"\"World Socialist Web Site\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19981212034211/http://www.wsws.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Resolutions of the SEP Congress: Build the International Youth and Students for Social Equality\". 3 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2012/09/res4-s03.html","url_text":"\"Resolutions of the SEP Congress: Build the International Youth and Students for Social Equality\""}]},{"reference":"Wachtler, Mark. \"Socialists say Obama imprisoning Political Opposition\". Opposition News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oppositionnews.org/articles/2014/q/socialists-say-obama-imprisoning-political-opposition/","url_text":"\"Socialists say Obama imprisoning Political Opposition\""}]},{"reference":"\"D'Artagnan Collier Speaks to rally of City workers\".","urls":[{"url":"http://socialequality.com/~socialeq/node/417","url_text":"\"D'Artagnan Collier Speaks to rally of City workers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strategy and tactics, Marxism vs. opportunism\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wsws.org/exhibits/slreply/part5-1.shtml","url_text":"\"Strategy and tactics, Marxism vs. opportunism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orthodox Trotskyism on the \"Pseudo-Left\" and Jeremy Corbyn\". Tendance Coatesy.","urls":[{"url":"https://tendancecoatesy.wordpress.com/tag/socialist-equality-party/","url_text":"\"Orthodox Trotskyism on the \"Pseudo-Left\" and Jeremy Corbyn\""}]},{"reference":"\"The World Tasks of the Socialist Equality Party\". 25 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2008/09/prin-s25.html","url_text":"\"The World Tasks of the Socialist Equality Party\""}]},{"reference":"Richards, M. \"Understanding the US Socialist Equality Party\". The Smirking Chimp.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smirkingchimp.com/thread/m-richards/31477/understanding-the-us-socialist-equality-party","url_text":"\"Understanding the US Socialist Equality Party\""}]},{"reference":"\"Socialist Equality Party Statement of Principles\".","urls":[{"url":"http://socialequality.com/principles","url_text":"\"Socialist Equality Party Statement of Principles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Socialist Equality Party selects Joseph Kishore and Jerry White as its presidential and vice presidential candidates for the 2024 US election\". World Socialist Web Site. 2024-02-27. Retrieved 2024-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2024/02/27/qfmi-f27.html","url_text":"\"Socialist Equality Party selects Joseph Kishore and Jerry White as its presidential and vice presidential candidates for the 2024 US election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federal Elections 2020\" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. October 2022. 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Retrieved 22 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://wsws.org/en/topics/newsCategory/dart/","url_text":"\"Support D'Artagnan Collier for Detroit Mayor\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Workers League and the founding of the Socialist Equality Party\". 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for Detroit Mayor\""},{"Link":"http://www.socialequality.com/","external_links_name":"Socialist Equality Party"},{"Link":"http://www.wsws.org/","external_links_name":"World Socialist Web Site"},{"Link":"https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/bulletin/index.htm","external_links_name":"The Bulletin"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000815075231/http://www.wsws.org/sections/category/icfi/wlsep.shtml","external_links_name":"\"The Workers League and the founding of the Socialist Equality Party\""},{"Link":"http://www.wsws.org/sections/category/icfi/wlsep.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20080923014&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Cargo_(1940_film) | Strange Cargo (1940 film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 Box office","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | 1940 film by Frank Borzage
Strange CargoOriginal theatrical posterDirected byFrank BorzageWritten byLawrence HazardLesser SamuelsBased onNot Too Narrow, Not Too Deep1936 novelby Richard SaleProduced byJoseph L. MankiewiczStarringClark Gable, Joan Crawford, Peter LorreCinematographyRobert H. PlanckEdited byRobert J. KernMusic byFranz WaxmanProductioncompanyMetro-Goldwyn-MayerDistributed byLoew's Inc.Release date
March 1, 1940 (1940-03-01)
Running time113 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1.25 million Box office$1.9 million
Strange Cargo is a 1940 American romantic drama film directed by Frank Borzage and starring Clark Gable and Joan Crawford in a story about a group of fugitive prisoners from a French penal colony. The adapted screenplay by Lawrence Hazard was based upon the 1936 novel, Not Too Narrow, Not Too Deep, by Richard Sale. The film was produced by Joseph L. Mankiewicz for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer; it was the eighth and last film pairing of Crawford and Gable, and the first Gable picture released in the wake of Gone with the Wind. The supporting cast includes Ian Hunter, Paul Lukas, Eduardo Ciannelli, and Peter Lorre.
Plot
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Julie is a cynical working girl in a café in a town near Devil's Island (French Guiana) penal colony. While on a work shift just after being released from 30 days in solitary confinement, prisoner André Verne sees her on the wharf. She is unfriendly, but Verne is attracted to her, and arranges to escape long enough to visit her in her cabin. Verne's absence is not noticed because a man in a prisoner’s uniform joins the returning work crew, making the count correct. Verne goes to Julie's room but she wants none of him and threatens to turn him in rather than risk being thrown off the island if found consorting with a prisoner. She doesn’t get the chance because M'sieu Pig has already reported Verne, who is found in Julie's room and returned to prison. She is banished from the island but has no money for passage. Pig wants her to stay but she tells him nothing could ever make her so desperate that she would allow him to touch her. She goes to Marfeu for help and ends up held prisoner in his shack.
Prison warden Grideau is mystified by the fact that the work gang count was correct despite Verne's absence. Grideau thinks that Verne has potential, unlike most of the prisoners but fears the man is doomed. It is only a matter of time before he kills someone. In the prison barracks, the stranger, whose name is Cambreau, begins to show the qualities that begin to define him as a mysterious, supernatural character: his anticipation of events (including weather), his knowledge of people, his physical endurance, his readiness with appropriate quotes from scripture, even his unexplained possession of money when needed. In a conversation with Verne, he offers the idea, central to the film, that "every man has God in his heart". Verne finds this wildly funny, pointing to all the wonderful examples of God around them. Moll has masterminded a jailbreak and takes Cambreau, Telez, Hessler, a serial killer who poisons his wives, Flaubert, and Dufond with him. Verne and Moll are bitter enemies, but in spite of this—or because of it—Verne plans to catch up with them and join in.
The trek through the jungle is brutal. They need food, and Cambreau, who never tires, strides off purposefully into the undergrowth. Julie has been fighting with Marfeu, who caught her packing a sack with food, trying to get away. Her arm is raised to stab him to death when Cambreau's voice is heard saying, “Not that way, Julie.” When she goes to look there is no one, but the sack is gone and there is a wad of money, enough for a passage to the mainland. Marfeu takes it. Later, while Julie is begging him to let her go — hasn’t she been there long enough? — Verne bursts in. He takes the money from Marfeu and takes Julie with him. She makes it clear she is going as he is the best thing available at the moment but will ditch him if something better comes along. They understand each other perfectly. Soon after, Cambreau returns with the supplies. Then Verne appears and joins the escapees.
When they reach the coast, they are barely able to stand from thirst and exhaustion — except for Cambreau. He stops Moll from drinking seawater, and somehow knows the boat that has been hidden for them is around the next point. Refreshed by the water hidden there, they set sail for the mainland. Then during a long, deadly, calm, Julie shares her ugly past, her new hopes, her love for Verne and her fears for him. She could gladly spend her life with him but not on the deadly path he is on. She wishes she could pray, and Cambreau gently tells her that she has been.
Only Verne, Julie, Hessler, and Cambreau survive the long ordeal. The others die, some heroically, all receiving consolation from Cambreau. Once ashore, they set the boat adrift with Moll's body in it, hoping the authorities will assume that there were no survivors of the prison break. Cambreau takes them to a fisherman’s hut where they take refuge, washing, shaving, replacing their rags with clean clothes. The fisherman denies having a boat until Verne threatens him with a razor. In the port on the mainland, Grideau and his men, accompanied by Pig, examine the boat with Moll's body in it. As the escapees hoped, they believe that all died, but Pig finds a scrap of Julie's dress and knows better. Hessler leaves them, announcing that he is off to find a rich widow — his next victim. He is proud of having escaped Cambreau's net and disdains Cambreau's salvation, bidding him a mocking au revoir. Cambreau gravely replies that they will not meet again. Once outside, Hessler pauses and looks back, struggling against belief and then, grimacing demonically, slinks off into the night as a storm begins.
Julie is on the waterfront, looking for passage on a ship in the harbor, but no one will row her out: The weather is bad and getting worse. Pig sees her and threatens to expose Verne unless she agrees to go back to the island with him—and marry him. She scorns him at first, but realizing this is Verne’s only hope, she agrees, on condition that she be allowed to say goodbye, alone. Her conversation with Verne is agonizing, and when Pig comes into the hut, Verne assumes the worst. In the end, Julie goes with Pig. Cambreau is now the only person who knows Verne is alive and Verne will feel safer if he is dead. Despite the terrible weather, they row out to the boat with the fisherman. It is not until after they get there that Cambreau says he should stay behind; there are people he might help. Verne decides to kill him, and punches him in the jaw, deliberately knocking him overboard into the crashing waves. Cambreau clings to a piece of driftwood, evoking the image of Christ on Calvary's cross. The fisherman says Verne is the only one who can save Cambreau. But Verne taunts the drowning man, demanding to know where God is now, saying “the fisherman is God! I'm God! You're... You're....", but Cambreau goes under as he is shouting. Verne freezes in horror. Desperately calling Cambreau's name, he dives into the raging sea to save him. Back on deck, Verne thinks Cambreau is dead and asks him why. Then, Cambreau opens his eyes and Verne, weeping, embraces him.
It is a bright day. The storm has cleared and Julie, Pig, and Grideau are on the deck of the steamer that will take them back to the island. Julie sees Verne walking confidently along the wharf toward the ship and runs out to stop him. He keeps on coming and, full of banter as usual, surrenders to Grideau. Repentant but still cocky, he jokes that a woman like Julie was all the warden really needed to keep him in line. She will wait for him, and they will be married after he has served his term. Across the harbor, the fisherman and Cambreau, aboard the former's boat, watch the steamer. The fisherman asks if they will be all right eventually, and Cambreau replies that all is well now. He says "Goodbye, my friend", to the fisherman, who removes his hat and replies, "Goodbye, Monsieur". Cambreau grips the other man’s shoulder in farewell and strides off down the deck to disappear into the shadows where there is no passage. The gently smiling fisherman slowly makes the sign of the cross on his breast.
Cast
Clark Gable as André Verne
Joan Crawford as Julie
Ian Hunter as Cambreau
Peter Lorre as M'sieu Pig
Paul Lukas as Hessler
Albert Dekker as Moll
J. Edward Bromberg as Flaubert
Eduardo Ciannelli as Telez
John Arledge as Dufond
Frederick Worlock as Grideau (billed as Frederic Worlock)
Bernard Nedell as Marfeu
Victor Varconi as Fisherman
Paul Fix as Benet
Reception
Film Daily said: "Here is a good, raw, stark melodrama which holds suspense from the start. Frank Borzage has given it expert directorial attention...Clark Gable fits his role admirably...The acting is high-grade with Joan Crawford giving her best performance to date."
Variety commented: "Although the picture has its many deficiencies, the Crawford characterization will give studio execs idea of proper casting of her talents for the future. Direction by Frank Borzage fails to hit the dramatic punches...He has not clearly defined the spiritual redemption angle, which also adds to the audience confusion. The screenplay does not help Borzage out of his predicament."
Leonard Maltin describes Strange Cargo as an “Intriguing allegorical film...Not for all tastes, but there are fine, realistic performances and flavorful Franz Waxman score.
Censorship issues plagued the film from the beginning, not only in terms of sex and violence but because of the mystical element. The Catholic Legion of Decency gave it a "condemned" rating for presenting "a naturalistic concept of religion contrary to the teachings of Christ, irreverent use of Scripture, and lustful complications." The picture was banned in some places, and this had an adverse effect on the box office.
According to TCM.com, “A biography of producer Joseph L. Mankiewicz quotes him as saying: ‘It was almost a good film. I wish it could have been made later. It was tough doing any kind of film that even approached reality in any way.’ “
TCM’s Margarita Landazuri describes it as “a haunting and unusual film, controversial in its day, and considered by many critics to be the best expression of the metaphysical themes in the work of director Frank Borzage.”
Box office
According to MGM records the film earned $1,311,000 in the US and Canada and $603,000 elsewhere.
See also
Clark Gable filmography
Joan Crawford filmography
References
^ Film profile, tcm.com. (registration required)
^ Strange Cargo at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
^ a b c The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study.
^ Quirk, Lawrence J.. The Films of Joan Crawford. The Citadel Press, 1968.
^ "Strange Cargo (1940) - Overview - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
^ a b "Strange Cargo (1940) - Articles - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
^ Kuipers, Benjamin (1983), "The Cognitive Map: Could It Have Been Any Other Way?", Spatial Orientation, Springer US, pp. 345–359, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9325-6_15, ISBN 9781461593270
External links
Strange Cargo at IMDb
Strange Cargo at AllMovie
Strange Cargo at the TCM Movie Database
Strange Cargo at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
Strange Cargo at Rotten Tomatoes
vteFilms directed by Frank Borzage
That Gal of Burke's (1916)
Flying Colors (1917)
Society for Sale (1918)
Prudence on Broadway (1919)
Humoresque (1920)
The Duke of Chimney Butte (1921)
Get-Rich-Quick Wallingford (1921)
Billy Jim (1922)
The Pride of Palomar (1922)
The Age of Desire (1923)
Children of Dust (1923)
Secrets (1924)
The Lady (1925)
Daddy's Gone A-Hunting (1925)
Lazybones (1925)
The Circle (1925)
Marriage License? (1926)
The Dixie Merchant (1926)
Early to Wed (1926)
7th Heaven (1927)
Street Angel (1928)
Lucky Star (1929)
They Had to See Paris (1929)
The River (1929)
Liliom (1930)
Song o' My Heart (1930)
Doctors' Wives (1931)
Bad Girl (1931)
After Tomorrow (1931)
Young as You Feel (1931)
Young America (1932)
A Farewell to Arms (1932)
Secrets (1933)
Man's Castle (1933)
No Greater Glory (1934)
Little Man, What Now? (1934)
Flirtation Walk (1934)
Living on Velvet (1935)
Stranded (1935)
Shipmates Forever (1935)
Desire (1936)
Hearts Divided (1936)
Green Light (1937)
History Is Made at Night (1937)
Big City (1937)
Mannequin (1937)
Three Comrades (1938)
The Shining Hour (1938)
Disputed Passage (1939)
Strange Cargo (1940)
The Mortal Storm (1940)
Flight Command (1940)
Smilin' Through (1941)
The Vanishing Virginian (1942)
Stage Door Canteen (1943)
His Butler's Sister (1943)
Till We Meet Again (1944)
The Spanish Main (1945)
Magnificent Doll (1946)
I've Always Loved You (1946)
That's My Man (1947)
Moonrise (1948)
China Doll (1958)
The Big Fisherman (1959)
Journey Beneath the Desert (1961) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romantic drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_film"},{"link_name":"Frank Borzage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borzage"},{"link_name":"Clark Gable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Gable"},{"link_name":"Joan Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Hazard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Hazard"},{"link_name":"Richard Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sale_(director)"},{"link_name":"Joseph L. 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She is unfriendly, but Verne is attracted to her, and arranges to escape long enough to visit her in her cabin. Verne's absence is not noticed because a man in a prisoner’s uniform joins the returning work crew, making the count correct. Verne goes to Julie's room but she wants none of him and threatens to turn him in rather than risk being thrown off the island if found consorting with a prisoner. She doesn’t get the chance because M'sieu Pig has already reported Verne, who is found in Julie's room and returned to prison. She is banished from the island but has no money for passage. Pig wants her to stay but she tells him nothing could ever make her so desperate that she would allow him to touch her. She goes to Marfeu for help and ends up held prisoner in his shack.Prison warden Grideau is mystified by the fact that the work gang count was correct despite Verne's absence. Grideau thinks that Verne has potential, unlike most of the prisoners but fears the man is doomed. It is only a matter of time before he kills someone. In the prison barracks, the stranger, whose name is Cambreau, begins to show the qualities that begin to define him as a mysterious, supernatural character: his anticipation of events (including weather), his knowledge of people, his physical endurance, his readiness with appropriate quotes from scripture, even his unexplained possession of money when needed. In a conversation with Verne, he offers the idea, central to the film, that \"every man has God in his heart\". Verne finds this wildly funny, pointing to all the wonderful examples of God around them. Moll has masterminded a jailbreak and takes Cambreau, Telez, Hessler, a serial killer who poisons his wives, Flaubert, and Dufond with him. Verne and Moll are bitter enemies, but in spite of this—or because of it—Verne plans to catch up with them and join in.The trek through the jungle is brutal. They need food, and Cambreau, who never tires, strides off purposefully into the undergrowth. Julie has been fighting with Marfeu, who caught her packing a sack with food, trying to get away. Her arm is raised to stab him to death when Cambreau's voice is heard saying, “Not that way, Julie.” When she goes to look there is no one, but the sack is gone and there is a wad of money, enough for a passage to the mainland. Marfeu takes it. Later, while Julie is begging him to let her go — hasn’t she been there long enough? — Verne bursts in. He takes the money from Marfeu and takes Julie with him. She makes it clear she is going as he is the best thing available at the moment but will ditch him if something better comes along. They understand each other perfectly. Soon after, Cambreau returns with the supplies. Then Verne appears and joins the escapees.When they reach the coast, they are barely able to stand from thirst and exhaustion — except for Cambreau. He stops Moll from drinking seawater, and somehow knows the boat that has been hidden for them is around the next point. Refreshed by the water hidden there, they set sail for the mainland. Then during a long, deadly, calm, Julie shares her ugly past, her new hopes, her love for Verne and her fears for him. She could gladly spend her life with him but not on the deadly path he is on. She wishes she could pray, and Cambreau gently tells her that she has been.Only Verne, Julie, Hessler, and Cambreau survive the long ordeal. The others die, some heroically, all receiving consolation from Cambreau. Once ashore, they set the boat adrift with Moll's body in it, hoping the authorities will assume that there were no survivors of the prison break. Cambreau takes them to a fisherman’s hut where they take refuge, washing, shaving, replacing their rags with clean clothes. The fisherman denies having a boat until Verne threatens him with a razor. In the port on the mainland, Grideau and his men, accompanied by Pig, examine the boat with Moll's body in it. As the escapees hoped, they believe that all died, but Pig finds a scrap of Julie's dress and knows better. Hessler leaves them, announcing that he is off to find a rich widow — his next victim. He is proud of having escaped Cambreau's net and disdains Cambreau's salvation, bidding him a mocking au revoir. Cambreau gravely replies that they will not meet again. Once outside, Hessler pauses and looks back, struggling against belief and then, grimacing demonically, slinks off into the night as a storm begins.Julie is on the waterfront, looking for passage on a ship in the harbor, but no one will row her out: The weather is bad and getting worse. Pig sees her and threatens to expose Verne unless she agrees to go back to the island with him—and marry him. She scorns him at first, but realizing this is Verne’s only hope, she agrees, on condition that she be allowed to say goodbye, alone. Her conversation with Verne is agonizing, and when Pig comes into the hut, Verne assumes the worst. In the end, Julie goes with Pig. Cambreau is now the only person who knows Verne is alive and Verne will feel safer if he is dead. Despite the terrible weather, they row out to the boat with the fisherman. It is not until after they get there that Cambreau says he should stay behind; there are people he might help. Verne decides to kill him, and punches him in the jaw, deliberately knocking him overboard into the crashing waves. Cambreau clings to a piece of driftwood, evoking the image of Christ on Calvary's cross. The fisherman says Verne is the only one who can save Cambreau. But Verne taunts the drowning man, demanding to know where God is now, saying “the fisherman is God! I'm God! You're... You're....\", but Cambreau goes under as he is shouting. Verne freezes in horror. Desperately calling Cambreau's name, he dives into the raging sea to save him. Back on deck, Verne thinks Cambreau is dead and asks him why. Then, Cambreau opens his eyes and Verne, weeping, embraces him.It is a bright day. The storm has cleared and Julie, Pig, and Grideau are on the deck of the steamer that will take them back to the island. Julie sees Verne walking confidently along the wharf toward the ship and runs out to stop him. He keeps on coming and, full of banter as usual, surrenders to Grideau. Repentant but still cocky, he jokes that a woman like Julie was all the warden really needed to keep him in line. She will wait for him, and they will be married after he has served his term. Across the harbor, the fisherman and Cambreau, aboard the former's boat, watch the steamer. The fisherman asks if they will be all right eventually, and Cambreau replies that all is well now. He says \"Goodbye, my friend\", to the fisherman, who removes his hat and replies, \"Goodbye, Monsieur\". Cambreau grips the other man’s shoulder in farewell and strides off down the deck to disappear into the shadows where there is no passage. The gently smiling fisherman slowly makes the sign of the cross on his breast.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clark Gable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Gable"},{"link_name":"Joan Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Ian Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Hunter_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Peter Lorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lorre"},{"link_name":"Paul Lukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lukas"},{"link_name":"Albert Dekker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Dekker"},{"link_name":"J. Edward Bromberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edward_Bromberg"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Ciannelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Ciannelli"},{"link_name":"John Arledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arledge"},{"link_name":"Frederick Worlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Worlock"},{"link_name":"Bernard Nedell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Nedell"},{"link_name":"Victor Varconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Varconi"},{"link_name":"Paul Fix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Fix"}],"text":"Clark Gable as André Verne\nJoan Crawford as Julie\nIan Hunter as Cambreau\nPeter Lorre as M'sieu Pig\nPaul Lukas as Hessler\nAlbert Dekker as Moll\nJ. Edward Bromberg as Flaubert\nEduardo Ciannelli as Telez\nJohn Arledge as Dufond\nFrederick Worlock as Grideau (billed as Frederic Worlock)\nBernard Nedell as Marfeu\nVictor Varconi as Fisherman\nPaul Fix as Benet","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Film Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Daily"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Catholic Legion of Decency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Legion_of_Decency"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Frank Borzage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borzage"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"Film Daily said: \"Here is a good, raw, stark melodrama which holds suspense from the start. Frank Borzage has given it expert directorial attention...Clark Gable fits his role admirably...The acting is high-grade with Joan Crawford giving her best performance to date.\"Variety commented: \"Although the picture has its many deficiencies, the Crawford characterization will give studio execs idea of proper casting of her talents for the future. Direction by Frank Borzage fails to hit the dramatic punches...He has not clearly defined the spiritual redemption angle, which also adds to the audience confusion. The screenplay does not help Borzage out of his predicament.\"[4]Leonard Maltin describes Strange Cargo as an “Intriguing allegorical film...Not for all tastes, but there are fine, realistic performances and [a] flavorful Franz Waxman score.[5]Censorship issues plagued the film from the beginning, not only in terms of sex and violence but because of the mystical element. The Catholic Legion of Decency gave it a \"condemned\" rating for presenting \"a naturalistic concept of religion contrary to the teachings of Christ, irreverent use of Scripture, and lustful complications.\" The picture was banned in some places, and this had an adverse effect on the box office.[6]According to TCM.com, “A biography of producer Joseph L. Mankiewicz quotes him as saying: ‘It was almost a good film. I wish it could have been made later. It was tough doing any kind of film that even approached reality in any way.’ “[7]TCM’s Margarita Landazuri describes it as “a haunting and unusual film, controversial in its day, and considered by many critics to be the best expression of the metaphysical themes in the work of director Frank Borzage.”[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mannix-3"}],"text":"According to MGM records the film earned $1,311,000 in the US and Canada and $603,000 elsewhere.[3]","title":"Box office"}] | [] | [{"title":"Clark Gable filmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Gable_filmography"},{"title":"Joan Crawford filmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Crawford_filmography"}] | [{"reference":"The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Strange Cargo (1940) - Overview - TCM.com\". Turner Classic Movies. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amber_Witch | The Amber Witch | ["1 Background","2 Plot","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"] | 1838 novel published by Wilhelm Meinhold
For the opera by William Vincent Wallace, see The Amber Witch (opera).
The Amber Witch Title page of The Amber Witch, English translationAuthorWilhelm MeinholdOriginal titleMaria Schweidler, die BernsteinhexeTranslatorE. A. FriedlanderLanguageGermanSet in17th-centuryPublication date1838Published in English1844
The Amber Witch is a German novel published by Wilhelm Meinhold (1797–1851) in 1838. Its German title is Maria Schweidler, die Bernsteinhexe. The novel was originally published as a literary hoax which purported to be an actual 17th-century chronicle. Meinhold later admitted to the hoax but had some difficulty in proving that he was its author. In 1844, it was published in Britain as The Amber Witch in two English translations: one by E. A. Friedlander and another, more enduring, translation by Lucie, Lady Duff-Gordon.
Lady Duff Gordon's translation was very popular with the Victorians and went through numerous editions, including a luxurious one in 1895 illustrated by Philip Burne-Jones. The novel was a favourite of Oscar Wilde's when he was a boy, and in 1861 it was made into an opera, The Amber Witch, composed by William Vincent Wallace. Wallace's opera has faded into obscurity, but the novel on which it was based has continued to be republished, both on its own and in anthologies.
Background
Apparition on the Streckelberg, an illustration by Philip Burne-Jones for an 1895 edition of The Amber Witch.
Meinhold claimed to have discovered a manuscript written by a 17th-century minister, Abraham Schweidler (purportedly a pastor of Coserow and known for his fire and brimstone sermons) amongst rubbish in the choir of the old Coserow church. The manuscript contained the story of the pastor's daughter Maria, the "Amber Witch".
The tale was described by Meinhold, in the subtitle of the novel, as "the most interesting trial for witchcraft ever known". When it first appeared, almost all of the German critics believed it was an authentic historical document.
The work attracted critical notice, not only for the dramatic nature of its narrative but also for disputes about which parts of it were original and which were Meinhold's reconstructions, written in imitation of the 17th-century style.
Meinhold's intention was to set a trap for the disciples of David Strauss and his school, who pronounced the Bible to be a collection of legends from historical research assisted by internal evidence. In a direct challenge to these "modern documentary critics", Meinhold wrote in his preface to The Amber Witch:
I have therefore attempted, not indeed to supply what is missing at the beginning and end, but to restore those leaves which have been torn out of the middle, imitating, as accurately as I was able, the language and manner of the old biographer, in order that the difference between the original narrative and my own interpolations might not be too evident.
This I have done with much trouble, and after many ineffectual attempts; but I refrain from pointing out the particular passages which I have supplied, so as not to disturb the historical interest of the greater part of my readers. For modern criticism, which has now attained to a degree of acuteness never before equalled, such a confession would be entirely superfluous, as critics will easily distinguish the passages where Pastor Schweidler speaks from those written by Pastor Meinhold."
Only in a later edition did the author admit that the tale was entirely imaginary. His admission that it was a hoax was at first rejected but was soon accepted as the truth. As The Times wrote in the late 1840s:
Meinhold did not spare them when they fell into his snare, and made merry with the historical knowledge and critical acumen that could not detect the contemporary romancer under the mask of two centuries ago, while they decide so positively as to the authorities of the most ancient writings in the world.
The hoax was done with great skill and attention to detail, using language that would have been used in 17th-century Germany.
Writer Seabury Quinn wrote an article in the August 1925 issue of Weird Tales in which, unaware of the hoax, he recounted the plot of The Amber Witch as if it were an actual historical event.
Plot
The story is set during the Thirty Years' War. The purported author, Reverend Abraham Schweidler, almost loses his only child, Maria, to a plot by a rejected suitor, Sheriff Appelmann, who has accused Maria of practicing witchcraft. In this he was aided by an evil and jealous woman of the neighborhood.
After a trial and under threat of the most dire torture, Maria, wholly innocent of the crime, confesses. While on her way to the stake, she is rescued by a courageous young nobleman who loves her and who exposes the evil plot against her.
See also
Pomerania
Thirty Years' War
Wilhelm Meinhold
References
^ Introduction to a 1928 edition of Mary Schweidler: The Amber Witch, published by H. Milford, Oxford University Press, p. viii.
^ "An Old and Famous Story" (PDF). New York Times. 17 March 1895. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
^ Wilde, Oscar (1998) p. 3.
^ Bleiler, E.F., ed. (1971). Five Victorian Ghost Novels. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. p. vii. ISBN 978-0-486-22558-6.
^ Laurita, Paula.
^ Agnew and Bidwell (1850) p.419.
^ Warner (1902/2008) p. 9854.
^ Agnew and Bidwell (1850) p. 419.
^ Meinhold, The Amber Witch, in English translation by Lady Duff-Gordon (1846).
^ Quoted in Agnew and Bidwell (1850) p.419.
^ Fabrizio Foni, Alla fiera dei mostri: racconti pulp, orrori e arcane fantasticherie nelle riviste italiane, 1899-1932`.
Tunué, 2007. ISBN 8889613203 (p. 198).
Bibliography
Bleiler, E.F., ed. (1971). Five Victorian Ghost Novels. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-486-22558-6.
External links
German facsimile edition of Die Bernsteinhexe, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
The Amber Witch at Project Gutenberg.
Mary Schweidler, the Amber Witch public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Agnew, John Holmes and Bidwell, Walter Hilliard (eds), "The Author of the Amber Witch", Eclectic Magazine: Foreign Literature, Leavitt, Throw and Co., 1850, Vol. 21, p. 419.
The Daguerreotype, "The Convent Witch", Vol. III, No. 4, 9 December 1848, pp. 145–157.
Laurita, Paula, "The Amber Witch Hoax", bellaonline.com
New York Times, "An old and famous story", 17 March 1895, p. 31.
Warner, Charles Dudley, A Library of the World's Best Literature - Ancient and Modern, originally published in 1902, published in facsimile by Cosimo, Inc., 2008, Vol.XXV, pp. 9853–9866. ISBN 1-60520-215-0.
Wilde, Oscar Complete shorter fiction with notes and introduction by Isobel Murray, Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-283376-6.
Authority control databases: National
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Its German title is Maria Schweidler, die Bernsteinhexe. The novel was originally published as a literary hoax which purported to be an actual 17th-century chronicle. Meinhold later admitted to the hoax but had some difficulty in proving that he was its author. In 1844, it was published in Britain as The Amber Witch in two English translations: one by E. A. Friedlander and another, more enduring, translation by Lucie, Lady Duff-Gordon.[1]Lady Duff Gordon's translation was very popular with the Victorians and went through numerous editions, including a luxurious one in 1895 illustrated by Philip Burne-Jones.[2] The novel was a favourite of Oscar Wilde's when he was a boy,[3] and in 1861 it was made into an opera, The Amber Witch, composed by William Vincent Wallace.[4] Wallace's opera has faded into obscurity, but the novel on which it was based has continued to be republished, both on its own and in anthologies.","title":"The Amber Witch"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Amber_Witch_Illustration_by_Burne-Jones_1895.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philip Burne-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Burne-Jones"},{"link_name":"Coserow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coserow"},{"link_name":"sermons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"witchcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"David Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Strauss"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Seabury Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabury_Quinn"},{"link_name":"Weird Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Tales"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Apparition on the Streckelberg, an illustration by Philip Burne-Jones for an 1895 edition of The Amber Witch.Meinhold claimed to have discovered a manuscript written by a 17th-century minister, Abraham Schweidler (purportedly a pastor of Coserow and known for his fire and brimstone sermons) amongst rubbish in the choir of the old Coserow church.[citation needed] The manuscript contained the story of the pastor's daughter Maria, the \"Amber Witch\".The tale was described by Meinhold, in the subtitle of the novel, as \"the most interesting trial for witchcraft ever known\".[5] When it first appeared, almost all of the German critics believed it was an authentic historical document.[6] \nThe work attracted critical notice, not only for the dramatic nature of its narrative but also for disputes about which parts of it were original and which were Meinhold's reconstructions, written in imitation of the 17th-century style.[7]Meinhold's intention was to set a trap for the disciples of David Strauss and his school, who pronounced the Bible to be a collection of legends from historical research assisted by internal evidence.[8] In a direct challenge to these \"modern documentary critics\", Meinhold wrote in his preface to The Amber Witch:I have therefore attempted, not indeed to supply what is missing at the beginning and end, but to restore those leaves which have been torn out of the middle, imitating, as accurately as I was able, the language and manner of the old biographer, in order that the difference between the original narrative and my own interpolations might not be too evident.\nThis I have done with much trouble, and after many ineffectual attempts; but I refrain from pointing out the particular passages which I have supplied, so as not to disturb the historical interest of the greater part of my readers. For modern criticism, which has now attained to a degree of acuteness never before equalled, such a confession would be entirely superfluous, as critics will easily distinguish the passages where Pastor Schweidler speaks from those written by Pastor Meinhold.\"[9]Only in a later edition did the author admit that the tale was entirely imaginary. His admission that it was a hoax was at first rejected but was soon accepted as the truth. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seongnam_Arts_Center | Seongnam Arts Center | ["1 Performing venues","2 Galleries","3 Other facilities","4 Events","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°24′10″N 127°07′52″E / 37.402890°N 127.131237°E / 37.402890; 127.131237Concert hall in Seongnam, South Korea
The Seongnam Arts Center (성남아트센터) is the largest venue for cultural events in the city of Seongnam. It is in Yatap-dong in Bundang, within a few minutes' walk of Imae Station. And it is situated near the Taewon High school. So students of this school often visit Seongnam Arts Center. The Seongnam Arts Center was first opened on 14 October 2005 by the Seongam Cultural Foundation.
Performing venues
The Seongnam Arts Center is able to put on any kind of performance from ballet, to opera, to jazz, in its three main performance areas:
The Opera House seats 1,805 and is capable of hosting operas, musicals, plays, ballets, and concerts. It is intended as a link between local and international culture.
The Concert Hall was acoustically designed with classical music performances in mind. This two-story facility seats 996.
The Ensemble Theatre, seats 398, in addition to the regular stage, has a T-stage wrapping itself around the seats, allowing the performance to come closer to the audience.
Galleries
The arts center is also home to two galleries displaying work from both international and domestic artists. The facility is divided into 5 exhibition rooms in two separate sections of the Arts Center:
The Main Gallery has three exhibition rooms and is located under the Opera House.
The Annex Gallery has two exhibition rooms and is located on the first floor of the Ensemble Theater.
Other facilities
In the Opera House, on the first floor, a free daycare is available for parents while they enjoy the performance. Space is limited to about 15 children, which are supervised by two trained childcare specialists. On the next floor down, The Uptown Dinner provides casual Italian food in a comfortable atmosphere while a convenience store close by sells snacks.
The Seongnam Arts Center Art Shop is underneath the Ensemble Theater, selling works by first-class artists. By the Art Shop, flowers can be purchased in the Arts Flower Shop. There is also ample parking space, both above and below the ground.
Known as the Academy, a variety of courses are available for the public in the areas of both fine and the performing arts. Facilities such as music, ballet and art rooms are in the Concert Hall and the Ensemble Theater.
Events
2009: musical, Namhansanseong is based on the novel of the same name by Kim Hoon, which is based on the incident of Byeongjahoran, in which during the Second Manchu invasion of Korea in 1636, when King Injo of Joseon Dynasty took refuge in the Namhan Mountain Fortress in Gyeonggi-do, in an ill-fated attempt to defy the rule of the Manchu Qing Empire Hong Taiji, following the First Manchu invasion of Korea in 1627. But the musical focuses on the lives of common people and their spirit of survival during harsh situations. It stars Yesung of boy band Super Junior as villain "Jung Myung-soo", a servant-turned-interpreter. It was shown from 9 October to 4 November at the Opera House.
See also
List of concert halls
References
^ Koh Young-aah "Musicals hope for seasonal bounce" Korea Herald. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 2012-03-30
^ "2 Super Junior members cast for musical" Asiae. 15 September 2009. Retrieved 2012-04-17
External links
Seongnam Arts Center official homepage (in Korean)
37°24′10″N 127°07′52″E / 37.402890°N 127.131237°E / 37.402890; 127.131237
vteBundang-guNeighborhoods
Bundang-dong
Gumi-dong
Geumgok-dong
Imae-dong
Jeongja-dong
Pangyo-dong
Baekhyeon-dong
Sampyeong-dong
Seohyeon-dong
Unjung-dong
Sunae-dong
Yatap-dong
Landmarks
Bundang Central Park
Migeum station
AK Plaza
Seongnam Arts Center
Seohyeon station
Sunae station
Tancheon
Yatap station
Yuldong Park
Bundang Jesaeng Hospital | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seongnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seongnam"},{"link_name":"Yatap-dong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatap-dong"},{"link_name":"Bundang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundang"},{"link_name":"Imae Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imae_Station"}],"text":"Concert hall in Seongnam, South KoreaThe Seongnam Arts Center (성남아트센터) is the largest venue for cultural events in the city of Seongnam. It is in Yatap-dong in Bundang, within a few minutes' walk of Imae Station. And it is situated near the Taewon High school. So students of this school often visit Seongnam Arts Center. The Seongnam Arts Center was first opened on 14 October 2005 by the Seongam Cultural Foundation.","title":"Seongnam Arts Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"musicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicals"},{"link_name":"classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"}],"text":"The Seongnam Arts Center is able to put on any kind of performance from ballet, to opera, to jazz, in its three main performance areas:The Opera House seats 1,805 and is capable of hosting operas, musicals, plays, ballets, and concerts. It is intended as a link between local and international culture.\nThe Concert Hall was acoustically designed with classical music performances in mind. This two-story facility seats 996.\nThe Ensemble Theatre, seats 398, in addition to the regular stage, has a T-stage wrapping itself around the seats, allowing the performance to come closer to the audience.","title":"Performing venues"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The arts center is also home to two galleries displaying work from both international and domestic artists. The facility is divided into 5 exhibition rooms in two separate sections of the Arts Center:The Main Gallery has three exhibition rooms and is located under the Opera House.\nThe Annex Gallery has two exhibition rooms and is located on the first floor of the Ensemble Theater.","title":"Galleries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"daycare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daycare"},{"link_name":"convenience store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenience_store"}],"text":"In the Opera House, on the first floor, a free daycare is available for parents while they enjoy the performance. Space is limited to about 15 children, which are supervised by two trained childcare specialists. On the next floor down, The Uptown Dinner provides casual Italian food in a comfortable atmosphere while a convenience store close by sells snacks.The Seongnam Arts Center Art Shop is underneath the Ensemble Theater, selling works by first-class artists. By the Art Shop, flowers can be purchased in the Arts Flower Shop. There is also ample parking space, both above and below the ground.Known as the Academy, a variety of courses are available for the public in the areas of both fine and the performing arts. Facilities such as music, ballet and art rooms are in the Concert Hall and the Ensemble Theater.","title":"Other facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"Kim Hoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Hoon"},{"link_name":"Second Manchu invasion of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Manchu_invasion_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"King Injo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Injo_of_Joseon"},{"link_name":"Joseon Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Namhan Mountain Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namhan_Mountain_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Gyeonggi-do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeonggi-do"},{"link_name":"Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu"},{"link_name":"Qing Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hong Taiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Taiji"},{"link_name":"First Manchu invasion of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Manchu_invasion_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Yesung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesung"},{"link_name":"boy band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_band"},{"link_name":"Super Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Junior"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"2009: musical, Namhansanseong is based on the novel of the same name by Kim Hoon, which is based on the incident of Byeongjahoran, in which during the Second Manchu invasion of Korea in 1636, when King Injo of Joseon Dynasty took refuge in the Namhan Mountain Fortress in Gyeonggi-do, in an ill-fated attempt to defy the rule of the Manchu Qing Empire Hong Taiji, following the First Manchu invasion of Korea in 1627.[1] But the musical focuses on the lives of common people and their spirit of survival during harsh situations. It stars Yesung of boy band Super Junior as villain \"Jung Myung-soo\", a servant-turned-interpreter. It was shown from 9 October to 4 November at the Opera House.[2]","title":"Events"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of concert halls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_concert_halls"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seongnam_Arts_Center¶ms=37.40289_N_127.131237_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°24′10″N 127°07′52″E / 37.402890°N 127.131237°E / 37.402890; 127.131237"},{"Link":"http://www.koreaherald.com/national/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20090925000006","external_links_name":"\"Musicals hope for seasonal bounce\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2009091509371533111","external_links_name":"\"2 Super Junior members cast for musical\""},{"Link":"https://www.snart.or.kr/eng/main","external_links_name":"Seongnam Arts Center official homepage"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seongnam_Arts_Center¶ms=37.40289_N_127.131237_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°24′10″N 127°07′52″E / 37.402890°N 127.131237°E / 37.402890; 127.131237"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Greater_Manchester | List of people from Greater Manchester | ["1 References","1.1 Bibliography"] | The list of people from Greater Manchester, in North West England, is divided by metropolitan borough. The demonym of Greater Manchester is "Greater Mancunian":
Manchester
Stockport
Tameside
Oldham
Rochdale
Bury
Bolton
Wigan
Salford
Trafford
References
^ Clark 1973, p. 93.
Bibliography
Clark, David M. (1973), Greater Manchester Votes: A Guide to the New Metropolitan Authorities, Redrose
vteCeremonial county of Greater ManchesterGreater Manchester PortalStatutory City Region
Greater Manchester Combined Authority
Greater Manchester Statutory City Region
Mayor of Greater Manchester
Metropolitan districts
City of Manchester
City of Salford
Metropolitan Borough of Bolton
Metropolitan Borough of Bury
Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale
Metropolitan Borough of Stockport
Metropolitan Borough of Tameside
Metropolitan Borough of Trafford
Metropolitan Borough of Wigan
Major settlements(cities in italics)
Altrincham
Ashton-in-Makerfield
Ashton-under-Lyne
Astley
Atherton
Audenshaw
Blackrod
Bolton
Bramhall
Bredbury
Bury
Chadderton
Cheadle
Cheadle Hulme
Chorlton-cum-Hardy
Didsbury
Denton
Droylsden
Dukinfield
Eccles
Failsworth
Farnworth
Golborne
Hale
Hazel Grove
Heywood
Hindley
Horwich
Hyde
Ince-in-Makerfield
Irlam
Kearsley
Leigh
Littleborough
Little Lever
Manchester
Marple
Middleton
Milnrow
Mossley
Oldham
Orrell
Partington
Pendlebury
Prestwich
Radcliffe
Ramsbottom
Reddish
Rochdale
Romiley
Royton
Sale
Salford
Shaw
Stalybridge
Standish
Stockport
Stretford
Swinton
Tottington
Tyldesley
Urmston
Walkden
Westhoughton
Whitefield
Wigan
Worsley
WythenshaweSee also: List of civil parishes in Greater Manchester
Rivers
Beal
Bollin
Croal
Douglas
Etherow
Goyt
Irk
Irwell
Medlock
Mersey
Roch
Spodden
Tame
Tib
Tonge
Canals
Bridgewater Canal
Fletcher's Canal
Hulme Locks Branch Canal
Islington Branch Canal
Manchester and Salford Junction Canal
Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal
Manchester Ship Canal
Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal
Manchester and Salford Junction Canal
Mersey and Irwell Navigation
Peak Forest Canal
Stockport Branch Canal
Topics
Parliamentary constituencies and Members of Parliament
Crime
Cycling
Demography
People
Public art
Schools
Geography
Greater Manchester County Council (1974–1986)
Places
Population of major settlements
Castles
Churches
Flag
Football clubs
Grade I listed buildings
Grade II* listed buildings
Mills
Scheduled monuments
SSSIs
History
Lord Lieutenant
High Sheriff
Museums
Places of interest
Transport
Transport for Greater Manchester
Manchester Airport
Manchester Metrolink
This article includes a people-related list of lists. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North West England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England"},{"link_name":"demonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The list of people from Greater Manchester, in North West England, is divided by metropolitan borough. The demonym of Greater Manchester is \"Greater Mancunian\":[1]","title":"List of people from Greater Manchester"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Clark, David M. (1973), Greater Manchester Votes: A Guide to the New Metropolitan Authorities, Redrose","urls":[]}] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_services | Public service | ["1 Sectors","2 Implications","2.1 Government employees","2.2 Need satisfaction and sustainability","3 Characteristics","4 History","5 Nationalization, privatization and personalization","5.1 Nationalization","5.2 Privatization","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Service(s) provided to all members of a communityFor other uses, see Public service (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Civil service.
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Tbilisi Public Service Hall Building, Tbilisi, Georgia
A public service or service of general (economic) interest is any service intended to address specific needs pertaining to the aggregate members of a community. Public services are available to people within a government jurisdiction as provided directly through public sector agencies or via public financing to private businesses or voluntary organizations (or even as provided by family households, though terminology may differ depending on context). Other public services are undertaken on behalf of a government's residents or in the interest of its citizens. The term is associated with a social consensus (usually expressed through democratic elections) that certain services should be available to all, regardless of income, physical ability or mental acuity. Examples of such services include the fire brigade, police, air force, and paramedics (see also public service broadcasting).
Even where public services are neither publicly provided nor publicly financed, they are usually subject to regulation going beyond that applying to most economic sectors for social and political reasons. Public policy, when made in the public's interest and with its motivations, is a type of public service.
Sectors
The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) headquarters building in Tikkurila, Vantaa, Finland
In modern developed countries, the term "public services" (or "services of general interest") often includes:
Courts
Education
Electricity
Emergency services
Environmental protection
Health care
Mail
Military
Public buildings
Public libraries
Public parks
Public policy
Public utilities
Public transportation
Social services
State school
Telecommunications
Transportation infrastructure
Urban planning
Waste management
Water supply network
Trains are a public service.
Implications
Main article: Public administration
Public services can be constructed, coordinated and operated in many ways or forms. They include government agencies, independent state-funded institutes, government-coordinated organizations, civil society, Military and volunteers.
Government employees
Government agencies are not profit-oriented and their employees are often motivated differently. Studies of their work have found contrasting results including both higher levels of effort and fewer hours of work. A survey in the UK found that private sector hiring managers do not credit government experience as much as private sector experience. Public workers tend to make less in wages when adjusting for education, although that difference is reduced when benefits and hours are included. Public servants have other intangible benefits such as increased job security and high wages.
Need satisfaction and sustainability
A study concluded that public services are associated with higher human need satisfaction and lower energy requirements while contemporary forms of economic growth are linked with the opposite. Authors find that the contemporary economic system is structurally misaligned with goals of sustainable development and that to date no nation can provide decent living standards at sustainable levels of energy and resource use. They provide analysis about factors in social provisioning and assess that improving beneficial provisioning-factors and infrastructure would allow for sustainable forms of sufficient need satisfaction.
Characteristics
A public service may sometimes have the characteristics of a public good (being non rivalrous and non excludable), but most are services which may (according to prevailing social norms) be under-provided by the market. In most cases public services are services, i.e. they do not involve manufacturing of goods. They may be provided by local or national monopolies, especially in sectors that are natural monopolies.
They may involve outputs that are hard to attribute to specific individual effort or hard to measure in terms of key characteristics such as quality. They often require high levels of training and education. They may attract people with a public service ethos who wish to give something to the wider public or community through their work.
The process of assessing the needs of the people of an area, and then designing and securing an appropriate public service to meet those needs, is often referred to in the UK as commissioning. The commissioned services may be delivered by organisations in the public sector, private sector or third sector: when the private or third sector is involved the process of commissioning will usually be linked with a process of procurement, to determine who will provide the services, at what cost and on what terms. Commissioning is often seen as a cyclical process.
See also: Act of entrustment
History
Governing bodies have long provided core public services. The tradition of keeping citizens secure through organized military defense dates to at least four thousand years ago.
Maintaining order through local delegated authority originated at least as early as the Warring States period (5th to 3rd centuries BCE) in ancient China with the institution of xiàn (prefectures) under the control of a centrally appointed prefect. Historical evidence of state provision of dispute resolution through a legal/justice system goes back at least as far as ancient Egypt.
A primary public service in ancient history involved ensuring the general favor of the gods through a theologically and ceremonially correct state religion.
The widespread provision of public utilities as public services in developed countries usually began in the late nineteenth century, often with the municipal development of gas and water services. Later, governments began to provide other services such as electricity and health care. In most developed countries, local or national governments continue to provide such services, the biggest exceptions being the U.S. and the UK, where private provision is arguably proportionally more significant. Nonetheless, such privately provided public services are often strongly regulated, for example (in the US) by Public Utility Commissions.
In developing countries, public services tend to be much less well developed. For example, water services might only be available to the wealthy middle class. For political reasons, the service is often subsidized, which reduces the finance potentially available for expansion to poorer communities. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 is however, a global initiative which aims to influence the provision of public services and infrastructure to marginalized demographics.
Nationalization, privatization and personalization
A group of Chilean 'Damas de Rojo', volunteers at their local hospital
Nationalization
Main article: Nationalization
Nationalization took off following the World wars of the first half of the twentieth century. In parts of Europe, central planning was implemented in the belief that it would make production more efficient. Many public services, especially electricity, fossil fuels and public transport are products of this era. Following the Second World War, many countries also began to implement universal health care and expanded education under the funding and guidance of the state.
Privatization
Main article: Privatization
There are several ways to privatize public services. A free-market corporation may be established and sold to private investors, relinquishing government control altogether. Thus it becomes a private (not public) service. Another option, used in the Nordic countries, is to establish a corporation, but keep ownership or voting power essentially in the hands of the government. For example, the Finnish state owned 49% of Kemira until 2007, the rest being owned by private investors. A 49% share did not make it a "government enterprise", but it meant that all other investors together would have to oppose the state's opinion in order to overturn the state's decisions in the shareholder's meeting.
A regulated corporation can also acquire permits on the agreement that they fulfill certain public service duties. When a private corporation runs a natural monopoly, then the corporation is typically heavily regulated, to prevent abuse of monopoly power. Lastly, the government can buy the service on the free market. In many countries, medication is provided in this manner: the government reimburses part of the price of the medication. Also, bus traffic, electricity, healthcare and waste management are privatized in this way. One recent innovation, used in the UK increasingly as well as Australia and Canada is public-private partnerships. This involves giving a long lease to private consortia in return for partly funding infrastructure.
See also
Act of entrustment
Certificate of public convenience and necessity
Civil service
Community service
Good governance
Infrastructure
Labour Relations (Public Service) Convention, 1978
New Public Management
Right to Public Services legislation
The Odisha Right to Public Services Act, 2012
SGI Europe
United Nations Public Service Awards
United Nations Public Service Day
Universal basic services
References
^ McGregor, Eugene B. Jr.; Campbell, Alan K.; Macy, Anthony itua; Cleveland, Harlan (July–August 1982). "Symposium: The Public Service as Institution". Public Administration Review. 42 (4). Washington: 304–320. doi:10.2307/975969. JSTOR i240003. ProQuest 197199863.
^ "Definition of PUBLIC SERVICE". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
^ Anderfuhren-Biget, Simon; Varone, Frédéric; Giauque, David (December 2014). "Policy Environment and Public Service Motivation". Public Administration. 92 (4). London: 807–825. doi:10.1111/padm.12026. ProQuest 1639861884.
^ "Services of general interest". European Economic and Social Committee. 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
^ a b Frank, Sue A.; Lewis, Gregory B. (March 2004). "Government Employees: Working Hard or Hardly Working?". The American Review of Public Administration. 34 (1): 36–51. doi:10.1177/0275074003258823. S2CID 155017646.
^ Richwine, Jason (11 September 2012). "Government Employees Work Less than Private-Sector Employees". Backgrounder (2724). The Heritage Foundation: 1–6. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
^ Ovsey, Dan (27 May 2014). "Public sector stigma: The 100,000 workers Tim Hudak removes from the provincial payroll could have a tough transition to the private sector". Financial Post. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
^ a b Volokh, Sasha (7 February 2014). "Are public-sector employees "overpaid"?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
^ "Securing decent living standards for all while reducing global energy use". phys.org. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^ Vogel, Jefim; Steinberger, Julia K.; O'Neill, Daniel W.; Lamb, William F.; Krishnakumar, Jaya (29 June 2021). "Socio-economic conditions for satisfying human needs at low energy use: An international analysis of social provisioning". Global Environmental Change. 69: 102287. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102287. ISSN 0959-3780.
^ a b Cabinet Office, Office of the Third Sector (2006), Partnership in Public Services: An action plan for third sector involvement, published December 2006, accessed 17 February 2021
^ Cabinet Office, Modernising Commissioning: Increasing the role of charities, social enterprises, mutuals and cooperatives in public service delivery, page 7, published 2010, accessed 17 February 2021
^ Rice, Michael (1998). The Power of the Bull. London: Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-317-72583-1. As the more advanced social institutions began to take shape they contributed to some counterbalancing of the essential insecurity of man's condition. It was inevitable that ambitious and assertive men should see an opportunity for establishing for themselves positions of power and influence. No doubt many such occasions had their origins in a genuine concern for the public good The position of the war-band leader as the strong arm of the community's defence would increasingly be confirmed by the subjection of the community to the members of what were becoming, demonstrably, elites, This period, embracing part of the fifth and all of the fourth and third millennia before the present era, is absolutely pivotal to the development of the modern world.
^ Haley, John O. (2016). Law's Political Foundations: Rivers, Rifles, Rice, and Religion. Cheltemham, Gloucestershire: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-1-78536-850-9. Pharaonic Egypt epitomizes a regulatory, public law regime. The principal function of this elaborate apparatus was to maintain order and security, and, above all, to acquire as much of the surplus agricultural wealth and labor as possible.
^ Hovey, Craig; Phillips, Elizabeth (2015). The Cambridge Companion to Political Theology. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-107-05274-1. To ensure the favor of the gods was the preeminent task of ancient rulers worldwide, for they all were priestly kings. The Roman Caesar was the pontifex maximus of Rome's state god. The Chinese emperor certainly stood over his subjects as 'Son of Heaven,' but if he fell into disfavor with heaven and his country was visited by famine, plague, earthquakes, and floods, he could be overthrown. The Moloch of Carthage demanded children as sacrifices; the Aztecs and Mayas offered their Gods still-quivering hearts. These political religions were do ut des religions in which the relationship between deity and worshippers was one of contractual exchange.
^ by (2019-10-29). "Concept Of Public Service (1)". Andhra Pradesh PCS Exam Notes. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
^ "Sustainable Development Goal 5: Gender equality". UN Women. Retrieved 2020-09-23.
External links
Municipal Services Project
Public Services International
Public Services International Research Unit
Daniel Chavez (ed), Beyond the Market: The Future of Public Services, TIN Public Services Yearbook 2005/6, Transnational Institute / Public Services International Research Unit (SIRIUS), February 2006
European Center of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest Archived 2011-08-13 at the Wayback Machine
vtePublic services
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See also
Commons
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See also: Civil service reform in developing countries
Authority control databases: National
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Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Public service (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Civil service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tbilisi,_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_Public_Service_Hall_Building.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGregor1982-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government"},{"link_name":"public sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector"},{"link_name":"interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_interest"},{"link_name":"democratic elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election"},{"link_name":"income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income"},{"link_name":"physical ability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_ability"},{"link_name":"mental acuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence"},{"link_name":"fire brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_department"},{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"},{"link_name":"air force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_force"},{"link_name":"paramedics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramedic"},{"link_name":"public service broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"publicly financed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_finance"},{"link_name":"regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation"},{"link_name":"economic sectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector"},{"link_name":"Public policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderfuhren2014-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Public service (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Civil service.Tbilisi Public Service Hall Building, Tbilisi, GeorgiaA public service or service of general (economic) interest is any service intended to address specific needs pertaining to the aggregate members of a community.[1][2] Public services are available to people within a government jurisdiction as provided directly through public sector agencies or via public financing to private businesses or voluntary organizations (or even as provided by family households, though terminology may differ depending on context). Other public services are undertaken on behalf of a government's residents or in the interest of its citizens. The term is associated with a social consensus (usually expressed through democratic elections) that certain services should be available to all, regardless of income, physical ability or mental acuity. Examples of such services include the fire brigade, police, air force, and paramedics (see also public service broadcasting).Even where public services are neither publicly provided nor publicly financed, they are usually subject to regulation going beyond that applying to most economic sectors for social and political reasons. Public policy,[3] when made in the public's interest and with its motivations, is a type of public service.","title":"Public service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keskusrikospoliisi_Vantaa.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Finland)"},{"link_name":"Tikkurila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikkurila"},{"link_name":"Vantaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantaa"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"developed countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"Electricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity"},{"link_name":"Emergency services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_service"},{"link_name":"Environmental protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_protection"},{"link_name":"Health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care"},{"link_name":"Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail"},{"link_name":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"},{"link_name":"Public buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building"},{"link_name":"Public libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_library"},{"link_name":"Public parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_park"},{"link_name":"Public policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy"},{"link_name":"Public utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utility"},{"link_name":"Public transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport"},{"link_name":"Social services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_services"},{"link_name":"State school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"Telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications"},{"link_name":"Transportation infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_infrastructure"},{"link_name":"Urban planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning"},{"link_name":"Waste management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management"},{"link_name":"Water supply network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_of_Rockhampton_train_(Sunshine_railway_station,_Brisbane).jpg"}],"text":"The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) headquarters building in Tikkurila, Vantaa, FinlandIn modern developed countries, the term \"public services\" (or \"services of general interest\") often includes:[4]Courts\nEducation\nElectricity\nEmergency services\nEnvironmental protection\nHealth care\nMail\nMilitary\nPublic buildings\nPublic libraries\nPublic parks\nPublic policy\nPublic utilities\nPublic transportation\nSocial services\nState school\nTelecommunications\nTransportation infrastructure\nUrban planning\nWaste management\nWater supply networkTrains are a public service.","title":"Sectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)"},{"link_name":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"}],"text":"Public services can be constructed, coordinated and operated in many ways or forms. They include government agencies, independent state-funded institutes, government-coordinated organizations, civil society, Military and volunteers.","title":"Implications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"sub_title":"Government employees","text":"Government agencies are not profit-oriented and their employees are often motivated differently.[5] Studies of their work have found contrasting results including both higher levels of effort[5] and fewer hours of work.[6] A survey in the UK found that private sector hiring managers do not credit government experience as much as private sector experience.[7] Public workers tend to make less in wages when adjusting for education, although that difference is reduced when benefits and hours are included.[8] Public servants have other intangible benefits such as increased job security and high wages.[8]","title":"Implications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"need","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need"},{"link_name":"economic growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth"},{"link_name":"economic system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_system"},{"link_name":"sustainable development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development"},{"link_name":"living standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Need satisfaction and sustainability","text":"A study concluded that public services are associated with higher human need satisfaction and lower energy requirements while contemporary forms of economic growth are linked with the opposite. Authors find that the contemporary economic system is structurally misaligned with goals of sustainable development and that to date no nation can provide decent living standards at sustainable levels of energy and resource use. They provide analysis about factors in social provisioning and assess that improving beneficial provisioning-factors and infrastructure would allow for sustainable forms of sufficient need satisfaction.[9][10]","title":"Implications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_good_(economics)"},{"link_name":"social norms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_norms"},{"link_name":"market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_(economics)"},{"link_name":"services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)"},{"link_name":"goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods"},{"link_name":"natural monopolies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monopoly"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ots-11"},{"link_name":"private sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_sector"},{"link_name":"third sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_sector"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"procurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_procurement"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ots-11"},{"link_name":"Act of entrustment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_entrustment"}],"text":"A public service may sometimes have the characteristics of a public good (being non rivalrous and non excludable), but most are services which may (according to prevailing social norms) be under-provided by the market. In most cases public services are services, i.e. they do not involve manufacturing of goods. They may be provided by local or national monopolies, especially in sectors that are natural monopolies.They may involve outputs that are hard to attribute to specific individual effort or hard to measure in terms of key characteristics such as quality. They often require high levels of training and education. They may attract people with a public service ethos who wish to give something to the wider public or community through their work.The process of assessing the needs of the people of an area, and then designing and securing an appropriate public service to meet those needs, is often referred to in the UK as commissioning.[11] The commissioned services may be delivered by organisations in the public sector, private sector or third sector:[12] when the private or third sector is involved the process of commissioning will usually be linked with a process of procurement, to determine who will provide the services, at what cost and on what terms. Commissioning is often seen as a cyclical process.[11]See also: Act of entrustment","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Warring States period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period"},{"link_name":"dispute resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_resolution"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity"},{"link_name":"state religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"public utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utility"},{"link_name":"municipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_gas"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"electricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity"},{"link_name":"health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Public Utility Commissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utilities_commission"},{"link_name":"developing countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country"},{"link_name":"wealthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth"},{"link_name":"middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class"},{"link_name":"political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics"},{"link_name":"subsidized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidy"},{"link_name":"poorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Development Goal 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Governing bodies have long provided core public services. The tradition of keeping citizens secure through organized military defense dates to at least four thousand years ago.[13]Maintaining order through local delegated authority originated at least as early as the Warring States period (5th to 3rd centuries BCE) in ancient China with the institution of xiàn (prefectures) under the control of a centrally appointed prefect. Historical evidence of state provision of dispute resolution through a legal/justice system goes back at least as far as ancient Egypt.[14]A primary public service in ancient history involved ensuring the general favor of the gods through a theologically and ceremonially correct state religion.[15]The widespread provision of public utilities as public services in developed countries usually began in the late nineteenth century, often with the municipal development of gas and water services. Later, governments began to provide other services such as electricity and health care. In most developed countries, local or national governments continue to provide such services, the biggest exceptions being the U.S. and the UK, where private provision is arguably proportionally more significant.[16] Nonetheless, such privately provided public services are often strongly regulated, for example (in the US) by Public Utility Commissions.In developing countries, public services tend to be much less well developed. For example, water services might only be available to the wealthy middle class. For political reasons, the service is often subsidized, which reduces the finance potentially available for expansion to poorer communities.[citation needed] The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 is however, a global initiative which aims to influence the provision of public services and infrastructure to marginalized demographics.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_group_of_Damas_de_Rojo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chilean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"}],"text":"A group of Chilean 'Damas de Rojo', volunteers at their local hospital","title":"Nationalization, privatization and personalization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"central planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_planning"},{"link_name":"universal health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"}],"sub_title":"Nationalization","text":"Nationalization took off following the World wars of the first half of the twentieth century. In parts of Europe, central planning was implemented in the belief that it would make production more efficient. Many public services, especially electricity, fossil fuels and public transport are products of this era. Following the Second World War, many countries also began to implement universal health care and expanded education under the funding and guidance of the state.","title":"Nationalization, privatization and personalization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nordic countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries"},{"link_name":"Finnish state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Kemira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemira"},{"link_name":"natural monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monopoly"},{"link_name":"medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication"},{"link_name":"public-private partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership"}],"sub_title":"Privatization","text":"There are several ways to privatize public services. A free-market corporation may be established and sold to private investors, relinquishing government control altogether. Thus it becomes a private (not public) service. Another option, used in the Nordic countries, is to establish a corporation, but keep ownership or voting power essentially in the hands of the government. For example, the Finnish state owned 49% of Kemira until 2007, the rest being owned by private investors. A 49% share did not make it a \"government enterprise\", but it meant that all other investors together would have to oppose the state's opinion in order to overturn the state's decisions in the shareholder's meeting.A regulated corporation can also acquire permits on the agreement that they fulfill certain public service duties. When a private corporation runs a natural monopoly, then the corporation is typically heavily regulated, to prevent abuse of monopoly power. Lastly, the government can buy the service on the free market. In many countries, medication is provided in this manner: the government reimburses part of the price of the medication. Also, bus traffic, electricity, healthcare and waste management are privatized in this way. One recent innovation, used in the UK increasingly as well as Australia and Canada is public-private partnerships. This involves giving a long lease to private consortia in return for partly funding infrastructure.","title":"Nationalization, privatization and personalization"}] | [{"image_text":"Tbilisi Public Service Hall Building, Tbilisi, Georgia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Tbilisi%2C_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_Public_Service_Hall_Building.jpg/220px-Tbilisi%2C_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_Public_Service_Hall_Building.jpg"},{"image_text":"The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) headquarters building in Tikkurila, Vantaa, Finland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Keskusrikospoliisi_Vantaa.jpg/220px-Keskusrikospoliisi_Vantaa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Trains are a public service.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/City_of_Rockhampton_train_%28Sunshine_railway_station%2C_Brisbane%29.jpg/220px-City_of_Rockhampton_train_%28Sunshine_railway_station%2C_Brisbane%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A group of Chilean 'Damas de Rojo', volunteers at their local hospital","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/A_group_of_Damas_de_Rojo.jpg/220px-A_group_of_Damas_de_Rojo.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Act of entrustment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_entrustment"},{"title":"Certificate of public convenience and necessity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_public_convenience_and_necessity"},{"title":"Civil service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service"},{"title":"Community service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_service"},{"title":"Good governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_governance"},{"title":"Infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure"},{"title":"Labour Relations (Public Service) Convention, 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Relations_(Public_Service)_Convention,_1978"},{"title":"New Public Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Public_Management"},{"title":"Right to Public Services legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_Public_Services_legislation"},{"title":"The Odisha Right to Public Services Act, 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Odisha_Right_to_Public_Services_Act,_2012"},{"title":"SGI Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGI_Europe"},{"title":"United Nations Public Service Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Public_Service_Awards"},{"title":"United Nations Public Service Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Public_Service_Day"},{"title":"Universal basic services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_basic_services"}] | [{"reference":"McGregor, Eugene B. Jr.; Campbell, Alan K.; Macy, Anthony itua; Cleveland, Harlan (July–August 1982). \"Symposium: The Public Service as Institution\". Public Administration Review. 42 (4). Washington: 304–320. doi:10.2307/975969. JSTOR i240003. ProQuest 197199863.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F975969","url_text":"10.2307/975969"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/i240003","url_text":"i240003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/197199863","url_text":"197199863"}]},{"reference":"\"Definition of PUBLIC SERVICE\". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2019-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/public+service","url_text":"\"Definition of PUBLIC SERVICE\""}]},{"reference":"Anderfuhren-Biget, Simon; Varone, Frédéric; Giauque, David (December 2014). \"Policy Environment and Public Service Motivation\". Public Administration. 92 (4). London: 807–825. doi:10.1111/padm.12026. ProQuest 1639861884.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:55349","url_text":"\"Policy Environment and Public Service Motivation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpadm.12026","url_text":"10.1111/padm.12026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1639861884","url_text":"1639861884"}]},{"reference":"\"Services of general interest\". European Economic and Social Committee. 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2020-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/policies/policy-areas/services-general-interest","url_text":"\"Services of general interest\""}]},{"reference":"Frank, Sue A.; Lewis, Gregory B. (March 2004). \"Government Employees: Working Hard or Hardly Working?\". The American Review of Public Administration. 34 (1): 36–51. doi:10.1177/0275074003258823. S2CID 155017646.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Review_of_Public_Administration","url_text":"The American Review of Public Administration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0275074003258823","url_text":"10.1177/0275074003258823"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155017646","url_text":"155017646"}]},{"reference":"Richwine, Jason (11 September 2012). \"Government Employees Work Less than Private-Sector Employees\". Backgrounder (2724). The Heritage Foundation: 1–6. Retrieved 16 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heritage.org/jobs-and-labor/report/government-employees-work-less-private-sector-employees","url_text":"\"Government Employees Work Less than Private-Sector Employees\""}]},{"reference":"Ovsey, Dan (27 May 2014). \"Public sector stigma: The 100,000 workers Tim Hudak removes from the provincial payroll could have a tough transition to the private sector\". Financial Post. Retrieved 16 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://business.financialpost.com/executive/careers/public-sector-stigma","url_text":"\"Public sector stigma: The 100,000 workers Tim Hudak removes from the provincial payroll could have a tough transition to the private sector\""}]},{"reference":"Volokh, Sasha (7 February 2014). \"Are public-sector employees \"overpaid\"?\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/02/07/are-public-sector-employees-overpaid/","url_text":"\"Are public-sector employees \"overpaid\"?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Securing decent living standards for all while reducing global energy use\". phys.org. Retrieved 10 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://phys.org/news/2021-06-decent-standards-global-energy.html","url_text":"\"Securing decent living standards for all while reducing global energy use\""}]},{"reference":"Vogel, Jefim; Steinberger, Julia K.; O'Neill, Daniel W.; Lamb, William F.; Krishnakumar, Jaya (29 June 2021). \"Socio-economic conditions for satisfying human needs at low energy use: An international analysis of social provisioning\". Global Environmental Change. 69: 102287. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102287. ISSN 0959-3780.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2021.102287","url_text":"\"Socio-economic conditions for satisfying human needs at low energy use: An international analysis of social provisioning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2021.102287","url_text":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102287"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0959-3780","url_text":"0959-3780"}]},{"reference":"Rice, Michael (1998). The Power of the Bull. London: Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-317-72583-1. As the more advanced social institutions began to take shape they contributed to some counterbalancing of the essential insecurity of man's condition. It was inevitable that ambitious and assertive men should see an opportunity for establishing for themselves positions of power and influence. No doubt many such occasions had their origins in a genuine concern for the public good [...] The position of [...] the war-band leader as the strong arm of the community's defence would increasingly be confirmed by the subjection of the community to the members of what [...] were becoming, demonstrably, elites, [...] This period, embracing part of the fifth and all of the fourth and third millennia before the present era, is absolutely pivotal to the development of the modern world.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J53rAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Power of the Bull"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-72583-1","url_text":"978-1-317-72583-1"}]},{"reference":"Haley, John O. (2016). Law's Political Foundations: Rivers, Rifles, Rice, and Religion. Cheltemham, Gloucestershire: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-1-78536-850-9. Pharaonic Egypt epitomizes a regulatory, public law regime. [...] The principal function of this elaborate apparatus was to maintain order and security, and, above all, to acquire as much of the surplus agricultural wealth and labor as possible.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j3pmDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Law's Political Foundations: Rivers, Rifles, Rice, and Religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78536-850-9","url_text":"978-1-78536-850-9"}]},{"reference":"Hovey, Craig; Phillips, Elizabeth (2015). The Cambridge Companion to Political Theology. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-107-05274-1. To ensure the favor of the gods was the preeminent task of ancient rulers worldwide, for they all were priestly kings. The Roman Caesar was the pontifex maximus of Rome's state god. The Chinese emperor certainly stood over his subjects as 'Son of Heaven,' but if he fell into disfavor with heaven and his country was visited by famine, plague, earthquakes, and floods, he could be overthrown. The Moloch of Carthage demanded children as sacrifices; the Aztecs and Mayas offered their Gods still-quivering hearts. These political religions were do ut des religions in which the relationship between deity and worshippers was one of contractual exchange.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JcvZCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Cambridge Companion to Political Theology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05274-1","url_text":"978-1-107-05274-1"}]},{"reference":"by (2019-10-29). \"Concept Of Public Service (1)\". Andhra Pradesh PCS Exam Notes. Retrieved 2020-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://andhrapradesh.pscnotes.com/ethics-booster/concept-of-public-service-1/","url_text":"\"Concept Of Public Service (1)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sustainable Development Goal 5: Gender equality\". UN Women. Retrieved 2020-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/women-and-the-sdgs/sdg-5-gender-equality","url_text":"\"Sustainable Development Goal 5: Gender equality\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_service&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F975969","external_links_name":"10.2307/975969"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/i240003","external_links_name":"i240003"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/197199863","external_links_name":"197199863"},{"Link":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/public+service","external_links_name":"\"Definition of PUBLIC SERVICE\""},{"Link":"https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:55349","external_links_name":"\"Policy Environment and Public Service Motivation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpadm.12026","external_links_name":"10.1111/padm.12026"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1639861884","external_links_name":"1639861884"},{"Link":"https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/policies/policy-areas/services-general-interest","external_links_name":"\"Services of general interest\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0275074003258823","external_links_name":"10.1177/0275074003258823"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155017646","external_links_name":"155017646"},{"Link":"https://www.heritage.org/jobs-and-labor/report/government-employees-work-less-private-sector-employees","external_links_name":"\"Government Employees Work Less than Private-Sector Employees\""},{"Link":"https://business.financialpost.com/executive/careers/public-sector-stigma","external_links_name":"\"Public sector stigma: The 100,000 workers Tim Hudak removes from the provincial payroll could have a tough transition to the private sector\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/02/07/are-public-sector-employees-overpaid/","external_links_name":"\"Are public-sector employees \"overpaid\"?\""},{"Link":"https://phys.org/news/2021-06-decent-standards-global-energy.html","external_links_name":"\"Securing decent living standards for all while reducing global energy use\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2021.102287","external_links_name":"\"Socio-economic conditions for satisfying human needs at low energy use: An international analysis of social provisioning\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2021.102287","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102287"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0959-3780","external_links_name":"0959-3780"},{"Link":"https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/cabinetoffice/third_sector/assets/psd_action_plan.pdf","external_links_name":"Partnership in Public Services: An action plan for third sector involvement"},{"Link":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/78924/commissioning-green-paper.pdf","external_links_name":"Modernising Commissioning: Increasing the role of charities, social enterprises, mutuals and cooperatives in public service delivery"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J53rAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Power of the Bull"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j3pmDAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Law's Political Foundations: Rivers, Rifles, Rice, and Religion"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JcvZCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Cambridge Companion to Political Theology"},{"Link":"https://andhrapradesh.pscnotes.com/ethics-booster/concept-of-public-service-1/","external_links_name":"\"Concept Of Public Service (1)\""},{"Link":"https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/women-and-the-sdgs/sdg-5-gender-equality","external_links_name":"\"Sustainable Development Goal 5: Gender equality\""},{"Link":"http://www.municipalservicesproject.org/","external_links_name":"Municipal Services Project"},{"Link":"http://www.world-psi.org/","external_links_name":"Public Services International"},{"Link":"http://www.psiru.org/","external_links_name":"Public Services International Research Unit"},{"Link":"http://www.tni.org/detail_pub.phtml?know_id=96","external_links_name":"Beyond the Market: The Future of Public Services"},{"Link":"http://ceep.eu/","external_links_name":"European Center of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110813080031/http://ceep.eu/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1038114020","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548554305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85108825","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01056255","external_links_name":"Japan"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelia_(mother_of_Julius_Caesar) | Aurelia (mother of Caesar) | ["1 Family","2 Character","3 Legacy","4 See also","5 References"] | Roman noblewoman, mother of Julius Caesar (d. 54 BCE)
AureliaImage of Aurelia from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum (1553)Bornc. 120 BCRomeDiedJuly 31, 54 BC (aged 65-66)RomeSpouseGaius Julius CaesarChildrenJulia MajorJulia MinorJulius CaesarParentsLucius Aurelius Cotta (father)Rutilia (mother)
Aurelia (c. 120 BC – July 31, 54 BC) was the mother of the Roman general and statesman Julius Caesar.
Family
Aurelia was a daughter of Rutilia and Lucius Aurelius Cotta or his brother, Marcus Aurelius Cotta. Her father was consul in 119 BC and her paternal grandfather of the same name was consul in 144 BC. The family of the Aurelii Cottae was prominent during the Roman Republican era. Her mother Rutilia, was a member of the gens Rutilia. They were of consular rank. Publius Rutilius Rufus was her maternal uncle.
Three of her brothers were consuls: Gaius Aurelius Cotta in 75 BC, Marcus Aurelius Cotta in 74 BC and Lucius Aurelius Cotta in 65 BC.
Aurelia married a praetor Gaius Julius Caesar. Her husband died 85 – 84 BC. Their children were:
Julia Major (? – ? BC), grandmother of Lucius Pinarius and Quintus Pedius
Julia Minor (? – 51 BC), wife of Marcus Atius Balbus and grandmother of emperor Augustus
Gaius Julius Caesar (100 – 44 BC), the Dictator perpetuo
Character
The historian Tacitus considered her an ideal Roman matron and thought highly of her, because she offered her children the best opportunities of education. Plutarch described her as a woman of discretion. Highly intelligent, independent and renowned for her beauty and common sense, Aurelia was held in high regard throughout Rome.
Aurelia and her family were very influential in her son's upbringing and security. Her husband, the elder Gaius Caesar, was often away, so the task of raising their son fell mostly on Aurelia's shoulders. When the younger Caesar was about 18, he was ordered by the then dictator of Rome, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, to divorce his young wife Cornelia Cinna, daughter of Lucius Cornelius Cinna who had supported Sulla's archenemy Marius. Young Caesar firmly refused, which put himself at great risk from Sulla. Aurelia became involved in the petition to save her son, defending him along with her brother Gaius Cotta.
After Cornelia's death in childbirth, Aurelia raised her young granddaughter Julia and managed her son's households. Caesar subsequently married Pompeia Sulla, granddaughter of Sulla. In 62 BC, during the Bona Dea festival held at Caesar's house, one of Aurelia's maids discovered that Publius Clodius had infiltrated the house while disguising as a woman, in order to start or continue an affair with her second daughter-in-law Pompeia. The two may have had certain improper relations before, but was subdued by Aurelia's close watch upon the women's residence. Clodius was later charged with the crime of sacrilege by Lucius Lentulus since his trespass caused the interruption of the sacrifice. Aurelia later appeared as a witness during the trial, along with her daughter Julia, testifying that she had ordered Clodius to leave. Caesar divorced Pompeia Sulla over this incident without any real proof she had committed adultery with Clodius. Caesar's reason for the divorce was that "Caesar's wife, like all Caesar's family, must be beyond suspicion".
Legacy
The Roman tribe Aurelia was named in her honor.
See also
Women in Ancient Rome
List of Roman women
References
^ 'Aurelia' in William Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (London: Taylor & Walton, 1844-1849). Vol. 1, 2, 3 vol. 1 pp. 435 Archived August 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine-436 Archived October 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ Tacitus, Dialogus de oratoribus section xxviii
^ a b 'Caesar' in Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans by Plutarch (published c. 100-120 CE) translated by John Dryden (1683)
^ "Scholia Bobiensia - translation". www.attalus.org. Retrieved 2020-03-26.
^ Chow, John K. (1992). Patronage and Power: A Study of Social Networks in Corinth. The Library of New Testament Studies. Vol. 75. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 9780567111869.
vteJulius CaesarMajor life events
Early life and career
First Triumvirate
Gallic wars
Caesar's civil war
Crossing the Rubicon
Assassination
Military campaigns
Mytilene
Gallic Wars
Arar
Bibracte
Vosges
Axona
Sabis
Atuatuci
Octodurus
Morbihan
Invasions of Britain
Ambiorix's revolt
Avaricum
Gergovia
Alesia
Uxellodunum
Civil War
Corfinium
Brundisium
Ilerda
Dyrrhachium
Pharsalus
Alexandrian war
Siege
Battle of the Nile
Zela
Ruspina
Corduba
Thapsus
Munda
Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire
Legislation
Lex Julia de maiestate
Lex Roscia
Constitutional reforms
Dictator perpetuo
Works
Laudatio Iuliae amitae
Anticato
Commentarii de Bello Civili
Commentarii de Bello Gallico
De analogia
Poems by Julius Caesar
Quotes
Alea iacta est
Veni, vidi, vici
Ut est rerum omnium magister usus
Last words
Buildings
Forum of Caesar
Curia Julia
Basilica Julia
Temple of Venus Genetrix
Caesar's Rhine bridges
Portraits
Tusculum portrait
Chiaramonti Caesar
Green Caesar
Arles bust
FamilyWives
Cossutia (disputed)
Cornelia
Pompeia
Calpurnia
Children
Julia
Caesarion
Augustus (adopted)
Other
Gaius Julius Caesar (father)
Aurelia (mother)
Julia Major (sister)
Julia Minor (sister)
Legacy
Life of Caesar by Plutarch
Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar
Temple of Caesar
Caesar's Comet
Caesarism
Julio-Claudian dynasty
Caesar (title)
Related
Julia gens
Mark Antony
Cleopatra
Servilia
Marcus Junius Brutus
Curia of Pompey
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"}],"text":"Aurelia (c. 120 BC – July 31, 54 BC) was the mother of the Roman general and statesman Julius Caesar.","title":"Aurelia (mother of Caesar)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucius Aurelius Cotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Aurelius_Cotta_(consul_119_BC)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SmithAureliaDECK-1"},{"link_name":"consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul"},{"link_name":"paternal grandfather of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Aurelius_Cotta_(consul_144_BC)"},{"link_name":"Aurelii Cottae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelii_Cottae"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Rutilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutilia_gens"},{"link_name":"Publius Rutilius Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Rutilius_Rufus"},{"link_name":"Gaius Aurelius Cotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Aurelius_Cotta"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aurelius Cotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Cotta_(consul_74_BC)"},{"link_name":"Lucius Aurelius Cotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Aurelius_Cotta_(consul_65_BC)"},{"link_name":"praetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor"},{"link_name":"Gaius Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Caesar_(proconsul_of_Asia)"},{"link_name":"Julia Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Major_(sister_of_Caesar)"},{"link_name":"Lucius Pinarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Pinarius"},{"link_name":"Quintus Pedius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Pedius_(consul)"},{"link_name":"Julia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Minor_(sister_of_Caesar)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Atius Balbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Atius_Balbus"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Gaius Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Dictator perpetuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictator_perpetuo"}],"text":"Aurelia was a daughter of Rutilia and Lucius Aurelius Cotta or his brother, Marcus Aurelius Cotta.[1] Her father was consul in 119 BC and her paternal grandfather of the same name was consul in 144 BC. The family of the Aurelii Cottae was prominent during the Roman Republican era. Her mother Rutilia, was a member of the gens Rutilia. They were of consular rank. Publius Rutilius Rufus was her maternal uncle.Three of her brothers were consuls: Gaius Aurelius Cotta in 75 BC, Marcus Aurelius Cotta in 74 BC and Lucius Aurelius Cotta in 65 BC.Aurelia married a praetor Gaius Julius Caesar. Her husband died 85 – 84 BC. Their children were:Julia Major (? – ? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard_Sratha | Ardstraw | ["1 Bishopric","2 John de Courcy","3 Ardstraw townland","4 Sport","5 Notable people","6 Civil parish of Ardstraw","7 Townlands","8 See also","9 References"] | Coordinates: 54°43′57″N 7°27′28″W / 54.73250°N 7.45778°W / 54.73250; -7.45778Village in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland
Human settlement in Northern IrelandArdstrawIrish: Ard SrathaArdstraw Presbyterian ChurchArdstrawLocation within Northern IrelandPopulation222 (2001 Census)Irish grid referenceH348874DistrictStrabaneCountyCounty TyroneCountryNorthern IrelandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townSTRABANEPostcode districtBT82Dialling code028, +44 28UK ParliamentWest TyroneNI AssemblyWest Tyrone
List of places
UK
Northern Ireland
Tyrone
54°43′57″N 7°27′28″W / 54.73250°N 7.45778°W / 54.73250; -7.45778
Ardstraw (from Irish: Ard Sratha (hill or height of the holm or strath)) is a small village, townland and civil parish in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, three miles northwest of Newtownstewart. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 222 people (81 houses).
Bishopric
The Diocese of Ardstraw was founded in the 6th century by Saint Eoghan. It is one of the dioceses recognized by the Synod of Ráth Breasail in 1111. Although the 1152 Synod of Kells replaced it in its list of dioceses with that of Maghera, the seat of which was later moved to Derry, bishops of Ardstraw continued to exist until the early 13th century, when the see was finally united to that of Derry.
No longer a residential bishopric it is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.
John de Courcy
In 1198, John de Courcy, a Norman knight who had invaded Ulster in 1177, destroyed the church of Ardstraw on his way to Inishowen.
Ardstraw townland
The townland is situated in the historic barony of Strabane Lower and the civil parish of Ardstraw and covers an area of 353 acres.
The population of the townland declined during the 19th century:
Year
1841
1851
1861
1871
1881
1891
Population
156
132
144
88
71
56
Houses
34
27
30
20
14
12
Sport
Ardstraw F.C. plays association football in the Northern Ireland Intermediate League.
Notable people
Saint Éogan, was the founder of the monastery of Ardstraw
Robert McBride, (1811/12–1895), poet
Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe (c. 1210 – c. 1272), poet
Edward Stevenson, Grand Master of the Orange Order since 2011
Civil parish of Ardstraw
The parish is largely situated in the historic barony of Strabane Lower and partly in Omagh West.
The parish contains the following towns and villages:
Ardstraw
Newtownstewart
Spamount
Victoria Bridge
Townlands
The parish contains the following townlands:
Aghafad, Aghasessy, Altdoghal, Archill, Ardbarren Lower, Ardbarren Upper, Ardstraw
Backhill, Ballought, Ballyfolliard, Ballymullarty, Ballynaloan, Ballyrenan, Barons Court, Beagh, Binnawooda, Birnaghs, Bloomry, Bolaght, Breen, Brocklis, Bunderg, Byturn
Carnaveagh, Carncorran Glebe, Carnkenny, Carrickadartan, Cashty, Castlebane, Cavandarragh, Clady Blair, Clady Haliday, Clady Hood, Clady Johnston, Clady-sproul (also known as Liscreevaghan), Clare Upper, Claremore, County Tyrone, Cloghogle (also known as Glenknock), Cloonty, Concess, Coolaghy, Coolcreaghy, Coolnacrunaght, Coolnaherin Park, Creevy, County Tyrone, Crew Lower, Crew Upper, Crosh, County Tyrone, Croshballinree
Deer Park Lower (also known as Deer Park Old), Deer Park Middle, Deer Park Upper (also known as Deer Park New), Derrygoon, Douglas (also known as Ligfordrum), Drumclamph, Drumlegagh, Drumnabey, Drumnahoe, Dunrevan, Dunteige
Envagh, Erganagh
Fyfin
Gallan Lower, Gallan Upper, Garvetagh Lower, Garvetagh Upper, Glasmullagh, Glenglush, Glenknock (also known as Cloghogle), Golan Adams, Golan Hunter, Golan Sproul, Grange
Killeen, Killydart, Killymore, Kilreal Lower, Kilreal Upper, Kilstrule, Knockbrack, Knockiniller, Knockroe
Laragh, Largybeg, Legland, Legnabraid, Letterbin, Lettercarn, Ligfordrum (also known as Douglas), Liscreevaghan (also known as Clady-sproul), Lislafferty, Lisleen, Lisnacreaght, Lisnafin, Lisnatunny Glebe, Listymore, Lurganboy
Magheracoltan, Magheracreggan, Magheralough, Meaghy, Milltown, Moyle Glebe, Mullagh, Mulvin
Newtownstewart
Priestsessagh, Pubble
Rakelly, Ratyn
Scarvagherin, Sessagh of Gallan, Shanog, Shanonny East, Shanonny West, Skinboy, Skinboy Mountain, Spamount, Stonewalls, Stonyfalls, Strahulter, Straletterdallan,
Tamnagh, Tievenny, Tirmegan, Tullymuck
Upperthird, Urbalreagh
Whitehouse
See also
Robert McBride (1811-1895)
List of townlands of County Tyrone
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ardstraw.
References
^ "Ardstraw". Place Names NI. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
^ "List of all settlements with population of over 50 people". NI Neighbourhood Information Service. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
^ "Ard Sratha (Ardstraw)". Archived from the original on 7 March 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
^ "Saint Eoghan or Eugene of Ardstraw 6th century (Patron of Derry Diocese)". Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
^ Henry Cotton, The Succession of the Prelates and Members of the Cathedral Bodies of Ireland. Fasti ecclesiae Hiberniae, Vol. 3, The Province of Ulster, Dublin, Hodges and Smith 1849, pp. 307–311
^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 838
^ DeBreffny, D; Mott, G (1976). The Churches and Abbeys of Ireland. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 60–61.
^ "Townlands of County Tyrone". IreAtlas Townland Database. Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
^ "Census of Ireland 1851". Enhanced Parliamentary Papers on Ireland. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
^ "Census of Ireland 1891". Enhanced Parliamentary Papers on Ireland. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
vtePlaces in County TyroneList of places in County TyroneTowns
Coalisland
Cookstown
Dungannon
Omagh
Strabane
Villagesand townlands
Altamuskin
Altishane
Altmore
Ardboe
Ardstraw
Artigarvan
Augher
Aughnacloy
Ballygawley
Ballymagorry
Ballymully Glebe
Benburb
Beragh
Blackwatertown
Brackaville
Bready
Brockagh
Caledon
Cappagh
Carnteel
Carrickmore
Castlecaulfield
Castlederg
Clady
Clanabogan
Clogher
Coagh
Cranagh
Creggan
Derrycrin
Derrylaughan
Derrytresk
Donaghmore
Dooish
Douglas Bridge
Dromore
Drumkee
Drumnakilly
Drumquin
Dunnamanagh
Dunnamore
Edenderry
Eglish
Erganagh
Eskra
Evish
Fintona
Fivemiletown
Galbally
Garvaghey
Garvetagh
Gillygooly
Glebe
Glenmornan
Gortaclare
Gortin
Granville
Greencastle
Kildress
Killay
Killen
Killeter
Killyclogher
Killyman
Kilskeery
Knockmoyle
Landahaussy
Liscloon
Loughmacrory
Magheramason
Moortown
Mountfield
Moy
Moygashel
Moylagh
Mullaghmore
Newmills
Newtownstewart
Plumbridge
Pomeroy
Rock
Rousky
Sandholes
Seskinore
Shanmaghery
Sion Mills
Sixmilecross
Spamount
Stewartstown
Tamnamore
Tattyreagh
Trillick
Tullyhogue
Tullyvannon
Tullywiggan
Victoria Bridge
Washing Bay
Landforms
Ballysaggart Lough
Beaghmore
Black Bog
Drum Manor Forest Park
Glenelly
Mountains of Pomeroy
Sperrins
Tullyhogue Fort
Baronies
Clogher
Dungannon Lower
Dungannon Middle
Dungannon Upper
Omagh East
Omagh West
Strabane Lower
Strabane Upper
WikiProject Northern Ireland
WikiProject Ireland
Northern Ireland Portal
United Kingdom Portal
Ireland Portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"strath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strath"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"townland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townland"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Newtownstewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtownstewart"},{"link_name":"2001 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in County Tyrone, Northern IrelandHuman settlement in Northern IrelandArdstraw (from Irish: Ard Sratha (hill or height of the holm or strath)[1]) is a small village, townland and civil parish in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, three miles northwest of Newtownstewart. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 222 people (81 houses).[2]","title":"Ardstraw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eoghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ogan_of_Ardstraw"},{"link_name":"Synod of Ráth Breasail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_R%C3%A1th_Breasail"},{"link_name":"Synod of Kells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Kells"},{"link_name":"Maghera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Derry"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Diocese of Ardstraw was founded in the 6th century by Saint Eoghan. It is one of the dioceses recognized by the Synod of Ráth Breasail in 1111. Although the 1152 Synod of Kells replaced it in its list of dioceses with that of Maghera, the seat of which was later moved to Derry, bishops of Ardstraw continued to exist until the early 13th century, when the see was finally united to that of Derry.[3][4][5]No longer a residential bishopric it is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[6]","title":"Bishopric"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John de Courcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Courcy"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"Inishowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inishowen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1198, John de Courcy, a Norman knight who had invaded Ulster in 1177, destroyed the church of Ardstraw on his way to Inishowen.[7]","title":"John de Courcy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony_(geographic)"},{"link_name":"Strabane Lower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabane_Lower"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The townland is situated in the historic barony of Strabane Lower and the civil parish of Ardstraw and covers an area of 353 acres.[8]The population of the townland declined during the 19th century:[9][10]","title":"Ardstraw townland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ardstraw F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardstraw_F.C."},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Intermediate League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Intermediate_League"}],"text":"Ardstraw F.C. plays association football in the Northern Ireland Intermediate League.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Éogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ogan_of_Ardstraw"},{"link_name":"Robert McBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McBride_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giolla_Brighde_Mac_Con_Midhe"},{"link_name":"Edward Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stevenson_(Orange_Order)"},{"link_name":"Grand Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Master_(order)"},{"link_name":"Orange Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Order"}],"text":"Saint Éogan, was the founder of the monastery of Ardstraw\nRobert McBride, (1811/12–1895), poet\nGiolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe (c. 1210 – c. 1272), poet\nEdward Stevenson, Grand Master of the Orange Order since 2011","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony_(country_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"Strabane Lower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabane_Lower"},{"link_name":"Omagh West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omagh_West"},{"link_name":"Newtownstewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtownstewart"},{"link_name":"Spamount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamount"},{"link_name":"Victoria Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Bridge,_County_Tyrone"}],"text":"The parish is largely situated in the historic barony of Strabane Lower and partly in Omagh West.The parish contains the following towns and villages:Ardstraw\nNewtownstewart\nSpamount\nVictoria Bridge","title":"Civil parish of Ardstraw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carnaveagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnaveagh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carncorran Glebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carncorran_Glebe"},{"link_name":"Carnkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnkenny&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carrickadartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carrickadartan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cashty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cashty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Castlebane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castlebane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cavandarragh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavandarragh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clady Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clady_Blair&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clady Haliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clady_Haliday&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clady Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clady_Hood&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clady Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clady_Johnston&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clady-sproul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clady-sproul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liscreevaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liscreevaghan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clare Upper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clare_Upper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Claremore, County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claremore,_County_Tyrone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cloghogle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cloghogle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glenknock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glenknock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cloonty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cloonty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Concess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concess&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coolaghy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coolaghy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coolcreaghy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coolcreaghy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coolnacrunaght","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coolnacrunaght&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coolnaherin Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coolnaherin_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Creevy, County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creevy,_County_Tyrone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Crew Lower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crew_Lower&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Crew Upper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crew_Upper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Crosh, County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crosh,_County_Tyrone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Croshballinree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croshballinree&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deer Park Lower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deer_Park_Lower&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deer Park Old","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deer_Park_Old&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deer Park Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deer_Park_Middle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deer Park Upper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deer_Park_Upper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deer Park New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deer_Park_New&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Derrygoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derrygoon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douglas,_County_Tyrone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ligfordrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ligfordrum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Drumclamph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drumclamph&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Drumlegagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drumlegagh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Drumnabey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drumnabey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Drumnahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drumnahoe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dunrevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunrevan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dunteige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunteige&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Newtownstewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtownstewart"},{"link_name":"Spamount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamount"},{"link_name":"Tullymuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullymuck"}],"text":"The parish contains the following townlands:Aghafad, Aghasessy, Altdoghal, Archill, Ardbarren Lower, Ardbarren Upper, Ardstraw\nBackhill, Ballought, Ballyfolliard, Ballymullarty, Ballynaloan, Ballyrenan, Barons Court, Beagh, Binnawooda, Birnaghs, Bloomry, Bolaght, Breen, Brocklis, Bunderg, Byturn\nCarnaveagh, Carncorran Glebe, Carnkenny, Carrickadartan, Cashty, Castlebane, Cavandarragh, Clady Blair, Clady Haliday, Clady Hood, Clady Johnston, Clady-sproul\t(also known as Liscreevaghan), Clare Upper, Claremore, County Tyrone, Cloghogle (also known as\tGlenknock), Cloonty, Concess, Coolaghy, Coolcreaghy, Coolnacrunaght, Coolnaherin Park, Creevy, County Tyrone, Crew Lower, Crew Upper, Crosh, County Tyrone, Croshballinree\nDeer Park Lower (also known as Deer Park Old), Deer Park Middle, Deer Park Upper (also known as\tDeer Park New), Derrygoon, Douglas (also known as Ligfordrum), Drumclamph, Drumlegagh, Drumnabey, Drumnahoe, Dunrevan, Dunteige\nEnvagh, Erganagh\nFyfin\nGallan Lower, Gallan Upper, Garvetagh Lower, Garvetagh Upper, Glasmullagh, Glenglush, Glenknock (also known as Cloghogle), Golan Adams, Golan Hunter, Golan Sproul, Grange\nKilleen, Killydart, Killymore, Kilreal Lower, Kilreal Upper, Kilstrule, Knockbrack, Knockiniller, Knockroe\nLaragh, Largybeg, Legland, Legnabraid, Letterbin, Lettercarn, Ligfordrum (also known as Douglas), Liscreevaghan (also known as Clady-sproul), Lislafferty, Lisleen, Lisnacreaght, Lisnafin, Lisnatunny Glebe, Listymore, Lurganboy\nMagheracoltan, Magheracreggan, Magheralough, Meaghy, Milltown, Moyle Glebe, Mullagh, Mulvin\nNewtownstewart\nPriestsessagh, Pubble\nRakelly, Ratyn\nScarvagherin, Sessagh of Gallan, Shanog, Shanonny East, Shanonny West, Skinboy, Skinboy Mountain, Spamount, Stonewalls, Stonyfalls, Strahulter, Straletterdallan,\nTamnagh, Tievenny, Tirmegan, Tullymuck\nUpperthird, Urbalreagh\nWhitehouse","title":"Townlands"}] | [] | [{"title":"Robert McBride (1811-1895)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McBride_(1811-1895)"},{"title":"List of townlands of County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_townlands_of_County_Tyrone"},{"title":"Ardstraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ardstraw"}] | [{"reference":"\"Ardstraw\". Place Names NI. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.placenamesni.org/historicforms.php?getPnameId=2798","url_text":"\"Ardstraw\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215736/http://www.placenamesni.org/historicforms.php?getPnameId=2798","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"List of all settlements with population of over 50 people\". NI Neighbourhood Information Service. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ninis.nisra.gov.uk/mapxtreme_towns/datacatalogue.asp","url_text":"\"List of all settlements with population of over 50 people\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20120805074114/http://www.ninis.nisra.gov.uk/mapxtreme_towns/datacatalogue.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ard Sratha (Ardstraw)\". Archived from the original on 7 March 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parishofardstraweast.com/ParishHistory.htm","url_text":"\"Ard Sratha (Ardstraw)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150307054456/http://www.parishofardstraweast.com/ParishHistory.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Eoghan or Eugene of Ardstraw 6th century (Patron of Derry Diocese)\". Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholicireland.net/saintoftheday/saint-eoghan-or-eugene-of-ardstraw-6th-century-patron-of-derry-diocese/","url_text":"\"Saint Eoghan or Eugene of Ardstraw 6th century (Patron of Derry Diocese)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140729220258/http://www.catholicireland.net/saintoftheday/saint-eoghan-or-eugene-of-ardstraw-6th-century-patron-of-derry-diocese/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DeBreffny, D; Mott, G (1976). The Churches and Abbeys of Ireland. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 60–61.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Townlands of County Tyrone\". IreAtlas Townland Database. Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecore.com/seanruad/","url_text":"\"Townlands of County Tyrone\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150628231757/http://www.thecore.com/seanruad/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Ireland 1851\". Enhanced Parliamentary Papers on Ireland. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130627134727/http://eppi.dippam.ac.uk/documents/13130/eppi_pages/336897","url_text":"\"Census of Ireland 1851\""},{"url":"http://eppi.dippam.ac.uk/documents/13130/eppi_pages/336897","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Ireland 1891\". Enhanced Parliamentary Papers on Ireland. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://eppi.dippam.ac.uk/documents/18814/eppi_pages/505483","url_text":"\"Census of Ireland 1891\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130627134443/http://eppi.dippam.ac.uk/documents/18814/eppi_pages/505483","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ardstraw¶ms=54_43_57_N_7_27_28_W_region:GB-NIR_type:city(222)","external_links_name":"54°43′57″N 7°27′28″W / 54.73250°N 7.45778°W / 54.73250; -7.45778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ardstraw¶ms=54.733388_N_7.460542_W_region:IE_scale:25000&title=Ardstraw","external_links_name":"H348874"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ardstraw¶ms=54_43_57_N_7_27_28_W_region:GB-NIR_type:city(222)","external_links_name":"54°43′57″N 7°27′28″W / 54.73250°N 7.45778°W / 54.73250; -7.45778"},{"Link":"http://www.placenamesni.org/historicforms.php?getPnameId=2798","external_links_name":"\"Ardstraw\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215736/http://www.placenamesni.org/historicforms.php?getPnameId=2798","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ninis.nisra.gov.uk/mapxtreme_towns/datacatalogue.asp","external_links_name":"\"List of all settlements with population of over 50 people\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120805074114/http://www.ninis.nisra.gov.uk/mapxtreme_towns/datacatalogue.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.parishofardstraweast.com/ParishHistory.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ard Sratha (Ardstraw)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150307054456/http://www.parishofardstraweast.com/ParishHistory.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.catholicireland.net/saintoftheday/saint-eoghan-or-eugene-of-ardstraw-6th-century-patron-of-derry-diocese/","external_links_name":"\"Saint Eoghan or Eugene of Ardstraw 6th century (Patron of Derry Diocese)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140729220258/http://www.catholicireland.net/saintoftheday/saint-eoghan-or-eugene-of-ardstraw-6th-century-patron-of-derry-diocese/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sJYAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA307","external_links_name":"Vol. 3, The Province of Ulster"},{"Link":"http://www.thecore.com/seanruad/","external_links_name":"\"Townlands of County Tyrone\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150628231757/http://www.thecore.com/seanruad/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130627134727/http://eppi.dippam.ac.uk/documents/13130/eppi_pages/336897","external_links_name":"\"Census of Ireland 1851\""},{"Link":"http://eppi.dippam.ac.uk/documents/13130/eppi_pages/336897","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://eppi.dippam.ac.uk/documents/18814/eppi_pages/505483","external_links_name":"\"Census of Ireland 1891\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130627134443/http://eppi.dippam.ac.uk/documents/18814/eppi_pages/505483","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ali_Airport | Abu Ali Airport | ["1 Overview","2 Facilities","2.1 Parking","3 See also"] | Coordinates: 27°19′07.5″N 49°35′12.4″E / 27.318750°N 49.586778°E / 27.318750; 49.586778Airport in Saudi Arabia
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Abu Ali Airport" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Abu Ali Airportمطار ابو عليIATA: noneICAO: OEAASummaryAirport typePrivateOwnerSaudi AramcoOperatorSaudi AramcoServesJubailLocationAbu Ali IslandElevation AMSL3 ft / 1 mCoordinates27°19′07.5″N 49°35′12.4″E / 27.318750°N 49.586778°E / 27.318750; 49.586778Runways
Direction
Length
Surface
ft
m
15/33
4,956
1,511
Asphalt
Abu Ali Airport is a small airstrip in the Island of Abu Ali, part of Jubail area in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It is located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of the city and about 900 metres (0.6 mi) from the shores of the Persian Gulf, occupying a small land area of about 0.5 km2.
Overview
The airstrip is owned and was operated by Saudi Aramco, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia. It was used for the employees traveling between the island and other airports. However, during the last decade it has been idle for the reason that employees no longer need to travel for work while the nearby Jubail residential areas are growing.
Facilities
The airfield has very poor infrastructure; no terminal is available, only a 2,200 m2 area for aircraft movement and parking outside the runway, that is 1,511 meters long and 27.5 meters wide with no lights or ILS support.
Parking
A small area on the side of the road at the entrance is allocated for car parking.
See also
List of airports in Saudi Arabia
vteMain airports in Saudi ArabiaInternationalMajor
Dammam
Jeddah
Medina
Riyadh
Minor
Abha
Al-Ahsa
Al-'Ula
Al-Jawf
Najran
Gassim
Ha'il
Jizan
Neom Bay
Qaisumah
Red Sea
Tabuk
Ta'if
Yanbu
Domestic
Al-Baha
Al-Wajh
Arar
Bisha
Dawadmi
Gurayat
Rafha
Sharurah
Turaif
Wadi al-Dawasir
Unscheduled
Abu-Ali
Abqaiq
King Khalid Military City | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jubail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubail"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"}],"text":"Airport in Saudi ArabiaAbu Ali Airport is a small airstrip in the Island of Abu Ali, part of Jubail area in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It is located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of the city and about 900 metres (0.6 mi) from the shores of the Persian Gulf, occupying a small land area of about 0.5 km2.","title":"Abu Ali Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saudi Aramco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco"}],"text":"The airstrip is owned and was operated by Saudi Aramco, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia. It was used for the employees traveling between the island and other airports. However, during the last decade it has been idle for the reason that employees no longer need to travel for work while the nearby Jubail residential areas are growing.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ILS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_landing_system"}],"text":"The airfield has very poor infrastructure; no terminal is available, only a 2,200 m2 area for aircraft movement and parking outside the runway, that is 1,511 meters long and 27.5 meters wide with no lights or ILS support.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Parking","text":"A small area on the side of the road at the entrance is allocated for car parking.","title":"Facilities"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of airports in Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Saudi_Arabia"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Airports_in_Saudi_Arabia"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Airports_in_Saudi_Arabia"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Airports_in_Saudi_Arabia"},{"title":"airports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Saudi_Arabia"},{"title":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"title":"Dammam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Fahd_International_Airport"},{"title":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_International_Airport"},{"title":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Mohammad_bin_Abdulaziz_International_Airport"},{"title":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Khalid_International_Airport"},{"title":"Abha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abha_International_Airport"},{"title":"Al-Ahsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahsa_International_Airport"},{"title":"Al-'Ula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Abdul_Majeed_bin_Abdulaziz_International_Airport"},{"title":"Al-Jawf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jouf_Airport"},{"title":"Najran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najran_Domestic_Airport"},{"title":"Gassim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Nayef_bin_Abdulaziz_International_Airport"},{"title":"Ha'il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%27il_Regional_Airport"},{"title":"Jizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizan_Regional_Airport"},{"title":"Neom Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neom_Bay_Airport"},{"title":"Qaisumah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qaisumah/Hafr_Al_Batin_Airport"},{"title":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_International_Airport"},{"title":"Tabuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuk_Regional_Airport"},{"title":"Ta'if","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27if_Regional_Airport"},{"title":"Yanbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanbu_Airport"},{"title":"Al-Baha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baha_Domestic_Airport"},{"title":"Al-Wajh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wajh_Domestic_Airport"},{"title":"Arar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arar_Domestic_Airport"},{"title":"Bisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisha_Domestic_Airport"},{"title":"Dawadmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawadmi_Domestic_Airport"},{"title":"Gurayat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurayat_Domestic_Airport"},{"title":"Rafha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafha_Domestic_Airport"},{"title":"Sharurah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharurah_Domestic_Airport"},{"title":"Turaif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turaif_Domestic_Airport"},{"title":"Wadi al-Dawasir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_al-Dawasir_Domestic_Airport"},{"title":"Abu-Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Abqaiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abqaiq_Airport"},{"title":"King Khalid Military City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Khaled_Military_City_Airport"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abu_Ali_Airport¶ms=27_19_07.5_N_49_35_12.4_E_type:airport","external_links_name":"27°19′07.5″N 49°35′12.4″E / 27.318750°N 49.586778°E / 27.318750; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJ_1214_b | GJ 1214 b | ["1 Name","2 Physical characteristics","2.1 Mass, radius and temperature","2.2 Atmosphere","2.3 Possible compositions","3 Discovery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 17h 15m 18.94s, +4° 57′ 49.7″Super-Earth orbiting GJ 1214
GJ 1214 b / EnaiposhaSize comparison of Enaiposha with Earth (left) and Neptune (right). The actual color of Enaiposha is not yet known.DiscoveryDiscovered byDavid Charbonneau, et al.Discovery siteFred Lawrence Whipple ObservatoryDiscovery dateDecember 16, 2009Detection methodTransit (MEarth Project)DesignationsAlternative namesEnaiposhaOrbital characteristicsSemi-major axis0.01490±0.00026 AUEccentricity<0.063Orbital period (sidereal)1.580404571(42) dInclination88.7°±0.1°Semi-amplitude14.36±0.53 m/sStarOrkariaPhysical characteristicsMean radius2.742+0.050−0.053 R🜨Mass8.17±0.43 M🜨Mean density2.20+0.17−0.16 g/cm3Surface gravity10.65+0.71−0.67 m/s2 (1.09 g)Escape velocity19.31+0.53−0.54 km/sAlbedo0.51±0.06 (Bond)Temperature553±9 K (280 °C; 536 °F, dayside)437±19 K (164 °C; 327 °F, nightside)
GJ 1214 b (sometimes Gliese 1214 b, formally named Enaiposha) is an exoplanet that orbits the star GJ 1214, and was discovered in December 2009. Its parent star is 48 light-years from the Sun, in the constellation Ophiuchus. As of 2017, GJ 1214 b is the most likely known candidate for being an ocean planet. For that reason, scientists often call the planet a "waterworld".
It is a super-Earth, meaning it is larger than Earth but is significantly smaller (in mass and radius) than the gas giants of the Solar System. After CoRoT-7b, it was the second super-Earth to have both its mass and radius measured and is the first of a new class of planets with small size and relatively low density. GJ 1214 b is also significant because its parent star is relatively near the Sun and because it transits that parent star, which allows the planet's atmosphere to be studied using spectroscopic methods.
In December 2013, NASA reported that clouds may have been detected in the atmosphere of GJ 1214 b.
Name
In August 2022, this planet and its host star were included among 20 systems to be named by the third NameExoWorlds project. The approved names, proposed by a team from Kenya, were announced in June 2023. GJ 1214 b is named Enaiposha and its host star is named Orkaria, after the Maa words for a large body of water and for red ochre, alluding to the likely composition of the planet and color of the star.
Physical characteristics
Mass, radius and temperature
Artist's impression of the planet with a hazy steam atmosphere
Artist's impression of GJ 1214 b (foreground), illuminated by the red light of its parent star (center)
This artist's impression shows how GJ 1214 b may look as it transits its parent star. It is the second super-Earth for which astronomers have determined the mass and radius, giving vital clues about its structure.
The radius of GJ 1214 b can be inferred from the amount of dimming seen when the planet crosses in front of its parent star as viewed from Earth, yielding a radius of 2.742+0.050−0.053 R🜨. The mass of the planet can be inferred from sensitive observations of the parent star's radial velocity, measured through small shifts in stellar spectral lines due to the Doppler effect, yielding a mass of 8.17±0.43 M🜨. Given the planet's mass and radius, its density can be calculated. Through a comparison with theoretical models, the density in turn provides limited but highly useful information about the composition and structure of the planet.
GJ 1214 b may be cooler than any other known transiting planet prior to the discovery of Kepler-16b in 2011 by the Kepler mission. Its equilibrium temperature is believed to be in the range of 393–555 K (120–282 °C; 248–539 °F), depending on how much of the star's radiation is reflected into space.
Atmosphere
Due to the relatively small size of GJ 1214 b's parent star, it is feasible to perform spectroscopic observations during planetary transits. By comparing the observed spectrum before and during transits, the spectrum of the planetary atmosphere can be inferred. In December 2010, a study was published showing the spectrum to be largely featureless over the wavelength range of 750–1000 nm. Because a thick and cloud-free hydrogen-rich atmosphere would have produced detectable spectral features, such an atmosphere appears to be ruled out. Although no clear signs were observed of water vapor or any other molecule, the authors of the study believe the planet may have an atmosphere composed mainly of water vapor. Another possibility is that there may be a thick layer of high clouds, which absorbs the starlight.
Because of the estimated old age of the planetary system and the calculated hydrodynamic escape (loss of gasses that tends to deplete an atmosphere of higher molecular-weight constituents) rate of 900 tonnes per second, scientists conclude that there has been a significant atmospheric loss during the lifetime of the planet and any current atmosphere cannot be primordial. The loss of primordial atmosphere was indirectly confirmed in 2020 as no helium was detected at GJ 1214 b. Helium was detected in the atmosphere of GJ 1214 b by 2022 though.
Possible compositions
While very little is known about GJ 1214 b, there has been speculation as to its specific nature and composition. On the basis of planetary models it has been suggested that GJ 1214 b has a relatively thick gaseous envelope, totaling about 5% of planetary mass. It is possible to propose structures by assuming different compositions, guided by scenarios for the formation and evolution of the planet. GJ 1214 b could be a rocky planet with an outgassed hydrogen-rich atmosphere, a mini-Neptune, or an ocean planet. If it is a waterworld, it could possibly be thought of as a bigger and hotter version of Jupiter's Galilean moon Europa. While no scientist has stated to believe GJ 1214 b is an ocean planet, if GJ 1214 b is assumed to be an ocean planet, i.e. the interior is assumed to be composed primarily of a water core surrounded by more water, proportions of the total mass consistent with the mass and radius are about 25% rock and 75% water, covered by a thick envelope of gases such as hydrogen and helium (c. 0.05%). Water planets could result from inward planetary migration and originate as protoplanets that formed from volatile ice-rich material beyond the snow-line but that never attained masses sufficient to accrete large amounts of H/He nebular gas. Because of the varying pressure at depth, models of a water world include "steam, liquid, superfluid, high-pressure ices, and plasma phases" of water. Some of the solid-phase water could be in the form of ice VII.
Discovery
GJ 1214 b was first detected by the MEarth Project, which searches for the small drops in brightness that can occur when an orbiting planet briefly passes in front of its parent star. In early 2009, the astronomers running the project noticed that the star GJ 1214 appeared to show drops in brightness of that sort. They then observed the star more closely and confirmed that it dimmed by roughly 1.5% every 1.58 days. Follow-up radial-velocity measurements were then made with the HARPS spectrograph on the ESO's 3.6-meter telescope at La Silla, Chile; those measurements succeeded in providing independent evidence for the reality of the planet. A paper was then published in Nature announcing the planet and giving estimates of its mass, radius, and orbital parameters.
See also
CoRoT-7b
Gliese 581 c
Gliese 581 d
Gliese 876 d
HD 149026 b
Lists of astronomical objects
MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j Charbonneau, David; et al. (2009). "A super-Earth transiting a nearby low-mass star" (PDF). Nature. 462 (7275): 891–894. arXiv:0912.3229. Bibcode:2009Natur.462..891C. doi:10.1038/nature08679. S2CID 4360404.
^ a b c "2022 Approved Names". nameexoworlds.iau.org. IAU. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i Cloutier, Ryan; Charbonneau, David; Deming, Drake; Bonfils, Xavier; Astudillo-Defru, Nicola (2021). "A more precise mass for GJ 1214 b and the frequency of multiplanet systems around mid-M dwarfs". The Astronomical Journal. 162 (5): 174. arXiv:2107.14732. Bibcode:2021AJ....162..174C. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac1584. S2CID 236635146.
^ Kokori, A.; et al. (14 February 2023). "ExoClock Project. III. 450 New Exoplanet Ephemerides from Ground and Space Observations". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 265 (1) 4. arXiv:2209.09673. Bibcode:2023ApJS..265....4K. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac9da4. Vizier catalog entry
^ a b c Kempton, Eliza M.-R.; Zhang, Michael; et al. (May 2023). "A reflective, metal-rich atmosphere for GJ 1214b from its JWST phase curve". Nature. 620 (7972): 67–71. arXiv:2305.06240. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06159-5.
^ Rein, Hanno; et al. "Open Exoplanet Catalogue – Gliese 1214 b". Open Exoplanet Catalogue. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
^ Kuchner, Seager; Hier-Majumder, M.; Militzer, C.A. (2007). "Mass–radius relationships for solid exoplanets". The Astrophysical Journal. 669 (2): 1279–1297. arXiv:0707.2895. Bibcode:2007ApJ...669.1279S. doi:10.1086/521346. S2CID 8369390.
^ "10 real planets that are stranger than science fiction". iflscience.com. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
^ a b c d e f g
Rogers, L.A.; Seager, S. (2010). "Three possible origins for the gas layer on GJ 1214 b". The Astrophysical Journal (abstract). 716 (2): 1208–1216. arXiv:0912.3243. Bibcode:2010ApJ...716.1208R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/716/2/1208. S2CID 15288792.
^ Harrington, J.D.; Weaver, Donna; Villard, Ray (December 31, 2013). "Release 13-383 – NASA's Hubble Sees Cloudy Super-Worlds With Chance for More Clouds". NASA. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
^ Moses, Julianne (January 1, 2014). "Extrasolar planets: Cloudy with a chance of dustballs". Nature. 505 (7481): 31–32. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...31M. doi:10.1038/505031a. PMID 24380949. S2CID 4408861.
^ Knutson, Heather; et al. (January 1, 2014). "A featureless transmission spectrum for the Neptune-mass exoplanet GJ 436b". Nature. 505 (7481): 66–68. arXiv:1401.3350. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...66K. doi:10.1038/nature12887. PMID 24380953. S2CID 4454617.
^ Kreidberg, Laura; et al. (January 1, 2014). "Clouds in the atmosphere of the super-Earth exoplanet GJ 1214 b". Nature. 505 (7481): 69–72. arXiv:1401.0022. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...69K. doi:10.1038/nature12888. PMID 24380954. S2CID 4447642.
^ "List of ExoWorlds 2022". nameexoworlds.iau.org. IAU. 8 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
^ Brennan, Pat (10 May 2023). "NASA's Webb Takes Closest Look Yet at Mysterious Planet". NASA. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ a b c
Aguilar, David A. (2009-12-16). "Astronomers find super-Earth using amateur, off-the-shelf technology". Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Retrieved December 16, 2009.
^ Bean, Jacob L.; Kempton, Eliza Miller-Ricci; Homeier, Derek (2010). "A ground-based transmission spectrum of the super-Earth exoplanet GJ 1214 b". Nature. 468 (7324): 669–672. arXiv:1012.0331. Bibcode:2010Natur.468..669B. doi:10.1038/nature09596. PMID 21124452. S2CID 4412196.
^ Kasper, David; Bean, Jacob L.; Oklopčić, Antonija; Malsky, Isaac; Kempton, Eliza M.-R.; Désert, Jean-Michel; Rogers, Leslie A.; Mansfield, Megan (2020). "Nondetection of helium in the upper atmospheres of three sub-Neptune exoplanets". The Astronomical Journal. 160 (6): 258. arXiv:2007.12968. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abbee6. S2CID 220793801.
^ Orell-Miquel, J.; Murgas, F.; Pallé, E.; Lampón, M.; López-Puertas, M.; Sanz-Forcada, J.; Nagel, E.; Kaminski, A.; Casasayas-Barris, N.; Nortmann, L.; Luque, R.; Molaverdikhani, K.; Sedaghati, E.; Caballero, J.A.; Amado, P.J.; Bergond, G.; Czesla, S.; Hatzes, A. P.; Henning, Th.; Khalafinejad, S.; Montes, D.; Morello, G.; Quirrenbach, A.; Reiners, A.; Ribas, I.; Sánchez-López, A.; Schweitzer, A.; Stangret, M.; Yan, F.; Zapatero Osorio, M.R. (2022). "A tentative detection of He I in the atmosphere of GJ 1214 b". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 659: A55. arXiv:2201.11120. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142455. S2CID 246285597.
^ a b
Seager, S.; Kuchner, M.; Hier-Majumder, C.A.; Militzer, B. (2007). "Mass–radius relationships for solid exoplanets". The Astrophysical Journal. 669 (2): 1279–1297. arXiv:0707.2895. Bibcode:2007ApJ...669.1279S. doi:10.1086/521346. S2CID 8369390.
External links
Media related to GJ 1214 b at Wikimedia Commons
"Astronomers find world with thick, inhospitable atmosphere and an icy heart" (Press release). European Southern Observatory (ESO). 16 December 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
"MEarth Project". Archived from the original on 7 April 2012.
"Hubble reveals a new class of planet" (Press release). Baltimore, MD: Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI).
"Astronomers have claimed the existence of a new class of planet: A "water-world" with a thick, steamy atmosphere". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation.
"An update on the atmosphere of super-Earth GJ 1214 b". Astrobites. 28 November 2011. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012.
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Astronomical events
Kepler's Supernova
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"17h 15m 18.94s, +4° 57′ 49.7″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wikisky.org/?ra=17.255261111111&de=4.9638055555556&zoom=3&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OEC-GJ1214b-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEW2022-2"},{"link_name":"exoplanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet"},{"link_name":"GJ 1214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJ_1214"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-years"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Ophiuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiuchus"},{"link_name":"ocean planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_planet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charbonneau2009-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-planetmodels2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"super-Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Earth"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"gas giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_giant"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"CoRoT-7b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoRoT-7b"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charbonneau2009-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arxiv0912-9"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"transits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_transit"},{"link_name":"spectroscopic methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charbonneau2009-1"},{"link_name":"clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouds"},{"link_name":"atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet#Atmosphere"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-20131231-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAT-20140101a-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAT-20140101b-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAT-20140101c-13"}],"text":"Coordinates: 17h 15m 18.94s, +4° 57′ 49.7″Super-Earth orbiting GJ 1214GJ 1214 b (sometimes Gliese 1214 b,[6] formally named Enaiposha[2]) is an exoplanet that orbits the star GJ 1214, and was discovered in December 2009. Its parent star is 48 light-years from the Sun, in the constellation Ophiuchus. As of 2017, GJ 1214 b is the most likely known candidate for being an ocean planet.[1][7] For that reason, scientists often call the planet a \"waterworld\".[8]It is a super-Earth, meaning it is larger than Earth but is significantly smaller (in mass and radius) than the gas giants of the Solar System. After CoRoT-7b, it was the second super-Earth to have both its mass and radius measured[1] and is the first of a new class of planets with small size and relatively low density.[9] GJ 1214 b is also significant because its parent star is relatively near the Sun and because it transits that parent star, which allows the planet's atmosphere to be studied using spectroscopic methods.[1]In December 2013, NASA reported that clouds may have been detected in the atmosphere of GJ 1214 b.[10][11][12][13]","title":"GJ 1214 b"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NameExoWorlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NameExoWorlds"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Maa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasai_language"},{"link_name":"ochre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEW2022-2"}],"text":"In August 2022, this planet and its host star were included among 20 systems to be named by the third NameExoWorlds project.[14] The approved names, proposed by a team from Kenya, were announced in June 2023. GJ 1214 b is named Enaiposha and its host star is named Orkaria, after the Maa words for a large body of water and for red ochre, alluding to the likely composition of the planet and color of the star.[2]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Physical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Planet_GJ_1214_b.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-20230510-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_GJ_1214b.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_GJ_1214b_in_transit.jpg"},{"link_name":"super-Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Earth"},{"link_name":"R🜨","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_radius"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cloutier2021-3"},{"link_name":"Doppler effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charbonneau2009-1"},{"link_name":"M🜨","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_mass"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cloutier2021-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charbonneau2009-1"},{"link_name":"transiting planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_method"},{"link_name":"Kepler-16b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-16b"},{"link_name":"Kepler mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler_mission"},{"link_name":"equilibrium temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Earth#Temperatures"},{"link_name":"reflected into space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_albedo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charbonneau2009-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvardpress-16"}],"sub_title":"Mass, radius and temperature","text":"Artist's impression of the planet with a hazy steam atmosphere[15]Artist's impression of GJ 1214 b (foreground), illuminated by the red light of its parent star (center)This artist's impression shows how GJ 1214 b may look as it transits its parent star. It is the second super-Earth for which astronomers have determined the mass and radius, giving vital clues about its structure.The radius of GJ 1214 b can be inferred from the amount of dimming seen when the planet crosses in front of its parent star as viewed from Earth, yielding a radius of 2.742+0.050−0.053 R🜨.[3] The mass of the planet can be inferred from sensitive observations of the parent star's radial velocity, measured through small shifts in stellar spectral lines due to the Doppler effect,[1] yielding a mass of 8.17±0.43 M🜨.[3] Given the planet's mass and radius, its density can be calculated. Through a comparison with theoretical models, the density in turn provides limited but highly useful information about the composition and structure of the planet.[1]GJ 1214 b may be cooler than any other known transiting planet prior to the discovery of Kepler-16b in 2011 by the Kepler mission. Its equilibrium temperature is believed to be in the range of 393–555 K (120–282 °C; 248–539 °F), depending on how much of the star's radiation is reflected into space.[1][16]","title":"Physical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"hydrodynamic escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamic_escape"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charbonneau2009-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Atmosphere","text":"Due to the relatively small size of GJ 1214 b's parent star, it is feasible to perform spectroscopic observations during planetary transits. By comparing the observed spectrum before and during transits, the spectrum of the planetary atmosphere can be inferred. In December 2010, a study was published showing the spectrum to be largely featureless over the wavelength range of 750–1000 nm. Because a thick and cloud-free hydrogen-rich atmosphere would have produced detectable spectral features, such an atmosphere appears to be ruled out. Although no clear signs were observed of water vapor or any other molecule, the authors of the study believe the planet may have an atmosphere composed mainly of water vapor. Another possibility is that there may be a thick layer of high clouds, which absorbs the starlight.[17] \nBecause of the estimated old age of the planetary system and the calculated hydrodynamic escape (loss of gasses that tends to deplete an atmosphere of higher molecular-weight constituents) rate of 900 tonnes per second, scientists conclude that there has been a significant atmospheric loss during the lifetime of the planet and any current atmosphere cannot be primordial.[1] The loss of primordial atmosphere was indirectly confirmed in 2020 as no helium was detected at GJ 1214 b.[18] Helium was detected in the atmosphere of GJ 1214 b by 2022 though.[19]","title":"Physical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-planetmodels-20"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arxiv0912-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cloutier2021-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arxiv0912-9"},{"link_name":"outgassed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outgass#Outgassing_from_rock"},{"link_name":"mini-Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-Neptune"},{"link_name":"ocean planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_planet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arxiv0912-9"},{"link_name":"waterworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_planet"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"Galilean moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moon"},{"link_name":"Europa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arxiv0912-9"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-planetmodels-20"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charbonneau2009-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvardpress-16"},{"link_name":"planetary migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_migration"},{"link_name":"protoplanets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet"},{"link_name":"volatile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)"},{"link_name":"snow-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)"},{"link_name":"nebular gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arxiv0912-9"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic_pressure"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arxiv0912-9"},{"link_name":"ice VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_VII"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvardpress-16"}],"sub_title":"Possible compositions","text":"While very little is known about GJ 1214 b, there has been speculation as to its specific nature and composition. On the basis of planetary models[20] it has been suggested that GJ 1214 b has a relatively thick gaseous envelope,[9] totaling about 5% of planetary mass.[3] It is possible to propose structures by assuming different compositions, guided by scenarios for the formation and evolution of the planet.[9] GJ 1214 b could be a rocky planet with an outgassed hydrogen-rich atmosphere, a mini-Neptune, or an ocean planet.[9] If it is a waterworld, it could possibly be thought of as a bigger and hotter version of Jupiter's Galilean moon Europa.[9] While no scientist has stated to believe GJ 1214 b is an ocean planet, if GJ 1214 b is assumed to be an ocean planet,[20] i.e. the interior is assumed to be composed primarily of a water core surrounded by more water, proportions of the total mass consistent with the mass and radius are about 25% rock and 75% water, covered by a thick envelope of gases such as hydrogen and helium (c. 0.05%).[1][16] Water planets could result from inward planetary migration and originate as protoplanets that formed from volatile ice-rich material beyond the snow-line but that never attained masses sufficient to accrete large amounts of H/He nebular gas.[9] Because of the varying pressure at depth, models of a water world include \"steam, liquid, superfluid, high-pressure ices, and plasma phases\" of water.[9] Some of the solid-phase water could be in the form of ice VII.[16]","title":"Physical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MEarth Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEarth_Project"},{"link_name":"ESO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory"},{"link_name":"La Silla, Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Silla_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charbonneau2009-1"}],"text":"GJ 1214 b was first detected by the MEarth Project, which searches for the small drops in brightness that can occur when an orbiting planet briefly passes in front of its parent star. In early 2009, the astronomers running the project noticed that the star GJ 1214 appeared to show drops in brightness of that sort. They then observed the star more closely and confirmed that it dimmed by roughly 1.5% every 1.58 days. Follow-up radial-velocity measurements were then made with the HARPS spectrograph on the ESO's 3.6-meter telescope at La Silla, Chile; those measurements succeeded in providing independent evidence for the reality of the planet. A paper was then published in Nature announcing the planet and giving estimates of its mass, radius, and orbital parameters.[1]","title":"Discovery"}] | [{"image_text":"Artist's impression of the planet with a hazy steam atmosphere[15]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Planet_GJ_1214_b.jpg/220px-Planet_GJ_1214_b.jpg"},{"image_text":"Artist's impression of GJ 1214 b (foreground), illuminated by the red light of its parent star (center)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_GJ_1214b.jpg/220px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_GJ_1214b.jpg"},{"image_text":"This artist's impression shows how GJ 1214 b may look as it transits its parent star. It is the second super-Earth for which astronomers have determined the mass and radius, giving vital clues about its structure.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_GJ_1214b_in_transit.jpg/220px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_GJ_1214b_in_transit.jpg"}] | [{"title":"CoRoT-7b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoRoT-7b"},{"title":"Gliese 581 c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_581_c"},{"title":"Gliese 581 d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_581_d"},{"title":"Gliese 876 d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_876_d"},{"title":"HD 149026 b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_149026_b"},{"title":"Lists of astronomical objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_astronomical_objects"},{"title":"MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb"}] | [{"reference":"Charbonneau, David; et al. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones-Haywood_School_of_Ballet | Jones-Haywood School of Ballet | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°56′56″N 77°01′38″W / 38.94882°N 77.02736°W / 38.94882; -77.02736The Jones-Haywood School of Ballet, now known as The Jones-Haywood Dance School, was founded in 1941 by Doris W. Jones and Claire Haywood in Washington D.C. to teach young dancers of color classical ballet.
Its students have gone on to dance with Alvin Ailey , Philadanco, Dutch National Ballet, The Washington Ballet, Paul Taylor Dance Company, on Broadway, and also become choreographers, actors and dance educators. Famous alumni include Chita Rivera, Hinton Battle, Sylvester Campbell, Louis Johnson and Sandra Fortune-Green.
Jones and Haywood also founded the Capitol Ballet Company, a racially integrated professional ballet troupe that operated from 1961 to 1989. The school was also home to the Jones-Haywood Dancers.
Haywood died in 1978 and Jones died in 2006. The school is now directed by Sandra Fortune-Green.
References
^ "Doris Jones | The HistoryMakers". www.thehistorymakers.com. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
^ "Jones Haywood Dance School". www.joneshaywood.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
^ "Doris Jones | The HistoryMakers". www.thehistorymakers.com. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
^ Kaufman, Sarah L. (2016-03-15). "How Chita Rivera keeps dancing at 83, with 16 screws in her leg". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
^ "Doris Jones | The HistoryMakers". www.thehistorymakers.com. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
^ "Jones Haywood Dance School". www.joneshaywood.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
External links
Official website
The Historymakers Biography of Doris W. Jones http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/doris-jones-39
Washington Post article on Chita Rivera and Doris W. Jones https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/03/15/how-chita-rivera-keeps-dancing-at-83-with-16-screws-in-her-leg/
Authority control databases
VIAF
38°56′56″N 77°01′38″W / 38.94882°N 77.02736°W / 38.94882; -77.02736 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doris W. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_W._Jones"},{"link_name":"Claire Haywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Haywood"},{"link_name":"classical ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_ballet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alvin Ailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Ailey"},{"link_name":"Philadanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadanco"},{"link_name":"Dutch National Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_National_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Washington Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Paul Taylor Dance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Taylor_Dance_Company"},{"link_name":"choreographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreographers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chita Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chita_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Hinton Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinton_Battle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sandra Fortune-Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Fortune-Green"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Jones-Haywood School of Ballet, now known as The Jones-Haywood Dance School, was founded in 1941 by Doris W. Jones and Claire Haywood in Washington D.C. to teach young dancers of color classical ballet.[1]Its students have gone on to dance with Alvin Ailey , Philadanco, Dutch National Ballet, The Washington Ballet, Paul Taylor Dance Company, on Broadway, and also become choreographers, actors and dance educators.[2] Famous alumni include Chita Rivera, Hinton Battle, Sylvester Campbell, Louis Johnson and Sandra Fortune-Green.[3][4]Jones and Haywood also founded the Capitol Ballet Company, a racially integrated professional ballet troupe that operated from 1961 to 1989. The school was also home to the Jones-Haywood Dancers.[5]Haywood died in 1978 and Jones died in 2006. The school is now directed by Sandra Fortune-Green.[6]","title":"Jones-Haywood School of Ballet"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Doris Jones | The HistoryMakers\". www.thehistorymakers.com. Retrieved 2016-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/doris-jones-39","url_text":"\"Doris Jones | The HistoryMakers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jones Haywood Dance School\". www.joneshaywood.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170259/http://www.joneshaywood.com/","url_text":"\"Jones Haywood Dance School\""},{"url":"http://www.joneshaywood.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Doris Jones | The HistoryMakers\". www.thehistorymakers.com. Retrieved 2016-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/doris-jones-39","url_text":"\"Doris Jones | The HistoryMakers\""}]},{"reference":"Kaufman, Sarah L. (2016-03-15). \"How Chita Rivera keeps dancing at 83, with 16 screws in her leg\". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2016-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/03/15/how-chita-rivera-keeps-dancing-at-83-with-16-screws-in-her-leg/","url_text":"\"How Chita Rivera keeps dancing at 83, with 16 screws in her leg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"\"Doris Jones | The HistoryMakers\". www.thehistorymakers.com. Retrieved 2016-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/doris-jones-39","url_text":"\"Doris Jones | The HistoryMakers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jones Haywood Dance School\". www.joneshaywood.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170259/http://www.joneshaywood.com/","url_text":"\"Jones Haywood Dance School\""},{"url":"http://www.joneshaywood.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jones-Haywood_School_of_Ballet¶ms=38.94882_N_77.02736_W_type:edu_globe:earth_region:US-DC","external_links_name":"38°56′56″N 77°01′38″W / 38.94882°N 77.02736°W / 38.94882; -77.02736"},{"Link":"http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/doris-jones-39","external_links_name":"\"Doris Jones | The HistoryMakers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170259/http://www.joneshaywood.com/","external_links_name":"\"Jones Haywood Dance School\""},{"Link":"http://www.joneshaywood.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/doris-jones-39","external_links_name":"\"Doris Jones | The HistoryMakers\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/03/15/how-chita-rivera-keeps-dancing-at-83-with-16-screws-in-her-leg/","external_links_name":"\"How Chita Rivera keeps dancing at 83, with 16 screws in her leg\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/doris-jones-39","external_links_name":"\"Doris Jones | The HistoryMakers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170259/http://www.joneshaywood.com/","external_links_name":"\"Jones Haywood Dance School\""},{"Link":"http://www.joneshaywood.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.joneshaywooddanceschool.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/doris-jones-39","external_links_name":"http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/doris-jones-39"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/03/15/how-chita-rivera-keeps-dancing-at-83-with-16-screws-in-her-leg/","external_links_name":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/03/15/how-chita-rivera-keeps-dancing-at-83-with-16-screws-in-her-leg/"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/130614976","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jones-Haywood_School_of_Ballet¶ms=38.94882_N_77.02736_W_type:edu_globe:earth_region:US-DC","external_links_name":"38°56′56″N 77°01′38″W / 38.94882°N 77.02736°W / 38.94882; -77.02736"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Game_Developers%27_Association | The Independent Game Developers' Association | ["1 History","2 Board members","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"] | Video game trade association
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2012)
The Independent Game Developers' AssociationAbbreviationTIGAFormation2001TypeTrade associationPurposeRepresenting the interests of some video game developers in the UK and EuropeChairmanJason KingsleyWebsitehttps://tiga.org/
The Independent Game Developers' Association (TIGA) is a trade association representing the business and commercial interests of some video and computer game developers in the UK and Europe.
TIGA aims to strengthen the games development and digital publishing sector by advocating for the industry, championing it in the media, and by offering commercial or educational support to members.
History
The Independent Game Developers' Association (TIGA) was launched in 2001 by Patricia Hewitt (not to be confused with politician Patricia Hewitt). TIGA was a founding member of the European Game Developers Federation (EGDF).
Richard Wilson is the current CEO, succeeding Fred Hasson who held the post since TIGA was founded until the end of 2007.
Board members
The TIGA Board is elected by TIGA members at the TIGA AGM each December. One half of the directors of TIGA must resign before each AGM, although they are free to seek re-election. 12 directors represent independent developers (of which 10 represent full members and 2 represent associate members). A further 4 directors represent publisher developer members.
Awards
Since 2010, TIGA has won 28 business awards, such as Global Business Excellence Awards in 2011, 2012 and 2017, Best Practice Awards 2011, Director of the Year Awards 2011, PRCA Awards 2012, Public Affairs Awards in 2012, The Association Excellence Awards in 2018, Best Professional Development Initiative 2019, Management and Leadership Awards, and accredited till 2022 by Investors in People.
References
^ Androvich, Mark (2008-01-31). "Richard Wilson named TIGA CEO". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
^ "TIGA Board". TIGA. Archived from the original on 2013-08-30. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
^ "Previous Winners". Global Business Excellence Awards. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer game developers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_game_developer"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"}],"text":"The Independent Game Developers' Association (TIGA) is a trade association representing the business and commercial interests of some video and computer game developers in the UK and Europe.TIGA aims to strengthen the games development and digital publishing sector by advocating for the industry, championing it in the media, and by offering commercial or educational support to members.","title":"The Independent Game Developers' Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patricia Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Hewitt"},{"link_name":"Richard Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wilson_(born_1968)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Independent Game Developers' Association (TIGA) was launched in 2001 by Patricia Hewitt (not to be confused with politician Patricia Hewitt). TIGA was a founding member of the European Game Developers Federation (EGDF).Richard Wilson is the current CEO, succeeding Fred Hasson who held the post since TIGA was founded until the end of 2007.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The TIGA Board is elected by TIGA members at the TIGA AGM each December. One half of the directors of TIGA must resign before each AGM, although they are free to seek re-election. 12 directors represent independent developers (of which 10 represent full members and 2 represent associate members). A further 4 directors represent publisher developer members.[2]","title":"Board members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Since 2010, TIGA has won 28 business awards, such as Global Business Excellence Awards in 2011, 2012 and 2017,[3] Best Practice Awards 2011, Director of the Year Awards 2011, PRCA Awards 2012, Public Affairs Awards in 2012, The Association Excellence Awards in 2018, Best Professional Development Initiative 2019, Management and Leadership Awards, and accredited till 2022 by Investors in People.","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Androvich, Mark (2008-01-31). \"Richard Wilson named TIGA CEO\". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved 2008-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/richard-wilson-named-tiga-ceo","url_text":"\"Richard Wilson named TIGA CEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"TIGA Board\". TIGA. Archived from the original on 2013-08-30. Retrieved 2013-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130830190727/http://www.tiga.org/about-us-and-uk-games/tiga-board","url_text":"\"TIGA Board\""},{"url":"http://www.tiga.org/about-us-and-uk-games/tiga-board","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Previous Winners\". Global Business Excellence Awards. Retrieved 2023-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://gbeawards.com/previous-winners/","url_text":"\"Previous Winners\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://tiga.org/","external_links_name":"https://tiga.org/"},{"Link":"http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/richard-wilson-named-tiga-ceo","external_links_name":"\"Richard Wilson named TIGA CEO\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130830190727/http://www.tiga.org/about-us-and-uk-games/tiga-board","external_links_name":"\"TIGA Board\""},{"Link":"http://www.tiga.org/about-us-and-uk-games/tiga-board","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://gbeawards.com/previous-winners/","external_links_name":"\"Previous Winners\""},{"Link":"http://tiga.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_SP-202 | Boss SP-202 | ["1 Features","2 Musicians","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | Sampling workstation
The Boss Dr. Sample SP-202 is a discontinued sampling workstation made by Boss Corporation, a division under Roland Corporation. Released in the year of 1998, it is the premier installment to the SP family, which includes Boss’s popular SP-303 and Roland's SP-404 installments. The sampler is also successor to Roland's MS-1 Digital Sampler.
Features
SP Lineage
The following list is a correct order of each SP installment's release, as an attempt to help musicians avoid any confusion.
See also: Roland Corporation See also: Boss Corporation
Boss SP-202 Dr Sample (1998)
Roland SP-808 GrooveSampler (1998)
Roland SP-808EX E-Mix Studio (2000)
Boss SP-303 (2001)
Boss SP-505 (2002)
Roland SP-606 (2004)
Roland SP-404 (2005)
Boss SP-555 (2008)
Roland SP-404SX (2009)
Roland SP-404A (2017)
Roland SP-404MKII (2021)
Being an early installment, the SP-202 has a limited number of features which were later improved and expanded on through future installments/upgrades of the SP lineage:
8 large pads, 4 banks, two control knobs, with overall display and operation that was later enhanced with the Boss SP-303
Compact, easy-to-use portable sampler—perfect for club DJs, hip-hop and dance music artists, and other sampling musicians
Innovative BPM function calculates BPM from sample length for easy looping*
6 built-in effects including Pitch Shift, Filter 1 & 2, Time Stretch, Delay, Ring Modulation
Sampling time — 4 min. 20 sec. internal, up to 37 min. using optional 5 volt SmartMedia card (2mb or 4mb supported)
User-selectable sampling grade programmable for each pad
Built-in microphone for sampling any time, any place
Import/export WAV/AIF via SmartMedia card slot
Runs on battery or AC power
Musicians
A number of musicians have used the SP-202 as part of their production and performance. Several artists include Fatboy Slim, as well as Tobacco.
References
^ Corporation, BOSS. "BOSS - SP-202 - Dr. Sample". BOSS.
^ "BOSS SP-202 Dr. Sample - Vintage Synth Explorer". www.vintagesynth.com.
^ "15 samplers that shaped modern music – and the musicians who use them". 15 September 2016.
^ "Boss Dr Sample SP202". 15 September 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-09-15.
^ "Boss - SP-202". www.gearogs.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-28.
^ "BOSS SP-202 Dr. Sample | Vintage Synth Explorer".
Further reading
"Roland SP-404SX". Future Music. No. 220. Future Publishing. ISSN 0967-0378. OCLC 1032779031.
External links
SP-202: Dr. Sample
SP-Forums.com - An active forum dedicated to Roland's SP range
vteRoland CorporationSynthesizers
Alpha Juno
D-50
D-70
E-20
GR-1
GR-300
GR-500
JD-800
JD-XA
JP-8000
Juno-60
Juno-106
Juno-D
Juno-G
Juno-Gi
Jupiter-4
Jupiter-6
Jupiter-8
Jupiter-80
Jupiter-50
JX-3P
JX-8P
JX-10
JX-305
MC-202
RS-202
S-10
S-50
S-220
SH-01 Gaia
SH-101
SH-201
SH-1000
SH-3A
System 100
System-100M
System 700
TB-303
U-20
Roland VK-7
Roland VK-8
V-Synth
VP-330
XP-30
Electronic drums
CR-78
DDR-30
HandSonic
Octapad
R-5
R-8
TR-606
TR-808
TR-909
TR-707 / TR-727
TR-505
V-Drums
Keytars
AX-7
AX-Synth
AX-Edge
Roland keytars
Grooveboxes
D2
MC-303
MC-307
MC-505
MC-808
MC-909
SP-808
Samplers
DJ-70
MS-1
S-10
S-50
S-220
SP-202
SP-303
SP-404
SP-505
SP-555
SP-606
SP-808
Workstations
Fantom-X
W-30
XP-50
XP-80
SP-202
SP-303
SP-404
SP-505
SP-555
SP-606
SP-808
Sequencers
MC-4
MC-8
MIDI interfaces
MPU-401
Modules
JD-990
JV-1080
JV-2080
MKS-80
MT-32
SC-55
SC-8850
U-110
U-220
Software
Roland Cloud
Amplifiers
Jazz Chorus
Effects units
Space Echo
Organs
VK-7
VK-8
Boss effects
DS-1
HM-2
Founder
Ikutaro Kakehashi
Other
D-Beam
Tadao Kikumoto
Boss
V-MODA | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sampling workstation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"Boss Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Roland Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Corporation"},{"link_name":"SP-303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_SP-303"},{"link_name":"SP-404","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_SP-404"},{"link_name":"Roland's MS-1 Digital Sampler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland%27s_MS-1_Digital_Sampler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Boss Dr. Sample SP-202 is a discontinued sampling workstation made by Boss Corporation, a division under Roland Corporation. Released in the year of 1998, it is the premier installment to the SP family, which includes Boss’s popular SP-303 and Roland's SP-404 installments. The sampler is also successor to Roland's MS-1 Digital Sampler.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Boss SP-202"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roland Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Boss Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Boss SP-202 Dr Sample","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_SP-202_Dr_Sample"},{"link_name":"Roland SP-808 GrooveSampler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_SP-808_GrooveSampler"},{"link_name":"Roland SP-808EX E-Mix Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_SP-808EX_E-Mix_Studio"},{"link_name":"Boss SP-303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_SP-303"},{"link_name":"Boss SP-505","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_SP-505"},{"link_name":"Roland SP-606","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_SP-606"},{"link_name":"Roland SP-404","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_SP-404"},{"link_name":"Boss SP-555","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_SP-555"},{"link_name":"Roland SP-404SX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_SP-404SX"},{"link_name":"Roland SP-404A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_SP-404A"},{"link_name":"Roland SP-404MKII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_SP-404MKII"},{"link_name":"Boss SP-303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_SP-303"},{"link_name":"hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop"},{"link_name":"dance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"Time Stretch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Stretch"},{"link_name":"SmartMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartMedia"}],"text":"SP Lineage\nThe following list is a correct order of each SP installment's release, as an attempt to help musicians avoid any confusion.\n\nSee also: Roland Corporation See also: Boss Corporation\nBoss SP-202 Dr Sample (1998)\nRoland SP-808 GrooveSampler (1998)\nRoland SP-808EX E-Mix Studio (2000)\nBoss SP-303 (2001)\nBoss SP-505 (2002)\nRoland SP-606 (2004)\nRoland SP-404 (2005)\nBoss SP-555 (2008)\nRoland SP-404SX (2009)\nRoland SP-404A (2017)\nRoland SP-404MKII (2021)Being an early installment, the SP-202 has a limited number of features which were later improved and expanded on through future installments/upgrades of the SP lineage:8 large pads, 4 banks, two control knobs, with overall display and operation that was later enhanced with the Boss SP-303\nCompact, easy-to-use portable sampler—perfect for club DJs, hip-hop and dance music artists, and other sampling musicians\nInnovative BPM function calculates BPM from sample length for easy looping*\n6 built-in effects including Pitch Shift, Filter 1 & 2, Time Stretch, Delay, Ring Modulation\nSampling time — 4 min. 20 sec. internal, up to 37 min. using optional 5 volt SmartMedia card (2mb or 4mb supported)\nUser-selectable sampling grade programmable for each pad\nBuilt-in microphone for sampling any time, any place\nImport/export WAV/AIF via SmartMedia card slot\nRuns on battery or AC power","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fatboy Slim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatboy_Slim"},{"link_name":"Tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A number of musicians have used the SP-202 as part of their production and performance. Several artists include Fatboy Slim, as well as Tobacco.[5][6]","title":"Musicians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Future Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Music"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0967-0378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-0378"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1032779031","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032779031"}],"text":"\"Roland SP-404SX\". Future Music. No. 220. Future Publishing. ISSN 0967-0378. OCLC 1032779031.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Corporation, BOSS. \"BOSS - SP-202 - Dr. Sample\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rivett | David Rivett | ["1 Background and education","2 Career","3 Family","4 References","5 Further reading"] | Australian chemist and scientist (1885–1961)
"Albert Rivett" redirects here. For his father, the Congregational minister, see Albert Rivett (pastor).
SirDavid RivettKCMG FRS FAAGeorge Julius, David Rivett and Arnold RichardsonChairman of the CSIROIn office1 January 1946 – 18 May 1949Preceded byGeorge JuliusSucceeded byIan Clunies RossChief Executive of the CSIROIn office1 January 1927 – 31 December 1945Preceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byA E V Richardson
Personal detailsBornAlbert Cherbury David Rivett(1885-12-04)4 December 1885Died1 April 1961(1961-04-01) (aged 75)Alma materUniversity of MelbourneAwardsRhodes ScholarshipFellow of the Royal Society (1941) James Cook Medal (1953)
Sir Albert Cherbury David Rivett KCMG FRS FAA (4 December 1885 – 1 April 1961) was an Australian chemist and science administrator.
Background and education
Rivett was born at Port Esperance, Tasmania, Australia, a son of the Rev. Albert Rivett (1855–1934), a noted pacifist. His younger sisters included the children's library founders Elsie Rivett and Mary Matheson. He studied at Wesley College, Melbourne and the University of Melbourne, where he was a member of Queen's College, Melbourne, obtaining a Bachelor of Science degree in 1906 and a Doctor of Science degree in 1913. He was a Rhodes Scholar at Lincoln College, Oxford, where he did research under the supervision of Nevil Sidgwick in the laboratories of Magdalen College, Oxford. He was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree with First Class Honours in 1909, and a Bachelor of Science degree with First Class Honours in 1910.
Career
In 1910 Rivett spent six months at the Nobel Institute of Physical Chemistry at Stockholm working with the Director, Svante Arrhenius. In 1911 he returned to Australia as Lecturer in Chemistry at the University of Melbourne. On 11 November 1911 he married Stella Deakin, daughter of Alfred Deakin, a former Prime Minister of Australia. Stella, a research chemist, had first met David when both were students at the University of Melbourne.
In 1914 he was organising secretary of the 84th meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, with the committee chaired by David Orme Masson. This was the first time the meeting had been held outside the United Kingdom. Rivett left extensive archives of this meeting.
Rivett was away from Australia during World War I from 1915 to 1919. In August 1915 he accepted a commission in the Australian Army Medical Corps Reserve, but from 1917 he was involved in the production of pure ammonium nitrate, used for explosives, at the British munitions works at Swindon. The understanding gained there led to the publication in 1924 of The Phase Rule and the Study of Heterogeneous Equilibria, and to an appreciation of the value of fundamental research for industrial applications.
He became Associate Professor at the University of Melbourne in 1921 and succeeded Professor David Orme Masson, with whom he had previously worked, as Professor of Chemistry in 1924. From 1923 to 1927, he lived in what is now University House at the University of Melbourne.
He was Deputy chairman and chief executive officer, 'Council for Scientific and Industrial Research' (CSIR) from 1927 to 1946 and Chairman of the Council of the renamed Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) from 1946 to 1949.
In 1935 he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG). He became a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1941 and was a Foundation fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 1954. He served as president of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science from 1937 to 1939.
He died at Sydney in 1961.
The Australian Capital Territory suburb of Rivett is named after him.
Family
In 1911 he married Stella Deakin, second daughter of former Prime Minister of Australia Alfred Deakin. Sir David and Lady Rivett had two children: journalist Rohan Deakin Rivett (1917–1977) and academic economist Dr Kenneth Deakin Rivett (1923–2004).
References
^ a b Marston, H. R. (1966). "Albert Cherbury David Rivett 1885-1961". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 12: 437–455. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1966.0021.
^ Godden, Judith, "Elsie Grace Rivett (1887–1964)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 3 January 2024
^ Albert Cherbury David Rivett and the British Association for the Advancement of Science Australian Meeting, 1914 Guide to Records. austehc.unimelb.edu.au
^ University House. University of Melbourne. unihouse.org.au
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Rivett.
David Rivett: Fighter for Australian Science, Rohan Rivett, Melbourne, 1972.
Biographical entry, Encyclopaedia of Australian Science
Australian Dictionary of Biography
Biographical memoirs, Australian Academy of Science
CSIROpedia
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
Australia
Netherlands
People
Australia
Trove
Other
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Albert Rivett (1855–1934), a noted pacifist. His younger sisters included the children's library founders Elsie Rivett and Mary Matheson.[2] He studied at Wesley College, Melbourne and the University of Melbourne, where he was a member of Queen's College, Melbourne, obtaining a Bachelor of Science degree in 1906 and a Doctor of Science degree in 1913. He was a Rhodes Scholar at Lincoln College, Oxford, where he did research under the supervision of Nevil Sidgwick in the laboratories of Magdalen College, Oxford. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-market_companies | Middle-market company | ["1 In the United States","2 In Europe","3 Middle-market organizations","4 Investment banks","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | "Mid market" redirects here. For the neighborhood in San Francisco, see Mid-Market, San Francisco.
A middle-market or mid-market company is one that is larger than a small business and smaller than a big business. Different authorities use different metrics to compare company sizes — some look at revenue, others at either asset size or number of employees — with the result that different authorities give different definitions of the "middle market".
Definitions of the middle market are generally derived by dividing the United States economy into three categories: small business, middle-market, and big business. According to figures collected by the U.S. Census Bureau, the total revenue of all U.S. businesses in 2012 was roughly $32.6 trillion. The largest of these companies, which are big businesses with revenue of over $3 billion, make up roughly one-third of that total, and businesses with a revenue of under $100 million made up about another third of the total revenue. The middle market can thus be defined as the companies larger than small businesses but smaller than big businesses that account for the middle third of the U.S. economy's revenue.
Other authorities define middle-market firms differently. The National Center for the Middle Market at the Ohio State University Fisher College of Business as well as Dun & Bradstreet’s proprietary database of commercially-active U.S. firms define middle market businesses as those companies with revenues between $10 million and $1 billion per year. The definition is defined in reference to small businesses, which earn less than $10 million in annual revenue, and big business, which earn at least $1 billion in revenues and are generally the smallest eligible for a credit rating by one of the "major" credit-rating agencies. Investopedia considers middle market firms to be those with sizable annual revenues, ranging from $50 million to $1 billion, which straddle the market between smaller companies and billion-dollar giants.
In the United States
The 200,000 plus US-based mid-market companies are essential to America's economic success. They account for $10 trillion annually of the $30 trillion U.S. private sector gross receipts and 30 million jobs. If the U.S. middle market were a country, its GDP would rank it as the fourth-largest economy in the world.
In Europe
Mid-market companies—companies that are too big to be considered SMEs, but smaller than big, exchange listed businesses—play a key role in the UK and in the other top European economies.
According to an in depth report by ESSEC Business School and GE Capital, across the UK, Germany, France and Italy (the EU-4), the mid-market represents a relatively small number of companies (ranging from a low of 1.2% in Germany to 1.7% in France) and yet it generates about one third of private sector revenue and employs about a third of each country's workforce.
Combined, the middle market in the four European countries contributes €1.11 trillion ($1.48 trillion) to the EU-4 GDP. This makes the middle market in the EU-4 one of the top 10 economies in the world, ahead of India and Russia.
In the study, Professor Ashwin Malshe of ESSEC defined the middle market differently for each country. For example, Italy has 3.7 million firms with revenue of less than€5 million, while Germany has only 1.7 million companies this size this means that applying a single European or global definition of a mid-market firm is difficult. In the UK, mid-market firms are those with between £15m and £800m of annual revenues.
The average UK middle market firm has revenue of £78 million (€98 million) and employs 500 people, similar in size to its German counterparts but larger than the typical mid-market firm in France or Italy.
Middle-market organizations
Entities have evolved to serve businesses in the middle market, including for-profit and institutions of higher learning. In the latter category, the Graziadio School of Private Capital Markets at Pepperdine University produces quarterly and annual data on the middle market via their Private Capital Markets Project. Other entities include the Association for Corporate Growth (ACG), which provides a global community for mergers, acquisitions, and corporate growth professionals. ACG's stated objective is to drive middle-market growth.
ACG publishes Middle Market Growth online.
International alliances such as Alliott Group bring together independent local practices that offer professional services (accounting, tax and legal) to middle market companies targeting growth through expansion to the international marketplace.
Investment banks
Main article: Bulge Bracket § Middle Market
See also
Free float
List of finance topics
List of corporations by market capitalization
Market capitalization
References
^ "What is the "Middle Market" of Companies and What do They Have in Common?". December 2014.
^ "Why the Middle Market Matters – Now More Than Ever". CNBC. 26 September 2011.
^ "Why Business Is Booming For Mid-Market Companies". Forbes.
^ 2012 census data census.gov
^ "Fortune 500 2012 | Fortune".
^ "About the Mid-Market | CEO Connection".
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2013-01-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Middle Market Companies Playing a Vital Role in the U.S. Economy, According to New Research from American Express and Dun & Bradstreet". Archived from the original on 2016-02-16. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
^ "Middle Market Firm Definition".
^
NASDAQ Mid-Market Definition
^ "National Center for the Middle Market". Archived from the original on October 16, 2014.
^ "Private Capital Markets Project | Applied Research | Graziadio Business School | Pepperdine University". Archived from the original on 2015-11-27. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
^
"LEARN: Middle Market Voice". middlemarketvoice.org. ACG: Association for Corporate Growth. Retrieved 2014-10-10. ACG encourages the growth and development of middle-market companies by supporting policies that foster and incentivize private capital investment.
^ "Middle Market Growth | Official Publication of ACG". Middle Market Growth. June 19, 2023.
External links
Mid-Market Companies Predict Revenue, Hiring And Capital Spending Will Rise Next Year As Economy Improves: KPMG Survey
Deloitte says mid-market companies are using new technology to great advantage | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mid-Market, San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Market,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company"},{"link_name":"small business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business"},{"link_name":"big business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_business"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"revenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy"},{"link_name":"small business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business"},{"link_name":"big business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_business"},{"link_name":"Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"National Center for the Middle Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_the_Middle_Market"},{"link_name":"Fisher College of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_College_of_Business"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dun & Bradstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dun_%26_Bradstreet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"\"Mid market\" redirects here. For the neighborhood in San Francisco, see Mid-Market, San Francisco.A middle-market or mid-market company is one that is larger than a small business and smaller than a big business.[1][2] Different authorities use different metrics to compare company sizes — some look at revenue, others at either asset size or number of employees[3] — with the result that different authorities give different definitions of the \"middle market\".Definitions of the middle market are generally derived by dividing the United States economy into three categories: small business, middle-market, and big business. According to figures collected by the U.S. Census Bureau, the total revenue of all U.S. businesses in 2012 was roughly $32.6 trillion.[4] The largest of these companies, which are big businesses with revenue of over $3 billion,[5] make up roughly one-third of that total, and businesses with a revenue of under $100 million made up about another third of the total revenue. The middle market can thus be defined as the companies larger than small businesses but smaller than big businesses that account for the middle third of the U.S. economy's revenue.[6]Other authorities define middle-market firms differently. The National Center for the Middle Market at the Ohio State University Fisher College of Business[7] as well as Dun & Bradstreet’s proprietary database of commercially-active U.S. firms[8] define middle market businesses as those companies with revenues between $10 million and $1 billion per year. The definition is defined in reference to small businesses, which earn less than $10 million in annual revenue, and big business, which earn at least $1 billion in revenues and are generally the smallest eligible for a credit rating by one of the \"major\" credit-rating agencies. Investopedia considers middle market firms to be those with sizable annual revenues, ranging from $50 million to $1 billion,[9] which straddle the market between smaller companies and billion-dollar giants.","title":"Middle-market company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_sector"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"GDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The 200,000 plus US-based mid-market companies are essential to America's economic success. They account for $10 trillion annually of the $30 trillion U.S. private sector gross receipts and 30 million jobs.[10] If the U.S. middle market were a country, its GDP would rank it as the fourth-largest economy in the world.[11]","title":"In the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SMEs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprises"},{"link_name":"ESSEC Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESSEC_Business_School"},{"link_name":"GE Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Capital"}],"text":"Mid-market companies—companies that are too big to be considered SMEs, but smaller than big, exchange listed businesses—play a key role in the UK and in the other top European economies.According to an in depth report by ESSEC Business School and GE Capital, across the UK, Germany, France and Italy (the EU-4), the mid-market represents a relatively small number of companies (ranging from a low of 1.2% in Germany to 1.7% in France) and yet it generates about one third of private sector revenue and employs about a third of each country's workforce.\nCombined, the middle market in the four European countries contributes €1.11 trillion ($1.48 trillion) to the EU-4 GDP. This makes the middle market in the EU-4 one of the top 10 economies in the world, ahead of India and Russia.In the study, Professor Ashwin Malshe of ESSEC defined the middle market differently for each country. For example, Italy has 3.7 million firms with revenue of less than€5 million, while Germany has only 1.7 million companies this size this means that applying a single European or global definition of a mid-market firm is difficult. In the UK, mid-market firms are those with between £15m and £800m of annual revenues.The average UK middle market firm has revenue of £78 million (€98 million) and employs 500 people, similar in size to its German counterparts but larger than the typical mid-market firm in France or Italy.","title":"In Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Association for Corporate Growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Corporate_Growth"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Alliott Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliott_Group"}],"text":"Entities have evolved to serve businesses in the middle market, including for-profit and institutions of higher learning. In the latter category, the Graziadio School of Private Capital Markets at Pepperdine University produces quarterly and annual data on the middle market via their Private Capital Markets Project.[12] Other entities include the Association for Corporate Growth (ACG), which provides a global community for mergers, acquisitions, and corporate growth professionals. ACG's stated objective is to drive middle-market growth.[13]\nACG publishes Middle Market Growth online.[14]\nInternational alliances such as Alliott Group bring together independent local practices that offer professional services (accounting, tax and legal) to middle market companies targeting growth through expansion to the international marketplace.","title":"Middle-market organizations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Investment banks"}] | [] | [{"title":"Free float","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_float"},{"title":"List of finance topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_finance_topics"},{"title":"List of corporations by market capitalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_corporations_by_market_capitalization"},{"title":"Market capitalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization"}] | [{"reference":"\"What is the \"Middle Market\" of Companies and What do They Have in Common?\". December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://chrismercer.net/middle-market-companies","url_text":"\"What is the \"Middle Market\" of Companies and What do They Have in Common?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why the Middle Market Matters – Now More Than Ever\". CNBC. 26 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/id/44639661","url_text":"\"Why the Middle Market Matters – Now More Than Ever\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC","url_text":"CNBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Business Is Booming For Mid-Market Companies\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/sage/2014/06/25/why-business-is-booming-for-mid-market-companies/#297fb2c8c35b","url_text":"\"Why Business Is Booming For Mid-Market Companies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"Fortune 500 2012 | Fortune\".","urls":[{"url":"http://fortune.com/fortune500/2012","url_text":"\"Fortune 500 2012 | Fortune\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Mid-Market | CEO Connection\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ceoconnection.com/about-the-mid-market/","url_text":"\"About the Mid-Market | CEO Connection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2013-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016014325/https://fisher.osu.edu/blogs/middlemarket/files/2012/01/Middle_Market_Research.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://fisher.osu.edu/blogs/middlemarket/files/2012/01/Middle_Market_Research.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Middle Market Companies Playing a Vital Role in the U.S. Economy, According to New Research from American Express and Dun & Bradstreet\". Archived from the original on 2016-02-16. Retrieved 2016-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160216143150/http://about.americanexpress.com/news/pr/2015/middle-market-companies-vital-u-s.aspx","url_text":"\"Middle Market Companies Playing a Vital Role in the U.S. Economy, According to New Research from American Express and Dun & Bradstreet\""},{"url":"http://about.americanexpress.com/news/pr/2015/middle-market-companies-vital-u-s.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Middle Market Firm Definition\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/middle-market-firms.asp","url_text":"\"Middle Market Firm Definition\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Center for the Middle Market\". Archived from the original on October 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016014241/https://fisher.osu.edu/blogs/middlemarket/knowledge-center/research-reports/","url_text":"\"National Center for the Middle Market\""},{"url":"https://fisher.osu.edu/blogs/middlemarket/knowledge-center/research-reports/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Private Capital Markets Project | Applied Research | Graziadio Business School | Pepperdine University\". Archived from the original on 2015-11-27. Retrieved 2015-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151127170631/http://bschool.pepperdine.edu/about/people/faculty/appliedresearch/research/pcmsurvey/","url_text":"\"Private Capital Markets Project | Applied Research | Graziadio Business School | Pepperdine University\""},{"url":"http://bschool.pepperdine.edu/about/people/faculty/appliedresearch/research/pcmsurvey/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"LEARN: Middle Market Voice\". middlemarketvoice.org. ACG: Association for Corporate Growth. Retrieved 2014-10-10. ACG encourages the growth and development of middle-market companies by supporting policies that foster and incentivize private capital investment.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.middlemarketvoice.org/?page_id=2","url_text":"\"LEARN: Middle Market Voice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Middle Market Growth | Official Publication of ACG\". Middle Market Growth. June 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://middlemarketgrowth.org/","url_text":"\"Middle Market Growth | Official Publication of ACG\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://chrismercer.net/middle-market-companies","external_links_name":"\"What is the \"Middle Market\" of Companies and What do They Have in Common?\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/id/44639661","external_links_name":"\"Why the Middle Market Matters – Now More Than Ever\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/sage/2014/06/25/why-business-is-booming-for-mid-market-companies/#297fb2c8c35b","external_links_name":"\"Why Business Is Booming For Mid-Market Companies\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/econ/susb/data/2012/us_6digitnaics_r_2012.xlsx","external_links_name":"2012 census data"},{"Link":"http://fortune.com/fortune500/2012","external_links_name":"\"Fortune 500 2012 | Fortune\""},{"Link":"https://www.ceoconnection.com/about-the-mid-market/","external_links_name":"\"About the Mid-Market | CEO Connection\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016014325/https://fisher.osu.edu/blogs/middlemarket/files/2012/01/Middle_Market_Research.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"https://fisher.osu.edu/blogs/middlemarket/files/2012/01/Middle_Market_Research.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160216143150/http://about.americanexpress.com/news/pr/2015/middle-market-companies-vital-u-s.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Middle Market Companies Playing a Vital Role in the U.S. Economy, According to New Research from American Express and Dun & Bradstreet\""},{"Link":"http://about.americanexpress.com/news/pr/2015/middle-market-companies-vital-u-s.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/middle-market-firms.asp","external_links_name":"\"Middle Market Firm Definition\""},{"Link":"http://ir.nasdaq.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=833215/","external_links_name":"NASDAQ Mid-Market Definition"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016014241/https://fisher.osu.edu/blogs/middlemarket/knowledge-center/research-reports/","external_links_name":"\"National Center for the Middle Market\""},{"Link":"https://fisher.osu.edu/blogs/middlemarket/knowledge-center/research-reports/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151127170631/http://bschool.pepperdine.edu/about/people/faculty/appliedresearch/research/pcmsurvey/","external_links_name":"\"Private Capital Markets Project | Applied Research | Graziadio Business School | Pepperdine University\""},{"Link":"http://bschool.pepperdine.edu/about/people/faculty/appliedresearch/research/pcmsurvey/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.middlemarketvoice.org/?page_id=2","external_links_name":"\"LEARN: Middle Market Voice\""},{"Link":"https://middlemarketgrowth.org/","external_links_name":"\"Middle Market Growth | Official Publication of ACG\""},{"Link":"http://www.kpmg.com/us/en/issuesandinsights/articlespublications/press-releases/pages/mid--market-companies-predict-revenue,-hiring-and-capital-spending-will-rise-next-year-as-economy-improves-kpmg-survey.aspx","external_links_name":"Mid-Market Companies Predict Revenue, Hiring And Capital Spending Will Rise Next Year As Economy Improves: KPMG Survey"},{"Link":"http://normanmarks.wordpress.com/2013/09/04/deloitte-says-mid-market-companies-are-using-new-technology-to-great-advantage/","external_links_name":"Deloitte says mid-market companies are using new technology to great advantage"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G._Boulenger | Edward George Boulenger | ["1 Publications","2 References","3 External links"] | British zoologist
Edward George Boulenger (8 May 1888 – 30 April 1946) was a British zoologist and longtime director of the London Zoo aquarium.
Boulenger was the son of herpetologist and ichthyologist George Albert Boulenger. He was educated at St. Paul's School, and became curator at the reptile house in London Zoo in 1911, a position he held for 13 years. During World War I he served as an observer in the balloon section of the Royal Flying Corps. In 1924 he became director of the newly opened seawater and freshwater aquarium of the Zoological Society of London, whose design and construction he had actively supported since 1921. In 1943 he resigned from his directorship.
Like his father, Boulenger was fluent in both French and German. This benefited him when he made several trips to mainland Europe to make new acquisitions for the reptile house and the aquarium. Furthermore, Boulenger worked as an author.
Publications
Reptiles and Batrachians (1914)
A Naturalist at the Dinner Table (1927)
A Naturalist at the Zoo (1927)
Animal Mysteries (1927)
The Under-Water World (1928)
Fishes (1931)
The Aquarium (1933)
Apes and Monkeys (1936)
A Natural History of the Seas (1936)
Searchlight on Animals (1936)
References
Vevers, Geoffrey M. (1946). "Mr. E. G. Boulenger". Nature. 157 (3996): 724. doi:10.1038/157724a0.
"Boulenger, Edward George". Who Was Who. Oxford University Press. 2014.
External links
Works by or about Edward George Boulenger at Internet Archive
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Japan
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Other
IdRef
This article about a British zoologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Zoo"},{"link_name":"George Albert Boulenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Albert_Boulenger"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London"},{"link_name":"London Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"Zoological Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London"}],"text":"Edward George Boulenger (8 May 1888 – 30 April 1946) was a British zoologist and longtime director of the London Zoo aquarium.Boulenger was the son of herpetologist and ichthyologist George Albert Boulenger. He was educated at St. Paul's School, and became curator at the reptile house in London Zoo in 1911, a position he held for 13 years. During World War I he served as an observer in the balloon section of the Royal Flying Corps. In 1924 he became director of the newly opened seawater and freshwater aquarium of the Zoological Society of London, whose design and construction he had actively supported since 1921. In 1943 he resigned from his directorship.Like his father, Boulenger was fluent in both French and German. This benefited him when he made several trips to mainland Europe to make new acquisitions for the reptile house and the aquarium. Furthermore, Boulenger worked as an author.","title":"Edward George Boulenger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animal Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001998343"},{"link_name":"A Natural History of the Seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof00boul"}],"text":"Reptiles and Batrachians (1914)\nA Naturalist at the Dinner Table (1927)\nA Naturalist at the Zoo (1927)\nAnimal Mysteries (1927)\nThe Under-Water World (1928)\nFishes (1931)\nThe Aquarium (1933)\nApes and Monkeys (1936)\nA Natural History of the Seas (1936)\nSearchlight on Animals (1936)","title":"Publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Vevers, Geoffrey M. (1946). \"Mr. E. G. Boulenger\". Nature. 157 (3996): 724. doi:10.1038/157724a0.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F157724a0","url_text":"\"Mr. E. G. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%9D%8E | X mark | ["1 Unicode","2 See also","3 Footnotes"] | Symbol denoting 'no' or 'incorrect'
Not to be confused with Crossmark, CrossMark, or Mark X.
An x mark marking the spot of the wrecked Whydah Gally in Cape Cod
An X mark (also known as an ex mark or a cross mark or simply an X or ex or a cross) is used to indicate the concept of negation (for example "no, this has not been verified", "no, that is not the correct answer" or "no, I do not agree") as well as an indicator (for example, in election ballot papers or in maps as an x-marks-the-spot). Its opposite is often considered to be the O mark used in Japan and Korea or the check mark used in the West. In Japanese, the X mark (❌) is called "batsu" (ばつ) and can be expressed by someone by crossing their arms.
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
It is also used as a replacement for a signature for a person who is blind or illiterate and thus cannot write their name. Typically, the writing of an X used for this purpose must be witnessed to be valid.
Contrary to the negation or negative perception delegated to the letter X, there is a significant resilience in the usage displayed by the letter's placement. This unique letter is also recognized as the symbol of multiplicity, the Roman numerical symbol for 10, and also the mark of a forgotten treasure. As a verb, to X (or ex) off/out or to cross off/out means to add such a mark. It is quite common, especially on printed forms and document, for there to be squares in which to place x marks, or interchangeably checks.
It is traditionally used on maps to indicate locations, most famously on treasure maps. It is also used as a set of three to mark jugs of moonshine for having completed all distillation steps, while additionally signifying its potency (as high as 150 proof) relative to legal spirits, which rarely exceed 80 proof (40% ABV).
Among Native Americans in the 18th and 19th centuries, the X mark was used as a signature to denote presence or approval, particularly regarding agreements and treaties.
In the 21st century, the X mark started to be used to indicate collaborations between fashion brands.
Unicode
Unicode provides various related symbols, including:
Symbol
Unicode Code point (hex)
Name
☐
U+2610
BALLOT BOX (checkbox)
☒
U+2612
BALLOT BOX WITH X (square with cross)
✗
U+2717
BALLOT X (cross)
✘
U+2718
HEAVY BALLOT X (bold cross)
The mark is generally rendered with a less symmetrical form than the following cross-shaped symbols:
Symbol
Unicode Code point (hex)
Name
X
U+0058
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X
x
U+0078
LATIN SMALL LETTER X
×
U+00D7
MULTIPLICATION SIGN (z notation Cartesian product)
Χ
U+03A7
GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI
χ
U+03C7
GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI
Х
U+0425
CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HA
х
U+0445
CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA
╳
U+2573
BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL CROSS
☓
U+2613
SALTIRE (St Andrew's Cross)
✕
U+2715
MULTIPLICATION X
✖
U+2716
HEAVY MULTIPLICATION X
❌
U+274C
CROSS MARK
❎
U+274E
NEGATIVE SQUARED CROSS MARK
⨉
U+2A09
N-ARY TIMES OPERATOR
⨯
U+2A2F
VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT
𝑥
U+1D465
MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL X
𝓍
U+1D4CD
MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL X
🗙
U+1F5D9
CANCELLATION X
🗴
U+1F5F4
BALLOT SCRIPT X
🞨
U+1F7A8
THIN SALTIRE
🞩
U+1F7A9
LIGHT SALTIRE
🞪
U+1F7AA
MEDIUM SALTIRE
🞫
U+1F7AB
BOLD SALTIRE
🞬
U+1F7AC
HEAVY SALTIRE
🞭
U+1F7AD
VERY HEAVY SALTIRE
🞮
U+1F7AE
EXTREMELY HEAVY SALTIRE
See also
List of international common standards
Single-letter second-level domain
Saltire
Dagger (typography) † ‡
Tally marks
Check mark ✓
No symbol ⃠
Mathematics
Multiplication sign
Cartesian product
Cross product
Subcultures
Straight edge
Footnotes
^ "What is Maru Batsu?". genkienglish.net. Retrieved 2016-07-23.
^ "Notarizing for Blind and Illiterate Individuals". American Association of Notaries. December 2, 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
^ "Definition of X at Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Inc. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
^ Lyons, Scott Richard. X-Marks: Native Signatures of Assent. NED-New edition, University of Minnesota Press, 2010. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttt4rt . Accessed 9 Dec. 2023.
^ Yotka, Steff (4 Dec 2018). "When Every Brand Has a Collaboration, How Do You Make Yours Stand Out? Here Are 10 Lessons for 2019". Vogue. Retrieved 31 May 2024. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crossmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossmark"},{"link_name":"CrossMark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrossMark"},{"link_name":"Mark X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_X_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uida_mapa.jpg"},{"link_name":"wrecked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipwreck"},{"link_name":"Whydah Gally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whydah_Gally"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod"},{"link_name":"ballot papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot"},{"link_name":"maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map"},{"link_name":"x-marks-the-spot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_marks_the_spot_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"O mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marujirushi"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"check mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_mark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"special characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters"},{"link_name":"question marks, boxes, or other symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character"},{"link_name":"signature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signature"},{"link_name":"illiterate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illiterate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"treasure maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_map"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"moonshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonshine"},{"link_name":"proof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_proof"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vogue1-5"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Crossmark, CrossMark, or Mark X.An x mark marking the spot of the wrecked Whydah Gally in Cape CodAn X mark (also known as an ex mark or a cross mark or simply an X or ex or a cross) is used to indicate the concept of negation (for example \"no, this has not been verified\", \"no, that is not the correct answer\" or \"no, I do not agree\") as well as an indicator (for example, in election ballot papers or in maps as an x-marks-the-spot). Its opposite is often considered to be the O mark used in Japan and Korea or the check mark used in the West. In Japanese, the X mark (❌) is called \"batsu\" (ばつ) and can be expressed by someone by crossing their arms.[1]This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.It is also used as a replacement for a signature for a person who is blind or illiterate and thus cannot write their name.[2] Typically, the writing of an X used for this purpose must be witnessed to be valid.Contrary to the negation or negative perception delegated to the letter X, there is a significant resilience in the usage displayed by the letter's placement. This unique letter is also recognized as the symbol of multiplicity, the Roman numerical symbol for 10, and also the mark of a forgotten treasure. As a verb, to X (or ex)[3] off/out or to cross off/out means to add such a mark. It is quite common, especially on printed forms and document, for there to be squares in which to place x marks, or interchangeably checks.It is traditionally used on maps to indicate locations, most famously on treasure maps.[citation needed] It is also used as a set of three to mark jugs of moonshine for having completed all distillation steps, while additionally signifying its potency (as high as 150 proof) relative to legal spirits, which rarely exceed 80 proof (40% ABV).Among Native Americans in the 18th and 19th centuries, the X mark was used as a signature to denote presence or approval, particularly regarding agreements and treaties.[4]In the 21st century, the X mark started to be used to indicate collaborations between fashion brands.[5]","title":"X mark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"}],"text":"Unicode provides various related symbols, including:The mark is generally rendered with a less symmetrical form than the following cross-shaped symbols:","title":"Unicode"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"What is Maru Batsu?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//genkienglish.net/marubatsu.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Notarizing for Blind and Illiterate Individuals\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.notarypublicstamps.com/blog/2013/12/notarizing-blind-illiterate-individuals/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Definition of X at Merriam-Webster\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/x"},{"link_name":"Merriam-Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttt4rt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttt4rt"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vogue1_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"When Every Brand Has a Collaboration, How Do You Make Yours Stand Out? Here Are 10 Lessons for 2019\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vogue.com/article/best-fashion-collaborations-brand-lessons"}],"text":"^ \"What is Maru Batsu?\". genkienglish.net. Retrieved 2016-07-23.\n\n^ \"Notarizing for Blind and Illiterate Individuals\". American Association of Notaries. December 2, 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2014.\n\n^ \"Definition of X at Merriam-Webster\". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Inc. Retrieved 26 February 2014.\n\n^ Lyons, Scott Richard. X-Marks: Native Signatures of Assent. NED-New edition, University of Minnesota Press, 2010. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttt4rt . Accessed 9 Dec. 2023.\n\n^ Yotka, Steff (4 Dec 2018). \"When Every Brand Has a Collaboration, How Do You Make Yours Stand Out? Here Are 10 Lessons for 2019\". Vogue. Retrieved 31 May 2024.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [{"image_text":"An x mark marking the spot of the wrecked Whydah Gally in Cape Cod","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Uida_mapa.jpg/220px-Uida_mapa.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of international common standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_common_standards"},{"title":"Single-letter second-level domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-letter_second-level_domain"},{"title":"Saltire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltire"},{"title":"Dagger (typography)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagger_(typography)"},{"title":"Tally marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tally_marks"},{"title":"Check mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_mark"},{"title":"No symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_symbol"},{"title":"Multiplication sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication_sign"},{"title":"Cartesian product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_product"},{"title":"Cross product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_product"},{"title":"Straight edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_edge"}] | [{"reference":"\"What is Maru Batsu?\". genkienglish.net. Retrieved 2016-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://genkienglish.net/marubatsu.htm","url_text":"\"What is Maru Batsu?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notarizing for Blind and Illiterate Individuals\". American Association of Notaries. December 2, 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.notarypublicstamps.com/blog/2013/12/notarizing-blind-illiterate-individuals/","url_text":"\"Notarizing for Blind and Illiterate Individuals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Definition of X at Merriam-Webster\". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Inc. Retrieved 26 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/x","url_text":"\"Definition of X at Merriam-Webster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster","url_text":"Merriam-Webster"}]},{"reference":"Yotka, Steff (4 Dec 2018). \"When Every Brand Has a Collaboration, How Do You Make Yours Stand Out? Here Are 10 Lessons for 2019\". Vogue. Retrieved 31 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.com/article/best-fashion-collaborations-brand-lessons","url_text":"\"When Every Brand Has a Collaboration, How Do You Make Yours Stand Out? Here Are 10 Lessons for 2019\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://genkienglish.net/marubatsu.htm","external_links_name":"\"What is Maru Batsu?\""},{"Link":"http://www.notarypublicstamps.com/blog/2013/12/notarizing-blind-illiterate-individuals/","external_links_name":"\"Notarizing for Blind and Illiterate Individuals\""},{"Link":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/x","external_links_name":"\"Definition of X at Merriam-Webster\""},{"Link":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttt4rt","external_links_name":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttt4rt"},{"Link":"https://www.vogue.com/article/best-fashion-collaborations-brand-lessons","external_links_name":"\"When Every Brand Has a Collaboration, How Do You Make Yours Stand Out? Here Are 10 Lessons for 2019\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_cause:_an_introduction_to_a_different_Israeli_history | The Jewish Cause: An Introduction to a Different Israeli History | ["1 External links","2 Footnotes"] | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Jewish Cause: An Introduction to a Different Israeli History AuthorMoshe BerentLanguageHebrewSeriesInterpretation and Culture, edited by Prof. Avi SagiSubjectJewish historyGenreHistorical researchPublisherCarmel Publishing HousePublication date2019Publication placeIsraelPages479
The Jewish Cause: An Introduction to a Different Israeli History is the second book by Moshe Berent. The book was published in Hebrew in 2019 in Jerusalem in a series of books "Interpretation and Culture" in Carmel Publishing House, edited by Prof. Avi Sagi. The book expands on the themes of Berent's earlier book "A people like all the peoples - towards the establishment of an Israeli republic" in an attempt to answer the questions regarding the Labor leadership of the Zionist movement:
To what extent did it aspire to a Jewish state?
Was it interested in the mass immigration of European Jews to the Land of Israel between the two world wars?
To what extent did it act to rescue Jews during the Holocaust?
The book goes against some accepted assumptions in Zionist historiography and in the Israeli public. The Zionist movement was founded by Theodor Herzl as a movement for the "Jewish cause," that is, the solution of the Jewish Question in Europe through the mass migration of Jews to a Jewish nation-state. With the death of Herzl and after the Uganda Scheme crisis, there was a change in the Zionist leadership's perception of the movement's goals. It was no longer perceived as responsible for the "Jewish cause", but as a project for the slow construction of the Land of Israel as a "spiritual center" or as an "exemplary society", designed to be populated, at least in the foreseeable future, with a limited Jewish elite, while most of the Jewish people stay in the diaspora, with all the implications.
Thus, the fact that on the eve of World War II there was no Jewish state, as well as the fact that the Yishuv numbered only 450,000 people, were not only as a result of British and Arab opposition, but mainly of the policy of the Zionist movement, which dragged its feet regarding the establishment of a state, and opposed mass Jewish immigration for fear that it would harm the "exemplary society" it wanted to create in the country.
Since the Zionist movement did not consider itself responsible for the "Jewish cause", it also did not consider itself responsible for the fate of European Jewry. It did not act forcefully and decisively to save Jews in the Holocaust, thus missing many opportunities - which had tragic consequences.
External links
About the book, on the website Magnes Publishing (in Hebrew)
A seminar at the Open University on the occasion of the publication of the book, 26 November 2019 (in Hebrew)
The podcast of "Big History, Small Details" hosts Berent in a discussion of the Zionist project, the Jewish presence in the Middle East, the Holocaust and the connection between them, episode 84, uploaded on December 25, 2019: Apple, Soundcloud, Podtail (in Hebrew)
About the book, in Segula Magazine for Jewish History, published on March 16, 2020 (in Hebrew)
Critique of the book by Dr. Eyal Levin in "National Resilience, Politics and Society" Magazine, Issue 2 / No. 1 / Spring 2020, published by Ariel University (in Hebrew)
The Jewish cause: an introduction to a different Israeli history, at the OCLC website (in English)
Footnotes
^ "The Jewish cause: an introduction to a different Israeli history". 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The book was published in Hebrew in 2019 in Jerusalem in a series of books \"Interpretation and Culture\" in Carmel Publishing House, edited by Prof. Avi Sagi. The book expands on the themes of Berent's earlier book \"A people like all the peoples - towards the establishment of an Israeli republic\" in an attempt to answer the questions regarding the Labor leadership of the Zionist movement:To what extent did it aspire to a Jewish state?\nWas it interested in the mass immigration of European Jews to the Land of Israel between the two world wars?\nTo what extent did it act to rescue Jews during the Holocaust?The book goes against some accepted assumptions in Zionist historiography and in the Israeli public. The Zionist movement was founded by Theodor Herzl as a movement for the \"Jewish cause,\" that is, the solution of the Jewish Question in Europe through the mass migration of Jews to a Jewish nation-state. With the death of Herzl and after the Uganda Scheme crisis, there was a change in the Zionist leadership's perception of the movement's goals. It was no longer perceived as responsible for the \"Jewish cause\", but as a project for the slow construction of the Land of Israel as a \"spiritual center\" or as an \"exemplary society\", designed to be populated, at least in the foreseeable future, with a limited Jewish elite, while most of the Jewish people stay in the diaspora, with all the implications.Thus, the fact that on the eve of World War II there was no Jewish state, as well as the fact that the Yishuv numbered only 450,000 people, were not only as a result of British and Arab opposition, but mainly of the policy of the Zionist movement, which dragged its feet regarding the establishment of a state, and opposed mass Jewish immigration for fear that it would harm the \"exemplary society\" it wanted to create in the country.Since the Zionist movement did not consider itself responsible for the \"Jewish cause\", it also did not consider itself responsible for the fate of European Jewry. It did not act forcefully and decisively to save Jews in the Holocaust, thus missing many opportunities - which had tragic consequences.[1]","title":"The Jewish Cause: An Introduction to a Different Israeli History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Jewish cause: an introduction to a different Israeli history\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH005292101/NLI"}],"text":"^ \"The Jewish cause: an introduction to a different Israeli history\". The National Library of Israel (in Hebrew).","title":"Footnotes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Jewish cause: an introduction to a different Israeli history\". The National Library of Israel (in Hebrew).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH005292101/NLI","url_text":"\"The Jewish cause: an introduction to a different Israeli history\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.magnespress.co.il/book/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D-5997","external_links_name":"About the book"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLEMOEwdRMCaluQrzjh7wCImVbdjK1irwf","external_links_name":"A seminar at the Open University on the occasion of the publication of the book"},{"Link":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/84-%D7%93-%D7%A8-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98-%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94/id1402508798?i=1000460734814","external_links_name":"Apple"},{"Link":"https://soundcloud.com/historia-il/moshebernet","external_links_name":"Soundcloud"},{"Link":"https://podtail.com/podcast/--131/-84/","external_links_name":"Podtail"},{"Link":"https://herzl.haifa.ac.il/images/Item_31267259_20200319101910.pdf","external_links_name":"About the book"},{"Link":"https://www.ariel.ac.il/wp/nrps/wp-content/uploads/sites/145/2020/06/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F.pdf","external_links_name":"Critique of the book by Dr. Eyal Levin"},{"Link":"http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1118474970","external_links_name":"The Jewish cause: an introduction to a different Israeli history"},{"Link":"https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH005292101/NLI","external_links_name":"\"The Jewish cause: an introduction to a different Israeli history\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokai_Monsters:_Along_with_Ghosts | Yokai Monsters: Along with Ghosts | ["1 Plot","2 Release","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"] | 1969 film by Kimiyoshi Yasuda and Yoshiyuki Kuroda
Yokai Monsters: Along with GhostsTheatrical release posterJapanese nameKanji東海道お化け道中TranscriptionsRevised HepburnTōkaidō Obake Dōchū
Directed byKimiyoshi YasudaYoshiyuki KurodaScreenplay byTetsurō YoshidaBased onFolk tales of Momotarō, and The Great Yokai War by Shigeru MizukiStarring
Kojiro Hongo
Pepe Hozumi
Masami Burukido
CinematographyHiroshi ImaiEdited byToshio TaniguchiMusic byChumei WatanabeProductioncompanyDaiei FilmDistributed byDaiei International FilmsRunning time78 minutesCountryJapanLanguageJapanese
Yokai Monsters: Along with Ghosts (Japanese: 東海道お化け道中, Hepburn: Tōkaidō Obake Dōchū, lit. The Haunted Journey Along Tokaido) is a 1969 Japanese fantasy horror film directed by Kimiyoshi Yasuda and Yoshiyuki Kuroda. It is the third in a trilogy of films produced in the late 1960s, all of which focus around traditional Japanese monsters known as yōkai.
Plot
When a criminal boss Higuruma kills his rival and a witness, an old man who tried to protect a sacred site, he believes a young girl in the old man's care, Miyo, was also a witness and escaped with the evidence of his criminal activity. Higuruma and his men hunt down Miyo as she tries to find her missing father with the help of a swordsman, Hyakasuro, while the boss and his men are haunted by the curse of the yokai of the land they desecrated.
Release
Yokai Monsters: Along with Ghosts was released in Japan on March 21, 1969. It was released in the United States by Daiei International Films with English subtitles in 1969. The film set for a 4K DVD and Blu-ray release by Kadokawa in August 18. The Blu-ray will also be packaged with Yokai Monsters: 100 Monsters and Yokai Monsters: Spook Warfare in a box set due on September 24.
References
^ Papp 2009, p. 227.
^ a b Galbraith IV 1996, p. 101.
^ Papp 2009, p. 229.
^ Galbraith IV 1996, p. 102.
^ a b "【Amazon.co.jp限定】妖怪百物語 4K修復版(2枚組)(大映妖怪三部作購入特典:復刻版「5円引きブロマイド」10枚セット引換シリアルコード付き) ※特典引き換えには対象3作品の購入が必要です※". Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
Bibliography
Galbraith IV, Stuart (1996). The Japanese Filmography: 1900 through 1994. McFarland. ISBN 0786400323.
Papp, Zilia (2009-11-11). "Monsters at War: The Great Yōkai Wars, 1968-2005". Mechademia. 4 (War/Time): 225–239. doi:10.1353/mec.0.0073. JSTOR 41510938. S2CID 52229518.
External links
Yokai Monsters: Along with Ghosts at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Kimiyoshi Yasuda
The Young Swordsman (1954)
The Dancer and Two Warriors (1955)
The Young Lord (1955)
29-nin no Kenka-jō (1957)
Suzunosuke Akado: Defeat the Demon-Faced Gang (1957)
Suzunosuke Akado: The Vacuum Slash of Asuka (1957)
Suzunosuke Akado: The One-Legged Demon (1957)
Hanataro Jumon (1958)
Kaidan Kasane-ga-fuchi (1960)
Zatoichi on the Road (1963)
Adventures of Zatoichi (1964)
Daimajin (1966)
Zatoichi's Cane Sword (1967)
Yokai Monsters: 100 Monsters (1968)
Zatoichi and the Fugitives (1968)
Yokai Monsters: Along with Ghosts (1969)
Kaidan Kasane-ga-fuchi (1970)
Zatoichi and the One-Armed Swordsman (1971)
Zatoichi's Conspiracy (1973)
This article related to a Japanese film of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_film"},{"link_name":"horror film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"Kimiyoshi Yasuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiyoshi_Yasuda"},{"link_name":"Yoshiyuki Kuroda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiyuki_Kuroda"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith_IV1996101-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapp2009229-3"},{"link_name":"trilogy of films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokai_Monsters"},{"link_name":"yōkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai"}],"text":"Yokai Monsters: Along with Ghosts (Japanese: 東海道お化け道中, Hepburn: Tōkaidō Obake Dōchū, lit. The Haunted Journey Along Tokaido) is a 1969 Japanese fantasy horror film directed by Kimiyoshi Yasuda and Yoshiyuki Kuroda.[2] It is the third[3] in a trilogy of films produced in the late 1960s, all of which focus around traditional Japanese monsters known as yōkai.","title":"Yokai Monsters: Along with Ghosts"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"When a criminal boss Higuruma kills his rival and a witness, an old man who tried to protect a sacred site, he believes a young girl in the old man's care, Miyo, was also a witness and escaped with the evidence of his criminal activity. Higuruma and his men hunt down Miyo as she tries to find her missing father with the help of a swordsman, Hyakasuro, while the boss and his men are haunted by the curse of the yokai of the land they desecrated.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith_IV1996101-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith_IV1996102-4"},{"link_name":"Kadokawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadokawa_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kadokawa_Blu-ray-5"},{"link_name":"Yokai Monsters: 100 Monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokai_Monsters:_100_Monsters"},{"link_name":"Yokai Monsters: Spook Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokai_Monsters:_Spook_Warfare"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kadokawa_Blu-ray-5"}],"text":"Yokai Monsters: Along with Ghosts was released in Japan on March 21, 1969.[2] It was released in the United States by Daiei International Films with English subtitles in 1969.[4] The film set for a 4K DVD and Blu-ray release by Kadokawa in August 18.[5] The Blu-ray will also be packaged with Yokai Monsters: 100 Monsters and Yokai Monsters: Spook Warfare in a box set due on September 24.[5]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0786400323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786400323"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/mec.0.0073","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fmec.0.0073"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41510938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41510938"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"52229518","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52229518"}],"text":"Galbraith IV, Stuart (1996). The Japanese Filmography: 1900 through 1994. McFarland. ISBN 0786400323.\nPapp, Zilia (2009-11-11). \"Monsters at War: The Great Yōkai Wars, 1968-2005\". Mechademia. 4 (War/Time): 225–239. doi:10.1353/mec.0.0073. JSTOR 41510938. S2CID 52229518.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"【Amazon.co.jp限定】妖怪百物語 4K修復版(2枚組)(大映妖怪三部作購入特典:復刻版「5円引きブロマイド」10枚セット引換シリアルコード付き) ※特典引き換えには対象3作品の購入が必要です※[Blu-ray]\". Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved 15 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/-/en/dp/B096VK7V61/ref=sr_1_5?dchild=1&keywords=%E5%A6%96%E6%80%AA%E7%99%BE%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E&qid=1623363032&rnid=2321267051&s=dvd&sr=1-5","url_text":"\"【Amazon.co.jp限定】妖怪百物語 4K修復版(2枚組)(大映妖怪三部作購入特典:復刻版「5円引きブロマイド」10枚セット引換シリアルコード付き) ※特典引き換えには対象3作品の購入が必要です※[Blu-ray]\""}]},{"reference":"Galbraith IV, Stuart (1996). The Japanese Filmography: 1900 through 1994. McFarland. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_(talk_show) | Gabrielle (talk show) | ["1 References"] | American TV series or program
GabriellePresented byGabrielle CarterisCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1ProductionRunning time60 minutesProduction company20th TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkSyndicationReleaseSeptember 11, 1995 (1995-09-11) –June 19, 1996 (1996-06-19)
Gabrielle is a daytime talk show which was hosted by actress Gabrielle Carteris, and aired from 1995 to 1996. Carteris was offered the gig by 20th Television after wanting a career change.
References
^ CARMAN, JOHN (September 1, 1995). "JOHN CARMAN on TELEVISION -- New Talk Host Vows No Sleaze". SFGATE.
^ "2 Daytime Talk Shows Are Canceled". The New York Times. January 3, 1996.
^ "CARTERIS OFF 90210, ON HER TALK SHOW". scholar.lib.vt.edu.
^ Media, Working Mother (March 3, 1996). "Working Mother". Working Mother Media – via Google Books.
^ September 29, Ken Tucker Updated; EDT, 1995 at 04:00 AM. "Celebs try on talk shows". EW.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
vteDaytime news and talk TV shows in the United StatesNetworkEnglish
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ListList of American network TV daytime talk programs
This article about a television talk show is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabrielle Carteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Carteris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"20th Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Television"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Gabrielle is a daytime talk show which was hosted by actress Gabrielle Carteris, and aired from 1995 to 1996.[2] Carteris was offered the gig by 20th Television after wanting a career change.[3][4][5]","title":"Gabrielle (talk show)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"CARMAN, JOHN (September 1, 1995). \"JOHN CARMAN on TELEVISION -- New Talk Host Vows No Sleaze\". SFGATE.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/JOHN-CARMAN-on-TELEVISION-New-Talk-Host-Vows-3025451.php","url_text":"\"JOHN CARMAN on TELEVISION -- New Talk Host Vows No Sleaze\""}]},{"reference":"\"2 Daytime Talk Shows Are Canceled\". The New York Times. January 3, 1996.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/03/arts/2-daytime-talk-shows-are-canceled.html","url_text":"\"2 Daytime Talk Shows Are Canceled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"CARTERIS OFF 90210, ON HER TALK SHOW\". scholar.lib.vt.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1995/vp950718/07180051.htm","url_text":"\"CARTERIS OFF 90210, ON HER TALK SHOW\""}]},{"reference":"Media, Working Mother (March 3, 1996). \"Working Mother\". Working Mother Media – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R97pn3ncFsQC&dq=gabrielle+carteris+talk+show+people.com&pg=PP11","url_text":"\"Working Mother\""}]},{"reference":"September 29, Ken Tucker Updated; EDT, 1995 at 04:00 AM. \"Celebs try on talk shows\". EW.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/1995/09/29/celebs-try-talk-shows/","url_text":"\"Celebs try on talk shows\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/JOHN-CARMAN-on-TELEVISION-New-Talk-Host-Vows-3025451.php","external_links_name":"\"JOHN CARMAN on TELEVISION -- New Talk Host Vows No Sleaze\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/03/arts/2-daytime-talk-shows-are-canceled.html","external_links_name":"\"2 Daytime Talk Shows Are Canceled\""},{"Link":"https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1995/vp950718/07180051.htm","external_links_name":"\"CARTERIS OFF 90210, ON HER TALK SHOW\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R97pn3ncFsQC&dq=gabrielle+carteris+talk+show+people.com&pg=PP11","external_links_name":"\"Working Mother\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/article/1995/09/29/celebs-try-talk-shows/","external_links_name":"\"Celebs try on talk shows\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabrielle_(talk_show)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Dominguez | Manuel Dominguez | ["1 Early life","2 Rancho San Pedro","2.1 Ownership disputes","3 Public career","4 Death","5 Legacy","5.1 Heirs of Manuel Domínguez","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"] | Mexican Californio rancher and politician
For other people named Manuel Domínguez, see Manuel Domínguez (disambiguation).
Manuel DomínguezPortrait held at the Dominguez Rancho AdobeAlcalde of Los AngelesIn office1832–1833Preceded byVicente SánchezSucceeded byJosé Antonio CarrilloIn office1842–1843Preceded byYgnacio PalomaresSucceeded byManuel Requena
Personal detailsBornJanuary 26, 1803San Diego, CaliforniaDiedOctober 11, 1882 (aged 79)San Pedro, CaliforniaResidence(s)Dominguez Rancho AdobeRancho San PedroOccupationPolitician, ranchero
Don Manuel Domínguez e Ybáñez (1803–1882) was a Californio ranchero, politician, and a signer of the California Constitution in 1849. He served as two terms as Alcalde of Los Angeles (mayor). He was one of the largest landowners in Southern California, having inherited Rancho San Pedro in 1825, one of the largest ranchos in California. He was one of the founders of the cities of Carson and Compton and of the fishing village of San Pedro (today a neighborhood of Los Angeles). Today, California State University, Dominguez Hills and the communities of Rancho Dominguez, East Rancho Dominguez, and West Rancho Dominguez bear his family's name.
Early life
Manuel Dominguez, addressed as Don Manuel, was born January 26, 1803, in the colonial Las Californias province of the Spanish Viceroyalty of New Spain (colonial México). He was born into a prominent Alta California family. In the colonial Spanish racial classification system sistema de castas he was an Español Criollo. The gente de razón family traced itself through pure blood generations in Mexico to ancestors in Catalonia Spain. He was baptized Luis Gonzaga Policarpo Manuel Antonio y Fernando Dominguez. Baptismal data at Yglesia del Real Presidio de San Diego indicates father as Christobal Dominguez of military status: Cabo de la compañia de cuera deste Presidio and mother as Maria Reyes Yvañez. Godparents are shown as Maria Gorgona Valencuela and Manuel Rodriguez.
Manuel’s father was José Cristobal Dominguez (c. 1761-January 6, 1825) and his mother was Maria de Los Reyes Ybanez (c.1763-February 5, 1834). Existing records do not identify the names of Manuel’s grandparents. Manuel’s granduncle, the brother of his grandfather, was Juan Jose Dominguez (c.1736-1809). The father of Juan Jose was Jose Ignacio Dominguez. Juan Jose was the original holder of the vast Spanish land concession known as the Rancho San Pedro. Juan Jose never married and died in 1809 leaving his nephew Cristobal, Manuel’s father, heir. Upon the death of Cristobal in 1825, Manuel and his surviving siblings inherited the rancho. The siblings of Manuel Dominguez were Maria Jesus (1796-1799), Josef de Los Dolores (1798-1819), Maria Victoria (1800-1873), Francisca Marcelina (1805-1828), Maria Elena Ramona (1807-1842), Jose Nasario (1809-1860), Pedro Juan Santiago Pectinarzo “Agapito” (1812-1859) and Maria Sinforosa (1815-1820).
Manuel Dominguez was described as tall, handsome, intelligent and personable. He was a faithful Roman Catholic and insisted his family observe the rituals. As was customary, he was trained as a youth in horsemanship and herding stock on the open range. He learned to read and write Spanish in a time when most people were illiterate. He continued to educate himself through reading throughout his life. He was a master of the Spanish language and he learned to speak English. He became a proficient public speaker capable of using both diplomacy and profanity as warranted.
His life spanned the Spanish, Mexican, and American eras in California.
Manuel Dominguez was an heir to the vast Rancho San Pedro land grant in the Los Angeles Basin. Eldest son of Cristobal Dominguez, he is credited with the solidification of the Rancho San Pedro with a new Mexican land grant and an American patent and with the development of the rancho, and erecting the Dominguez Rancho Adobe as rancho headquarters above the Los Angeles River floodplain in the Dominguez Hills, located on the border between Compton, California and Carson, California.
At the age of 20, he fathered a child (Tomasa) with the 10- or 11-year-old daughter of Santiago Arguello. Manuel Dominguez met the beautiful and talented Maria Engracia de Cota. They fell in love. On December 7, 1827 they were wed at Mission San Gabriel. Maria skillfully managed the business of household and social gatherings. Maria was the daughter of Don Guillermo Cota, Prefect (Commissioner) for the Mexican government. Through this contact Manuel gained an introduction to the political workings of the Pueblo and surrounding area. Maria was also the granddaughter of Manuel Nieto, powerful holder of the large land grant Rancho Los Nietos, to the east of Rancho San Pedro. Together Manuel and Maria had ten children, four of whom died in childhood.
Beginning in 1828, Dominguez embarked on a lengthy career of public service, in addition to his business interests. His political service included Alcalde (Mayor) of the Pueblo de Los Ángeles and Third Prefect of the Southern District of Alta California.
Rancho San Pedro
Manuel Dominguez inherited the Rancho San Pedro in 1825 from his father, Cristóbal Domínguez. Manuel and his two brothers settled on the ranch, building adobe homes.
The land was originally granted to his great-uncle, Juan José Domínguez (1736-1809) a Spanish soldier in New Spain. In 1769, with Fernando Rivera y Moncada, he was in the first group that arrived at the site of and founded the Presidio of San Diego in Alta California. Domínguez served with Gaspar de Portolà and Junípero Serra on the Portolà expedition, the first European land exploration of present-day California. It traveled north from San Diego to the San Gabriel Valley, Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley, Monterey Bay, and San Francisco Bay. In 1784, Juan José Domínguez received a land grant grazing concession named Rancho San Pedro, 75,000 acres (300 km2) of land and one of the first in California, by the upper Las Californias military Governor Pedro Fages on behalf of King Charles III of Spain. It included what is today the entire Port of Los Angeles; San Pedro, Los Angeles; Harbor City, Los Angeles; Wilmington, Los Angeles; Carson; Compton; the Dominguez Hills; Lomita; the Palos Verdes Peninsula; Redondo Beach; Hermosa Beach; Manhattan Beach; and Torrance.
The Rancho was regranted by the Mexican government in 1822 after Mexico became independent from Spain. On December 18, 1858 the United States government patented the 43,119 acre claim by Manuel Dominguez.
On May 25, 1869 Manuel Domínguez made a grant to the Los Angeles and San Pedro Railroad of a 100-foot right of way through the Rancho San Pedro. Operation of the Los Angeles and San Pedro Railroad through the Rancho San Pedro began in 1869. Additional right of way from Wilmington to Rattlesnake (Terminal) Island to the Los Angeles and San Pedro Railroad was granted in 1871. This was the forerunner of today's Alameda Corridor, an express route for to and from the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach.
Ownership disputes
Disputes of Manuel Domínguez’s ownership of Rancho San Pedro originated with events that occurred while California was under Spanish rule. When Juan José Domínguez died in 1809 and left half of his estate to Cristóbal Domínguez his nephew, Cristóbal did not aggressively defend his claim.
The executor of the estate, Manuel Gutiérrez, paid off the debts of Juan José and moved in, assuming rights of ownership. Gutiérrez built up the Rancho. He gave Jose Dolores Sepúlveda permission to run cattle on part of the land known as los Palos Verdes. Sepúlveda made improvements and built up his herd.
In 1817 Cristóbal asserted his claim to the estate demanding Sepúlveda remove his cattle. Governor Sola issued a decree that the Rancho was the property of Juan José Domínguez and ordering Sepúlveda to leave. Sepúlveda refused; resulting in a stalemate. Then in 1822 Cristóbal again obtained from Governor Sola a decree assigning him the land. The decree was to be presented personally to the ‘’Ayuntamiento’’ of Los Angeles. This was performed by Manuel Domínguez. Sepúlveda again refused.
Under Mexican rule Juan Dolores Sepúlveda filed a counterclaim based on permission of Gutiérrez, length of residence and substantial improvements to the property. Juan Dolores Sepúlveda died in an Indian revolt. His heirs were children and Manuel Gutiérrez assumed control of operations in their behalf. Doña Sepúlveda, the widow, married Antonio Machado and the family stayed on the Rancho. In 1825 Cristóbal Domínguez died and Manuel Domínguez moved onto the Rancho with his brothers Nasario and Pedro. Manuel kept up his ownership claims. California had become part of Mexico in 1822, Manuel Domínguez sought and received two decrees from Mexican Governor Echeandia for removal of the herds of Machado and Sepúlveda, but Governor Echeandia confused matters by at the same time issuing Sepúlveda a conflicting provisional grant of Rancho de los Palos Verdes. The heirs of Sepúlveda, Machado and Gutiérrez refused the decrees obtained by Manuel Domínguez.
In 1834 Manuel Domínguez, Gutiérrez, and the heirs of Sepúlveda; Juan and José Sepúlveda, presented their claims to Governor José Figueroa. In the Arbitration Decree of 1834 he ruled that despite the decrees to vacate, the Sepúlveda's had taken possession in good faith at a time when Cristóbal Domínguez was not asserting his claim. He awarded them the Palos Verdes area. The remainder of Rancho San Pedro went to Manuel Domínguez. Gutiérrez was given no land ownership but could pasture his herds for the remainder of his life.
In October 1838 Nathaniel Pryor, husband of Teresa Sepúlveda, the brother in law of Juan and José Sepúlveda petitioned the Governor asking for four thousand acres of land belonging to
Manuel Domínguez on the east side of Palos Verdes. Governor Alvarado denied the petition as the land was in private hands. In 1839 Manuel Domínguez submitted and was granted a petition for los Palos Verdes and the Sepúlvedas were ordered to vacate. José and Juan Sepúlveda filed a cross complaint siting the Arbitration Decree of 1834. In April 1841 Governor Alvarado upheld the Sepúlveda claim, but admonished both parties.
Manuel Domínguez proposed a private settlement. The boundaries between the Ranchos were surveyed. In June 1841 an agreement was signed by the Domínguez family transferring all rights to los Palos Verdes to the Supelvedas. This effectively ended the dispute between the families.
Public career
Manuel Domíngue held many public offices in his lifetime. In June 1828 he was appointed as Elector de Partido for the Pueblo of Los Angeles. In November 1828 Manuel Domínguez was elected to the Pueblo de Los Angeles El Ilustre Ayuntamento (City Council) under Mexican rule. From January 11 to February 19, 1829 he served as delegate to the first Mexican legislature in Alta California, at San Diego. In 1832, at the age of 29, he was elected Alcalde (Mayor) of the Pueblo de Los Angeles. In 1839 he was elected to a second term and in 1842 he was elected to a third term as Alcade.
From 1833 to 1834, Manuel served as a representative from Los Angeles pueblo to the Mexican Provincial Legislature in Alta California's capital of Monterey. In 1836 he was elected Encargado de Justicia, or Justice of the Peace of the San Pedro District. In 1843, he was appointed by the Governor as the Third Prefect of the Southern District of Alta California, which gave Manuel authority over all of present-day Los Angeles and Orange Counties.
In 1844 he was appointed Capitán de Defensores, local company of militia. In 1848, from September 3 to October 13, during the transition from Mexican to American rule, Dominguez was one of the eight Californio delegates sent to the constitutional convention in Monterey at which a constitution was drafted preparatory to California's admission to the Union as a state. He was a signer of the first constitution of California.
In 1852, Dominguez was elected to the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors.
Death
Manuel Dominguez passed away after a short illness on October 11, 1882, at the age of 79. Requiem Mass was celebrated at St. Vibiana's Cathedral in Los Angeles by Bishop Mora. The coffin was attended by twelve prominent men in the community, Californios, Anglos, and Europeans. Dominguez was buried at the old Calvary Cemetery (Los Angeles) which is now abandoned. Some time later he and his wife were re-interred in New Calvary Cemetery.
Legacy
Manuel Dominguez is best remembered for keeping the Rancho San Pedro intact, while most of the other large ranchos were quickly broken up following the end of the Mexican era. While diminished in size, the Rancho lands remained in the hands of the Dominguez family via the Dominguez Estate Company, the Dominguez Water Company, and the Watson Land Company. The adobe Manuel built is now both a state and national landmark and is operated as a museum, the Dominguez Rancho Adobe Museum. Manuel Dominguez High School in Compton California was named for him. In 2005, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.
Heirs of Manuel Domínguez
Luis Gonzaga Policarpo Manuel Antonio Fernando Dominguez y Reyes was married to María Engracia de Cota y Nieto, daughter of Rancho Los Cerritos owner Guillermo Cota. Upon Manuel Domínguez's death in 1882, and the passing of his wife just a few months later, the Rancho San Pedro lands were partitioned among his six surviving children, all daughters.
Name
Birth/Death
Married
Notes
Ana Josefa Juliana Domínguez
1829-1907
William Dryden (1868), Charles E. Guyer (1884)
María Guadalupe Marcelina Domínguez
1830-1913
Never married
Maria Leonar Dominguez
1832-1833
Died as infant
Maria Adelaida Dominguez
1835-1836
Died as infant
Manuel Antonio Dominguez
1837-1858
María Dolores Simona Domínguez
1838-1924
James A. Watson
Watson Land Company
Jose Antonio Dominguez
1840-1863
María Victoria Domínguez
1842-1916
George Cady Carson
Carson Companies
Maria Susana Delfina Domínguez
1844-1931
Gregorio del Amo y Gonzalez
Del Amo Boulevard, Del Amo Square
María de los Reyes Domínguez
1847-1933
John Fillmore Francis
See also
Battle of Dominguez Rancho
Rancho Dominguez, California
California State University, Dominguez Hills
Notes
^ January 26 was San Policarpo feast day.
^ Often spelled Cristobal, sometimes Cristoval.
References
^ a b "Early California Population Project". Early California Population Project Database. Huntington Library. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ McWilliams, Carey (1946). Southern California Country An Island on the Land (First ed.). New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gillingham, Robert Cameron (1983). The Rancho San Pedro The Story of a Famous Rancho in Los Angeles County and of its Owners. Cole-Holmquist Press.
^ San Diego mission baptismal records
^ a b c d e f g h Fink, Augusta (1987). Palos Verdes Peninsula : time and the terraced land. Santa Cruz, California: Western Tanager. ISBN 0-934136-37-8.
^ The Rancho San Pedro Collection Archived 2010-06-18 at the Wayback Machine
^ Cowan, Robert G. (1956). Ranchos of California a list of Spanish Concessions 1775-1822 and Mexican Grants 1822-1846. Fresno, California: Academy Library Guild.
^ a b c d McGroarty, John Steven (1921). Los Angeles from the Mountains to the Sea. p. 699.
^ Pitt, Leonard (1966). The Decline of the Californios. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 42-45.
^ Frost, John (1852). History of the state of California. From the period of the conquest by Spain to her occupation by the United States of America. Auburn, New York: Derby and Miller.
^ "Funeral of Don Manuel Domingues ". Los Angeles Times. October 14, 1882. p. 4.
^ Conor, McGarry. "Cattle and Oil: The Dominguez Struggle for Status". The Toro Historical Review. Cal State Dominguez Hills. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
^ Dominguez High School web site
^ "Hall of Great Westerners". National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
^ Johnson, Bernard. "Manuel Dominguez". Find A Grave. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
External links
Dominguez Rancho Adobe Museum website
Rancho San Pedro Archives from Cal State Dominguez Hills (web-archived) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manuel Domínguez (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Dom%C3%ADnguez_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Californio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californio"},{"link_name":"California Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Alcalde of Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcalde_of_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Rancho San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_San_Pedro"},{"link_name":"ranchos in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchos_of_California"},{"link_name":"Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson,_California"},{"link_name":"Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton,_California"},{"link_name":"San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California State University, Dominguez Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_Dominguez_Hills"},{"link_name":"Rancho Dominguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Dominguez,_California"},{"link_name":"East Rancho Dominguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Rancho_Dominguez,_California"},{"link_name":"West Rancho Dominguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Rancho_Dominguez,_California"}],"text":"For other people named Manuel Domínguez, see Manuel Domínguez (disambiguation).Don Manuel Domínguez e Ybáñez (1803–1882) was a Californio ranchero, politician, and a signer of the California Constitution in 1849. He served as two terms as Alcalde of Los Angeles (mayor). He was one of the largest landowners in Southern California, having inherited Rancho San Pedro in 1825, one of the largest ranchos in California. He was one of the founders of the cities of Carson and Compton and of the fishing village of San Pedro (today a neighborhood of Los Angeles). Today, California State University, Dominguez Hills and the communities of Rancho Dominguez, East Rancho Dominguez, and West Rancho Dominguez bear his family's name.","title":"Manuel Dominguez"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECPP-1"},{"link_name":"Las Californias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Californias"},{"link_name":"Viceroyalty of New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain"},{"link_name":"castas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casta"},{"link_name":"Criollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollo_people"},{"link_name":"gente de razón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gente_de_raz%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McWilliams-2"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillingham-3"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birthday-4"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECPP-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillingham-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillingham-3"},{"link_name":"Rancho San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_San_Pedro"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Basin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dominguez Rancho Adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominguez_Rancho_Adobe"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_River"},{"link_name":"floodplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain"},{"link_name":"Dominguez Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominguez_Hills_(mountain_range)"},{"link_name":"Compton, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton,_California"},{"link_name":"Carson, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson,_California"},{"link_name":"Mission San Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Manuel Nieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Nieto_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"Rancho Los Nietos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Los_Nietos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillingham-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fink-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Manuel Dominguez, addressed as Don Manuel, was born January 26, 1803,[1] in the colonial Las Californias province of the Spanish Viceroyalty of New Spain (colonial México). He was born into a prominent Alta California family. In the colonial Spanish racial classification system sistema de castas he was an Español Criollo. The gente de razón[2] family traced itself through pure blood generations in Mexico to ancestors in Catalonia Spain.[3] He was baptized Luis Gonzaga Policarpo Manuel Antonio y Fernando Dominguez.[a] Baptismal data at Yglesia del Real Presidio de San Diego indicates father as Christobal[b] Dominguez of military status: Cabo de la compañia de cuera deste Presidio and mother as Maria Reyes Yvañez. Godparents are shown as Maria Gorgona Valencuela and Manuel Rodriguez.[1]Manuel’s father was José Cristobal Dominguez (c. 1761-January 6, 1825) and his mother was Maria de Los Reyes Ybanez (c.1763-February 5, 1834). Existing records do not identify the names of Manuel’s grandparents. Manuel’s granduncle, the brother of his grandfather, was Juan Jose Dominguez (c.1736-1809). The father of Juan Jose was Jose Ignacio Dominguez. Juan Jose was the original holder of the vast Spanish land concession known as the Rancho San Pedro. Juan Jose never married and died in 1809 leaving his nephew Cristobal, Manuel’s father, heir. Upon the death of Cristobal in 1825, Manuel and his surviving siblings inherited the rancho. The siblings of Manuel Dominguez were Maria Jesus (1796-1799), Josef de Los Dolores (1798-1819), Maria Victoria (1800-1873), Francisca Marcelina (1805-1828), Maria Elena Ramona (1807-1842), Jose Nasario (1809-1860), Pedro Juan Santiago Pectinarzo “Agapito” (1812-1859) and Maria Sinforosa (1815-1820).[3]Manuel Dominguez was described as tall, handsome, intelligent and personable. He was a faithful Roman Catholic and insisted his family observe the rituals. As was customary, he was trained as a youth in horsemanship and herding stock on the open range. He learned to read and write Spanish in a time when most people were illiterate. He continued to educate himself through reading throughout his life. He was a master of the Spanish language and he learned to speak English. He became a proficient public speaker capable of using both diplomacy and profanity as warranted.[3]His life spanned the Spanish, Mexican, and American eras in California.Manuel Dominguez was an heir to the vast Rancho San Pedro land grant in the Los Angeles Basin.[4] Eldest son of Cristobal Dominguez, he is credited with the solidification of the Rancho San Pedro with a new Mexican land grant and an American patent and with the development of the rancho, and erecting the Dominguez Rancho Adobe as rancho headquarters above the Los Angeles River floodplain in the Dominguez Hills, located on the border between Compton, California and Carson, California.At the age of 20, he fathered a child (Tomasa) with the 10- or 11-year-old daughter of Santiago Arguello. Manuel Dominguez met the beautiful and talented Maria Engracia de Cota. They fell in love. On December 7, 1827 they were wed at Mission San Gabriel. Maria skillfully managed the business of household and social gatherings. Maria was the daughter of Don Guillermo Cota, Prefect (Commissioner) for the Mexican government. Through this contact Manuel gained an introduction to the political workings of the Pueblo and surrounding area. Maria was also the granddaughter of Manuel Nieto, powerful holder of the large land grant Rancho Los Nietos, to the east of Rancho San Pedro. Together Manuel and Maria had ten children, four of whom died in childhood.[3][5]Beginning in 1828, Dominguez embarked on a lengthy career of public service, in addition to his business interests. His political service included Alcalde (Mayor) of the Pueblo de Los Ángeles and Third Prefect of the Southern District of Alta California.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillingham-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Fernando Rivera y Moncada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Rivera_y_Moncada"},{"link_name":"Presidio of San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Alta California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California"},{"link_name":"Gaspar de Portolà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Junípero Serra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra"},{"link_name":"Portolà expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portol%C3%A0_expedition"},{"link_name":"San Gabriel Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gabriel_Valley"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Basin"},{"link_name":"San Fernando Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley"},{"link_name":"Monterey Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Bay"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"},{"link_name":"land grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchos_of_California"},{"link_name":"Rancho San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_San_Pedro"},{"link_name":"Pedro Fages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Fages"},{"link_name":"Charles III of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Port of Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"San Pedro, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Harbor City, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_City,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson,_California"},{"link_name":"Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton,_California"},{"link_name":"Dominguez Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominguez_Hills_(mountain_range)"},{"link_name":"Lomita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomita,_California"},{"link_name":"Palos Verdes Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palos_Verdes_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Redondo Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redondo_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Hermosa Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermosa_Beach"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Torrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrance,_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cowan-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillingham-3"}],"text":"Manuel Dominguez inherited the Rancho San Pedro[3] in 1825 from his father, Cristóbal Domínguez. Manuel and his two brothers settled on the ranch, building adobe homes.[6] \nThe land was originally granted to his great-uncle, Juan José Domínguez (1736-1809) a Spanish soldier in New Spain. In 1769, with Fernando Rivera y Moncada, he was in the first group that arrived at the site of and founded the Presidio of San Diego in Alta California. Domínguez served with Gaspar de Portolà and Junípero Serra on the Portolà expedition, the first European land exploration of present-day California. It traveled north from San Diego to the San Gabriel Valley, Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley, Monterey Bay, and San Francisco Bay. In 1784, Juan José Domínguez received a land grant grazing concession named Rancho San Pedro, 75,000 acres (300 km2) of land and one of the first in California, by the upper Las Californias military Governor Pedro Fages on behalf of King Charles III of Spain. It included what is today the entire Port of Los Angeles; San Pedro, Los Angeles; Harbor City, Los Angeles; Wilmington, Los Angeles; Carson; Compton; the Dominguez Hills; Lomita; the Palos Verdes Peninsula; Redondo Beach; Hermosa Beach; Manhattan Beach; and Torrance.The Rancho was regranted by the Mexican government in 1822 after Mexico became independent from Spain. On December 18, 1858 the United States government patented the 43,119 acre claim by Manuel Dominguez.[7]On May 25, 1869 Manuel Domínguez made a grant to the Los Angeles and San Pedro Railroad of a 100-foot right of way through the Rancho San Pedro. Operation of the Los Angeles and San Pedro Railroad through the Rancho San Pedro began in 1869. Additional right of way from Wilmington to Rattlesnake (Terminal) Island to the Los Angeles and San Pedro Railroad was granted in 1871.[3] This was the forerunner of today's Alameda Corridor, an express route for to and from the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach.","title":"Rancho San Pedro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rancho San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_San_Pedro"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fink-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fink-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fink-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fink-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fink-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fink-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fink-7"}],"sub_title":"Ownership disputes","text":"Disputes of Manuel Domínguez’s ownership of Rancho San Pedro originated with events that occurred while California was under Spanish rule. When Juan José Domínguez died in 1809 and left half of his estate to Cristóbal Domínguez his nephew, Cristóbal did not aggressively defend his claim.[5]The executor of the estate, Manuel Gutiérrez, paid off the debts of Juan José and moved in, assuming rights of ownership. Gutiérrez built up the Rancho. He gave Jose Dolores Sepúlveda permission to run cattle on part of the land known as los Palos Verdes. Sepúlveda made improvements and built up his herd.[5]In 1817 Cristóbal asserted his claim to the estate demanding Sepúlveda remove his cattle. Governor Sola issued a decree that the Rancho was the property of Juan José Domínguez and ordering Sepúlveda to leave. Sepúlveda refused; resulting in a stalemate. Then in 1822 Cristóbal again obtained from Governor Sola a decree assigning him the land. The decree was to be presented personally to the ‘’Ayuntamiento’’ of Los Angeles. This was performed by Manuel Domínguez. Sepúlveda again refused.[5]Under Mexican rule Juan Dolores Sepúlveda filed a counterclaim based on permission of Gutiérrez, length of residence and substantial improvements to the property. Juan Dolores Sepúlveda died in an Indian revolt. His heirs were children and Manuel Gutiérrez assumed control of operations in their behalf. Doña Sepúlveda, the widow, married Antonio Machado and the family stayed on the Rancho. In 1825 Cristóbal Domínguez died and Manuel Domínguez moved onto the Rancho with his brothers Nasario and Pedro. Manuel kept up his ownership claims. California had become part of Mexico in 1822, Manuel Domínguez sought and received two decrees from Mexican Governor Echeandia for removal of the herds of Machado and Sepúlveda, but Governor Echeandia confused matters by at the same time issuing Sepúlveda a conflicting provisional grant of Rancho de los Palos Verdes. The heirs of Sepúlveda, Machado and Gutiérrez refused the decrees obtained by Manuel Domínguez.[5]In 1834 Manuel Domínguez, Gutiérrez, and the heirs of Sepúlveda; Juan and José Sepúlveda, presented their claims to Governor José Figueroa. In the Arbitration Decree of 1834 he ruled that despite the decrees to vacate, the Sepúlveda's had taken possession in good faith at a time when Cristóbal Domínguez was not asserting his claim. He awarded them the Palos Verdes area. The remainder of Rancho San Pedro went to Manuel Domínguez. Gutiérrez was given no land ownership but could pasture his herds for the remainder of his life.[5]In October 1838 Nathaniel Pryor, husband of Teresa Sepúlveda, the brother in law of Juan and José Sepúlveda petitioned the Governor asking for four thousand acres of land belonging to \nManuel Domínguez on the east side of Palos Verdes. Governor Alvarado denied the petition as the land was in private hands. In 1839 Manuel Domínguez submitted and was granted a petition for los Palos Verdes and the Sepúlvedas were ordered to vacate. José and Juan Sepúlveda filed a cross complaint siting the Arbitration Decree of 1834. In April 1841 Governor Alvarado upheld the Sepúlveda claim, but admonished both parties.[5]Manuel Domínguez proposed a private settlement. The boundaries between the Ranchos were surveyed. In June 1841 an agreement was signed by the Domínguez family transferring all rights to los Palos Verdes to the Supelvedas. This effectively ended the dispute between the families.[5]","title":"Rancho San Pedro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillingham-3"},{"link_name":"Pueblo de Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_de_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Alcalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pre-statehood_mayors_of_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Pueblo de Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_de_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGroarty-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillingham-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGroarty-10"},{"link_name":"Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGroarty-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillingham-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGroarty-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillingham-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitt-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frost-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillingham-3"}],"text":"Manuel Domíngue held many public offices in his lifetime. In June 1828 he was appointed as Elector de Partido for the Pueblo of Los Angeles.[3] In November 1828 Manuel Domínguez was elected to the Pueblo de Los Angeles El Ilustre Ayuntamento (City Council) under Mexican rule. From January 11 to February 19, 1829 he served as delegate to the first Mexican legislature in Alta California, at San Diego. In 1832, at the age of 29, he was elected Alcalde (Mayor) of the Pueblo de Los Angeles.[8] In 1839 he was elected to a second term and in 1842 he was elected to a third term as Alcade.[3]\n[8]From 1833 to 1834, Manuel served as a representative from Los Angeles pueblo to the Mexican Provincial Legislature in Alta California's capital of Monterey.[8] In 1836 he was elected Encargado de Justicia, or Justice of the Peace of the San Pedro District.[3] In 1843, he was appointed by the Governor as the Third Prefect of the Southern District of Alta California, which gave Manuel authority over all of present-day Los Angeles and Orange Counties.[8]In 1844 he was appointed Capitán de Defensores, local company of militia. In 1848, from September 3 to October 13,[3] during the transition from Mexican to American rule, Dominguez was one of the eight Californio delegates sent to the constitutional convention in Monterey at which a constitution was drafted preparatory to California's admission to the Union as a state.[9] He was a signer of the first constitution of California.[10]In 1852, Dominguez was elected to the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors.[3]","title":"Public career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Vibiana's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vibiana%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Calvary Cemetery (Los Angeles)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary_Cemetery_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Manuel Dominguez passed away after a short illness on October 11, 1882, at the age of 79. Requiem Mass was celebrated at St. Vibiana's Cathedral in Los Angeles by Bishop Mora. The coffin was attended by twelve prominent men in the community, Californios, Anglos, and Europeans. Dominguez was buried at the old Calvary Cemetery (Los Angeles) which is now abandoned. Some time later he and his wife were re-interred in New Calvary Cemetery.[11]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGarry-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dom.HS-15"},{"link_name":"Hall of Great Westerners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_of_Great_Westerners"},{"link_name":"National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cowboy_%26_Western_Heritage_Museum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Manuel Dominguez is best remembered for keeping the Rancho San Pedro intact, while most of the other large ranchos were quickly broken up following the end of the Mexican era. While diminished in size, the Rancho lands remained in the hands of the Dominguez family via the Dominguez Estate Company, the Dominguez Water Company, and the Watson Land Company.[12] The adobe Manuel built is now both a state and national landmark and is operated as a museum, the Dominguez Rancho Adobe Museum. Manuel Dominguez High School in Compton California was named for him.[13] In 2005, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.[14]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rancho Los Cerritos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Los_Cerritos"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Cota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Cota#Guillermo_Cota"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Find-a-Grave-17"}],"sub_title":"Heirs of Manuel Domínguez","text":"Luis Gonzaga Policarpo Manuel Antonio Fernando Dominguez y Reyes was married to María Engracia de Cota y Nieto, daughter of Rancho Los Cerritos owner Guillermo Cota. Upon Manuel Domínguez's death in 1882, and the passing of his wife just a few months later, the Rancho San Pedro lands were partitioned among his six surviving children,[15] all daughters.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birthday_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ January 26 was San Policarpo feast day.\n\n^ Often spelled Cristobal, sometimes Cristoval.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Battle of Dominguez Rancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dominguez_Rancho"},{"title":"Rancho Dominguez, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Dominguez,_California"},{"title":"California State University, Dominguez Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_Dominguez_Hills"}] | [{"reference":"\"Early California Population Project\". Early California Population Project Database. Huntington Library. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://missions.huntington.org/BaptismalData.aspx?ID=32570","url_text":"\"Early California Population Project\""}]},{"reference":"McWilliams, Carey (1946). Southern California Country An Island on the Land (First ed.). New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gillingham, Robert Cameron (1983). The Rancho San Pedro The Story of a Famous Rancho in Los Angeles County and of its Owners. Cole-Holmquist Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fink, Augusta (1987). Palos Verdes Peninsula : time and the terraced land. Santa Cruz, California: Western Tanager. ISBN 0-934136-37-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934136-37-8","url_text":"0-934136-37-8"}]},{"reference":"Cowan, Robert G. (1956). Ranchos of California a list of Spanish Concessions 1775-1822 and Mexican Grants 1822-1846. Fresno, California: Academy Library Guild.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McGroarty, John Steven (1921). Los Angeles from the Mountains to the Sea. p. 699.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/losangelesfrommo02mcgr_0","url_text":"Los Angeles from the Mountains to the Sea"}]},{"reference":"Pitt, Leonard (1966). The Decline of the Californios. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 42-45.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/declineofcalifor00pitt","url_text":"The Decline of the Californios"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/declineofcalifor00pitt/page/42","url_text":"42-45"}]},{"reference":"Frost, John (1852). History of the state of California. From the period of the conquest by Spain to her occupation by the United States of America. Auburn, New York: Derby and Miller.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofstateof01fros","url_text":"History of the state of California. From the period of the conquest by Spain to her occupation by the United States of America"}]},{"reference":"\"Funeral of Don Manuel Domingues [sic]\". Los Angeles Times. October 14, 1882. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Conor, McGarry. \"Cattle and Oil: The Dominguez Struggle for Status\". The Toro Historical Review. Cal State Dominguez Hills. Retrieved 21 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://thetorohistoricalreview.org/tag/manuel-dominguez/","url_text":"\"Cattle and Oil: The Dominguez Struggle for Status\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Great Westerners\". National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Retrieved November 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/hall-of-great-westerners/","url_text":"\"Hall of Great Westerners\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Bernard. \"Manuel Dominguez\". Find A Grave. Retrieved 23 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/134838717/manuel-dominguez","url_text":"\"Manuel Dominguez\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://missions.huntington.org/BaptismalData.aspx?ID=32570","external_links_name":"\"Early California Population Project\""},{"Link":"http://archives.csudh.edu:2006/cdm4/RanchoSanPedro.php","external_links_name":"The Rancho San Pedro Collection"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100618044854/http://archives.csudh.edu:2006/cdm4/RanchoSanPedro.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/losangelesfrommo02mcgr_0","external_links_name":"Los Angeles from the Mountains to the Sea"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/declineofcalifor00pitt","external_links_name":"The Decline of the Californios"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/declineofcalifor00pitt/page/42","external_links_name":"42-45"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofstateof01fros","external_links_name":"History of the state of California. From the period of the conquest by Spain to her occupation by the United States of America"},{"Link":"https://thetorohistoricalreview.org/tag/manuel-dominguez/","external_links_name":"\"Cattle and Oil: The Dominguez Struggle for Status\""},{"Link":"https://dhs-compton-ca.schoolloop.com/pf4/cms2/view_page?d=x&group_id=1534404073436&vdid=i1n45b1y05v76","external_links_name":"Dominguez High School web site"},{"Link":"https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/hall-of-great-westerners/","external_links_name":"\"Hall of Great Westerners\""},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/134838717/manuel-dominguez","external_links_name":"\"Manuel Dominguez\""},{"Link":"http://dominguezrancho.org/","external_links_name":"Dominguez Rancho Adobe Museum website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100618044854/http://archives.csudh.edu:2006/cdm4/RanchoSanPedro.php","external_links_name":"Rancho San Pedro Archives from Cal State Dominguez Hills (web-archived)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Best_Friend%27s_Wedding_(2016_film) | My Best Friend's Wedding (2016 film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"] | 2016 Chinese filmMy Best Friend's WeddingTheatrical release posterChinese我最好朋友的婚礼
Directed byChen FeihongBased onMy Best Friend's WeddingStarring
Shu Qi
Feng Shaofeng
Victoria Song
Ye Qing
Rhydian Vaughan
Productioncompanies
China Film Group Corporation
Columbia Pictures
Distributed byChina Film Group CorporationRelease date
5 August 2016 (2016-08-05)
Running time91 minutesCountryChinaLanguageMandarin
My Best Friend's Wedding is a 2016 Chinese romantic comedy film directed by Chen Feihong and starring Shu Qi, Feng Shaofeng, Victoria Song, Ye Qing, and Rhydian Vaughan. The film is a remake of the 1997 American film of the same name. It was released in China by China Film Group Corporation on 5 August 2016.
Plot
A successful fashion editor, Gu Jia, realizes she has romantic feelings for her childhood best friend, Lin Ran, when he invites her to his lavish London wedding. Gu Jia is determined to win him back.
Gu Jia travels to London and she meets a man named Nick, on a flight. She later brings him to join in the pre-wedding festivities as her boyfriend in hopes of making Lin Ran jealous. Nick plays along and talks about marrying Gu Jia. Out of concern, Lin Ran takes Gu Jia aside to question why she Is moving so fast with Nick, a guy she barely knows. Nick interrupts their conversation and confesses that he and Gu Jia are pretending to date as they are aware that Lin Ran is worried about Gu Jia not having a boyfriend.
On the day of the wedding, Gu Jia confesses her feelings to Lin Ran. He chooses his fiancé, Meng Yi Xuan. Meng Yi Xuan overhears their conversation and runs away. Gu Jia and Lin Ran follow her. Gu Jia catches up to Meng Yi Xuan first and reassures her that Lin Ran is in love with her. Lin Ran catches up to Meng Yi Xuan and proposes to her. The wedding proceeds, and after the ceremony, Lin Ran hands the bride's bouquet of flowers to Gu Jia telling her that she will find her own happiness. The bride and groom drive away. Nick appears from the crowd telling Gu Jia that he is here and she smiles at him.
Cast
The film cast:
Shu Qi
Feng Shaofeng
Victoria Song
Ye Qing
Rhydian Vaughan
References
^ a b c d "我最好朋友的婚 (2016)". cbooo.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 30 May 2016.
^ "My Best Friend's Wedding (U)". British Board of Film Classification. 1 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
^ a b "我最好朋友的婚礼 (2016)". movie.douban.com (in Chinese). douban.com. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
^ Kit, Borys (20 May 2015). "'My Best Friends' Wedding' Chinese Remake Finds Stars". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
External links
My Best Friend's Wedding at IMDb
My Best Friend's Wedding at Fandango
My Best Friend's Wedding at Rotten Tomatoes
This article about a 2010s romantic comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a Chinese film of the 2010s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romantic comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"Shu Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_Qi"},{"link_name":"Feng Shaofeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng_Shaofeng"},{"link_name":"Victoria Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Song"},{"link_name":"Rhydian Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhydian_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbooo-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-douban-3"},{"link_name":"remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remake"},{"link_name":"of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Best_Friend%27s_Wedding"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"China Film Group Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Film_Group_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbooo-1"}],"text":"2016 Chinese filmMy Best Friend's Wedding is a 2016 Chinese romantic comedy film directed by Chen Feihong and starring Shu Qi, Feng Shaofeng, Victoria Song, Ye Qing, and Rhydian Vaughan.[1][3] The film is a remake of the 1997 American film of the same name.[4] It was released in China by China Film Group Corporation on 5 August 2016.[1]","title":"My Best Friend's Wedding (2016 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A successful fashion editor, Gu Jia, realizes she has romantic feelings for her childhood best friend, Lin Ran, when he invites her to his lavish London wedding. Gu Jia is determined to win him back.Gu Jia travels to London and she meets a man named Nick, on a flight. She later brings him to join in the pre-wedding festivities as her boyfriend in hopes of making Lin Ran jealous. Nick plays along and talks about marrying Gu Jia. Out of concern, Lin Ran takes Gu Jia aside to question why she Is moving so fast with Nick, a guy she barely knows. Nick interrupts their conversation and confesses that he and Gu Jia are pretending to date as they are aware that Lin Ran is worried about Gu Jia not having a boyfriend.On the day of the wedding, Gu Jia confesses her feelings to Lin Ran. He chooses his fiancé, Meng Yi Xuan. Meng Yi Xuan overhears their conversation and runs away. Gu Jia and Lin Ran follow her. Gu Jia catches up to Meng Yi Xuan first and reassures her that Lin Ran is in love with her. Lin Ran catches up to Meng Yi Xuan and proposes to her. The wedding proceeds, and after the ceremony, Lin Ran hands the bride's bouquet of flowers to Gu Jia telling her that she will find her own happiness. The bride and groom drive away. Nick appears from the crowd telling Gu Jia that he is here and she smiles at him.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-douban-3"},{"link_name":"Shu Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_Qi"},{"link_name":"Feng Shaofeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng_Shaofeng"},{"link_name":"Victoria Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Song"},{"link_name":"Rhydian Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhydian_Vaughan"}],"text":"The film cast:[3]Shu Qi\nFeng Shaofeng\nVictoria Song\nYe Qing\nRhydian Vaughan","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"我最好朋友的婚 (2016)\". cbooo.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 30 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbooo.cn/m/638742","url_text":"\"我最好朋友的婚 (2016)\""}]},{"reference":"\"My Best Friend's Wedding (U)\". British Board of Film Classification. 1 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/my-best-friends-wedding-film-0","url_text":"\"My Best Friend's Wedding (U)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"}]},{"reference":"\"我最好朋友的婚礼 (2016)\". movie.douban.com (in Chinese). douban.com. Retrieved 30 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://movie.douban.com/subject/26394441/","url_text":"\"我最好朋友的婚礼 (2016)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douban.com","url_text":"douban.com"}]},{"reference":"Kit, Borys (20 May 2015). \"'My Best Friends' Wedding' Chinese Remake Finds Stars\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 30 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/my-best-friends-wedding-chinese-797110","url_text":"\"'My Best Friends' Wedding' Chinese Remake Finds Stars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.cbooo.cn/m/638742","external_links_name":"\"我最好朋友的婚 (2016)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/my-best-friends-wedding-film-0","external_links_name":"\"My Best Friend's Wedding (U)\""},{"Link":"https://movie.douban.com/subject/26394441/","external_links_name":"\"我最好朋友的婚礼 (2016)\""},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/my-best-friends-wedding-chinese-797110","external_links_name":"\"'My Best Friends' Wedding' Chinese Remake Finds Stars\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5275314/","external_links_name":"My Best Friend's Wedding"},{"Link":"http://www.fandango.com/mybestfriendswedding_193535/movieoverview","external_links_name":"My Best Friend's Wedding"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/my_best_friends_wedding_2016","external_links_name":"My Best Friend's Wedding"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Best_Friend%27s_Wedding_(2016_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Best_Friend%27s_Wedding_(2016_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Giannini | Alex Giannini | ["1 Life","1.1 Acting career","1.2 Family","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"] | Alex GianniniPublicity Photo of Alex GianniniBornAlexander von Giannini(1958-06-06)6 June 1958Northamptonshire, EnglandDied2 October 2015(2015-10-02) (aged 57)
English actor and singer
Alexander von Giannini (6 June 1958 – 2 October 2015) was an English stage, television and film actor and singer. His work included comedy, musicals and drama.
Life
Giannini was born in Northamptonshire in 1958; his father was born in Rome, his mother was English. He was educated in England, Italy and in Luxembourg, where his father worked for the European Commission.
He was the lead singer, as Sandy Fontaine, of the band Coast to Coast, which appeared on Top of the Pops; the group disbanded in 1982. He was inspired to become an actor on reading Steven Berkoff's play East, and later graduated from East 15 Acting School.
Acting career
Giannini appeared in the musical Guys and Dolls, as Harry the Horse, at the National Theatre. In 1999 he was in the original Broadway production of Not about Nightingales, a long-lost play by Tennessee Williams; the play ran for five months. In 2003 he was Dean Martin in Rat Pack Confidential, at the Whitehall Theatre. Further stage appearances in London included One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest at the Garrick Theatre in 2004; Journey's End at the Ambassadors Theatre in 2005; as Big Mac in Steven Berkoff's revival of On the Waterfront at the Haymarket Theatre in 2009. In 2011 he was in Batman Live, as The Penguin and Commissioner Gordon: the show toured the UK, Europe, and North and South America.
Film appearances included In Love and War (1996); Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007), Legend (2015) as Antonio Caponigro, and London Has Fallen (2016). On TV he was seen in Inspector Morse, Dalziel and Pascoe, The Musketeers, The Bill and others. In Italy he appeared in a series of TV commercials for olive oil, which ran for five years.
Alex Giannini died of a heart attack, an hour before he was due on stage at the Theatre Royal, Plymouth, in Chichester Festival Theatre's production of Mack and Mabel; he was 57.
Family
An early marriage to Linda Drew was dissolved, and in 1998 he married Jennifer Secombe, daughter of Harry Secombe; there were three stepchildren. Jennifer Secombe died in 2019.
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1992
The Ballad of Kid Divine: The Cockney Cowboy
Sheriff Dan Johnson
1993
Pen Pals
Bruce
1995
The Innocent Sleep
Thug
1996
In Love and War
Sergeant Ancona
Uncredited
1998
Miss Monday
Steven
2000
P.O.V.
Big Shot TV Executive
2007
Elizabeth: The Golden Age
First Spanish Officer
2014
Flim: The Movie
Max
2015
Legend
Tony Caponigro
2016
London Has Fallen
Antonio Gusto
(final film role)
References
^ a b c d e f Alex Giannini, actor - obituary The Daily Telegraph, 19 October 2015. Accessed 5 September 2017.
^ a b c d e Alex Giannini The Stage, 21 October 2015. Accessed 5 September 2017.
^ "Jennifer Secombe obituary". 2 September 2019.
External links
Alex Giannini at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-1"}],"text":"English actor and singerAlexander von Giannini (6 June 1958 – 2 October 2015)[1] was an English stage, television and film actor and singer. 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He was educated in England, Italy and in Luxembourg, where his father worked for the European Commission.[1][2]He was the lead singer, as Sandy Fontaine, of the band Coast to Coast, which appeared on Top of the Pops; the group disbanded in 1982. He was inspired to become an actor on reading Steven Berkoff's play East, and later graduated from East 15 Acting School.[1][2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guys and Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guys_and_Dolls"},{"link_name":"National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Not about Nightingales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_about_Nightingales"},{"link_name":"Dean Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin"},{"link_name":"Whitehall Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall_Theatre"},{"link_name":"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(play)"},{"link_name":"Garrick Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrick_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Journey's End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey%27s_End"},{"link_name":"Ambassadors Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassadors_Theatre_(London)"},{"link_name":"Haymarket Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Batman Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Live"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stage-2"},{"link_name":"In Love and War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Love_and_War_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth: The Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth:_The_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"London Has Fallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Has_Fallen"},{"link_name":"Inspector Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Morse_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dalziel and Pascoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalziel_and_Pascoe_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Musketeers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musketeers"},{"link_name":"The Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stage-2"},{"link_name":"Theatre Royal, Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Chichester Festival Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester_Festival_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Mack and Mabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_and_Mabel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-1"}],"sub_title":"Acting career","text":"Giannini appeared in the musical Guys and Dolls, as Harry the Horse, at the National Theatre. In 1999 he was in the original Broadway production of Not about Nightingales, a long-lost play by Tennessee Williams; the play ran for five months. In 2003 he was Dean Martin in Rat Pack Confidential, at the Whitehall Theatre. Further stage appearances in London included One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest at the Garrick Theatre in 2004; Journey's End at the Ambassadors Theatre in 2005; as Big Mac in Steven Berkoff's revival of On the Waterfront at the Haymarket Theatre in 2009. In 2011 he was in Batman Live, as The Penguin and Commissioner Gordon: the show toured the UK, Europe, and North and South America.[1][2]Film appearances included In Love and War (1996); Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007), Legend (2015) as Antonio Caponigro, and London Has Fallen (2016). On TV he was seen in Inspector Morse, Dalziel and Pascoe, The Musketeers, The Bill and others. In Italy he appeared in a series of TV commercials for olive oil, which ran for five years.[1][2]Alex Giannini died of a heart attack, an hour before he was due on stage at the Theatre Royal, Plymouth, in Chichester Festival Theatre's production of Mack and Mabel; he was 57.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Secombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Secombe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stage-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Family","text":"An early marriage to Linda Drew was dissolved, and in 1998 he married Jennifer Secombe, daughter of Harry Secombe; there were three stepchildren.[2] Jennifer Secombe died in 2019.[3]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Jennifer Secombe obituary\". 2 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/sep/02/jennifer-secombe-obituary","url_text":"\"Jennifer Secombe obituary\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11940832/Alex-Giannini-actor-obituary.html","external_links_name":"Alex Giannini, actor - obituary"},{"Link":"https://www.thestage.co.uk/features/obituaries/2015/alex-giannini/","external_links_name":"Alex Giannini"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/sep/02/jennifer-secombe-obituary","external_links_name":"\"Jennifer Secombe obituary\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0316274/","external_links_name":"Alex Giannini"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogtooth_Bend_Mounds_and_Village_Site | Dogtooth Bend Mounds and Village Site | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 37°3′50″N 89°20′5″W / 37.06389°N 89.33472°W / 37.06389; -89.33472Archaeological site in Illinois, United States
United States historic placeDogtooth Bend Mounds and Village SiteU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Show map of IllinoisShow map of the United StatesNearest cityWillard, IllinoisCoordinates37°3′50″N 89°20′5″W / 37.06389°N 89.33472°W / 37.06389; -89.33472Area196 acres (79 ha)NRHP reference No.78001111Added to NRHPMay 23, 1978
Dogtooth Bend Mounds and Village Site is an archaeological site located on the western shore of Lake Milligan in Alexander County, Illinois. The site includes two mounds and a village site stretching northwest of the mounds. The village was inhabited by Middle Mississippian peoples from roughly 900-1600 A.D. It likely served as a trade hub and a social center for residents of the surrounding farmland. Formal archaeological investigation of the site was initiated in 1950 by Irvin Peithman of Southern Illinois University.
The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 23, 1978.
See also
List of archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ Maruszak, Kathleen. National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Dogtooth Bend Mounds and Village Site. National Park Service, 1977-07.
vte Mississippian and related cultures
List of Mississippian sites
Timeline of Mississippi valley
MiddleMississippianAmerican Bottomand Upper Mississippi
Aztalan
Big Eddy
Cahokia
Monks Mound
Mound 34
Mound 72
Ramey state
Woodhenge
Cloverdale
Dickson Mounds
Emerald Acropolis
Emmons Cemetery
Horseshoe Lake
John Chapman
Kuhn Station
Larson
Lunsford-Pulcher
McCune
Mitchell
Orendorf
Sleeth
Starr
Steed-Kisker culture
Sugarloaf Mound
Lower Ohio River and Confluence area
Adams site
Dogtooth Bend Mounds
Kincaid Mounds
Marshall Site
Millstone Bluff
Orr-Herl
Rowlandton Mound
Towosahgy
Turk Site
Twin Mounds
Ware Mounds
Wickliffe Mounds
Middle Ohio River
Angel Mounds
Angel phase
Annis Mound
Bone Bank
Caborn-Welborn culture
Ellerbusch
Hovey Lake-Klein
Hovey Lake District
Murphy
Prather
Slack Farm
Tolu
Welborn Village
Yankeetown
Tennessee andCumberland
Backusburg
Beasley Mounds
Brentwood Library
Brick Church
Castalian Springs
Dunbar Cave
Fewkes Group
Hiwassee Island
Link Farm
Mound Bottom
Riverview
Sellars
Obion
Old Town
Swallow Bluff
Central and Lower Mississippi
Belle Meade
Boone's
Boyd
Campbell
Carson
Chucalissa
Denmark
Eaker
Janet's
Menard-Hodges
Murphy
Nodena
Nodena phase
Owl Creek
Parkin
Quigualtam
Tipton phase
Tunica
Koroa
Yazoo
Walls phase
South AppalachianMississippian
Adamson
Avery
Beaverdam Creek
Bell Field Mound
Bessemer
Biltmore
Blair
Bussell Island
Chauga
Chiaha
Chota
Citico
Coosa
Dallas phase
Dyar
Etowah
Garden Creek
Hoojah Branch
Irene
Jere Shine
Joara
Joe Bell
King
Lamar
Lamar phase
Liddell
Little Egypt
Long Swamp
Mabila
Mandeville
McMahan
Moccasin Bend
Moundville
Mouse Creek phase
Mulberry
Muscogee (Creek)
Nacoochee
Nikwasi
Ocmulgee
Park Mound
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This article about a property in Alexander County, Illinois on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Alexander County, Illinois location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound"},{"link_name":"Middle Mississippian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Mississippian_culture"},{"link_name":"Southern Illinois University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"Archaeological site in Illinois, United StatesUnited States historic placeDogtooth Bend Mounds and Village Site is an archaeological site located on the western shore of Lake Milligan in Alexander County, Illinois. The site includes two mounds and a village site stretching northwest of the mounds. The village was inhabited by Middle Mississippian peoples from roughly 900-1600 A.D. It likely served as a trade hub and a social center for residents of the surrounding farmland. Formal archaeological investigation of the site was initiated in 1950 by Irvin Peithman of Southern Illinois University.[2]The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 23, 1978.[1]","title":"Dogtooth Bend Mounds and Village Site"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Illinois"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dogtooth_Bend_Mounds_and_Village_Site¶ms=37_3_50_N_89_20_5_W_type:landmark_region:US-IL","external_links_name":"37°3′50″N 89°20′5″W / 37.06389°N 89.33472°W / 37.06389; -89.33472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dogtooth_Bend_Mounds_and_Village_Site¶ms=37_3_50_N_89_20_5_W_type:landmark_region:US-IL","external_links_name":"37°3′50″N 89°20′5″W / 37.06389°N 89.33472°W / 37.06389; -89.33472"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/78001111","external_links_name":"78001111"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dogtooth_Bend_Mounds_and_Village_Site&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dogtooth_Bend_Mounds_and_Village_Site&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haley_Barbour | Haley Barbour | ["1 Early years","2 Early political career","3 Lobbying career","4 RNC chairman","5 Governor of Mississippi","5.1 2003 campaign","5.2 Fiscal matters","5.3 Hurricane Katrina response","5.4 Tobacco matters","5.5 2007 re-election","5.6 Race and integration","5.7 Other second term activities","5.8 2012 pardons","6 Speculated 2012 presidential campaign","7 Post-gubernatorial career","8 Public image","9 Awards and honors","10 References","11 External links"] | American attorney and politician (born 1947)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Haley Barbour" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Haley Barbour63rd Governor of MississippiIn officeJanuary 13, 2004 – January 10, 2012LieutenantAmy TuckPhil BryantPreceded byRonnie MusgroveSucceeded byPhil BryantChair of the Republican National CommitteeIn officeJanuary 29, 1993 – January 17, 1997Preceded byRichard BondSucceeded byJim NicholsonWhite House Director of Political AffairsIn officeJune 17, 1986 – March 16, 1987Serving with Mitch Daniels, Frank DonatelliPresidentRonald ReaganPreceded byBill LacySucceeded byFrank Lavin
Personal detailsBornHaley Reeves Barbour (1947-10-22) October 22, 1947 (age 76)Yazoo City, Mississippi, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouse
Marsha Dickson (m. 1971)EducationUniversity of Mississippi, Oxford (JD)Signature
Haley Reeves Barbour (born October 22, 1947) is an American attorney, politician, and lobbyist who served as the 63rd governor of Mississippi from 2004 to 2012. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1993 to 1997.
Born in Yazoo City, Mississippi, Barbour graduated from the University of Mississippi with undergraduate and law degrees, where he was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. Barbour was an active Republican operative during the 1970s and 1980s, and he is often credited with building significant Republican infrastructure in Mississippi during an era when it was still dominated by Southern Democrats. He was the Republican nominee for U.S. Senate in 1982, but lost to incumbent Democrat John C. Stennis.
In 2003, Barbour became the second Republican governor of Mississippi since Reconstruction when he defeated Democratic incumbent Ronnie Musgrove. As governor he oversaw his state's responses to Hurricane Katrina and the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the state's two most damaging environmental disasters since the 1927 Mississippi River floods. Barbour was expected to be a candidate for president in 2012, but announced he would not run in April 2011.
Since retiring as governor, Barbour has resumed lobbying as a senior partner at BGR Group, which he co-founded in 1991. He has been described as "one of Washington's all-time mega-lobbyists". His clients have often included foreign governments, oil, and tobacco companies. Barbour currently co-chairs the Immigration Task Force at the Bipartisan Policy Center.
Early years
Barbour was born in Yazoo City, Mississippi, where he was raised as the youngest of three sons of Grace LeFlore (née Johnson) and Jeptha Fowlkes Barbour, Jr. Haley's father, a lawyer, died when Barbour was two years old. Barbour's father was a Circuit Judge who had an inmate, Leon Turner, assist him after Judge Barbour became ill. As governor, Haley later gave Turner, who had helped raise him, a posthumous pardon in the closing days of his administration.
His brother Jeptha Fowlkes Barbour III was elected mayor of Yazoo City in 1968 as an independent and served until 1972.
He enrolled at the University of Mississippi School of Law, receiving a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree in 1972.
Subsequently, Barbour joined his father's old law firm in Yazoo City. He was also a law partner of his cousin, William H. Barbour Jr., who later became a federal district judge.
Early political career
Barbour with President Gerald Ford in 1976
Barbour with President Ronald Reagan in 1985
Barbour with President George H. W. Bush in 1990
Barbour soon became prominent within the Republican party running Gerald Ford's 1976 presidential campaign in the Southeast. He also worked on the campaign of former Texas governor John Connally, who had become a Republican, for president in 1980. In 1982 Barbour was the Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate election in Mississippi, but was defeated 64% to 36% by longtime incumbent John C. Stennis, a conservative Democrat, despite an endorsement by President Ronald Reagan. During the campaign, The New York Times reported that a Barbour aide complained about "coons" at a campaign event. Barbour, embarrassed that the comment was overheard by a reporter, told the aide that he would be "reincarnated as a watermelon and placed at the mercy of blacks" if he continued making racist comments. As of 2023, Barbour is the last Republican to have lost a Senate election in Mississippi.
Barbour later served as a political aide in the Reagan Administration and worked on the 1988 presidential campaign of George H. W. Bush.
Before being elected governor of Mississippi, Barbour "had a long career on the national stage" and was "well-known as a Republican operative since the Reagan years".
Lobbying career
Barbour has been described as "one of Washington's all-time mega-lobbyists". He "was a wealthy K Street lobbyist for giant corporations such as RJ Reynolds, Philip Morris, Amgen, Microsoft, United Health, Southern Company, and many others." In 1991, Barbour helped found the lobbying group now known as BGR Group, a Washington, D.C.-based lobbying firm, with Ed Rogers, a lawyer who formerly worked in the George H. W. Bush administration. In 1994, Lanny Griffith (also a former Bush administration appointee) joined the firm.
In 1998, Fortune magazine named Barbour Griffith & Rogers as the second-most-powerful lobbying firm in America. In 2001, after the inauguration of George W. Bush, Fortune called it the most powerful. The firm "is employed by several foreign countries, as well as oil and cigarette companies". Its role in advocating on behalf of the tobacco industry has been particularly prominent. BGR also "lobbied on behalf of the Embassy of Mexico in 2001 to promote a bill related to Section 245(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. This provision would have provided a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants in the United States, through family connections or job skills, without a requirement that they return to their home country for the requisite 3-10 years. This is what's often referred to as 'amnesty.'" "As part of that work, Barbour's firm arranged meetings and briefings with 'Senators, members of Congress and their staffs, as well as Executive Branch Officials in the White House, National Security Council, State Department, and Immigration & Naturalization Service'. Barbour's firm charged Mexico $35,000 a month, plus expenses."
As of 2010, the firm remained one of DC's top 25, but had seen revenues drop both in 2009 and in 2010. As of 2011, Barbour continued to "collect payments from BGR through a blind trust, which was recently valued at $3.3 million".
In early 2014, Barbour and his nephew, Henry Barbour, formed a Super PAC named Mississippi Conservatives, which supported the successful reelection campaign of Senator Thad Cochran.
RNC chairman
In 1993, Barbour became chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC). In 1994, during his tenure as RNC chair, Republicans captured both houses of the United States Congress, taking the House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years. In 1997, Barbour retired from his position as chairman of the RNC.
Governor of Mississippi
2003 campaign
Main article: 2003 Mississippi gubernatorial election
After two decades in Washington, D.C., Barbour announced his intention to run for governor of Mississippi in 2003. On August 5, 2003, Barbour won the Republican gubernatorial primary over Canton trial attorney Mitch Tyner. Barbour's campaign manager was his nephew Henry Barbour.
During the campaign, a controversy arose when Barbour chose to speak at the Blackhawk Rally, a fundraiser for the Blackhawk "council school" in Blackhawk, Mississippi. Such "council schools", also referred to in Mississippi lexicon as "academies", were established by the White Citizens' Council movement in reaction to the demands for racial integration by the Civil Rights Movement. The Blackhawk rally was hosted by the Council of Conservative Citizens (CCC). A photograph of Barbour with CCC members appeared on the CCC webpage, and some commentators and pundits demanded that Barbour ask for his picture to be removed from the site, but Barbour refused. Barbour stated that "Once you start down the slippery slope of saying, 'That person can't be for me,' then where do you stop? ... I don't care who has my picture. My picture's in the public domain." Barbour's Democratic opponent, then-governor Ronnie Musgrove, declined to be critical, stating that he had also attended Blackhawk rallies in the past, and would have done so that year except for a scheduling conflict. Historically, both Democrats and Republicans have participated in Blackhawk rallies.
Barbour defeated incumbent Musgrove in the general election on November 4, 2003, with 53 percent of the vote to Musgrove's 46 percent. Barbour became just the second Republican governor elected in Mississippi since Reconstruction, the first being Kirk Fordice.
Barbour took office in January 2004.
Fiscal matters
Barbour with President George W. Bush in 2006
From left, Barbour with Kathleen Sebelius, Condoleezza Rice, Jennifer Granholm and Sonny Perdue
Barbour has been praised for translating his lobbying skills into success at winning over a legislature dominated by Democrats. Barbour has called several special legislative sessions to force an issue.
Writing for Reason magazine in February 2011, Damon Root expressed the opinion that Barbour supports farm subsidies, corporate welfare, and eminent domain. When he took office, the state of Mississippi had run a $709 million budget deficit for the 2004 fiscal year. With bipartisan support, and without raising taxes, Barbour implemented a plan called Operation: Streamline to cut the budget deficit in half. He accomplished this largely by reducing spending on social services, most notably Medicaid; the 2005 budget drastically reduced coverage for 65,000 individuals classified as Poverty-Level Aged and Disabled (PLAD), most of whom qualified for the federal Medicare program, and also significantly limited prescription drug coverage. However, the same budget increased the percentage of Medicaid prescriptions that are for generic drugs. In 2005, the state was budgeted to spend a total of $130 million less on Medicaid than in the previous year. This trend continued in the state budget for the 2006 fiscal year. After a long special session, the legislature approved a budget that featured more social service cuts but also increased educational spending. With tax revenues higher than expected during the 2006 fiscal year, due in large part to increased sales tax revenues in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, the state achieved its first balanced budget in years. In the 2008 fiscal year budget, for the first time since its enactment in 1997, the state fully funded the Mississippi Adequate Education Program.
Building on a 2002 tort reform bill passed by his predecessor, Barbour also introduced a new tort reform measure that has been described as one of the strictest in the nation. Barbour rarely made a speech during his gubernatorial campaign without mentioning this subject and was able to convert political support into law, overcoming the resistance of House Democratic leaders, who argued that further legislation would disenfranchise people with legitimate complaints against corporations. Barbour then embarked on a "tort tour" to encourage other states to follow Mississippi's lead. "We've gone from being labeled as a judicial hellhole and the center of jackpot justice to a state that now has model legislation," commented Charlie Ross, the chair of the Mississippi Senate's Judiciary Committee.
The effectiveness of Barbour's tort reform efforts has been questioned. According to conservative journalist Timothy Carney, he "touts job growth down in Mississippi under his governing, and some of that is due to tort reform, but some of it is due to rank favoritism and special-interest deals more akin to Obama than Reagan — for instance, subsidies for a biofuels plant."
Through his entire terms, Barbour's Commissioner of Corrections was Chris Epps, who had been appointed on August 30, 2002 by Democratic Governor Ronnie Musgrove. Republican governors Barbour and Phil Bryant reappointed Epps on January 13, 2004 and January 11, 2012, respectively. On November 6, 2014, it was revealed by federal prosecutors in the FBI's Operation Mississippi Hustle sting that Epps and a confederate, former Republican state House member Cecil McCrory, had taken bribes from many for-profit prison operators, consultants, vendors and subcontractors for other prisoner services. The amounts Epps personally received were estimated to be at least $1.47 million in bribes for steering what Assistant US Attorney LaMarca estimated was $800 million in contracts between 2006 and 2014. Epps cooperated with the prosecution and wore a wire for a substantial amount of time before their indictments were made public. Before federal Judge Henry Travillion Wingate pronounced his sentence in July 2017, Epps asked forgiveness of the many he had harmed. He said, "It comes back to greed. I made some stupid mistakes I will regret for the rest of my life." Judge Wingate characterized Epps' conduct as, "staggering." He continued, "Mississippi is still in shock. It was an act of betrayal. He has bruised the image of Mississippi and given joy to many of the inmates he’s overseen who can now say the head of the state prison system was just as corrupt as any of them." He sentenced Epps to over 19 years in federal prison. On February 8, 2017, Mississippi Attorney General Jim Hood, a Democrat, announced he had filed civil cases against 15 corporations and individuals who had engaged in contracts with the MDOC and Epps, seeking damages and punitive damages. He stated,
"The state of Mississippi has been defrauded through a pattern of bribery, kickbacks, misrepresentations, fraud, concealment, money laundering and other wrongful conduct." He continued, "These individuals and corporations that benefited by stealing from taxpayers must not only pay the state's losses, but state law requires that they must also forfeit and return the entire amount of the contracts paid by the state. We are also seeking punitive damages to punish these conspirators and to deter those who might consider giving or receiving kickbacks in the future." Defendants in the bribery cases included Management & Training Corporation; The GEO Group, Inc.; Cornell Companies, Inc.; Wexford Health Sources, Inc.; Global Tel*Link Corporation; Health Assurance, LLC; Keefe Commissary Network, LLC of St. Louis; Sentinel Offender Services, L.L.C.; AJA Management & Technical Services, Inc., and the Branan Medical Corporation; On May 18, 2017, Hood announced that the state had quickly settled the first suit for two million dollars. The defendant was Alere Incorporated, which had purchased the Branan Medical Corporation. Ten lawsuits in bribery schemes remained pending. Those have accused at least 10 individuals and 11 out-of-state corporations of using so-called "consultants" to gain more than $800 million in Mississippi prison contracts. On January 24, 2019, Hood announced his actions had recovered $27 million from those vendors against which he had filed suits. Management and Training Corporation paid $5.2 million. GEO Group paid $4.6 million, with the named defendant being Cornell Companies, which had been merged with GEO in 2010. Wexford Health Sources paid $4 million. Keefe Commissary Network paid $3.1 million. $3.1 million was paid by C.N.W. Construction Company. $750,000 was paid by CGL Facility Management, which provides maintenance services. $32,188 was received from AdminPros LLC, a Medicaid billing service. Insurance agent Guy E. "Butch" Evans paid $100,000.
Hurricane Katrina response
Barbour (left) meeting with FEMA officials to discuss Hurricane Katrina recovery efforts, September 2005
See also: Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina
The evacuation order for Hurricane Katrina was issued by local officials more than 24 hours before it hit, and Mississippi activated 750 National Guard troops as of August 29, the day of the hurricane.
On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck Mississippi's coast, killing 231 people, devastating the state's $2.7 billion-a-year casino industry and leaving tens of thousands homeless. (see Effect of Hurricane Katrina on Mississippi). Barbour's response was characterized by a concerted effort at evacuation, tough-minded talk on looters and an unwillingness to blame the federal government. His response was likened, favorably, to that of Rudy Giuliani in the wake of the September 11 attacks.
Barbour credited the government workers who helped southern Mississippi to cope with the hurricane. Barbour was praised by the coast's citizens as a strong leader who can communicate calmly to the public, and provide "a central decision-making point for when things get balled up or go sideways, which they do", as Barbour says.
While the reconstruction process does not dictate how localities should rebuild, Barbour has touted New Urbanist principles in constructing more compact communities. "They have the chance to build some things very differently," he says. "The goal is to build the coast back like it can be, rather than simply like it was."
Barbour has been accused by Bloomberg News of personally profiting from Hurricane Katrina recovery. Barbour is an owner of the parent company of lobbying firm Barbour Griffith & Rogers Inc., and he receives a pension and profit-sharing plan benefits from it. The lobbying firm has lobbied the state to give recovery contracts to its clients. Some of the proceeds of the firm's lobbying activities are deposited into Barbour's investment account. According to Barbour's attorney, a blind trust executed in 2004 prevents Barbour knowing the composition of his investments in order to eliminate any conflicts of interest.
Tobacco matters
Barbour has also received criticism from some Mississippi Democrats for his refusal to approve a bill to increase the cigarette tax and decrease the grocery tax passed by the Mississippi House of Representatives during his first term as governor. Mississippi currently has the third-lowest cigarette tax and the highest grocery tax—while being the poorest state in the country. He stated that the lack of revenue generated after the tax swap would quite possibly result in bankrupting the state government, which was already fragile due to the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina. The House of Representatives could produce no figures to dispute this assertion. Also, in his successful 2004 campaign, Barbour ran on the platform that he would veto any tax increase.
In May 2009, Barbour followed the State Tax Commission's recommendation and signed into law the state's first increase since 1985, from 18 cents to 68 cents per pack. The tax is estimated to generate more than $113 million for the year that begins July 1, 2009.
2007 re-election
See also: 2007 Mississippi gubernatorial election
Barbour announced on February 8, 2007, that he would seek a second term as Governor of Mississippi. Barbour announced the beginning of his re-election campaign at a series of meetings across the state on February 12, 2007. During his campaign, Barbour signed the Americans for Tax Reform "Taxpayer Protection Pledge" and vowed not to institute any new taxes or raise any existing ones.
Barbour defeated Frederick Jones in the Republican primary on August 7 and Democrat John Arthur Eaves Jr. in the November general election.
Race and integration
Barbour has faced considerable "in-state criticism for his approach to racial issues". Mississippi state Representative Willie Perkins has "compared Barbour to the southern Democrats who preceded him", saying: "As far as I'm concerned, he has never done anything as a governor or a citizen to distinguish himself from the old Democrats who fought tooth and nail to preserve segregation."
In 2006, he declined to posthumously pardon Clyde Kennard, an African-American civil rights pioneer, after evidence was presented that Kennard had been falsely convicted of burglary in Hattiesburg, Mississippi in 1960. Instead, Barbour designated a Clyde Kennard Day, calling for remembrance of Kennard's "determination, the injustices he suffered, and his significant role in the history of the civil rights movement in Mississippi". Barbour subsequently joined in a petition for a court rehearing of the case that resulted in the original conviction being thrown out.
Barbour proved instrumental in winning state legislative support for the Mississippi Civil Rights Museum. Legislation to fund a state museum had been introduced every year since 2000, but died for various reasons. In November 2006, Barbour proposed creating a state commission to develop plans for the Mississippi Civil Rights Museum. In his "State of the State" address on January 16, 2007, Barbour said the museum was "overdue, and it needs doing", The proposal won legislative approval, and a site for the museum was selected in March 2008. The project then stalled for three years, however, with museum backers listing lack of direction from the governor's office and Barbour's refusal to spend $500,000 in museum planning funds as part of the reason why. Barbour also declined to name a museum commission to oversee the final push for funding and construction. Following controversy over Barbour's statements on White Citizens' Councils, the governor again declared his complete support for construction of the museum, in what many political observers felt was an attempt to dampen criticism over his remarks as well as to disassociate himself from Mississippi's racially intolerant past. The museum secured $20 million in funding from the Mississippi Legislature in April 2011 after Barbour personally testified in favor of its funding.
During an April 11, 2010, appearance on CNN, host Candy Crowley asked if it had been insensitive for Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell to omit mentioning slavery in a proposed recognition of Confederate History Month. Barbour replied, "To me, it's a sort of feeling that it's a nit, that it is not significant, that it's not a—it's trying to make a big deal out of something doesn't amount to diddly." Barbour continued, "I don't know what you would say about slavery ... but anybody that thinks that you have to explain to people that slavery is a bad thing, I think that goes without saying."
In December 2010, Barbour was interviewed by The Weekly Standard magazine. Asked about coming of age in Yazoo City during the civil rights era, he told the interviewer regarding growing up there, "I just don't remember it as being that bad." Barbour then credited the White Citizens' Council for keeping the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) out of Yazoo City and ensuring the peaceful integration of its schools. Barbour dismissed comparisons between White Citizens' Councils and the KKK, and referred to the Councils as "an organization of town leaders". Barbour continued in his defense of the Councils, saying, "In Yazoo City they passed a resolution that said anybody who started a chapter of the Klan would get their ass run out of town. If you had a job, you'd lose it. If you had a store, they'd see nobody shopped there. We didn't have a problem with the Klan in Yazoo City." Barbour's statement did not address the role of the white supremacist Council in publicly naming and blacklisting individuals who petitioned for educational integration and how it used political pressure and violence to force African-American residents to move. This led to a considerable outcry in which critics such as Rachel Maddow accused Barbour of whitewashing history. In response to criticism, Barbour issued a statement declaring Citizens' Councils to be "indefensible."
In what was speculated to be an attempt at damage control just days after the interview, Barbour suspended the prison sentences of Jamie and Gladys Scott, two African American women who each received two life sentences resulting from a 1993 mugging in which the two women allegedly conspired to steal what amounted to $11. Barbour has denied that there was any connection between the suspension of the Scott sisters' prison sentence and the controversy surrounding his Weekly Standard interview. Jamie Scott suffered from kidney failure while in prison, and requires a donated organ, which her sister Gladys had volunteered to provide. Barbour's decision to release the Scott sisters, however, was contingent upon her consent for the promised organ donation by Gladys Scott, which critics argued amounted to coercion and raises questions of medical ethics. The sisters were released in 2011, but by 2018 the transplant had not occurred because of other medical conditions suffered by the intended recipient.
Other second term activities
In September 2008, some Democrats accused Barbour of trying to influence the outcome of the 2008 Senate race by placing the candidates at the bottom of the ballot. Since Mississippi electoral law mandates the placing of federal elections at the top of the ballot, Barbour was ordered by a circuit court to comply with the ballot laws.
In April 2009, Barbour joined a conservative policy group to discuss Republican policies in town hall meetings. The group also included former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, former Florida Governor Jeb Bush, Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal, and Senator John McCain.
On June 24, 2009, Barbour assumed the chairmanship of the Republican Governors Association, succeeding South Carolina Governor Mark Sanford. On October 29, 2009, Barbour endorsed Texas Governor Rick Perry for the Texas Republican gubernatorial nomination.
On March 3, 2010, Barbour and his wife participated in events with First Lady Michelle Obama, promoting the Let's Move! anti-obesity campaign.
In March 2011, Barbour drew criticism for his role in allowing the release of a convicted killer eight years into a 20-year sentence. In prior years, Barbour had used his powers as governor to release five other killers.
2012 pardons
On his last day as governor in 2012, Barbour granted pardons, clemency, or early release to 203 people convicted of crimes, including murder, rape and armed robbery. Barbour's actions included 19 people convicted of murder. Pardons by governors are not uncommon; the issue in this case is the number of pardons compared to former governors. Previous governor Ronnie Musgrove issued only one pardon, for a man convicted of marijuana possession; Governor Kirk Fordice, who preceded Musgrove, issued only two full pardons for convicted murderers.
Harry Bostick, whom Barbour pardoned, had been convicted of DUI three times, and at the time of his pardon was being held for (and subsequently pleaded guilty to) the DUI killing of Charity Smith.
On January 11, a Mississippi judge temporarily blocked the release of 21 inmates who had been given pardons or medical release. Attorney General Jim Hood argued the Mississippi Constitution says any inmate seeking a pardon must publish their intentions at least 30 days prior to the hearing in a newspaper in or near the county where the person was convicted. Hood also criticized Barbour for failing to notify or speak with the families of victims before granting the pardons. He responded to criticism of his actions, saying that 90% of those involved had already been released from prison, many years earlier; he acted in order to allow them to find employment, get professional licenses, vote and hunt. He also stated that in 90% of the cases his decision was based on recommendations of the parole board.
An article in The New York Times said that a disproportionate number of pardons were granted to applicants from wealthy families and those with personal or political connections, a situation also observed in the pardon systems of other states.
On March 8, 2012, the Mississippi Supreme Court upheld the pardons, which had been challenged based on the argument that many of them did not follow a requirement in the state constitution to publish notices in newspapers for 30 days. The Court wrote "we are compelled to hold that – in each of the cases before us – it fell to the governor alone to decide whether the Constitution's publication requirement was met." The court also said it could not overturn the pardons because of the constitution's separation of powers of the different branches of government.
Speculated 2012 presidential campaign
After he visited Iowa in 2009, there was speculation that Barbour might run for the Republican nomination for U.S. president in 2012. An advisor of Barbour stated, "When he surveys what most Republicans consider to be a weak field, he sees no reason he couldn't easily beat them. He's a better strategist and fundraiser than any other candidate currently considering running—and just as good on television and in debates." While considering a potential run, Barbour stated forthrightly in February 2011, "I'm a lobbyist", and said that his K Street past prepared him for the job.
Many commentators were skeptical of Barbour's chances in 2012. David Broder of The Washington Post wrote that "several others would have to stumble before he could get a serious consideration." Statistician Nate Silver argued that "Barbour may have difficulty appealing to voters outside the South, especially after his recent comments about the civil rights era." Salon.com noted that "Barbour has some serious baggage ... he's lobbied on behalf of the Mexican government for amnesty. There's also the issue of his freighted racial history, and whatever pragmatic concerns it raises for November-minded Republicans." Timothy Carney, reflecting on Barbour's history as a lobbyist, concluded: "If the Tea Party still has some wind, it's hard to see how Barbour gets anywhere near the GOP nomination." On April 25, 2011, Barbour announced that he would not run for president in 2012.
Post-gubernatorial career
After leaving office as governor, Barbour joined Butler Snow, a Jackson, Mississippi law firm (together with his former Chief of Staff Paul Hurst); re-joined lobbying firm BGR Group; and became a client of speakers' bureau Leading Authorities. At a Christian Science Monitor breakfast in June 2012, Barbour suggested that the Republican Party should take a more moderate approach to certain elements of its platform. He suggested barring corporations and unions from making direct campaign contributions, expressed satisfaction with Mitt Romney's moderate brand of Republicanism, and suggested that the party should soften its stance on illegal immigration and reach out to Latino voters: "We need a secure border for lots of reasons, and then we need to recognize that we're not going to deport 12 million people and we shouldn't."
During a private Crossroads fundraiser in Tampa in 2012, Barbour said, of the planned keynote address by New Jersey Governor Chris Christie at the 2012 Republican National Convention, "I would love for Christie to put a hot poker to Obama's butt..." He was criticized by some online commentators for the alleged racism of these remarks. He later apologized for his statement.
Barbour was stopped with a loaded handgun in a briefcase by TSA security at the Medgar Evers airport in Jackson on January 2, 2018 as he was boarding a flight for Washington, D.C.; he was briefly detained by airport police and said he would pay the associated fine. The governor said he forgot he had the gun there after an employee had removed it from his car days before.
Public image
Barbour maintained a positive approval rating in his state during periods when he was governor. A July 2010 Rasmussen Reports poll found that Barbour had a 70% approval rating in Mississippi.
Awards and honors
In 2009, Barbour was awarded the Honorary Patronage of the University Philosophical Society, Trinity College, Dublin. The Mississippi Emergency Management Agency headquarters building in Pearl, MS was named in his honor on January 5, 2012.
On October 18, 2012, The Center for Manufacturing Excellence at the University of Mississippi in Oxford, Mississippi was named in his honor.
References
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^ "Christopher B. Epps Commissioner" (). Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on February 20, 2020.
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^ a b Hunt, Kasie (2011-01-30) "Barbour's critics say it's black and white", Politico
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^ Chandler, Natalie. "Development of Civil Rights Museum Stalls." Hattiesburg American. December 29, 2008.
^ "Miss. Civil Rights Museum Plans Stalled." Associated Press. August 30, 2009.
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^ Severson, Kim. "New Museums to Shine a Spotlight on Civil Rights Era." The New York Times. February 19, 2012. Accessed 2012-03-03.
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^ Williams, Timothy (2010-12-30). "Sisters' Release Requires Kidney Donation". The New York Times.
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^ a b Pender, Geoff; Baker, Margaret (2011-03-25). "Mississippi Gov. Barbour had hand in early release of convicted killer". The Bellingham Herald. Bellingham, WA.
^ Ward, Robbie (2012-01-10). "Mississippi's Barbour surprises with raft of pardons". Reuters.
^ a b Voorhees, Josh (2012-01-12). "Judge Blocks Release of 21 of Barbour's Pardoned Inmates". Slate. Archived from the original on 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
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^ a b Mitchell, Jerry (2012-01-11). "Pardons blocked: AG argues state's constitution violated". The Clarion-Ledger. Jackson, MS. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
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External links
Appearances on C-SPAN
Party political offices
VacantTitle last held byL. R. Collins
Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Mississippi(Class 1) 1982
Succeeded byTrent Lott
Preceded byRichard Bond
Chair of the Republican National Committee 1993–1997
Succeeded byJim Nicholson
Preceded byMike Parker
Republican nominee for Governor of Mississippi 2003, 2007
Succeeded byPhil Bryant
Preceded byMark Sanford
Chair of the Republican Governors Association 2009–2010
Succeeded byRick Perry
Political offices
Preceded byBill Lacy
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Succeeded byFrank Lavin
Preceded byRonnie Musgrove
Governor of Mississippi 2004–2012
Succeeded byPhil Bryant
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Preceded byRonnie Musgroveas Former Governor
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"governor of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republican National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"Yazoo City, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazoo_City,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"University of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Sigma Alpha Epsilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Epsilon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"dominated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_South"},{"link_name":"Southern Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Democrats"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"John C. Stennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Stennis"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Musgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Musgrove"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill"},{"link_name":"1927 Mississippi River floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927"},{"link_name":"president in 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"BGR Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGR_Group"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lobbyist-4"},{"link_name":"tobacco companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_politics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carney-5"},{"link_name":"Bipartisan Policy Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartisan_Policy_Center"}],"text":"Haley Reeves Barbour[1] (born October 22, 1947) is an American attorney, politician, and lobbyist who served as the 63rd governor of Mississippi from 2004 to 2012. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1993 to 1997.Born in Yazoo City, Mississippi, Barbour graduated from the University of Mississippi with undergraduate and law degrees, where he was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity.[citation needed] Barbour was an active Republican operative during the 1970s and 1980s, and he is often credited with building significant Republican infrastructure in Mississippi during an era when it was still dominated by Southern Democrats.[2] He was the Republican nominee for U.S. Senate in 1982, but lost to incumbent Democrat John C. Stennis.In 2003, Barbour became the second Republican governor of Mississippi since Reconstruction when he defeated Democratic incumbent Ronnie Musgrove. As governor he oversaw his state's responses to Hurricane Katrina and the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the state's two most damaging environmental disasters since the 1927 Mississippi River floods. Barbour was expected to be a candidate for president in 2012, but announced he would not run in April 2011.[3]Since retiring as governor, Barbour has resumed lobbying as a senior partner at BGR Group, which he co-founded in 1991. He has been described as \"one of Washington's all-time mega-lobbyists\".[4] His clients have often included foreign governments, oil, and tobacco companies.[5] Barbour currently co-chairs the Immigration Task Force at the Bipartisan Policy Center.","title":"Haley Barbour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jeptha Fowlkes Barbour III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._F._Barbour_III"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald-Sworn-9"},{"link_name":"University of Mississippi School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mississippi_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"William H. Barbour Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Barbour_Jr."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Barbour was born in Yazoo City, Mississippi, where he was raised as the youngest of three sons of Grace LeFlore (née Johnson) and Jeptha Fowlkes Barbour, Jr.[6] Haley's father, a lawyer, died when Barbour was two years old.[7] Barbour's father was a Circuit Judge who had an inmate, Leon Turner, assist him after Judge Barbour became ill. As governor, Haley later gave Turner, who had helped raise him, a posthumous pardon in the closing days of his administration.[8]His brother Jeptha Fowlkes Barbour III was elected mayor of Yazoo City in 1968 as an independent and served until 1972.[9]He enrolled at the University of Mississippi School of Law, receiving a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree in 1972.Subsequently, Barbour joined his father's old law firm in Yazoo City.[10] He was also a law partner of his cousin, William H. Barbour Jr., who later became a federal district judge.[11]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_B1541_NLGRF_photo_contact_sheet_(1976-09-18)(Gerald_Ford_Library)_(cropped6).jpg"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C29622_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bush_Contact_Sheet_P17281_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"John Connally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate election in Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi,_1982"},{"link_name":"John C. Stennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Stennis"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"coons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_slur"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Reagan Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Barbour with President Gerald Ford in 1976Barbour with President Ronald Reagan in 1985Barbour with President George H. W. Bush in 1990Barbour soon became prominent within the Republican party running Gerald Ford's 1976 presidential campaign in the Southeast. He also worked on the campaign of former Texas governor John Connally, who had become a Republican, for president in 1980.[12] In 1982 Barbour was the Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate election in Mississippi, but was defeated 64% to 36% by longtime incumbent John C. Stennis, a conservative Democrat, despite an endorsement by President Ronald Reagan.[13] During the campaign, The New York Times reported that a Barbour aide complained about \"coons\" at a campaign event. Barbour, embarrassed that the comment was overheard by a reporter, told the aide that he would be \"reincarnated as a watermelon and placed at the mercy of blacks\" if he continued making racist comments.[14] As of 2023, Barbour is the last Republican to have lost a Senate election in Mississippi.Barbour later served as a political aide in the Reagan Administration and worked on the 1988 presidential campaign of George H. W. Bush.[15]Before being elected governor of Mississippi, Barbour \"had a long career on the national stage\" and was \"well-known as a Republican operative since the Reagan years\".[16]","title":"Early political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"lobbyists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lobbyist-4"},{"link_name":"K Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying_industry_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"RJ Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Philip Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Morris_USA"},{"link_name":"Amgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgen"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"United Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Health"},{"link_name":"Southern Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carney-5"},{"link_name":"BGR Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGR_Group"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_administration"},{"link_name":"Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lobbyist-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Embassy of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Embassy,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Immigration and Nationality Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952"},{"link_name":"illegal immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"amnesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lobbyist-4"},{"link_name":"Super PAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_PAC"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Applewhite-25"},{"link_name":"reelection campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Thad Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thad_Cochran"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Barbour has been described as \"one of Washington's all-time mega-lobbyists\".[4] He \"was a wealthy K Street lobbyist for giant corporations such as RJ Reynolds, Philip Morris, Amgen, Microsoft, United Health, Southern Company, and many others.\"[5] In 1991, Barbour helped found the lobbying group now known as BGR Group,[17] a Washington, D.C.-based lobbying firm, with Ed Rogers, a lawyer who formerly worked in the George H. W. Bush administration. In 1994, Lanny Griffith (also a former Bush administration appointee) joined the firm.In 1998, Fortune magazine named Barbour Griffith & Rogers as the second-most-powerful lobbying firm in America.[18] In 2001, after the inauguration of George W. Bush, Fortune called it the most powerful.[19] The firm \"is employed by several foreign countries, as well as oil and cigarette companies\".[4] Its role in advocating on behalf of the tobacco industry has been particularly prominent.[20] BGR also \"lobbied on behalf of the Embassy of Mexico in 2001 to promote a bill related to Section 245(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. This provision would have provided a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants in the United States, through family connections or job skills, without a requirement that they return to their home country for the requisite 3-10 years. This is what's often referred to as 'amnesty.'\"[21] \"As part of that work, Barbour's firm arranged meetings and briefings with 'Senators, members of Congress and their staffs, as well as Executive Branch Officials in the White House, National Security Council, State Department, and Immigration & Naturalization Service'. Barbour's firm charged Mexico $35,000 a month, plus expenses.\"[22]As of 2010, the firm remained one of DC's top 25, but had seen revenues drop both in 2009 and in 2010.[23] As of 2011, Barbour continued to \"collect payments from BGR through a blind trust, which was recently valued at $3.3 million\".[4]In early 2014, Barbour and his nephew, Henry Barbour, formed a Super PAC[24] named Mississippi Conservatives,[25] which supported the successful reelection campaign of Senator Thad Cochran.[26]","title":"Lobbying career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"In 1993, Barbour became chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC). In 1994, during his tenure as RNC chair, Republicans captured both houses of the United States Congress, taking the House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years.[27][28] In 1997, Barbour retired from his position as chairman of the RNC.","title":"RNC chairman"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Governor of Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blackhawk, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackhawk,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"academies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregation_academies"},{"link_name":"White Citizens' Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Citizens%27_Council"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement"},{"link_name":"Council of Conservative Citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Kirk Fordice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Fordice"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"2003 campaign","text":"After two decades in Washington, D.C., Barbour announced his intention to run for governor of Mississippi in 2003. On August 5, 2003, Barbour won the Republican gubernatorial primary over Canton trial attorney Mitch Tyner. Barbour's campaign manager was his nephew Henry Barbour.During the campaign, a controversy arose when Barbour chose to speak at the Blackhawk Rally, a fundraiser for the Blackhawk \"council school\" in Blackhawk, Mississippi. Such \"council schools\", also referred to in Mississippi lexicon as \"academies\", were established by the White Citizens' Council movement in reaction to the demands for racial integration by the Civil Rights Movement. The Blackhawk rally was hosted by the Council of Conservative Citizens (CCC). A photograph of Barbour with CCC members appeared on the CCC webpage, and some commentators and pundits demanded that Barbour ask for his picture to be removed from the site, but Barbour refused. Barbour stated that \"Once you start down the slippery slope of saying, 'That person can't be for me,' then where do you stop? ... I don't care who has my picture. My picture's in the public domain.\" Barbour's Democratic opponent, then-governor Ronnie Musgrove, declined to be critical, stating that he had also attended Blackhawk rallies in the past, and would have done so that year except for a scheduling conflict.[29] Historically, both Democrats and Republicans have participated in Blackhawk rallies.Barbour defeated incumbent Musgrove in the general election on November 4, 2003, with 53 percent of the vote to Musgrove's 46 percent. Barbour became just the second Republican governor elected in Mississippi since Reconstruction, the first being Kirk Fordice.[30]Barbour took office in January 2004.","title":"Governor of Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Visits_Mississippi,_Discusses_Gulf_Coast_Reconstruction.jpg"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condoleezza_Rice_with_Governors.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Sebelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Sebelius"},{"link_name":"Condoleezza Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Granholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm"},{"link_name":"Sonny Perdue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Perdue"},{"link_name":"weasel words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"farm subsidies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy"},{"link_name":"corporate welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_welfare"},{"link_name":"eminent domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Medicaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid"},{"link_name":"Medicare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"tort reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_reform"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-governing-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Charlie Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Ross_(state_senator)"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Senate"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carney-5"},{"link_name":"Chris Epps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Epps"},{"link_name":"Phil Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Bryant"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDOCprofile-46"},{"link_name":"Operation Mississippi Hustle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mississippi_Hustle"},{"link_name":"Cecil McCrory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_McCrory"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blinder-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Henry Travillion Wingate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Travillion_Wingate"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Jim Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hood"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hood-51"},{"link_name":"Management & Training Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_%26_Training_Corporation"},{"link_name":"GEO Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEO_Group"},{"link_name":"Cornell Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Companies"},{"link_name":"Wexford Health Sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford_Health_Sources"},{"link_name":"Global Tel*Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel*Link"},{"link_name":"Sentinel Offender Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hood-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Fiscal matters","text":"Barbour with President George W. Bush in 2006From left, Barbour with Kathleen Sebelius, Condoleezza Rice, Jennifer Granholm and Sonny PerdueBarbour has been praised[weasel words] for translating his lobbying skills into success at winning over a legislature dominated by Democrats. Barbour has called several special legislative sessions to force an issue.[31][32]Writing for Reason magazine in February 2011, Damon Root expressed the opinion that Barbour supports farm subsidies, corporate welfare, and eminent domain.[33] When he took office, the state of Mississippi had run a $709 million budget deficit for the 2004 fiscal year. With bipartisan support, and without raising taxes, Barbour implemented a plan called Operation: Streamline to cut the budget deficit in half.[34] He accomplished this largely by reducing spending on social services, most notably Medicaid; the 2005 budget drastically reduced coverage for 65,000 individuals classified as Poverty-Level Aged and Disabled (PLAD), most of whom qualified for the federal Medicare program, and also significantly limited prescription drug coverage. However, the same budget increased the percentage of Medicaid prescriptions that are for generic drugs. In 2005, the state was budgeted to spend a total of $130 million less on Medicaid than in the previous year.[35][36] This trend continued in the state budget for the 2006 fiscal year. After a long special session, the legislature approved a budget that featured more social service cuts but also increased educational spending.[37] With tax revenues higher than expected during the 2006 fiscal year, due in large part to increased sales tax revenues in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, the state achieved its first balanced budget in years.[38] In the 2008 fiscal year budget, for the first time since its enactment in 1997, the state fully funded the Mississippi Adequate Education Program.[39][40]Building on a 2002 tort reform bill passed by his predecessor,[41] Barbour also introduced a new tort reform measure that has been described as one of the strictest in the nation.[42] Barbour rarely made a speech during his gubernatorial campaign without mentioning this subject and was able to convert political support into law, overcoming the resistance of House Democratic leaders, who argued that further legislation would disenfranchise people with legitimate complaints against corporations.[43][44] Barbour then embarked on a \"tort tour\" to encourage other states to follow Mississippi's lead. \"We've gone from being labeled as a judicial hellhole and the center of jackpot justice to a state that now has model legislation,\" commented Charlie Ross, the chair of the Mississippi Senate's Judiciary Committee.[45]The effectiveness of Barbour's tort reform efforts has been questioned. According to conservative journalist Timothy Carney, he \"touts job growth down in Mississippi under his governing, and some of that is due to tort reform, but some of it is due to rank favoritism and special-interest deals more akin to Obama than Reagan — for instance, subsidies for a biofuels plant.\"[5]Through his entire terms, Barbour's Commissioner of Corrections was Chris Epps, who had been appointed on August 30, 2002 by Democratic Governor Ronnie Musgrove. Republican governors Barbour and Phil Bryant reappointed Epps on January 13, 2004 and January 11, 2012, respectively.[46] On November 6, 2014, it was revealed by federal prosecutors in the FBI's Operation Mississippi Hustle sting that Epps and a confederate, former Republican state House member Cecil McCrory,[47][48] had taken bribes from many for-profit prison operators, consultants, vendors and subcontractors for other prisoner services. The amounts Epps personally received were estimated to be at least $1.47 million in bribes for steering what Assistant US Attorney LaMarca estimated was $800 million in contracts between 2006 and 2014.[49] Epps cooperated with the prosecution and wore a wire for a substantial amount of time before their indictments were made public. Before federal Judge Henry Travillion Wingate pronounced his sentence in July 2017, Epps asked forgiveness of the many he had harmed. He said, \"It comes back to greed. I made some stupid mistakes I will regret for the rest of my life.\" Judge Wingate characterized Epps' conduct as, \"staggering.\" He continued, \"Mississippi is still in shock. It was an act of betrayal. He has bruised the image of Mississippi and given joy to many of the inmates he’s overseen who can now say the head of the state prison system was just as corrupt as any of them.\" He sentenced Epps to over 19 years in federal prison.[50] On February 8, 2017, Mississippi Attorney General Jim Hood, a Democrat, announced he had filed civil cases against 15 corporations and individuals who had engaged in contracts with the MDOC and Epps, seeking damages and punitive damages. He stated,\"The state of Mississippi has been defrauded through a pattern of bribery, kickbacks, misrepresentations, fraud, concealment, money laundering and other wrongful conduct.\" He continued, \"These individuals and corporations that benefited by stealing from taxpayers must not only pay the state's losses, but state law requires that they must also forfeit and return the entire amount of the contracts paid by the state. We are also seeking punitive damages to punish these conspirators and to deter those who might consider giving or receiving kickbacks in the future.\"[51]Defendants in the bribery cases included Management & Training Corporation; The GEO Group, Inc.; Cornell Companies, Inc.; Wexford Health Sources, Inc.; Global Tel*Link Corporation; Health Assurance, LLC; Keefe Commissary Network, LLC of St. Louis; Sentinel Offender Services, L.L.C.; AJA Management & Technical Services, Inc., and the Branan Medical Corporation;[51] On May 18, 2017, Hood announced that the state had quickly settled the first suit for two million dollars. The defendant was Alere Incorporated, which had purchased the Branan Medical Corporation. Ten lawsuits in bribery schemes remained pending. Those have accused at least 10 individuals and 11 out-of-state corporations of using so-called \"consultants\" to gain more than $800 million in Mississippi prison contracts.[52] On January 24, 2019, Hood announced his actions had recovered $27 million from those vendors against which he had filed suits. Management and Training Corporation paid $5.2 million. GEO Group paid $4.6 million, with the named defendant being Cornell Companies, which had been merged with GEO in 2010. Wexford Health Sources paid $4 million. Keefe Commissary Network paid $3.1 million. $3.1 million was paid by C.N.W. Construction Company. $750,000 was paid by CGL Facility Management, which provides maintenance services. $32,188 was received from AdminPros LLC, a Medicaid billing service. Insurance agent Guy E. \"Butch\" Evans paid $100,000.[53]","title":"Governor of Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FEMA_-_16348_-_Photograph_by_Dave_Saville_taken_on_09-28-2005_in_Louisiana.jpg"},{"link_name":"Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_government_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Effect of Hurricane Katrina on Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_Hurricane_Katrina_on_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Rudy Giuliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-governing-42"},{"link_name":"New Urbanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Urbanism"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-governing-42"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Television"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-62"},{"link_name":"lobbying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-62"},{"link_name":"blind trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_trust"},{"link_name":"conflicts of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-62"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Katrina response","text":"Barbour (left) meeting with FEMA officials to discuss Hurricane Katrina recovery efforts, September 2005See also: Criticism of the government response to Hurricane KatrinaThe evacuation order for Hurricane Katrina was issued by local officials more than 24 hours before it hit, and Mississippi activated 750 National Guard troops as of August 29, the day of the hurricane.[54][55][56]On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck Mississippi's coast, killing 231 people,[57] devastating the state's $2.7 billion-a-year casino industry and leaving tens of thousands homeless.[58] (see Effect of Hurricane Katrina on Mississippi). Barbour's response was characterized by a concerted effort at evacuation, tough-minded talk on looters and an unwillingness to blame the federal government.[59] His response was likened, favorably, to that of Rudy Giuliani in the wake of the September 11 attacks.[60][61]Barbour credited the government workers who helped southern Mississippi to cope with the hurricane. Barbour was praised by the coast's citizens as a strong leader who can communicate calmly to the public, and provide \"a central decision-making point for when things get balled up or go sideways, which they do\", as Barbour says.[42]While the reconstruction process does not dictate how localities should rebuild, Barbour has touted New Urbanist principles in constructing more compact communities. \"They have the chance to build some things very differently,\" he says. \"The goal is to build the coast back like it can be, rather than simply like it was.\"[42]Barbour has been accused by Bloomberg News of personally profiting from Hurricane Katrina recovery.[62] Barbour is an owner of the parent company of lobbying firm Barbour Griffith & Rogers Inc., and he receives a pension and profit-sharing plan benefits from it.[62] The lobbying firm has lobbied the state to give recovery contracts to its clients.[62] Some of the proceeds of the firm's lobbying activities are deposited into Barbour's investment account.[62] According to Barbour's attorney, a blind trust executed in 2004 prevents Barbour knowing the composition of his investments in order to eliminate any conflicts of interest.[62]","title":"Governor of Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cigarette tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_taxes_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Mississippi House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"tax swap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_shift"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Tobacco matters","text":"Barbour has also received criticism from some Mississippi Democrats for his refusal to approve a bill to increase the cigarette tax and decrease the grocery tax passed by the Mississippi House of Representatives during his first term as governor. Mississippi currently has the third-lowest cigarette tax and the highest grocery tax—while being the poorest state in the country. He stated that the lack of revenue generated after the tax swap would quite possibly result in bankrupting the state government, which was already fragile due to the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina. The House of Representatives could produce no figures to dispute this assertion. Also, in his successful 2004 campaign, Barbour ran on the platform that he would veto any tax increase.[63]In May 2009, Barbour followed the State Tax Commission's recommendation and signed into law the state's first increase since 1985, from 18 cents to 68 cents per pack. The tax is estimated to generate more than $113 million for the year that begins July 1, 2009.[64]","title":"Governor of Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2007 Mississippi gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Governor of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Americans for Tax Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform"},{"link_name":"Taxpayer Protection Pledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxpayer_Protection_Pledge"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"John Arthur Eaves Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arthur_Eaves_Jr."}],"sub_title":"2007 re-election","text":"See also: 2007 Mississippi gubernatorial electionBarbour announced on February 8, 2007, that he would seek a second term as Governor of Mississippi. Barbour announced the beginning of his re-election campaign at a series of meetings across the state on February 12, 2007. During his campaign, Barbour signed the Americans for Tax Reform \"Taxpayer Protection Pledge\" and vowed not to institute any new taxes or raise any existing ones.[65]Barbour defeated Frederick Jones in the Republican primary on August 7 and Democrat John Arthur Eaves Jr. in the November general election.","title":"Governor of Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Race-66"},{"link_name":"Willie Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Perkins"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Race-66"},{"link_name":"Clyde Kennard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Kennard"},{"link_name":"Hattiesburg, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox20060517-68"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Civil Rights Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Museum"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StringBigIdeas-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TalbottChosen-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ByrdLacks-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChandlerStall-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stalled-75"},{"link_name":"White Citizens' Councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PettusBuild-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MitchellDelivers-77"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Severson-78"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Candy Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Crowley"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Bob McDonnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_McDonnell"},{"link_name":"Confederate History Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_History_Month"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"The Weekly Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weeklystd-81"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"white supremacist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Rachel Maddow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Maddow"},{"link_name":"whitewashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewash_(censorship)"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maddow-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoliticoCouncil-85"},{"link_name":"damage control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(public_relations)"},{"link_name":"Jamie and Gladys Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_sisters"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBCNewsKidney-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTKidney-87"},{"link_name":"kidney failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_failure"},{"link_name":"donated organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_donation"},{"link_name":"coercion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercion"},{"link_name":"medical ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ethics"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaPoKidney-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Florida-89"}],"sub_title":"Race and integration","text":"Barbour has faced considerable \"in-state criticism for his approach to racial issues\".[66] Mississippi state Representative Willie Perkins has \"compared Barbour to the southern Democrats who preceded him\", saying: \"As far as I'm concerned, he has never done anything as a governor or a citizen to distinguish himself from the old Democrats who fought tooth and nail to preserve segregation.\"[66]In 2006, he declined to posthumously pardon Clyde Kennard, an African-American civil rights pioneer, after evidence was presented that Kennard had been falsely convicted of burglary in Hattiesburg, Mississippi in 1960. Instead, Barbour designated a Clyde Kennard Day, calling for remembrance of Kennard's \"determination, the injustices he suffered, and his significant role in the history of the civil rights movement in Mississippi\".[67] Barbour subsequently joined in a petition for a court rehearing of the case that resulted in the original conviction being thrown out.[68]Barbour proved instrumental in winning state legislative support for the Mississippi Civil Rights Museum. Legislation to fund a state museum had been introduced every year since 2000,[69] but died for various reasons. In November 2006, Barbour proposed creating a state commission to develop plans for the Mississippi Civil Rights Museum.[70] In his \"State of the State\" address on January 16, 2007, Barbour said the museum was \"overdue, and it needs doing\",[71] The proposal won legislative approval, and a site for the museum was selected in March 2008.[72] The project then stalled for three years,[73] however, with museum backers listing lack of direction from the governor's office and Barbour's refusal to spend $500,000 in museum planning funds as part of the reason why.[74] Barbour also declined to name a museum commission to oversee the final push for funding and construction.[75] Following controversy over Barbour's statements on White Citizens' Councils, the governor again declared his complete support for construction of the museum, in what many political observers felt was an attempt to dampen criticism over his remarks as well as to disassociate himself from Mississippi's racially intolerant past.[76][77] The museum secured $20 million in funding from the Mississippi Legislature in April 2011 after Barbour personally testified in favor of its funding.[78]During an April 11, 2010, appearance on CNN, host Candy Crowley asked if it had been insensitive for Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell to omit mentioning slavery in a proposed recognition of Confederate History Month. Barbour replied, \"To me, it's a sort of feeling that it's a nit, that it is not significant, that it's not a—it's trying to make a big deal out of something doesn't amount to diddly.\"[79] Barbour continued, \"I don't know what you would say about slavery ... but anybody that thinks that you have to explain to people that slavery is a bad thing, I think that goes without saying.\"[80]In December 2010, Barbour was interviewed by The Weekly Standard magazine. Asked about coming of age in Yazoo City during the civil rights era, he told the interviewer regarding growing up there, \"I just don't remember it as being that bad.\"[81] Barbour then credited the White Citizens' Council for keeping the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) out of Yazoo City and ensuring the peaceful integration of its schools. Barbour dismissed comparisons between White Citizens' Councils and the KKK, and referred to the Councils as \"an organization of town leaders\". Barbour continued in his defense of the Councils, saying, \"In Yazoo City they passed a resolution that said anybody who started a chapter of the Klan would get their ass run out of town. If you had a job, you'd lose it. If you had a store, they'd see nobody shopped there. We didn't have a problem with the Klan in Yazoo City.\" Barbour's statement did not address the role of the white supremacist Council in publicly naming and blacklisting individuals who petitioned for educational integration[82] and how it used political pressure and violence to force African-American residents to move.[83] This led to a considerable outcry in which critics such as Rachel Maddow accused Barbour of whitewashing history.[84] In response to criticism, Barbour issued a statement declaring Citizens' Councils to be \"indefensible.\"[85]In what was speculated to be an attempt at damage control just days after the interview, Barbour suspended the prison sentences of Jamie and Gladys Scott, two African American women who each received two life sentences resulting from a 1993 mugging in which the two women allegedly conspired to steal what amounted to $11.[86][87] Barbour has denied that there was any connection between the suspension of the Scott sisters' prison sentence and the controversy surrounding his Weekly Standard interview. Jamie Scott suffered from kidney failure while in prison, and requires a donated organ, which her sister Gladys had volunteered to provide. Barbour's decision to release the Scott sisters, however, was contingent upon her consent for the promised organ donation by Gladys Scott, which critics argued amounted to coercion and raises questions of medical ethics.[88] The sisters were released in 2011, but by 2018 the transplant had not occurred because of other medical conditions suffered by the intended recipient.[89]","title":"Governor of Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"circuit court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_court"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Jeb Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Bobby Jindal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Jindal"},{"link_name":"John McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Republican Governors Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association"},{"link_name":"Mark Sanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Sanford"},{"link_name":"Rick Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Perry"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Michelle Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama"},{"link_name":"Let's Move!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Move!"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sh-rel-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sh-rel-93"}],"sub_title":"Other second term activities","text":"In September 2008, some Democrats accused Barbour of trying to influence the outcome of the 2008 Senate race by placing the candidates at the bottom of the ballot. Since Mississippi electoral law mandates the placing of federal elections at the top of the ballot, Barbour was ordered by a circuit court to comply with the ballot laws.[90]In April 2009, Barbour joined a conservative policy group to discuss Republican policies in town hall meetings. The group also included former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, former Florida Governor Jeb Bush, Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal, and Senator John McCain.[91]On June 24, 2009, Barbour assumed the chairmanship of the Republican Governors Association, succeeding South Carolina Governor Mark Sanford. On October 29, 2009, Barbour endorsed Texas Governor Rick Perry for the Texas Republican gubernatorial nomination.[92]On March 3, 2010, Barbour and his wife participated in events with First Lady Michelle Obama, promoting the Let's Move! anti-obesity campaign.In March 2011, Barbour drew criticism for his role in allowing the release of a convicted killer eight years into a 20-year sentence.[93] In prior years, Barbour had used his powers as governor to release five other killers.[93]","title":"Governor of Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Kirk Fordice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Fordice"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slate20120112-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Jim Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hood"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClarLed20120112-98"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClarLed20120112-98"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slate20120112-95"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTPardon-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"2012 pardons","text":"On his last day as governor in 2012, Barbour granted pardons, clemency, or early release to 203 people convicted of crimes, including murder, rape and armed robbery. Barbour's actions included 19 people convicted of murder.[94] Pardons by governors are not uncommon; the issue in this case is the number of pardons compared to former governors. Previous governor Ronnie Musgrove issued only one pardon, for a man convicted of marijuana possession; Governor Kirk Fordice, who preceded Musgrove, issued only two full pardons for convicted murderers.[95]Harry Bostick, whom Barbour pardoned, had been convicted of DUI three times, and at the time of his pardon was being held for (and subsequently pleaded guilty to) the DUI killing of Charity Smith.[96]On January 11, a Mississippi judge temporarily blocked the release of 21 inmates who had been given pardons or medical release. Attorney General Jim Hood argued the Mississippi Constitution says any inmate seeking a pardon must publish their intentions at least 30 days prior to the hearing in a newspaper in or near the county where the person was convicted.[97] Hood also criticized Barbour for failing to notify or speak with the families of victims before granting the pardons.[98] He responded to criticism of his actions, saying that 90% of those involved had already been released from prison, many years earlier; he acted in order to allow them to find employment, get professional licenses, vote and hunt.[98] He also stated that in 90% of the cases his decision was based on recommendations of the parole board.[95]An article in The New York Times said that a disproportionate number of pardons were granted to applicants from wealthy families and those with personal or political connections, a situation also observed in the pardon systems of other states.[99]On March 8, 2012, the Mississippi Supreme Court upheld the pardons, which had been challenged based on the argument that many of them did not follow a requirement in the state constitution to publish notices in newspapers for 30 days. The Court wrote \"we are compelled to hold that – in each of the cases before us – it fell to the governor alone to decide whether the Constitution's publication requirement was met.\" The court also said it could not overturn the pardons because of the constitution's separation of powers of the different branches of government.[100][101]","title":"Governor of Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Republican nomination for U.S. president in 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"K Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)#Lobbying"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lobbyist-4"},{"link_name":"David Broder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Broder"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Nate Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Silver"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Salon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carney-5"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"}],"text":"After he visited Iowa in 2009, there was speculation that Barbour might run for the Republican nomination for U.S. president in 2012.[102] An advisor of Barbour stated, \"When he surveys what most Republicans consider to be a weak field, he sees no reason he couldn't easily beat them. He's a better strategist and fundraiser than any other candidate currently considering running—and just as good on television and in debates.\"[103] While considering a potential run, Barbour stated forthrightly in February 2011, \"I'm a lobbyist\", and said that his K Street past prepared him for the job.[4]Many commentators were skeptical of Barbour's chances in 2012. David Broder of The Washington Post wrote that \"several others would have to stumble before he could get a serious consideration.\"[104] Statistician Nate Silver argued that \"Barbour may have difficulty appealing to voters outside the South, especially after his recent comments[105] about the civil rights era.\"[106] Salon.com noted that \"Barbour has some serious baggage ... he's lobbied on behalf of the Mexican government for amnesty. There's also the issue of his freighted racial history, and whatever pragmatic concerns it raises for November-minded Republicans.\"[107] Timothy Carney, reflecting on Barbour's history as a lobbyist, concluded: \"If the Tea Party still has some wind, it's hard to see how Barbour gets anywhere near the GOP nomination.\"[5] On April 25, 2011, Barbour announced that he would not run for president in 2012.[108]","title":"Speculated 2012 presidential campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jackson, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Christian Science Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor"},{"link_name":"moderate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate"},{"link_name":"corporations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation"},{"link_name":"unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions"},{"link_name":"campaign contributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_finance"},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"illegal immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Chris Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Christie"},{"link_name":"2012 Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Medgar Evers airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Medgar_Wiley_Evers_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"text":"After leaving office as governor, Barbour joined Butler Snow, a Jackson, Mississippi law firm (together with his former Chief of Staff Paul Hurst);[109] re-joined lobbying firm BGR Group;[110] and became a client of speakers' bureau Leading Authorities.[111] At a Christian Science Monitor breakfast in June 2012, Barbour suggested that the Republican Party should take a more moderate approach to certain elements of its platform. He suggested barring corporations and unions from making direct campaign contributions, expressed satisfaction with Mitt Romney's moderate brand of Republicanism, and suggested that the party should soften its stance on illegal immigration and reach out to Latino voters: \"We need a secure border for lots of reasons, and then we need to recognize that we're not going to deport 12 million people and we shouldn't.\"[112]During a private Crossroads fundraiser in Tampa in 2012, Barbour said, of the planned keynote address by New Jersey Governor Chris Christie at the 2012 Republican National Convention, \"I would love for Christie to put a hot poker to Obama's butt...\"[113] He was criticized by some online commentators for the alleged racism of these remarks.[114] He later apologized for his statement.[115]Barbour was stopped with a loaded handgun in a briefcase by TSA security at the Medgar Evers airport in Jackson on January 2, 2018 as he was boarding a flight for Washington, D.C.; he was briefly detained by airport police and said he would pay the associated fine. The governor said he forgot he had the gun there after an employee had removed it from his car days before.[116]","title":"Post-gubernatorial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rasmussen Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmussen_Reports"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"text":"Barbour maintained a positive approval rating in his state during periods when he was governor. A July 2010 Rasmussen Reports poll found that Barbour had a 70% approval rating in Mississippi.[117]","title":"Public image"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Oxford, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_Mississippi"}],"text":"In 2009, Barbour was awarded the Honorary Patronage of the University Philosophical Society, Trinity College, Dublin. The Mississippi Emergency Management Agency headquarters building in Pearl, MS was named in his honor on January 5, 2012.On October 18, 2012, The Center for Manufacturing Excellence at the University of Mississippi in Oxford, Mississippi was named in his honor.","title":"Awards and honors"}] | [{"image_text":"Barbour with President Gerald Ford in 1976","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ford_B1541_NLGRF_photo_contact_sheet_%281976-09-18%29%28Gerald_Ford_Library%29_%28cropped6%29.jpg/220px-Ford_B1541_NLGRF_photo_contact_sheet_%281976-09-18%29%28Gerald_Ford_Library%29_%28cropped6%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barbour with President Ronald Reagan in 1985","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C29622_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C29622_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barbour with President George H. W. Bush in 1990","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bush_Contact_Sheet_P17281_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bush_Contact_Sheet_P17281_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barbour with President George W. Bush in 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/President_Visits_Mississippi%2C_Discusses_Gulf_Coast_Reconstruction.jpg/220px-President_Visits_Mississippi%2C_Discusses_Gulf_Coast_Reconstruction.jpg"},{"image_text":"From left, Barbour with Kathleen Sebelius, Condoleezza Rice, Jennifer Granholm and Sonny Perdue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Condoleezza_Rice_with_Governors.jpg/220px-Condoleezza_Rice_with_Governors.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barbour (left) meeting with FEMA officials to discuss Hurricane Katrina recovery efforts, September 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/FEMA_-_16348_-_Photograph_by_Dave_Saville_taken_on_09-28-2005_in_Louisiana.jpg/220px-FEMA_-_16348_-_Photograph_by_Dave_Saville_taken_on_09-28-2005_in_Louisiana.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Graham, Judith; Schick, Elizabeth A.; Young, Gray; Claggett, Hilary D.; Helbok, Miriam, eds. (December 1996). Current Biography Yearbook 1996. H.W. Wilson. p. 16. ISBN 978-0824209087.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ybp2xI8NXPUC&q=%22Haley+Reeves+Barbour%22","url_text":"Current Biography Yearbook 1996"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824209087","url_text":"978-0824209087"}]},{"reference":"\"Misunderstanding the Southern Realignment\". RealClearPolitics.com. Retrieved 2019-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2010/09/09/misunderstanding_the_southern_realignment_107084.html","url_text":"\"Misunderstanding the Southern Realignment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealClearPolitics.com","url_text":"RealClearPolitics.com"}]},{"reference":"Zeleny, Jeff (2011-04-25). \"Governor of Mississippi Won't Run for President\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/26/us/politics/26barbour.html","url_text":"\"Governor of Mississippi Won't Run for President\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Lawrence Kestenbaum. \"Index to Politicians: Barbour\". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2011-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/barbour.html","url_text":"\"Index to Politicians: Barbour\""}]},{"reference":"Huey-Burns, Caitlin (February 14, 2011). \"10 Things You Didn't Know About Haley Barbour\". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved August 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/02/14/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-haley-barbour","url_text":"\"10 Things You Didn't Know About Haley Barbour\""}]},{"reference":"Freeland, Tom. \"Gov. Barbour press conference on pardons issues\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-10. Retrieved January 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120310134834/http://nmisscommentor.com/law/gov-barbour-press-conference-on-pardons-issues/","url_text":"\"Gov. Barbour press conference on pardons issues\""},{"url":"http://nmisscommentor.com/law/gov-barbour-press-conference-on-pardons-issues/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"His Honor sworn to duty by mother\". The Yazoo City Herald. April 11, 1968. Retrieved January 16, 2023 – via newspapers.com. Mayor J. F. Barbour III was sworn into office Monday night by his mother, Mrs. J. F. Barbour, Jr. and became one of the youngest chief executive officers in the history of the city.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/261320754/","url_text":"\"His Honor sworn to duty by mother\""}]},{"reference":"Neil Weinberg (July 22, 2002). \"Asleep at the Switch\". Forbes. 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Retrieved March 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howell_Raines","url_text":"Raines, Howell"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/20/us/age-issue-is-focus-of-mississippi-race.html","url_text":"\"Age is focus of Mississippi race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Reagan Political Aide Is Elected GOP Chairman\". Deseret News. United Press International. January 30, 1993. Retrieved August 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/272650/EX-REAGAN-POLITICAL-AIDE-IS-ELECTED-GOP-CHAIRMAN.html?pg=all","url_text":"\"Ex-Reagan Political Aide Is Elected GOP Chairman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barbour, Griffith & Rodgers website\". Bgrdc.com. Retrieved 2011-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bgrdc.com/","url_text":"\"Barbour, Griffith & Rodgers website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Time-Warner article on Barbour, Griffith & Rogers\". Time Warner. 1998-11-16. 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Primary\""}]},{"reference":"Applewhite, Scott (2014-07-16). \"Haley Barbour group funded black turnout in Thad Cochran reelection\". CBS News. Retrieved 2014-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/haley-barbour-group-funded-black-turnout-in-thad-cochran-reelection/","url_text":"\"Haley Barbour group funded black turnout in Thad Cochran reelection\""}]},{"reference":"Jaffe, Alexandra (2014-01-31). \"Haley Barbour-backed group boosts Cochran\". The Hill. Retrieved 2016-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/senate-races/197071-haley-barbour-backed-group-boosts-cochran/","url_text":"\"Haley Barbour-backed group boosts Cochran\""}]},{"reference":"Wayne, Leslie (1997-07-25). \"No Dice, Haley\". The New York Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceuthobium | Arceuthobium | ["1 Description","2 Effects of parasitism","3 Dwarf mistletoe rating system","4 Species","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Genus of mistletoes
Dwarf mistletoes
Arceuthobium abietinum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Order:
Santalales
Family:
Santalaceae
Genus:
ArceuthobiumM.Bieb.
Species
See list of Arceuthobium species
The genus Arceuthobium, commonly called dwarf mistletoes, is a genus of 26 species of parasitic plants that parasitize members of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae in North America, Central America, Asia, Europe, and Africa. Of the 42 species that have been recognized, 39 and 21 of these are endemic to North America and the United States, respectively. They all have very reduced shoots and leaves (mostly reduced to scales) with the bulk of the plant living under the host's bark. Recently the number of species within the genus has been reduced to 26 as a result of more detailed genetic analysis.
Description
Female plant of A. vaginatum susbp. cryptopodum on Ponderosa pine
They are dioecious, individual plants being either male or female. The fruit is unusual in that it builds up hydrostatic pressure internally when ripe and shoots the single sticky seed up to speeds nearly 50 miles per hour (80 km/h), an example of rapid plant movement. The lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium americanum, has been found to explosively-disperse its seeds through thermogenesis. Dwarf mistletoe seeds are enveloped in a hygroscopic, glue-like substance called viscin. Many fail to land on a suitable host's shoot, but some succeed, and in this way they are spread through the forests as a pest front. The spread of dwarf mistletoes in forest stands is greatest from the overstory to the understory, owing to gravity. Advantageous stand conditions for the spread of the parasite include an uneven-aged stand structure with severely infected hosts in dominant and codominant crown classes, species composition dominated by the primary host, and tree densities between 175 and 500 trees/ha.
There are also several species from Europe and Asia including one of the smallest in the genus, A. minutissimum that lives on its host, Pinus wallichiana in the Himalayas.
Effects of parasitism
In western forest ecosystems of North America, numerous dwarf mistletoe species are considered to be serious forest-borne disease agents. Severe dwarf mistletoe infection can result in a reduction in tree growth, premature tree mortality, reduced seed and cone development, and reduced wood quality, and increases the susceptibility of the host tree to pathogen and/or insect attack. Most of the commercially important conifers in western North America are parasitized by one or more dwarf mistletoes.
The interaction between dwarf mistletoes and their host can be generalized as a source-to-sink relationship. Dwarf mistletoes derive the majority of their nutrition from the host’s vascular tissues. Dwarf mistletoes have a root-like endophytic system, composed of primary and secondary haustoria, which invade, but do not injure, both the xylem and phloem of the host. Because this root-like endophytic system is not soilborne, dwarf mistletoes are dependent solely on their host for water. Along a xylem-to-xylem link, dwarf mistletoes draw water from their host using the difference in water potential between parasite and host. The greater transpiration rate of the dwarf mistletoe produces a lower water potential, allowing water to flow from host to parasite. The water gradient or transpiration stream is consistently maintained, even when the host is under moderate water deficit.
In addition to host-water dependence, dwarf mistletoes must acquire carbohydrate and mineral nutrition from their hosts. Dwarf mistletoes have both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and the necessary mechanisms for photosynthesis, but chlorophyll concentrations in dwarf mistletoes are approximately 1/5 to 1/10 of those found in their host’s foliage, and dwarf mistletoes have low photosynthetic rates as measured by the rate of carbon fixation. The principal carbohydrate transported from the host to dwarf mistletoe is sucrose. Because dwarf mistletoes are phloem-deficient, they draw carbohydrates from their hosts by connections to the host phloem and ray parenchyma. The rate of carbohydrate transport varies by season, but dwarf mistletoes continuously draw carbohydrates from their hosts throughout the year.
Dwarf mistletoe rating system
A standardized system called the Hawksworth 6-class dwarf mistletoe rating (DMR) system has been devised to determine how much dwarf mistletoe has infected a tree. To use this system, the living part of the tree crown needs to be broken up into 3 sections, (top, middle, bottom). Each section is then rated either 0, 1, or 2 with a score of 0 being assigned for a uninfected section, 1 for light infection with fewer than half of the branches infected, or 2 for heavy infection with over half of the branches infected. The 3 numbers are then added together to give the total rating for the tree.
Species
Arceuthobium occidentale shoots on Pinus sabiniana branches, Mount Diablo, California. 25 December 2008
Arceuthobium abietinum Engelm. ex Munz
Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.
Arceuthobium apachecum Hawksworth & Wiens
Arceuthobium azoricum Hawksw. & Wiens
Arceuthobium blumeri A. Nels.
Arceuthobium californicum Hawksworth & Wiens
Arceuthobium campylopodum Engelm.
Arceuthobium cyanocarpum (A. Nels. ex Rydb.) A. Nels.
Arceuthobium divaricatum Engelm.
Arceuthobium douglasii Engelm.
Arceuthobium gillii Hawksworth & Wiens
Arceuthobium globosum Hawksw. & Wiens
Arceuthobium laricis (Piper) St. John
Arceuthobium littorum Hawksworth, Wiens & Nickrent
Arceuthobium microcarpum (Engelm.) Hawksworth & Wiens
Arceuthobium minutissimum Hook. f.
Arceuthobium monticola Hawksworth, Wiens & Nickrent
Arceuthobium occidentale Engelm.
Arceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) M.Bieb.
Arceuthobium pusillum Peck
Arceuthobium siskiyouense Hawksworth, Wiens & Nickrent
Arceuthobium tsugense (Rosendahl) G.N. Jones
Arceuthobium vaginatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) J. Presl (Syn. Viscum vaginatum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.)
References
^ a b Nickrent, D.L.; M.A. García; M.P. Martín; R.L. Mathiasen (2004). "A phylogeny of all species of Arceuthobium (Viscaceae) using nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences". American Journal of Botany. 91 (1): 125–138. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.1.125. PMID 21653369. S2CID 13745441.
^ O'Neill, A.R.; Rana, S.K. (2019). "An ethnobotanical analysis of parasitic plants (Parijibi) in the Nepal Himalaya". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 12 (14): 14. doi:10.1186/s13002-016-0086-y. PMC 4765049. PMID 26912113.
^ , Rolena A.J. deBruyn, Mark Paetkau, Kelly A. Ross, David V. Godfrey & Cynthia Ross Friedman. Thermogenesis-triggered seed dispersal in dwarf mistletoe.
^ "Management guide for dwarf mistletoe" (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2016.
Further reading
Hawksworth, F. G., & Wiens, D. (1996). Dwarf Mistletoes: Biology, Pathology, and Systematics. USDA Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 709.
Kenaley, S.C., R.L. Mathiasen, & C.M. Daugherty. 2006. Selection of dwarf mistletoe-infected ponderosa pines by Ips species (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in northern Arizona. WNAN 66:279-284.
Mathiasen, R.L. 1996. Dwarf mistletoes in forest canopies. Northwest. Sci. 70:61-71.
External links
Maleshoots of A. campylopodum in California
Fruiting plant of A. campylopodum on Pine shoot
PLANTS profile for Arceuthobium (United States) including range maps.
US forest service data about dwarf mistletoes
Taxon identifiersArceuthobium
Wikidata: Q244255
Wikispecies: Arceuthobium
APDB: 188259
BOLD: 124616
CoL: ZVH
EoL: 60715
EPPO: 1AREG
FNA: 102451
FoC: 102451
GBIF: 2889830
GRIN: 907
iNaturalist: 50259
IPNI: 331362-2
IRMNG: 1006532
ITIS: 27886
NBN: NHMSYS0020704070
NCBI: 27219
NZOR: a5c87a14-b51a-46b6-baee-ef497508161e
Open Tree of Life: 741278
PLANTS: ARCEU
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331362-2
Tropicos: 40018597
VASCAN: 843
WFO: wfo-4000002875 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"mistletoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistletoe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nick-1"},{"link_name":"parasitic plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_plant"},{"link_name":"Pinaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceae"},{"link_name":"Cupressaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressaceae"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oneill_rana_2016-2"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nick-1"}],"text":"The genus Arceuthobium, commonly called dwarf mistletoes, is a genus of 26[1] species of parasitic plants that parasitize members of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae in North America, Central America, Asia, Europe, and Africa.[2] Of the 42 species that have been recognized, 39 and 21 of these are endemic to North America and the United States, respectively. They all have very reduced shoots and leaves (mostly reduced to scales) with the bulk of the plant living under the host's bark. 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The fruit is unusual in that it builds up hydrostatic pressure internally when ripe and shoots the single sticky seed up to speeds nearly 50 miles per hour (80 km/h), an example of rapid plant movement. The lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium americanum, has been found to explosively-disperse its seeds through thermogenesis.[3] Dwarf mistletoe seeds are enveloped in a hygroscopic, glue-like substance called viscin. Many fail to land on a suitable host's shoot, but some succeed, and in this way they are spread through the forests as a pest front. The spread of dwarf mistletoes in forest stands is greatest from the overstory to the understory, owing to gravity. Advantageous stand conditions for the spread of the parasite include an uneven-aged stand structure with severely infected hosts in dominant and codominant crown classes, species composition dominated by the primary host, and tree densities between 175 and 500 trees/ha.There are also several species from Europe and Asia including one of the smallest in the genus, A. minutissimum that lives on its host, Pinus wallichiana in the Himalayas.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"vascular tissues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissue"},{"link_name":"endophytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endophyte"},{"link_name":"haustoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haustorium"},{"link_name":"xylem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem"},{"link_name":"phloem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloem"},{"link_name":"soilborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil"},{"link_name":"transpiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration"},{"link_name":"carbohydrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate"},{"link_name":"chlorophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll"},{"link_name":"carbon fixation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fixation"},{"link_name":"sucrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose"},{"link_name":"parenchyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenchyma"}],"text":"In western forest ecosystems of North America, numerous dwarf mistletoe species are considered to be serious forest-borne disease agents. Severe dwarf mistletoe infection can result in a reduction in tree growth, premature tree mortality, reduced seed and cone development, and reduced wood quality, and increases the susceptibility of the host tree to pathogen and/or insect attack. Most of the commercially important conifers in western North America are parasitized by one or more dwarf mistletoes.The interaction between dwarf mistletoes and their host can be generalized as a source-to-sink relationship. Dwarf mistletoes derive the majority of their nutrition from the host’s vascular tissues. Dwarf mistletoes have a root-like endophytic system, composed of primary and secondary haustoria, which invade, but do not injure, both the xylem and phloem of the host. Because this root-like endophytic system is not soilborne, dwarf mistletoes are dependent solely on their host for water. Along a xylem-to-xylem link, dwarf mistletoes draw water from their host using the difference in water potential between parasite and host. The greater transpiration rate of the dwarf mistletoe produces a lower water potential, allowing water to flow from host to parasite. The water gradient or transpiration stream is consistently maintained, even when the host is under moderate water deficit.In addition to host-water dependence, dwarf mistletoes must acquire carbohydrate and mineral nutrition from their hosts. Dwarf mistletoes have both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and the necessary mechanisms for photosynthesis, but chlorophyll concentrations in dwarf mistletoes are approximately 1/5 to 1/10 of those found in their host’s foliage, and dwarf mistletoes have low photosynthetic rates as measured by the rate of carbon fixation. The principal carbohydrate transported from the host to dwarf mistletoe is sucrose. Because dwarf mistletoes are phloem-deficient, they draw carbohydrates from their hosts by connections to the host phloem and ray parenchyma. The rate of carbohydrate transport varies by season, but dwarf mistletoes continuously draw carbohydrates from their hosts throughout the year.","title":"Effects of parasitism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tree crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A standardized system called the Hawksworth 6-class dwarf mistletoe rating (DMR) system has been devised to determine how much dwarf mistletoe has infected a tree. To use this system, the living part of the tree crown needs to be broken up into 3 sections, (top, middle, bottom). Each section is then rated either 0, 1, or 2 with a score of 0 being assigned for a uninfected section, 1 for light infection with fewer than half of the branches infected, or 2 for heavy infection with over half of the branches infected. The 3 numbers are then added together to give the total rating for the tree.[4]","title":"Dwarf mistletoe rating system"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arceuthobium_occidentale_on_Pinus_sabiniana.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium abietinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceuthobium_abietinum"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium americanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceuthobium_americanum"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium apachecum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceuthobium_apachecum"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium azoricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceuthobium_azoricum"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium blumeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arceuthobium_blumeri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium californicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arceuthobium_californicum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium campylopodum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceuthobium_campylopodum"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium cyanocarpum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arceuthobium_cyanocarpum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium divaricatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceuthobium_divaricatum"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium douglasii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceuthobium_douglasii"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium gillii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceuthobium_gillii"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium globosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arceuthobium_globosum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium laricis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arceuthobium_laricis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium littorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceuthobium_littorum"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium microcarpum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceuthobium_microcarpum"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium minutissimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceuthobium_minutissimum"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium monticola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceuthobium_monticola"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium occidentale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arceuthobium_occidentale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium oxycedri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceuthobium_oxycedri"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium pusillum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceuthobium_pusillum"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium siskiyouense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceuthobium_siskiyouense"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium tsugense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arceuthobium_tsugense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arceuthobium vaginatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceuthobium_vaginatum"}],"text":"Arceuthobium occidentale shoots on Pinus sabiniana branches, Mount Diablo, California. 25 December 2008Arceuthobium abietinum Engelm. ex Munz\nArceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.\nArceuthobium apachecum Hawksworth & Wiens\nArceuthobium azoricum Hawksw. & Wiens\nArceuthobium blumeri A. Nels.\nArceuthobium californicum Hawksworth & Wiens\nArceuthobium campylopodum Engelm.\nArceuthobium cyanocarpum (A. Nels. ex Rydb.) A. Nels.\nArceuthobium divaricatum Engelm.\nArceuthobium douglasii Engelm.\nArceuthobium gillii Hawksworth & Wiens\nArceuthobium globosum Hawksw. & Wiens\nArceuthobium laricis (Piper) St. John\nArceuthobium littorum Hawksworth, Wiens & Nickrent\nArceuthobium microcarpum (Engelm.) Hawksworth & Wiens\nArceuthobium minutissimum Hook. f.\nArceuthobium monticola Hawksworth, Wiens & Nickrent\nArceuthobium occidentale Engelm.\nArceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) M.Bieb.\nArceuthobium pusillum Peck\nArceuthobium siskiyouense Hawksworth, Wiens & Nickrent\nArceuthobium tsugense (Rosendahl) G.N. Jones\nArceuthobium vaginatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) J. Presl (Syn. Viscum vaginatum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.)","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hawksworth, F. G., & Wiens, D. (1996). Dwarf Mistletoes: Biology, Pathology, and Systematics. USDA Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 709.\nKenaley, S.C., R.L. Mathiasen, & C.M. Daugherty. 2006. Selection of dwarf mistletoe-infected ponderosa pines by Ips species (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in northern Arizona. WNAN 66:279-284.\nMathiasen, R.L. 1996. Dwarf mistletoes in forest canopies. Northwest. Sci. 70:61-71.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Female plant of A. vaginatum susbp. cryptopodum on Ponderosa pine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Arceuthobium_vaginatum_subsp._cryptopodum.jpg/220px-Arceuthobium_vaginatum_subsp._cryptopodum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arceuthobium occidentale shoots on Pinus sabiniana branches, Mount Diablo, California. 25 December 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arceuthobium_occidentale_on_Pinus_sabiniana.jpg/220px-Arceuthobium_occidentale_on_Pinus_sabiniana.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Nickrent, D.L.; M.A. García; M.P. Martín; R.L. Mathiasen (2004). \"A phylogeny of all species of Arceuthobium (Viscaceae) using nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences\". American Journal of Botany. 91 (1): 125–138. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.1.125. PMID 21653369. S2CID 13745441.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.1.125","url_text":"\"A phylogeny of all species of Arceuthobium (Viscaceae) using nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.1.125","url_text":"10.3732/ajb.91.1.125"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21653369","url_text":"21653369"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13745441","url_text":"13745441"}]},{"reference":"O'Neill, A.R.; Rana, S.K. (2019). \"An ethnobotanical analysis of parasitic plants (Parijibi) in the Nepal Himalaya\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_A._Katz | Carla Katz | ["1 Biography","2 Relationship with Jon Corzine","3 References"] | American lawyer
Carla A. Katz (born 1959) served as president of Local 1034 of the Communications Workers of America from 1999 until 2008, representing 16,000 public and private sector workers in the state of New Jersey. Katz is currently full-time faculty at Rutgers University and an attorney with the firm of Cohen, Placitella and Roth in Red Bank, New Jersey.
Biography
Katz was born to Arnold and Angelina Katz and was raised in Paterson, Passaic County, New Jersey before moving with her family to Edgewater Park, Burlington County, New Jersey. Her father worked as a factory laborer in Paterson before getting a sales job in Burlington County, where he later served as mayor of Edgewater Park Township in 1982 and 1983.
Katz attended Burlington County College and graduated from Rutgers University with a bachelor's degree in labor studies in 1981. In 1995, she received a master's degree from Rutgers in labor and employment relations. A year after graduating from Rutgers, she started as an organizer for the Communications Workers of America (CWA) and rose through the ranks to become president of Local 1034 in 1999. Local 1034 was CWA's largest local union in the country with more than 16,000 members in both the public and private sector. Katz served as a Commissioner of the Public Employment Relations Commission for five years on an appointment by Governor Donald DiFrancesco.
Katz enrolled at Seton Hall University School of Law in 2004 and graduated with a juris doctor four years later.
She has been a visiting part-time lecturer at Rutgers and contributes to the "NJ Voices" blog on NJ.com. In May 2009, the radio station WKXW (101.5 FM) announced that Katz would join the afternoon drive show "The Jersey Guys" in a series of appearances.
In March 2010, Katz joined the Livingston, New Jersey law firm Fox & Fox LLP. She was "of counsel" to the firm, specializing in labor law.
Katz has two children, Montana and Cooper McKim, with her ex-husband Larry McKim, a New Jersey artist.
Relationship with Jon Corzine
Katz first met Jon Corzine in the spring of 1999, when he was running for the United States Senate. As Katz later recalled, Corzine offered her a job on his Senate campaign, but she declined the job offer. Corzine and Katz were soon dating, appearing in public as a couple in early 2002, shortly after Corzine's separation from his wife Joanne. (The Corzines divorced the following year.) Katz and Corzine lived together in Hoboken from April 2002 until their breakup in August 2004.
Corzine gave Katz a $470,000 mortgage for her home in Alexandria Township, New Jersey, which he later forgave.
Corzine was sworn in as governor in January 2006 and maintained a close friendship with Katz. A state ethics panel, responding to a complaint from Republican Bogota mayor Steve Lonegan, ruled in May 2007 that Katz's personal contact with Corzine during labor negotiations did not violate the governor's code of conduct. Separately, New Jersey Republican State Committee Chairman Tom Wilson filed a lawsuit to release all e-mail correspondence between Corzine and Katz during the contract negotiations. On May 30, 2008, New Jersey Superior Court Judge Paul Innes ruled that at least 745 pages of e-mail records should be made public, but Corzine's lawyers immediately appealed the decision.
Corzine won his case on appeal, and on March 18, 2009, the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that it would not hear arguments in the case, effectively ending the legal battle to make his e-mails with Katz public.
References
^ a b "Katz: I have "nothing on" Corzine | PennLive.com". Blog.pennlive.com. 2007-06-06. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
^ Stilwell, Eileen. "Katz talks of roots as organizer", Courier-Post, June 6, 2008. Accessed February 3, 2013. "Carla Katz charmed a roomful of professional women Thursday as guest speaker at a business forum with tales of how a little girl from Edgewater Park whose dad was mayor for nearly a decade became a tough union leader."
^ "Out of a shadow: Union boss talks about her life and career, but not Jon Corzine", The Star-Ledger, September 4, 2005.
^ "South Jersey Deaths", The Philadelphia Inquirer, June 23, 1991.
^ a b c Kocieniewski, David; Kovaleski, Serge F. (2007-05-23). "Romance Over, Union Chief Has Corzine's Number". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
^ "Carla Katz is removed as president of state-worker union". NJ.com. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
^ "Welcome to nginx!". www.nj.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
^ "NJVoices: Carla Katz: About the Author". 2008-04-05. Archived from the original on 2008-04-05. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
^ "Carla Katz to join 'Jersey Guys' radio show on 101.5". NJ.com. 2009-04-30. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
^ "Carla Katz joins N.J. law firm; Amato teams up with Genova". PolitickerNJ. 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2010-08-04.
^ "Carla Katz". Fox & Fox LLP. Archived from the original on 2010-08-03. Retrieved 2010-08-04.
^ "Christie's Prejudice Comes Out | NJ.com". Blog.nj.com. 2009-10-11. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
^ "The secret that left a union divided Carla Katz's condo - in the building where Gov. Corzine lives - has CWA rivals questioning her tough talk. - Philly.com". Articles.philly.com. 2007-03-25. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
^ "Times: Corzine Gave Ex-Girlfriend $6M". CBS News. 2007-05-23. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
^ "The Jon Corzine, Carla Katz forbidden e-mails full text Part 7: Statement sought elicits response | NJ.com". Blog.nj.com. August 2010. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
^ Kocieniewski, David (2005-08-04). "Corzine Gave $470,000 Loan to Head of Union". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
^ Adams, Cindy. "Jon's Ex Tells All" Archived 2007-09-13 at the Wayback Machine, New York Post, June 6, 2007. Accessed May 31, 2008.
^ a b Kocieniewski, David; Kovaleski, Serge F. (2007-05-23). "Romance Over, Union Chief Has Corzine's Number". The New York Times.
^ Kocieniewski, David. "G.O.P. Wants More Details Of Corzine Aid", The New York Times, August 5, 2005. Accessed May 29, 2003. "Senator Jon S. Corzine forgave a $470,000 mortgage on this house in Alexandria Township, N.J., owned by Carla Katz."
^ "Judge Rules That E-Mail by Corzine Is Public". The New York Times. 2008-05-31. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
^ "Opinion of Judge Innes in Wilson v. Brown" (PDF). New Jersey Superior Court. May 29, 2008. Retrieved 2014-02-26. Docket No. MER-L-1297-07
^ "Corzine-Katz e-mails will remain private after N.J. Supreme Court ruling". The Star-Ledger. 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2010-08-03. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communications Workers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Workers_of_America"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Rutgers University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University"},{"link_name":"Red Bank, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bank,_New_Jersey"}],"text":"Carla A. Katz (born 1959) served as president of Local 1034 of the Communications Workers of America from 1999 until 2008, representing 16,000 public and private sector workers in the state of New Jersey. Katz is currently full-time faculty at Rutgers University and an attorney with the firm of Cohen, Placitella and Roth in Red Bank, New Jersey.","title":"Carla Katz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"where?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)"},{"link_name":"Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Passaic County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pennlive2007-1"},{"link_name":"Edgewater Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewater_Park,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Burlington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ledger-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Burlington County College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_County_College"},{"link_name":"labor studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_relations"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes2007-5"},{"link_name":"Donald DiFrancesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_DiFrancesco"},{"link_name":"Seton Hall University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes2007-5"},{"link_name":"juris doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_doctor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ouster-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"WKXW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKXW"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio-9"},{"link_name":"Livingston, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes2007-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pennlive2007-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Katz was born[where?] to Arnold and Angelina Katz and was raised in Paterson, Passaic County, New Jersey[1] before moving with her family to Edgewater Park, Burlington County, New Jersey.[2] Her father worked as a factory laborer in Paterson before getting a sales job in Burlington County, where he later served as mayor of Edgewater Park Township in 1982 and 1983.[3][4]Katz attended Burlington County College and graduated from Rutgers University with a bachelor's degree in labor studies in 1981.[5] In 1995, she received a master's degree from Rutgers in labor and employment relations. A year after graduating from Rutgers, she started as an organizer for the Communications Workers of America (CWA) and rose through the ranks to become president of Local 1034 in 1999. Local 1034 was CWA's largest local union in the country with more than 16,000 members in both the public and private sector. Katz served as a Commissioner of the Public Employment Relations Commission for five years on an appointment by Governor Donald DiFrancesco.Katz enrolled at Seton Hall University School of Law in 2004[5] and graduated with a juris doctor four years later.[6][7]She has been a visiting part-time lecturer at Rutgers and contributes to the \"NJ Voices\" blog on NJ.com.[8] In May 2009, the radio station WKXW (101.5 FM) announced that Katz would join the afternoon drive show \"The Jersey Guys\" in a series of appearances.[9]In March 2010, Katz joined the Livingston, New Jersey law firm Fox & Fox LLP. She was \"of counsel\" to the firm, specializing in labor law.[10][11]Katz has two children, Montana and Cooper McKim, with her ex-husband Larry McKim, a New Jersey artist.[12][5][13][14][1][15][16]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Corzine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Corzine"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hoboken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-18"},{"link_name":"Alexandria Township, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Bogota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogota,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Steve Lonegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lonegan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-18"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Republican State Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_State_Committee"},{"link_name":"Tom Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wilson_(New_Jersey_lobbyist)"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Superior Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Superior_Court"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Katz first met Jon Corzine in the spring of 1999, when he was running for the United States Senate. As Katz later recalled, Corzine offered her a job on his Senate campaign, but she declined the job offer.[17] Corzine and Katz were soon dating, appearing in public as a couple in early 2002, shortly after Corzine's separation from his wife Joanne. (The Corzines divorced the following year.) Katz and Corzine lived together in Hoboken from April 2002 until their breakup in August 2004.[18]Corzine gave Katz a $470,000 mortgage for her home in Alexandria Township, New Jersey, which he later forgave.[19]Corzine was sworn in as governor in January 2006 and maintained a close friendship with Katz. A state ethics panel, responding to a complaint from Republican Bogota mayor Steve Lonegan, ruled in May 2007 that Katz's personal contact with Corzine during labor negotiations did not violate the governor's code of conduct.[18] Separately, New Jersey Republican State Committee Chairman Tom Wilson filed a lawsuit to release all e-mail correspondence between Corzine and Katz during the contract negotiations. On May 30, 2008, New Jersey Superior Court Judge Paul Innes ruled that at least 745 pages of e-mail records should be made public, but Corzine's lawyers immediately appealed the decision.[20][21]Corzine won his case on appeal, and on March 18, 2009, the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that it would not hear arguments in the case, effectively ending the legal battle to make his e-mails with Katz public.[22]","title":"Relationship with Jon Corzine"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Katz: I have \"nothing on\" Corzine | PennLive.com\". Blog.pennlive.com. 2007-06-06. Retrieved 2014-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.pennlive.com/lehighvalley/2007/06/katz_i_have_nothing_on_corzine.html","url_text":"\"Katz: I have \"nothing on\" Corzine | PennLive.com\""}]},{"reference":"Kocieniewski, David; Kovaleski, Serge F. (2007-05-23). \"Romance Over, Union Chief Has Corzine's Number\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/23/nyregion/23carla.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Romance Over, Union Chief Has Corzine's Number\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Carla Katz is removed as president of state-worker union\". NJ.com. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 2014-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2008/07/carla_katz_removed_as_presiden.html","url_text":"\"Carla Katz is removed as president of state-worker union\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to nginx!\". www.nj.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130208154607/http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/index.ssf?/base/news-13/121549222685860.xml&coll=1","url_text":"\"Welcome to nginx!\""},{"url":"http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/index.ssf?/base/news-13/121549222685860.xml&coll=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NJVoices: Carla Katz: About the Author\". 2008-04-05. Archived from the original on 2008-04-05. Retrieved 2018-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080405134808/http://blog.nj.com/njv_carla_katz/about.html","url_text":"\"NJVoices: Carla Katz: About the Author\""},{"url":"http://blog.nj.com/njv_carla_katz/about.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Carla Katz to join 'Jersey Guys' radio show on 101.5\". NJ.com. 2009-04-30. Retrieved 2014-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/04/carla_katz_will_have_radio_sho.html","url_text":"\"Carla Katz to join 'Jersey Guys' radio show on 101.5\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carla Katz joins N.J. law firm; Amato teams up with Genova\". PolitickerNJ. 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2010-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.politickernj.com/wallye/37426/carla-katz-joins-nj-law-firm","url_text":"\"Carla Katz joins N.J. law firm; Amato teams up with Genova\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carla Katz\". Fox & Fox LLP. Archived from the original on 2010-08-03. Retrieved 2010-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803203053/http://www.foxandfoxllp.com/katz.html","url_text":"\"Carla Katz\""},{"url":"http://www.foxandfoxllp.com/katz.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Christie's Prejudice Comes Out | NJ.com\". Blog.nj.com. 2009-10-11. Retrieved 2014-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.nj.com/njv_carla_katz/2009/10/christies_prejudice_comes_out.html","url_text":"\"Christie's Prejudice Comes Out | NJ.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"The secret that left a union divided Carla Katz's condo - in the building where Gov. Corzine lives - has CWA rivals questioning her tough talk. - Philly.com\". Articles.philly.com. 2007-03-25. Retrieved 2014-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.philly.com/2007-03-25/news/25236015_1_corzine-state-workers-cwa","url_text":"\"The secret that left a union divided Carla Katz's condo - in the building where Gov. Corzine lives - has CWA rivals questioning her tough talk. - Philly.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Times: Corzine Gave Ex-Girlfriend $6M\". CBS News. 2007-05-23. Retrieved 2014-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/times-corzine-gave-ex-girlfriend-6m/","url_text":"\"Times: Corzine Gave Ex-Girlfriend $6M\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Jon Corzine, Carla Katz forbidden e-mails full text Part 7: Statement sought elicits response | NJ.com\". Blog.nj.com. August 2010. Retrieved 2014-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.nj.com/ledgerarchives/2010/08/the_jon_corzine_carla_katz_for_3.html","url_text":"\"The Jon Corzine, Carla Katz forbidden e-mails full text Part 7: Statement sought elicits response | NJ.com\""}]},{"reference":"Kocieniewski, David (2005-08-04). \"Corzine Gave $470,000 Loan to Head of Union\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/04/nyregion/04corzine.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Corzine Gave $470,000 Loan to Head of Union\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Kocieniewski, David; Kovaleski, Serge F. (2007-05-23). \"Romance Over, Union Chief Has Corzine's Number\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/23/nyregion/23carla.html","url_text":"\"Romance Over, Union Chief Has Corzine's Number\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judge Rules That E-Mail by Corzine Is Public\". The New York Times. 2008-05-31. Retrieved 2014-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/31/nyregion/31corzine.html","url_text":"\"Judge Rules That E-Mail by Corzine Is Public\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Opinion of Judge Innes in Wilson v. Brown\" (PDF). New Jersey Superior Court. May 29, 2008. Retrieved 2014-02-26. Docket No. MER-L-1297-07","urls":[{"url":"http://www.judiciary.state.nj.us/decisions/Brown_v_Carla_Katz080530.pdf","url_text":"\"Opinion of Judge Innes in Wilson v. Brown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Superior_Court","url_text":"New Jersey Superior Court"}]},{"reference":"\"Corzine-Katz e-mails will remain private after N.J. Supreme Court ruling\". The Star-Ledger. 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2010-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/03/nj_supreme_court_denies_appeal.html","url_text":"\"Corzine-Katz e-mails will remain private after N.J. Supreme Court ruling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Ledger","url_text":"The Star-Ledger"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://blog.pennlive.com/lehighvalley/2007/06/katz_i_have_nothing_on_corzine.html","external_links_name":"\"Katz: I have \"nothing on\" Corzine | PennLive.com\""},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courierpostonline/access/1702995641.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+06%2C+2008&author=EILEEN+STILWELL&pub=Courier+Post&desc=Katz+talks+of+roots+as+organizer&pqatl=google","external_links_name":"\"Katz talks of roots as organizer\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/23/nyregion/23carla.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"Romance Over, Union Chief Has Corzine's Number\""},{"Link":"http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2008/07/carla_katz_removed_as_presiden.html","external_links_name":"\"Carla Katz is removed as president of state-worker union\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130208154607/http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/index.ssf?/base/news-13/121549222685860.xml&coll=1","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to nginx!\""},{"Link":"http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/index.ssf?/base/news-13/121549222685860.xml&coll=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080405134808/http://blog.nj.com/njv_carla_katz/about.html","external_links_name":"\"NJVoices: Carla Katz: About the Author\""},{"Link":"http://blog.nj.com/njv_carla_katz/about.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/04/carla_katz_will_have_radio_sho.html","external_links_name":"\"Carla Katz to join 'Jersey Guys' radio show on 101.5\""},{"Link":"http://www.politickernj.com/wallye/37426/carla-katz-joins-nj-law-firm","external_links_name":"\"Carla Katz joins N.J. law firm; Amato teams up with Genova\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803203053/http://www.foxandfoxllp.com/katz.html","external_links_name":"\"Carla Katz\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxandfoxllp.com/katz.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://blog.nj.com/njv_carla_katz/2009/10/christies_prejudice_comes_out.html","external_links_name":"\"Christie's Prejudice Comes Out | NJ.com\""},{"Link":"http://articles.philly.com/2007-03-25/news/25236015_1_corzine-state-workers-cwa","external_links_name":"\"The secret that left a union divided Carla Katz's condo - in the building where Gov. Corzine lives - has CWA rivals questioning her tough talk. - Philly.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/times-corzine-gave-ex-girlfriend-6m/","external_links_name":"\"Times: Corzine Gave Ex-Girlfriend $6M\""},{"Link":"http://blog.nj.com/ledgerarchives/2010/08/the_jon_corzine_carla_katz_for_3.html","external_links_name":"\"The Jon Corzine, Carla Katz forbidden e-mails full text Part 7: Statement sought elicits response | NJ.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/04/nyregion/04corzine.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"Corzine Gave $470,000 Loan to Head of Union\""},{"Link":"http://www.nypost.com/seven/06062007/columnists/jons_ex_tells_all_columnists_cindy_adams.htm","external_links_name":"\"Jon's Ex Tells All\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070913234745/http://www.nypost.com/seven/06062007/columnists/jons_ex_tells_all_columnists_cindy_adams.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/23/nyregion/23carla.html","external_links_name":"\"Romance Over, Union Chief Has Corzine's Number\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E6DE163EF936A3575BC0A9639C8B63","external_links_name":"\"G.O.P. Wants More Details Of Corzine Aid\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/31/nyregion/31corzine.html","external_links_name":"\"Judge Rules That E-Mail by Corzine Is Public\""},{"Link":"http://www.judiciary.state.nj.us/decisions/Brown_v_Carla_Katz080530.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Opinion of Judge Innes in Wilson v. Brown\""},{"Link":"http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/03/nj_supreme_court_denies_appeal.html","external_links_name":"\"Corzine-Katz e-mails will remain private after N.J. Supreme Court ruling\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stewart | USS Stewart | [] | USS Stewart may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:
USS Stewart (DD-13), a Bainbridge-class destroyer, commissioned in 1902 and decommissioned in 1919.
USS Stewart (DD-224), a Clemson-class destroyer, commissioned in 1920 and decommissioned in 1946. She served briefly in the Imperial Japanese Navy, after being sunk and abandoned.
USS Stewart (DE-238), is an Edsall-class destroyer escort, commissioned in 1943 and decommissioned in 1947. Since 1974 she is a museum ship in Galveston, Texas.
List of ships with the same or similar names
This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Stewart (DD-13)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stewart_(DD-13)"},{"link_name":"Bainbridge-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainbridge-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"USS Stewart (DD-224)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stewart_(DD-224)"},{"link_name":"Clemson-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemson-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"USS Stewart (DE-238)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stewart_(DE-238)"},{"link_name":"Edsall-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsall-class_destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"destroyer escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"museum ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_ship"},{"link_name":"Galveston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"list of ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ships/Guidelines#Index_pages"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/USS_Stewart&namespace=0"}],"text":"USS Stewart (DD-13), a Bainbridge-class destroyer, commissioned in 1902 and decommissioned in 1919.\nUSS Stewart (DD-224), a Clemson-class destroyer, commissioned in 1920 and decommissioned in 1946. She served briefly in the Imperial Japanese Navy, after being sunk and abandoned.\nUSS Stewart (DE-238), is an Edsall-class destroyer escort, commissioned in 1943 and decommissioned in 1947. Since 1974 she is a museum ship in Galveston, Texas.List of ships with the same or similar names\nThis article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.","title":"USS Stewart"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/USS_Stewart&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium-92 | Isotopes of zirconium | ["1 List of isotopes","2 Zirconium-88","3 Zirconium-89","4 Zirconium-93","5 References"] | Nuclides with atomic number of 40 but with different mass numbers
Isotopes of zirconium (40Zr)
Main isotopes
Decay
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
product
88Zr
synth
83.4 d
ε
88Y
γ
–
89Zr
synth
78.4 h
ε
89Y
β+
89Y
γ
–
90Zr
51.5%
stable
91Zr
11.2%
stable
92Zr
17.1%
stable
93Zr
trace
1.53×106 y
β−
93Nb
94Zr
17.4%
stable
96Zr
2.80%
2.0×1019 y
β−β−
96Mo
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Zr)91.224±0.00291.224±0.002 (abridged)viewtalkedit
Naturally occurring zirconium (40Zr) is composed of four stable isotopes (of which one may in the future be found radioactive), and one very long-lived radioisotope (96Zr), a primordial nuclide that decays via double beta decay with an observed half-life of 2.0×1019 years; it can also undergo single beta decay, which is not yet observed, but the theoretically predicted value of t1/2 is 2.4×1020 years. The second most stable radioisotope is 93Zr, which has a half-life of 1.53 million years. Thirty other radioisotopes have been observed. All have half-lives less than a day except for 95Zr (64.02 days), 88Zr (83.4 days), and 89Zr (78.41 hours). The primary decay mode is electron capture for isotopes lighter than 92Zr, and the primary mode for heavier isotopes is beta decay.
List of isotopes
Nuclide
Z
N
Isotopic mass (Da)
Half-life
Decaymode
Daughterisotope
Spin andparity
Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy
Normal proportion
Range of variation
78Zr
40
38
77.95523(54)#
50# ms
0+
79Zr
40
39
78.94916(43)#
56(30) ms
β+, p
78Sr
5/2+#
β+
79Y
80Zr
40
40
79.9404(16)
4.6(6) s
β+
80Y
0+
81Zr
40
41
80.93721(18)
5.5(4) s
β+ (>99.9%)
81Y
(3/2−)#
β+, p (<.1%)
80Sr
82Zr
40
42
81.93109(24)#
32(5) s
β+
82Y
0+
83Zr
40
43
82.92865(10)
41.6(24) s
β+ (>99.9%)
83Y
(1/2−)#
β+, p (<.1%)
82Sr
84Zr
40
44
83.92325(21)#
25.9(7) min
β+
84Y
0+
85Zr
40
45
84.92147(11)
7.86(4) min
β+
85Y
7/2+
85mZr
292.2(3) keV
10.9(3) s
IT (92%)
85Zr
(1/2−)
β+ (8%)
85Y
86Zr
40
46
85.91647(3)
16.5(1) h
β+
86Y
0+
87Zr
40
47
86.914816(9)
1.68(1) h
β+
87Y
(9/2)+
87mZr
335.84(19) keV
14.0(2) s
IT
87Zr
(1/2)−
88Zr
40
48
87.910227(11)
83.4(3) d
EC
88Y
0+
89Zr
40
49
88.908890(4)
78.41(12) h
β+
89Y
9/2+
89mZr
587.82(10) keV
4.161(17) min
IT (93.77%)
89Zr
1/2−
β+ (6.23%)
89Y
90Zr
40
50
89.9047044(25)
Stable
0+
0.5145(40)
90m1Zr
2319.000(10) keV
809.2(20) ms
IT
90Zr
5-
90m2Zr
3589.419(16) keV
131(4) ns
8+
91Zr
40
51
90.9056458(25)
Stable
5/2+
0.1122(5)
91mZr
3167.3(4) keV
4.35(14) μs
(21/2+)
92Zr
40
52
91.9050408(25)
Stable
0+
0.1715(8)
93Zr
40
53
92.9064760(25)
1.53(10)×106 y
β− (73%)
93mNb
5/2+
β− (27%)
93Nb
94Zr
40
54
93.9063152(26)
Observationally stable
0+
0.1738(28)
95Zr
40
55
94.9080426(26)
64.032(6) d
β−
95Nb
5/2+
96Zr
40
56
95.9082734(30)
2.0(4)×1019 y
β−β−
96Mo
0+
0.0280(9)
97Zr
40
57
96.9109531(30)
16.744(11) h
β−
97mNb
1/2+
98Zr
40
58
97.912735(21)
30.7(4) s
β−
98Nb
0+
99Zr
40
59
98.916512(22)
2.1(1) s
β−
99mNb
1/2+
100Zr
40
60
99.91776(4)
7.1(4) s
β−
100Nb
0+
101Zr
40
61
100.92114(3)
2.3(1) s
β−
101Nb
3/2+
102Zr
40
62
101.92298(5)
2.9(2) s
β−
102Nb
0+
103Zr
40
63
102.92660(12)
1.3(1) s
β−
103Nb
(5/2−)
104Zr
40
64
103.92878(43)#
1.2(3) s
β−
104Nb
0+
105Zr
40
65
104.93305(43)#
0.6(1) s
β− (>99.9%)
105Nb
β−, n (<.1%)
104Nb
106Zr
40
66
105.93591(54)#
200# ms
β−
106Nb
0+
107Zr
40
67
106.94075(32)#
150# ms
β−
107Nb
108Zr
40
68
107.94396(64)#
80# ms
β−
108Nb
0+
109Zr
40
69
108.94924(54)#
60# ms
110Zr
40
70
109.95287(86)#
30# ms
0+
111Zr
40
71
112Zr
40
72
0+
113Zr
40
73
114Zr
40
74
0+
This table header & footer: view
^ mZr – Excited nuclear isomer.
^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
^ a b # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^ Second most powerful known neutron absorber
^ a b c d e f Fission product
^ Long-lived fission product
^ Believed to decay by β−β− to 94Mo with a half-life over 1.1×1017 years
^ Primordial radionuclide
^ Predicted to be capable of undergoing triple beta decay and quadruple beta decay with very long partial half-lives
^ Theorized to also undergo β− decay to 96Nb with a partial half-life greater than 2.4×1019 y
Zirconium-88
88Zr is a radioisotope of zirconium with a half-life of 83.4 days. In January 2019, this isotope was discovered to have a neutron capture cross section of approximately 861,000 barns; this is several orders of magnitude greater than predicted, and greater than that of any other nuclide except xenon-135.
Zirconium-89
89Zr is a radioisotope of zirconium with a half-life of 78.41 hours. It is produced by proton irradiation of natural yttrium-89. Its most prominent gamma photon has an energy of 909 keV.
Zirconium-89 is employed in specialized diagnostic applications using positron emission tomography imaging, for example, with zirconium-89 labeled antibodies (immuno-PET). For a decay table, see Maria Vosjan. "Zirconium-89 (89Zr)". Cyclotron.nl.
Zirconium-93
Yield, % per fission
Thermal
Fast
14 MeV
232Th
not fissile
6.70 ± 0.40
5.58 ± 0.16
233U
6.979 ± 0.098
6.94 ± 0.07
5.38 ± 0.32
235U
6.346 ± 0.044
6.25 ± 0.04
5.19 ± 0.31
238U
not fissile
4.913 ± 0.098
4.53 ± 0.13
239Pu
3.80 ± 0.03
3.82 ± 0.03
3.0 ± 0.3
241Pu
2.98 ± 0.04
2.98 ± 0.33
?
Long-lived fission productsvte
Nuclide
t1⁄2
Yield
Q
βγ
(Ma)
(%)
(keV)
99Tc
0.211
6.1385
294
β
126Sn
0.230
0.1084
4050
βγ
79Se
0.327
0.0447
151
β
135Cs
1.33
6.9110
269
β
93Zr
1.53
5.4575
91
βγ
107Pd
6.5
1.2499
33
β
129I
15.7
0.8410
194
βγ
^ Decay energy is split among β, neutrino, and γ if any.
^ Per 65 thermal neutron fissions of 235U and 35 of 239Pu.
^ Has decay energy 380 keV, but its decay product 126Sb has decay energy 3.67 MeV.
^ Lower in thermal reactors because 135Xe, its predecessor, readily absorbs neutrons.
93Zr is a radioisotope of zirconium with a half-life of 1.53 million years, decaying through emission of a low-energy beta particle. 73% of decays populate an excited state of niobium-93, which decays with a halflife of 14 years and a low-energy gamma ray to the stable ground state of 93Nb, while the remaining 27% of decays directly populate the ground state. It is one of only 7 long-lived fission products. The low specific activity and low energy of its radiations limit the radioactive hazards of this isotope.
Nuclear fission produces it at a fission yield of 6.3% (thermal neutron fission of 235U), on a par with the other most abundant fission products. Nuclear reactors usually contain large amounts of zirconium as fuel rod cladding (see zircaloy), and neutron irradiation of 92Zr also produces some 93Zr, though this is limited by 92Zr's low neutron capture cross section of 0.22 barns. Indeed, one of the primary reasons for using zirconium in fuel rod cladding is its low cross section.
93Zr also has a low neutron capture cross section of 0.7 barns. Most fission zirconium consists of other isotopes; the other isotope with a significant neutron absorption cross section is 91Zr with a cross section of 1.24 barns. 93Zr is a less attractive candidate for disposal by nuclear transmutation than are 99Tc and 129I. Mobility in soil is relatively low, so that geological disposal may be an adequate solution. Alternatively, if the effect on the neutron economy of 93Zr's higher cross section is deemed acceptable, irradiated cladding and fission product Zirconium (which are mixed together in most current nuclear reprocessing methods) could be used to form new zircalloy cladding. Once the cladding is inside the reactor, the relatively low level radioactivity can be tolerated, but transport and manufacturing might require special precautions.
References
^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ Pritychenko, Boris; Tretyak, V. "Adopted Double Beta Decay Data". National Nuclear Data Center. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Zirconium". CIAAW. 1983.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ "List of Adopted Double Beta (ββ) Decay Values". National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory.
^ H Heiskanen; M T Mustonen; J Suhonen (30 March 2007). "Theoretical half-life for beta decay of 96Zr". Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 34 (5): 837–843. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/34/5/005.
^ Finch, S.W.; Tornow, W. (2016). "Search for the β decay of 96Zr". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 806: 70–74. Bibcode:2016NIMPA.806...70F. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2015.09.098.
^ a b Ohnishi, Tetsuya; Kubo, Toshiyuki; Kusaka, Kensuke; et al. (2010). "Identification of 45 New Neutron-Rich Isotopes Produced by In-Flight Fission of a 238U Beam at 345 MeV/nucleon". J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 79 (7). Physical Society of Japan: 073201. arXiv:1006.0305. Bibcode:2010JPSJ...79g3201T. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.79.073201.
^ Shimizu, Yohei; et al. (2018). "Observation of New Neutron-rich Isotopes among Fission Fragments from In-flight Fission of 345MeV=nucleon 238U: Search for New Isotopes Conducted Concurrently with Decay Measurement Campaigns". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 87 (1): 014203. Bibcode:2018JPSJ...87a4203S. doi:10.7566/JPSJ.87.014203.
^ Sumikama, T.; et al. (2021). "Observation of new neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of Zr110". Physical Review C. 103 (1): 014614. Bibcode:2021PhRvC.103a4614S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614. hdl:10261/260248. S2CID 234019083.
^ Shusterman, J.A.; Scielzo, N.D.; Thomas, K.J.; Norman, E.B.; Lapi, S.E.; Loveless, C.S.; Peters, N.J.; Robertson, J.D.; Shaughnessy, D.A.; Tonchev, A.P. (2019). "The surprisingly large neutron capture cross-section of 88Zr". Nature. 565 (7739): 328–330. Bibcode:2019Natur.565..328S. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0838-z. OSTI 1512575. PMID 30617314. S2CID 57574387.
^ Dilworth, Jonathan R.; Pascu, Sofia I. (2018). "The chemistry of PET imaging with zirconium-89". Chemical Society Reviews. 47 (8): 2554–2571. doi:10.1039/C7CS00014F. PMID 29557435.
^ Van Dongen, GA; Vosjan, MJ (August 2010). "Immuno-positron emission tomography: shedding light on clinical antibody therapy". Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals. 25 (4): 375–85. doi:10.1089/cbr.2010.0812. PMID 20707716.
^ M. B. Chadwick et al, "ENDF/B-VII.1: Nuclear Data for Science and Technology: Cross Sections, Covariances, Fission Product Yields and Decay Data", Nucl. Data Sheets 112(2011)2887. (accessed at www-nds.iaea.org/exfor/endf.htm)
^ Cassette, P.; Chartier, F.; Isnard, H.; Fréchou, C.; Laszak, I.; Degros, J.P.; Bé, M.M.; Lépy, M.C.; Tartes, I. (2010). "Determination of 93Zr decay scheme and half-life". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 68 (1): 122–130. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.08.011. PMID 19734052.
^ "ENDF/B-VII.1 Zr-93(n,g)". National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. 2011-12-22. Archived from the original on 2009-07-20. Retrieved 2014-11-20.
^ S. Nakamura; et al. (2007). "Thermal neutron capture cross-sections of Zirconium-91 and Zirconium-93 by prompt gamma-ray spectroscopy". Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology. 44 (1): 21–28. Bibcode:2007JNST...44...21N. doi:10.1080/18811248.2007.9711252. S2CID 96087661.
Isotope masses from:
Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
vteIsotopes of the chemical elements
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Period
Hydrogen andalkali metals
Alkalineearth metals
Pnictogens
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
①
Isotopes
§ ListH1
Isotopes
§ ListHe2
②
Isotopes
§ ListLi3
Isotopes
§ ListBe4
Isotopes
§ ListB5
Isotopes
§ ListC6
Isotopes
§ ListN7
Isotopes
§ ListO8
Isotopes
§ ListF9
Isotopes
§ ListNe10
③
Isotopes
§ ListNa11
Isotopes
§ ListMg12
Isotopes
§ ListAl13
Isotopes
§ ListSi14
Isotopes
§ ListP15
Isotopes
§ ListS16
Isotopes
§ ListCl17
Isotopes
§ ListAr18
④
Isotopes
§ ListK19
Isotopes
§ ListCa20
Isotopes
§ ListSc21
Isotopes
§ ListTi22
Isotopes
§ ListV23
Isotopes
§ ListCr24
Isotopes
§ ListMn25
Isotopes
§ ListFe26
Isotopes
§ ListCo27
Isotopes
§ ListNi28
Isotopes
§ ListCu29
Isotopes
§ ListZn30
Isotopes
§ ListGa31
Isotopes
§ ListGe32
Isotopes
§ ListAs33
Isotopes
§ ListSe34
Isotopes
§ ListBr35
Isotopes
§ ListKr36
⑤
Isotopes
§ ListRb37
Isotopes
§ ListSr38
Isotopes
§ ListY39
Isotopes
§ ListZr40
Isotopes
§ ListNb41
Isotopes
§ ListMo42
Isotopes
§ ListTc43
Isotopes
§ ListRu44
Isotopes
§ ListRh45
Isotopes
§ ListPd46
Isotopes
§ ListAg47
Isotopes
§ ListCd48
Isotopes
§ ListIn49
Isotopes
§ ListSn50
Isotopes
§ ListSb51
Isotopes
§ ListTe52
Isotopes
§ ListI53
Isotopes
§ ListXe54
⑥
Isotopes
§ ListCs55
Isotopes
§ ListBa56
Isotopes
§ ListLu71
Isotopes
§ ListHf72
Isotopes
§ ListTa73
Isotopes
§ ListW74
Isotopes
§ ListRe75
Isotopes
§ ListOs76
Isotopes
§ ListIr77
Isotopes
§ ListPt78
Isotopes
§ ListAu79
Isotopes
§ ListHg80
Isotopes
§ ListTl81
Isotopes
§ ListPb82
Isotopes
§ ListBi83
Isotopes
§ ListPo84
Isotopes
§ ListAt85
Isotopes
§ ListRn86
⑦
Isotopes
§ ListFr87
Isotopes
§ ListRa88
Isotopes
§ ListLr103
Isotopes
§ ListRf104
Isotopes
§ ListDb105
Isotopes
§ ListSg106
Isotopes
§ ListBh107
Isotopes
§ ListHs108
Isotopes
§ ListMt109
Isotopes
§ ListDs110
Isotopes
§ ListRg111
Isotopes
§ ListCn112
Isotopes
§ ListNh113
Isotopes
§ ListFl114
Isotopes
§ ListMc115
Isotopes
§ ListLv116
Isotopes
§ ListTs117
Isotopes
§ ListOg118
⑧
Isotopes
§ ListUue119
Isotopes
§ ListUbn120
Isotopes
§ ListLa57
Isotopes
§ ListCe58
Isotopes
§ ListPr59
Isotopes
§ ListNd60
Isotopes
§ ListPm61
Isotopes
§ ListSm62
Isotopes
§ ListEu63
Isotopes
§ ListGd64
Isotopes
§ ListTb65
Isotopes
§ ListDy66
Isotopes
§ ListHo67
Isotopes
§ ListEr68
Isotopes
§ ListTm69
Isotopes
§ ListYb70
Isotopes
§ ListAc89
Isotopes
§ ListTh90
Isotopes
§ ListPa91
Isotopes
§ ListU92
Isotopes
§ ListNp93
Isotopes
§ ListPu94
Isotopes
§ ListAm95
Isotopes
§ ListCm96
Isotopes
§ ListBk97
Isotopes
§ ListCf98
Isotopes
§ ListEs99
Isotopes
§ ListFm100
Isotopes
§ ListMd101
Isotopes
§ ListNo102
Table of nuclides
Categories: Isotopes
Tables of nuclides
Metastable isotopes
Isotopes by element
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zirconium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium"},{"link_name":"isotopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope"},{"link_name":"may in the future be found radioactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observationally_stable"},{"link_name":"radioisotope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope"},{"link_name":"primordial nuclide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_nuclide"},{"link_name":"double beta decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_beta_decay"},{"link_name":"half-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"beta decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_decay"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"93Zr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zr-93"},{"link_name":"electron capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_capture"}],"text":"Naturally occurring zirconium (40Zr) is composed of four stable isotopes (of which one may in the future be found radioactive), and one very long-lived radioisotope (96Zr), a primordial nuclide that decays via double beta decay with an observed half-life of 2.0×1019 years;[5] it can also undergo single beta decay, which is not yet observed, but the theoretically predicted value of t1/2 is 2.4×1020 years.[6] The second most stable radioisotope is 93Zr, which has a half-life of 1.53 million years. Thirty other radioisotopes have been observed. All have half-lives less than a day except for 95Zr (64.02 days), 88Zr (83.4 days), and 89Zr (78.41 hours). The primary decay mode is electron capture for isotopes lighter than 92Zr, and the primary mode for heavier isotopes is beta decay.","title":"Isotopes of zirconium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"nuclear isomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_isomer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TMS_9-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"age of universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_universe"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TNN_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TNN_11-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"neutron absorber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_absorber"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FP_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FP_15-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FP_15-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FP_15-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FP_15-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FP_15-5"},{"link_name":"Fission product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_product"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Long-lived fission product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Primordial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_nuclide"},{"link_name":"radionuclide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"triple beta decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_beta_decay"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"partial half-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_half-life"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"^ mZr – Excited nuclear isomer.\n\n^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.\n\n^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).\n\n^ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.\n\n^ a b # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).\n\n^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.\n\n^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.\n\n^ Second most powerful known neutron absorber\n\n^ a b c d e f Fission product\n\n^ Long-lived fission product\n\n^ Believed to decay by β−β− to 94Mo with a half-life over 1.1×1017 years\n\n^ Primordial radionuclide\n\n^ Predicted to be capable of undergoing triple beta decay and quadruple beta decay with very long partial half-lives\n\n^ Theorized to also undergo β− decay to 96Nb with a partial half-life greater than 2.4×1019 y[7]","title":"List of isotopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radioisotope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope"},{"link_name":"zirconium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium"},{"link_name":"neutron capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_capture"},{"link_name":"cross section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)"},{"link_name":"xenon-135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon-135"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zr88-25"}],"text":"88Zr is a radioisotope of zirconium with a half-life of 83.4 days. In January 2019, this isotope was discovered to have a neutron capture cross section of approximately 861,000 barns; this is several orders of magnitude greater than predicted, and greater than that of any other nuclide except xenon-135.[11]","title":"Zirconium-88"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"half-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life"},{"link_name":"positron emission tomography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"\"Zirconium-89 (89Zr)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cyclotron.nl/decay-calculator/"}],"text":"89Zr is a radioisotope of zirconium with a half-life of 78.41 hours. It is produced by proton irradiation of natural yttrium-89. Its most prominent gamma photon has an energy of 909 keV.Zirconium-89 is employed in specialized diagnostic applications using positron emission tomography[12] imaging, for example, with zirconium-89 labeled antibodies (immuno-PET).[13] For a decay table, see Maria Vosjan. \"Zirconium-89 (89Zr)\". Cyclotron.nl.","title":"Zirconium-89"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long-lived fission products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Long-lived_fission_products"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Long-lived_fission_products"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Long-lived_fission_products"},{"link_name":"t1⁄2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halflife"},{"link_name":"Yield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_product_yield"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decay_energy"},{"link_name":"[a 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"βγ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decay_mode"},{"link_name":"Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaannum"},{"link_name":"[a 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"keV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiloelectronvolt"},{"link_name":"99Tc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99"},{"link_name":"126Sn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin-126"},{"link_name":"[a 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"79Se","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium-79"},{"link_name":"135Cs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium-135"},{"link_name":"[a 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"93Zr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium-93"},{"link_name":"107Pd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium-107"},{"link_name":"129I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"β","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_particle"},{"link_name":"neutrino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino"},{"link_name":"γ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"235U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235"},{"link_name":"239Pu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"135Xe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon-135"},{"link_name":"readily absorbs neutrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_poison"},{"link_name":"radioisotope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope"},{"link_name":"zirconium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium"},{"link_name":"half-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life"},{"link_name":"beta particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_particle"},{"link_name":"excited state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excited_state"},{"link_name":"niobium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium"},{"link_name":"gamma ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zr93-33"},{"link_name":"long-lived fission products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product"},{"link_name":"Nuclear fission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission"},{"link_name":"fuel rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_rod"},{"link_name":"cladding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladding_(nuclear_fuel)"},{"link_name":"zircaloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zircaloy"},{"link_name":"neutron capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_capture"},{"link_name":"cross section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_cross-section"},{"link_name":"barns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn_(unit)"},{"link_name":"neutron capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_capture"},{"link_name":"cross section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_cross_section"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"nuclear transmutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation"},{"link_name":"99Tc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99"},{"link_name":"129I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129"},{"link_name":"geological disposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_geological_repository"},{"link_name":"neutron economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_economy"},{"link_name":"nuclear reprocessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing"}],"text":"Long-lived fission productsvte\n\n\nNuclide\n\nt1⁄2\n\nYield\n\nQ[a 1]\n\nβγ\n\n\n\n\n(Ma)\n\n(%)[a 2]\n\n(keV)\n\n\n\n\n99Tc\n\n0.211\n6.1385\n294\n\nβ\n\n\n126Sn\n\n0.230\n0.1084\n4050[a 3]\n\nβγ\n\n\n79Se\n\n0.327\n0.0447\n151\n\nβ\n\n\n135Cs\n\n1.33 \n6.9110[a 4]\n269\n\nβ\n\n\n93Zr\n\n1.53 \n5.4575\n91\n\nβγ\n\n\n107Pd\n\n6.5 \n1.2499\n33\n\nβ\n\n\n129I\n\n15.7 \n0.8410\n194\n\nβγ\n\n\n\n\n^ Decay energy is split among β, neutrino, and γ if any.\n\n^ Per 65 thermal neutron fissions of 235U and 35 of 239Pu.\n\n^ Has decay energy 380 keV, but its decay product 126Sb has decay energy 3.67 MeV.\n\n^ Lower in thermal reactors because 135Xe, its predecessor, readily absorbs neutrons.93Zr is a radioisotope of zirconium with a half-life of 1.53 million years, decaying through emission of a low-energy beta particle. 73% of decays populate an excited state of niobium-93, which decays with a halflife of 14 years and a low-energy gamma ray to the stable ground state of 93Nb, while the remaining 27% of decays directly populate the ground state.[15] It is one of only 7 long-lived fission products. The low specific activity and low energy of its radiations limit the radioactive hazards of this isotope.Nuclear fission produces it at a fission yield of 6.3% (thermal neutron fission of 235U), on a par with the other most abundant fission products. Nuclear reactors usually contain large amounts of zirconium as fuel rod cladding (see zircaloy), and neutron irradiation of 92Zr also produces some 93Zr, though this is limited by 92Zr's low neutron capture cross section of 0.22 barns. Indeed, one of the primary reasons for using zirconium in fuel rod cladding is its low cross section.93Zr also has a low neutron capture cross section of 0.7 barns.[16][17] Most fission zirconium consists of other isotopes; the other isotope with a significant neutron absorption cross section is 91Zr with a cross section of 1.24 barns. 93Zr is a less attractive candidate for disposal by nuclear transmutation than are 99Tc and 129I. Mobility in soil is relatively low, so that geological disposal may be an adequate solution. Alternatively, if the effect on the neutron economy of 93Zr's higher cross section is deemed acceptable, irradiated cladding and fission product Zirconium (which are mixed together in most current nuclear reprocessing methods) could be used to form new zircalloy cladding. Once the cladding is inside the reactor, the relatively low level radioactivity can be tolerated, but transport and manufacturing might require special precautions.","title":"Zirconium-93"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). \"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties\" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.","urls":[{"url":"https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf","url_text":"\"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae","url_text":"10.1088/1674-1137/abddae"}]},{"reference":"Pritychenko, Boris; Tretyak, V. \"Adopted Double Beta Decay Data\". National Nuclear Data Center. Retrieved 2008-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/bbdecay/list.html","url_text":"\"Adopted Double Beta Decay Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Standard Atomic Weights: Zirconium\". CIAAW. 1983.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ciaaw.org/zirconium.htm","url_text":"\"Standard Atomic Weights: Zirconium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights","url_text":"CIAAW"}]},{"reference":"Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). \"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)\". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html","url_text":"\"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603","url_text":"10.1515/pac-2019-0603"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075","url_text":"1365-3075"}]},{"reference":"\"List of Adopted Double Beta (ββ) Decay Values\". National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/bbdecay/list.html","url_text":"\"List of Adopted Double Beta (ββ) Decay Values\""}]},{"reference":"H Heiskanen; M T Mustonen; J Suhonen (30 March 2007). \"Theoretical half-life for beta decay of 96Zr\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny_Su%C3%A1rez | Manny Suárez | ["1 College career","1.1 Fordham Rams (2014-15)","1.2 Adelphi Panthers (2015-2017)","1.3 Creighton Bluejays (2017-2018)","2 Professional career","2.1 CD Las Ánimas, CD Castro (2018-19)","2.2 CEB Puerto Montt (2019-20)","2.3 Iraurgi SB (2020-21)","2.4 Hübner Nyíregyháza BS (2021-22)","2.5 BC Balkan Botevgrad (2022-23)","2.6 BC Kalev (2023-24)","3 National team career","4 Player profile","5 Personal","6 Career statistics","6.1 College","6.2 Domestic leagues","7 References","8 External links"] | Chilean-Spanish basketball player (born 1993)
Manny SuárezManuel Suárez with the Fordham Rams in 2015No. 44 – Kalev/CramoPositionForward / centerLeagueEstonian-Latvian Basketball LeagueKorvpalli MeistriliigaFIBA Europe CupEstonian Basketball CupPersonal informationBorn (1993-11-12) 12 November 1993 (age 30)NationalityChilean / SpanishListed height2.08 m (6 ft 10 in)Listed weight224 lb (102 kg)Career informationHigh school
Cliffside(Cliffside Park, New Jersey)
Marist(Bayonne, New Jersey)
College
Fordham (2014–2015)
Adelphi (2015–2017)
Creighton (2017–2018)
Playing career2018–presentCareer history2018-2019CD Las Ánimas2018-2019CD Castro2019-2020CEB Puerto Montt2020–2021Iraurgi SB2021–2022Hübner Nyíregyháza BS2022–2023BC Balkan Botevgrad2023–presentBC Kalev
Career highlights and awards
Estonian League champion (2024)
All-KML Team (2024)
Estonian Cup winner (2024)
Manuel "Manny" Suárez (born 12 November 1993) is a Chilean-Spanish basketball player who currently plays for Estonian club BC Kalev of the Estonian-Latvian Basketball League and the FIBA Europe Cup. Manny also competes internationally on the Chilean national team.
Raised in Cliffside Park, New Jersey, Suárez attended Cliffside Park High School before transferring to Marist High School.
College career
Fordham Rams (2014-15)
In the 2014-15 season, Suárez played for the Fordham Rams. Averaging 7.5 minutes in 19 games played, Manny averaged 1.8 points and 2.1 rebounds.
The Rams finished the season 10–21, 4–14 in A-10 play to finish in last place. They advanced to the second round of the A-10 tournament, where they lost to the Dayton Flyers, a game in which Manny played 4 minutes and scored 3 points.
Adelphi Panthers (2015-2017)
In the 2015-16 and 2016-17 seasons, Suárez played for the Adelphi Panthers. In the two seasons combined, Manny averaged 15.1 points, 8.6 rebounds and 2.2 blocks. Adelphi finished the respective seasons 20-8 and 18-12.
In 2015-16, Adelphi reached the quarter finals of the NE-10 championship. In the quarterfinals, Manny had 23 points, 11 rebounds and 4 blocks. Adelphi also reached the quarterfinals in the 2016-17 season, in which game Manny had 21 points,11 rebounds and 2 blocks.
Creighton Bluejays (2017-2018)
For the 2017-18 season, Manny was recruited to join the Creighton Bluejays by Greg McDermott. About thirty college basketball teams had expressed interest in signing Suárez. Manny averaged 3 points and 2.6 rebounds in 7 minutes per game in 24 games played.
Seeded 8th in the NCAA tournament, Creighton lost in the first round to 9th seed Kansas State, a game in which Manny played 1 minute and had 1 offensive rebound.
Suárez later graduated from Creighton.
Professional career
CD Las Ánimas, CD Castro (2018-19)
In the 2018-19 season, Suárez played for Chilean club CD Las Ánimas in the Basketball Champions League Americas, the highest tier basketball league in the continent. With Las Animas, Manny averaged 4 points, 2.3 assists and 2 rebounds in 11.6 minutes per game over 3 games played.
Las Animas finished the Champions League with 2 wins and 4 losses, placing 8th.
In the same season, Suárez also played for CD Castro in the LNB Chile, the highest division of basketball in Chile. With CD Castro, Manny averaged 13.2 points, 8.7 rebounds, 2 assists, 1.1 steals and 1.7 blocks in 29.6 minutes per game over 23 games played.
CD Castro finished the season with 14 wins and 15 losses.
CEB Puerto Montt (2019-20)
In the 2019-20 season, Suárez continued in the LNB Chile, playing for CEB Puerto Montt. With Puerto Montt, Manny averaged 15.8 points, 10.1 rebounds, 2.6 assists, 1.4 steals and 1.9 blocks in 30.1 minutes per game over 17 games played.
Puerto Montt finished the season with 16 wins and 18 losses.
Iraurgi SB (2020-21)
In the 2020-21 season, Suárez played for Spanish club Iraurgi SB in the LEB Plata, the third highest division of basketball in Spain. With Iraurgi, Manny averaged 12.2 points and 6.7 rebounds in 20.6 minutes per game over 14 games played.
Iraurgi finished first in the league, winning 23 of 28 games and earning a promotion to LEB Oro of the second division.
Hübner Nyíregyháza BS (2021-22)
In the 2021-22 season, Suárez played for Hungarian club Hübner Nyíregyháza BS in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I/A, the highest division of basketball in Hungary. With Nyíregyháza, Manny averaged 13.5 points and 6.2 rebounds in 26.9 minutes per game in 25 games played.
With a record of 13 wins and 19 losses, Nyíregyháza finished the season in 11th place.
BC Balkan Botevgrad (2022-23)
In the 2022-23 season, Suárez played for 7-time Bulgarian champions BC Balkan Botevgrad in the Bulgarian NBL, the highest division of basketball in Bulgaria. With Balkan, Manny averaged 16.8 points, 8.7 rebounds, 1.4 assists, 1.4 steals and 1.5 blocks in 25.2 minutes per game over 39 games played. In the FIBA Europe Cup, he averaged 12 points, 7 rebounds, 1 steal and 1 block in 22.7 minutes per game over 6 games played.
Balkan finished the Bulgarian NBL regular season in 2nd place with a record of 23 wins and 7 losses, but were crowned the champions after beating BC Chernomorets in the finals. Manny was crowned the MVP of the finals. In the FIBA Europe Cup, Balkan failed to qualify from Group K in the second round of the tournament.
BC Kalev (2023-24)
For the 2023-24 season, Suárez has signed with 13-time Estonian champions, 1-time Estonian-Latvian champions and 2022-23 FIBA Europe Cup semi-finalists BC Kalev of the Latvian–Estonian Basketball League (LEBL) the highest division of basketball in both Estonia and Latvia. Kalev will also play in the Korvpalli Meistriliiga, the Estonian domestic basketball league running parallel with the LEBL, the Estonian Cup, and the 2023-24 FIBA Europe Cup.
National team career
Upon graduation from Creighton, Suárez joined the Chilean national team. He later played at the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification.
Player profile
He is ambidextrous and can play as small forward, power forward or center.
Personal
He is a Chilean citizen through his mother Mapi who moved to the United States. His father is a Spaniard. Suárez has a sister named María Teresa.
He recalls that playing in the National Basketball Association (NBA) has been his dream since he was eight years old.
Career statistics
Legend
GP
Games played
GS
Games started
MPG
Minutes per game
FG%
Field-goal percentage
3P%
3-point field-goal percentage
FT%
Free-throw percentage
RPG
Rebounds per game
APG
Assists per game
SPG
Steals per game
BPG
Blocks per game
PPG
Points per game
PIR
Performance Index Rating
Bold
Career high
College
Season
Team
GP
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
2014-15
Fordham
19
7.5
.231
.250
.667
2.1
0.2
0.2
0.9
1.8
2015-16
Adelphi
28
25.8
.467
.335
.746
7.7
0.8
0.8
2.5
13.2
2016-17
Adelphi
30
24.6
.552
.319
.795
9.4
1.2
0.4
1.9
16.9
2017-18
Creighton
24
7.5
.446
.250
.667
2.6
0.4
0.0
0.5
3.0
Domestic leagues
Season
Team
League
GP
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
2018-19
CD Las Ánimas
BCLA
3
11.6
.455
.250
.000
2.0
2.3
0.7
0.0
4.0
CD Castro
LNB
23
29.6
.506
.309
.600
8.7
2.0
1.1
1.7
13.2
2019-20
CEB Puerto Montt
LNB
17
30.1
.500
.377
.681
10.1
2.6
1.4
1.9
15.8
2020-21
Iraurgi SB
LEB Plata
14
20.6
.533
.429
.588
6.7
1.0
0.6
0.3
12.2
2021-22
Nyíregyháza BS
NB I/A
25
26.9
.490
.367
.685
6.2
1.5
0.6
0.8
13.5
2022-23
BC Balkan
BNBL
39
25.2
.686
.455
.785
8.7
1.4
1.4
1.5
16.8
FEC
6
22.7
.609
.111
.714
7
0.8
1
1
12
2023-24
BC Kalev
LEBL
35
18.0
.597
.388
.747
5.5
1
0.8
0.9
11.2
References
^ Manny Suarez College Stats, Sports Reference. Accessed December 26, 2021. "Hometown: Cliffside Park, NJ"
^ Villanova, Patrick. "Marist High School's Manny Suarez verbally commits to Fordham University", The Jersey Journal, October 24, 2012, updated January 18, 2019. Accessed December 26, 2021. "Suarez, who played in 14 games last season after transferring to the Bayonne Catholic school from Cliffside Park, averaged 16 points and 12.7 rebounds per game."
^ a b c d e f Manny Súarez eluniversal.com.mx, 18 October 2020. Accessed 16 December 2021.(in Spanish)
^ "Manuel Suarez NCAA Stats, Creighton - RealGM". basketball.realgm.com. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ "Men's Basketball Falls at Dayton". Fordham University Athletics. 2015-02-01. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ "Men's Basketball vs University of Dayton on 2/1/2015 - Box Score". Fordham University Athletics. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ "Manny Suarez - Men's Basketball". Adelphi University Athletics. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ "2015-16 Men's Basketball Schedule". Adelphi University Athletics. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ "Stonehill Gets Past Men's Basketball 103-101 In Overtime Of NE-10 Championship Quarterfinal". Adelphi University Athletics. 2016-02-28. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ "Men's Basketball vs Stonehill College on 2/28/2016 - Box Score". Adelphi University Athletics. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ "No. 4 SW Men's Hoops Dropped by No. 1 NE SNHU, 97-95, in NE10 Quarterfinals". Adelphi University Athletics. 2017-02-26. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ "Men's Basketball vs Southern New Hampshire University on 2/26/2017 - Box Score". Adelphi University Athletics. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ a b c Con el corazón puesto en la NBA y en Chile Diego Hermosilla P. (La Tercera), 27 May 2017. Accessed 16 December 2021.(in Spanish)
^ "2017-18 Creighton Bluejays Men 's Roster and Stats". College Basketball at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ "Kansas State 69-59 Creighton (Mar 16, 2018) Box Score". ESPN. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ "CD Las Animas Stats - RealGM". basketball.realgm.com. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ "CD Las Animas News, Rumors, Roster, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Depth Charts, Forums - RealGM". basketball.realgm.com. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ a b Latinbasket. "Deportes Castro basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-latinbasket". Latinbasket. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ a b Latinbasket. "CEB Puerto Montt basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-latinbasket". Latinbasket. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ Proballers. "Manny Suarez, Basketball Player". Proballers. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ a b Még erősebben térhetnek vissza a Cápák szon.hu, 3 December 2021. Accessed 21 December 2021.(in Hungarian)
^ "Hubner Nyiregyhaza Stats - RealGM". basketball.realgm.com. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ "Hubner Nyiregyhaza News, Rumors, Roster, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Depth Charts, Forums - RealGM". basketball.realgm.com. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ "Балкан Ботевград привлече чилийския център Мануел "Мени" Суарес". Trud.bg. September 7, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
^ Eurobasket. "Manny Suarez, Basketball Player, News, Stats - Eurobasket". Eurobasket LLC. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ "Manuel SUAREZ at the FIBA Europe Cup 2022-23". FIBA.basketball. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ ERR (2023-08-16). "Kalev/Cramo tõi korvialust täiendama Tšiili koondislase". ERR (in Estonian). Retrieved 2023-08-17.
^ ERR (2023-08-16). "Kalev/Cramo tõi korvialust täiendama Tšiili koondislase". ERR (in Estonian). Retrieved 2023-08-17.
External links
Profile at Eurobasket.com
Creighton bio
Profile at realGM.com
Profile at Proballers.com
Profile at scoutBasketball | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BC Kalev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Kalev"},{"link_name":"Estonian-Latvian Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian-Latvian_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"FIBA Europe Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Europe_Cup"},{"link_name":"Chilean national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Cliffside Park, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliffside_Park,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cliffside Park High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliffside_Park_High_School"},{"link_name":"Marist High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marist_High_School_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Manuel \"Manny\" Suárez (born 12 November 1993) is a Chilean-Spanish basketball player who currently plays for Estonian club BC Kalev of the Estonian-Latvian Basketball League and the FIBA Europe Cup. 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They advanced to the second round of the A-10 tournament, where they lost to the Dayton Flyers,[5] a game in which Manny played 4 minutes and scored 3 points.[6]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adelphi Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi_Panthers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"NE-10 championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast-10_Conference"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Adelphi Panthers (2015-2017)","text":"In the 2015-16 and 2016-17 seasons, Suárez played for the Adelphi Panthers. In the two seasons combined, Manny averaged 15.1 points, 8.6 rebounds and 2.2 blocks.[7] Adelphi finished the respective seasons 20-8 and 18-12.[8]In 2015-16, Adelphi reached the quarter finals of the NE-10 championship.[9] In the quarterfinals, Manny had 23 points, 11 rebounds and 4 blocks.[10] Adelphi also reached the quarterfinals in the 2016-17 season,[11] in which game Manny had 21 points,11 rebounds and 2 blocks.[12]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Creighton Bluejays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Creighton_Bluejays_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Greg McDermott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_McDermott"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hermosilla_P.-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Kansas State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Universal-3"}],"sub_title":"Creighton Bluejays (2017-2018)","text":"For the 2017-18 season, Manny was recruited to join the Creighton Bluejays by Greg McDermott. About thirty college basketball teams had expressed interest in signing Suárez.[13] Manny averaged 3 points and 2.6 rebounds in 7 minutes per game in 24 games played.[14]Seeded 8th in the NCAA tournament, Creighton lost in the first round to 9th seed Kansas State, a game in which Manny played 1 minute and had 1 offensive rebound.[15]Suárez later graduated from Creighton.[3]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CD Las Ánimas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_%C3%81nimas_de_Valdivia"},{"link_name":"Basketball Champions League Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Champions_League_Americas"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"CD Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportes_Castro"},{"link_name":"LNB Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_B%C3%A1squetbol_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-18"}],"sub_title":"CD Las Ánimas, CD Castro (2018-19)","text":"In the 2018-19 season, Suárez played for Chilean club CD Las Ánimas in the Basketball Champions League Americas, the highest tier basketball league in the continent. With Las Animas, Manny averaged 4 points, 2.3 assists and 2 rebounds in 11.6 minutes per game over 3 games played.[16]Las Animas finished the Champions League with 2 wins and 4 losses, placing 8th.[17]In the same season, Suárez also played for CD Castro in the LNB Chile, the highest division of basketball in Chile. With CD Castro, Manny averaged 13.2 points, 8.7 rebounds, 2 assists, 1.1 steals and 1.7 blocks in 29.6 minutes per game over 23 games played.[18]CD Castro finished the season with 14 wins and 15 losses.[18]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CEB Puerto Montt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CEB_Puerto_Montt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"}],"sub_title":"CEB Puerto Montt (2019-20)","text":"In the 2019-20 season, Suárez continued in the LNB Chile, playing for CEB Puerto Montt. With Puerto Montt, Manny averaged 15.8 points, 10.1 rebounds, 2.6 assists, 1.4 steals and 1.9 blocks in 30.1 minutes per game over 17 games played.[19]Puerto Montt finished the season with 16 wins and 18 losses.[19]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iraurgi SB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraurgi_SB"},{"link_name":"LEB Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_LEB_Plata_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Universal-3"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"LEB Oro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEB_Oro"}],"sub_title":"Iraurgi SB (2020-21)","text":"In the 2020-21 season, Suárez played for Spanish club Iraurgi SB in the LEB Plata, the third highest division of basketball in Spain.[3] With Iraurgi, Manny averaged 12.2 points and 6.7 rebounds in 20.6 minutes per game over 14 games played.[20]Iraurgi finished first in the league, winning 23 of 28 games and earning a promotion to LEB Oro of the second division.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hübner Nyíregyháza BS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCbner_Ny%C3%ADregyh%C3%A1za_BS"},{"link_name":"Nemzeti Bajnokság I/A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I/A"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-szon.hu-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Hübner Nyíregyháza BS (2021-22)","text":"In the 2021-22 season, Suárez played for Hungarian club Hübner Nyíregyháza BS in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I/A, the highest division of basketball in Hungary.[21] With Nyíregyháza, Manny averaged 13.5 points and 6.2 rebounds in 26.9 minutes per game in 25 games played.[22]With a record of 13 wins and 19 losses, Nyíregyháza finished the season in 11th place.[23]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BC Balkan Botevgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Balkan_Botevgrad"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian NBL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_National_Basketball_League_(Bulgaria)_season"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"FIBA Europe Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_FIBA_Europe_Cup"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"BC Chernomorets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Chernomorets"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"BC Balkan Botevgrad (2022-23)","text":"In the 2022-23 season, Suárez played for 7-time Bulgarian champions BC Balkan Botevgrad in the Bulgarian NBL, the highest division of basketball in Bulgaria.[24] With Balkan, Manny averaged 16.8 points, 8.7 rebounds, 1.4 assists, 1.4 steals and 1.5 blocks in 25.2 minutes per game over 39 games played.[25] In the FIBA Europe Cup, he averaged 12 points, 7 rebounds, 1 steal and 1 block in 22.7 minutes per game over 6 games played.[26]Balkan finished the Bulgarian NBL regular season in 2nd place with a record of 23 wins and 7 losses, but were crowned the champions after beating BC Chernomorets in the finals. Manny was crowned the MVP of the finals.[27] In the FIBA Europe Cup, Balkan failed to qualify from Group K in the second round of the tournament.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022-23 FIBA Europe Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_FIBA_Europe_Cup"},{"link_name":"BC Kalev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Kalev"},{"link_name":"Latvian–Estonian Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian%E2%80%93Estonian_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Korvpalli Meistriliiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korvpalli_Meistriliiga"},{"link_name":"Estonian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Basketball_Cup"},{"link_name":"2023-24 FIBA Europe Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_FIBA_Europe_Cup"}],"sub_title":"BC Kalev (2023-24)","text":"For the 2023-24 season, Suárez has signed with 13-time Estonian champions, 1-time Estonian-Latvian champions and 2022-23 FIBA Europe Cup semi-finalists BC Kalev of the Latvian–Estonian Basketball League (LEBL) the highest division of basketball in both Estonia and Latvia.[28] Kalev will also play in the Korvpalli Meistriliiga, the Estonian domestic basketball league running parallel with the LEBL, the Estonian Cup, and the 2023-24 FIBA Europe Cup.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chilean national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Universal-3"},{"link_name":"2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup_qualification_(Americas)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-szon.hu-21"}],"text":"Upon graduation from Creighton, Suárez joined the Chilean national team.[3] He later played at the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification.[21]","title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"small forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_forward"},{"link_name":"power forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_forward_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hermosilla_P.-13"}],"text":"He is ambidextrous and can play as small forward, power forward or center.[13]","title":"Player profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Universal-3"},{"link_name":"Spaniard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniard"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hermosilla_P.-13"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Universal-3"}],"text":"He is a Chilean citizen through his mother Mapi[3] who moved to the United States. His father is a Spaniard. Suárez has a sister named María Teresa.[13]He recalls that playing in the National Basketball Association (NBA) has been his dream since he was eight years old.[3]","title":"Personal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"College","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Domestic leagues","title":"Career statistics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Manuel Suarez NCAA Stats, Creighton - RealGM\". basketball.realgm.com. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Manuel-Suarez/NCAA/49894/2015/By_Season/Per_Game","url_text":"\"Manuel Suarez NCAA Stats, Creighton - RealGM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Men's Basketball Falls at Dayton\". Fordham University Athletics. 2015-02-01. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://fordhamsports.com/news/2015/2/1/MBB_0201152316.aspx","url_text":"\"Men's Basketball Falls at Dayton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Men's Basketball vs University of Dayton on 2/1/2015 - Box Score\". Fordham University Athletics. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://fordhamsports.com/sports/mens-basketball/stats/2014-15/university-of-dayton/boxscore/4821","url_text":"\"Men's Basketball vs University of Dayton on 2/1/2015 - Box Score\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manny Suarez - Men's Basketball\". Adelphi University Athletics. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://aupanthers.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/manny-suarez/6691","url_text":"\"Manny Suarez - Men's Basketball\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015-16 Men's Basketball Schedule\". Adelphi University Athletics. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://aupanthers.com/sports/mens-basketball/schedule/2015-16","url_text":"\"2015-16 Men's Basketball Schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stonehill Gets Past Men's Basketball 103-101 In Overtime Of NE-10 Championship Quarterfinal\". Adelphi University Athletics. 2016-02-28. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://aupanthers.com/news/2016/2/28/stonehill-gets-past-mens-basketball-103-101-in-overtime-of-ne-10-championship-quarterfinal.aspx","url_text":"\"Stonehill Gets Past Men's Basketball 103-101 In Overtime Of NE-10 Championship Quarterfinal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Men's Basketball vs Stonehill College on 2/28/2016 - Box Score\". Adelphi University Athletics. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://aupanthers.com/sports/mens-basketball/stats/2015-16/stonehill-college/boxscore/6875","url_text":"\"Men's Basketball vs Stonehill College on 2/28/2016 - Box Score\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 4 SW Men's Hoops Dropped by No. 1 NE SNHU, 97-95, in NE10 Quarterfinals\". Adelphi University Athletics. 2017-02-26. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://aupanthers.com/news/2017/2/26/mens-basketball-mbb-at-snhu-playoffs.aspx","url_text":"\"No. 4 SW Men's Hoops Dropped by No. 1 NE SNHU, 97-95, in NE10 Quarterfinals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Men's Basketball vs Southern New Hampshire University on 2/26/2017 - Box Score\". Adelphi University Athletics. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://aupanthers.com/sports/mens-basketball/stats/2016-17/southern-new-hampshire-university/boxscore/7461","url_text":"\"Men's Basketball vs Southern New Hampshire University on 2/26/2017 - Box Score\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017-18 Creighton Bluejays Men 's Roster and Stats\". College Basketball at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/creighton/men/2018.html","url_text":"\"2017-18 Creighton Bluejays Men 's Roster and Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kansas State 69-59 Creighton (Mar 16, 2018) Box Score\". ESPN. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/boxscore/_/gameId/401025830","url_text":"\"Kansas State 69-59 Creighton (Mar 16, 2018) Box Score\""}]},{"reference":"\"CD Las Animas Stats - RealGM\". basketball.realgm.com. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://basketball.realgm.com/international/league/79/Liga-Americas/team/2056/CD-Las-Animas/stats","url_text":"\"CD Las Animas Stats - RealGM\""}]},{"reference":"\"CD Las Animas News, Rumors, Roster, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Depth Charts, Forums - RealGM\". basketball.realgm.com. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://basketball.realgm.com/international/league/79/Liga-Americas/team/2056/CD-Las-Animas/home","url_text":"\"CD Las Animas News, Rumors, Roster, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Depth Charts, Forums - RealGM\""}]},{"reference":"Latinbasket. \"Deportes Castro basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-latinbasket\". Latinbasket. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://basketball.latinbasket.com/team/Club-Deportes-Castro/4806?Page=3&Stats=2019","url_text":"\"Deportes Castro basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-latinbasket\""}]},{"reference":"Latinbasket. \"CEB Puerto Montt basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-latinbasket\". Latinbasket. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://basketball.latinbasket.com/team/CEB-Puerto-Montt/15930?Page=3&Stats=2020","url_text":"\"CEB Puerto Montt basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-latinbasket\""}]},{"reference":"Proballers. \"Manny Suarez, Basketball Player\". Proballers. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/76331/manny-suarez","url_text":"\"Manny Suarez, Basketball Player\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hubner Nyiregyhaza Stats - RealGM\". basketball.realgm.com. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://basketball.realgm.com/international/league/28/Hungarian-NBIA/team/888/Hubner-Nyiregyhaza/stats/2022/Averages/All/All/minutes/All/desc","url_text":"\"Hubner Nyiregyhaza Stats - RealGM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hubner Nyiregyhaza News, Rumors, Roster, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Depth Charts, Forums - RealGM\". basketball.realgm.com. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://basketball.realgm.com/international/league/28/Hungarian-NBIA/team/888/Hubner-Nyiregyhaza/home","url_text":"\"Hubner Nyiregyhaza News, Rumors, Roster, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Depth Charts, Forums - RealGM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Балкан Ботевград привлече чилийския център Мануел \"Мени\" Суарес\". Trud.bg. September 7, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://trud.bg/%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5-%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81/","url_text":"\"Балкан Ботевград привлече чилийския център Мануел \"Мени\" Суарес\""}]},{"reference":"Eurobasket. \"Manny Suarez, Basketball Player, News, Stats - Eurobasket\". Eurobasket LLC. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Manny-Suarez/299713","url_text":"\"Manny Suarez, Basketball Player, News, Stats - Eurobasket\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manuel SUAREZ at the FIBA Europe Cup 2022-23\". FIBA.basketball. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiba.basketball/europecup/22-23/player/Manuel-Suarez","url_text":"\"Manuel SUAREZ at the FIBA Europe Cup 2022-23\""}]},{"reference":"ERR (2023-08-16). \"Kalev/Cramo tõi korvialust täiendama Tšiili koondislase\". ERR (in Estonian). Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport.err.ee/1609065419/kalev-cramo-toi-korvialust-taiendama-tsiili-koondislase","url_text":"\"Kalev/Cramo tõi korvialust täiendama Tšiili koondislase\""}]},{"reference":"ERR (2023-08-16). \"Kalev/Cramo tõi korvialust täiendama Tšiili koondislase\". ERR (in Estonian). Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport.err.ee/1609065419/kalev-cramo-toi-korvialust-taiendama-tsiili-koondislase","url_text":"\"Kalev/Cramo tõi korvialust täiendama Tšiili koondislase\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/manny-suarez-1.html","external_links_name":"Manny Suarez College Stats"},{"Link":"https://www.nj.com/hudsonhssports/2012/10/marist_high_schools_manny_suar.html","external_links_name":"\"Marist High School's Manny Suarez verbally commits to Fordham University\""},{"Link":"https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/universal-deportes/mas-deportes/manny-suarez-apunta-su-regreso-al-basquetbol-estadounidense","external_links_name":"Manny Súarez [sic"},{"Link":"https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Manuel-Suarez/NCAA/49894/2015/By_Season/Per_Game","external_links_name":"\"Manuel Suarez NCAA Stats, Creighton - RealGM\""},{"Link":"https://fordhamsports.com/news/2015/2/1/MBB_0201152316.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Men's Basketball Falls at Dayton\""},{"Link":"https://fordhamsports.com/sports/mens-basketball/stats/2014-15/university-of-dayton/boxscore/4821","external_links_name":"\"Men's Basketball vs University of Dayton on 2/1/2015 - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavudine | Stavudine | ["1 Medical uses","1.1 Pregnancy and breastfeeding","1.2 Children","1.3 Elderly","2 Adverse events","3 Mechanism of action","4 Pharmacokinetics","5 Drug interactions","6 History","7 References"] | Chemical compound
StavudineClinical dataTrade namesZeritOther names2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidineAHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa694033License data
US DailyMed: Stavudine
Pregnancycategory
AU: B3
Routes ofadministrationBy mouthATC codeJ05AF04 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status
AU: S4 (Prescription only)
US: WARNINGRx-only
EU: Rx-only
In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic dataBioavailability>80%Protein bindingNegligibleMetabolismKidney elimination (~40%)Elimination half-life0.8–1.5 hours (in adults)Identifiers
IUPAC name
1--5-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione
CAS Number3056-17-5 YPubChem CID18283DrugBankDB00649 YChemSpider17270 YUNIIBO9LE4QFZFKEGGD00445 YChEMBLChEMBL991 YNIAID ChemDB000005CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID1023819 ECHA InfoCard100.169.180 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC10H12N2O4Molar mass224.216 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image
SMILES
O=C1/C(=C\N(C(=O)N1)/2O(\C=C\2)CO)C
InChI
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Stavudine (d4T), sold under the brand name Zerit among others, is an antiretroviral medication used to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS. It is generally recommended for use with other antiretrovirals. It may be used for prevention after a needlestick injury or other potential exposure. However, it is not a first-line treatment. It is given by mouth.
Common side effects include headache, diarrhea, vomiting, rash, and peripheral nerve problems. Severe side effects include high blood lactate, pancreatitis, and an enlarged liver. It is not generally recommended in pregnancy. Stavudine is in the nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) class of medication.
Stavudine was first described in 1966 and approved for use in the United States in 1994. It is available as a generic medication.
Medical uses
Stavudine is used in the treatment of HIV-1 infection, but is not a cure. It is not normally recommended as initial treatment. Stavudine can also reduce the risk of developing HIV-1 infection after coming into contact with the virus either at work (e.g., needlestick) or through exposure to infected blood or other bodily fluids. It is always used in combination with other HIV medications for the better control of the infection and a reduction in HIV complications.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends stavudine to be phased out to due to its high toxicity levels. If the drug must be used, it is recommended to use low dosages to reduce the occurrence of side effects; however, a 2015 Cochrane review found no clear advantage between high and low dosage regimens.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Stavudine has been demonstrated to affect the fetus in animal studies but no data are available from human studies. Pregnant women should therefore be given stavudine only if the potential benefits outweigh the potential harm to the fetus. Additionally, there have been case reports of fatal lactic acidosis in pregnant women receiving combination therapy of stavudine and didanosine with other antiviral agents.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-infected mothers not breastfeed their infants, in order to avoid the risk of HIV transmission through breast milk. There is also evidence that stavudine gets into animal breast milk, although no data are available for human breast milk.
Children
Stavudine is safe for use in children infected with HIV from birth through adolescence. Adverse effects and safety profile are the same as adults.
Elderly
There is no data available for stavudine use in HIV-infected adults aged 65 years or older. However, among 12,000 people over the age of 65, 30% developed peripheral neuropathy. Additionally, since the elderly are more likely to have decreased renal function, they are more likely to develop toxic side effects.
Adverse events
Common side effects
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Headache
Upset stomach
Severe side effects
Peripheral neuropathy
Lactic acidosis
Pancreatitis
Hepatotoxicity
Hepatomegaly with steatosis
Lipoatrophy/lipodystrophy (fat redistribution/accumulation)
Individuals are monitored for the development of these serious adverse effects. The development of peripheral neuropathy is shown to be dose related, and may be resolved if the drug is discontinued. Individuals with advanced HIV-1 disease, a history of peripheral neuropathy, or individuals on other drugs that have association with neuropathy develop this side effect more often.
Stavudine has been shown in laboratory test to be genotoxic, but with clinical doses its carcinogenic effects are non-existent. Hyperlactatemia, bone mineral density (BMD) loss, reduction in limb fat and an increase in triglycerides were found when administered in high dosages. It is also one of the most likely antiviral drugs to cause lipodystrophy, and for this reason it is no longer considered an appropriate treatment for most patients in developed countries.
HLA-B*4001 may be used as a genetic marker to predict which patients will develop stavudine-associated lipodystrophy, to avoid or shorten the duration of stavudine according to a study in Thailand.
It is still used as first choice in first line therapy in resource poor settings such as in India. Only in case of development of peripheral neuropathy or pregnancy is it changed to the next choice, zidovudine. Safety and effectiveness of dosage titration was not reported in treatment naive patients. It was only reported in those patients with sustained virologic suppression. These findings are not generalized to stavudine used in ART naive patients who have high viral loads.
In November 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that " recommends that countries phase out the use of stavudine, or d4T, because of its long-term, irreversible side-effects. Stavudine is still widely used in first-line therapy in developing countries due to its low cost and widespread availability. Zidovudine (AZT) or tenofovir (TDF) are recommended as less toxic and equally effective alternatives."
Mechanism of action
Stavudine is a nucleoside analog of thymidine. It is phosphorylated by cellular kinases into an active triphosphate. Stavudine triphosphate inhibits HIV's reverse transcriptase by competing with the natural substrate, thymidine triphosphate. Reverse transcriptase is the enzyme the virus uses to make a DNA copy of its RNA in order to insert its genetic material into the host's DNA. Upon incorporation into the DNA strand, stavudine triphosphate causes termination of DNA replication.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption: Stavudine has rapid absorption and good oral bioavailability (F = 0.86).
Distribution: Stavudine does not bind to proteins in the blood.
Metabolism: The clearance of stavudine is affected minimally by hepatic metabolism. Oxidation and glucuronidation produce minor metabolites.
Elimination: Stavudine is mostly eliminated in the urine and mostly in its unchanged form.
Drug interactions
Simultaneous use of zidovudine is not recommended, as it can inhibit the intracellular phosphorylation of stavudine. Other anti-HIV drugs do not possess this property.
Stavudine is not protein-bound nor does it inhibit the major cytochrome P450 isoforms. Thus, significant drug interactions with drugs metabolized through these pathways or drugs that are protein-bound are unlikely.
History
Stavudine was first created by Jerome Horwitz in the 1960s and was originally named D4T. When the AIDS epidemic occurred in the 1980s, William Prusoff and others at Yale University discovered the anti-HIV properties of stavudine.
In 1990, Yale patented the use of the drug stavudine (d4T) to treat HIV, and granted an exclusive license to Bristol-Myers Squibb to manufacture the drug under the brand name Zerit. Since then, stavudine became a key drug for treating HIV. However, because of its high price (over $1600 per year) Zerit was inaccessible to infected people in developing countries. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) found an Indian manufacturer, who was willing to sell stavudine in South Africa for $40 per year per patient. However, this deal fell apart, because Yale patented stavudine in South Africa, and was unwilling to issue a license to the Indian generic manufacturer. Students sided with Médecins Sans Frontières and approached Yale with the idea to put pressure on Bristol-Myers Squibb to lower Stavudin's prices in South Africa and/or to issue patent licenses to generic manufacturers. After the issue was publicized, Bristol-Myers Squibb announced, that it would not enforce the stavudine patent in South Africa, and that it would sell Zerit in sub-Saharan Africa for $55 per year.
Stavudine was the first drug to be granted parallel track status in 1992, by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which allowed for the agency to make Stavudine available to patients before being approved. Stavudine was submitted under the FDA's accelerated approval process. Through this process, Stavudine's effectiveness was measured by its effect on the surrogate marker, CD4, instead of clinical endpoints. The FDA concluded that an increase in CD4 cell counts was an indicator of how effective the drug would be against AIDS and HIV infection. Stavudine was the fourth drug to be approved for the treatment of AIDS and HIV infection by the FDA on 27 June 1994. Even after approval, studies were continued to evaluate the clinical benefit of the drug. If there is no indication of clinical benefits, the accelerated approval may be withdrawn.
In 2018, Mylan Pharmaceuticals discontinued manufacturing stavudine 20 mg, 30 mg, and 40 mg capsules.
References
^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Stavudine capsule". DailyMed. 21 September 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
^ "Zerit EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Stavudine Monograph for Professionals - Drugs.com". www.drugs.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 505. ISBN 9783527607495. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
^ "Updated Guidelines for Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual, Injection Drug Use, or Other Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV—United States, 2016" (PDF). Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Annals of Emergency Medicine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
^ "Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents" (PDF). Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 14 July 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
^ a b c d e f "Zerit (stavudine) capsules and powder for oral solution prescribing information" (PDF). Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb. December 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 January 2017.
^ Magula N, Dedicoat M (January 2015). "Low dose versus high dose stavudine for treating people with HIV infection". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1: CD007497. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007497.pub2. PMC 10862382. PMID 25627012.
^ "Pregnant Women, Infants, and Children | Gender | HIV by Group | HIV/AIDS | CDC". www.CDC.gov. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
^ "FDA Guideline for Industry: Geriatric Population" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. August 1994. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 September 2016.
^ Wangsomboonsiri W, Mahasirimongkol S, Chantarangsu S, Kiertiburanakul S, Charoenyingwattana A, Komindr S, et al. (February 2010). "Association between HLA-B*4001 and lipodystrophy among HIV-infected patients from Thailand who received a stavudine-containing antiretroviral regimen". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 50 (4): 597–604. doi:10.1086/650003. PMID 20073992.
^ "New HIV recommendations to improve health, reduce infections and save lives". World Health Organization. 30 November 2009. Archived from the original on 18 January 2010.
^ "Jerome Horwitz Obituary". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
^ a b Prusoff W (19 March 2001). "The Scientist's Story". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
^ Ouellette LL (September 2010). "How Many Patents Does It Take To Make a Drug? Follow-On Pharmaceutical Patents and University Licensing". Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review. 17 (1): 299–336.
^ "FDA Approval of Stavudine (d4T) | News | AIDSinfo". AIDSinfo. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
^ "Stavudine". Discontinuations Reported to FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 30 April 2018.
vteAntiviral drugs: antiretroviral drugs used against HIV (primarily J05)Capsid inhibitors
Lenacapavir (LEN)
Entry/fusion inhibitors (Discovery and development)
gp41 (Enfuvirtide (ENF, T-20))◊
CCR5 (Maraviroc (MVC)
Vicriviroc†, Cenicriviroc†, Leronlimab†)
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Dolutegravir (DTG)#
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BI 224436†
MK-2048†
Maturation inhibitors
Bevirimat†
BMS-955176§
Fipravirimat§
Protease Inhibitors (PI)(Discovery and development)1st generation
Amprenavir (APV)‡
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Atazanavir (ATV)°#
Darunavir (DRV)°#
Tipranavir (TPV)◊
TMC-310911§
Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs)Nucleoside and nucleotide (NRTI)
Nucleoside analogues/NRTIs: Abacavir (ABC)#
Didanosine (ddI)◊
Emtricitabine (FTC)
Lamivudine (3TC)#
Stavudine (d4T)◊
Zalcitabine (ddC)‡
Zidovudine (AZT, ZDV)#
Amdoxovir†
Apricitabine†
Censavudine†
Elvucitabine†
Islatravir (EFdA, ISL)§
Racivir†
Stampidine†
Nucleotide analogues/NtRTIs: Tenofovir disoproxil (TDF)#
Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)
Non-nucleoside (NNRTI)(Discovery and development)1st generation
Efavirenz (EFV)#
Nevirapine (NVP)#
Delavirdine (DLV)‡
2nd generation
diarylpyrimidines
Dapivirine (DPV)
Etravirine (ETR)
Rilpivirine (RPV)
Doravirine (DOR)
Elsulfavirine (ESV)
Combined formulations
Abacavir/lamivudine#
Abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine°
Abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine
Atazanavir/cobicistat
Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide°
Cabotegravir/rilpivirine
Darunavir/cobicistat
Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide°
Dolutegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
Dolutegravir/lamivudine°
Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir alafenamide°
Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil°#
Dolutegravir/rilpivirine
Doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil#
Efavirenz/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil#
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil
Emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir alafenamide
Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil
Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil#
Lamivudine/nevirapine/stavudine
Lamivudine/nevirapine/zidovudine
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Experimental agentsUncoating inhibitors
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Other
Abzyme
BIT225†
Calanolide A
Ceragenin
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Diarylpyrimidines
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
Foscarnet
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Griffithsin
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Tre recombinase
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#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
†Phase III
§Never to phase III
°DHHS recommended initial regimen options. ◊Formerly or rarely used agent.
Portals: Medicine Viruses | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antiretroviral medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiretroviral_medication"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"},{"link_name":"needlestick injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needlestick_injury"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"},{"link_name":"headache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headach"},{"link_name":"peripheral nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nerve"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"},{"link_name":"high blood lactate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acidosis"},{"link_name":"pancreatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatitis"},{"link_name":"enlarged liver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatomegaly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"},{"link_name":"pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"},{"link_name":"nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse-transcriptase_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"generic medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_medication"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"}],"text":"Stavudine (d4T), sold under the brand name Zerit among others, is an antiretroviral medication used to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS.[4] It is generally recommended for use with other antiretrovirals.[4] It may be used for prevention after a needlestick injury or other potential exposure.[4] However, it is not a first-line treatment.[4] It is given by mouth.[4]Common side effects include headache, diarrhea, vomiting, rash, and peripheral nerve problems.[4] Severe side effects include high blood lactate, pancreatitis, and an enlarged liver.[4] It is not generally recommended in pregnancy.[4] Stavudine is in the nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) class of medication.[4]Stavudine was first described in 1966 and approved for use in the United States in 1994.[5] It is available as a generic medication.[4]","title":"Stavudine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HIV-1 infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-1_infection"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Cochrane review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mag2015-9"}],"text":"Stavudine is used in the treatment of HIV-1 infection, but is not a cure. It is not normally recommended as initial treatment.[6] Stavudine can also reduce the risk of developing HIV-1 infection after coming into contact with the virus either at work (e.g., needlestick) or through exposure to infected blood or other bodily fluids.[7] It is always used in combination with other HIV medications for the better control of the infection and a reduction in HIV complications.[8]The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends stavudine to be phased out to due to its high toxicity levels. If the drug must be used, it is recommended to use low dosages to reduce the occurrence of side effects; however, a 2015 Cochrane review found no clear advantage between high and low dosage regimens.[9]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stavudine_FDA_label-2"},{"link_name":"lactic acidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acidosis"},{"link_name":"didanosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didanosine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stavudine_FDA_label-2"},{"link_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stavudine_FDA_label-2"}],"sub_title":"Pregnancy and breastfeeding","text":"Stavudine has been demonstrated to affect the fetus in animal studies but no data are available from human studies.[2] Pregnant women should therefore be given stavudine only if the potential benefits outweigh the potential harm to the fetus. Additionally, there have been case reports of fatal lactic acidosis in pregnant women receiving combination therapy of stavudine and didanosine with other antiviral agents.[2]The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-infected mothers not breastfeed their infants, in order to avoid the risk of HIV transmission through breast milk.[10] There is also evidence that stavudine gets into animal breast milk, although no data are available for human breast milk.[2]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stavudine_FDA_label-2"}],"sub_title":"Children","text":"Stavudine is safe for use in children infected with HIV from birth through adolescence. Adverse effects and safety profile are the same as adults.[2]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peripheral neuropathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stavudine_FDA_label-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Elderly","text":"There is no data available for stavudine use in HIV-infected adults aged 65 years or older. However, among 12,000 people over the age of 65, 30% developed peripheral neuropathy.[2] Additionally, since the elderly are more likely to have decreased renal function, they are more likely to develop toxic side effects.[11]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stavudine_FDA_label-2"},{"link_name":"Nausea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea"},{"link_name":"Vomiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting"},{"link_name":"Diarrhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea"},{"link_name":"Headache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stavudine_FDA_label-2"},{"link_name":"Peripheral neuropathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy"},{"link_name":"Lactic acidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acidosis"},{"link_name":"Pancreatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatitis"},{"link_name":"Hepatotoxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatotoxicity"},{"link_name":"Hepatomegaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatomegaly"},{"link_name":"steatosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatosis"},{"link_name":"Lipoatrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoatrophy"},{"link_name":"lipodystrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipodystrophy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stavudine_FDA_label-2"},{"link_name":"genotoxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotoxic"},{"link_name":"carcinogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen"},{"link_name":"bone mineral density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_mineral_density"},{"link_name":"triglycerides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglycerides"},{"link_name":"lipodystrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipodystrophy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"zidovudine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidovudine"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"Zidovudine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidovudine"},{"link_name":"tenofovir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenofovir"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Common side effects[2]Nausea\nVomiting\nDiarrhea\nHeadache\nUpset stomachSevere side effects[2]Peripheral neuropathy\nLactic acidosis\nPancreatitis\nHepatotoxicity\nHepatomegaly with steatosis\nLipoatrophy/lipodystrophy (fat redistribution/accumulation)Individuals are monitored for the development of these serious adverse effects. The development of peripheral neuropathy is shown to be dose related, and may be resolved if the drug is discontinued. Individuals with advanced HIV-1 disease, a history of peripheral neuropathy, or individuals on other drugs that have association with neuropathy develop this side effect more often.[2]Stavudine has been shown in laboratory test to be genotoxic, but with clinical doses its carcinogenic effects are non-existent. Hyperlactatemia, bone mineral density (BMD) loss, reduction in limb fat and an increase in triglycerides were found when administered in high dosages. It is also one of the most likely antiviral drugs to cause lipodystrophy, and for this reason it is no longer considered an appropriate treatment for most patients in developed countries.HLA-B*4001 may be used as a genetic marker to predict which patients will develop stavudine-associated lipodystrophy, to avoid or shorten the duration of stavudine according to a study in Thailand.[12]It is still used as first choice in first line therapy in resource poor settings such as in India. Only in case of development of peripheral neuropathy or pregnancy is it changed to the next choice, zidovudine. Safety and effectiveness of dosage titration was not reported in treatment naive patients. It was only reported in those patients with sustained virologic suppression. These findings are not generalized to stavudine used in ART naive patients who have high viral loads.In November 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that \"[The WHO] recommends that countries phase out the use of stavudine, or d4T, because of its long-term, irreversible side-effects. Stavudine is still widely used in first-line therapy in developing countries due to its low cost and widespread availability. Zidovudine (AZT) or tenofovir (TDF) are recommended as less toxic and equally effective alternatives.\"[13]","title":"Adverse events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"analog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"thymidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine"},{"link_name":"kinases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase"},{"link_name":"reverse transcriptase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase"},{"link_name":"thymidine triphosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"Reverse transcriptase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase"},{"link_name":"DNA replication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication"}],"text":"Stavudine is a nucleoside analog of thymidine. It is phosphorylated by cellular kinases into an active triphosphate. Stavudine triphosphate inhibits HIV's reverse transcriptase by competing with the natural substrate, thymidine triphosphate. Reverse transcriptase is the enzyme the virus uses to make a DNA copy of its RNA in order to insert its genetic material into the host's DNA. Upon incorporation into the DNA strand, stavudine triphosphate causes termination of DNA replication.","title":"Mechanism of action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation"},{"link_name":"glucuronidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucuronidation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"Absorption: Stavudine has rapid absorption and good oral bioavailability (F = 0.86).[8]Distribution: Stavudine does not bind to proteins in the blood.[8]Metabolism: The clearance of stavudine is affected minimally by hepatic metabolism. Oxidation and glucuronidation produce minor metabolites.[8]Elimination: Stavudine is mostly eliminated in the urine and mostly in its unchanged form.[8]","title":"Pharmacokinetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zidovudine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidovudine"},{"link_name":"phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"Simultaneous use of zidovudine is not recommended, as it can inhibit the intracellular phosphorylation of stavudine. Other anti-HIV drugs do not possess this property.Stavudine is not protein-bound nor does it inhibit the major cytochrome P450 isoforms. Thus, significant drug interactions with drugs metabolized through these pathways or drugs that are protein-bound are unlikely.[8]","title":"Drug interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerome Horwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Horwitz"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"William Prusoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Prusoff"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-15"},{"link_name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-15"},{"link_name":"Médecins Sans Frontières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale"},{"link_name":"Médecins Sans Frontières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale"},{"link_name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb"},{"link_name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"surrogate marker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogate_markers"},{"link_name":"CD4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD4%2B_T_cells_and_antitumor_immunity"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Stavudine was first created by Jerome Horwitz in the 1960s and was originally named D4T.[14] When the AIDS epidemic occurred in the 1980s, William Prusoff and others at Yale University discovered the anti-HIV properties of stavudine.[15]In 1990, Yale patented the use of the drug stavudine (d4T) to treat HIV, and granted an exclusive license to Bristol-Myers Squibb to manufacture the drug under the brand name Zerit.[15] Since then, stavudine became a key drug for treating HIV. However, because of its high price (over $1600 per year) Zerit was inaccessible to infected people in developing countries. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) found an Indian manufacturer, who was willing to sell stavudine in South Africa for $40 per year per patient. However, this deal fell apart, because Yale patented stavudine in South Africa, and was unwilling to issue a license to the Indian generic manufacturer. Students sided with Médecins Sans Frontières and approached Yale with the idea to put pressure on Bristol-Myers Squibb to lower Stavudin's prices in South Africa and/or to issue patent licenses to generic manufacturers. After the issue was publicized, Bristol-Myers Squibb announced, that it would not enforce the stavudine patent in South Africa, and that it would sell Zerit in sub-Saharan Africa for $55 per year.[16]Stavudine was the first drug to be granted parallel track status in 1992, by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which allowed for the agency to make Stavudine available to patients before being approved. Stavudine was submitted under the FDA's accelerated approval process. Through this process, Stavudine's effectiveness was measured by its effect on the surrogate marker, CD4, instead of clinical endpoints. The FDA concluded that an increase in CD4 cell counts was an indicator of how effective the drug would be against AIDS and HIV infection. Stavudine was the fourth drug to be approved for the treatment of AIDS and HIV infection by the FDA on 27 June 1994. Even after approval, studies were continued to evaluate the clinical benefit of the drug. If there is no indication of clinical benefits, the accelerated approval may be withdrawn.[17]In 2018, Mylan Pharmaceuticals discontinued manufacturing stavudine 20 mg, 30 mg, and 40 mg capsules.[18]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)\". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nctr-crs.fda.gov/fdalabel/ui/spl-summaries/criteria/343802","url_text":"\"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDA","url_text":"FDA"}]},{"reference":"\"Stavudine capsule\". DailyMed. 21 September 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1210d63d-e036-41c4-bbd4-027b9308205c","url_text":"\"Stavudine capsule\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zerit EPAR\". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zerit","url_text":"\"Zerit EPAR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency","url_text":"European Medicines Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Stavudine Monograph for Professionals - Drugs.com\". www.drugs.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drugs.com/monograph/stavudine.html","url_text":"\"Stavudine Monograph for Professionals - Drugs.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161110111419/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/stavudine.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 505. ISBN 9783527607495. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA505","url_text":"Analogue-based Drug Discovery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783527607495","url_text":"9783527607495"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170908213935/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA505","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Updated Guidelines for Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual, Injection Drug Use, or Other Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV—United States, 2016\" (PDF). Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Annals of Emergency Medicine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/programresources/cdc-hiv-npep-guidelines.pdf","url_text":"\"Updated Guidelines for Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual, Injection Drug Use, or Other Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV—United States, 2016\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161120134302/http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/programresources/cdc-hiv-npep-guidelines.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents\" (PDF). Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 14 July 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161101202407/https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adultandadolescentgl.pdf","url_text":"\"Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents\""},{"url":"http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zerit (stavudine) capsules and powder for oral solution prescribing information\" (PDF). Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb. December 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_zerit.pdf","url_text":"\"Zerit (stavudine) capsules and powder for oral solution prescribing information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170131071434/http://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_zerit.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Magula N, Dedicoat M (January 2015). \"Low dose versus high dose stavudine for treating people with HIV infection\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1: CD007497. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007497.pub2. PMC 10862382. PMID 25627012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10862382","url_text":"\"Low dose versus high dose stavudine for treating people with HIV infection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD007497.pub2","url_text":"10.1002/14651858.CD007497.pub2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10862382","url_text":"10862382"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25627012","url_text":"25627012"}]},{"reference":"\"Pregnant Women, Infants, and Children | Gender | HIV by Group | HIV/AIDS | CDC\". www.CDC.gov. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/pregnantwomen/","url_text":"\"Pregnant Women, Infants, and Children | Gender | HIV by Group | HIV/AIDS | CDC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161115134135/http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/pregnantwomen/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FDA Guideline for Industry: Geriatric Population\" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. August 1994. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm073131.pdf","url_text":"\"FDA Guideline for Industry: Geriatric Population\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160914163457/https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM073131.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wangsomboonsiri W, Mahasirimongkol S, Chantarangsu S, Kiertiburanakul S, Charoenyingwattana A, Komindr S, et al. (February 2010). \"Association between HLA-B*4001 and lipodystrophy among HIV-infected patients from Thailand who received a stavudine-containing antiretroviral regimen\". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 50 (4): 597–604. doi:10.1086/650003. PMID 20073992.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F650003","url_text":"\"Association between HLA-B*4001 and lipodystrophy among HIV-infected patients from Thailand who received a stavudine-containing antiretroviral regimen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F650003","url_text":"10.1086/650003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20073992","url_text":"20073992"}]},{"reference":"\"New HIV recommendations to improve health, reduce infections and save lives\". World Health Organization. 30 November 2009. Archived from the original on 18 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100118152820/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2009/world_aids_20091130/en/index.html","url_text":"\"New HIV recommendations to improve health, reduce infections and save lives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization","url_text":"World Health Organization"},{"url":"https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2009/world_aids_20091130/en/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jerome Horwitz Obituary\". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9577446/Jerome-Horwitz.html","url_text":"\"Jerome Horwitz Obituary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155512/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9577446/Jerome-Horwitz.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Prusoff W (19 March 2001). \"The Scientist's Story\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/19/opinion/the-scientists-story.html","url_text":"\"The Scientist's Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161107093059/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/19/opinion/the-scientists-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ouellette LL (September 2010). \"How Many Patents Does It Take To Make a Drug? Follow-On Pharmaceutical Patents and University Licensing\". Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review. 17 (1): 299–336.","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1044&context=mttlr","url_text":"\"How Many Patents Does It Take To Make a Drug? Follow-On Pharmaceutical Patents and University Licensing\""}]},{"reference":"\"FDA Approval of Stavudine (d4T) | News | AIDSinfo\". AIDSinfo. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/news/116/fda-approval-of-stavudine--d4t-","url_text":"\"FDA Approval of Stavudine (d4T) | News | AIDSinfo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161107092411/https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/news/116/fda-approval-of-stavudine--d4t-","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stavudine\". Discontinuations Reported to FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 30 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/drugshortages/dsp_ActiveIngredientDetails.cfm?AI=Stavudine%20Capsule&st=d","url_text":"\"Stavudine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration","url_text":"Food and Drug Administration"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.drugs.com/monograph/stavudine.html","external_links_name":"Monograph"},{"Link":"https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a694033.html","external_links_name":"a694033"},{"Link":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Stavudine","external_links_name":"Stavudine"},{"Link":"https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J05AF04","external_links_name":"WHO"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=3056-17-5","external_links_name":"3056-17-5"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/18283","external_links_name":"18283"},{"Link":"https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00649","external_links_name":"DB00649"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.17270.html","external_links_name":"17270"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/BO9LE4QFZF","external_links_name":"BO9LE4QFZF"},{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00445","external_links_name":"D00445"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL991","external_links_name":"ChEMBL991"},{"Link":"https://chemdb.niaid.nih.gov/CompoundDetails.aspx?AIDSNO=000005","external_links_name":"000005"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID1023819","external_links_name":"DTXSID1023819"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.169.180","external_links_name":"100.169.180"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC1%2FC%28%3DC%5CN%28C%28%3DO%29N1%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%2F2O%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5CC%3DC%5C2%29CO%29C","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=477173315&page2=Stavudine","external_links_name":"(verify)"},{"Link":"https://nctr-crs.fda.gov/fdalabel/ui/spl-summaries/criteria/343802","external_links_name":"\"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)\""},{"Link":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1210d63d-e036-41c4-bbd4-027b9308205c","external_links_name":"\"Stavudine capsule\""},{"Link":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zerit","external_links_name":"\"Zerit EPAR\""},{"Link":"https://www.drugs.com/monograph/stavudine.html","external_links_name":"\"Stavudine Monograph for Professionals - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_R._Jones | Rufus R. Jones | ["1 Early life","2 Professional wrestling career","3 Personal life","4 Championships and accomplishments","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | American professional wrestler
Rufus R. JonesBirth nameCarey L. LloydBorn(1933-07-04)July 4, 1933Clio, South Carolina, U.S.DiedNovember 13, 1993(1993-11-13) (aged 60)Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.Children4, including SlickProfessional wrestling careerRing name(s)Rufus R. JonesBilled height6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Billed weight273 lb (124 kg)Billed fromSt. Louis, MissouriDebut1969Retired1988
Carey L. Lloyd (July 4, 1933 – November 13, 1993), also known by his ring name Rufus R. "Freight Train" Jones, was an American professional wrestler. He competed in the Central States, St. Louis and Mid-Atlantic regional promotions of the National Wrestling Alliance as well as the American Wrestling Association and All Japan Pro Wrestling during the 1970s and 1980s.
Early life
Lloyd was born in Clio, South Carolina, and as a young boy, moved to a tenant home in Dillon. He also worked as a carpenter and attended South Carolina State University, where he played on the football team. He also got involved with boxing and competed as a Golden Gloves boxer, amassing a 32–3 record.
Professional wrestling career
Lloyd trained to become a wrestler at the Tony Santos Boston Wrestling School. At the beginning of his career, he used the ring name Buster Lloyd, claiming to have learned how to fight on the corner of Lenox Avenue and 125th Street in Harlem. In this gimmick, he wrestled in Texas and criticized the local wrestlers as being inferior fighters to someone who grew up on the streets. He feuded with Tiger Conway, Sr., who emerged as the victor in the feud.
He made his professional wrestling debut in 1969, working in Eastern Canada for Grand Prix Wrestling in the Maritimes and International Wrestling in Montreal. In 1969, he wrestled in Japan for the Japan Pro Wrestling Alliance. Lloyd later adopted the ring name of Rufus R. Jones, and was nicknamed "Freight Train", which was also the name of his finisher consisting of two shoulder blocks followed by a headbutt. In interviews, he would tell opponents that his middle initial, R, stood for "guts". He formed a tag team with Burrhead Jones, who was billed as his cousin.
Jones then moved to Missouri to work for Sam Muchnick in the St. Louis Wrestling Club. He also competed for Heart of America Sports/Central States Wrestling. On September 10, 1970, he won his first championship by teaming with Danny Little Bear to win the Central States version of the NWA North American Tag Team Championship. He won the belt three more times with different partners, including Steve Bolus, The Stomper and Bob Geigel. On February 5, 1976, Jones wrestled NWA World Heavyweight Champion Terry Funk to a one-hour draw in Winston, Salem, until beating him via disqualification on July 6. He did not win the world title, but instead won the NWA Mid-Atlantic Television Championship on November 30 from Greg Valentine. He lost the title to Valentine on January 19, 1977, but regained it from him on February 11 until dropping the title on April 4 to Ric Flair.
Between 1972 and 1982, he worked for All Japan Pro Wrestling. He also had a short stint in Florida for Southeastern Championship Wrestling, winning the NWA Alabama Heavyweight Championship. Jones wrestled his final match in Puerto Rico for the World Wrestling Council (Capitol Sports Promotions), on September 10, 1988, at A Hot Night in Bayamon, where he and Jimmy Valiant defeated The Wild Samoans (Afa & Sika) by disqualification.
Personal life
Carey Lloyd was married to Brooksie Jones Lloyd for thirty years. They had three daughters, Melaney, Crystal, and Kendall, as well as an adopted son, Kenneth Johnson, who worked for the World Wrestling Federation for many years as "The Doctor of Style" Slick. After Lloyd's retirement from wrestling, he worked with Bob Geigel in security at a dog-racing track in Kansas City, Kansas. He then opened a restaurant in 1991, named Rufus' Ringside Restaurant and Bar in Kansas City, Missouri.
On November 13, 1993, Lloyd died of a heart attack while hunting deer in Brunswick, Missouri; he was 60 years old. He had a wide number of lodge members and fans at his funeral, and masonic rituals were performed at the viewing of his body prior to burial.
Championships and accomplishments
Central States Wrestling
NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
NWA Central States Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Bob Brown (1 time), Dewey Robertson (1 time), and Mike George (1 time)
NWA Central States Television Championship (1 time)
NWA North American Tag Team Championship (Central States version) (5 times) – with Danny Little Bear (1 time), Steve Bolus (1 time), The Stomper (1 time), and Bob Geigel (2 times)
Georgia Championship Wrestling
NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Norvell Austin
Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bugsy McGraw
NWA Mid-Atlantic Television Championship (2 times)
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) (1 time) – with Wahoo McDaniel
Professional wrestling
World Negro Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him # 477 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 2003
Pro Wrestling This Week
Wrestler of the Week (November 1–7, 1987)
Southeastern Championship Wrestling
NWA Alabama Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
WWE
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2018)
References
^ a b "ルーファス・ジョーンズ / レスラーノート (Rufus R. Jones / Wrestler Notes)" (in Japanese). ダークロHP. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
^ a b c d e f g Oliver, Greg; Johnson, Steven; Mooneyham, Mike (2013). The Pro Wrestling Hall Of Fame: Heroes and Icons. ECW Press. pp. 301–308. ISBN 9781770902695.
^ a b c d e f g Mooneyham, Mike (November 8, 1991). "Rufus R. Jones : The 'R' Stood For 'Guts'". The Wrestling Gospel. Archived from the original on November 18, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ a b c d WWE Encyclopedia of Sports Entertainment New Edition. Dorling Kindersley. 2020. p. 255. ISBN 978-1465497871.
^ a b c "Rufus R. "Freight Train" Jones". WWE. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ Oliver, Greg. "HWA supplies WWF with future talent". SLAM! Wrestling. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b Martin, William C. "Friday Night in the Coliseum". The Atlantic Online. Archived from the original on June 26, 2004. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
^ a b c d e "Rufus R. Jones profile". Online World of Wrestling. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ a b c Royal Duncan and Gary Will (2006). "(Kansas and Western Missouri) West Missouri: North American Tag Team Title". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. p. 253. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.
^ a b c "NWA North American Tag Team Title (Central States)". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
^ a b c "NWA Mid-Atlantic Television Title". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ a b "NWA Alabama Heavyweight Title". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ "Anniversary 1988: A Hot Night in Bayamon results". Pro Wrestling History. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ Shabazz, Julian L. D. (1999). Black Stars of Professional Wrestling. Awesome Records. p. 54. ISBN 1-893680-03-7.
^ "NWA Central States Heavyweight Title". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on April 19, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ "NWA Central States Tag Team Title". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ "NWA Central States Television Title". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ "NWA Georgia Tag Team Title". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on December 6, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ Bourne, Dick. "Mid-Atlantic Wrestling: The Definitive History of the Mid-Atlantic Championship". Mid-Atlantic Gateway. Archived from the original on December 17, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ "NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Title". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ "NWA World Tag Team Title (Mid-Atlantic/WCW)". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on February 28, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ "World Colored Heavyweight Title (Kentucky)". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ Pedicino, Joe; Solie, Gordon (hosts) (November 7, 1987). "Pro Wrestling This Week". Superstars of Wrestling. Atlanta, Georgia. Syndicated. WATL.
^ "Congratulations to the 2018 WWE Hall of Fame Legacy inductees". WWE. April 6, 2018. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
Further reading
Flair, Ric. Ric Flair: To Be the Man. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004. ISBN 0-7434-5691-2
Race, Harley and Gerry Tritz. King Of The Ring: The Harley Race Story. Champaigne, Illinois: Sports Publishing LLC, 2004. ISBN 1-58261-818-6
Shoot with Slick. Perf. Ken Johnson. DVD. Highspots.com, 2006.
External links
Rufus R. Jones at Find a Grave
Rufus R. Jones on WWE.com
Rufus R. Jones's profile at Cagematch.net , Wrestlingdata.com , Internet Wrestling Database
Links to related articles
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ring name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_name"},{"link_name":"National Wrestling Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance"},{"link_name":"American Wrestling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Wrestling_Association"},{"link_name":"All Japan Pro Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Japan_Pro_Wrestling"}],"text":"Carey L. Lloyd (July 4, 1933 – November 13, 1993), also known by his ring name Rufus R. \"Freight Train\" Jones, was an American professional wrestler. He competed in the Central States, St. Louis and Mid-Atlantic regional promotions of the National Wrestling Alliance as well as the American Wrestling Association and All Japan Pro Wrestling during the 1970s and 1980s.","title":"Rufus R. Jones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clio, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clio,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillon,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"South Carolina State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_State_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Golden Gloves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gloves"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moon-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"}],"text":"Lloyd was born in Clio, South Carolina, and as a young boy, moved to a tenant home in Dillon.[2] He also worked as a carpenter and attended South Carolina State University, where he played on the football team.[2] He also got involved with boxing and competed as a Golden Gloves boxer,[3][4] amassing a 32–3 record.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lenox Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox_Avenue"},{"link_name":"125th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/125th_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlantic-7"},{"link_name":"gimmick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Gimmick"},{"link_name":"Tiger Conway, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Conway,_Sr."},{"link_name":"feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feud_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlantic-7"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix 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Geigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Geigel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CentraNATagBook-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CentraNATagWeb-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"NWA World Heavyweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Worlds_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Terry Funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Funk"},{"link_name":"Winston, Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"NWA Mid-Atlantic Television Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCW_World_Television_Championship"},{"link_name":"Greg Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Valentine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"Ric Flair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Flair"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"All Japan Pro Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Japan_Pro_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"NWA Alabama Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Alabama_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Council"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Valiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Valiant"},{"link_name":"The Wild Samoans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Samoans"},{"link_name":"Afa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afa_Anoa%27i"},{"link_name":"Sika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sika_Anoa%27i"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Lloyd trained to become a wrestler at the Tony Santos Boston Wrestling School.[6] At the beginning of his career, he used the ring name Buster Lloyd, claiming to have learned how to fight on the corner of Lenox Avenue and 125th Street in Harlem.[2][7] In this gimmick, he wrestled in Texas and criticized the local wrestlers as being inferior fighters to someone who grew up on the streets. He feuded with Tiger Conway, Sr., who emerged as the victor in the feud.[7]He made his professional wrestling debut in 1969, working in Eastern Canada for Grand Prix Wrestling in the Maritimes and International Wrestling in Montreal. In 1969, he wrestled in Japan for the Japan Pro Wrestling Alliance. Lloyd later adopted the ring name of Rufus R. Jones, and was nicknamed \"Freight Train\", which was also the name of his finisher consisting of two shoulder blocks followed by a headbutt.[2][8][5] In interviews, he would tell opponents that his middle initial, R, stood for \"guts\".[3][4][8] He formed a tag team with Burrhead Jones, who was billed as his cousin.[3]Jones then moved to Missouri to work for Sam Muchnick in the St. Louis Wrestling Club.[3] He also competed for Heart of America Sports/Central States Wrestling. On September 10, 1970, he won his first championship by teaming with Danny Little Bear to win the Central States version of the NWA North American Tag Team Championship.[9][10] He won the belt three more times with different partners, including Steve Bolus, The Stomper and Bob Geigel.[4][9][10][8] On February 5, 1976, Jones wrestled NWA World Heavyweight Champion Terry Funk to a one-hour draw in Winston, Salem, until beating him via disqualification on July 6.[8][4] He did not win the world title, but instead won the NWA Mid-Atlantic Television Championship on November 30 from Greg Valentine.[11] He lost the title to Valentine on January 19, 1977, but regained it from him on February 11 until dropping the title on April 4 to Ric Flair.[11]Between 1972 and 1982, he worked for All Japan Pro Wrestling. He also had a short stint in Florida for Southeastern Championship Wrestling, winning the NWA Alabama Heavyweight Championship.[12] Jones wrestled his final match in Puerto Rico for the World Wrestling Council (Capitol Sports Promotions), on September 10, 1988, at A Hot Night in Bayamon, where he and Jimmy Valiant defeated The Wild Samoans (Afa & Sika) by disqualification.[13]","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slick_(wrestling)"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moon-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"},{"link_name":"dog-racing track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_racing"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moon-3"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"Brunswick, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moon-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"}],"text":"Carey Lloyd was married to Brooksie Jones Lloyd for thirty years.[2] They had three daughters, Melaney, Crystal, and Kendall, as well as an adopted son, Kenneth Johnson, who worked for the World Wrestling Federation for many years as \"The Doctor of Style\" Slick.[3][5] After Lloyd's retirement from wrestling, he worked with Bob Geigel in security at a dog-racing track in Kansas City, Kansas. He then opened a restaurant in 1991, named Rufus' Ringside Restaurant and Bar in Kansas City, Missouri.[2][3]On November 13, 1993, Lloyd died of a heart attack while hunting deer in Brunswick, Missouri; he was 60 years old.[3][2][14] He had a wide number of lodge members and fans at his funeral, and masonic rituals were performed at the viewing of his body prior to burial.[8]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central States Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_States_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Central_States_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"2 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Central_States_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"NWA Central States Tag Team 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version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_North_American_Tag_Team_Championship_(Central_States_version)"},{"link_name":"5 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_North_American_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Danny Little Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Little_Bear"},{"link_name":"Bob Geigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Geigel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CentraNATagBook-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CentraNATagWeb-10"},{"link_name":"Georgia Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Georgia_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Georgia_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Norvell Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvell_Austin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crockett_Promotions"},{"link_name":"NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Mid-Atlantic_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Mid-Atlantic_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Mid-Atlantic_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Mid-Atlantic_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Bugsy McGraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugsy_McGraw"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"NWA Mid-Atlantic Television Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCW_World_Television_Championship"},{"link_name":"2 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WCW_World_Television_Champions"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Champions"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WCW_World_Tag_Team_Champions"},{"link_name":"Wahoo McDaniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahoo_McDaniel"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Pro Wrestling Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"Pro Wrestling This Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstars_of_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"NWA Alabama Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Alabama_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Alabama_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"WWE Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Class of 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame_(2018)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Central States Wrestling\nNWA Central States Heavyweight Championship (2 times)[15]\nNWA Central States Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Bob Brown (1 time), Dewey Robertson (1 time), and Mike George (1 time)[16]\nNWA Central States Television Championship (1 time)[17]\nNWA North American Tag Team Championship (Central States version) (5 times) – with Danny Little Bear (1 time), Steve Bolus (1 time), The Stomper (1 time), and Bob Geigel (2 times)[9][10]\nGeorgia Championship Wrestling\nNWA Georgia Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Norvell Austin[18]\nMid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling\nNWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[19]\nNWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bugsy McGraw[20]\nNWA Mid-Atlantic Television Championship (2 times)[11]\nNWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) (1 time) – with Wahoo McDaniel[21]\nProfessional wrestling\nWorld Negro Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[22]\nPro Wrestling Illustrated\nPWI ranked him # 477 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 2003\nPro Wrestling This Week\nWrestler of the Week (November 1–7, 1987)[23]\nSoutheastern Championship Wrestling\nNWA Alabama Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[12]\nWWE\nWWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2018)[24]","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flair, Ric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Flair"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7434-5691-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7434-5691-2"},{"link_name":"Race, Harley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Race"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58261-818-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58261-818-6"},{"link_name":"Ken Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slick_(wrestling)"}],"text":"Flair, Ric. Ric Flair: To Be the Man. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004. ISBN 0-7434-5691-2\nRace, Harley and Gerry Tritz. King Of The Ring: The Harley Race Story. Champaigne, Illinois: Sports Publishing LLC, 2004. ISBN 1-58261-818-6\n Shoot with Slick. Perf. Ken Johnson. DVD. Highspots.com, 2006.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"ルーファス・ジョーンズ / レスラーノート (Rufus R. Jones / Wrestler Notes)\" (in Japanese). ダークロHP. Retrieved 2019-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://kuro.pinoko.jp/pro/w848.htm","url_text":"\"ルーファス・ジョーンズ / レスラーノート (Rufus R. Jones / Wrestler Notes)\""}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Greg; Johnson, Steven; Mooneyham, Mike (2013). The Pro Wrestling Hall Of Fame: Heroes and Icons. ECW Press. pp. 301–308. 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Retrieved May 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230213074436/https://www.wwe.com/superstars/rufus-r-jones","url_text":"\"Rufus R. \"Freight Train\" Jones\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE","url_text":"WWE"},{"url":"https://www.wwe.com/superstars/rufus-r-jones","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Greg. \"HWA supplies WWF with future talent\". SLAM! Wrestling. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120724041524/http://www.canoe.ca/SlamWrestlingCAC/02_thatcher-can.html","url_text":"\"HWA supplies WWF with future talent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Online_Explorer","url_text":"Canadian Online Explorer"}]},{"reference":"Martin, William C. \"Friday Night in the Coliseum\". The Atlantic Online. Archived from the original on June 26, 2004. Retrieved January 9, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040626223953/https://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/extreme/martin.htm","url_text":"\"Friday Night in the Coliseum\""},{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/extreme/martin.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rufus R. Jones profile\". Online World of Wrestling. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200615071859/https://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profile/rufus-r-jones/","url_text":"\"Rufus R. Jones profile\""},{"url":"https://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profile/rufus-r-jones/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Royal Duncan and Gary Will (2006). \"(Kansas and Western Missouri) West Missouri: North American Tag Team Title\". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. p. 253. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9698161-5-4","url_text":"0-9698161-5-4"}]},{"reference":"\"NWA North American Tag Team Title (Central States)\". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230517053452/https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/centralstates/nwa/cs-na-t.html","url_text":"\"NWA North American Tag Team Title (Central States)\""},{"url":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/centralstates/nwa/cs-na-t.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NWA Mid-Atlantic Television Title\". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230418150046/https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/midatlantic/nwa/ma-tv.html","url_text":"\"NWA Mid-Atlantic Television Title\""},{"url":"https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/midatlantic/nwa/ma-tv.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NWA Alabama Heavyweight Title\". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220207072536/https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/al/al-h.html","url_text":"\"NWA Alabama Heavyweight Title\""},{"url":"https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/al/al-h.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Anniversary 1988: A Hot Night in Bayamon results\". Pro Wrestling History. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. 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Retrieved May 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220419170524/https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/centralstates/nwa/cs-h.html","url_text":"\"NWA Central States Heavyweight Title\""},{"url":"https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/centralstates/nwa/cs-h.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NWA Central States Tag Team Title\". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220128073115/https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/centralstates/nwa/cs-t.html","url_text":"\"NWA Central States Tag Team Title\""},{"url":"https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/centralstates/nwa/cs-t.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NWA Central States Television Title\". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230406133754/https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/centralstates/nwa/cs-tv.html","url_text":"\"NWA Central States Television Title\""},{"url":"https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/centralstates/nwa/cs-tv.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NWA Georgia Tag Team Title\". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on December 6, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221206163227/https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/ga/ga-t.html","url_text":"\"NWA Georgia Tag Team Title\""},{"url":"https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/ga/ga-t.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bourne, Dick. \"Mid-Atlantic Wrestling: The Definitive History of the Mid-Atlantic Championship\". Mid-Atlantic Gateway. Archived from the original on December 17, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101217125022/http://midatlanticgateway.com/Almanac/mid_a_history/mid_a_title_history/mid-a_title_history.htm","url_text":"\"Mid-Atlantic Wrestling: The Definitive History of the Mid-Atlantic Championship\""},{"url":"https://www.midatlanticgateway.com/Almanac/mid_a_history/mid_a_title_history/mid-a_title_history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Title\". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404130920/https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/midatlantic/ma-t.html","url_text":"\"NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Title\""},{"url":"https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/midatlantic/ma-t.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NWA World Tag Team Title (Mid-Atlantic/WCW)\". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on February 28, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220228191727/https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/midatlantic/nwa/ma-nwa-t.html","url_text":"\"NWA World Tag Team Title (Mid-Atlantic/WCW)\""},{"url":"https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/midatlantic/nwa/ma-nwa-t.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Colored Heavyweight Title (Kentucky)\". Wrestling-Titles.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220406225330/https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/ky/ky-world-negro-h.html","url_text":"\"World Colored Heavyweight Title (Kentucky)\""},{"url":"https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/ky/ky-world-negro-h.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pedicino, Joe; Solie, Gordon (hosts) (November 7, 1987). \"Pro Wrestling This Week\". Superstars of Wrestling. Atlanta, Georgia. Syndicated. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Qinglin | Jia Qinglin | ["1 Political career","2 At the national level","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Chinese politician
In this Chinese name, the family name is Jia.
Jia Qinglin贾庆林7th Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative ConferenceIn office14 March 2003 – 11 March 2013DeputyWang GangPreceded byLi RuihuanSucceeded byYu ZhengshengCommunist Party Secretary of BeijingIn officeAugust 1997 – October 2002Preceded byWei JianxingSucceeded byLiu QiCommunist Party Secretary of FujianIn officeDecember 1993 – October 1996Preceded byChen GuangyiSucceeded byChen Mingyi
Personal detailsBorn (1940-03-13) March 13, 1940 (age 84)Botou, Hebei, ChinaPolitical partyChinese Communist PartySpouseLin YoufangChildren1 son, 1 daughterRelativesLi Pak-tam (son-in-law) Jasmine Li (grandchild)Alma materHebei University of TechnologyProfessionEngineerChinese nameTraditional Chinese賈慶林Simplified Chinese贾庆林TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinJiǎ QìnglínSouthern MinHokkien POJKa Kheng-lim
Jia Qinglin (Chinese: 贾庆林; born 13 March 1940) is a retired senior leader of the People's Republic of China and of the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He was a member of the CCP's Politburo Standing Committee, the party's highest ruling organ, between 2002 and 2012, and Chairman of the National Committee of the People's Political Consultative Conference between 2003 and 2013.
Jia, an engineer by trade, began his political career in Fujian in 1985. There, he rose steadily through the ranks and led the province during the Yuanhua scandal. In 1996, Jia was transferred to become mayor, then party chief of Beijing. Largely due to his patronage relationship with then General Secretary Jiang Zemin, Jia was promoted to the Politburo in 1997, and remained a mainstay figure in China's political elite for the next fifteen years. He retired in 2013.
Political career
Jia Qinglin was born in March 13. 1940 in rural Jiaohe County (now Botou), Hebei, to an ordinary family of farmers. Owing to his academic ability, he was admitted to the Shijiazhuang Industrial Management School and majored in industrial enterprise planning. Starting in 1958, he began studying electrical motor and appliance design and manufacturing at the Hebei Institute of Technology (now Hebei University of Technology). After graduating in 1962, he was assigned a technician position at the First Machine-Building Ministry and became involved in the Communist Youth League.
During the Cultural Revolution, Jia joined his educated contemporaries to perform manual labor at the May 7 Cadre School at the First Machine Building Ministry in Fengxin County, Jiangxi Province. In 1971, he began work at the Policy Research Office of the First Machine-Building Industry Ministry. In 1973, he was promoted to chief of the product management bureau of the First Ministry of Machine-building Industry. In 1978, he was named general manager of the China National Machinery and Equipment Import and Export Corporation. In 1983, he became director of Taiyuan Heavy Machinery Plant and its party secretary.
As part of wider national efforts by the Communist Party to make officials across the country more youthful and educated, in 1985, Jia made his foray into regional politics, being admitted to the Fujian provincial party standing committee and serving as deputy party secretary. He later also took on the concurrent role as head of party organization in Fujian. In 1990, he was promoted to acting governor, confirmed in 1991. In 1993, Jia was promoted to Communist Party Secretary of Fujian, the top office in the coastal province. When Jia was the party secretary of Fujian, Xi Jinping, the current General Secretary, was the deputy party secretary of Fujian from 1996.
Sometime during the 1990s, Jia gained the confidence of then-General Secretary Jiang Zemin, with whom he developed a patron-client relationship. Jia was transferred to Beijing in 1996 to serve as mayor, and in 1997 was promoted to the position of party secretary, helping Jiang consolidate the city's political landscape after Chen Xitong was ousted on corruption charges. As Beijing party chief, Jia became a member of the Communist Party's ruling Politburo. He also came onto the national and international spotlight during the 50th Anniversary celebrations of the People's Republic of China as the event's master of ceremonies, reading prepared lines atop the Tiananmen Gate to millions of onlookers and television audiences.
At the national level
Because of his high local position and his ties to Jiang, in November 2002, Jia was named to the 16th Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) of the Chinese Communist Party. Although his ceremonial role as the Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a quasi-consultative upper house in China's political system, made him fourth in the official order of precedence, it was widely accepted that the position carried very little power, perhaps the least powerful in the nine PSC members. Jia Qinglin was the most senior Chinese official to attend the funeral of Zhao Ziyang. With the transition of authority to Hu Jintao, Jia appeared to have been given the job of coordinating policy on Taiwan.
In 2007, Jia was named again to the 17th Politburo Standing Committee during the 17th Party Congress. Prior to the congress, it was speculated that Jia may be thrown out of the running due to his tainted record as the party chief of Fujian during the Yuanhua scandal. However, largely owing to the backing of Jiang Zemin, Jia was able to remain on the body for one more term.
Jia exited from the Politburo Standing Committee in 2012 after reaching retirement age. He retired from politics for good in March 2013, when he relinquished his CPPCC post on schedule to Yu Zhengsheng. Jia continued to make public appearances in retirement. On 5 September 2015, Jia appeared at the China Victory Day Parade. On 21 December 2015, Jia visited Liancheng County in Fujian. In June 2016, Jia attended a science and innovation exhibition at the Beijing Exhibition Center. In October 2016, Jia showed up at the World Robot Conference in Beijing. On 17 May 2017, Jia met with Hebei University of Technology alumni at Zhongnanhai.
The financial dealings of Jia's granddaughter Jasmine Li (李紫丹) and son-in-law Li Pak-tam were reported on by media during the Panama Papers scandal; Jasmine had been featured on Chinese tabloids for appearing at a Hotel de Crillon debutante ball in Paris in 2009 wearing a Carolina Herrera designer gown.
See also
China portalPolitics portalBiography portal
Politics of the People's Republic of China
Shanghai clique
16th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
References
^ Michael Sainsbury (10 March 2011). "JULIA Gillard will meet the implications of China's military rise head-on in her first visit to Beijing as Prime Minister next month". The Australian.
^ a b c "People's Daily Online". People's Daily. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
^ a b "Tainted by scandal, China's Jia faces test". Reuters. 15 October 2007.
^ "Who's Who in China's Leadership". China.org.cn. 23 October 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
^ a b "Biography of Jia Qinglin". China Vitae. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
^ a b "The Chinese Central Government's Official Web Portal". Gov.cn. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
^ "China's Leaders, Jia Qinglin", BBC News
^ "Jia Qinglin, Jia Qinglin, who's who in china, China's Celebrities, China Government Officials, Famous Chinese". Chinatoday.com. 22 October 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
^ "中共老常委贾庆林现身中南海(7/7)". Duowei. 23 May 2017.
^ Nectar Gan; Catherine Wong. "Son-in-law of ex-senior Chinese leader Jia Qinglin named in latest batch of Panama Papers". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
^ "Panama Papers reveal offshore secrets of China's red nobility". The Guardian. 6 April 2016.
External links
Jia Qinglin biography @ China Vitae
Political offices
Preceded byLi Ruihuan
Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee 2003–2013
Succeeded byYu Zhengsheng
Party political offices
Preceded byChen Guangyi
Communist Party Secretary of Fujian 1993–1996
Succeeded byChen Mingyi
Preceded byWei Jianxing
Communist Party Secretary of Beijing 1997–2002
Succeeded byLiu Qi
Government offices
Preceded byWang Zhaoguo
Governor of Fujian 1990–1994
Succeeded byChen Mingyi
Preceded byLi Qiyan
Mayor of Beijing 1996–1999
Succeeded byLiu Qi
Order of precedence
Preceded byWen JiabaoPremier
4th Rank of the Chinese Communist Party17th Politburo Standing Committee
Succeeded byLi ChangchunPropaganda Chairman
4th Rank of the Chinese Communist Party16th Politburo Standing Committee
Succeeded byZeng QinghongVice President
vte17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (2007–2012)Standing Committee
Hu Jintao (General Secretary)
Wu Bangguo
Wen Jiabao
Jia Qinglin
Li Changchun
Xi Jinping
Li Keqiang
He Guoqiang
Zhou Yongkang
Other membersin surname stroke order
Wang Gang
Wang Lequan
Wang Zhaoguo
Wang Qishan
Hui Liangyu
Liu Qi
Liu Yunshan
Liu Yandong ♀
Li Yuanchao
Wang Yang
Zhang Gaoli
Zhang Dejiang
Yu Zhengsheng
Xu Caihou
Guo Boxiong
Bo Xilai (expelled 2012)
7th→8th→9th→10th→11th→12th→13th→14th→15th→16th→17th→18th→19th→20th
vte16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (2002–2007)Standing Committee
Hu Jintao (General Secretary)
Wu Bangguo
Wen Jiabao
Jia Qinglin
Zeng Qinghong
Huang Ju (died 2007)
Wu Guanzheng
Li Changchun
Luo Gan
Other membersin surname stroke order
Wang Lequan
Wang Zhaoguo
Hui Liangyu
Liu Qi
Liu Yunshan
Wu Yi
Zhang Lichang
Zhang Dejiang
Chen Liangyu (expelled 2006)
Zhou Yongkang
Yu Zhengsheng
He Guoqiang
Guo Boxiong
Cao Gangchuan
Zeng Peiyan
Alternate member
Wang Gang
7th→8th→9th→10th→11th→12th→13th→14th→15th→16th→17th→18th→19th→20th
vte15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (1997–2002)Standing Committee
Jiang Zemin (General Secretary)
Li Peng
Zhu Rongji
Li Ruihuan
Hu Jintao
Wei Jianxing
Li Lanqing
Other membersin surname stroke order
Ding Guangen
Tian Jiyun
Li Changchun
Li Tieying
Wu Bangguo
Wu Guanzheng
Chi Haotian
Zhang Wannian
Luo Gan
Jiang Chunyun
Jia Qinglin
Qian Qichen
Huang Ju
Wen Jiabao
Xie Fei (died 1999)
Alternate members
Zeng Qinghong
Wu Yi
7th→8th→9th→10th→11th→12th→13th→14th→15th→16th→17th→18th→19th→20th
vteChairpersons of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Mao Zedong
Zhou Enlai
Deng Xiaoping
Deng Yingchao ♀
Li Xiannian
Li Ruihuan
Jia Qinglin
Yu Zhengsheng
Wang Yang
Wang Huning
vtePolitical leaders of Beijing since 1949Party CommitteeSecretaries
Peng Zhen
Li Xuefeng
Xie Fuzhi
Wu De
Lin Hujia
Duan Junyi
Li Ximing
Chen Xitong
Wei Jianxing
Jia Qinglin
Liu Qi
Guo Jinlong
Cai Qi
Yin Li
CongressChairpersons
Jia Tingsan
Zhao Pengfei
Zhang Jianmin
Yu Junbo
Du Deyin
Li Wei
Li Xiuling
Mayors
Ye Jianying
Nie Rongzhen
Peng Zhen
Wu De
Xie Fuzhi
Wu De
Lin Hujia
Jiao Ruoyu
Chen Xitong
Li Qiyan
Jia Qinglin
Liu Qi
Meng Xuenong
Wang Qishan
Guo Jinlong
Wang Anshun
Cai Qi
Chen Jining
Yin Yong
ConferenceChairpersons
Liu Ren
Ding Guoyu
Zhao Pengfei
Liu Daosheng
Fan Jin
Bai Jiefu
Wang Daming
Chen Guangwen
Cheng Shi'e
Yang Anjiang
Wang Anshun
Ji Lin
Wei Xiaodong
vtePolitical leaders of Fujian since 1949Party CommitteeSecretaries
Zhang Dingcheng
Ye Fei
Jiang Yizhen
Han Xianchu
Liao Zhigao
Xiang Nan
Chen Guangyi
Jia Qinglin
Chen Mingyi
Song Defu
Lu Zhangong
Sun Chunlan
You Quan
Yu Weiguo
Yin Li
Zhou Zuyi
CongressChairpersons
Liao Zhigao
Chen Guangyi
Jia Qinglin
Song Defu
Lu Zhangong
Sun Chunlan
You Quan
Yu Weiguo
Yin Li
Zhou Zuyi
Governors
Zhang Dingcheng
Ye Fei
Jiang Yizhen
Wen Jinshui
Han Xianchu
Liao Zhigao
Ma Xingyuan
Hu Ping
Wang Zhaoguo
Jia Qinglin
Chen Mingyi
He Guoqiang
Xi Jinping
Lu Zhangong
Huang Xiaojing
Su Shulin
Yu Weiguo
Tang Dengjie
Wang Ning
Zhao Long
ConferenceChairpersons
Zeng Jingbing
Jiang Yizhen
Ye Fei
Fan Shiren
Liao Zhigao
Wu Hongxiang
Yuan Gai
Chen Guangyi
You Dexin
Chen Mingyi
Liang Qiping
Zhang Changping
Cui Yuying
Teng Jiacai
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Netherlands | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Politburo Standing Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference"},{"link_name":"People's Political Consultative Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theau-1"},{"link_name":"Fujian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian"},{"link_name":"Yuanhua scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuanhua_scandal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-2"},{"link_name":"Jiang Zemin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Jia.Jia Qinglin (Chinese: 贾庆林; born 13 March 1940) is a retired senior leader of the People's Republic of China and of the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He was a member of the CCP's Politburo Standing Committee, the party's highest ruling organ, between 2002 and 2012, and Chairman of the National Committee of the People's Political Consultative Conference between 2003 and 2013.[1]Jia, an engineer by trade, began his political career in Fujian in 1985. There, he rose steadily through the ranks and led the province during the Yuanhua scandal. In 1996, Jia was transferred to become mayor, then party chief of Beijing.[2] Largely due to his patronage relationship with then General Secretary Jiang Zemin, Jia was promoted to the Politburo in 1997, and remained a mainstay figure in China's political elite for the next fifteen years.[3] He retired in 2013.[4]","title":"Jia Qinglin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Botou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botou"},{"link_name":"Hebei University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Communist Youth League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Youth_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cv-5"},{"link_name":"May 7 Cadre School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Seventh_Cadre_School"},{"link_name":"Fengxin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengxin_County"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gov-6"},{"link_name":"provincial party standing committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_party_standing_committee"},{"link_name":"Communist Party Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Xi Jinping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gov-6"},{"link_name":"Jiang Zemin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin"},{"link_name":"patron-client relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron-client_relationship"},{"link_name":"Chen Xitong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Xitong"},{"link_name":"Tiananmen Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Gate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-2"}],"text":"Jia Qinglin was born in March 13. 1940 in rural Jiaohe County (now Botou), Hebei, to an ordinary family of farmers. Owing to his academic ability, he was admitted to the Shijiazhuang Industrial Management School and majored in industrial enterprise planning. Starting in 1958, he began studying electrical motor and appliance design and manufacturing at the Hebei Institute of Technology (now Hebei University of Technology). After graduating in 1962, he was assigned a technician position at the First Machine-Building Ministry and became involved in the Communist Youth League.[5]During the Cultural Revolution, Jia joined his educated contemporaries to perform manual labor at the May 7 Cadre School at the First Machine Building Ministry in Fengxin County, Jiangxi Province. In 1971, he began work at the Policy Research Office of the First Machine-Building Industry Ministry. In 1973, he was promoted to chief of the product management bureau of the First Ministry of Machine-building Industry. In 1978, he was named general manager of the China National Machinery and Equipment Import and Export Corporation. In 1983, he became director of Taiyuan Heavy Machinery Plant and its party secretary.[6]As part of wider national efforts by the Communist Party to make officials across the country more youthful and educated, in 1985, Jia made his foray into regional politics, being admitted to the Fujian provincial party standing committee and serving as deputy party secretary. He later also took on the concurrent role as head of party organization in Fujian. In 1990, he was promoted to acting governor, confirmed in 1991. In 1993, Jia was promoted to Communist Party Secretary of Fujian, the top office in the coastal province. When Jia was the party secretary of Fujian, Xi Jinping, the current General Secretary, was the deputy party secretary of Fujian from 1996.[6]Sometime during the 1990s, Jia gained the confidence of then-General Secretary Jiang Zemin, with whom he developed a patron-client relationship. Jia was transferred to Beijing in 1996 to serve as mayor, and in 1997 was promoted to the position of party secretary, helping Jiang consolidate the city's political landscape after Chen Xitong was ousted on corruption charges. As Beijing party chief, Jia became a member of the Communist Party's ruling Politburo. He also came onto the national and international spotlight during the 50th Anniversary celebrations of the People's Republic of China as the event's master of ceremonies, reading prepared lines atop the Tiananmen Gate to millions of onlookers and television audiences.[2]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"16th Politburo Standing Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference"},{"link_name":"Zhao Ziyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang"},{"link_name":"Hu Jintao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"17th Politburo Standing Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"17th Party Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-3"},{"link_name":"Yu Zhengsheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Zhengsheng"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cv-5"},{"link_name":"China Victory Day Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_China_Victory_Day_Parade"},{"link_name":"Liancheng County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liancheng_County"},{"link_name":"Beijing Exhibition Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Exhibition_Center"},{"link_name":"Zhongnanhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongnanhai"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laochang-9"},{"link_name":"Li Pak-tam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Pak-tam"},{"link_name":"Panama Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Papers"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCMP_2016-10"},{"link_name":"Hotel de Crillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_de_Crillon"},{"link_name":"debutante ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debutante_ball"},{"link_name":"Carolina Herrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Herrera"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguard-11"}],"text":"Because of his high local position and his ties to Jiang, in November 2002, Jia was named to the 16th Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) of the Chinese Communist Party.[7] Although his ceremonial role as the Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a quasi-consultative upper house in China's political system, made him fourth in the official order of precedence, it was widely accepted that the position carried very little power, perhaps the least powerful in the nine PSC members. Jia Qinglin was the most senior Chinese official to attend the funeral of Zhao Ziyang. With the transition of authority to Hu Jintao, Jia appeared to have been given the job of coordinating policy on Taiwan.[2][8]In 2007, Jia was named again to the 17th Politburo Standing Committee during the 17th Party Congress. Prior to the congress, it was speculated that Jia may be thrown out of the running due to his tainted record as the party chief of Fujian during the Yuanhua scandal. However, largely owing to the backing of Jiang Zemin, Jia was able to remain on the body for one more term.[3]Jia exited from the Politburo Standing Committee in 2012 after reaching retirement age. He retired from politics for good in March 2013, when he relinquished his CPPCC post on schedule to Yu Zhengsheng.[5] Jia continued to make public appearances in retirement. On 5 September 2015, Jia appeared at the China Victory Day Parade. On 21 December 2015, Jia visited Liancheng County in Fujian. In June 2016, Jia attended a science and innovation exhibition at the Beijing Exhibition Center. In October 2016, Jia showed up at the World Robot Conference in Beijing. On 17 May 2017, Jia met with Hebei University of Technology alumni at Zhongnanhai.[9]The financial dealings of Jia's granddaughter Jasmine Li (李紫丹) and son-in-law Li Pak-tam were reported on by media during the Panama Papers scandal;[10] Jasmine had been featured on Chinese tabloids for appearing at a Hotel de Crillon debutante ball in Paris in 2009 wearing a Carolina Herrera designer gown.[11]","title":"At the national level"}] | [] | [{"title":"China portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"Politics of the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"title":"Shanghai clique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_clique"},{"title":"16th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"}] | [{"reference":"Michael Sainsbury (10 March 2011). \"JULIA Gillard will meet the implications of China's military rise head-on in her first visit to Beijing as Prime Minister next month\". The Australian.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/pms-visit-will-address-china-rise/story-e6frg6zo-1226018685767","url_text":"\"JULIA Gillard will meet the implications of China's military rise head-on in her first visit to Beijing as Prime Minister next month\""}]},{"reference":"\"People's Daily Online\". People's Daily. Retrieved 22 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.people.com.cn/data/people/jiaqinglin.shtml","url_text":"\"People's Daily Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tainted by scandal, China's Jia faces test\". Reuters. 15 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-party-jia-qinglin-idUSPEK27966820071015","url_text":"\"Tainted by scandal, China's Jia faces test\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who's Who in China's Leadership\". China.org.cn. 23 October 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.china.org.cn/english/PP-e/48924.htm","url_text":"\"Who's Who in China's Leadership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography of Jia Qinglin\". China Vitae. Retrieved 22 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Jia_Qinglin/full","url_text":"\"Biography of Jia Qinglin\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Chinese Central Government's Official Web Portal\". Gov.cn. Retrieved 22 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gov.cn/english/leaders/jiaqinglin.htm","url_text":"\"The Chinese Central Government's Official Web Portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jia Qinglin, Jia Qinglin, who's who in china, China's Celebrities, China Government Officials, Famous Chinese\". Chinatoday.com. 22 October 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinatoday.com/who/j/jiaqinglin.htm","url_text":"\"Jia Qinglin, Jia Qinglin, who's who in china, China's Celebrities, China Government Officials, Famous Chinese\""}]},{"reference":"\"中共老常委贾庆林现身中南海[图集](7/7)\". Duowei. 23 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://china.dwnews.com/photo/2017-05-23/59816535.html","url_text":"\"中共老常委贾庆林现身中南海[图集](7/7)\""}]},{"reference":"Nectar Gan; Catherine Wong. \"Son-in-law of ex-senior Chinese leader Jia Qinglin named in latest batch of Panama Papers\". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 9 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1940984/son-law-ex-senior-chinese-leader-jia-qinglin-named","url_text":"\"Son-in-law of ex-senior Chinese leader Jia Qinglin named in latest batch of Panama Papers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Panama Papers reveal offshore secrets of China's red nobility\". The Guardian. 6 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/apr/06/panama-papers-reveal-offshore-secrets-china-red-nobility-big-business","url_text":"\"Panama Papers reveal offshore secrets of China's red nobility\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/pms-visit-will-address-china-rise/story-e6frg6zo-1226018685767","external_links_name":"\"JULIA Gillard will meet the implications of China's military rise head-on in her first visit to Beijing as Prime Minister next month\""},{"Link":"http://english.people.com.cn/data/people/jiaqinglin.shtml","external_links_name":"\"People's Daily Online\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-party-jia-qinglin-idUSPEK27966820071015","external_links_name":"\"Tainted by scandal, China's Jia faces test\""},{"Link":"http://www.china.org.cn/english/PP-e/48924.htm","external_links_name":"\"Who's Who in China's Leadership\""},{"Link":"http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Jia_Qinglin/full","external_links_name":"\"Biography of Jia Qinglin\""},{"Link":"http://www.gov.cn/english/leaders/jiaqinglin.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Chinese Central Government's Official Web Portal\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/china_politics/leadership/html/5.stm","external_links_name":"\"China's Leaders, Jia Qinglin\""},{"Link":"http://www.chinatoday.com/who/j/jiaqinglin.htm","external_links_name":"\"Jia Qinglin, Jia Qinglin, who's who in china, China's Celebrities, China Government Officials, Famous Chinese\""},{"Link":"http://china.dwnews.com/photo/2017-05-23/59816535.html","external_links_name":"\"中共老常委贾庆林现身中南海[图集](7/7)\""},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1940984/son-law-ex-senior-chinese-leader-jia-qinglin-named","external_links_name":"\"Son-in-law of ex-senior Chinese leader Jia Qinglin named in latest batch of Panama Papers\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/apr/06/panama-papers-reveal-offshore-secrets-china-red-nobility-big-business","external_links_name":"\"Panama Papers reveal offshore secrets of China's red nobility\""},{"Link":"http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/22","external_links_name":"Jia Qinglin biography @ China Vitae"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000064321138","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/51601924","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxxgDTmfBYkwQk984XyBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/115449893X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr98009665","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p281879079","external_links_name":"Netherlands"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludmila_Ulitskaya | Lyudmila Ulitskaya | ["1 Biography","1.1 Personal life","2 Fiction","2.1 Style","2.2 Themes","3 Other activity","4 Reception","5 Political involvement","6 Awards","7 Bibliography","7.1 Novels","7.2 Collections","7.3 Short stories","7.4 Plays and Screenplays","8 Online text","9 References","10 External links"] | Russian authorIn this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Evgenyevna and the family name is Ulitskaya.Lyudmila UlitskayaIn 2023Born (1943-02-21) February 21, 1943 (age 81)Davlekanovo, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionAlma materMoscow State UniversityGenreFiction, script writingLiterary movementAestheticismNotable worksSonechkaThe Funeral PartyMedea and Her ChildrenDaniel Stein, Interpreter
“Just the Plague”SpouseAndrej KrasulinWebsiteelkost.com/authors/ulitskaya
Lyudmila Evgenyevna Ulitskaya (Russian: Людмила Евгеньевна Улицкая, born February 21, 1943) is an internationally acclaimed modern Russian novelist and short-story writer who, in 2014, was awarded the prestigious Austrian State Prize for European Literature for her oeuvre. In 2006 she published Daniel Stein, Interpreter (Даниэль Штайн, переводчик), a novel dealing with the Holocaust and the need for reconciliation between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. She won the 2012 Park Kyong-ni Prize.
Biography
Ulitskaya was born in the town of Davlekanovo in Bashkiria but her family moved to Moscow when she was nine months old. In Moscow, her family lived in communal apartments with many other families. After childhood, she received a degree in genetics from the Moscow State University. After university, she worked for two years at the Institute of General Genetics, before she was fired in 1970 for reading and distributing samizdat literature. After this, she didn't work for about nine years. In this time she was married and then had two kids. Then Ulitskaya began her literary career by joining the Jewish drama theatre as a literary consultant in 1979. She became the Repertory Director of the Hebrew Theatre of Moscow. Her first published short fiction appeared in 1990. The story of her acclaimed novel Sonechka was first published in Novy Mir in 1992. In 1993, she published her first novel with Gallimard in France. Her first novel in Russian was published in 1994. Today, Ulitskaya divides her time between Moscow and Israel.
Personal life
Ulitskaya's third and current husband, Soviet and Russian sculptor Andrey Nikolaevich Krasulin (b. 1934) in July 2014
Ulitskaya's parents were both involved in science; her mother was a biochemist and her father was an engineer. She was engaged to an American man who died in a car accident before they were married. Throughout her life, she has learned German, French, and English, but has said herself that she doesn't know any of them well. Ulitskaya has two sons, one of whom graduated from Columbia University. She has mentioned that she tends to work in Italy, at an apartment she owns, but she lives in Moscow.
Fiction
Style
In her fiction, Ulitskaya seemingly describes and observes her characters at an equal distance from each one. Rather than going in for character development or delving into the tortured workings of her characters’ psyches otherwise perceived as the hallmark of Russian writing, Ulitskaya favors capsule descriptions, though she acknowledges that her characters are tortured. Generally speaking, she makes little use of dialogue. Masha Gessen, in her tribute article in The New Yorker in October 2014, finds that Ulitskaya's writing makes for compelling, addictive reading. Gessen reports that she was driven entirely by the desire to learn what happens next.
Themes
Among her interlinked themes are: the need for religious and racial tolerance; the problem of the intelligentsia in Soviet culture; how women shape new gender roles in society; and everyday life as a literary subject.
Other activity
Lyudmila Ulitskaya on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow in February 2012
Ulitskaya authored two movie scripts produced in the early 1990s: The Liberty Sisters (Сестрички Либерти, 1990) and A Woman for All (Женщина для всех, 1991). She regularly publishes commentary on social issues and is actively involved in philanthropic projects increasing access to literature. In March 2014 Ulitskaya was among the key speakers at the Moscow Anti-War demonstration.
Reception
Ulitskaya's first novella, Sonechka (Сонечка, 1992), and her second, Medea and Her Children (Медея и ее дети, 1996) became extremely popular, and both were shortlisted for the Russian Booker Award, in 1993 and 1997, respectively. She finally won the Russian Booker Prize in 2001 for The Kukotsky Enigma (Казус Кукоцкого, 2001), and was the first woman to receive the prize. Her novel Daniel Stein, Interpreter (Даниэль Штайн, переводчик, 2006) was nominated for the Man Booker Prize. Her works have been translated into over 25 languages, including English, and have received several international and Russian literary awards. The English translation for The Big Green Tent (Зелёный шатёр, 2010) was long-listed for the Best Translated Book Award in Fiction in 2016. She has an average reader rating of 4.07 on Goodreads.
Political involvement
Because Ulitskaya addresses both religion and politics in her work, she has moved to the forefront of the Russian political debate in recent decades. In 2011 and 2012, during the height of the anti-Putin protests in Russia, she became a board member for the League of Voters. She was also considered a traitor by the administration and was the subject of negative statements in state-owned outlets, such as Isvestia. She is firmly anti-Putin; at a press conference for her book The Big Green Tent (Зелёный шатёр, 2010), she remarked that the country was becoming "Stalinized," something that gave her "a whiff of fear."
However, she is very against the idea of Moscow being a cultural part of Europe, unlike other anti-Putin dissidents such as Alexei Navalny.
While Mikhail Khodorkovsky, a Russian billionaire jailed on fraud charges, was incarcerated, he and Ulitskaya wrote each other letters. Ulitskaya maintains that the charges against him were politically motivated and thus "absurd." Their correspondence was published in a collection titled Mikhail Khodorkovsky: Articles, Dialogues, Interviews along with contributions from other writers such as Boris Strugatsky and Boris Akunin.
On the second day of the Russian war against Ukraine in 2022, Novaya Gazeta published a statement by Ulitskaya, Pain. Fear. Shame., strongly condemning the war. She was also among the signatories of an appeal by eminent writers to all Russian speakers to spread the truth about the war inside Russia. Since March 2022, she has been living in Berlin.
Awards
Lyudmila Ulitskaya as guest of honour at the 2009 16th International Book Festival, Millenáris, Budapest
Penne Prize (1997, Italy)
Medici Prize (1998, France)
Giuseppe Acerbi Award it:Premio Letterario Giuseppe Acerbi (1998, Italy) for her novel Sonechka
Penne Prize Winner (2000, Moscow) for Medea and Her Children
Russian Booker Prize (2002, Russia) for the novel The Kukotsky Enigma
Chevalier of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques (2003, France)
Novel of the Year Prize (2004, Russia) for the novel Sincerely yours, Shurik
Best Writer of the Year Ivanushka Prize (2004, Russia)
Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (2004, France)
National Literature Prize (2005, China) for Sincerely yours, Shurik
Penne Prize (2006, Italy) for the novel The Kukotsky Enigma
National Olympia Prize of Russian Academy of Business (2007, Russia)
Big Book Award (2007, Russia) for the novel Daniel Stein, Interpreter
Father Alexander Men Award (2008, Germany-Russia)
2009 Man Booker International Prize nominee, along with 14 authors from 12 countries: Mario Vargas Llosa, E.L Doctorow and 2001 Nobel Prize winner V. S. Naipaul
Simone de Beauvoir Prize (2011, France)
Pak Kyong-ni Prize (2012, South Korea)
Austrian State Prize for European Literature (2014, Austria)
Big Book Award, 3rd place (2016, Russia) for Yakov's Ladder
Officer of the Legion of Honor
Siegfried Lenz Prize (2020)
Prix Formentor (2022)
Bibliography
Novels
Sonechka (Сонечка, 1995)
Medea and Her Children (Медея и её дети, 1996)
The Funeral Party (Весёлые похороны, 1997)
The Kukotsky Enigma (Казус Кукоцкого, 2001)
Women's Lies (Сквозная линия (Through Line), 2003)
Sincerely Yours, Shurik (Искренне ваш Шурик, 2003)
The People of Our Tsar (Люди нашего царя, Moscow, 2005)
Daniel Stein, Interpreter (Даниэль Штайн, переводчик, Moscow, 2006), a greatly fictionalized story of Oswald Rufeisen
Imago / The Big Green Tent (Зелёный шатёр, 2010)
Tomorrow There Will Be Happiness (Детство 45-53. А завтра будет счастье, 2013)
Yakov's Ladder (Лестница Якова, 2015)
Collections
Poor Relatives (Бедные родственники, 1993)
Girls (Девочки, 2002)
Childhood Forty-Nine (Детство сорок девять, 2003)
The Queen of Spades (Первые и последние; Literal translation: 'First and Last', 2004)
The Story about Ignatius the Cat, Fedya the Chimney-Sweep, and the Lonely Mouse (История про кота Игнасия, трубочиста Федю и Одинокую Мышь, 2004)
The Story about old Kulebyakin, Mila the Whining Horse, and her Colt Ravki (История о старике Кулебякине, плаксивой кобыле Миле и жеребёнке Равкине, 2004)
The Story about Antwerpen the Sparrow, Mikheev the Cat, the Aloe Vasya and the centipede Marya Semyonovna with her family (История про воробья Антверпена, кота Михеева, столетника Васю и сороконожку Марью Семёновну с семьёй, 2005)
Discarded Relics (Священный мусор, 2012)
The Body of the Soul (О теле души, 2019)
Paper Theatre: Non-Prose (Бумажный театр: непроза, 2020)
Short stories
"The Fugitive" published in The New Yorker (2014)
Plays and Screenplays
Russian Jam and Other Plays (Русское варенье и другое, Moscow, 2005)
Just the Plague (English translation; 1988, 2020)
Online text
Kukotsky's Case full text (in Russian)
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Arbeit an Europa" (in German). Retrieved 2021-08-25.
^ ReadRussia. "Ludmila Ulitskaya". Read Russia. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
^ "ELKOST International literary agency – Ludmila Ulitskaya". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
^ a b c Masha Gessen, The Weight of Words. One of Russia’s most famous writers confronts the state, in: The New Yorker, 6 October 2014
^ a b c d e "Vica Miller on Ludmila Ulitskaya – Asymptote". www.asymptotejournal.com. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
^ Andrey Kurkov in: "Das kann ein bisschen mehr Anarchie mitbringen". Ukraine im Gespräch, part 4: Andrej Kurkow im Gespräch mit Katja Petrowskaja, Essay und Diskurs, Deutschlandfunk, 28 December 2014, German
^ "Liudmila Ulitskaia". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
^ "The Big Green Tent | Ludmila Ulitskaya | Macmillan". US Macmillan. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
^ "Lyudmila Ulitskaya". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
^ Kramer, Andrew E. (2021-08-25). "In First Interview From Jail, an Upbeat Navalny Discusses Prison Life". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
^ a b "Lyudmila Ulitskaya: why I'm not afraid of Vladimir Putin". The Guardian. 2011-04-16. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
^ a b O'Flynn, Kevin (21 January 2011). "Russian Literary Stars Launch Khodorkovsky Book In Moscow". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
^ Novaya Gazeta had to delete the text from its website due to a new censorship law. However, it is still available, e.g., at the news portal of the Lithuanian public broadcaster LTR: Боль. Страх. Стыд., 2022-02-27. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
^ "Eminent writers urge Russian speakers to tell truth of war in Ukraine". The Guardian. 5 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
^ "Russian author Ulitskaya warns of 'terrible' consequences of war". DW. 1 April 2022.
^ Boutsko, A. (2022-05-04). "Who are the Russians leaving their country?" (in Russian). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
^ a b "ELKOST International literary agency – Medea and her Children, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (1996)". elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
^ a b "ELKOST International literary agency – Yakov's Ladder, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2015)". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
^ "Literaturpreis für Ljudmila Ulitzkaja". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). 15 June 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
^ "ELKOST International literary agency – Sonechka, a novella by Ludmila Ulitskaya (1995)". elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
^ Ulitskaya, Lyudmila (2002). Medea and her children. A. L. Tait. New York. ISBN 0-8052-4196-5. OCLC 49821380.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "ELKOST International literary agency - Funeral Party, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (1997)". elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
^ Ulitskaya, Lyudmila (2002). The funeral party. Cathy Porter, A. L. Tait (1st American paperback ed.). New York. ISBN 0-8052-1132-2. OCLC 57226755.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "ELKOST International literary agency - Kukotsky Case, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2001)". elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
^ "ELKOST International literary agency – Women's Lies, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2003)". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
^ "ELKOST International literary agency – Sincerely yours, Shurik, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2003)". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
^ "ELKOST International literary agency – All Our Lord's Men, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2005)". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
^ "ELKOST International literary agency – Daniel Stein, Interpreter, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2006)". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
^ "ELKOST International literary agency – Under the Green Tent, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2010)". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
^ Ulitskaya, Lyudmila (2015). The big green tent. Mary Catherine Gannon (1st American ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-374-16667-0. OCLC 869263715.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "ELKOST International literary agency - Tomorrow There Will Be Happiness, edited by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2013, NF)". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
^ a b "ELKOST International literary agency – Poor Relatives and The Queen of Spade, two collections of short stories by Ludmila Ulitskaya". elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
^ "ELKOST International literary agency – Girls, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2002)". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
^ "ELKOST International literary agency – Childhood Forty Nine, collected stories by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2003)". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
^ Первые и последние: Рассказы.
^ "ELKOST International literary agency – Trilogy for children vol.1 by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2004)". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
^ "ELKOST International literary agency – Trilogy for children vol.2 by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2004)". elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
^ "ELKOST International literary agency – Trilogy for children vol.3 by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2005)". elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
^ "ELKOST International literary agency – Discarded Relics, collected essays by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2012, NF)". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
^ "ELKOST International literary agency – Body of the Soul, collected stories by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2019)". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
^ ""Бумажный театр: непроза" — новая книга Людмилы Улицкой". Издательство AST (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-08-26.
^ "The Fugitive". The New Yorker. 2014-05-05. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
^ "ELKOST International literary agency – Russian Marmalade, collected plays by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2005)". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
^ "ELKOST International literary agency – Just the Plague, a screenplay by Ludmila Ulitskaya (1988, 2020)". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
External links
Lyudmila Ulitskaya: why I'm not afraid of Vladimir Putin
Russian Booker Literary Prize official site
Ulitskaya's article on Solzhenitsyn in the Moscow News
Ulitskaya's short autobiography and interview (in Russian)
A brief review of The Funeral Party – Ulitskaya's debut in the US
Ulitskaya's page on her literary agent's website (ELKOST Intl. Literary Agency)
vteRecipients of the Russian Booker Prize
Mark Kharitonov (1992)
Vladimir Makanin (1993)
Bulat Okudzhava (1994)
Georgi Vladimov (1995)
Andrey Sergeev (1996)
Anatoly Azolsky (1997)
Aleksandr Morozov (1998)
Mikhail Butov (1999)
Mikhail Shishkin (2000)
Lyudmila Ulitskaya (2001)
Oleg Pavlov (2002)
Rubén Gallego (2003)
Vasily Aksyonov (2004)
Denis Gutsko (2005)
Olga Slavnikova (2006)
Aleksandr Ilichevsky (2007)
Mikhail Yelizarov (2008)
Yelena Chizhova (2009)
Elena Kolyadina (2010)
Alexander Chudakov (2011)
Andrei Dmitriev (2012)
Andrei Volos (2013)
Vladimir Sharov (2014)
Alexander Snegirev (2015)
Peter Aleshkovsky (2016)
vteRecipients of the Austrian State Prize for European Literature
Zbigniew Herbert (1965)
W. H. Auden (1966)
Vasko Popa (1967)
Václav Havel (1968)
Not given (1969)
Eugène Ionesco (1970)
Peter Huchel (1971)
Sławomir Mrożek (1972)
Harold Pinter (1973)
Sándor Weöres (1974)
Miroslav Krleža (1975)
Italo Calvino (1976)
Pavel Kohout (1977)
Simone de Beauvoir (1978)
Fulvio Tomizza (1979)
Sarah Kirsch (1980)
Doris Lessing (1981)
Tadeusz Różewicz (1982)
Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1983)
Christa Wolf (1984)
Stanisław Lem (1985)
Giorgio Manganelli (1986)
Milan Kundera (1987)
Andrzej Szczypiorski (1988)
Marguerite Duras (1989)
Helmut Heissenbüttel (1990)
Péter Nádas (1991)
Salman Rushdie (1992)
Chinghiz Aitmatov (1993)
Inger Christensen (1994)
Aleksandar Tišma (1995)
Jürg Laederach (1996)
Antonio Tabucchi (1997)
Dubravka Ugrešić (1998)
Péter Esterházy (1999)
António Lobo Antunes (2000)
Umberto Eco (2001)
Christoph Hein (2002)
Cees Nooteboom (2003)
Julian Barnes (2004)
Claudio Magris (2005)
Jorge Semprún (2006)
A. L. Kennedy (2007)
Ágota Kristóf (2008)
Per Olov Enquist (2009)
Paul Nizon (2010)
Javier Marías (2011)
Patrick Modiano (2012)
John Banville (2013)
Lyudmila Ulitskaya (2014)
Mircea Cărtărescu (2015)
Andrzej Stasiuk (2016)
Karl Ove Knausgård (2017)
Zadie Smith (2018)
Michel Houellebecq (2019)
Drago Jančar (2020)
László Krasznahorkai (2021)
Ali Smith (2022)
Marie NDiaye (2023)
Authority control databases International
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Slavic naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Austrian State Prize for European Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature"},{"link_name":"the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Park Kyong-ni Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Kyong-ni_Prize"}],"text":"In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Evgenyevna and the family name is Ulitskaya.Lyudmila Evgenyevna Ulitskaya (Russian: Людмила Евгеньевна Улицкая, born February 21, 1943) is an internationally acclaimed modern Russian novelist and short-story writer who, in 2014, was awarded the prestigious Austrian State Prize for European Literature for her oeuvre. In 2006 she published Daniel Stein, Interpreter (Даниэль Штайн, переводчик), a novel dealing with the Holocaust and the need for reconciliation between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. She won the 2012 Park Kyong-ni Prize.","title":"Lyudmila Ulitskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Davlekanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davlekanovo"},{"link_name":"Bashkiria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkortostan"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"Moscow State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomonosov_Moscow_State_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"samizdat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samizdat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gessen-4"},{"link_name":"Novy Mir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novy_Mir"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Gallimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallimard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ulitskaya was born in the town of Davlekanovo in Bashkiria but her family moved to Moscow when she was nine months old.[1] In Moscow, her family lived in communal apartments with many other families.[1] After childhood, she received a degree in genetics from the Moscow State University.[2] After university, she worked for two years at the Institute of General Genetics, before she was fired in 1970 for reading and distributing samizdat literature. After this, she didn't work for about nine years. In this time she was married and then had two kids.[1] Then Ulitskaya began her literary career by joining the Jewish drama theatre as a literary consultant in 1979.[1] She became the Repertory Director of the Hebrew Theatre of Moscow.[3] Her first published short fiction appeared in 1990.[4] The story of her acclaimed novel Sonechka was first published in Novy Mir in 1992.[5] In 1993, she published her first novel with Gallimard in France. Her first novel in Russian was published in 1994.[1] Today, Ulitskaya divides her time between Moscow and Israel.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Personal life","text":"Ulitskaya's third and current husband, Soviet and Russian sculptor Andrey Nikolaevich Krasulin (b. 1934) in July 2014Ulitskaya's parents were both involved in science; her mother was a biochemist and her father was an engineer.[1] She was engaged to an American man who died in a car accident before they were married.[1] Throughout her life, she has learned German, French, and English, but has said herself that she doesn't know any of them well.[1] Ulitskaya has two sons, one of whom graduated from Columbia University.[1] She has mentioned that she tends to work in Italy, at an apartment she owns, but she lives in Moscow.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masha Gessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masha_Gessen"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gessen-4"}],"sub_title":"Style","text":"In her fiction, Ulitskaya seemingly describes and observes her characters at an equal distance from each one. Rather than going in for character development or delving into the tortured workings of her characters’ psyches otherwise perceived as the hallmark of Russian writing, Ulitskaya favors capsule descriptions, though she acknowledges that her characters are tortured. Generally speaking, she makes little use of dialogue. Masha Gessen, in her tribute article in The New Yorker in October 2014, finds that Ulitskaya's writing makes for compelling, addictive reading. Gessen reports that she was driven entirely by the desire to learn what happens next.[4]","title":"Fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intelligentsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsia"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"}],"sub_title":"Themes","text":"Among her interlinked themes are: the need for religious and racial tolerance; the problem of the intelligentsia in Soviet culture; how women shape new gender roles in society; and everyday life as a literary subject.","title":"Fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moscow_rally_4_February_2012,_Yakimanka_Street,_Bolotnaya_Square_9.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bolotnaya Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolotnaya_Square"},{"link_name":"February 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Russian_protests"},{"link_name":"Moscow Anti-War demonstration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia"}],"text":"Lyudmila Ulitskaya on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow in February 2012Ulitskaya authored two movie scripts produced in the early 1990s: The Liberty Sisters (Сестрички Либерти, 1990) and A Woman for All (Женщина для всех, 1991). She regularly publishes commentary on social issues and is actively involved in philanthropic projects increasing access to literature. In March 2014 Ulitskaya was among the key speakers at the Moscow Anti-War demonstration.","title":"Other activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sonechka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonechka"},{"link_name":"Russian Booker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker-Open_Russia_Literary_Prize"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Man Booker Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Booker_Prize"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"The Big Green Tent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Green_Tent"},{"link_name":"Best Translated Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Translated_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Goodreads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Ulitskaya's first novella, Sonechka (Сонечка, 1992), and her second, Medea and Her Children (Медея и ее дети, 1996) became extremely popular, and both were shortlisted for the Russian Booker Award, in 1993 and 1997, respectively. She finally won the Russian Booker Prize in 2001 for The Kukotsky Enigma (Казус Кукоцкого, 2001),[5] and was the first woman to receive the prize.[7] Her novel Daniel Stein, Interpreter (Даниэль Штайн, переводчик, 2006) was nominated for the Man Booker Prize. Her works have been translated into over 25 languages, including English,[5] and have received several international and Russian literary awards. The English translation for The Big Green Tent (Зелёный шатёр, 2010) was long-listed for the Best Translated Book Award in Fiction in 2016.[8] She has an average reader rating of 4.07 on Goodreads.[9]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League of Voters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rferl.org/a/russian_celebrities_create_league_of_voters_to_battle_election_fraud/24455726.html"},{"link_name":"Isvestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvestia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gessen-4"},{"link_name":"The Big Green Tent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Green_Tent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Alexei Navalny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Navalny"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Khodorkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Khodorkovsky"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"Boris Strugatsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Strugatsky"},{"link_name":"Boris Akunin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Akunin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-12"},{"link_name":"Russian war against Ukraine in 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Novaya Gazeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta"},{"link_name":"Pain. Fear. Shame.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.raamoprusland.nl/dossiers/stemmen-uit-de-oorlog/2045-pain-fear-shame-this-is-what-i-feel-today"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Because Ulitskaya addresses both religion and politics in her work, she has moved to the forefront of the Russian political debate in recent decades. In 2011 and 2012, during the height of the anti-Putin protests in Russia, she became a board member for the League of Voters. She was also considered a traitor by the administration and was the subject of negative statements in state-owned outlets, such as Isvestia.[4] She is firmly anti-Putin; at a press conference for her book The Big Green Tent (Зелёный шатёр, 2010), she remarked that the country was becoming \"Stalinized,\" something that gave her \"a whiff of fear.\"[5]However, she is very against the idea of Moscow being a cultural part of Europe,[1] unlike other anti-Putin dissidents such as Alexei Navalny.[10]While Mikhail Khodorkovsky, a Russian billionaire jailed on fraud charges, was incarcerated, he and Ulitskaya wrote each other letters. Ulitskaya maintains that the charges against him were politically motivated and thus \"absurd.\"[11] Their correspondence was published in a collection titled Mikhail Khodorkovsky: Articles, Dialogues, Interviews[12][11] along with contributions from other writers such as Boris Strugatsky and Boris Akunin.[12]On the second day of the Russian war against Ukraine in 2022, Novaya Gazeta published a statement by Ulitskaya, Pain. Fear. Shame.,[13] strongly condemning the war. She was also among the signatories of an appeal by eminent writers to all Russian speakers to spread the truth about the war inside Russia.[14] Since March 2022, she has been living in Berlin.[15][16]","title":"Political involvement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bookfest2_(crop).jpg"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Medici Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_M%C3%A9dicis"},{"link_name":"it:Premio Letterario Giuseppe Acerbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Letterario_Giuseppe_Acerbi"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"},{"link_name":"Russian Booker Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker-Open_Russia_Literary_Prize"},{"link_name":"Ordre des Palmes Académiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_des_Palmes_Acad%C3%A9miques"},{"link_name":"Ordre des Arts et des Lettres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres"},{"link_name":"Big Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Book_(award)"},{"link_name":"Man Booker International Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Booker_International_Prize"},{"link_name":"Mario Vargas Llosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa"},{"link_name":"Doctorow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorow"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"V. S. Naipaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul"},{"link_name":"Simone de Beauvoir Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir_Prize"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Pak Kyong-ni Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Kyong-ni_Prize"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-18"},{"link_name":"Officer of the Legion of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Legion_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Lenz Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Lenz_Prize"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tagesspiegel-19"},{"link_name":"Prix Formentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Formentor"}],"text":"Lyudmila Ulitskaya as guest of honour at the 2009 16th International Book Festival, Millenáris, BudapestPenne Prize (1997, Italy)\nMedici Prize (1998, France)\nGiuseppe Acerbi Award it:Premio Letterario Giuseppe Acerbi (1998, Italy) for her novel Sonechka\nPenne Prize Winner (2000, Moscow) for Medea and Her Children[17]\nRussian Booker Prize (2002, Russia) for the novel The Kukotsky Enigma\nChevalier of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques (2003, France)\nNovel of the Year Prize (2004, Russia) for the novel Sincerely yours, Shurik\nBest Writer of the Year Ivanushka Prize (2004, Russia)\nChevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (2004, France)\nNational Literature Prize (2005, China) for Sincerely yours, Shurik\nPenne Prize (2006, Italy) for the novel The Kukotsky Enigma\nNational Olympia Prize of Russian Academy of Business (2007, Russia)\nBig Book Award (2007, Russia) for the novel Daniel Stein, Interpreter\nFather Alexander Men Award (2008, Germany-Russia)\n2009 Man Booker International Prize nominee, along with 14 authors from 12 countries: Mario Vargas Llosa, E.L Doctorow and 2001 Nobel Prize winner V. S. Naipaul\nSimone de Beauvoir Prize (2011, France)[5]\nPak Kyong-ni Prize (2012, South Korea)\nAustrian State Prize for European Literature (2014, Austria)\nBig Book Award, 3rd place (2016, Russia) for Yakov's Ladder[18]\nOfficer of the Legion of Honor\nSiegfried Lenz Prize (2020)[19]\nPrix Formentor (2022)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sonechka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonechka"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"The Kukotsky Enigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kukotsky_Enigma"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Oswald Rufeisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Rufeisen"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"The Big Green Tent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Green_Tent"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-18"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"Sonechka (Сонечка, 1995)[20]\nMedea and Her Children (Медея и её дети, 1996)[17][21]\nThe Funeral Party (Весёлые похороны, 1997)[22][23]\nThe Kukotsky Enigma (Казус Кукоцкого, 2001)[24]\nWomen's Lies (Сквозная линия (Through Line), 2003)[25]\nSincerely Yours, Shurik (Искренне ваш Шурик, 2003)[26]\nThe People of Our Tsar (Люди нашего царя, Moscow, 2005)[27]\nDaniel Stein, Interpreter (Даниэль Штайн, переводчик, Moscow, 2006), a greatly fictionalized story of Oswald Rufeisen[28]\nImago / The Big Green Tent (Зелёный шатёр, 2010)[29][30]\nTomorrow There Will Be Happiness (Детство 45-53. А завтра будет счастье, 2013)[31]\nYakov's Ladder (Лестница Якова, 2015)[18]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elkost.com-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elkost.com-32"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Collections","text":"Poor Relatives (Бедные родственники, 1993)[32]\nGirls (Девочки, 2002)[33]\nChildhood Forty-Nine (Детство сорок девять, 2003)[34]\nThe Queen of Spades (Первые и последние; Literal translation: 'First and Last', 2004)[32][35]\nThe Story about Ignatius the Cat, Fedya the Chimney-Sweep, and the Lonely Mouse (История про кота Игнасия, трубочиста Федю и Одинокую Мышь, 2004)[36]\nThe Story about old Kulebyakin, Mila the Whining Horse, and her Colt Ravki (История о старике Кулебякине, плаксивой кобыле Миле и жеребёнке Равкине, 2004)[37]\nThe Story about Antwerpen the Sparrow, Mikheev the Cat, the Aloe Vasya and the centipede Marya Semyonovna with her family (История про воробья Антверпена, кота Михеева, столетника Васю и сороконожку Марью Семёновну с семьёй, 2005)[38]\nDiscarded Relics (Священный мусор, 2012)[39]\nThe Body of the Soul (О теле души, 2019)[40]\nPaper Theatre: Non-Prose (Бумажный театр: непроза, 2020)[41]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Short stories","text":"\"The Fugitive\" published in The New Yorker (2014)[42]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Plays and Screenplays","text":"Russian Jam and Other Plays (Русское варенье и другое, Moscow, 2005)[43]\nJust the Plague (English translation; 1988, 2020)[44]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kukotsky's Case full text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040710150805/http://www.fictionbook.ru/author/ulickaya_lyudmila/kazus_kukockogo/ulickaya_kazus_kukockogo.html#TOC_id2340068"}],"text":"Kukotsky's Case full text (in Russian)","title":"Online text"}] | [{"image_text":"Ulitskaya's third and current husband, Soviet and Russian sculptor Andrey Nikolaevich Krasulin (b. 1934) in July 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.png/250px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.png"},{"image_text":"Lyudmila Ulitskaya on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow in February 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Moscow_rally_4_February_2012%2C_Yakimanka_Street%2C_Bolotnaya_Square_9.JPG/360px-Moscow_rally_4_February_2012%2C_Yakimanka_Street%2C_Bolotnaya_Square_9.JPG"},{"image_text":"Lyudmila Ulitskaya as guest of honour at the 2009 16th International Book Festival, Millenáris, Budapest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bookfest2_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Bookfest2_%28crop%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Arbeit an Europa\" (in German). Retrieved 2021-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://arbeitaneuropa.com/interviews/ludmila-ulitskaya/","url_text":"\"Arbeit an Europa\""}]},{"reference":"ReadRussia. \"Ludmila Ulitskaya\". Read Russia. Retrieved 2021-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://readrussia.org/writers/writer/ludmila-ulitskaya","url_text":"\"Ludmila Ulitskaya\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Ludmila Ulitskaya\". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Ludmila Ulitskaya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vica Miller on Ludmila Ulitskaya – Asymptote\". www.asymptotejournal.com. Retrieved 2021-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asymptotejournal.com/special-feature/vica-miller-on-ludmila-ulitskaya/","url_text":"\"Vica Miller on Ludmila Ulitskaya – Asymptote\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liudmila Ulitskaia\". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 2021-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/ulitskaia-liudmila-e","url_text":"\"Liudmila Ulitskaia\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Big Green Tent | Ludmila Ulitskaya | Macmillan\". US Macmillan. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2021-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215005859/https://us.macmillan.com/thebiggreentent/ludmilaulitskaya/9781250097446","url_text":"\"The Big Green Tent | Ludmila Ulitskaya | Macmillan\""},{"url":"https://us.macmillan.com/thebiggreentent/ludmilaulitskaya/9781250097446","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lyudmila Ulitskaya\". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21215.Lyudmila_Ulitskaya","url_text":"\"Lyudmila Ulitskaya\""}]},{"reference":"Kramer, Andrew E. (2021-08-25). \"In First Interview From Jail, an Upbeat Navalny Discusses Prison Life\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/25/world/europe/navalny-jail-prison.html","url_text":"\"In First Interview From Jail, an Upbeat Navalny Discusses Prison Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Lyudmila Ulitskaya: why I'm not afraid of Vladimir Putin\". The Guardian. 2011-04-16. Retrieved 2021-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/17/lyudmila-ulitskaya-dissident-putin-interview","url_text":"\"Lyudmila Ulitskaya: why I'm not afraid of Vladimir Putin\""}]},{"reference":"O'Flynn, Kevin (21 January 2011). \"Russian Literary Stars Launch Khodorkovsky Book In Moscow\". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2021-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rferl.org/a/khodorkovsky_book_launch_moscow_/2282572.html","url_text":"\"Russian Literary Stars Launch Khodorkovsky Book In Moscow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eminent writers urge Russian speakers to tell truth of war in Ukraine\". The Guardian. 5 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/05/eminent-writers-urge-russian-speakers-to-tell-truth-of-war-in-ukraine","url_text":"\"Eminent writers urge Russian speakers to tell truth of war in Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russian author Ulitskaya warns of 'terrible' consequences of war\". DW. 1 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/russian-author-ulitskaya-warns-of-terrible-consequences-of-war/a-61326678","url_text":"\"Russian author Ulitskaya warns of 'terrible' consequences of war\""}]},{"reference":"Boutsko, A. (2022-05-04). \"Who are the Russians leaving their country?\" (in Russian). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2022-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-the-russians-leaving-their-country/a-61364390","url_text":"\"Who are the Russians leaving their country?\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Medea and her Children, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (1996)\". elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/681-medea1996","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Medea and her Children, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (1996)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Yakov's Ladder, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2015)\". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/1836-yakovs-ladder","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Yakov's Ladder, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2015)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Literaturpreis für Ljudmila Ulitzkaja\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). 15 June 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/siegfried-lenz-preis-2020-literaturpreis-fuer-ljudmila-ulitzkaja/25917034.html","url_text":"\"Literaturpreis für Ljudmila Ulitzkaja\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Sonechka, a novella by Ludmila Ulitskaya (1995)\". elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/680-sonechka1995","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Sonechka, a novella by Ludmila Ulitskaya (1995)\""}]},{"reference":"Ulitskaya, Lyudmila (2002). Medea and her children. A. L. Tait. New York. ISBN 0-8052-4196-5. OCLC 49821380.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49821380","url_text":"Medea and her children"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-4196-5","url_text":"0-8052-4196-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49821380","url_text":"49821380"}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency - Funeral Party, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (1997)\". elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/682-funeralparty1997","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency - Funeral Party, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (1997)\""}]},{"reference":"Ulitskaya, Lyudmila (2002). The funeral party. Cathy Porter, A. L. Tait (1st American paperback ed.). New York. ISBN 0-8052-1132-2. OCLC 57226755.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57226755","url_text":"The funeral party"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-1132-2","url_text":"0-8052-1132-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57226755","url_text":"57226755"}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency - Kukotsky Case, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2001)\". elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/683-kukotskycase2001","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency - Kukotsky Case, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2001)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Women's Lies, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2003)\". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/685-womenslies2003","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Women's Lies, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2003)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Sincerely yours, Shurik, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2003)\". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/686-sincerelyyoursshurik2003","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Sincerely yours, Shurik, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2003)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – All Our Lord's Men, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2005)\". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/692-allourtzarsmen2005","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – All Our Lord's Men, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2005)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Daniel Stein, Interpreter, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2006)\". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/693-danielsteininterpreter2006","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Daniel Stein, Interpreter, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2006)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Under the Green Tent, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2010)\". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/694-imago2010","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Under the Green Tent, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2010)\""}]},{"reference":"Ulitskaya, Lyudmila (2015). The big green tent. Mary Catherine Gannon (1st American ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-374-16667-0. OCLC 869263715.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/869263715","url_text":"The big green tent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-16667-0","url_text":"978-0-374-16667-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/869263715","url_text":"869263715"}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency - Tomorrow There Will Be Happiness, edited by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2013, NF)\". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/1650-tomorrow-there-will-be-happiness-2013","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency - Tomorrow There Will Be Happiness, edited by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2013, NF)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Poor Relatives and The Queen of Spade, two collections of short stories by Ludmila Ulitskaya\". elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/679-shortstories","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Poor Relatives and The Queen of Spade, two collections of short stories by Ludmila Ulitskaya\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Girls, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2002)\". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/684-girls2002","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Girls, a novel by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2002)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Childhood Forty Nine, collected stories by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2003)\". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/687-childhoodfortynine2003","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Childhood Forty Nine, collected stories by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2003)\""}]},{"reference":"Первые и последние: Рассказы.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.labirint.ru/books/53793/","url_text":"Первые и последние: Рассказы"}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Trilogy for children vol.1 by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2004)\". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/688-trilogyforchildrenvol12004","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Trilogy for children vol.1 by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2004)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Trilogy for children vol.2 by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2004)\". elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/689-trilogyforchildrenvol22004","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Trilogy for children vol.2 by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2004)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Trilogy for children vol.3 by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2005)\". elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/690-trilogyforchildrenvol32005","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Trilogy for children vol.3 by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2005)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Discarded Relics, collected essays by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2012, NF)\". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/1470-discarded-relics-non-fiction-2012","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Discarded Relics, collected essays by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2012, NF)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Body of the Soul, collected stories by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2019)\". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/2007-body-of-the-soul-collected-short-stories","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Body of the Soul, collected stories by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2019)\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Бумажный театр: непроза\" — новая книга Людмилы Улицкой\". Издательство AST (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://ast.ru/news/-bumazhnyy-teatr-neproza-novaya-kniga-lyudmily-ulitskoy-/","url_text":"\"\"Бумажный театр: непроза\" — новая книга Людмилы Улицкой\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Fugitive\". The New Yorker. 2014-05-05. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/05/12/the-fugitive","url_text":"\"The Fugitive\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Russian Marmalade, collected plays by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2005)\". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/691-russianmarmelade2005","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Russian Marmalade, collected plays by Ludmila Ulitskaya (2005)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Just the Plague, a screenplay by Ludmila Ulitskaya (1988, 2020)\". www.elkost.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya/books/2008-just-the-plague-a-screenplay","url_text":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Just the Plague, a screenplay by Ludmila Ulitskaya (1988, 2020)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya","external_links_name":"elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya"},{"Link":"https://www.rferl.org/a/russian_celebrities_create_league_of_voters_to_battle_election_fraud/24455726.html","external_links_name":"League of Voters"},{"Link":"https://www.raamoprusland.nl/dossiers/stemmen-uit-de-oorlog/2045-pain-fear-shame-this-is-what-i-feel-today","external_links_name":"Pain. Fear. Shame."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040710150805/http://www.fictionbook.ru/author/ulickaya_lyudmila/kazus_kukockogo/ulickaya_kazus_kukockogo.html#TOC_id2340068","external_links_name":"Kukotsky's Case full text"},{"Link":"https://arbeitaneuropa.com/interviews/ludmila-ulitskaya/","external_links_name":"\"Arbeit an Europa\""},{"Link":"https://readrussia.org/writers/writer/ludmila-ulitskaya","external_links_name":"\"Ludmila Ulitskaya\""},{"Link":"https://www.elkost.com/authors/ulitskaya","external_links_name":"\"ELKOST International literary agency – Ludmila Ulitskaya\""},{"Link":"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/06/weight-words","external_links_name":"The Weight of Words. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehouse_of_Horror_XXXII | Treehouse of Horror XXXII | ["1 Plot","1.1 Barti","1.2 Bong Joon Ho's 'This Side of Parasite'","1.3 Nightmare on Elm Tree","1.4 Poetic Interlude (aka The Telltale Bart)","1.5 Dead Ringer","2 Reception","2.1 Viewing figures","2.2 Critical response","3 References","4 External links"] | 3rd episode of the 33rd season of The Simpsons
"Treehouse of Horror XXXII"The Simpsons episodePromotional posterEpisode no.Season 33Episode 3Directed byMatthew FaughnanWritten byJohn FrinkFeatured music"I'm Shipping Up to Boston" by Dropkick Murphys"O Tannenbaum"Production codeQABF16Original air dateOctober 10, 2021 (2021-10-10)Guest appearances
Susan Egan as "You'll Never Sleep Again" Singer
Maurice LaMarche as Vincent Price
Tree Rollins as himself
Episode featuresChalkboard gag"I hate rhyming couplets"
Episode chronology
← Previous"Bart's in Jail!"
Next →"The Wayz We Were"
The Simpsons season 33List of episodes
"Treehouse of Horror XXXII" is the third episode of the thirty-third season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 709th episode overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on October 10, 2021, and unlike the previous season, aired at the appropriate time (prior to Halloween) to avoid conflict with Major League Baseball’s post-season, which stretched into November (the 2021 World Series went six of seven games). The episode was directed by Matthew Faughnan, and written by John Frink.
Plot
This is the first Treehouse of Horror episode that consists of five segments instead of the usual three.
Barti
The opening segment parodies Bambi, with a deer version of Marge Simpson warning her son Barti (Bart Simpson) and Milhouse Van Houten about a hunter. Milhouse is shot and killed while Barti and Marge run away. After his escape, Barti initially cannot find his mother, but later finds her unharmed as Homer and Lenny Leonard have killed the hunter (Mr. Burns). The fairy (Maggie) then uses her magic wand to make the episode's title appear in the sky.
Bong Joon Ho's 'This Side of Parasite'
In a parody of Parasite, the Simpson family are living in a flooded basement apartment when Bart tells them he's gotten a job as a tutor for Rainier Wolfcastle's wealthy family. After Rainier fires Kirk Van Houten from his household staff, Bart recommends hiring Marge, Homer, Lisa and Maggie as the family's new servants. The Wolfcastles go on vacation, leaving the Simpsons alone with their house. As they are enjoying the perks of living in a rich family's home, Kirk suddenly returns and asks to be let in. When Marge lets him in, Kirk abruptly runs to the kitchen and reveals a hidden passageway to a basement bunker, where his family has been living. A chaotic, class-driven fight breaks out between the Simpsons and Van Houtens, which soon breaks out among most of the other impoverished Springfielders. After the brawl, the Simpson family are the last ones standing in the badly damaged Wolfcastle house with a pile of corpses now in the living room.
Nightmare on Elm Tree
Homer is tired of Bart telling scary stories on Halloween in his treehouse every year, so Homer chops it down. The tree trunk is struck by lightning and comes to life. After the tree finds out people chop down trees for Christmas, it brings other trees and plants to life and they ravage Springfield and kill most of its residents. The trees celebrate while the townspeople's corpses have been stacked like a Christmas tree.
Poetic Interlude (aka The Telltale Bart)
In a parody of the artwork of Edward Gorey, Vincent Price reads a scary bedtime story to Maggie about how Bart is doing his usual pranks and mischief.
He begins with each month and how he creates trouble for everyone first starting off with January where he puts worms in Homer's waffles.
In February, he catfishes Edna Krabappel which he did back in season 3.
In March, he unscrews the swings and causes several injuries.
In April, he prints his butt on a printer.
In May, he steals Skinner's car and crashes it into the school pole.
In June, he takes his first sip of beer and crashes his bike.
In July, he cuts Lisa's doll heads off.
In August, he attempts to scorch a turtle, but instead manages to scorch his hair.
In September, he spends the whole month in detention.
In October, he eats all his Halloween candy until he gets sick.
Finally in November, he is allowed to cut the turkey during Thanksgiving but instead he cuts the rest of the Simpson family's heads off.
Before Vincent can get to December, Maggie strangles him with her Phonics frog string and presses the buttons (R-I-P) and then goes to sleep.
Dead Ringer
In a parody of The Ring, at Springfield Elementary, Sherri and Terri tell Lisa they had a party and didn't invite her, and all watched a TikTok that allegedly kills anyone who watches it after seven days. All of the children who watched it die shortly thereafter, and Lisa and Bart investigate its origin. They find out from Groundskeeper Willie that the TikTok is haunted by the ghost of Mopey Mary, a girl who didn't receive any valentines on Valentine's Day and died after falling down a well. Lisa watches the TikTok and summons the ghost of Mary, who attacks Lisa but stops when Lisa gives her a valentine. Lisa and Mary become friends, but Mary begins to feel smothered by Lisa and escapes by jumping back down the well.
Kang and Kodos sing at the end of this "Treehouse of Horror" episode.
Reception
Viewing figures
The viewing figures for this episode is 3.96 million and was the highest-rated show on Animation Domination that night.
Critical response
Marcus Gibson of Bubbleblabber gave the episode an eight out of ten stating "Overall, the 32nd 'Treehouse of Horror' special continues the show's tradition of scaring and tickling our funny bones. It may not reach the heights of the earlier 'Treehouse of Horror' specials, but it's an enjoyable set of creepy mini-stories that'll put every Simpsons fan into the Halloween spirit this year. Out of the five segments shown in this special, I liked the Parasite parody the most because of its humor and unexpected ending. I enjoyed The Simpsons, and I loved Parasite. It's a winning combination, in my eyes."
Tony Sokol of Den of Geek stated "There are a lot of low-ball jokes here, but nothing which really slices. This has nothing to do with cancel culture, heightened sensitivities, or political stances, all of which should be exempt in the creation of any horror comedy satire. It is because the jokes, which come rapidly, are only lobbed. They should be spit balls, thrown with malicious intent, and close enough on the inside to make the batter back off in fear. Instead, the jokes walk, and not in a good zombie way, but more like the most recent episodes of The Walking Dead."
References
^ Jean, Al (September 10, 2020). "Matt Faughnan" (Tweet). Retrieved July 17, 2021 – via Twitter.
^ Jean, Al (September 10, 2020). ".@TheSimpsons Today's zoom read...Season 33!" (Tweet). Retrieved July 17, 2021 – via Twitter.
^ Jean, Al (June 20, 2021). "it's likely to air 10/10" (Tweet). Retrieved July 17, 2021 – via Twitter.
^ Jean, Al (June 19, 2021). "@MAURICELAMARCHE" (Tweet). Retrieved July 24, 2021 – via Twitter.
^ "Listings - SIMPSONS, THE on FOX | TheFutonCritic.com". The Futon Critic. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ Schneider, Michael (October 4, 2021). "'The Simpsons' Parodies 'Parasite,' 'The Ring,' TikTok and 'Bambi' in Latest 'Treehouse of Horror'". Yahoo!. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ Sarto, Dan (October 5, 2021). "See Exclusive Images from 'The Simpsons' 'Treehouse of Horror XXXII'". Animation World Network. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ Sonnack, Matthew (October 11, 2021). "The Simpsons: Treehouse of Horror XXXII Hides a Classic Episode Easter Egg". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ Colangelo, B. J. (October 8, 2021). "The Simpsons Treehouse Of Horror XXXII Clip Teases A Segment Inspired By Edward Gorey". /Film. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
^ Schneider, Michael (October 4, 2021). "'The Simpsons' Parodies 'Parasite,' 'The Ring,' TikTok and 'Bambi' in Latest 'Treehouse of Horror'". Variety. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 12, 2021). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Sunday 10.10.2021 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals UPDATED | Showbuzz Daily". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
^ Gibson, Marcus (October 11, 2021). "Review: The Simpsons "Treehouse of Horror XXXII"". Bubbleblabber. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
^ Sokol, Tony (October 11, 2021). "The Simpsons: Treehouse of Horror XXXII Is a Gorey Affair". Den of Geek. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
External links
"Treehouse of Horror XXXII" at IMDb
vteThe Simpsons Treehouse of HorrorEpisodes
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II
III
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XXXII
XXXIII
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Related
Kang and Kodos
Night of the Living Treehouse of Horror
Episodes
"Halloween of Horror"
"Thanksgiving of Horror"
"Not It"
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vteThe Simpsons episodes
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Season 21–present
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Season 33
"The Star of the Backstage"
"Bart's in Jail!"
"Treehouse of Horror XXXII"
"The Wayz We Were"
"Lisa's Belly"
"A Serious Flanders"
"Portrait of a Lackey on Fire"
"Mothers and Other Strangers"
"A Made Maggie"
"The Longest Marge"
"Pixelated and Afraid"
"Boyz N the Highlands"
"You Won't Believe What This Episode Is About – Act Three Will Shock You!"
"Bart the Cool Kid"
"Pretty Whittle Liar"
"The Sound of Bleeding Gums"
"My Octopus and a Teacher"
"Girls Just Shauna Have Fun"
"Marge the Meanie"
"Meat Is Murder"
"Poorhouse Rock"
Themed episodes
Treehouse of Horror
list
See also
The Simpsons episode guides
"The Simpsons Guy"
Category
vteFelix Salten's BambiNovels
Bambi, a Life in the Woods (1923)
Fifteen Rabbits (1929)
Perri (1938)
Bambi's Children (1939)
Films
Bambi (1942)
Perri (1957)
Bambi Meets Godzilla (1969)
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Bambi II (2006)
Bambi: The Reckoning (2024)
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Bambi
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Related
Bambi effect
"No Hunting" (1955)
Kingdom Hearts (2002)
"Treehouse of Horror XXXII" (2021)
The Twisted Childhood Universe
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vteThe Ring by Koji SuzukiJapanese mediaBooks
Ring (1991)
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Loop (1998)
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S (2012)
Tide (2013)
Manga
The Ring Volume 0: Birthday (2000)
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Sadako at the End of the World (2020)
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Ring 0: Birthday (2000)
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Sadako (2019)
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TV series
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Rasen (1999)
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The Ring: Terror's Realm (2000)
Ring: Infinity (2000)
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Rings (2017)
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The Ring Virus (1999)
Characters
Sadako Yamamura
Kayako Saeki
Rachel Keller
Miscellaneous
Scary Movie 3 (2003)
Erma
Ju-On franchise
Kimi ni Todoke
"Treehouse of Horror XXXII"
Category
Portal: The Simpsons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thirty-third season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons_season_33"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"previous season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons_season_32"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"2021 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Matthew Faughnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Faughnan"},{"link_name":"John Frink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frink"}],"text":"3rd episode of the 33rd season of The Simpsons\"Treehouse of Horror XXXII\" is the third episode of the thirty-third season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 709th episode overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on October 10, 2021, and unlike the previous season, aired at the appropriate time (prior to Halloween) to avoid conflict with Major League Baseball’s post-season, which stretched into November (the 2021 World Series went six of seven games).[5] The episode was directed by Matthew Faughnan, and written by John Frink.","title":"Treehouse of Horror XXXII"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treehouse of Horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehouse_of_Horror"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"This is the first Treehouse of Horror episode that consists of five segments instead of the usual three.[6][7][8]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambi"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"Marge Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marge_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Bart Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Milhouse Van Houten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milhouse_Van_Houten"},{"link_name":"Lenny Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Leonard"},{"link_name":"Mr. Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Burns"},{"link_name":"Maggie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Simpson"}],"sub_title":"Barti","text":"The opening segment parodies Bambi, with a deer version of Marge Simpson warning her son Barti (Bart Simpson) and Milhouse Van Houten about a hunter. Milhouse is shot and killed while Barti and Marge run away. After his escape, Barti initially cannot find his mother, but later finds her unharmed as Homer and Lenny Leonard have killed the hunter (Mr. Burns). The fairy (Maggie) then uses her magic wand to make the episode's title appear in the sky.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parasite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Rainier Wolfcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainier_Wolfcastle"},{"link_name":"Kirk Van Houten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Van_Houten"},{"link_name":"Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Maggie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Simpson"}],"sub_title":"Bong Joon Ho's 'This Side of Parasite'","text":"In a parody of Parasite, the Simpson family are living in a flooded basement apartment when Bart tells them he's gotten a job as a tutor for Rainier Wolfcastle's wealthy family. After Rainier fires Kirk Van Houten from his household staff, Bart recommends hiring Marge, Homer, Lisa and Maggie as the family's new servants. The Wolfcastles go on vacation, leaving the Simpsons alone with their house. As they are enjoying the perks of living in a rich family's home, Kirk suddenly returns and asks to be let in. When Marge lets him in, Kirk abruptly runs to the kitchen and reveals a hidden passageway to a basement bunker, where his family has been living. A chaotic, class-driven fight breaks out between the Simpsons and Van Houtens, which soon breaks out among most of the other impoverished Springfielders. After the brawl, the Simpson family are the last ones standing in the badly damaged Wolfcastle house with a pile of corpses now in the living room.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"treehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehouse"}],"sub_title":"Nightmare on Elm Tree","text":"Homer is tired of Bart telling scary stories on Halloween in his treehouse every year, so Homer chops it down. The tree trunk is struck by lightning and comes to life. After the tree finds out people chop down trees for Christmas, it brings other trees and plants to life and they ravage Springfield and kill most of its residents. The trees celebrate while the townspeople's corpses have been stacked like a Christmas tree.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Gorey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gorey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Vincent Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Price"},{"link_name":"Edna Krabappel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_Krabappel"},{"link_name":"season 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons_season_3"}],"sub_title":"Poetic Interlude (aka The Telltale Bart)","text":"In a parody of the artwork of Edward Gorey,[9] Vincent Price reads a scary bedtime story to Maggie about how Bart is doing his usual pranks and mischief.He begins with each month and how he creates trouble for everyone first starting off with January where he puts worms in Homer's waffles.In February, he catfishes Edna Krabappel which he did back in season 3.In March, he unscrews the swings and causes several injuries.In April, he prints his butt on a printer.In May, he steals Skinner's car and crashes it into the school pole.In June, he takes his first sip of beer and crashes his bike.In July, he cuts Lisa's doll heads off.In August, he attempts to scorch a turtle, but instead manages to scorch his hair.In September, he spends the whole month in detention.In October, he eats all his Halloween candy until he gets sick.Finally in November, he is allowed to cut the turkey during Thanksgiving but instead he cuts the rest of the Simpson family's heads off.Before Vincent can get to December, Maggie strangles him with her Phonics frog string and presses the buttons (R-I-P) and then goes to sleep.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ring_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sherri and Terri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherri_and_Terri"},{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"Groundskeeper Willie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundskeeper_Willie"},{"link_name":"Mopey Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadako_Yamamura"},{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Kang and Kodos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_and_Kodos"}],"sub_title":"Dead Ringer","text":"In a parody of The Ring,[10] at Springfield Elementary, Sherri and Terri tell Lisa they had a party and didn't invite her, and all watched a TikTok that allegedly kills anyone who watches it after seven days. All of the children who watched it die shortly thereafter, and Lisa and Bart investigate its origin. They find out from Groundskeeper Willie that the TikTok is haunted by the ghost of Mopey Mary, a girl who didn't receive any valentines on Valentine's Day and died after falling down a well. Lisa watches the TikTok and summons the ghost of Mary, who attacks Lisa but stops when Lisa gives her a valentine. Lisa and Mary become friends, but Mary begins to feel smothered by Lisa and escapes by jumping back down the well.Kang and Kodos sing at the end of this \"Treehouse of Horror\" episode.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animation Domination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_Domination"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Viewing figures","text":"The viewing figures for this episode is 3.96 million and was the highest-rated show on Animation Domination that night.[11]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Den of Geek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Geek"},{"link_name":"The Walking Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Marcus Gibson of Bubbleblabber gave the episode an eight out of ten stating \"Overall, the 32nd 'Treehouse of Horror' special continues the show's tradition of scaring and tickling our funny bones. It may not reach the heights of the earlier 'Treehouse of Horror' specials, but it's an enjoyable set of creepy mini-stories that'll put every Simpsons fan into the Halloween spirit this year. Out of the five segments shown in this special, I liked the Parasite parody the most because of its humor and unexpected ending. I enjoyed The Simpsons, and I loved Parasite. It's a winning combination, in my eyes.\"[12]Tony Sokol of Den of Geek stated \"There are a lot of low-ball jokes here, but nothing which really slices. This has nothing to do with cancel culture, heightened sensitivities, or political stances, all of which should be exempt in the creation of any horror comedy satire. It is because the jokes, which come rapidly, are only lobbed. They should be spit balls, thrown with malicious intent, and close enough on the inside to make the batter back off in fear. Instead, the jokes walk, and not in a good zombie way, but more like the most recent episodes of The Walking Dead.\"[13]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Jean, Al [@AlJean] (September 10, 2020). \"Matt Faughnan\" (Tweet). Retrieved July 17, 2021 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/AlJean/status/1304157454255550464","url_text":"\"Matt Faughnan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Jean, Al [@AlJean] (September 10, 2020). \".@TheSimpsons Today's zoom read...Season 33!\" (Tweet). Retrieved July 17, 2021 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/AlJean/status/1304124754639515648","url_text":"\".@TheSimpsons Today's zoom read...Season 33!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Jean, Al [@AlJean] (June 20, 2021). \"it's likely to air 10/10\" (Tweet). Retrieved July 17, 2021 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/AlJean/status/1406744720781549568","url_text":"\"it's likely to air 10/10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Jean, Al [@AlJean] (June 19, 2021). \"@MAURICELAMARCHE\" (Tweet). Retrieved July 24, 2021 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/AlJean/status/1406321531953635328","url_text":"\"@MAURICELAMARCHE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Listings - SIMPSONS, THE on FOX | TheFutonCritic.com\". The Futon Critic. Retrieved October 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20210930fox12/","url_text":"\"Listings - SIMPSONS, THE on FOX | TheFutonCritic.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Futon_Critic","url_text":"The Futon Critic"}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Michael (October 4, 2021). \"'The Simpsons' Parodies 'Parasite,' 'The Ring,' TikTok and 'Bambi' in Latest 'Treehouse of Horror'\". Yahoo!. Retrieved October 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/simpsons-parodies-parasite-ring-tiktok-175754636.html","url_text":"\"'The Simpsons' Parodies 'Parasite,' 'The Ring,' TikTok and 'Bambi' in Latest 'Treehouse of Horror'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!","url_text":"Yahoo!"}]},{"reference":"Sarto, Dan (October 5, 2021). \"See Exclusive Images from 'The Simpsons' 'Treehouse of Horror XXXII'\". Animation World Network. Retrieved October 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awn.com/news/see-exclusive-images-simpsons-treehouse-horror-xxxii","url_text":"\"See Exclusive Images from 'The Simpsons' 'Treehouse of Horror XXXII'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_World_Network","url_text":"Animation World Network"}]},{"reference":"Sonnack, Matthew (October 11, 2021). \"The Simpsons: Treehouse of Horror XXXII Hides a Classic Episode Easter Egg\". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved October 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/simpsons-treehouse-horror-mr-sparkle-easter-egg/","url_text":"\"The Simpsons: Treehouse of Horror XXXII Hides a Classic Episode Easter Egg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"}]},{"reference":"Colangelo, B. J. (October 8, 2021). \"The Simpsons Treehouse Of Horror XXXII Clip Teases A Segment Inspired By Edward Gorey\". /Film. Retrieved October 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slashfilm.com/627620/the-simpsons-treehouse-of-horror-xxxii-clip-teases-a-segment-inspired-by-edward-gorey/","url_text":"\"The Simpsons Treehouse Of Horror XXXII Clip Teases A Segment Inspired By Edward Gorey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//Film","url_text":"/Film"}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Michael (October 4, 2021). \"'The Simpsons' Parodies 'Parasite,' 'The Ring,' TikTok and 'Bambi' in Latest 'Treehouse of Horror'\". Variety. Retrieved October 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/simpsons-treehouse-of-horror-2021-parasite-the-ring-tiktok-bambi-1235080332/","url_text":"\"'The Simpsons' Parodies 'Parasite,' 'The Ring,' TikTok and 'Bambi' in Latest 'Treehouse of Horror'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Mitch (October 12, 2021). \"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Sunday 10.10.2021 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals UPDATED | Showbuzz Daily\". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-sunday-10-10-2021-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html","url_text":"\"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Sunday 10.10.2021 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals UPDATED | Showbuzz Daily\""}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Marcus (October 11, 2021). \"Review: The Simpsons \"Treehouse of Horror XXXII\"\". Bubbleblabber. Retrieved April 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bubbleblabber.com/review-the-simpsons-treehouse-of-horror-xxxii/","url_text":"\"Review: The Simpsons \"Treehouse of Horror XXXII\"\""}]},{"reference":"Sokol, Tony (October 11, 2021). \"The Simpsons: Treehouse of Horror XXXII Is a Gorey Affair\". Den of Geek. Retrieved October 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/the-simpsons-season-33-episode-3-review-treehouse-of-horror-xxxii/","url_text":"\"The Simpsons: Treehouse of Horror XXXII Is a Gorey Affair\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Geek","url_text":"Den of Geek"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://x.com/AlJean/status/1304157454255550464","external_links_name":"\"Matt Faughnan\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/AlJean/status/1304124754639515648","external_links_name":"\".@TheSimpsons Today's zoom read...Season 33!\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/AlJean/status/1406744720781549568","external_links_name":"\"it's likely to air 10/10\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/AlJean/status/1406321531953635328","external_links_name":"\"@MAURICELAMARCHE\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20210930fox12/","external_links_name":"\"Listings - SIMPSONS, THE on FOX | TheFutonCritic.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/simpsons-parodies-parasite-ring-tiktok-175754636.html","external_links_name":"\"'The Simpsons' Parodies 'Parasite,' 'The Ring,' TikTok and 'Bambi' in Latest 'Treehouse of Horror'\""},{"Link":"https://www.awn.com/news/see-exclusive-images-simpsons-treehouse-horror-xxxii","external_links_name":"\"See Exclusive Images from 'The Simpsons' 'Treehouse of Horror XXXII'\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/simpsons-treehouse-horror-mr-sparkle-easter-egg/","external_links_name":"\"The Simpsons: Treehouse of Horror XXXII Hides a Classic Episode Easter Egg\""},{"Link":"https://www.slashfilm.com/627620/the-simpsons-treehouse-of-horror-xxxii-clip-teases-a-segment-inspired-by-edward-gorey/","external_links_name":"\"The Simpsons Treehouse Of Horror XXXII Clip Teases A Segment Inspired By Edward Gorey\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/simpsons-treehouse-of-horror-2021-parasite-the-ring-tiktok-bambi-1235080332/","external_links_name":"\"'The Simpsons' Parodies 'Parasite,' 'The Ring,' TikTok and 'Bambi' in Latest 'Treehouse of Horror'\""},{"Link":"https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-sunday-10-10-2021-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html","external_links_name":"\"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Sunday 10.10.2021 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals UPDATED | Showbuzz Daily\""},{"Link":"https://www.bubbleblabber.com/review-the-simpsons-treehouse-of-horror-xxxii/","external_links_name":"\"Review: The Simpsons \"Treehouse of Horror XXXII\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/the-simpsons-season-33-episode-3-review-treehouse-of-horror-xxxii/","external_links_name":"\"The Simpsons: Treehouse of Horror XXXII Is a Gorey Affair\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14457876/","external_links_name":"\"Treehouse of Horror XXXII\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lot_Smith_Cavalry_Company | Lot Smith Cavalry Company | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References"] | Lot Smith Cavalry CompanyThe company patrolled along Overland TrailActive1861CountryUnited StatesAllegianceUtah Territorial MilitiaBranchArmyTypeCavalrySize100EngagementsAmerican Civil WarCommandersCaptainLot SmithFirst LieutenantJoseph S. RawlingsMilitary unit
Part of a series onMormon MilitiasLieutenant General Joseph Smith Addresses the Nauvoo Legion
Military Units
Caldwell County Militia
Danite
Lot Smith Cavalry Company
Mormon Battalion
Nauvoo Legion
Spartan Band
State of Deseret Territorial Militia
Utah Territorial Militia
Whistling and Whittling Brigade
Zion's Camp
Conflicts
1838 Mormon War
Battle at Fort Utah
Battle of Crooked River
Battle Creek massacre
William McBride Massacre (1851)
Morrisite War
Mormon War (Illinois)
Utah War
Wakara's War
Mountain Meadows Massacre
Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
Notable leaders
George M. Hinkle
Joseph Smith
Brigham Young
Sampson Avard
John C. Bennett
Daniel H. Wells
William H. Dame
Lot Smith
Related Topics
Expulsion of Mormons from Jackson County, Missouri
Missouri Executive Order 44
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The Lot Smith Cavalry Company was a military unit that was active during the American Civil War. It was formed from volunteers from the Nauvoo Legion, Utah's territorial militia.
History
The unit was founded at the request of the War Department. Telegram to Brigham Young:
Washington, April 28, 1862
Mr. Brigham Young,
Salt Lake City, Utah:
By express direction of the President of the United States you are hereby authorized to raise, arm, and equip one company of cavalry for ninety days’ service. This company will be organized as follows:
One captain, 1 first lieutenant, 1 second lieutenant, 1 first sergeant, 1 quartermaster-sergeant, 4 sergeants, 8 corporals, 2 musicians, 2 farriers, 1 saddler, 1 wagoner, and from 56 to 72 privates. The company will be employed to protect the property of the telegraph and overland mail companies in or about Independence Rock, where depredations have been committed, and will be continued in service only till the U.S. troops can reach the point where they are so much needed. It may therefore be disbanded previous to the expiration of the ninety days. It will not be employed for any offensive operations other than may grow out of the duty hereinbefore assigned to it. The officers of the company will be mustered into the U.S. service by any civil officer of the United States Government at Salt Lake City competent to administer the oath. The men will then be enlisted by the company officers. The men employed in the service above named will be entitled to receive no other than the allowances authorized by law to soldiers in the service of the United States. Until the proper staff officer for subsisting these men arrive you will please furnish subsistence for them yourself, keeping an accurate account thereof for future settlement with the United States Government.
By order of the Secretary of War:
L. Thomas, Adjutant-General.
Brigham Young replyed saying:
Adjutant General Thomas, U.S.A. Washington, D.C.
Upon receipt of your telegram of April 27, I requested General Daniel H. Wells, of the Utah militia to proceed at once to raise a company of cavalry and equip and muster them into the service of the United States army for ninety days, as per your telegram. General Wells, forthwith issued the necessary orders and on the 29th day of April the commissioned officers and non-commissioned officers and privates, including teamsters, were sworn in by Chief Justice John F. Kinney, and the company went into camp adjacent to the city the same day.
Brigham Young
On the day Brigham Young agreed to the government's request, the First Presidency issued detailed instructions on April 30, 1862, regarding the role of the Lot Smith Company. They emphasized the spiritual aspect of their mission, urging the troops to acknowledge divine intervention in their efforts and to prioritize their service over financial compensation. The company was to represent the Church and foster its influence through their conduct, being exemplary in both public and private settings to earn commendation as noble citizens. The presidency also advised against gambling, drinking, and swearing, and stressed kindness toward their animals. They were tasked with improving roads to benefit not only themselves but also mail services and future travelers, highlighting the importance of maintaining effective cross-country communication. Additionally, the presidency instructed that prayers be offered twice daily to seek divine protection and guidance. They signed off their guidance with a note of solidarity, affirming their shared faith and commitment.
Ben Holladay, who managed a significant stage and mail line, expressed his gratitude to Brigham Young via telegram, promising to enhance his services once the Utah volunteers were positioned. This deployment was crucial in keeping the communication lines operational during the Civil War, an essential component of maintaining east-west connectivity, which was vulnerable to disruptions. While Holladay had financial motivations to maintain the routes, the broader sentiment among the Latter-day Saints was that their involvement was divinely inspired. This was affirmed by President Wells shortly after the enlistment, who framed the call to serve as part of a divine plan and a demonstration of their commitment to the United States, despite previous conflicts.
The military march began on May 1, 1862, and was characterized by challenges like severe snow and logistical obstacles. Despite these difficulties, the Lot Smith Company was commended for their resilience and constructive efforts along the way, such as bridge building which greatly aided travel and communication.
See also
Mormon Battalion
Utah Territory in the American Civil War
References
^ a b c d "The Lot Smith Cavalry Company: Utah Goes to War | Religious Studies Center". rsc.byu.edu. Brigham Young University. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
^ "Lot Smith Company | Utah Historical Markers". Retrieved 2024-04-23.
^ "Utah and the American Civil War". University of Oklahoma Press. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
^ VOYLES, ROBERT S. “UTAH’S MILITIA HERITAGE: The Nauvoo Legion.” History News, vol. 67, no. 2, 2012, pp. 26–27. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26453332. Accessed 19 June 2024.
^ J. V. Frederick, Ben Holladay, The Stagecoach King: A chapter in the development of Transcontinental Transportation (Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark, 1940), 168. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nauvoo Legion, Utah's territorial militia.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Territorial_Militia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsc.byu.edu-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Military unitThe Lot Smith Cavalry Company was a military unit that was active during the American Civil War. It was formed from volunteers from the Nauvoo Legion, Utah's territorial militia.[1][2][3]","title":"Lot Smith Cavalry Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsc.byu.edu-1"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsc.byu.edu-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsc.byu.edu-1"}],"text":"The unit was founded at the request of the War Department.[1] Telegram to Brigham Young:Washington, April 28, 1862\nMr. Brigham Young,\nSalt Lake City, Utah:\nBy express direction of the President of the United States you are hereby authorized to raise, arm, and equip one company of cavalry for ninety days’ service. This company will be organized as follows:\nOne captain, 1 first lieutenant, 1 second lieutenant, 1 first sergeant, 1 quartermaster-sergeant, 4 sergeants, 8 corporals, 2 musicians, 2 farriers, 1 saddler, 1 wagoner, and from 56 to 72 privates. The company will be employed to protect the property of the telegraph and overland mail companies in or about Independence Rock, where depredations have been committed, and will be continued in service only till the U.S. troops can reach the point where they are so much needed. It may therefore be disbanded previous to the expiration of the ninety days. It will not be employed for any offensive operations other than may grow out of the duty hereinbefore assigned to it. The officers of the company will be mustered into the U.S. service by any civil officer of the United States Government at Salt Lake City competent to administer the oath. The men will then be enlisted by the company officers. The men employed in the service above named will be entitled to receive no other than the allowances authorized by law to soldiers in the service of the United States. Until the proper staff officer for subsisting these men arrive you will please furnish subsistence for them yourself, keeping an accurate account thereof for future settlement with the United States Government.\nBy order of the Secretary of War:\n\nL. Thomas, Adjutant-General.[1]Brigham Young replyed saying:Adjutant General Thomas, U.S.A. Washington, D.C.\nUpon receipt of your telegram of April 27, I requested General Daniel H. Wells, of the Utah militia to proceed at once to raise a company of cavalry and equip and muster them into the service of the United States army for ninety days, as per your telegram. General Wells, forthwith issued the necessary orders and on the 29th day of April the commissioned officers and non-commissioned officers and privates, including teamsters, were sworn in by Chief Justice John F. Kinney, and the company went into camp adjacent to the city the same day.\nBrigham YoungOn the day Brigham Young agreed to the government's request,[4] the First Presidency issued detailed instructions on April 30, 1862, regarding the role of the Lot Smith Company. They emphasized the spiritual aspect of their mission, urging the troops to acknowledge divine intervention in their efforts and to prioritize their service over financial compensation. The company was to represent the Church and foster its influence through their conduct, being exemplary in both public and private settings to earn commendation as noble citizens. The presidency also advised against gambling, drinking, and swearing, and stressed kindness toward their animals. They were tasked with improving roads to benefit not only themselves but also mail services and future travelers, highlighting the importance of maintaining effective cross-country communication. Additionally, the presidency instructed that prayers be offered twice daily to seek divine protection and guidance. They signed off their guidance with a note of solidarity, affirming their shared faith and commitment.Ben Holladay, who managed a significant stage and mail line, expressed his gratitude to Brigham Young via telegram, promising to enhance his services once the Utah volunteers were positioned. This deployment was crucial in keeping the communication lines operational during the Civil War, an essential component of maintaining east-west connectivity, which was vulnerable to disruptions. While Holladay had financial motivations to maintain the routes, the broader sentiment among the Latter-day Saints was that their involvement was divinely inspired. This was affirmed by President Wells shortly after the enlistment, who framed the call to serve as part of a divine plan and a demonstration of their commitment to the United States, despite previous conflicts.[5]The military march began on May 1, 1862, and was characterized by challenges like severe snow and logistical obstacles. Despite these difficulties, the Lot Smith Company was commended for their resilience and constructive efforts along the way, such as bridge building which greatly aided travel and communication.[1]","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"Mormon Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_Battalion"},{"title":"Utah Territory in the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Lot Smith Cavalry Company: Utah Goes to War | Religious Studies Center\". rsc.byu.edu. Brigham Young University. Retrieved 30 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://rsc.byu.edu/civil-war-saints/lot-smith-cavalry-company-utah-goes-war","url_text":"\"The Lot Smith Cavalry Company: Utah Goes to War | Religious Studies Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lot Smith Company | Utah Historical Markers\". Retrieved 2024-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://utahhistoricalmarkers.org/tag/lot-smith-company/","url_text":"\"Lot Smith Company | Utah Historical Markers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Utah and the American Civil War\". University of Oklahoma Press. Retrieved 2024-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oupress.com/9780870624414/utah-and-the-american-civil-war/","url_text":"\"Utah and the American Civil War\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://rsc.byu.edu/civil-war-saints/lot-smith-cavalry-company-utah-goes-war","external_links_name":"\"The Lot Smith Cavalry Company: Utah Goes to War | Religious Studies Center\""},{"Link":"https://utahhistoricalmarkers.org/tag/lot-smith-company/","external_links_name":"\"Lot Smith Company | Utah Historical Markers\""},{"Link":"https://www.oupress.com/9780870624414/utah-and-the-american-civil-war/","external_links_name":"\"Utah and the American Civil War\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26453332","external_links_name":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26453332"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttermilk_biscuit | Biscuit (bread) | ["1 History","1.1 Earlier history","1.2 Later history","2 Preparing","3 Serving","4 Variations","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Type of bread
For the flour-based, baked and shaped food product, see Biscuit. For the baked or cooked snack or dessert that is typically small, flat and sweet; known as Biscuits in British English and Cookies in American English, see Cookie. For other uses, see Biscuit (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Scone.
BiscuitBiscuits with jamTypeQuick breadCourseBreakfast, lunch, dinnerPlace of originUnited StatesMain ingredientsFlour, baking powder, solid fat such as shortening, milkFood energy(per serving)200 kcal Cookbook: Biscuit Media: Biscuit
In the United States a biscuit is a variety of baked bread with a firm, dry exterior and a soft, crumbly interior. In Canada it sometimes also refers to this or a traditional European biscuit. It is made with baking powder as a leavening agent rather than yeast, and at times is called a baking powder biscuit to differentiate it from other types. Like other forms of bread, a biscuit is often served with butter or other condiments, flavored with other ingredients, or combined with other types of food to make sandwiches or other dishes.
Biscuits, soda breads, cornbread, and similar breads are all considered quick breads, meaning that they do not need time for the dough to rise before baking.
Biscuits developed from hardtack, which was first made from only flour and water, with later first lard and then baking powder being added. The long development over time and place explains why the word biscuit can, depending upon the context and the speaker's English dialect, refer to very different baked goods.
History
Main article: Biscuit
Earlier history
American English and British English use the same word to refer to two distinctly different modern foods. Early hard biscuits (United States: cookies) were derived from a simple, storable version of bread. The word "biscuit" itself originates from the medieval Latin word biscoctus, meaning "twice-cooked".
The modern Italian baked goods known as biscotti (also meaning "twice-cooked" in Italian) most closely resemble the Medieval Latin item and cooking technique.
As the English language developed, different baked goods ended up sharing the same name. The soft bread is called a biscuit in North America, and the hard baked goods are called biscuits in the UK.
The differences in the usage of biscuit in the English speaking world are remarked on by Elizabeth David in English Bread and Yeast Cookery. She writes, It is interesting that these soft biscuits are common to Guernsey, and that the term biscuit as applied to a soft product was retained in these places, and in America, whereas in England it has completely died out.
Early British settlers in the United States brought with them a simple, easy style of cooking, most often based on ground wheat and warmed with gravy. Most were not wealthy men and women, and so it was a source of cheap nutrition. A very similar practice was also popular once with the Royal Navy as hard, flour-based biscuits would keep for long journeys at sea but would also become so difficult to chew that they had to be softened up. These were first introduced in 1588 to the rations of ships and found their way into the New World by the 1700s at the latest.
The biscuit emerged as a distinct food type in the early 19th century, before the American Civil War. Cooks created a cheaply produced addition for their meals that required no yeast, which was expensive and difficult to store. With no leavening agents except the bitter-tasting pearlash available, beaten biscuits were laboriously beaten and folded to incorporate air into the dough which expanded when heated in the oven causing the biscuit to rise. In eating, the advantage of the biscuit over a slice of bread was that it was harder, and hence kept its shape when wiping up gravy in the popular combination biscuits and gravy.
In 1875, Alexander P. Ashbourne patented the first biscuit cutter in the United States, useful for making cookies, cakes, or baking powder biscuits. It consisted of a board to roll the biscuits out on, which was hinged to a metal plate with various biscuit cutter shapes mounted to it.
Later history
1948 ad for Ballard Biscuits as described.
Southern chefs may have had an advantage in creating biscuits. Northern American all-purpose flours, mainly grown in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, are made from the hard spring wheats that grow in the North's cold-winter climate. Southern American bleached all-purpose flours, originally grown in the Carolinas, Georgia and Tennessee before national food distribution networks, are made from the soft winter wheat that grows in the warm Southern summer. This summer growth results in wheat that has less protein, which is more suited to the creation of quick breads, as well as cookies, cakes and muffins.
Pre-shaped ready-to-bake biscuits can be purchased in supermarkets, in the form of small refrigerated cylindrical segments of dough encased in a cardboard can. These refrigerator biscuits were patented by Ballard and Ballard in 1931.
Preparing
Originally, biscuits were little more than wheat flour and water, baked to form hardtack, which was carried by travelers because it stored for long periods of time. By the early 1800s, commercial baking powder was developed and the biscuit took a form that resembles the modern biscuit.
A typical modern recipe will include baking powder or baking soda, flour, salt, shortening or butter, and milk or buttermilk. The percentages of these ingredients vary as historically the recipe would pass orally from family to family and generation to generation. Biscuits are almost always a savory food item. Sugar is rare or included in only small quantities, and was not part of the traditional recipe. Self-rising flour can be used, which combines leavening agents with flour to simplify mixing.
Biscuits can be prepared for baking in several ways. The dough can be rolled out flat and cut into rounds, which expand when baked into flaky-layered cylinders (rolled biscuits). If extra liquid is added, the dough's texture changes to resemble stiff pancake batter so that small spoonfuls can be dropped upon the baking sheet to produce drop biscuits, which are more amorphous in texture and shape.
Although most biscuits are made without yeast, a type of biscuit called an angel biscuit contains yeast as well, as do those made with a sourdough starter.
Serving
Biscuits may be eaten for breakfast. They are meant to be served warm with a choice of spread of butter, honey, cane syrup, or some fruit-based jam. A savory breakfast is also possible, with biscuits cut in half becoming the Southern version of the breakfast sandwich, in which any combination of Country ham, tomato, scrambled eggs, bacon, or sausage is put in the biscuits' halves as a filling. They are sometimes served with a biscuit warmer, with the aim of keeping the biscuit warm throughout the duration of the meal.
For dinner, they are a popular accompaniment to fried chicken, nearly all types of Southern barbecue, and several Lowcountry dishes. They also often figure in to the Southern version of Thanksgiving dinner as well.
Open biscuit with honey being drizzled in it
Biscuits and gravy
Sausage biscuit
A breakfast sandwich featuring eggs, bacon jam, and microgreens on a buttermilk biscuit.
Biscuit with fried chicken thigh and sausage gravy at Biscuit Love in Nashville, Tennessee
North Carolina Style Southern Fried Chicken Biscuit prepared by The Ji Spot in Taipei, Taiwan.
Variations
Cheese-flavored drop biscuits
Cat head biscuits (or cathead biscuits) are named because of the larger size of the biscuit (about the size of a cat's head) and somewhat mishappen form. These are normally prepared rolled flat, without layers.
Biscuits may be flavored with other ingredients. For example, the baker may add grated cheddar or American cheese to the basic recipe to produce cheese biscuits. Home cooks may use mass-produced, ultra-processed refrigerator biscuits for a quicker alternative to rolled or drop biscuits.
A sweet biscuit layered or topped with fruit (typically strawberries) and whipped cream is one type of shortcake.
See also
Scone — a British leavened bread-like baked good that is similar
Bizcocho — various different baked food items across the Latin world
Biskotso — a type of baked garlic bread from the Philippines
References
^ "Biscuits, plain or buttermilk, prepared from recipe". FoodData Central, USDA, Agricultural Research Service. 1 April 2019. FDC ID: 172670, NDB Number: 18016. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
^ Gisslen, Wayne; Griffin, Mary Ellen; Bleu, Le Cordon (2006). Professional Cooking for Canadian Chefs. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 931–933. ISBN 978-0-471-66377-5. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
^ Irma S. Rombauer; Marion Rombauer Becker; Ethan Becker (2006). The Joy of Cooking. New York: Scribner. p. 627. ISBN 978-0-7432-4626-2.
^ Ojakangas, Beatrice A. (2003). Quick Breads. Sally Sturman (ills.). University of Minnesota Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8166-4228-1. Archived from the original on 2024-04-02. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
^ Dupree, Nathalie; Graubart, Cynthia (2011). Southern Biscuits. Gibbs Smith. p. 12. ISBN 9781423621775. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
^ a b c Olver, Lynne (June 24, 2012). "history notes—cookies, crackers & biscuits". The Food Timeline. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ Elizabeth David (1977). "Yeast Buns and Small Tea Cakes" ("Soft Biscuits" section). English Bread and Yeast Cookery. Penguin Books Ltd., London ISBN 0-7139-1026-7
^ "Science and Technology: African Inventors in the Americas". Archived from the original on 2024-04-02. Retrieved 2021-04-30.
^ US 170460, Ashbourne, Alexander P., "Improvement in biscuit-cutters", published 1875-11-30, issued 1875-11-30
^ Dewan, Shaila (2008-06-18). "Biscuit Bakers' Treasured Mill Moves North". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
^ "How to make the best Buttermilk Biscuits". pinchmysalt.com. 18 September 2007. Archived from the original on 2010-01-14. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
^ Dupree, Nathalie; Graubart, Cynthia (2011). Southern Biscuits. Gibbs Smith. pp. 12–16. ISBN 978-1-4236-2176-8.
^ Dupree, Nathalie; Graubart, Cynthia (2011). Southern Biscuits. Gibbs Smith. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4236-2176-8.
^ "The 11 Best Buttermilk Biscuits in Charleston". May 2, 2019. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
^ "15 Dishes Every Southern Thanksgiving Dinner Should Have". The Spruce Eats. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2019-10-05.
^ Cara Rose (April 4, 2019). "The Appalachian Cat Head Biscuit". Pocahontas Times. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
^ Better Home's and Garden Cookbook
External links
Media related to Biscuits (bread) at Wikimedia Commons
vteAmerican breadsAmerican breads
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Cornbread
Cornell bread
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Frybread
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Hushpuppy
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Muffin
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Pepperoni roll
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Miscellaneous
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List of American breads
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Category:American breads
Food portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biscuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuit"},{"link_name":"Cookie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie"},{"link_name":"Biscuit (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuit_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Scone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scone"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"biscuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuit"},{"link_name":"baking powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baking_powder"},{"link_name":"leavening agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leavening_agent"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"sandwiches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich"},{"link_name":"soda breads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_bread"},{"link_name":"cornbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornbread"},{"link_name":"quick breads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_bread"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"hardtack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtack"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dupree-5"},{"link_name":"English dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_dialect"}],"text":"For the flour-based, baked and shaped food product, see Biscuit. For the baked or cooked snack or dessert that is typically small, flat and sweet; known as Biscuits in British English and Cookies in American English, see Cookie. For other uses, see Biscuit (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Scone.In the United States a biscuit is a variety of baked bread with a firm, dry exterior and a soft, crumbly interior. In Canada it sometimes also refers to this or a traditional European biscuit. It is made with baking powder as a leavening agent rather than yeast, and at times is called a baking powder biscuit to differentiate it from other types.[2] Like other forms of bread, a biscuit is often served with butter or other condiments, flavored with other ingredients, or combined with other types of food to make sandwiches or other dishes.Biscuits, soda breads, cornbread, and similar breads are all considered quick breads, meaning that they do not need time for the dough to rise before baking.[3][4]Biscuits developed from hardtack, which was first made from only flour and water, with later first lard and then baking powder being added.[5] The long development over time and place explains why the word biscuit can, depending upon the context and the speaker's English dialect, refer to very different baked goods.","title":"Biscuit (bread)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"British English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"cookies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookies"},{"link_name":"bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FTL-6"},{"link_name":"medieval Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latin"},{"link_name":"biscoctus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biscoctus"},{"link_name":"biscotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscotti"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BiscuitsAmerican%26British.png"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_David"},{"link_name":"Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FTL-6"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"pearlash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearlash"},{"link_name":"beaten biscuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaten_biscuit"},{"link_name":"biscuits and gravy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuits_and_gravy"},{"link_name":"Alexander P. Ashbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_P._Ashbourne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"biscuit cutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_cutter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Earlier history","text":"American English and British English use the same word to refer to two distinctly different modern foods. Early hard biscuits (United States: cookies) were derived from a simple, storable version of bread.[6] The word \"biscuit\" itself originates from the medieval Latin word biscoctus, meaning \"twice-cooked\".The modern Italian baked goods known as biscotti (also meaning \"twice-cooked\" in Italian) most closely resemble the Medieval Latin item and cooking technique.As the English language developed, different baked goods ended up sharing the same name. The soft bread is called a biscuit in North America, and the hard baked goods are called biscuits in the UK.The differences in the usage of biscuit in the English speaking world are remarked on by Elizabeth David in English Bread and Yeast Cookery. She writes,It is interesting that these soft biscuits are common to Guernsey, and that the term biscuit as applied to a soft product was retained in these places, and in America, whereas in England it has completely died out.[7]Early British settlers in the United States brought with them a simple, easy style of cooking, most often based on ground wheat and warmed with gravy.[6] Most were not wealthy men and women, and so it was a source of cheap nutrition. A very similar practice was also popular once with the Royal Navy as hard, flour-based biscuits would keep for long journeys at sea but would also become so difficult to chew that they had to be softened up. These were first introduced in 1588 to the rations of ships and found their way into the New World by the 1700s at the latest.The biscuit emerged as a distinct food type in the early 19th century, before the American Civil War. Cooks created a cheaply produced addition for their meals that required no yeast, which was expensive and difficult to store. With no leavening agents except the bitter-tasting pearlash available, beaten biscuits were laboriously beaten and folded to incorporate air into the dough which expanded when heated in the oven causing the biscuit to rise. In eating, the advantage of the biscuit over a slice of bread was that it was harder, and hence kept its shape when wiping up gravy in the popular combination biscuits and gravy.In 1875, Alexander P. Ashbourne patented the first biscuit cutter in the United States, useful for making cookies, cakes, or baking powder biscuits.[8][9] It consisted of a board to roll the biscuits out on, which was hinged to a metal plate with various biscuit cutter shapes mounted to it.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ballard_biscuits_ad_The_Ladies%27_home_journal_(1948)_(14580711967)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Carolinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolinas"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"cakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cake"},{"link_name":"muffins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muffin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FTL-6"}],"sub_title":"Later history","text":"1948 ad for Ballard Biscuits as described.Southern chefs may have had an advantage in creating biscuits. Northern American all-purpose flours, mainly grown in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, are made from the hard spring wheats that grow in the North's cold-winter climate. Southern American bleached all-purpose flours, originally grown in the Carolinas, Georgia and Tennessee before national food distribution networks, are made from the soft winter wheat that grows in the warm Southern summer. This summer growth results in wheat that has less protein, which is more suited to the creation of quick breads, as well as cookies, cakes and muffins.[10][11]Pre-shaped ready-to-bake biscuits can be purchased in supermarkets, in the form of small refrigerated cylindrical segments of dough encased in a cardboard can. These refrigerator biscuits were patented by Ballard and Ballard in 1931.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hardtack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtack"},{"link_name":"buttermilk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttermilk"},{"link_name":"Self-rising flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-rising_flour"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsmith-12"},{"link_name":"sourdough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sourdough"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsmithp94-13"}],"text":"Originally, biscuits were little more than wheat flour and water, baked to form hardtack, which was carried by travelers because it stored for long periods of time. By the early 1800s, commercial baking powder was developed and the biscuit took a form that resembles the modern biscuit.A typical modern recipe will include baking powder or baking soda, flour, salt, shortening or butter, and milk or buttermilk. The percentages of these ingredients vary as historically the recipe would pass orally from family to family and generation to generation. Biscuits are almost always a savory food item. Sugar is rare or included in only small quantities, and was not part of the traditional recipe. Self-rising flour can be used, which combines leavening agents with flour to simplify mixing.Biscuits can be prepared for baking in several ways. The dough can be rolled out flat and cut into rounds, which expand when baked into flaky-layered cylinders (rolled biscuits). If extra liquid is added, the dough's texture changes to resemble stiff pancake batter so that small spoonfuls can be dropped upon the baking sheet to produce drop biscuits, which are more amorphous in texture and shape.[12]Although most biscuits are made without yeast, a type of biscuit called an angel biscuit contains yeast as well, as do those made with a sourdough starter.[13]","title":"Preparing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"breakfast sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_sandwich"},{"link_name":"Country ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_ham"},{"link_name":"tomato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato"},{"link_name":"scrambled eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrambled_eggs"},{"link_name":"bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon"},{"link_name":"sausage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_sausage"},{"link_name":"biscuit warmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuit_warmer"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"fried chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fried_chicken"},{"link_name":"Southern barbecue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbecue_in_the_United_States#Barbecue_tradition"},{"link_name":"Lowcountry dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Thanksgiving dinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_dinner"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biscuit_which_has_been_broken_open.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biscuits_and_gravy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Biscuits and gravy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuits_and_gravy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sausage_biscuit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sausage biscuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_sandwich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egg_sandwich_on_biscuit.jpg"},{"link_name":"eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omelette"},{"link_name":"bacon jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon_jam"},{"link_name":"microgreens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgreens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biscuit_with_fried_chicken_thigh_%26_sausage_gravy_at_Biscuit_Love_in_Nashville,_TN.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Carolina_Style_Southern_Fried_Chicken_Biscuit_Sandwich.jpg"}],"text":"Biscuits may be eaten for breakfast. They are meant to be served warm with a choice of spread of butter, honey, cane syrup, or some fruit-based jam. A savory breakfast is also possible, with biscuits cut in half becoming the Southern version of the breakfast sandwich, in which any combination of Country ham, tomato, scrambled eggs, bacon, or sausage is put in the biscuits' halves as a filling. They are sometimes served with a biscuit warmer, with the aim of keeping the biscuit warm throughout the duration of the meal.[citation needed]For dinner, they are a popular accompaniment to fried chicken, nearly all types of Southern barbecue, and several Lowcountry dishes.[14] They also often figure in to the Southern version of Thanksgiving dinner as well.[15]Open biscuit with honey being drizzled in it\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBiscuits and gravy\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSausage biscuit\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA breakfast sandwich featuring eggs, bacon jam, and microgreens on a buttermilk biscuit.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBiscuit with fried chicken thigh and sausage gravy at Biscuit Love in Nashville, Tennessee\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorth Carolina Style Southern Fried Chicken Biscuit prepared by The Ji Spot in Taipei, Taiwan.","title":"Serving"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Home_made_cheddar_cheese_biscuits.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cathead-16"},{"link_name":"cheddar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheddar_cheese"},{"link_name":"American cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_cheese"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"ultra-processed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-processed"},{"link_name":"strawberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberries"},{"link_name":"shortcake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortcake"}],"text":"Cheese-flavored drop biscuitsCat head biscuits (or cathead biscuits) are named because of the larger size of the biscuit (about the size of a cat's head) and somewhat mishappen form. These are normally prepared rolled flat, without layers. [16]Biscuits may be flavored with other ingredients. For example, the baker may add grated cheddar or American cheese to the basic recipe to produce cheese biscuits.[17] Home cooks may use mass-produced, ultra-processed refrigerator biscuits for a quicker alternative to rolled or drop biscuits.A sweet biscuit layered or topped with fruit (typically strawberries) and whipped cream is one type of shortcake.","title":"Variations"}] | [{"image_text":"As the English language developed, different baked goods ended up sharing the same name. The soft bread is called a biscuit in North America, and the hard baked goods are called biscuits in the UK.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/BiscuitsAmerican%26British.png/220px-BiscuitsAmerican%26British.png"},{"image_text":"1948 ad for Ballard Biscuits as described.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ballard_biscuits_ad_The_Ladies%27_home_journal_%281948%29_%2814580711967%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Ballard_biscuits_ad_The_Ladies%27_home_journal_%281948%29_%2814580711967%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cheese-flavored drop biscuits","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Home_made_cheddar_cheese_biscuits.jpg/220px-Home_made_cheddar_cheese_biscuits.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Scone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scone"},{"title":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"title":"leavened","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leavening_agent"},{"title":"Bizcocho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizcocho"},{"title":"Latin world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance-speaking_world"},{"title":"Biskotso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskotso"},{"title":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"}] | [{"reference":"\"Biscuits, plain or buttermilk, prepared from recipe\". FoodData Central, USDA, Agricultural Research Service. 1 April 2019. FDC ID: 172670, NDB Number: 18016. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2023-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/172670/nutrients","url_text":"\"Biscuits, plain or buttermilk, prepared from recipe\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190403171801/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/172670/nutrients","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gisslen, Wayne; Griffin, Mary Ellen; Bleu, Le Cordon (2006). Professional Cooking for Canadian Chefs. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 931–933. ISBN 978-0-471-66377-5. Retrieved 3 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EzSwCGBHr3YC&dq=biscuit+bread+canada&pg=PA932","url_text":"Professional Cooking for Canadian Chefs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-66377-5","url_text":"978-0-471-66377-5"}]},{"reference":"Irma S. Rombauer; Marion Rombauer Becker; Ethan Becker (2006). The Joy of Cooking. New York: Scribner. p. 627. ISBN 978-0-7432-4626-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_S._Rombauer","url_text":"Irma S. Rombauer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joy_of_Cooking","url_text":"The Joy of Cooking"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/joyofcooking00romb_0/page/627","url_text":"627"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4626-2","url_text":"978-0-7432-4626-2"}]},{"reference":"Ojakangas, Beatrice A. (2003). Quick Breads. Sally Sturman (ills.). University of Minnesota Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8166-4228-1. Archived from the original on 2024-04-02. Retrieved 2016-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Ojakangas","url_text":"Ojakangas, Beatrice A."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OwrKylEW5JIC","url_text":"Quick Breads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4228-1","url_text":"978-0-8166-4228-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240402035707/https://books.google.com/books?id=OwrKylEW5JIC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dupree, Nathalie; Graubart, Cynthia (2011). Southern Biscuits. Gibbs Smith. p. 12. ISBN 9781423621775. Retrieved 2020-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Dupree","url_text":"Dupree, Nathalie"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IQHgMruLw-4C&q=hardtack++&pg=PT7","url_text":"Southern Biscuits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781423621775","url_text":"9781423621775"}]},{"reference":"Olver, Lynne (June 24, 2012). \"history notes—cookies, crackers & biscuits\". The Food Timeline. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne_Olver","url_text":"Olver, Lynne"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20120804134845/http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcookies.html","url_text":"\"history notes—cookies, crackers & biscuits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Food_Timeline","url_text":"The Food Timeline"},{"url":"https://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcookies.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Science and Technology: African Inventors in the Americas\". Archived from the original on 2024-04-02. Retrieved 2021-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blackhistoryheroes.com/2013/02/science-and-technology-early-african.html","url_text":"\"Science and Technology: African Inventors in the Americas\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240402035714/https://www.blackhistoryheroes.com/2013/02/science-and-technology-early-african.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dewan, Shaila (2008-06-18). \"Biscuit Bakers' Treasured Mill Moves North\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2010-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/18/dining/18flour.html","url_text":"\"Biscuit Bakers' Treasured Mill Moves North\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111108020134/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/18/dining/18flour.html?","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How to make the best Buttermilk Biscuits\". pinchmysalt.com. 18 September 2007. Archived from the original on 2010-01-14. Retrieved 2010-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://pinchmysalt.com/2007/09/18/how-to-make-the-best-buttermilk-biscuits-from-scratch/","url_text":"\"How to make the best Buttermilk Biscuits\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100114054204/http://pinchmysalt.com/2007/09/18/how-to-make-the-best-buttermilk-biscuits-from-scratch/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dupree, Nathalie; Graubart, Cynthia (2011). Southern Biscuits. Gibbs Smith. pp. 12–16. ISBN 978-1-4236-2176-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4236-2176-8","url_text":"978-1-4236-2176-8"}]},{"reference":"Dupree, Nathalie; Graubart, Cynthia (2011). Southern Biscuits. Gibbs Smith. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4236-2176-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4236-2176-8","url_text":"978-1-4236-2176-8"}]},{"reference":"\"The 11 Best Buttermilk Biscuits in Charleston\". May 2, 2019. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.charlestoncvb.com/blog/buttermilk-biscuits","url_text":"\"The 11 Best Buttermilk Biscuits in Charleston\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210308020100/https://www.charlestoncvb.com/blog/buttermilk-biscuits","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"15 Dishes Every Southern Thanksgiving Dinner Should Have\". The Spruce Eats. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2019-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thespruceeats.com/southern-thanksgiving-dinner-recipes-4173849","url_text":"\"15 Dishes Every Southern Thanksgiving Dinner Should Have\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190923192408/https://www.thespruceeats.com/southern-thanksgiving-dinner-recipes-4173849","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cara Rose (April 4, 2019). \"The Appalachian Cat Head Biscuit\". Pocahontas Times. Retrieved May 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pocahontastimes.com/the-appalachian-cat-head-biscuit/","url_text":"\"The Appalachian Cat Head Biscuit\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/172670/nutrients","external_links_name":"\"Biscuits, plain or buttermilk, prepared from recipe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190403171801/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/172670/nutrients","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EzSwCGBHr3YC&dq=biscuit+bread+canada&pg=PA932","external_links_name":"Professional Cooking for Canadian Chefs"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/joyofcooking00romb_0/page/627","external_links_name":"627"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OwrKylEW5JIC","external_links_name":"Quick Breads"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240402035707/https://books.google.com/books?id=OwrKylEW5JIC","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IQHgMruLw-4C&q=hardtack++&pg=PT7","external_links_name":"Southern Biscuits"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120804134845/http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcookies.html","external_links_name":"\"history notes—cookies, crackers & biscuits\""},{"Link":"https://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcookies.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.blackhistoryheroes.com/2013/02/science-and-technology-early-african.html","external_links_name":"\"Science and Technology: African Inventors in the Americas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240402035714/https://www.blackhistoryheroes.com/2013/02/science-and-technology-early-african.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US170460","external_links_name":"US 170460"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/18/dining/18flour.html","external_links_name":"\"Biscuit Bakers' Treasured Mill Moves North\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111108020134/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/18/dining/18flour.html?","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://pinchmysalt.com/2007/09/18/how-to-make-the-best-buttermilk-biscuits-from-scratch/","external_links_name":"\"How to make the best Buttermilk Biscuits\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100114054204/http://pinchmysalt.com/2007/09/18/how-to-make-the-best-buttermilk-biscuits-from-scratch/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.charlestoncvb.com/blog/buttermilk-biscuits","external_links_name":"\"The 11 Best Buttermilk Biscuits in Charleston\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210308020100/https://www.charlestoncvb.com/blog/buttermilk-biscuits","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thespruceeats.com/southern-thanksgiving-dinner-recipes-4173849","external_links_name":"\"15 Dishes Every Southern Thanksgiving Dinner Should Have\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190923192408/https://www.thespruceeats.com/southern-thanksgiving-dinner-recipes-4173849","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://pocahontastimes.com/the-appalachian-cat-head-biscuit/","external_links_name":"\"The Appalachian Cat Head Biscuit\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oralman | Oralman | ["1 Distribution","2 Ethnic Kazakhs in China","3 Government repatriation initiatives","3.1 Integration centers","3.2 The nation-building initiative","4 Reintegration issues faced by Oralman","5 Oralman identity issues","6 Correlation of the 2011 Zhanaozen Massacre and the Oralman","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 Further reading"] | Ethnic Kazakh immigrants in Kazakhstan
Oralman (Kazakh: Оралман; lit. 'returnee') is a term used by Kazakh authorities to describe ethnic Kazakhs who have re-immigrated to Kazakhstan since the country gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
According to Article 1 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Migration" of December 13, 1997, the official term is kandas (Kazakh: қандас, "compatriot", "same-blood"): "Kandas are Kazakh foreigners or stateless persons who permanently resided outside the Republic of Kazakhstan at the time of independence and came to Kazakhstan for permanent residence."
Oralman usually come from the neighboring countries of China, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan, but also from countries with small Kazakh minorities such as Iran (Iranian Kazakhs), Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
Distribution
Oralman typically settle in areas of Kazakhstan adjacent to or near their former homes, either because of climate or convenience. Thus, returnees from Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan are often found in the south of Kazakhstan, while those from China and Mongolia are concentrated in the east. The government prefers to settle them in the north of the country, and offers them more benefits to resettle there; however, returnees themselves prefer regions such as the south where the Russian language is less important in everyday life.
According to research done by LSAR (Laboratory for Social and Anthropological Research), the Oralman can be divided into two general groups: those who returned in the 1990s and those who returned in the 2000s. The research showed that Oralman from the 1990s did not interact with Oralman from the 2000s, as the former saw themselves as locals and identified more closely with local Kazakhs. The research also described internal differences among Oralman depending on where they came from and what cultural values they had, with differences mainly rooted in language. Overall, they were able to discover several major divisions through asking samples of Oralman to describe who they see as "We" vs. "They":
Russians - Kazakhs
Russians - Oralman
Local Kazakhs - Oralman
Oralman from Mongolia - Oralman from China
Early Oralman - recently arrived Oralman
Oralman in urban environments – Oralman in Shyghys
Oralman from Altay Prefecture (China) - Oralman from Tacheng Prefecture (China)
Ethnic Kazakhs in China
According to Astrid Cerny's research paper, Going where the grass is greener: China Kazakhs and the Oralman immigration policy in Kazakhstan, approximately 1.1 million ethnic Kazakhs live in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region in the north of China. According to Cerny, this diaspora rose from the mass exodus that Kazakhstan faced in the 20th century. Cerny claims that the recent phenomenon of former ethnic Kazakhs willing to return to their motherland stems from a desire to maintain and strengthen cultural identity, as assimilating into different cultures has proved to be difficult for ethnic Kazakhs in China. According to the research paper, a combination of economic, ecological, and socio-political factors drove people to leave their countries of residence and return to their area of ethnic origin.
Government repatriation initiatives
Integration centers
One of the key issues in tackling the migration issue in Kazakhstan is to support the repatriation process of Kazakhs returning to Kazakhstan. The Republic of Kazakhstan has launched several integration centers for the temporary residence of the Oralman since 2008 in cities such as Karaganda and Shymkent and throughout the South. Through these centers, the government has tried to implement and ensure legal consultations, support for learning state languages, as well as support for vocational training and professional development.
The nation-building initiative
Since the beginning of Kazakh sovereignty in the early 1990s, Kazakh repatriates from abroad began to be co-ethnically reintegrated into Kazakh society. In response, Kazakh government policy has revolved around building a state for its titular ethnicity in order to overcome issues of Russification and promote the use of the Kazakh language. According to Kazakh migration policy, Kazakh ethnic purity is kept untouched even if repatriates have been abroad for generations.
The government's nation-building policy stresses that the repatriates need to contribute to Kazakhstan rather than becoming a social burden. Kazakhstan's migration and citizenship policies are based on the idea of Kazakh self-identification. The Kazakh government maintains that the only ethnic center for Kazakhs is and will be Kazakhstan itself. Government policy seeks to restore historical justice and describe the colonial past that forced people to flee Kazakhstan. However, sustaining such a consistent and effective migratory policy has been difficult.
Since Kazakhstan's independence, the country has struggled to sustain a large number of repatriates. One of the reasons for this is the unsustainable number of repatriates receiving financial support from the government, as Kazakhstan has been hit by economic crisis. For instance, the government planned to provide 10,000 households annually, but this proved impossible to sustain, and quotas had to be set as low as 500 households. However, as the country became more sustainable and achieved higher annual economic growth, the government began to refocus on the Oralman dilemma. For instance, in December 2008 it adopted the Nurly Kosh (Bright Move) program, aiming to effectively situate immigrants, as well as repatriates, with employment and housing.
Reintegration issues faced by Oralman
According to Natsuko, Kazakh locals generally consider repatriates as the "other" and not "authentic" co-ethnics. Local communities claim that Oralman share the Kazakh ethnicity only through name and that the special government treatment of repatriates is unfair.
Linguistic differences also challenge Oralman reintegration. Kazakhs, Mongolians, and Russians usually write with Cyrillic script. However, Turkmens and Uzbeks usually use Latin alphabets, and repatriates from Latinized countries generally have difficulty learning Cyrillic script, which eventually creates problems for them in secondary and higher education. Many Kazakhs prefer a gradual shift to the Russian language, whereas Oralman have preserved the Kazakh language. This cultural division between native Kazakhs and Oralman has complicated the nation-building process, but it is likely to no longer be an issue by 2025, once Kazakhstan officially completes its transition from Cyrillic to Latin script.
Oralman often face difficulty integrating into the labor market and communicating due to insufficient command of the Russian language, which remains an important Lingua Franca in Kazakhstan. On a separate note, Oralman from China form the majority of Mandarin teachers at universities in Kazakhstan.
On the other hand, Oralman who have attained higher education abroad may receive unnecessary state support that would better serve local Kazakhs, as the Kazakh government can not afford to provide both returnees and locals with consistent financial support. Furthermore, the repatriates see themselves, rather than locals, as genuine Kazakhs, as they have been able to preserve an "authentic" Kazakh identity even after living abroad for generations. This superior self-identity further alienates repatriates from local communities.
The Kazakh government understands that, in many ways, Oralman have preserved traditional Kazakh customs and identity, and are able to contribute to reviving traditional Kazakh culture both abroad and within Kazakhstan, as through decades of Russification, native Kazakhs have been stripped of uniquely Kazakh culture. Despite the professed cultural value of Oralman, many repatriates have been faced with prejudice from locals. Many locals espouse critical perceptions of repatriates, raising the questions “Why does the government give people from China and Mongolia so much money?" and "Why don’t they give it to people from Kazakhstan to make their lives better?”. Oralman are sometimes portrayed as uneducated and welfare-dependent resettlers who harm to Kazakh society. Despite this perception, the Kazakh government has set Oralman as state priorities that boost the ethnic Kazakh population, which has risen by nearly 20% since Kazakh independence. The government considers that use of the Kazakh language will be boosted by Oralman and would speed the Kazakh-ification of Russian-dominated regions in the north. A rising sense of nationalism and cultural identity has been observed in Kazakhstan since the beginning of the Ukrainian Crisis of 2014, which was a trigger event for the Kazakh government to expand its repatriation efforts and promote the strengthening of its nation-building program.
Although there existed dissent surrounding the reintegration of the Kazakh repatriates through the nation-building process, there has not been substantial widespread cultural or ethnic conflicts between Kazakhs, repatriates, and minority groups, as non-Kazakh minorities and ethnic Kazakh citizens have not objected to the Kazakh-oriented state-building process.
One aspect that gives the reintegration process impetus is the absence of political counterforce towards current migratory policies, and it seems unlikely that political resistance to reintegration will develop. Natsuko Oka writes, describing the weight of the reintegration issue on the Kazakh community and state, "Having defined itself as the state for all Kazakhs of the world, Kazakhstan has entitled co-ethnics with the right of return to their ancestral homeland to become full-fledged citizens. If the government declares that the state cannot accept ethnic brethren any more, such a decision will surely invite severe criticism from Kazakh nationalists as well as immigrants, who will readily cast the ruling elites as traitors to the Kazakh nation. On the other hand, instability in the society will only grow worse if new immigrants continue to arrive while the integration of those who already have settled barely proceeds, and their social problems remain unsolved. Kazakhstan finds itself caught in a dilemma: because of its ethnic roots and decolonization agenda, Kazakh repatriation policy cannot be easily abandoned even if it creates more problems than benefits."
Oralman identity issues
Identity is a complicated issue. According to E. Erickson's theory of identity, the one's self-image integrates with the surrounding world, which can manifest into successful sublimations, active protective mechanisms, preferable potentials, etc. Ethnicity plays an important role in issues of personal and group identity in Kazakhstan, as it forms the basis for understanding objective characteristics features such as place of birth, language, socioeconomic status, race, etc.
According to a study published in the Kazakh-American Free University Academic Journal on the ethno-linguistic identities of repatriates in modern Kazakhstan, repatriates between the ages of 17-25 were identified as generally having undergone the identity crisis "Who am I?". Along with this identity issue, repatriates also undergo problems in receiving secondary education in their mother tongue. Most of the time they are taught either through a bilingual secondary program or only in Kazakh, which causes a spill-over effect on the education system of other states and places huge strains in adaptational programs for repatriates.
Other factors influence repatriate identity, such as ethnic-linguistic identification, including the level of proficiency in their language, socio-economic situation, and residence area. Identity loss and the ethnic-linguistic issue among Kazakh repatriates is dependent on many factors and highly individual-specific.
Correlation of the 2011 Zhanaozen Massacre and the Oralman
The 2011 labor worker strike massacre in the city of Zhanaozen in the Mangistau Region brought negative public opinion towards the Oralman, who allegedly provoked the killing. More than 12 people died in the incident, and the oil workers' demand for higher wages and better working conditions was denied. The Oralman were criticized by the Chairman of the Board of the National Welfare Fund Samruk-Kazyna as defectors and instigators of the strike. Kazakh nationalists labeled this insult as discriminatory towards the Oralman, as well as an attempt at defaming the group. It is believed that immigration of repatriates into the region seriously burdened local authorities. Due to this, the government temporarily reconsidered its quota system, reducing it for the next 4 months. According to Oka Natsuko in A Note on Ethnic Return Migration Policy in Kazakhstan: Changing Priorities and a Growing Dilemma, the Zhanaozen incident indicated that the government had failed to create an effective scheme for utilizing labor and satisfying the needs of Kazakh immigrants.
See also
Kazakh exodus from Xinjiang
Notes
^ Kueppers, Alfred (2004-04-22), "Ethnic Kazakhs Find Titular Homeland to be Economic Haven", Eurasianet.org, retrieved 2007-09-19
^ Tan, Vivian (2007-08-09), "After generations away, Kazakhs come home to an independent country", Reuters Alertnet, retrieved 2007-09-19
^ "Special report on ethnic Kazakhs and the struggle to return - Continued", Reuters Alertnet, 2003-09-03, retrieved 2010-06-08
^ "Identity and Conflict at the Borders: Adaptation of Oralmans in East Kazakhstan", Laboratory for Social and Anthropological Research, Department of History, Tomsk State University, retrieved 2017-04-09
^ Cerny, Astrid, Going where the grass is greener: China Kazakhs and the Oralman immigration policy in Kazakhstan (PDF), retrieved 2017-03-28
^ a b Rights of the Oralman, 2004-04-22, retrieved 2017-03-28
^ Rights of the Oralman, 2004-04-22, retrieved 2017-03-28
^ a b c d e Oka, Natsuko, A Note on Ethnic Return Migration Policy in Kazakhstan: Changing Priorities and a Growing Dilemma (PDF), retrieved 2017-04-09
^ "Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters". The Guardian. October 26, 2017.
^ UNDP 2006, p. 23
^ Laruelle & Peyrouse 2009, pp. 116–117
^ Lillis, Joanna, Kazakhstan: Astana Entices Kazakhs From Abroad Amid Ukraine Crisis, retrieved 2017-04-09
^ a b Baurzhan, Bokayev, Ethnic-linguistic identification of repatriates in modern Kazakhstan, retrieved 2017-04-09
References
Laruelle, Marlène; Peyrouse, Sebastien (2009), "Cross-border Minorities as Cultural and Economic Mediators between China and Central Asia" (PDF), China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, 7 (1): 29–46, ISSN 1653-4212, retrieved 2009-04-17
Status of Oralmans in Kazakhstan (PDF), Almaty: International Organization for Migration/United Nations Development Programme, 2006, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22, retrieved 2010-06-08
Genina, Anna (2015). Claiming Ancestral Homelandsː Mongolian Kazakh migration in Inner Asia (PDF) (A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan).
Further reading
Diener, Alexander C. (2005), "Problematic Integration of Mongolian-Kazakh Return Migrants in Kazakhstan", Eurasian Geography and Economics, 46 (6): 465–478, doi:10.2747/1538-7216.46.6.465
Diener, Alexander C. (2009), One Homeland or Two?: The Nationalization and Transnationalization of Mongolia's Kazakhs, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-6191-8
vte Kazakh diasporaBy country
Canada
China
Iran
Russia
United States
See also
Kazakh exodus from Xinjiang
Oralman | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_people"},{"link_name":"re-immigrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration"},{"link_name":"independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(Kazakhstan)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kueppers-1"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Iranian Kazakhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"}],"text":"Oralman (Kazakh: Оралман; lit. 'returnee') is a term used by Kazakh authorities to describe ethnic Kazakhs who have re-immigrated to Kazakhstan since the country gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.[1]According to Article 1 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan \"On Migration\" of December 13, 1997, the official term is kandas (Kazakh: қандас, \"compatriot\", \"same-blood\"): \"Kandas [compatriots] are Kazakh foreigners or stateless persons who permanently resided outside the Republic of Kazakhstan at the time of independence and came to Kazakhstan for permanent residence.\"Oralman usually come from the neighboring countries of China, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan, but also from countries with small Kazakh minorities such as Iran (Iranian Kazakhs), Afghanistan, and Pakistan.","title":"Oralman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Russian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"LSAR (Laboratory for Social and Anthropological Research)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lsar.tsu.ru/en"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LSAR-4"},{"link_name":"Shyghys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kazakhstan_Region"},{"link_name":"Altay Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altay_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Tacheng Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacheng_Prefecture"}],"text":"Oralman typically settle in areas of Kazakhstan adjacent to or near their former homes, either because of climate or convenience. Thus, returnees from Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan are often found in the south of Kazakhstan, while those from China and Mongolia are concentrated in the east.[2] The government prefers to settle them in the north of the country, and offers them more benefits to resettle there; however, returnees themselves prefer regions such as the south where the Russian language is less important in everyday life.[3]According to research done by LSAR (Laboratory for Social and Anthropological Research), the Oralman can be divided into two general groups: those who returned in the 1990s and those who returned in the 2000s. The research showed that Oralman from the 1990s did not interact with Oralman from the 2000s, as the former saw themselves as locals and identified more closely with local Kazakhs. The research also described internal differences among Oralman depending on where they came from and what cultural values they had, with differences mainly rooted in language. Overall, they were able to discover several major divisions through asking samples of Oralman to describe who they see as \"We\" vs. \"They\":[4]Russians - Kazakhs\nRussians - Oralman\nLocal Kazakhs - Oralman\nOralman from Mongolia - Oralman from China\nEarly Oralman - recently arrived Oralman\nOralman in urban environments – Oralman in Shyghys\nOralman from Altay Prefecture (China) - Oralman from Tacheng Prefecture (China)","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cerny-5"}],"text":"According to Astrid Cerny's research paper, Going where the grass is greener: China Kazakhs and the Oralman immigration policy in Kazakhstan, approximately 1.1 million ethnic Kazakhs live in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region in the north of China. According to Cerny, this diaspora rose from the mass exodus that Kazakhstan faced in the 20th century. Cerny claims that the recent phenomenon of former ethnic Kazakhs willing to return to their motherland stems from a desire to maintain and strengthen cultural identity, as assimilating into different cultures has proved to be difficult for ethnic Kazakhs in China. According to the research paper, a combination of economic, ecological, and socio-political factors drove people to leave their countries of residence and return to their area of ethnic origin.[5]","title":"Ethnic Kazakhs in China"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Government repatriation initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"repatriation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rights_of_the_Oralman-6"},{"link_name":"Karaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaganda"},{"link_name":"Shymkent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shymkent"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rights_of_the_Oralman-6"}],"sub_title":"Integration centers","text":"One of the key issues in tackling the migration issue in Kazakhstan is to support the repatriation process of Kazakhs returning to Kazakhstan.[6] The Republic of Kazakhstan has launched several integration centers for the temporary residence of the Oralman since 2008 in cities such as Karaganda and Shymkent and throughout the South.[7] Through these centers, the government has tried to implement and ensure legal consultations, support for learning state languages, as well as support for vocational training and professional development.[6]","title":"Government repatriation initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification"},{"link_name":"Kazakh language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oka-8"}],"sub_title":"The nation-building initiative","text":"Since the beginning of Kazakh sovereignty in the early 1990s, Kazakh repatriates from abroad began to be co-ethnically reintegrated into Kazakh society. In response, Kazakh government policy has revolved around building a state for its titular ethnicity in order to overcome issues of Russification and promote the use of the Kazakh language. According to Kazakh migration policy, Kazakh ethnic purity is kept untouched even if repatriates have been abroad for generations.The government's nation-building policy stresses that the repatriates need to contribute to Kazakhstan rather than becoming a social burden. Kazakhstan's migration and citizenship policies are based on the idea of Kazakh self-identification. The Kazakh government maintains that the only ethnic center for Kazakhs is and will be Kazakhstan itself. Government policy seeks to restore historical justice and describe the colonial past that forced people to flee Kazakhstan. However, sustaining such a consistent and effective migratory policy has been difficult.Since Kazakhstan's independence, the country has struggled to sustain a large number of repatriates. One of the reasons for this is the unsustainable number of repatriates receiving financial support from the government, as Kazakhstan has been hit by economic crisis. For instance, the government planned to provide 10,000 households annually, but this proved impossible to sustain, and quotas had to be set as low as 500 households. However, as the country became more sustainable and achieved higher annual economic growth, the government began to refocus on the Oralman dilemma. For instance, in December 2008 it adopted the Nurly Kosh (Bright Move) program, aiming to effectively situate immigrants, as well as repatriates, with employment and housing.[8]","title":"Government repatriation initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oka-8"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_script"},{"link_name":"Latin alphabets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lingua Franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"universities in Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oka-8"},{"link_name":"Kazakh culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Crisis of 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ukraine_conflict"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lillis-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oka-8"}],"text":"According to Natsuko, Kazakh locals generally consider repatriates as the \"other\" and not \"authentic\" co-ethnics. Local communities claim that Oralman share the Kazakh ethnicity only through name and that the special government treatment of repatriates is unfair.[8]Linguistic differences also challenge Oralman reintegration. Kazakhs, Mongolians, and Russians usually write with Cyrillic script. However, Turkmens and Uzbeks usually use Latin alphabets, and repatriates from Latinized countries generally have difficulty learning Cyrillic script, which eventually creates problems for them in secondary and higher education. Many Kazakhs prefer a gradual shift to the Russian language, whereas Oralman have preserved the Kazakh language. This cultural division between native Kazakhs and Oralman has complicated the nation-building process, but it is likely to no longer be an issue by 2025, once Kazakhstan officially completes its transition from Cyrillic to Latin script.[9]Oralman often face difficulty integrating into the labor market and communicating due to insufficient command of the Russian language, which remains an important Lingua Franca in Kazakhstan.[10] On a separate note, Oralman from China form the majority of Mandarin teachers at universities in Kazakhstan.[11]On the other hand, Oralman who have attained higher education abroad may receive unnecessary state support that would better serve local Kazakhs, as the Kazakh government can not afford to provide both returnees and locals with consistent financial support. Furthermore, the repatriates see themselves, rather than locals, as genuine Kazakhs, as they have been able to preserve an \"authentic\" Kazakh identity even after living abroad for generations. This superior self-identity further alienates repatriates from local communities.[8]The Kazakh government understands that, in many ways, Oralman have preserved traditional Kazakh customs and identity, and are able to contribute to reviving traditional Kazakh culture both abroad and within Kazakhstan, as through decades of Russification, native Kazakhs have been stripped of uniquely Kazakh culture. Despite the professed cultural value of Oralman, many repatriates have been faced with prejudice from locals. Many locals espouse critical perceptions of repatriates, raising the questions “Why does the government give people from China and Mongolia so much money?\" and \"Why don’t they give it to people from Kazakhstan to make their lives better?”. Oralman are sometimes portrayed as uneducated and welfare-dependent resettlers who harm to Kazakh society. Despite this perception, the Kazakh government has set Oralman as state priorities that boost the ethnic Kazakh population, which has risen by nearly 20% since Kazakh independence. The government considers that use of the Kazakh language will be boosted by Oralman and would speed the Kazakh-ification of Russian-dominated regions in the north. A rising sense of nationalism and cultural identity has been observed in Kazakhstan since the beginning of the Ukrainian Crisis of 2014, which was a trigger event for the Kazakh government to expand its repatriation efforts and promote the strengthening of its nation-building program.[12]Although there existed dissent surrounding the reintegration of the Kazakh repatriates through the nation-building process, there has not been substantial widespread cultural or ethnic conflicts between Kazakhs, repatriates, and minority groups, as non-Kazakh minorities and ethnic Kazakh citizens have not objected to the Kazakh-oriented state-building process.One aspect that gives the reintegration process impetus is the absence of political counterforce towards current migratory policies, and it seems unlikely that political resistance to reintegration will develop. Natsuko Oka writes, describing the weight of the reintegration issue on the Kazakh community and state, \"Having defined itself as the state for all Kazakhs of the world, Kazakhstan has entitled co-ethnics with the right of return to their ancestral homeland to become full-fledged citizens. If the government declares that the state cannot accept ethnic brethren any more, such a decision will surely invite severe criticism from Kazakh nationalists as well as immigrants, who will readily cast the ruling elites as traitors to the Kazakh nation. On the other hand, instability in the society will only grow worse if new immigrants continue to arrive while the integration of those who already have settled barely proceeds, and their social problems remain unsolved. Kazakhstan finds itself caught in a dilemma: because of its ethnic roots and decolonization agenda, Kazakh repatriation policy cannot be easily abandoned even if it creates more problems than benefits.\"[8]","title":"Reintegration issues faced by Oralman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"self-image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-image"},{"link_name":"sublimations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"socioeconomic status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic_status"},{"link_name":"race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baurzhan-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baurzhan-13"}],"text":"Identity is a complicated issue. According to E. Erickson's theory of identity[citation needed], the one's self-image integrates with the surrounding world, which can manifest into successful sublimations, active protective mechanisms, preferable potentials, etc. Ethnicity plays an important role in issues of personal and group identity in Kazakhstan, as it forms the basis for understanding objective characteristics features such as place of birth, language, socioeconomic status, race, etc.[13]According to a study published in the Kazakh-American Free University Academic Journal on the ethno-linguistic identities of repatriates in modern Kazakhstan, repatriates between the ages of 17-25 were identified as generally having undergone the identity crisis \"Who am I?\". Along with this identity issue, repatriates also undergo problems in receiving secondary education in their mother tongue. Most of the time they are taught either through a bilingual secondary program or only in Kazakh, which causes a spill-over effect on the education system of other states and places huge strains in adaptational programs for repatriates.Other factors influence repatriate identity, such as ethnic-linguistic identification, including the level of proficiency in their language, socio-economic situation, and residence area. Identity loss and the ethnic-linguistic issue among Kazakh repatriates is dependent on many factors and highly individual-specific.[13]","title":"Oralman identity issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhanaozen_massacre"},{"link_name":"Zhanaozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhanaozen"},{"link_name":"Mangistau Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangystau_Region"},{"link_name":"Samruk-Kazyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samruk-Kazyna"},{"link_name":"defectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defection"},{"link_name":"defaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oka-8"}],"text":"The 2011 labor worker strike massacre in the city of Zhanaozen in the Mangistau Region brought negative public opinion towards the Oralman, who allegedly provoked the killing. More than 12 people died in the incident, and the oil workers' demand for higher wages and better working conditions was denied. The Oralman were criticized by the Chairman of the Board of the National Welfare Fund Samruk-Kazyna as defectors and instigators of the strike. Kazakh nationalists labeled this insult as discriminatory towards the Oralman, as well as an attempt at defaming the group. It is believed that immigration of repatriates into the region seriously burdened local authorities. Due to this, the government temporarily reconsidered its quota system, reducing it for the next 4 months. According to Oka Natsuko in A Note on Ethnic Return Migration Policy in Kazakhstan: Changing Priorities and a Growing Dilemma, the Zhanaozen incident indicated that the government had failed to create an effective scheme for utilizing labor and satisfying the needs of Kazakh immigrants.[8]","title":"Correlation of the 2011 Zhanaozen Massacre and the Oralman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kueppers_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Ethnic Kazakhs Find Titular Homeland to be Economic Haven\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurasianet.org/departments/culture/articles/eav042203.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"After generations away, Kazakhs come home to an independent country\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/UNHCR/2250a3890d68419099935f368a01164c.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Special report on ethnic Kazakhs and the struggle to return - Continued\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=20685"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LSAR_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Identity and Conflict at the Borders: Adaptation of Oralmans in East Kazakhstan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lsar.tsu.ru/en/science/field-research/identity-and-conflict-at-the-borders-adaptation-of-oralmans-in-east-kazakhstan.html"},{"link_name":"Tomsk State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomsk_State_University"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cerny_5-0"},{"link_name":"Going where the grass is greener: China Kazakhs and the Oralman immigration policy in Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanNomads/documents/Cerny_on_Kazakhs_in_China_Published.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rights_of_the_Oralman_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rights_of_the_Oralman_6-1"},{"link_name":"Rights of the Oralman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kazakhstanhumanrights.com/humanrightsanddemocracy/rights-of-the-oralman/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Rights of the Oralman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kazakhstanhumanrights.com/humanrightsanddemocracy/rights-of-the-oralman/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-oka_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-oka_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-oka_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-oka_8-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-oka_8-4"},{"link_name":"A Note on Ethnic Return Migration Policy in Kazakhstan: Changing Priorities and a Growing Dilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ir.ide.go.jp/dspace/bitstream/2344/1218/1/ARRIDE_Discussion_No.394_oka.pdf"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/kazakhstan-switch-official-alphabet-cyrillic-latin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"UNDP 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFUNDP2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Laruelle & Peyrouse 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLaruellePeyrouse2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lillis_12-0"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan: Astana Entices Kazakhs From Abroad Amid Ukraine Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurasianet.org/node/69006"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Baurzhan_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Baurzhan_13-1"},{"link_name":"Ethnic-linguistic identification of repatriates in modern Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kafu-academic-journal.info/journal/1/15/"}],"text":"^ Kueppers, Alfred (2004-04-22), \"Ethnic Kazakhs Find Titular Homeland to be Economic Haven\", Eurasianet.org, retrieved 2007-09-19\n\n^ Tan, Vivian (2007-08-09), \"After generations away, Kazakhs come home to an independent country\", Reuters Alertnet, retrieved 2007-09-19\n\n^ \"Special report on ethnic Kazakhs and the struggle to return - Continued\", Reuters Alertnet, 2003-09-03, retrieved 2010-06-08\n\n^ \"Identity and Conflict at the Borders: Adaptation of Oralmans in East Kazakhstan\", Laboratory for Social and Anthropological Research, Department of History, Tomsk State University, retrieved 2017-04-09\n\n^ Cerny, Astrid, Going where the grass is greener: China Kazakhs and the Oralman immigration policy in Kazakhstan (PDF), retrieved 2017-03-28\n\n^ a b Rights of the Oralman, 2004-04-22, retrieved 2017-03-28\n\n^ Rights of the Oralman, 2004-04-22, retrieved 2017-03-28\n\n^ a b c d e Oka, Natsuko, A Note on Ethnic Return Migration Policy in Kazakhstan: Changing Priorities and a Growing Dilemma (PDF), retrieved 2017-04-09[permanent dead link]\n\n^ \"Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters\". The Guardian. October 26, 2017.\n\n^ UNDP 2006, p. 23\n\n^ Laruelle & Peyrouse 2009, pp. 116–117\n\n^ Lillis, Joanna, Kazakhstan: Astana Entices Kazakhs From Abroad Amid Ukraine Crisis, retrieved 2017-04-09\n\n^ a b Baurzhan, Bokayev, Ethnic-linguistic identification of repatriates in modern Kazakhstan, retrieved 2017-04-09","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2747/1538-7216.46.6.465","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2747%2F1538-7216.46.6.465"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8047-6191-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6191-8"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kazakh_diaspora"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Kazakh_diaspora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kazakh_diaspora"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Canadians"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Americans"},{"link_name":"Kazakh exodus from Xinjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_exodus_from_Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Oralman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"}],"text":"Diener, Alexander C. (2005), \"Problematic Integration of Mongolian-Kazakh Return Migrants in Kazakhstan\", Eurasian Geography and Economics, 46 (6): 465–478, doi:10.2747/1538-7216.46.6.465\nDiener, Alexander C. (2009), One Homeland or Two?: The Nationalization and Transnationalization of Mongolia's Kazakhs, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-6191-8vte Kazakh diasporaBy country\nCanada\nChina\nIran\nRussia\nUnited States\nSee also\nKazakh exodus from Xinjiang\nOralman","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Kazakh exodus from Xinjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_exodus_from_Xinjiang"}] | [{"reference":"Kueppers, Alfred (2004-04-22), \"Ethnic Kazakhs Find Titular Homeland to be Economic Haven\", Eurasianet.org, retrieved 2007-09-19","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/culture/articles/eav042203.shtml","url_text":"\"Ethnic Kazakhs Find Titular Homeland to be Economic Haven\""}]},{"reference":"Tan, Vivian (2007-08-09), \"After generations away, Kazakhs come home to an independent country\", Reuters Alertnet, retrieved 2007-09-19","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/UNHCR/2250a3890d68419099935f368a01164c.htm","url_text":"\"After generations away, Kazakhs come home to an independent country\""}]},{"reference":"\"Special report on ethnic Kazakhs and the struggle to return - Continued\", Reuters Alertnet, 2003-09-03, retrieved 2010-06-08","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=20685","url_text":"\"Special report on ethnic Kazakhs and the struggle to return - Continued\""}]},{"reference":"\"Identity and Conflict at the Borders: Adaptation of Oralmans in East Kazakhstan\", Laboratory for Social and Anthropological Research, Department of History, Tomsk State University, retrieved 2017-04-09","urls":[{"url":"http://lsar.tsu.ru/en/science/field-research/identity-and-conflict-at-the-borders-adaptation-of-oralmans-in-east-kazakhstan.html","url_text":"\"Identity and Conflict at the Borders: Adaptation of Oralmans in East Kazakhstan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomsk_State_University","url_text":"Tomsk State University"}]},{"reference":"Cerny, Astrid, Going where the grass is greener: China Kazakhs and the Oralman immigration policy in Kazakhstan (PDF), retrieved 2017-03-28","urls":[{"url":"https://case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanNomads/documents/Cerny_on_Kazakhs_in_China_Published.pdf","url_text":"Going where the grass is greener: China Kazakhs and the Oralman immigration policy in Kazakhstan"}]},{"reference":"Rights of the Oralman, 2004-04-22, retrieved 2017-03-28","urls":[{"url":"http://kazakhstanhumanrights.com/humanrightsanddemocracy/rights-of-the-oralman/","url_text":"Rights of the Oralman"}]},{"reference":"Rights of the Oralman, 2004-04-22, retrieved 2017-03-28","urls":[{"url":"http://kazakhstanhumanrights.com/humanrightsanddemocracy/rights-of-the-oralman/","url_text":"Rights of the Oralman"}]},{"reference":"Oka, Natsuko, A Note on Ethnic Return Migration Policy in Kazakhstan: Changing Priorities and a Growing Dilemma (PDF), retrieved 2017-04-09","urls":[{"url":"https://ir.ide.go.jp/dspace/bitstream/2344/1218/1/ARRIDE_Discussion_No.394_oka.pdf","url_text":"A Note on Ethnic Return Migration Policy in Kazakhstan: Changing Priorities and a Growing Dilemma"}]},{"reference":"\"Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters\". The Guardian. October 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/kazakhstan-switch-official-alphabet-cyrillic-latin","url_text":"\"Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters\""}]},{"reference":"Lillis, Joanna, Kazakhstan: Astana Entices Kazakhs From Abroad Amid Ukraine Crisis, retrieved 2017-04-09","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurasianet.org/node/69006","url_text":"Kazakhstan: Astana Entices Kazakhs From Abroad Amid Ukraine Crisis"}]},{"reference":"Baurzhan, Bokayev, Ethnic-linguistic identification of repatriates in modern Kazakhstan, retrieved 2017-04-09","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kafu-academic-journal.info/journal/1/15/","url_text":"Ethnic-linguistic identification of repatriates in modern Kazakhstan"}]},{"reference":"Laruelle, Marlène; Peyrouse, Sebastien (2009), \"Cross-border Minorities as Cultural and Economic Mediators between China and Central Asia\" (PDF), China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, 7 (1): 29–46, ISSN 1653-4212, retrieved 2009-04-17","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isdp.eu/files/publications/cefq/09/LaruellePeyrouse.pdf","url_text":"\"Cross-border Minorities as Cultural and Economic Mediators between China and Central Asia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1653-4212","url_text":"1653-4212"}]},{"reference":"Status of Oralmans in Kazakhstan (PDF), Almaty: International Organization for Migration/United Nations Development Programme, 2006, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22, retrieved 2010-06-08","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722144403/http://www.undp.kz/library_of_publications/files/6838-29587.pdf","url_text":"Status of Oralmans in Kazakhstan"},{"url":"http://www.undp.kz/library_of_publications/files/6838-29587.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Genina, Anna (2015). Claiming Ancestral Homelandsː Mongolian Kazakh migration in Inner Asia (PDF) (A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan).","urls":[{"url":"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/111536/anngen_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"Claiming Ancestral Homelandsː Mongolian Kazakh migration in Inner Asia"}]},{"reference":"Diener, Alexander C. (2005), \"Problematic Integration of Mongolian-Kazakh Return Migrants in Kazakhstan\", Eurasian Geography and Economics, 46 (6): 465–478, doi:10.2747/1538-7216.46.6.465","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2747%2F1538-7216.46.6.465","url_text":"10.2747/1538-7216.46.6.465"}]},{"reference":"Diener, Alexander C. (2009), One Homeland or Two?: The Nationalization and Transnationalization of Mongolia's Kazakhs, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-6191-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6191-8","url_text":"978-0-8047-6191-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://lsar.tsu.ru/en","external_links_name":"LSAR (Laboratory for Social and Anthropological Research)"},{"Link":"http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/culture/articles/eav042203.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Ethnic Kazakhs Find Titular Homeland to be Economic Haven\""},{"Link":"http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/UNHCR/2250a3890d68419099935f368a01164c.htm","external_links_name":"\"After generations away, Kazakhs come home to an independent country\""},{"Link":"http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=20685","external_links_name":"\"Special report on ethnic Kazakhs and the struggle to return - Continued\""},{"Link":"http://lsar.tsu.ru/en/science/field-research/identity-and-conflict-at-the-borders-adaptation-of-oralmans-in-east-kazakhstan.html","external_links_name":"\"Identity and Conflict at the Borders: Adaptation of Oralmans in East Kazakhstan\""},{"Link":"https://case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanNomads/documents/Cerny_on_Kazakhs_in_China_Published.pdf","external_links_name":"Going where the grass is greener: China Kazakhs and the Oralman immigration policy in Kazakhstan"},{"Link":"http://kazakhstanhumanrights.com/humanrightsanddemocracy/rights-of-the-oralman/","external_links_name":"Rights of the Oralman"},{"Link":"http://kazakhstanhumanrights.com/humanrightsanddemocracy/rights-of-the-oralman/","external_links_name":"Rights of the Oralman"},{"Link":"https://ir.ide.go.jp/dspace/bitstream/2344/1218/1/ARRIDE_Discussion_No.394_oka.pdf","external_links_name":"A Note on Ethnic Return Migration Policy in Kazakhstan: Changing Priorities and a Growing Dilemma"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/kazakhstan-switch-official-alphabet-cyrillic-latin","external_links_name":"\"Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurasianet.org/node/69006","external_links_name":"Kazakhstan: Astana Entices Kazakhs From Abroad Amid Ukraine Crisis"},{"Link":"http://www.kafu-academic-journal.info/journal/1/15/","external_links_name":"Ethnic-linguistic identification of repatriates in modern Kazakhstan"},{"Link":"http://www.isdp.eu/files/publications/cefq/09/LaruellePeyrouse.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cross-border Minorities as Cultural and Economic Mediators between China and Central Asia\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1653-4212","external_links_name":"1653-4212"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722144403/http://www.undp.kz/library_of_publications/files/6838-29587.pdf","external_links_name":"Status of Oralmans in Kazakhstan"},{"Link":"http://www.undp.kz/library_of_publications/files/6838-29587.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/111536/anngen_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"Claiming Ancestral Homelandsː Mongolian Kazakh migration in Inner Asia"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2747%2F1538-7216.46.6.465","external_links_name":"10.2747/1538-7216.46.6.465"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Pictures_Studios | Elstree Studios (Shenley Road) | ["1 History","1.1 British International and Associated British","1.2 EMI and others","1.3 Sale, partial demolition, and present","2 See also","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°39′29″N 0°16′09″W / 51.6581°N 0.2691°W / 51.6581; -0.2691Film and TV production facility in England
"Elstree Film Studios" redirects here. For other film studios in Elstree, see Elstree Studios.
Elstree StudiosElstree Studios as viewed from the south-west, May 2010Former names
British National Pictures Studios
British International Pictures (BIP) Studios
Associated British Studios
EMI-Elstree Studios
EMI-MGM Elstree Studios
Thorn-EMI Elstree Studios
Goldcrest Elstree Studios
Cannon Elstree Studios
Alternative namesElstree Film and TV StudiosGeneral informationTypeFilm and television studiosAddressShenley Road, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, WD6 1JGCountryUnited KingdomCoordinates51°39′29″N 0°16′09″W / 51.6581°N 0.2691°W / 51.6581; -0.2691Current tenantsElstree Film Studios LimitedConstruction started1925 (1925)Owner
British National Pictures (1925–1927)
British International Pictures (1927–1933)
Associated British Picture Corporation (1933–1969)
EMI Films (1969–1979)
Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment (1979–1986)
Cannon Films (1986–1988)
Brent Walker (1988–1996)
Hertsmere Borough Council (1996–present)
Websitewww.elstreestudios.co.uk
Elstree Studios on Shenley Road, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire is a British film and television production centre operated by Elstree Film Studios Limited. One of several facilities historically referred to as Elstree Studios, the Shenley Road studios originally opened in 1925.
The studio complex has passed through many owners during its lifetime, and is now owned by Hertsmere Borough Council. Known as the studios used for filming Alfred Hitchcock's Blackmail (1929)—the first British talkie, Star Wars (1977), The Shining (1980) and Indiana Jones its largest stage is known as the George Lucas Soundstage 2 (15,770 sq ft), the studios are used both for film and television productions.
With the BBC Elstree Centre nearby, a number of the stages are leased to BBC Studioworks, and are used for recording television productions such as Strictly Come Dancing.
History
See also: List of films and television shows shot at Elstree Studios
British International and Associated British
British National Pictures Ltd purchased 40 acres (16 ha) of land on the south side of Shenley Road and began construction of two large film stages in 1925. After discord among the partners, which by this time included Herbert Wilcox, their solicitor John Maxwell invested and was able to gain control of the company. The first film produced there was Madame Pompadour (1927).
British International Pictures Studios, about 1936
By 1927, Maxwell controlled all the stock, and the company was renamed British International Pictures (BIP) and the second stage was ready for production in 1928. Maxwell placed Alfred Hitchcock under contract in a 3-year, 12-picture deal, and after several silents, he was responsible for Blackmail (1929), the first British talkie released, which was produced at the studios. At the end of the silent-film era, six new sound stages were built; three of these were sold to the British & Dominions Film Corporation with BIP retaining the remaining stages. Elstree Calling (1930), made by BIP, was reputedly Britain's first musical film.
BIP became Associated British Picture Corporation (ABPC) in 1933, although the BIP name continued to be used for some purposes until 31 March 1937. Maxwell died in 1940 and during World War II, the studios were used by the War Office for storage.
In 1946, Warner Brothers acquired a substantial interest in ABPC, appointed a new board and decided to rebuild the stages. This was completed in 1948 and work began on Man on the Run followed by The Hasty Heart starring Richard Todd and Ronald Reagan.
The Shenley Road studios were frequently used in the 1960s for productions on film for ABPC's television arm, ABC Weekend TV. Later episodes of The Avengers were among these (which were credited to "ABC Television Films Ltd, Associated British Elstree Studios"). Several similar productions by ITC for ATV were also filmed there, including The Saint, The Baron, Department S and The Champions. All of these series made extensive use of a townscape standing set constructed at the rear of the studio site, originally for the 1961 Cliff Richard film The Young Ones.
EMI and others
The Main Gate entrance at Shenley Road (late 1990s).
In 1969, Electric and Musical Industries (EMI) finally gained control of ABPC and the studios were renamed EMI-Elstree Studios.
In 1969, Bryan Forbes was appointed head of production of the film studio (see EMI Films). Dennis Barker, in his obituary of Forbes for The Guardian, states that "This amounted virtually to an attempt to revive the ailing British film industry by instituting a traditional studio system with a whole slate of films in play." Under Forbes's leadership, the studio produced The Railway Children (1970), The Tales of Beatrix Potter (1971) and The Go-Between (1971), all successful films. His tenure though, was short-lived and marked by financial problems, brought about by deliberately withheld funding and failed projects. Forbes resigned in 1971. In his autobiography A Divided Life he states that "They were years of high hopes, of excitement, often of fulfilment and contrary to what various pundits said after the event, the programme proved a commercial success, returning according to the latest figures a profit in excess of £16,000,000 on a capital outlay of £4,000,000." During the period 1970–73, EMI had a short-lived production and distribution deal with the American MGM film company, after the closure of their MGM-British Studios in Elstree. During this period the facilities were known as the EMI-MGM Elstree Studios.
In 1974, Andrew Mitchell took over from Ian Scott as managing director of the studios but was almost immediately told to close the facility and lay off all the staff. Due to the sterling efforts of Mitchell and the help of John Reed who was on the board of EMI and Alan Sapper the head of the ACTT Union, he turned the studios into a four-wall facility, which effectively meant reducing the staff to administration, with the exception of the dubbing facility and having freelance crew being brought in by each production company. This was inevitable due to the changing nature of cinematic styles that relied increasingly on location shooting and the reduced financial involvement of EMI in its own film productions, thus rendering a permanent production staff employed full-time at the facility redundant.
Films shot at the facility over the next few years included the Agatha Christie mystery film Murder on the Orient Express (1974), directed by Sidney Lumet; Ken Russell's Valentino (1977; Stanley Kubrick's The Shining (1980); Fred Zinnemann's drama film Julia (1977); and most significantly for the studio's immediate survival through a deal brokered by Andrew Mitchell, George Lucas with Star Wars (1977). This led to subsequent Lucas productions such as the Star Wars sequels and Indiana Jones franchise being made at Elstree and also brought in directors Steven Spielberg and Jim Henson. This was the golden era of the construction picture, which essentially required large studio facilities to fulfill the filmmakers' vision, before computer-generated imagery technology and Elstree became synonymous with this kind of picture due to the success of the Star Wars and Indiana Jones films.
In 1979, Thorn Electrical Industries merged with EMI after EMI's debacle with its invention of the CT Scanner, and the studios were renamed Thorn-EMI Elstree Studios.
Sale, partial demolition, and present
The studios were put up for sale in 1985. A management team beat off all other prospective buyers with the help of Alan Bond but the team had difficulty raising their share of the purchase price and Bond took over. Soon afterwards he sold the studios to the Herron-Cannon Group in 1986. In 1987, Weintraub Entertainment Group attempted to buy the studios, but the deal collapsed. In June 1988, Cannon sold the studios to a consortium of property developers formed by merchant bank Tranwood Earl. Following industry concerns over the plans of the property devlopers, the leisure and property company Brent Walker plc formed a joint venture with Tranwood Earl two months later and acquired the site from the consortium for £32.5 million. A month later, Brent Walker bought out Tranwood Earl, proposing to retain seven of the ten soundstages and post-production units. Much of the backlot was sold off and demolished with a Tesco superstore being built on the land.
The Elstree Studios facility hosts some historic soundstages.
Stages at Elstree Studios.
A "Save Our Studios" campaign was launched in 1988 by managing director, Andrew Mitchell, local Town Councillor and studio historian Paul Welsh, with the support of many film actors and the general public. Hertsmere Borough Council stepped in and bought the remaining facilities in February 1996 and appointed a management company, Elstree Film & Television Studios Ltd., to run the studios in 2000. The purchase ended an eight-year struggle that was due to have culminated in High Court action. Brent Walker's offer to sell the site to the council, for an undisclosed sum (but no more than its worth as a film studio), represented a victory for the local authority in upholding the planning agreements that protected the studios.
The studios are now most commonly known for being the home of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? and the Big Brother house (previously at Three Mills Studios in Bow, East London). The Big Brother house was actually built on top of the studios' old underwater stage where scenes in The Dam Busters (1955) and Moby-Dick (1956) were filmed. Elstree Film & Television Studios Ltd's lease expired at the end of March 2007.
It was announced in 2012 that the studios would be the temporary home of BBC Studios and Post Production during the redevelopment of Television Centre. Shows such as Strictly Come Dancing and Pointless were based on the site from spring 2013. The original plan was for the BBC to move back to refurbished Television Centre studios in 2015, however due to delays in the broader redevelopment of the old Television Centre site in July 2014, the lease was extended until 2017.
Elstree Studios are now operated by Elstree Film Studios Ltd, a company controlled by Hertsmere Borough Council. Feature film production continues alongside television production, commercials and pop promos; recent productions include 44 Inch Chest, Bright Star, 1408, Son of Rambow, Amazing Grace, The Other Boleyn Girl, Notes on a Scandal, Breaking and Entering, Flyboys, Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Dancing on Ice and Are You Smarter Than A 10 Year Old? for Sky television among many others.
On 25 November 2019 it was announced that Elstree Studios would continue with their partnership with BBC Studioworks to provide television studio facilities. The arrangement will see the use of stages by the BBC continue until at least March 2024.
In December 2023, owners Hertsmere Borough Council were granted permission to demolish Sound Stages 7, 8 and 9, by their planning committee. Planning consents to replace the unsafe structures due to the reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete, defects that had been found in the roof are expected, once demolition is completed in August 2024.
See also
Category:Films shot at British International Pictures Studios (1925–1937)
Category:Films shot at Associated British Studios (1937–1970)
Category:Films shot at EMI-Elstree Studios (1970–1996)
Category:Films shot at Elstree Film Studios (since 1996)
Category:Television shows shot at Associated British Studios (until 1970)
Category:Television shows shot at EMI-Elstree Studios (1970–1996)
Category:Television shows shot at Elstree Film Studios (since 1996)
References
^ "Elstree Studios Address". Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
^ "Strictly Come Dancing". BBC Studioworks. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
^ Patricia Warren British Film Studios: An Illustrated History, London: B.T Batsford, 2001, p.61
^ Paul Duncan Alfred Hitchcock: Architect of Anxiety, 1899–1980, Taschen, 2003, p.46 ISBN 978-3-8228-1591-5
^ Ian Conrich, Estella Tincknell Film's Musical Moments, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006, p.32. ISBN 978-0-7486-2345-7
^ Burton, Alan; Chibnall, Steve (2013). Historical Dictionary of British Cinema. Lanham, MD and Plymouth, England: Scarecrow Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780810880269.
^ Wood, Linda (2009) . British Films 1927 - 1939 (PDF). London: BFI Library Services. p. 25. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
^ Warren, p.71
^ a b c Warren, p.76
^ Barker, D. Bryan Forbes: film director, actor and writer. The Guardian. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013
^ British Film Institute: Profile at screenline.org. Retrieved 9 May 2013
^ Andrew Roberts "Bryan Forbes profile at British Film Institute website
^ Alexander Walker National Heroes: British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties, London: Harrap, 1985, p. 114
^ Batty D. Bryan Forbes, acclaimed film director, dies aged 86. The Guardian. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013
^ "Stepford Wives film director Bryan Forbes dies aged 86". BBC News. BBC. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
^ Bryan Forbes, A Divided Life ISBN 0-7493-0884-2-page 108
^ "WEG Bows Out Of Elstree Buy; Cannon Still Seeking Taker". Variety. 3 June 1987. pp. 5, 28.
^ "Elstree studios sold to developers". The Times. 30 June 1988. p. 3.
^ Narbrough, Colin (5 September 1988). "Walker boxes clever to save Elstree". The Times. p. 23.
^ "Checklist 1". Screen Finance: 16. 7 September 1988.
^ "Elstree stake". The Times. 27 October 1988. p. 25.
^ "Checklist 1". Screen Finance: 16. 2 November 1988.
^ Jake Bickerton (7 August 2012). "News & Comments". Televisual. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
^ "Television Centre return delayed by two years". BBC News. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
^ "BBC Studioworks extends Elstree Studios partnership".
^ Fullbrook, Danny. "Elstree: Unsafe concrete found at Star Wars studios". BBC News. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
^ "Structural Concerns".
Sources
Leslie Banks, The Elstree Story: Twenty-One Years of Film-Making. Clerke and Cockeran. 88 pages. With contributions by Douglas Fairbanks, Alfred Hitchcock, Ralph Richardson, Victory Saville, Googie Withers, Anna Neagle and John Mills.
Castle, Stephen; Brooks, William (1988). The Book of Elstree & Boreham Wood. Buckingham, England: Barracuda Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-86023-406-7.
Peecher, John Phillip (1983) The Making of Star Wars: Return of the Jedi. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-31235-X.
Warren, Patricia (1983). Elstree: The British Hollywood. Columbus Books: London, ISBN 0-86287-446-7.
Warren, Patricia, (1983). British Film Studios: An Illustrated History. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-8644-9.
Welsh, Paul (1996). Elstree Film & Television Festival Programme. Elstree and Borehamwood Town Council.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elstree Studios.
Elstree Studios official website
Elstree Studios at the BFI's Screenonline
News clip previews at Pathé News
The Elstree Project – "Oral history interviews, showcasing Elstree's rich cultural filmmaking heritage
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elstree Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elstree_Studios"},{"link_name":"Borehamwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borehamwood"},{"link_name":"Elstree Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elstree_Studios"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Blackmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmail_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"talkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_film#Transition:_Europe"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Shining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shining_(film)"},{"link_name":"Indiana Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"BBC Elstree Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Elstree_Centre"},{"link_name":"BBC Studioworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Studioworks"},{"link_name":"Strictly Come Dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictly_Come_Dancing"}],"text":"Film and TV production facility in England\"Elstree Film Studios\" redirects here. For other film studios in Elstree, see Elstree Studios.Elstree Studios on Shenley Road, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire is a British film and television production centre operated by Elstree Film Studios Limited. One of several facilities historically referred to as Elstree Studios, the Shenley Road studios originally opened in 1925.The studio complex has passed through many owners during its lifetime, and is now owned by Hertsmere Borough Council. Known as the studios used for filming Alfred Hitchcock's Blackmail (1929)—the first British talkie, Star Wars (1977), The Shining (1980) and Indiana Jones its largest stage is known as the George Lucas Soundstage 2[2] (15,770 sq ft), the studios are used both for film and television productions.With the BBC Elstree Centre nearby, a number of the stages are leased to BBC Studioworks, and are used for recording television productions such as Strictly Come Dancing.","title":"Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of films and television shows shot at Elstree Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_shot_at_Elstree_Studios"}],"text":"See also: List of films and television shows shot at Elstree Studios","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herbert Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wilcox"},{"link_name":"John Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maxwell_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Madame Pompadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Pompadour_(1927_film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_International_Studios,_Boreham_Wood,_postcard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Blackmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmail_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"talkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_film#Transition:_Europe"},{"link_name":"silent-film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"British & Dominions Film Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_%26_Dominions_Film_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Elstree Calling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elstree_Calling"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Associated British Picture Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_British_Picture_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wood-7"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"War Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Office"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Warner Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Brothers"},{"link_name":"The Hasty Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hasty_Heart"},{"link_name":"Richard Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Todd"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"ABC Weekend TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Weekend_TV"},{"link_name":"The Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ITC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITC_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"ATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Television"},{"link_name":"The Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saint_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baron_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Department S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_S_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Champions"},{"link_name":"Cliff Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Richard"},{"link_name":"The Young Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Ones_(1961_film)"}],"sub_title":"British International and Associated British","text":"British National Pictures Ltd purchased 40 acres (16 ha) of land on the south side of Shenley Road and began construction of two large film stages in 1925. After discord among the partners, which by this time included Herbert Wilcox, their solicitor John Maxwell invested and was able to gain control of the company.[3] The first film produced there was Madame Pompadour (1927).British International Pictures Studios, about 1936By 1927, Maxwell controlled all the stock, and the company was renamed British International Pictures (BIP) and the second stage was ready for production in 1928. Maxwell placed Alfred Hitchcock under contract in a 3-year, 12-picture deal, and after several silents, he was responsible for Blackmail (1929), the first British talkie released, which was produced at the studios. At the end of the silent-film era, six new sound stages were built; three of these were sold to the British & Dominions Film Corporation with BIP retaining the remaining stages. Elstree Calling (1930), made by BIP, was reputedly Britain's first musical film.[4][5]BIP became Associated British Picture Corporation (ABPC) in 1933,[6] although the BIP name continued to be used for some purposes until 31 March 1937.[7] Maxwell died in 1940 and during World War II, the studios were used by the War Office for storage.[8]In 1946, Warner Brothers acquired a substantial interest in ABPC, appointed a new board and decided to rebuild the stages. This was completed in 1948 and work began on Man on the Run followed by The Hasty Heart starring Richard Todd and Ronald Reagan.The Shenley Road studios were frequently used in the 1960s for productions on film for ABPC's television arm, ABC Weekend TV. Later episodes of The Avengers were among these (which were credited to \"ABC Television Films Ltd, Associated British Elstree Studios\"). Several similar productions by ITC for ATV were also filmed there, including The Saint, The Baron, Department S and The Champions. All of these series made extensive use of a townscape standing set constructed at the rear of the studio site, originally for the 1961 Cliff Richard film The Young Ones.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elstree_Studios_-_Entrance_Area.jpg"},{"link_name":"Electric and Musical Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warren-9"},{"link_name":"Bryan Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Forbes"},{"link_name":"EMI Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Films"},{"link_name":"Dennis Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Barker"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian_barker-10"},{"link_name":"The Railway Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Railway_Children_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"The Tales of Beatrix Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tales_of_Beatrix_Potter"},{"link_name":"The Go-Between","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Go-Between_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bfi-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walker-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian_batty-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"MGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"MGM-British Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-British_Studios"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warren-9"},{"link_name":"four-wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_walls_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"mystery film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_film"},{"link_name":"Murder on the Orient Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_on_the_Orient_Express_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"Sidney Lumet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lumet"},{"link_name":"Ken Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Russell"},{"link_name":"Valentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentino_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick"},{"link_name":"The Shining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shining_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fred Zinnemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann"},{"link_name":"Julia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"George Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"Star Wars sequels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"Indiana Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones"},{"link_name":"Steven Spielberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg"},{"link_name":"Jim Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson"},{"link_name":"computer-generated imagery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery"},{"link_name":"Thorn Electrical Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn_Electrical_Industries"},{"link_name":"CT Scanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_Scanner"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warren-9"}],"sub_title":"EMI and others","text":"The Main Gate entrance at Shenley Road (late 1990s).In 1969, Electric and Musical Industries (EMI) finally gained control of ABPC and the studios were renamed EMI-Elstree Studios.[9]In 1969, Bryan Forbes was appointed head of production of the film studio (see EMI Films). Dennis Barker, in his obituary of Forbes for The Guardian, states that \"This amounted virtually to an attempt to revive the ailing British film industry by instituting a traditional studio system with a whole slate of films in play.\"[10] Under Forbes's leadership, the studio produced The Railway Children (1970), The Tales of Beatrix Potter (1971) and The Go-Between (1971), all successful films.[11][12][13] His tenure though, was short-lived and marked by financial problems, brought about by deliberately withheld funding and failed projects. Forbes resigned in 1971.[14][15] In his autobiography A Divided Life he states that \"They were years of high hopes, of excitement, often of fulfilment and contrary to what various pundits said after the event, the programme proved a commercial success, returning according to the latest [1992] figures a profit in excess of £16,000,000 on a capital outlay of £4,000,000.\"[16] During the period 1970–73, EMI had a short-lived production and distribution deal with the American MGM film company, after the closure of their MGM-British Studios in Elstree. During this period the facilities were known as the EMI-MGM Elstree Studios.[9]In 1974, Andrew Mitchell took over from Ian Scott as managing director of the studios but was almost immediately told to close the facility and lay off all the staff. Due to the sterling efforts of Mitchell and the help of John Reed who was on the board of EMI and Alan Sapper the head of the ACTT Union, he turned the studios into a four-wall facility, which effectively meant reducing the staff to administration, with the exception of the dubbing facility and having freelance crew being brought in by each production company. This was inevitable due to the changing nature of cinematic styles that relied increasingly on location shooting and the reduced financial involvement of EMI in its own film productions, thus rendering a permanent production staff employed full-time at the facility redundant.Films shot at the facility over the next few years included the Agatha Christie mystery film Murder on the Orient Express (1974), directed by Sidney Lumet; Ken Russell's Valentino (1977; Stanley Kubrick's The Shining (1980); Fred Zinnemann's drama film Julia (1977); and most significantly for the studio's immediate survival through a deal brokered by Andrew Mitchell, George Lucas with Star Wars (1977). This led to subsequent Lucas productions such as the Star Wars sequels and Indiana Jones franchise being made at Elstree and also brought in directors Steven Spielberg and Jim Henson. This was the golden era of the construction picture, which essentially required large studio facilities to fulfill the filmmakers' vision, before computer-generated imagery technology and Elstree became synonymous with this kind of picture due to the success of the Star Wars and Indiana Jones films.In 1979, Thorn Electrical Industries merged with EMI after EMI's debacle with its invention of the CT Scanner, and the studios were renamed Thorn-EMI Elstree Studios.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bond_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Herron-Cannon Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Group"},{"link_name":"Weintraub Entertainment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weintraub_Entertainment_Group"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Brent Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Walker"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"backlot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlot"},{"link_name":"Tesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stage7.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elstree_Studios_Block.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hertsmere Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertsmere_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F_(British_game_show)"},{"link_name":"Big Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_UK"},{"link_name":"Three Mills Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mills_Studios"},{"link_name":"Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow,_London"},{"link_name":"East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_End_of_London"},{"link_name":"The Dam Busters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dam_Busters_(film)"},{"link_name":"Moby-Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby_Dick_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"BBC Studios and Post Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Studios_and_Post_Production"},{"link_name":"Television Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Television_Centre"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Strictly Come Dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictly_Come_Dancing"},{"link_name":"Pointless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointless"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"44 Inch Chest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44_Inch_Chest"},{"link_name":"Bright Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Star_(film)"},{"link_name":"1408","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1408_(film)"},{"link_name":"Son of Rambow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Rambow"},{"link_name":"Amazing Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_Grace_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"The Other Boleyn Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Boleyn_Girl_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"Notes on a Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_on_a_Scandal_(film)"},{"link_name":"Breaking and Entering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_and_Entering_(film)"},{"link_name":"Flyboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyboys_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_II_%E2%80%93_Attack_of_the_Clones"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_III_%E2%80%93_Revenge_of_the_Sith"},{"link_name":"Dancing on Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_on_Ice"},{"link_name":"Are You Smarter Than A 10 Year Old?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_Smarter_Than_A_10_Year_Old%3F_(UK)"},{"link_name":"BBC Studioworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Studioworks"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_autoclaved_aerated_concrete"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Sale, partial demolition, and present","text":"The studios were put up for sale in 1985. A management team beat off all other prospective buyers with the help of Alan Bond but the team had difficulty raising their share of the purchase price and Bond took over. Soon afterwards he sold the studios to the Herron-Cannon Group in 1986. In 1987, Weintraub Entertainment Group attempted to buy the studios, but the deal collapsed.[17] In June 1988, Cannon sold the studios to a consortium of property developers formed by merchant bank Tranwood Earl.[18] Following industry concerns over the plans of the property devlopers, the leisure and property company Brent Walker plc formed a joint venture with Tranwood Earl two months later and acquired the site from the consortium for £32.5 million.[19][20] A month later, Brent Walker bought out Tranwood Earl, proposing to retain seven of the ten soundstages and post-production units.[21][22] Much of the backlot was sold off and demolished with a Tesco superstore being built on the land.The Elstree Studios facility hosts some historic soundstages.Stages at Elstree Studios.A \"Save Our Studios\" campaign was launched in 1988 by managing director, Andrew Mitchell, local Town Councillor and studio historian Paul Welsh, with the support of many film actors and the general public. Hertsmere Borough Council stepped in and bought the remaining facilities in February 1996 and appointed a management company, Elstree Film & Television Studios Ltd., to run the studios in 2000. The purchase ended an eight-year struggle that was due to have culminated in High Court action. Brent Walker's offer to sell the site to the council, for an undisclosed sum (but no more than its worth as a film studio), represented a victory for the local authority in upholding the planning agreements that protected the studios.The studios are now most commonly known for being the home of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? and the Big Brother house (previously at Three Mills Studios in Bow, East London). The Big Brother house was actually built on top of the studios' old underwater stage where scenes in The Dam Busters (1955) and Moby-Dick (1956) were filmed. Elstree Film & Television Studios Ltd's lease expired at the end of March 2007.[citation needed]It was announced in 2012 that the studios would be the temporary home of BBC Studios and Post Production during the redevelopment of Television Centre.[23] Shows such as Strictly Come Dancing and Pointless were based on the site from spring 2013. The original plan was for the BBC to move back to refurbished Television Centre studios in 2015, however due to delays in the broader redevelopment of the old Television Centre site in July 2014, the lease was extended until 2017.[24]Elstree Studios are now operated by Elstree Film Studios Ltd, a company controlled by Hertsmere Borough Council. Feature film production continues alongside television production, commercials and pop promos; recent productions include 44 Inch Chest, Bright Star, 1408, Son of Rambow, Amazing Grace, The Other Boleyn Girl, Notes on a Scandal, Breaking and Entering, Flyboys, Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Dancing on Ice and Are You Smarter Than A 10 Year Old? for Sky television among many others.On 25 November 2019 it was announced that Elstree Studios would continue with their partnership with BBC Studioworks to provide television studio facilities. The arrangement will see the use of stages by the BBC continue until at least March 2024.[25]In December 2023, owners Hertsmere Borough Council were granted permission to demolish Sound Stages 7, 8 and 9, by their planning committee. Planning consents to replace the unsafe structures due to the reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete, defects that had been found in the roof are expected, once demolition is completed in August 2024.[26][27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clerke and Cockeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clerke_and_Cockeran&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Douglas Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Ralph Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Victory Saville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victory_Saville&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Googie Withers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googie_Withers"},{"link_name":"Anna Neagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Neagle"},{"link_name":"John Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mills"},{"link_name":"Barracuda Books Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barracuda_Books_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86023-406-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86023-406-7"},{"link_name":"Ballantine Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballantine_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-345-31235-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-31235-X"},{"link_name":"Columbus Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbus_Books&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-86287-446-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86287-446-7"},{"link_name":"Batsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anova_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7134-8644-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-8644-9"},{"link_name":"Elstree and Borehamwood Town Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elstree_and_Borehamwood_Town_Council"}],"text":"Leslie Banks, The Elstree Story: Twenty-One Years of Film-Making. Clerke and Cockeran. 88 pages. With contributions by Douglas Fairbanks, Alfred Hitchcock, Ralph Richardson, Victory Saville, Googie Withers, Anna Neagle and John Mills.\nCastle, Stephen; Brooks, William (1988). The Book of Elstree & Boreham Wood. Buckingham, England: Barracuda Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-86023-406-7.\nPeecher, John Phillip (1983) The Making of Star Wars: Return of the Jedi. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-31235-X.\nWarren, Patricia (1983). Elstree: The British Hollywood. Columbus Books: London, ISBN 0-86287-446-7.\nWarren, Patricia, (1983). British Film Studios: An Illustrated History. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-8644-9.\nWelsh, Paul (1996). Elstree Film & Television Festival Programme. Elstree and Borehamwood Town Council.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"British International Pictures Studios, about 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/British_International_Studios%2C_Boreham_Wood%2C_postcard.jpg/220px-British_International_Studios%2C_Boreham_Wood%2C_postcard.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Main Gate entrance at Shenley Road (late 1990s).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Elstree_Studios_-_Entrance_Area.jpg/220px-Elstree_Studios_-_Entrance_Area.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Elstree Studios facility hosts some historic soundstages.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Stage7.jpg/220px-Stage7.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stages at Elstree Studios.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elstree_Studios_Block.jpg/220px-Elstree_Studios_Block.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Category:Films shot at British International Pictures Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Films_shot_at_British_International_Pictures_Studios"},{"title":"Category:Films shot at Associated British Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Films_shot_at_Associated_British_Studios"},{"title":"Category:Films shot at EMI-Elstree Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Films_shot_at_EMI-Elstree_Studios"},{"title":"Category:Films shot at Elstree Film Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Films_shot_at_Elstree_Film_Studios"},{"title":"Category:Television shows shot at Associated British Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Television_shows_shot_at_Associated_British_Studios"},{"title":"Category:Television shows shot at EMI-Elstree Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Television_shows_shot_at_EMI-Elstree_Studios"},{"title":"Category:Television shows shot at Elstree Film Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Television_shows_shot_at_Elstree_Film_Studios"}] | [{"reference":"\"Elstree Studios Address\". 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Retrieved 7 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22459886","url_text":"\"Stepford Wives film director Bryan Forbes dies aged 86\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"WEG Bows Out Of Elstree Buy; Cannon Still Seeking Taker\". Variety. 3 June 1987. pp. 5, 28.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Elstree studios sold to developers\". The Times. 30 June 1988. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"Narbrough, Colin (5 September 1988). \"Walker boxes clever to save Elstree\". The Times. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Checklist 1\". Screen Finance: 16. 7 September 1988.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Elstree stake\". 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Retrieved 17 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-28341537","url_text":"\"Television Centre return delayed by two years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Studioworks extends Elstree Studios partnership\".","urls":[{"url":"https://bbcstudioworks.com/news/bbc-studioworks-extends-elstree-studios-partnership/","url_text":"\"BBC Studioworks extends Elstree Studios partnership\""}]},{"reference":"Fullbrook, Danny. \"Elstree: Unsafe concrete found at Star Wars studios\". BBC News. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison_Beadle | William Henry Harrison Beadle | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 Further reading"] | William Henry Harrison BeadleBornJanuary 1, 1838Parke County, Indiana, USDiedNovember 15, 1915San Francisco, California, US
William Henry Harrison Beadle (January 1, 1838 – November 15, 1915) was an American soldier, lawyer, educator and administrator.
William Henry Harrison Beadle statue at the National Statuary Hall Collection at the United States Capitol.
Biography
He was born in a log cabin in Parke County, Indiana, and grew up on the frontier. Refusing his father's offer of a farm, he accepted instead $1,000 for an education. He studied civil engineering at the University of Michigan. Shortly after graduating in 1861, he enlisted in the Union Army and by the end of the war had risen to the rank of brevet brigadier general. He received his law degree from the University of Michigan in 1867 and practiced briefly.
In 1869 President Ulysses S. Grant appointed him surveyor-general of Dakota Territory. His journeys through the territory and his previous frontier experience convinced him that school lands were a trust for future generations and should be sold at their appraised value and never for less than $10 an acre ($2,500 per km2) . This effort dominated his life. He served as secretary of the 1877 commission to codify the territorial laws and as chairman of the judiciary committee in the territorial House. In 1879 he became superintendent of public instruction. Beadle drafted the school lands provision at the South Dakota constitutional convention of 1885. When Congress accepted the state constitution in 1889, it was so impressed that similar provisions were required for North Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming. This preserved 22 million acres (89,000 km2) for schools.
Beadle served as president of the Madison State Normal School from 1889 to 1906, and as a professor of history until his retirement in 1912. He died on November 15, 1915, in San Francisco while visiting his daughter.
In 1938, the state of South Dakota donated a bronze statue of Beadle to the National Statuary Hall Collection at the United States Capitol. Replicas of this statue stand in the South Dakota State Capitol and at Dakota State University. Beadle County, South Dakota is named in his honor.
In 2013, Dakota State University named the General Beadle Honors Program after Beadle.
W.H.H. Beadle in 1857
References
^ South Dakota Historical Collections, Volume 3 (1906)
^ John E. Miller, 'Setting the Agenda: Political Parties and Historical Change,' in The Plains Political Tradition: Essays on South Dakota Political Culture, Jon K. Lauck (ed.), John E. Miller (ed.), Donald C. Simmons, Jr. (ed.), Pierre, South Dakota: South Dakota State Historical Society Press, 2011, p. 78
"William Henry Harrison Beadle". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
Further reading
Beadle, William Henry Harrison (1899). "The Natural System of Teaching Geography". Chicago: A. Flanagan, Publisher.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
Other
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Backs_of_Angels | On the Backs of Angels | ["1 Music video","2 Rock Band 3","3 References"] | 2011 single by Dream Theater"On the Backs of Angels"Single by Dream Theaterfrom the album A Dramatic Turn of Events ReleasedJune 29, 2011Recorded2011GenreProgressive metalLength8:43LabelRoadrunnerSongwriter(s)
John Petrucci
John Myung
Jordan Rudess
Producer(s)John PetrucciDream Theater singles chronology
"Raw Dog" (2010)
"On the Backs of Angels" (2011)
"Build Me up, Break Me Down" (2011)
"On the Backs of Angels" is a song by American progressive metal band Dream Theater, featured on their 11th studio album A Dramatic Turn of Events. The song was written by the band's guitarist and producer John Petrucci, bassist John Myung, and keyboardist Jordan Rudess.
"On the Backs of Angels" was released as A Dramatic Turn of Events' lead single via YouTube on June 29, 2011. A music video for the song was released on September 14, 2011. The song was nominated for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance at the 2012 Grammy Awards, eventually losing to "White Limo" by Foo Fighters.
In composing "On the Backs of Angels", on the advice from one of their fans and co-writers, Dream Theater tried to illustrate their signature sound. From the start, the band envisioned the song as an album opener that, according to Petrucci, would make their fans "feel at home". Subsequently, many fans have compared the structure of the song to that of their biggest hit, "Pull Me Under" from 1992's "Images And Words. Clocking in at 8:43 long and with numerous time signature changes, the song is mostly played in 4/4 and 3/4 time. Its introduction features a moody and foreboding arpeggiated guitar pattern that was written by Petrucci and inspired by the music of said fan favorite, Pink Floyd. At 5:51, the song breaks down into a piano passage that was improvised by Rudess.
Music video
A music video was released for the song. It features shots of the band playing the song live, along with gears turning, the White House, various American cities, temples, and money. The video ends with the sun rising.
Rock Band 3
It was made available to download on November 29, 2011, for play in Rock Band 3 'Basic' and 'Pro' mode which utilizes real guitar/bass guitar, and MIDI-compatible electronic drum kits/keyboards in addition to vocals. It is one of the few songs available through the main store that is rated 'Impossible' (the highest difficulty) on 8 out of 10 instruments, and is the hardest song available for Keys and Pro Keys.
References
^ "Dream Theater - Making of Scenes from a Memory". YouTube.
^ YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oasnbzEMV08&ob=av3e. Published 06/28/11. Retrieved 07/29/11.
^ Warner, Brett. Watch This: “On The Backs Of Angels” By Dream Theater. Oology. . Published & Retrieved 09/14/11.
^ "DREAM THEATER, MEGADETH, MASTODON Among GRAMMY AWARDS Nominees". Blabbermouth.net. November 30, 2011. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
^ "54th Grammy Awards Winners". indiatoday.in. February 13, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
^ DREAM THEATER - A Dramatic Turn Of Events Track by Track Interview. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuw-25y6GC4. Published 08/16/11. Retrieved 10/19/11.
^ Bosso, Joe. Dream Theater's A Dramatic Turn Of Events: full album preview. Music Radar. http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/dream-theaters-a-dramatic-turn-of-events-full-album-preview-488940/2. Published 08/17/11. Retrieved 10/19/11.
vteDream Theater
John Petrucci
John Myung
James LaBrie
Jordan Rudess
Mike Portnoy
Mike Mangini
Kevin Moore
Chris Collins
Charlie Dominici
Steve Stone
Derek Sherinian
Studio albums
When Dream and Day Unite
Images and Words
Awake
Falling into Infinity
Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory
Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence
Train of Thought
Octavarium
Systematic Chaos
Black Clouds & Silver Linings
A Dramatic Turn of Events
Dream Theater
The Astonishing
Distance over Time
A View from the Top of the World
Live releases
Live at the Marquee
Once in a LIVEtime
Live Scenes from New York
Live at Budokan
Score
Chaos in Motion 2007–2008
Live at Luna Park
Breaking the Fourth Wall
Distant Memories – Live in London
Compilations
Greatest Hit (...And 21 Other Pretty Cool Songs)
EPs
A Change of Seasons
Videos
Images and Words: Live in Tokyo
5 Years in a Livetime
Metropolis 2000: Scenes from New York
Live at Budokan
Score
Chaos in Motion 2007–2008
Live at Luna Park
Breaking the Fourth Wall
Distant Memories – Live in London
Singles
"Pull Me Under"
"Metropolis—Part I: 'The Miracle and the Sleeper'"
"Another Day"
"The Silent Man"
"Wither"
"On the Backs of Angels"
"The Enemy Inside"
"Along for the Ride"
"The Looking Glass"
Other songs
"A Mind Beside Itself"
"Space-Dye Vest"
"Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence"
"Twelve-step Suite"
"Stream of Consciousness"
"Octavarium"
"Illumination Theory"
Other
Discography
Songs by lyricist
The Majesty Demos
G3
Gigantour
The Human Equation
Roadrunner Records
The Studio Albums 1992–2011
Liquid Tension Experiment
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"progressive metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_metal"},{"link_name":"Dream Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Theater"},{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"A Dramatic Turn of Events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dramatic_Turn_of_Events"},{"link_name":"John Petrucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Petrucci"},{"link_name":"John Myung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Myung"},{"link_name":"Jordan Rudess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Rudess"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Hard_Rock/Metal_Performance"},{"link_name":"2012 Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"White Limo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasting_Light"},{"link_name":"Foo Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grammy-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grammy_winners-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TBT-6"},{"link_name":"Pull Me Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pull_Me_Under"},{"link_name":"Images And Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Images_And_Words"},{"link_name":"time signature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pre-7"}],"text":"\"On the Backs of Angels\" is a song by American progressive metal band Dream Theater, featured on their 11th studio album A Dramatic Turn of Events. The song was written by the band's guitarist and producer John Petrucci, bassist John Myung, and keyboardist Jordan Rudess.\"On the Backs of Angels\" was released as A Dramatic Turn of Events' lead single via YouTube on June 29, 2011.[2] A music video for the song was released on September 14, 2011.[3] The song was nominated for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance at the 2012 Grammy Awards, eventually losing to \"White Limo\" by Foo Fighters.[4][5]In composing \"On the Backs of Angels\", on the advice from one of their fans and co-writers, Dream Theater tried to illustrate their signature sound.[6] From the start, the band envisioned the song as an album opener that, according to Petrucci, would make their fans \"feel at home\". Subsequently, many fans have compared the structure of the song to that of their biggest hit, \"Pull Me Under\" from 1992's \"Images And Words. Clocking in at 8:43 long and with numerous time signature changes, the song is mostly played in 4/4 and 3/4 time. Its introduction features a moody and foreboding arpeggiated guitar pattern that was written by Petrucci and inspired by the music of said fan favorite, Pink Floyd.[7] At 5:51, the song breaks down into a piano passage that was improvised by Rudess.","title":"On the Backs of Angels"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A music video was released for the song. It features shots of the band playing the song live, along with gears turning, the White House, various American cities, temples, and money. The video ends with the sun rising.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"available to download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downloadable_songs_for_the_Rock_Band_series"},{"link_name":"Rock Band 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Band_3"},{"link_name":"MIDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI"}],"text":"It was made available to download on November 29, 2011, for play in Rock Band 3 'Basic' and 'Pro' mode which utilizes real guitar/bass guitar, and MIDI-compatible electronic drum kits/keyboards in addition to vocals. It is one of the few songs available through the main store that is rated 'Impossible' (the highest difficulty) on 8 out of 10 instruments, and is the hardest song available for Keys and Pro Keys.","title":"Rock Band 3"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Dream Theater - Making of Scenes from a Memory\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_St._Louis_Rams_season | 1996 St. Louis Rams season | ["1 Offseason","1.1 NFL draft","2 Personnel","2.1 Staff","2.2 Roster","3 Regular season","3.1 Schedule","3.2 Standings","4 External links"] | NFL team season
1996 St. Louis Rams seasonOwnerGeorgia FrontiereGeneral managerSteve OrtmayerHead coachRich BrooksHome fieldTrans World DomeResultsRecord6–10Division place3rd NFC WestPlayoff finishDid not qualifyPro BowlersNoneUniform
← 1995
Rams seasons
1997 →
The 1996 St. Louis Rams season was the franchise's 59th year with the National Football League (NFL) and the second season in St. Louis. It was marked by a 59–16 victory over the Atlanta Falcons in week 11. The Rams’ point tally in that game was the highest by an NFL team since 1989, when the Cincinnati Bengals scored 61 points. Safety Keith Lyle tied first for the league lead in interceptions, with 9. However, the Rams finished the season with a 6–10 record. Head coach Rich Brooks was fired after the season.
Offseason
NFL draft
Main article: 1996 NFL draft
1996 St. Louis Rams draft
Round
Pick
Player
Position
College
Notes
1
6
Lawrence Phillips
Running back
Nebraska
from Washington
1
18
Eddie Kennison
Wide receiver
LSU
from Chicago
2
42
Tony Banks
Quarterback
Michigan State
2
59
Ernie Conwell
Tight end
Washington
from Pittsburgh
3
83
Jerald Moore
Running back
Oklahoma
from Chicago
4
105
Percell Gaskins
Linebacker
Kansas State
5
141
Fred Miller
Offensive tackle
Baylor
6
175
Derrick Harris
Running back
Miami (FL)
6
201
Hayward Clay
Tight end
Texas A&M
from Dallas via Chicago
7
222
Chuck Osborne
Defensive tackle
Arizona
Made roster * Made at least one Pro Bowl during career
Personnel
Staff
1996 St. Louis Rams staff
Front office
Chairman – Georgia Frontiere
Vice chairman – Stan Kroenke
President – John Shaw
Senior vice-president – Jay Zygmunt
Vice-president of football operations – Steve Ortmayer
Director of player personnel – John Becker
Head coaches
Head coach – Rich Brooks
Assistant head coach/running backs – Johnny Roland
Offensive coaches
Offensive coordinator/quarterbacks – Jack Reilly
Wide receivers – Mike Martz
Tight ends – John Ramsdell
Offensive line – Steve Greatwood
Offensive line – George Warhop
Defensive coaches
Defensive coordinator – Willie Shaw
Defensive line – Deek Pollard
Linebackers – Dick Selcer
Cornerbacks – Steve Brown
Special teams coaches
Special teams – Nick Aliotti
Strength and conditioning
Strength and conditioning – Chris Clausen
Roster
1996 St. Louis Rams roster
Quarterbacks
12 Tony Banks
10 Jamie Martin
4 Steve Walsh
Running backs
30 Harold Green
34 Derrick Harris
44 Jerald Moore
21 Lawrence Phillips
28 Greg Robinson
Wide receivers
83 Donnell Baker
80 Isaac Bruce
20 Keith Crawford
88 Eddie Kennison KR/PR
82 Jermaine Ross
87 J. T. Thomas KR
Tight ends
81 Hayward Clay
45 Ernie Conwell
86 Aaron Laing
Offensive linemen
71 Chuck Belin G
61 Bern Brostek C/G
70 Wayne Gandy T
79 Leo Goeas G
60 Mike Gruttadauria C
69 Jesse James C
73 Fred Miller T/LS
77 Billy Milner T
67 Dwayne White G/LS
73 Zach Wiegert T
Defensive linemen
93 Kevin Carter DE
75 D'Marco Farr DT
99 James Harris DE
65 Jon Kirksey DT
91 Leslie O'Neal DE
97 Chuck Osborne DT
96 Jay Williams DE
Linebackers
52 Paschall Davis OLB
53 Cedric Figaro MLB
54 Percell Gaskins OLB
51 Carlos Jenkins OLB
55 Robert Jones MLB
58 Roman Phifer OLB
Defensive backs
46 Torin Dorn CB
39 Jeremy Lincoln CB
41 Todd Lyght CB
35 Keith Lyle FS
23 Gerald McBurrows SS
24 Herman O'Berry CB
27 Anthony Parker CB
22 Mike Scurlock CB/S
38 Marquis Walker CB
32 Toby Wright SS
Special teams
6 Carlos Huerta K
5 Sean Landeta P
8 Chip Lohmiller K
Reserve lists
50 Antonio Goss LB (IRTooltip Injured reserve)
57 Thomas Homco LB (IRTooltip Injured reserve)
98 Jimmie Jones DT (IRTooltip Injured reserve)
-- Rico Mack LB (IRTooltip Injured reserve)
19 Billy Williams WR (IRTooltip Injured reserve)
89 Alexander Wright WR/Retired
Practice squad
36 Marcus Holliday RB
18 A. C. Tellison WR
95 Tyrone Williams DT
53 active, 6 inactive, 3 practice squad
Rookies in italics
Regular season
Schedule
Week
Date
Opponent
Result
Record
Venue
Attendance
1
September 1
Cincinnati Bengals
W 26–16
1–0
Trans World Dome
62,659
2
September 8
at San Francisco 49ers
L 0–34
1–1
3Com Park
63,624
3
Bye
4
September 22
Washington Redskins
L 10–17
1–2
Trans World Dome
62,303
5
September 29
at Arizona Cardinals
L 28–31 (OT)
1–3
Sun Devil Stadium
33,116
6
October 6
San Francisco 49ers
L 11–28
1–4
Trans World Dome
61,260
7
October 13
at Carolina Panthers
L 13–45
1–5
Bank of America Stadium
70,535
8
October 20
Jacksonville Jaguars
W 17–14
2–5
Trans World Dome
60,066
9
October 27
at Baltimore Ravens
L 31–37 (OT)
2–6
Memorial Stadium
60,256
10
November 3
at Pittsburgh Steelers
L 6–42
2–7
Three Rivers Stadium
58,148
11
November 10
Atlanta Falcons
W 59–16
3–7
Trans World Dome
58,776
12
November 17
Carolina Panthers
L 10–20
3–8
Trans World Dome
60,652
13
November 24
Green Bay Packers
L 9–24
3–9
Trans World Dome
61,499
14
December 1
at New Orleans Saints
W 26–10
4–9
Louisiana Superdome
26,310
15
December 8
at Chicago Bears
L 9–35
4–10
Soldier Field
45,075
16
December 15
at Atlanta Falcons
W 34–27
5–10
Georgia Dome
26,519
17
December 21
New Orleans Saints
W 14–13
6–10
Trans World Dome
57,681
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.
Standings
NFC West
viewtalkedit
W
L
T
PCT
PF
PA
STK
(2) Carolina Panthers
12
4
0
.750
367
218
W7
(4) San Francisco 49ers
12
4
0
.750
398
257
W2
St. Louis Rams
6
10
0
.375
303
409
W2
Atlanta Falcons
3
13
0
.188
309
461
L2
New Orleans Saints
3
13
0
.188
229
339
L1
External links
1996 St. Louis Rams at Pro-Football-Reference.com
vteLos Angeles Rams
Founded in 1936
Played in Cleveland, Ohio (1936–1945) and St. Louis, Missouri (1995–2015)
Based in Inglewood, California
Headquartered in Agoura Hills, California
Franchise
Franchise
History
in Cleveland
in St. Louis
NFL in Los Angeles
Seasons
Players
Coaches
First-round draft picks
Starting quarterbacks
Statistics
Broadcasters
Awards
Stadiums
Cleveland Stadium
League Park
Shaw Stadium
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Anaheim Stadium
Busch Memorial Stadium
The Dome at America's Center
SoFi Stadium
Culture
Rampage
Cheerleaders
Triple Threat
Crazylegs
Heaven Can Wait
Melonheads
Mob Squad (fans)
Nelly
John Ramsey
"Win"
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Big A Sign
American Underdog
Lore
Bull Elephant backfield
Fearsome Foursome
Jerome Bettis trade
The Greatest Show on Turf
The Tackle
Mob Squad (2015-19)
Sean McVay effect
2018 Monday Night Football Game
NOLA No-Call
Rivalries
Arizona Cardinals
Dallas Cowboys
Kansas City Chiefs (former)
Minnesota Vikings
New Orleans Saints
San Francisco 49ers
Seattle Seahawks
Retired numbers
7
28
29
74
75
78
80
85
Media
Broadcasters
KCBS-FM
Radio network
D'Marco Farr
Dick Enberg
Wild card berths (9)
1980
1983
1984
1986
1988
1989
2000
2004
2020
Division championships (18)
1945
1949
1967
1969
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1985
1999
2001
2003
2017
2018
2021
Conference championships (8)
1950
1951
1955
1979
1999
2001
2018
2021
League championships (4)
1945
1951
1999 (XXXIV)
2021 (LVI)
Current league affiliations
League: National Football League (1937–present)
Conference: National Football Conference
Division: West Division
Former league affiliation
League: American Football League (1936)
vteLos Angeles Rams seasonsPlayed in Cleveland (1936–1945) and St. Louis (1995–2015)
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Bold indicates NFL Championship (1920–1969) or Super Bowl (1966–) victoryItalics indicates NFL Championship (1920–1969) or Super Bowl (1966–) appearance
vte1996 NFL season
AFCEast
CentralWestEastCentralWest
NFC
Buffalo
BaltimoreDenverArizonaChicagoAtlanta
Indianapolis
CincinnatiKansas CityDallasDetroitCarolina
Miami
HoustonOaklandNY GiantsGreen BayNew Orleans
New England
JacksonvilleSan DiegoPhiladelphiaMinnesotaSt. Louis
NY Jets
PittsburghSeattleWashingtonTampa BaySan Francisco
1996 NFL Draft
NFL playoffs
Pro Bowl
Super Bowl XXXI
This article relating to an American football season is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Rams"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"the Atlanta Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Atlanta_Falcons_season"},{"link_name":"the Cincinnati Bengals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Cincinnati_Bengals_season"},{"link_name":"Keith Lyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Lyle"},{"link_name":"Rich Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Brooks"}],"text":"The 1996 St. Louis Rams season was the franchise's 59th year with the National Football League (NFL) and the second season in St. Louis. It was marked by a 59–16 victory over the Atlanta Falcons in week 11. The Rams’ point tally in that game was the highest by an NFL team since 1989, when the Cincinnati Bengals scored 61 points. Safety Keith Lyle tied first for the league lead in interceptions, with 9. However, the Rams finished the season with a 6–10 record. Head coach Rich Brooks was fired after the season.","title":"1996 St. Louis Rams season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"NFL draft","title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Staff","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Roster","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Schedule","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Standings","title":"Regular season"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/ram/1996.htm","external_links_name":"1996 St. Louis Rams"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1996_St._Louis_Rams_season&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choe_Si-hyeong | Choe Si-hyeong | ["1 Biography","1.1 Before the 1894 rebellion","1.2 Petitions and 1894 rebellion","1.3 After the 1894 rebellion","2 Legacy","3 In popular culture","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Sources"] | Korean revolutionary (1827–1898)
In this Korean name, the family name is Choe.
Choe Si-hyeonStatue of Choe in the Donghak Revolution Memorial Hall Born1827 (1827)Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province, JoseonDied1898 (aged 70–71)Seoul, JoseonKorean nameHangul최시형Hanja崔時亨Revised RomanizationChoe SihyeongMcCune–ReischauerCh'oe SihyǒngHonorific nameHangul해월Hanja海月Revised RomanizationHaewolMcCune–ReischauerHaewŏl
Choe Si-hyeong (Korean: 최시형; 1827–1898), birth name Choe Gyeong-sang, was born in Gyeongju. His posthumous name was Si-hyeong and his honorific title was Hae-wol (해월), and he is referred to hereafter by that name. He was the second leader of Donghak during the Joseon and Korean Empire eras. He succeeded Choe Je-u (pen name, Su-un) after the latter's execution by Joseon authorities in 1864.
After Su-un’s execution, Haewol was pursued by government authorities for 36 years. During this period, he compiled and printed the works of Su-un; and he wrote his own doctrinal works. In the early 1890s, he helped to petition the government to exonerate Su-un. This ultimately led to armed confrontations, primarily in Jeolla province, in what is referred to as the Donghak Peasant Revolution of 1894, even though Donghak followers were in the minority among the rebels. Haewol initially opposed the revolt but eventually went along with it, perhaps because it seemed inevitable. The rebellion, led primarily by Jeon Bongjun, was suppressed later that year.
In the aftermath of the revolt, Donghak was decimated. Haewol, attempted to restore it with some success, primarily in other parts of Korea but was captured by government forces in 1898 and executed. He was succeeded by Son Byong-Hi (Uiam, 1861–1922) who became the third leader of Donghak.
Biography
Before the 1894 rebellion
Haewol had an underprivileged childhood. He was born in Gyengju in Gyeongsang Province in 1827. His mother died when he was six years old and he was brought up by his stepmother. His father died when he was 15. He and his sister were economically stressed and worked as farmhands. He worked in a paper mill in his late teens and then engaged in slash and burn farming. He met Su-un, the founder of Donghak, in 1861 and became an ardent participant in ritual chanting, fasting and doing penance. He came to hear mystical voices which he concluded came from Su-un rather than heaven. Through his practice he came to realize that “the mundane world can be sacred if Hanul (Heaven) is immanent in this world”.
By some accounts, Su-un chose him to be the next leader a few months before his execution. However there is some debate about this stemming from divergent accounts of Donghak history. Furthermore, his name is not mentioned in Su-un’s writings or in interrogation records from 1860 to 1863. In any event, he did emerge as the second leader of Donghak at least by the mid-1860s. After Su-un’s death it is likely that Haewol traveled around southern Korea, teaching and proselytizing, while remaining hidden from authorities. It appears that he spent most of his time in the northern interior and coastal regions of Gyeongsang Province. One of Haewol’s major accomplishments was the compilation of Su-un’s writings which became Donghak scripture. After Su-un’s death most of these writings were lost but Haewol had committed them to memory and was able to restore them and have them printed using carved wooden blocks. The process was initiated in 1965 but not completed until the early 1980s due to government persecution. The project was done with the aid of several other prominent Donghak leaders. The compilations reordered Su-un’s writings and separated his vernacular Korean and classical Chinese texts in two separate books.
In 1870, a Donghak splinter group led by Yi P’il-che, was involved in a rebellion, although most of the rebels were not Donghak followers. The main motivation of the rebellion was dissatisfaction with government policies, and it was quickly put down by government forces. Haewol had met Yi and subsequently declared that he was a deceiver. Although Haewol had opposed Yi, he was forced to flee to Mount Taebaek and Mount Sobaek in Gangweondo Gyeongsangdo, and Chungcheongdo to avoid arrest in the aftermath of the rebellion.
In the late 1870s and early 1880s, government suppression of Donghak began to ease as government shifted its focus to other concerns such as foreign intervention. In addition, Donghak activities were primarily in remote areas, distant from government scrutiny. This enabled Haewol to begin to restore the Donghak organizational structure. This was similar to that which he helped Su-un implement. There was a central headquarters which Haewol administered. This guided district and local headquarters called p’o and jeop, respectively. Each was staffed by individuals with specific responsibilities including chief inspector, teacher, chief administrator, judge, counselor, and censor. In addition to compiling Su-un’s works he also wrote his own doctrinal works. In these, he extended Su-un’s concept of the eminence of the Divine in declarations such as “heaven and earth are parents” , “people are heaven and heaven is people” and “treat others as if they were heaven”. He considered that God/Heaven was eminent not only in people but in all creation including other creatures and inanimate objects. He advocated the three respects, i.e., respect for heaven, people and nature.
Petitions and 1894 rebellion
By the early 1890s, the number of Donghak followers had increased particularly in Chunqcheonq and Jeolla provinces, where they had become more assertive. Leaders from those provinces came to Haewol and asked him to petition the government to exonerate Su-un. He complied, first sending petitions to the governors of those provinces. When those petitions were rejected, petitions were sent to the central government. When those petitions failed it was determined that the King should be petitioned directly. On the occasion of a special civil service examination, approximately 40 followers disguised themselves as scholars who were there to take the examination. They staged a demonstration outside the gate of the royal palace in which they requested the exoneration of Su-un and also relief from local corruption. The king agreed to honor their request if they returned home. However, the commitment was not implemented. The movement wound down as Donghak leaders around Haewol were worried about violence.
Thereafter, the movement became militaristic, and the primary grievance shifted from clearing Su-un’s name to redress of local corruption. An army was assembled under the leadership of Jeon Bongjun. Donghak followers made up a minority of the army, but its leaders were affiliated with Donghak or claimed to be Donghak followers. Those that joined the rebellion were primarily in the southern assembly. In order to mobilize his army, Jeon utilized the Donghak organizational structure where it existed and organized new units (p’o) where needed. The p'o under his control were reorganized as local military control units.
Haewol ordered Jeon not to defy the “will of heaven”, but this command was disregarded. At that point, there was scant participation by members of the northern assembly. The first stage of the “Donghak” rebellion in the spring of 1894 was initially successful. A number of district capitals were captured along with Jeonju. the walled provincial capital of Jeolla province. At the end of the spring stage of the rebellion, there was an agreement between rebel and government forces; the rebels withdrew from Jeonju on May 8; and some of their demands were met at their own initiation. These included freeing of slaves and establishment of local administrative units, Jipgangso (Chipkangso), whose members were elected. The main purpose of the Jipgangso was to guarantee peasant rights and reform government abuses.
However, the truce was uneasy from the start. Government forces continued to suppress Donghak; and on the other side, rebel forces did not disband as had been agreed. Also, by that time the Korean government had requested help from Qing dynasty China which sent troops. Japan used this as a pretext to send their own army. Japanese forces seized the king and the capital on July 23. This led to the installment of a pro-Japan government and an order expelling Chinese troops from Korea. This initiated the First Sino-Japanese War. Jeon and the Korean public in general were incensed. Thereupon Jeon started the second, autumn stage of the uprising, this time to drive out the Japanese.
Haewol objected to resumption of the rebellion as was made clear in an official declaration in which he stated that the southern assembly rebels were traitors to the state and in violation of Donghak doctrine. Seungyop Shin concluded that "Haewol believed that everyone should undergo a comprehensive sacred transformation through the pious pursuit of virtue and a pure state of mind, while Jeon considered it imperative to rescue his people through the more expedient means of violent insurrection." Nevertheless, on October 16, following mediation efforts by other leaders, he eventually agreed to allow his followers to join the rebels. But he also instructed Donghak members to try to persuade Jeon to cease the riot.
The southern assembly forces had some initial success and were able to link with rebels from the northern assembly on October 16. However, the combined force suffered disastrous defeats at Ugeumchi in early November. After which, the Japanese army (with the help of Korean forces) put down the rebellion using far superior weaponry. Jeon dispersed his rebel army on November 28 and was subsequently captured and executed. Donghak followers, particularly in the southern assembly were decimated. The northern assembly was less affected and Haewol managed to escape.
After the 1894 rebellion
Following the rebel defeat, there was a strong effort by government forces to capture Donghak leaders. Haewol took refuge in the mountains of Gangweon and Chungcheong where he had hidden back in the 1880s. In early1896, he began to transfer leadership to a new generation. He held a series of meetings with his most trusted followers Son Byong-Hi, Gim Yeon-guk (Kim Yŏn-guk), and Son Cheon-min (Son Ch'ŏn-min) and gave them the religious names of Uiam, Kuam, and Songam, respectively. They were given the group title of Samam (the three “am”, referring to the last character of their religious names) and they were charged with administering Donghak under Haewols direction. This was to be a collective leadership acting with “one heart and mind”. Sources differ concerning succession plans. There was a schism after Haewol’s death. Son Byong-Hi’s branch claimed that he was to become the next leader. Another branch claimed that Kim Yon-guk would be the leader. The former is the dominant branch today. The main motivation for Song’s claim was that he and Haewol gave the exact same sermon at two different locations in the spring of 1897 proving that they had the same mind.
In 1897, Haewol was frail, and he narrowly escaped capture in an ox cart traveling over snow covered mountains. In May 1898, he had a memorial service for Su-un with the Samam and other prominent disciples. After the meeting he told them to go home. He was arrested the following day. He was then taken to Seoul and executed on July 20, 1898.
Legacy
Haewol’s successor, Uiam modernized Donghak according to western standards and renamed it Cheondogyo in 1905. Haewol’s restoration of Su-un’s writings and his own writings have been canonized by Cheondogyo. His work was compiled in a book called Master Haewŏl’s Discussion on the Teachings.
Jang Il-soon, Korean theologian and advocate for the life movement (Korean nature centered environmentalism) and formal democratization of Korea, was inspired by Haewol. According to Baek: "As Haewol encouraged his followers to cultivate their minds and to focus on their ordinary life for survival, Jang Il-soon concentrated on the change of the ordinary life of the individual and community in order to reform and overcome the reality . Their failures made them doubtful about rebellious movement that was based on conventional worldview and ideology. Thus, in their view, the essence of resistance is not ethics or moral ideas but praxis based on ordinary life.”
In popular culture
Choe is portrayed by actor Lee Deok-hwa in the 1991 South Korean biographical film Fly High Run Far.
Choe appears in the 2019 South Korean television series Nokdu Flower
See also
Donghak
Cheondogyo
References
^ a b Kim & Yoon 2007, p. 59.
^ Kallander 2013, p. 100.
^ Kim & Yoon 2007, pp. 57–58.
^ Kallander 2013, pp. 100–103.
^ a b Shin 2020, p. 68.
^ Young 2014, pp. 21–27.
^ Kim & Yoon 2007, p. 58.
^ Kim & Yoon 2007, pp. 59–60.
^ Baek 2017, pp. 69–71.
^ a b Young 2014, p. 13.
^ Kallander 2013, p. 99.
^ Young 2014, p. 16.
^ Kallander 2013, pp. 95–96.
^ Young 2014, p. 14.
^ Young 2014, pp. 14–15.
^ Beirne 2019, p. 154.
^ Weems 1966, pp. 17–18.
^ a b Kallander 2013, pp. 100–101.
^ Baek 2017, pp. 78–79.
^ Kallander 2013, pp. 112–116.
^ a b c Young 2014, p. 20.
^ Young 2014, pp. 22–23.
^ Weems 1966, p. 39.
^ Suh 1994, pp. 18–19.
^ Kallander 2013, p. 120.
^ Ko 1994, p. 38.
^ Suh 1994, p. 18.
^ Greve & Levy 2018, p. 162.
^ Suh 1994, pp. 23–24.
^ Weems 1966, p. 45.
^ Suh 1994, p. 26.
^ Suh 1994, pp. 27–28.
^ Young 2014, pp. 40–42.
^ Young 2014, p. 40.
^ Baek 2017, p. 94.
Sources
Baek, Hyomin (2017). Jang Ilsoon's socio-religious thought and its relevance for the Catholic Church in South Korea (PhD). Lancaster University.
Beirne, Paul (2019). Su-un and His World of Symbols: the Founder of Korea's First Indigenous Religion. Routledge. ISBN 9780754662846.
Greve, Andrew Q.; Levy, Jack S. (2018). "The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895". Security Studies. 27 (1): 148–178. doi:10.1080/09636412.2017.1360078. S2CID 148989925. Retrieved May 17, 2021 – via DBpia.
Kallander, George L. (2013). Salvation through Dissent: Tonghak Heterodoxy and Early Modern Korea. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824837167.
Kim, Young Choon; Yoon, Suk San (2007). Chondogyo Scripture: Donggyeong Daejeon (Great Scripture of Eastern Learning). University Press of America. ISBN 9780761838029.
Ko, Seok-kyu (1994). "Activities of the Peasant Army During the Chipkangso Period". Korea Journal. 34 (4): 31–44. Retrieved May 5, 2021 – via DBpia.
Shin, Seungyop (2020). "Temporalities of Tonghak: Eschatology, Rebellion, and Civilization". Journal of Korean Studies. 25 (1): 57–87. doi:10.1215/07311613-7932246. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
Suh, Young-hee (1994). "Tracing the Course of the Peasant War of 1894". Korea Journal. 34 (4): 17–30. Retrieved May 5, 2021 – via DBpia.
Weems, Benjamin B. (1966). Reform, Rebellion, and the Heavenly Way. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9781135748388.
Young, Carl E. (2014). Eastern Learning and the Heavenly Way: The Tonghak and Ch'ŏndogyo Movements and the Twilight of Korean Independence. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824838881.
Authority control databases International
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Choe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimYoon200759-1"},{"link_name":"Gyeongju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongju"},{"link_name":"posthumous name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_name"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallander2013100-2"},{"link_name":"Donghak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghak"},{"link_name":"Joseon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon"},{"link_name":"Korean Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Empire"},{"link_name":"Choe Je-u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choe_Je-u"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimYoon200757%E2%80%9358-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallander2013100%E2%80%93103-4"},{"link_name":"Jeolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeolla"},{"link_name":"Donghak Peasant Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin202068-5"},{"link_name":"Jeon Bongjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeon_Bongjun"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung201421%E2%80%9327-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimYoon200758-7"},{"link_name":"Son Byong-Hi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Byong-Hi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimYoon200759%E2%80%9360-8"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Choe.Choe Si-hyeong (Korean: 최시형; 1827–1898), birth name Choe Gyeong-sang,[1] was born in Gyeongju. His posthumous name was Si-hyeong and his honorific title was Hae-wol (해월), and he is referred to hereafter by that name.[2] He was the second leader of Donghak during the Joseon and Korean Empire eras. He succeeded Choe Je-u (pen name, Su-un) after the latter's execution by Joseon authorities in 1864.After Su-un’s execution, Haewol was pursued by government authorities for 36 years. During this period, he compiled and printed the works of Su-un;[3] and he wrote his own doctrinal works.[4] In the early 1890s, he helped to petition the government to exonerate Su-un. This ultimately led to armed confrontations, primarily in Jeolla province, in what is referred to as the Donghak Peasant Revolution of 1894, even though Donghak followers were in the minority among the rebels. Haewol initially opposed the revolt but eventually went along with it, perhaps because it seemed inevitable.[5] The rebellion, led primarily by Jeon Bongjun, was suppressed later that year.[6]In the aftermath of the revolt, Donghak was decimated. Haewol, attempted to restore it with some success, primarily in other parts of Korea but was captured by government forces in 1898 and executed.[7] He was succeeded by Son Byong-Hi (Uiam, 1861–1922) who became the third leader of Donghak.[8]","title":"Choe Si-hyeong"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaek201769%E2%80%9371-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung201413-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallander201399-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung201413-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung201416-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallander201395%E2%80%9396-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung201414-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung201414%E2%80%9315-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeirne2019154-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeems196617%E2%80%9318-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallander2013100%E2%80%93101-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaek201778%E2%80%9379-19"}],"sub_title":"Before the 1894 rebellion","text":"Haewol had an underprivileged childhood. He was born in Gyengju in Gyeongsang Province in 1827. His mother died when he was six years old and he was brought up by his stepmother. His father died when he was 15. He and his sister were economically stressed and worked as farmhands. He worked in a paper mill in his late teens and then engaged in slash and burn farming. He met Su-un, the founder of Donghak, in 1861 and became an ardent participant in ritual chanting, fasting and doing penance. He came to hear mystical voices which he concluded came from Su-un rather than heaven. Through his practice he came to realize that “the mundane world can be sacred if Hanul (Heaven) is immanent in this world”.[9]By some accounts, Su-un chose him to be the next leader a few months before his execution.[10] However there is some debate about this stemming from divergent accounts of Donghak history. Furthermore, his name is not mentioned in Su-un’s writings or in interrogation records from 1860 to 1863. In any event, he did emerge as the second leader of Donghak at least by the mid-1860s.[11] After Su-un’s death it is likely that Haewol traveled around southern Korea, teaching and proselytizing, while remaining hidden from authorities. It appears that he spent most of his time in the northern interior and coastal regions of Gyeongsang Province.[10] One of Haewol’s major accomplishments was the compilation of Su-un’s writings which became Donghak scripture. After Su-un’s death most of these writings were lost but Haewol had committed them to memory and was able to restore them and have them printed using carved wooden blocks. The process was initiated in 1965 but not completed until the early 1980s due to government persecution.[12] The project was done with the aid of several other prominent Donghak leaders. The compilations reordered Su-un’s writings and separated his vernacular Korean and classical Chinese texts in two separate books.[13]In 1870, a Donghak splinter group led by Yi P’il-che, was involved in a rebellion, although most of the rebels were not Donghak followers. The main motivation of the rebellion was dissatisfaction with government policies, and it was quickly put down by government forces. Haewol had met Yi and subsequently declared that he was a deceiver. Although Haewol had opposed Yi, he was forced to flee to Mount Taebaek and Mount Sobaek in Gangweondo Gyeongsangdo, and Chungcheongdo to avoid arrest in the aftermath of the rebellion.[14]In the late 1870s and early 1880s, government suppression of Donghak began to ease as government shifted its focus to other concerns such as foreign intervention. In addition, Donghak activities were primarily in remote areas, distant from government scrutiny. This enabled Haewol to begin to restore the Donghak organizational structure.[15] This was similar to that which he helped Su-un implement. There was a central headquarters which Haewol administered. This guided district and local headquarters called p’o and jeop, respectively. Each was staffed by individuals with specific responsibilities including chief inspector, teacher, chief administrator, judge, counselor, and censor.[16][17] In addition to compiling Su-un’s works he also wrote his own doctrinal works. In these, he extended Su-un’s concept of the eminence of the Divine in declarations such as “heaven and earth are parents” , “people are heaven and heaven is people” and “treat others as if they were heaven”.[18] He considered that God/Heaven was eminent not only in people but in all creation including other creatures and inanimate objects. He advocated the three respects, i.e., respect for heaven, people and nature.[19]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallander2013112%E2%80%93116-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung201420-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung201422%E2%80%9323-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeems196639-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung201420-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh199418%E2%80%9319-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallander2013120-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKo199438-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh199418-27"},{"link_name":"seized the king and the capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Occupation_of_Gyeongbokgung_Palace"},{"link_name":"First Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreveLevy2018162-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh199423%E2%80%9324-29"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShin202068-5"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeems196645-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh199426-31"},{"link_name":"Ugeumchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ugeumchi"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh199427%E2%80%9328-32"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung201420-21"}],"sub_title":"Petitions and 1894 rebellion","text":"By the early 1890s, the number of Donghak followers had increased particularly in Chunqcheonq and Jeolla provinces, where they had become more assertive. Leaders from those provinces came to Haewol and asked him to petition the government to exonerate Su-un. He complied, first sending petitions to the governors of those provinces. When those petitions were rejected, petitions were sent to the central government. When those petitions failed it was determined that the King should be petitioned directly. On the occasion of a special civil service examination, approximately 40 followers disguised themselves as scholars who were there to take the examination. They staged a demonstration outside the gate of the royal palace in which they requested the exoneration of Su-un and also relief from local corruption. The king agreed to honor their request if they returned home. However, the commitment was not implemented.[20] The movement wound down as Donghak leaders around Haewol were worried about violence.[21]Thereafter, the movement became militaristic, and the primary grievance shifted from clearing Su-un’s name to redress of local corruption. An army was assembled under the leadership of Jeon Bongjun. Donghak followers made up a minority of the army, but its leaders were affiliated with Donghak or claimed to be Donghak followers. Those that joined the rebellion were primarily in the southern assembly.[22] In order to mobilize his army, Jeon utilized the Donghak organizational structure where it existed and organized new units (p’o) where needed. The p'o under his control were reorganized as local military control units.[23]Haewol ordered Jeon not to defy the “will of heaven”, but this command was disregarded.[21] At that point, there was scant participation by members of the northern assembly. The first stage of the “Donghak” rebellion in the spring of 1894 was initially successful. A number of district capitals were captured along with Jeonju. the walled provincial capital of Jeolla province.[24] At the end of the spring stage of the rebellion, there was an agreement between rebel and government forces; the rebels withdrew from Jeonju on May 8; and some of their demands were met at their own initiation.[25] These included freeing of slaves and establishment of local administrative units, Jipgangso (Chipkangso), whose members were elected. The main purpose of the Jipgangso was to guarantee peasant rights and reform government abuses.[26]However, the truce was uneasy from the start. Government forces continued to suppress Donghak; and on the other side, rebel forces did not disband as had been agreed.[27] Also, by that time the Korean government had requested help from Qing dynasty China which sent troops. Japan used this as a pretext to send their own army. Japanese forces seized the king and the capital on July 23. This led to the installment of a pro-Japan government and an order expelling Chinese troops from Korea. This initiated the First Sino-Japanese War.[28] Jeon and the Korean public in general were incensed. Thereupon Jeon started the second, autumn stage of the uprising, this time to drive out the Japanese.[29]Haewol objected to resumption of the rebellion as was made clear in an official declaration in which he stated that the southern assembly rebels were traitors to the state and in violation of Donghak doctrine. Seungyop Shin concluded that \"Haewol believed that everyone should undergo a comprehensive sacred transformation through the pious pursuit of virtue and a pure state of mind, while Jeon considered it imperative to rescue his people through the more expedient means of violent insurrection.\"[5] Nevertheless, on October 16, following mediation efforts by other leaders, he eventually agreed to allow his followers to join the rebels.[30] But he also instructed Donghak members to try to persuade Jeon to cease the riot.[31]The southern assembly forces had some initial success and were able to link with rebels from the northern assembly on October 16. However, the combined force suffered disastrous defeats at Ugeumchi in early November. After which, the Japanese army (with the help of Korean forces) put down the rebellion using far superior weaponry. Jeon dispersed his rebel army on November 28 and was subsequently captured and executed.[32] Donghak followers, particularly in the southern assembly were decimated. The northern assembly was less affected and Haewol managed to escape.[21]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Son Byong-Hi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Byong-Hi"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung201440%E2%80%9342-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung201440-34"}],"sub_title":"After the 1894 rebellion","text":"Following the rebel defeat, there was a strong effort by government forces to capture Donghak leaders. Haewol took refuge in the mountains of Gangweon and Chungcheong where he had hidden back in the 1880s. In early1896, he began to transfer leadership to a new generation. He held a series of meetings with his most trusted followers Son Byong-Hi, Gim Yeon-guk (Kim Yŏn-guk), and Son Cheon-min (Son Ch'ŏn-min) and gave them the religious names of Uiam, Kuam, and Songam, respectively. They were given the group title of Samam (the three “am”, referring to the last character of their religious names) and they were charged with administering Donghak under Haewols direction. This was to be a collective leadership acting with “one heart and mind”. Sources differ concerning succession plans. There was a schism after Haewol’s death. Son Byong-Hi’s branch claimed that he was to become the next leader. Another branch claimed that Kim Yon-guk would be the leader. The former is the dominant branch today. The main motivation for Song’s claim was that he and Haewol gave the exact same sermon at two different locations in the spring of 1897 proving that they had the same mind.[33]In 1897, Haewol was frail, and he narrowly escaped capture in an ox cart traveling over snow covered mountains. In May 1898, he had a memorial service for Su-un with the Samam and other prominent disciples. After the meeting he told them to go home. He was arrested the following day. He was then taken to Seoul and executed on July 20, 1898.[34]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimYoon200759-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallander2013100%E2%80%93101-18"},{"link_name":"Jang Il-soon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jang_Il-soon"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaek201794-35"}],"text":"Haewol’s successor, Uiam modernized Donghak according to western standards and renamed it Cheondogyo in 1905.[1] Haewol’s restoration of Su-un’s writings and his own writings have been canonized by Cheondogyo. His work was compiled in a book called Master Haewŏl’s Discussion on the Teachings.[18]Jang Il-soon, Korean theologian and advocate for the life movement (Korean nature centered environmentalism) and formal democratization of Korea, was inspired by Haewol. According to Baek: \"As Haewol encouraged his followers to cultivate their minds and to focus on their ordinary life for survival, Jang Il-soon concentrated on the change of the ordinary life of the individual and community in order to reform and overcome the reality [the oppression during the dictatorial period following the Korean war]. Their failures made them doubtful about rebellious movement that was based on conventional worldview and ideology. Thus, in their view, the essence of resistance is not ethics or moral ideas but praxis based on ordinary life.”[35]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Deok-hwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Deok-hwa"},{"link_name":"Fly High Run Far","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_High_Run_Far"},{"link_name":"Nokdu Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokdu_Flower"}],"text":"Choe is portrayed by actor Lee Deok-hwa in the 1991 South Korean biographical film Fly High Run Far.\nChoe appears in the 2019 South Korean television series Nokdu Flower","title":"In popular culture"}] | [] | [{"title":"Donghak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghak"},{"title":"Cheondogyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheondogyo"}] | [{"reference":"Baek, Hyomin (2017). Jang Ilsoon's socio-religious thought and its relevance for the Catholic Church in South Korea (PhD). Lancaster University.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Beirne, Paul (2019). Su-un and His World of Symbols: the Founder of Korea's First Indigenous Religion. Routledge. ISBN 9780754662846.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754662846","url_text":"9780754662846"}]},{"reference":"Greve, Andrew Q.; Levy, Jack S. (2018). \"The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895\". Security Studies. 27 (1): 148–178. doi:10.1080/09636412.2017.1360078. S2CID 148989925. Retrieved May 17, 2021 – via DBpia.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2017.1360078","url_text":"\"The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09636412.2017.1360078","url_text":"10.1080/09636412.2017.1360078"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148989925","url_text":"148989925"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBpia","url_text":"DBpia"}]},{"reference":"Kallander, George L. (2013). Salvation through Dissent: Tonghak Heterodoxy and Early Modern Korea. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824837167.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824837167","url_text":"9780824837167"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Young Choon; Yoon, Suk San (2007). Chondogyo Scripture: Donggyeong Daejeon (Great Scripture of Eastern Learning). University Press of America. ISBN 9780761838029.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761838029","url_text":"9780761838029"}]},{"reference":"Ko, Seok-kyu (1994). \"Activities of the Peasant Army During the Chipkangso Period\". Korea Journal. 34 (4): 31–44. Retrieved May 5, 2021 – via DBpia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE09375500","url_text":"\"Activities of the Peasant Army During the Chipkangso Period\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Journal","url_text":"Korea Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBpia","url_text":"DBpia"}]},{"reference":"Shin, Seungyop (2020). \"Temporalities of Tonghak: Eschatology, Rebellion, and Civilization\". Journal of Korean Studies. 25 (1): 57–87. doi:10.1215/07311613-7932246. Retrieved May 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07311613-7932246","url_text":"\"Temporalities of Tonghak: Eschatology, Rebellion, and Civilization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F07311613-7932246","url_text":"10.1215/07311613-7932246"}]},{"reference":"Suh, Young-hee (1994). \"Tracing the Course of the Peasant War of 1894\". Korea Journal. 34 (4): 17–30. Retrieved May 5, 2021 – via DBpia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE07447093","url_text":"\"Tracing the Course of the Peasant War of 1894\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Journal","url_text":"Korea Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBpia","url_text":"DBpia"}]},{"reference":"Weems, Benjamin B. (1966). Reform, Rebellion, and the Heavenly Way. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9781135748388.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135748388","url_text":"9781135748388"}]},{"reference":"Young, Carl E. (2014). Eastern Learning and the Heavenly Way: The Tonghak and Ch'ŏndogyo Movements and the Twilight of Korean Independence. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824838881.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824838881","url_text":"9780824838881"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2017.1360078","external_links_name":"\"The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09636412.2017.1360078","external_links_name":"10.1080/09636412.2017.1360078"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148989925","external_links_name":"148989925"},{"Link":"http://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE09375500","external_links_name":"\"Activities of the Peasant Army During the Chipkangso Period\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07311613-7932246","external_links_name":"\"Temporalities of Tonghak: Eschatology, Rebellion, and Civilization\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F07311613-7932246","external_links_name":"10.1215/07311613-7932246"},{"Link":"http://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE07447093","external_links_name":"\"Tracing the Course of the Peasant War of 1894\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/452167/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000076915451","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/36756911","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB8vFBkCvhJKyr4rYrcyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161825580","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161825580","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr00026753","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201623942","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/175039488","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Dell%27Otto | Gabriele Dell'Otto | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Bibliography","3.1 Interior art","3.2 Cover work","4 References","5 External links"] | Italian illustrator and author
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Gabriele Dell'OttoDell'Otto in November 2014Born (1973-12-20) December 20, 1973 (age 50)Rome, ItalyNationalityItalianArea(s)ArtistNotable worksSecret War
Gabriele Dell’Otto (born December 20, 1973) is an Italian illustrator and author whose works have been published in several countries in the fields of scientific illustration, comic books, calendars, lithographies, books, colored graphic folders, and cover work for magazines and video games.
Early life
Dell'Otto was born December 20, 1973, in Rome, Italy. He received a diploma in artistic maturity and registered in the European Design Institute.
Career
In 1998 Dell'Otto started collaborating with the European division of Marvel Comics, producing covers, posters and lithographies for Italy, France and Germany. In Germany he started collaborating with DC Comics and other publishers such as IPP, Egmont Ehapa and MG Publishing.
In 2002-2003 the Italian Carabinieri hired him to design the images for their historical calendar.
In 2002 his work was shown to Joe Quesada, the editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics, who assigned him the art duties for the Secret War mini-series, written by Brian Michael Bendis.
In 2006 he illustrated the cover and promotional images of the Italian version of the Activision videogame Marvel: Ultimate Alliance.
Between 2006 and 2007 Dell'Otto provided the covers of the miniseries Annihilation, which starred the space-based characters of the Marvel Universe. In May 2007 he published the illustrated book Tales.
In 2009 he was the artist of the X-Force mini-series Sex and Violence, written by Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost.
In January 2012, Dell'Otto illustrated the spine images for the books in The Official Marvel Graphic Novel Collection. When put together in order, the spines form a complete landscape image.
That November, Dell'Otto penciled issues #14–15 of the Marvel ongoing series Avenging Spider-Man. He then drew issues #1 of One-shot Amazing Spider-Man: Family Business.
In 2020, Dell'Otto drew the 1990s variant cover for The Joker 80th anniversary 100-page super spectacular #1
Dell'Otto created the poster for the American TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode "Aftershocks".
Bibliography
Interior art
Secret War#1-5 (2004)
Secret War: From the Files of Nick Fury#1 (2005)
Ultimate Marvel Sampler #1 (2007)
X-Force: Sex and Violence #1-3 (2010)
Origins of Marvel Comics: X-Men #1 (2010)
Avengers Annual #1 (2012)
New Avengers Annual #1 (2011)
Avenging Spider-Man#14-15 (2012)
Amazing Spider-Man: Family Business #1 (2014)
Cover work
Annihilation Prologue vol.1 #1 (2006)
Annihilation #1-6 (2006)
Annihilation: Nova #1-4 (2006)
Annihilation: Silver Surfer #1-4 (2006)
Annihilation: Ronan #1-4 (2006)
Annihilation: Super-Skrull #1-4 (2006)
Annihilation: Heralds of Galactus #1-2 (2007)
What If? Annihilation #1 (2007)
The Deadly Hands of Kung Fu Omnibus #1 (2016)
The New Avengers: Illuminati #1 (2006)
Fantastic Four vol.3 #56 (2002)
X-Factor vol.3 #6 (2006)
Ghost Rider vol.6 #12-13 (2007)
Daredevil vol.1 #500 (2009)
Fantastic Four vol.1 #600 (2011)
Silver Surfer: In Thy Name vol.1 #2 (2008)
Invincible Iron Man vol.2 #4 (2008)
Winter Soldier vol.1 #1 (2011)
New Avengers Annual vol.2 #1 (2011)
New Avengers vol.3 #24,29,33 (2014-2015)
Avengers Annual vol.4 #1 (2012)
Avenging Spider-Man vol.1 #14-15 (2013)
Amazing Spider-Man: Family Business vol.1 #1 (2014)
Captain America: Steve Rogers vol.1 #15 (2017)
Captain America and Hawkeye vol.1 #629 (2012)
Morbius: The Living Vampire vol.2 #1 (2013)
Moon Knight vol.5 #26-30 (2009)
Dark Tower: Treachery vol.1 #1 (2008)
All-New Miracleman Annual vol.1 #1 (2014)
The Pulse vol.1 #2 (2004)
Gorilla Man vol.1 #3 (2010)
X-Force: Sex and Violence vol.1 #1-3 (2010)
Ultimate Origins vol.1 #1-5 (2008)
Ultimate Fantastic Four vol.1 #53 (2008)
Ultimate X-Men vol.1 #94-97 (2008)
Marvel 1602: Fantastick Four vol.1 #2-5 (2006)
Secret War vol.1 #1-5 (2004)
Secret Invasion Prologue (2008)
Secret Invasion #1-8 (2008)
What If? Secret Invasion #1 (2009)
Siege #1-4 (2010)
Fear Itself: FF #1 (2011)
Fear Itself: Hulk vs. Dracula #1-3 (2011)
Vengeance vol.1 #1-6 (2011)
The Dark Knight III: The Master Race #1,3 4-8 (variant cover, 2015-2017)
Clone Conspiracy #1-5 (2016)
Batman #1,75-76 (variant cover, 2016)
Dark Nights: Metal #5 (variant cover, 2018)
Batman Who Laughs: The Grim Knight #1 (variant cover, 2019)
Detective Comics #1000,1027 (variant cover, 2019,2020)
The Joker 80th anniversary 100-page super spectacular #1 (variant cover) (2020)
X-Men #49] (Marvel France) (2002)
Phoenix Resurrection: The Return of Jean Grey #1 (2018)
References
^ Gabriele Dell'Otto, Lambiek.net. accessed July 13, 2011.
^ Gabriele Dell’Otto , ComicBookRealm.com. accessed July 13, 2011.
^ "Avenging Spider-Man (2011) #14". Marvel Comics. November 7, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
^ "Avenging Spider-Man (2011) #15". Marvel Comics. December 5, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
^ Towers, Andrea (February 26, 2015). "Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. launches second year of art campaign, The Art of Evolution -- exclusive". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on February 28, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gabriele Dell'Otto.
Gabriele Dell'Otto at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
vteAnnihilationMain series
Annihilation
Annihilation: Conquest
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The Phalanx
"War of Kings"
"Realm of Kings"
The Thanos Imperative
Annihilators
Authority control databases International
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WorldCat
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Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Korea
Poland
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_books"}],"text":"Gabriele Dell’Otto (born December 20, 1973) is an Italian illustrator and author whose works have been published in several countries in the fields of scientific illustration, comic books, calendars, lithographies, books, colored graphic folders, and cover work for magazines and video games.","title":"Gabriele Dell'Otto"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Dell'Otto was born December 20, 1973, in Rome, Italy. He received a diploma in artistic maturity and registered in the European Design Institute.[1][2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Carabinieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri"},{"link_name":"Joe Quesada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Quesada"},{"link_name":"Secret War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_War_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Brian Michael Bendis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Michael_Bendis"},{"link_name":"Activision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activision"},{"link_name":"Marvel: Ultimate Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel:_Ultimate_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Annihilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Universe"},{"link_name":"X-Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Force"},{"link_name":"Craig Kyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Kyle"},{"link_name":"Christopher Yost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Yost"},{"link_name":"The Official Marvel Graphic Novel Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Marvel_Graphic_Novel_Collection"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D."},{"link_name":"Aftershocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftershocks_(Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D.)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AftershocksPoster-5"}],"text":"In 1998 Dell'Otto started collaborating with the European division of Marvel Comics, producing covers, posters and lithographies for Italy, France and Germany. In Germany he started collaborating with DC Comics and other publishers such as IPP, Egmont Ehapa and MG Publishing.In 2002-2003 the Italian Carabinieri hired him to design the images for their historical calendar.In 2002 his work was shown to Joe Quesada, the editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics, who assigned him the art duties for the Secret War mini-series, written by Brian Michael Bendis.In 2006 he illustrated the cover and promotional images of the Italian version of the Activision videogame Marvel: Ultimate Alliance.Between 2006 and 2007 Dell'Otto provided the covers of the miniseries Annihilation, which starred the space-based characters of the Marvel Universe. In May 2007 he published the illustrated book Tales.In 2009 he was the artist of the X-Force mini-series Sex and Violence, written by Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost.In January 2012, Dell'Otto illustrated the spine images for the books in The Official Marvel Graphic Novel Collection. 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Annihilation #1 (2007)\nThe Deadly Hands of Kung Fu Omnibus #1 (2016)\nThe New Avengers: Illuminati #1 (2006)\nFantastic Four vol.3 #56 (2002)\nX-Factor vol.3 #6 (2006)\nGhost Rider vol.6 #12-13 (2007)\nDaredevil vol.1 #500 (2009)\nFantastic Four vol.1 #600 (2011)\nSilver Surfer: In Thy Name vol.1 #2 (2008)\nInvincible Iron Man vol.2 #4 (2008)\nWinter Soldier vol.1 #1 (2011)\nNew Avengers Annual vol.2 #1 (2011)\nNew Avengers vol.3 #24,29,33 (2014-2015)\nAvengers Annual vol.4 #1 (2012)\nAvenging Spider-Man vol.1 #14-15 (2013)\nAmazing Spider-Man: Family Business vol.1 #1 (2014)\nCaptain America: Steve Rogers vol.1 #15 (2017)\nCaptain America and Hawkeye vol.1 #629 (2012)\nMorbius: The Living Vampire vol.2 #1 (2013)\nMoon Knight vol.5 #26-30 (2009)\nDark Tower: Treachery vol.1 #1 (2008)\nAll-New Miracleman Annual vol.1 #1 (2014)\nThe Pulse vol.1 #2 (2004)\nGorilla Man vol.1 #3 (2010)\nX-Force: Sex and Violence vol.1 #1-3 (2010)\nUltimate Origins vol.1 #1-5 (2008)\nUltimate Fantastic Four vol.1 #53 (2008)\nUltimate X-Men vol.1 #94-97 (2008)\nMarvel 1602: Fantastick Four vol.1 #2-5 (2006)\nSecret War vol.1 #1-5 (2004)\nSecret Invasion Prologue (2008)\nSecret Invasion #1-8 (2008)\nWhat If? Secret Invasion #1 (2009)\nSiege #1-4 (2010)\nFear Itself: FF #1 (2011)\nFear Itself: Hulk vs. Dracula #1-3 (2011)\nVengeance vol.1 #1-6 (2011)\nThe Dark Knight III: The Master Race #1,3 4-8 (variant cover, 2015-2017)\nClone Conspiracy #1-5 (2016)\nBatman #1,75-76 (variant cover, 2016)\nDark Nights: Metal #5 (variant cover, 2018)\nBatman Who Laughs: The Grim Knight #1 (variant cover, 2019)\nDetective Comics #1000,1027 (variant cover, 2019,2020)\nThe Joker 80th anniversary 100-page super spectacular #1 (variant cover) (2020)\nX-Men #49] (Marvel France) (2002)\nPhoenix Resurrection: The Return of Jean Grey #1 (2018)","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Avenging Spider-Man (2011) #14\". Marvel Comics. November 7, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marvel.com/comics/issue/42567/avenging_spider-man_2011_14","url_text":"\"Avenging Spider-Man (2011) #14\""}]},{"reference":"\"Avenging Spider-Man (2011) #15\". Marvel Comics. December 5, 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_O._Olson | Truman O. Olson | ["1 Medal of Honor citation","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Truman O. OlsonBorn(1917-10-13)October 13, 1917Christiana, Wisconsin, U.S.DiedJanuary 31, 1944(1944-01-31) (aged 26)Cisterna di Littoria, ItalyPlace of burialWest Koshkonong Lutheran Church Cemetery, Stoughton, WisconsinAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States ArmyYears of service1942–1944RankSergeantUnit7th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry DivisionBattles/warsWorld War II • Battle of Cisterna †AwardsMedal of Honor
Truman O. Olson (October 13, 1917 – January 31, 1944) was a United States Army sergeant who was posthumously awarded the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions in World War II.
Olson was born on October 13, 1917, in Christiana, Wisconsin, and enlisted in the army from nearby Cambridge in June 1942.
He was sent to Europe in 1943 and by January 30 of the next year was serving in Italy as a sergeant in Company B of the 7th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division.
On that day, near Cisterna di Littoria, he participated in the Battle of Cisterna. After a day of fighting which resulted in heavy casualties, what remained of his company dug in for the night, with Olson and his gun crew manning a light machine gun in defense of their position. During the night, his entire gun crew was killed or wounded and Olson himself was wounded in the arm. Despite this, he remained at his post and manned the gun alone for the rest of the night. At daybreak on January 31, the German forces launched an intense assault on the company's position and Olson was severely wounded. Knowing that his machine gun was Company B's only effective defense, he refused evacuation and continued to fire on the attacking soldiers for an hour and a half until succumbing to his wounds. For these actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor a year later, on January 24, 1945.
Aged 26 at his death, Olson was buried in West Koshkonong Lutheran Church Cemetery in Stoughton, Wisconsin.
Olson Hall (building 399) on Fort Benning, Georgia is named in his honor.
Medal of Honor citation
Olson's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty. Sgt. Olson, a light machine gunner, elected to sacrifice his life to save his company from annihilation. On the night of 30 January 1944, after a 16-hour assault on entrenched enemy positions in the course of which over one-third of Company B became casualties, the survivors dug in behind a horseshoe elevation, placing Sgt. Olson and his crew, with the 1 available machinegun, forward of their lines and in an exposed position to bear the brunt of the expected German counterattack. Although he had been fighting without respite, Sgt. Olson stuck grimly to his post all night while his guncrew was cut down, 1 by 1, by accurate and overwhelming enemy fire. Weary from over 24 hours of continuous battle and suffering from an arm wound, received during the night engagement, Sgt. Olson manned his gun alone, meeting the full force of an all-out enemy assault by approximately 200 men supported by mortar and machinegun fire which the Germans launched at daybreak on the morning of 31 January. After 30 minutes of fighting, Sgt. Olson was mortally wounded, yet, knowing that only his weapons stood between his company and complete destruction, he refused evacuation. For an hour and a half after receiving his second and fatal wound he continued to fire his machinegun, killing at least 20 of the enemy, wounding many more, and forcing the assaulting German elements to withdraw.
See also
Biography portal
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
References
^ a b "Anzio Hero Wins Medal of Honor". Detroit Free Press. January 22, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved January 14, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
^ World War II Congressional Medal of Honor Ceremony (Wisconsin Historical Society)
^ a b Kent, Alan E. (Winter 1952–1953). "Wisconsin and the Medal of Honor". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. 36 (2): 108.
^ WWII Army Enlistment Records
^ a b c "Medal of Honor recipients - World War II (M-S)". Medal of Honor citations. United States Army Center of Military History. August 3, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
^ "Olson Memorial". Wisconsin State Journal. March 24, 1944. p. 5. Retrieved January 15, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
External links
"Truman O. Olson Medal of Honor Wall at Camp Roberts in California". 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Olson (October 13, 1917 – January 31, 1944) was a United States Army sergeant who was posthumously awarded the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions in World War II.[1][2]Olson was born on October 13, 1917, in Christiana, Wisconsin, and enlisted in the army from nearby Cambridge[3] in June 1942.[4]He was sent to Europe in 1943 and by January 30 of the next year was serving in Italy as a sergeant in Company B of the 7th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division.[3][5]On that day, near Cisterna di Littoria, he participated in the Battle of Cisterna. After a day of fighting which resulted in heavy casualties, what remained of his company dug in for the night, with Olson and his gun crew manning a light machine gun in defense of their position. During the night, his entire gun crew was killed or wounded and Olson himself was wounded in the arm. Despite this, he remained at his post and manned the gun alone for the rest of the night. At daybreak on January 31, the German forces launched an intense assault on the company's position and Olson was severely wounded. Knowing that his machine gun was Company B's only effective defense, he refused evacuation and continued to fire on the attacking soldiers for an hour and a half until succumbing to his wounds. For these actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor a year later, on January 24, 1945.[1][5]Aged 26 at his death, Olson was buried in West Koshkonong Lutheran Church Cemetery in Stoughton, Wisconsin.[6]Olson Hall (building 399) on Fort Benning, Georgia is named in his honor.","title":"Truman O. Olson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citation-5"}],"text":"Olson's official Medal of Honor citation reads:For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty. Sgt. Olson, a light machine gunner, elected to sacrifice his life to save his company from annihilation. On the night of 30 January 1944, after a 16-hour assault on entrenched enemy positions in the course of which over one-third of Company B became casualties, the survivors dug in behind a horseshoe elevation, placing Sgt. Olson and his crew, with the 1 available machinegun, forward of their lines and in an exposed position to bear the brunt of the expected German counterattack. Although he had been fighting without respite, Sgt. Olson stuck grimly to his post all night while his guncrew was cut down, 1 by 1, by accurate and overwhelming enemy fire. Weary from over 24 hours of continuous battle and suffering from an arm wound, received during the night engagement, Sgt. Olson manned his gun alone, meeting the full force of an all-out enemy assault by approximately 200 men supported by mortar and machinegun fire which the Germans launched at daybreak on the morning of 31 January. After 30 minutes of fighting, Sgt. Olson was mortally wounded, yet, knowing that only his weapons stood between his company and complete destruction, he refused evacuation. For an hour and a half after receiving his second and fatal wound he continued to fire his machinegun, killing at least 20 of the enemy, wounding many more, and forcing the assaulting German elements to withdraw.[5]","title":"Medal of Honor citation"}] | [] | [{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II#O"}] | [{"reference":"\"Anzio Hero Wins Medal of Honor\". Detroit Free Press. January 22, 1945. p. 1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Tee | Hayden Tee | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Theatre and opera","2.2 Cabaret","2.3 2010-2023","3 Awards","4 References"] | Australian actor-musician
Hayden Tee at the 2015 Helpmann Awards
Hayden Tee is a New Zealand actor, singer, and makeup artist. He has played varied roles in musical theatre, concert, and cabaret. He has performed in New Zealand, the UK, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, and the United States.
Early life and education
Tee was born in New Zealand, and grew up in Maungaturoto. He moved to Auckland at the age of 16, and at 18 was invited to Sydney by Avigail Herman to study at the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA). He also studied with tenor Kenneth Cornish in Auckland.
Career
Tee has appeared in cabaret, musicals and theatre in Australia, New Zealand, the UK and United States. His roles include Jack in Sondheim's Into the Woods and The Wizard of Oz. In 2001, he was resident artist at the Court Theatre, Christchurch, appearing as Grumio in Kiss Me, Kate and as Wayne in Kiwifruits II.
Theatre and opera
In February 2003, Tee received positive reviews for his role in the role of Frances in Campion Decent's Three Winters Green at the Stables Theatre in Sydney. The Sydney Morning Herald wrote: "a definite star."
In May 2005 Tee played the role of Lt. Joe Cable in South Pacific under the direction of John Diedrich and Jo Anne Robinson at the Adelaide Festival Centre. Also in 2005, he was one of the twelve finalists in the international BBC Voice of Musical Theatre competition.
Following this, he went on to play the role of Marius Pontmercy in Les Misérables at the Queen's Theatre in London. He also performed the role at its 20th anniversary performance, on 8 October 2005.
He returned to Australia in late 2006 and assumed the leading role of Thomas Andrews in the Australian premiere in Sydney of the musical Titanic, garnering critical acclaim. Prior to commencing his role in Titanic, he also played in the workshop of the new Australian musical Snugglepot and Cuddlepie as Cuddlepie under the direction of Neil Armfield. In 2007 Tee starred alongside Teddy Tahu Rhodes in the opera Dead Man Walking based on the film of the same name, in which he played the role of Father Grenville.
Tee appeared as Freddy Einsford Hill in Opera Australia's production of My Fair Lady in 2009 in Auckland. The Theatre Review wrote, "Hayden Tee is in fine voice, and is deliciously sappy and gushy as the love-struck Freddy." He played Professor Bhaer in Little Women for Kookaburra, The National Musical Theatre Company, as part of their 2008/2009 subscription season. He played the role of Gus the Theatre Cat, Growltiger the Opera Cat and Bustopher Jones in Cats in the world touring production for the Really Useful Group.
Cabaret
Tee won the New York Award at the 2002 Sydney Cabaret Convention. His New York cabaret debut was at Don't Tell Mamma on 46th Street in Hell's Kitchen.
His debut solo cabaret show, "Me to a Tee" was performed to great acclaim in Sydney, Auckland and New York. His next cabaret show, Quarterlife Crisis was performed in Sydney, Melbourne, and Canberra.
Muftee, Tee's chat/cabaret/tonight show, opened at the Stables Theatre in May 2003 and was hailed as "Australia's cult cabaret hit" by The Sydney Morning Herald. This late-night show featured stars of Australia's musical theatre as guests. Originally planned as a three-week run, Muftee went on to play to packed houses for a record-breaking seven months.
Next was a short season at Kabarett Voltaire of his new cabaret, Hayden Tee. In December 2003, he was in New York again, performing Hayden Tee and Muftee at Mamma Rose's. The show was described by New York Post columnist Liz Smith as "wild and zany". During Muftee's run in New York Tee had the opportunity of performing opposite Stephen Schwartz, John Bucchino, Avenue Q's John Tartaglia, Julie Wilson and Brent Barrett.
Whilst in New York, Tee released his first CD, which has been voted by Cabaret Hotline as one of the best five male vocal releases of the year.
In Sydney, Muftee returned in February for a six-week season at The Stables. He then played Kabarett Voltaire and Melbourne's Butterfly Club with his cabaret show, Hayden Tee and toured this show for a return season at Villa Caprese and Riverside Theatres Parramatta. His show The Gin is Cold...But the Piano Is Hot, which focused on the music of Kander and Ebb, has played around Australia.
In 2008 he appeared at the Metropolitan Room in New York City in his self-titled one man show.
In 2019, Tee released "Face to Face" on Broadway Records. The musical theatre album includes a song featuring John Owen-Jones and arrangements by Nigel Ubrihien.
2010-2023
In 2010, he played Simon Stride in the Taiwan tour of Jekyll & Hyde and was Brad Little's alternate in the title roles.
Since locating to the US in 2010 Tee has appeared in a number of productions including playing The Wolf / Cinderella's Prince in Into the Woods (director Susan V. Booth, Alliance Theater Co), King Arthur in Camelot (dir. Ted Pappas, Pittsburgh Public Theatre), Freddy Einsford Hill In My Fair Lady (dir. Charles Repole, North Shore Music Theatre) and Mr. Darling / Captain Hook in Peter Pan (dir. Michael Lichtefeld). Tee recently played the role of Jack in the new musical version of The Importance of Being Earnest titled Being Earnest written by Paul Gordon and Jay Gruska at the New Works festival in California under the direction of Robert Kelly. Tee appeared as Edward Rutledge in 1776 at the Pittsburgh Public Theater early 2013.
Tee returned to Les Misérables playing Inspector Javert in the 2014 world tour. He later reprised the role in the Broadway revival in 2016 and in the West End in 2017.
In 2018 and 2019, he played Miss Trunchbull in Matilda the Musical in the West End. He reprised this role in the international tour. In 2023, he played Lance Du Bois in & Juliet in Australia.
Tee is a creative director of Inglot Cosmetics.
Awards
Tee's debut self-titled album was voted top five male vocalist of 2003 by cabarethotlineonline.com.
He was nominated for an Adelaide Theatre Guide Award for best Individual Male Performance for his portrayal of Lt. Joe Cable in South Pacific. Tee was the recipient of the New York Award at the 2002 Sydney Cabaret Convention, winning his first trip to New York to perform. Tee was selected as one of the top 12 voices of Music Theatre 2005 at the BBC world voice of Music Theatre competition in Cardiff, Wales.
Tee received a 2009 Glugs Award for best supporting actor for his performance as Professor Bhaer in Little Women. He received an Aussietheatre Best actor in a Musical nomination for playing Thomas Andrews in Titanic, plus a 2006 Glugs Award for Best Cabaret performer. He won a Colleen Clifford Memorial Award for Best Actor in a Music Theatre (male) at the 2015 Glugs for the role of Javert in Les Misérables.
References
^ Hallett, Bryce."Convention winners are Broadway bound", The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 July 2002.
^ Christian, Dionne. "Hayden Tee's remarkable success story. The New Zealand Herald, 12 October 2019.
^ "Official biography", HaydenTee.com, retrieved 18 June 2010.
^ Low, Lenny Ann. "Three Winters Green review", The Sydney Morning Herald, 14 February 2003.
^ "Not a shock in sight", The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 December 2003.
^ Moses, Alexa. "Cabaret artist lands top role in London", The Sydney Morning Herald, 2 May 2005.
^ "All aboard for Sydney", The Sydney Morning Herald, 18 September 2006.
^ Hallett, Bryce. "Titanic review", The Sydney Morning Herald, 30 October 2006.
^ "Dead Man Walking opens Thursday" Archived 20 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine, aussietheatre.com.au, 25 September (no year), retrieved 18 June 2010.
^ Ward-Smythe, Kate. "My Fair Lady Review", theatreview.org.nz, 27 March 2009.
^ "Little Women, The Broadway Musical Listing", seymour.usyd.edu.au, retrieved 18 June 2010.
^ Dodds, Troy. "Off-stage drama dominated company's life", aussietheatre.com.au, retrieved 18 June 2010.
^ Morgan, Clare. "Manhattan suits him to a T", The Sydney Morning Herald, 8 October 2003.
^ Article, The Sydney Morning Herald, 27 February 2003.
^ Gibson, Joel. "Teeing off on a defining concept", The Sydney Morning Herald, 22 May 2003.
^ Article, The Sydney Morning Herald, 21 August 2003.
^ Article, The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 December 2003.
^ Hurst, David. Hayden Tee Review, Show Business Weekly, retrieved 18 June 2010.
^ a b Article Archived 21 August 2004 at the Wayback Machine, showbusinessweekly.com.
^ Listing, 2004, showtune.com.au, 2004, retrieved 18 June 2010.
^ Leavy, Peter. "Hayden Tee", cabaretscenes.org, 9 January 2008.
^ "Alliance Theatre's Into the Woods to Star Courtney Balan and Mark Price - Playbill.com". www.playbill.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011.
^ "Pittsburgh Public's Camelot Will Star Hayden Tee, Kimberly Burns, Keith Hines - Playbill.com". www.playbill.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010.
^ "Lisa O'Hare, Charles Shaughnessy, Hayden Tee Will Head Cast of North Shore My Fair Lady - Playbill.com". www.playbill.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011.
^ Suzi Awards. Hayden Tee
^ "Euan Morton Will Be Dashing and Duplicitous Suitor in TheatreWorks' Musical Premiere Being Earnest - Playbill.com". www.playbill.com. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014.
^ "Pittsburgh Public's 1776 Will Feature George Merrick, Steve Vinovich, Trista Moldovan, Keith Hines, Hayden Tee - Playbill.com". www.playbill.com. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014.
^ Tee BwayWorld
^ Bloom, Heather (10 May 2022). "& Juliet, to premiere at Melbourne's Regent Theatre in 2023". Australian Stage.
^ "2015 Glugs Theatre Awards Winners". Stage Whispers. 2 February 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayden_Tee_(19878407499).jpg"},{"link_name":"2015 Helpmann Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Helpmann_Awards"},{"link_name":"musical theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"}],"text":"Hayden Tee at the 2015 Helpmann AwardsHayden Tee is a New Zealand actor, singer, and makeup artist. He has played varied roles in musical theatre, concert, and cabaret. He has performed in New Zealand, the UK, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, and the United States.","title":"Hayden Tee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maungaturoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maungaturoto"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Tee was born in New Zealand, and grew up in Maungaturoto. He moved to Auckland at the age of 16, and at 18 was invited to Sydney by Avigail Herman to study at the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA).[1][2] [3] He also studied with tenor Kenneth Cornish in Auckland.[citation needed]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim"},{"link_name":"Into the Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Woods"},{"link_name":"The Wizard of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(adaptations)"},{"link_name":"Court Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_Theatre_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Kiss Me, Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_Me,_Kate"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Tee has appeared in cabaret, musicals and theatre in Australia, New Zealand, the UK and United States. His roles include Jack in Sondheim's Into the Woods and The Wizard of Oz. In 2001, he was resident artist at the Court Theatre, Christchurch, appearing as Grumio in Kiss Me, Kate and as Wayne in Kiwifruits II.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stables Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stables_Theatre,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"South Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pacific_(musical)"},{"link_name":"John Diedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Diedrich"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Festival Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Festival_Centre"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Marius Pontmercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Pontmercy"},{"link_name":"Les Misérables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Queen's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondheim_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Neil Armfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armfield"},{"link_name":"Teddy Tahu Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Tahu_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Dead Man Walking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Man_Walking_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"the film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Man_Walking_(film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Opera Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Australia"},{"link_name":"My Fair Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Fair_Lady"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Little Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Women_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Really Useful Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Really_Useful_Group"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Theatre and opera","text":"In February 2003, Tee received positive reviews for his role in the role of Frances in Campion Decent's Three Winters Green at the Stables Theatre in Sydney. The Sydney Morning Herald wrote: \"a definite star.\"[4][5]In May 2005 Tee played the role of Lt. Joe Cable in South Pacific under the direction of John Diedrich and Jo Anne Robinson at the Adelaide Festival Centre. Also in 2005, he was one of the twelve finalists in the international BBC Voice of Musical Theatre competition.[citation needed]Following this, he went on to play the role of Marius Pontmercy in Les Misérables at the Queen's Theatre in London.[6] He also performed the role at its 20th anniversary performance, on 8 October 2005.[citation needed]He returned to Australia in late 2006 and assumed the leading role of Thomas Andrews in the Australian premiere in Sydney of the musical Titanic,[7] garnering critical acclaim.[8] Prior to commencing his role in Titanic, he also played in the workshop of the new Australian musical Snugglepot and Cuddlepie as Cuddlepie under the direction of Neil Armfield. In 2007 Tee starred alongside Teddy Tahu Rhodes in the opera Dead Man Walking[9] based on the film of the same name, in which he played the role of Father Grenville.[citation needed]Tee appeared as Freddy Einsford Hill in Opera Australia's production of My Fair Lady in 2009 in Auckland. The Theatre Review wrote, \"Hayden Tee is in fine voice, and is deliciously sappy and gushy as the love-struck Freddy.\"[10] He played Professor Bhaer in Little Women for Kookaburra, The National Musical Theatre Company, as part of their 2008/2009 subscription season.[11][12] He played the role of Gus the Theatre Cat, Growltiger the Opera Cat and Bustopher Jones in Cats in the world touring production for the Really Useful Group.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hell's Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"New York Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post"},{"link_name":"Liz Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Smith_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Schwartz_(composer)"},{"link_name":"John Bucchino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bucchino"},{"link_name":"Avenue Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_Q"},{"link_name":"John Tartaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tartaglia"},{"link_name":"Julie Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Brent Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Barrett"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-showbusinessweekly.com-19"},{"link_name":"Riverside Theatres Parramatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Theatres_Parramatta"},{"link_name":"Kander and Ebb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kander_and_Ebb"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"John Owen-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Owen-Jones"}],"sub_title":"Cabaret","text":"Tee won the New York Award at the 2002 Sydney Cabaret Convention.[13] His New York cabaret debut was at Don't Tell Mamma on 46th Street in Hell's Kitchen.[citation needed]His debut solo cabaret show, \"Me to a Tee\" was performed to great acclaim in Sydney, Auckland and New York. His next cabaret show, Quarterlife Crisis was performed in Sydney,[14] Melbourne, and Canberra.[citation needed]Muftee, Tee's chat/cabaret/tonight show, opened at the Stables Theatre in May 2003[15] and was hailed as \"Australia's cult cabaret hit\" by The Sydney Morning Herald.[16] This late-night show featured stars of Australia's musical theatre as guests. Originally planned as a three-week run, Muftee went on to play to packed houses for a record-breaking seven months.[17]Next was a short season at Kabarett Voltaire of his new cabaret, Hayden Tee. In December 2003, he was in New York again, performing Hayden Tee and Muftee at Mamma Rose's.[18] The show was described by New York Post columnist Liz Smith as \"wild and zany\". During Muftee's run in New York Tee had the opportunity of performing opposite Stephen Schwartz, John Bucchino, Avenue Q's John Tartaglia, Julie Wilson and Brent Barrett.[citation needed]Whilst in New York, Tee released his first CD, which has been voted by Cabaret Hotline as one of the best five male vocal releases of the year.[19]In Sydney, Muftee returned in February for a six-week season at The Stables. He then played Kabarett Voltaire and Melbourne's Butterfly Club with his cabaret show, Hayden Tee and toured this show for a return season at Villa Caprese and Riverside Theatres Parramatta. His show The Gin is Cold...But the Piano Is Hot, which focused on the music of Kander and Ebb, has played around Australia.[20]In 2008 he appeared at the Metropolitan Room in New York City in his self-titled one man show.[21]In 2019, Tee released \"Face to Face\" on Broadway Records. The musical theatre album includes a song featuring John Owen-Jones and arrangements by Nigel Ubrihien.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jekyll & Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jekyll_%26_Hyde_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Brad Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Little_(actor)"},{"link_name":"alternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understudy#Similar_tasks"},{"link_name":"the title roles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(character)"},{"link_name":"The Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bad_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Cinderella's Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charming"},{"link_name":"Into the Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Woods"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"King Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Camelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelot_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"My Fair Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Fair_Lady"},{"link_name":"North Shore Music Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_Music_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Captain Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Hook"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1954_musical)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Importance of Being Earnest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Edward Rutledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Rutledge"},{"link_name":"1776","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1776_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Les Misérables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Inspector Javert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javert"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Matilda the Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_the_Musical"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"& Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%26_Juliet"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Inglot Cosmetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglot_Cosmetics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"2010-2023","text":"In 2010, he played Simon Stride in the Taiwan tour of Jekyll & Hyde and was Brad Little's alternate in the title roles.Since locating to the US in 2010 Tee has appeared in a number of productions including playing The Wolf / Cinderella's Prince in Into the Woods (director Susan V. Booth, Alliance Theater Co),[22] King Arthur in Camelot (dir. Ted Pappas, Pittsburgh Public Theatre),[23] Freddy Einsford Hill In My Fair Lady (dir. Charles Repole, North Shore Music Theatre)[24] and Mr. Darling / Captain Hook in Peter Pan (dir. Michael Lichtefeld).[25] Tee recently played the role of Jack in the new musical version of The Importance of Being Earnest titled Being Earnest written by Paul Gordon and Jay Gruska at the New Works festival in California under the direction of Robert Kelly.[26] Tee appeared as Edward Rutledge in 1776 at the Pittsburgh Public Theater early 2013.[27]Tee returned to Les Misérables playing Inspector Javert in the 2014 world tour. He later reprised the role in the Broadway revival in 2016 and in the West End in 2017.[28]In 2018 and 2019, he played Miss Trunchbull in Matilda the Musical in the West End. He reprised this role in the international tour.[citation needed] In 2023, he played Lance Du Bois\tin & Juliet in Australia.[29]Tee is[when?] a creative director of Inglot Cosmetics.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-showbusinessweekly.com-19"},{"link_name":"South Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pacific_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Glugs Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glugs_Award"},{"link_name":"Little Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Women_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Javert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javert"},{"link_name":"Les Misérables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Tee's debut self-titled album was voted top five male vocalist of 2003 by cabarethotlineonline.com.[19]He was nominated for an Adelaide Theatre Guide Award for best Individual Male Performance for his portrayal of Lt. Joe Cable in South Pacific. Tee was the recipient of the New York Award at the 2002 Sydney Cabaret Convention, winning his first trip to New York to perform. Tee was selected as one of the top 12 voices of Music Theatre 2005 at the BBC world voice of Music Theatre competition in Cardiff, Wales.[citation needed]Tee received a 2009 Glugs Award for best supporting actor for his performance as Professor Bhaer in Little Women. He received an Aussietheatre Best actor in a Musical nomination for playing Thomas Andrews in Titanic, plus a 2006 Glugs Award for Best Cabaret performer. He won a Colleen Clifford Memorial Award for Best Actor in a Music Theatre (male) at the 2015 Glugs for the role of Javert in Les Misérables.[30]","title":"Awards"}] | [{"image_text":"Hayden Tee at the 2015 Helpmann Awards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Hayden_Tee_%2819878407499%29.jpg/170px-Hayden_Tee_%2819878407499%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Alliance Theatre's Into the Woods to Star Courtney Balan and Mark Price - Playbill.com\". www.playbill.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715220323/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/152582-Alliance-Theatres-Into-the-Woods-to-Star-Courtney-Balan-and-Mark-Price","url_text":"\"Alliance Theatre's Into the Woods to Star Courtney Balan and Mark Price - Playbill.com\""},{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/152582-Alliance-Theatres-Into-the-Woods-to-Star-Courtney-Balan-and-Mark-Price","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pittsburgh Public's Camelot Will Star Hayden Tee, Kimberly Burns, Keith Hines - Playbill.com\". www.playbill.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203002842/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/145407-Pittsburgh-Publics-Camelot-Will-Star-Hayden-Tee-Kimberly-Burns-Keith-Hines","url_text":"\"Pittsburgh Public's Camelot Will Star Hayden Tee, Kimberly Burns, Keith Hines - Playbill.com\""},{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/145407-Pittsburgh-Publics-Camelot-Will-Star-Hayden-Tee-Kimberly-Burns-Keith-Hines","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lisa O'Hare, Charles Shaughnessy, Hayden Tee Will Head Cast of North Shore My Fair Lady - Playbill.com\". www.playbill.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110522121754/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/151003-Lisa-OHare-Charles-Shaughnessy-Hayden-Tee-Will-Head-Cast-of-North-Shore-My-Fair-Lady","url_text":"\"Lisa O'Hare, Charles Shaughnessy, Hayden Tee Will Head Cast of North Shore My Fair Lady - Playbill.com\""},{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/151003-Lisa-OHare-Charles-Shaughnessy-Hayden-Tee-Will-Head-Cast-of-North-Shore-My-Fair-Lady","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Euan Morton Will Be Dashing and Duplicitous Suitor in TheatreWorks' Musical Premiere Being Earnest - Playbill.com\". www.playbill.com. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140108041233/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/176107-Euan-Morton-Will-Be-Dashing-and-Duplicitous-Suitor-in-TheatreWorks-Musical-Premiere-Being-Earnest","url_text":"\"Euan Morton Will Be Dashing and Duplicitous Suitor in TheatreWorks' Musical Premiere Being Earnest - Playbill.com\""},{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/176107-Euan-Morton-Will-Be-Dashing-and-Duplicitous-Suitor-in-TheatreWorks-Musical-Premiere-Being-Earnest","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pittsburgh Public's 1776 Will Feature George Merrick, Steve Vinovich, Trista Moldovan, Keith Hines, Hayden Tee - Playbill.com\". www.playbill.com. 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Australian Stage.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.australianstage.com.au/202205109368/news/industry-news/juliet-to-premiere-at-melbourne%E2%80%99s-regent-theatre-in-2023.html","url_text":"\"& Juliet, to premiere at Melbourne's Regent Theatre in 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Glugs Theatre Awards Winners\". Stage Whispers. 2 February 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stagewhispers.com.au/news/2015-glugs-theatre-awards-winners","url_text":"\"2015 Glugs Theatre Awards Winners\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/07/28/1027818488766.html","external_links_name":"\"Convention winners are Broadway bound\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/hayden-tees-remarkable-success-story/V42DJQ6BJ4FZWHLWSWSCYZH4IQ/","external_links_name":"\"Hayden Tee's remarkable success story"},{"Link":"http://www.haydentee.com/bio.php","external_links_name":"\"Official biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/02/13/1044927736998.html","external_links_name":"\"Three Winters Green review\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/12/29/1072546451291.html","external_links_name":"\"Not a shock in sight\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/Arts/Cabaret-artist-lands-top-role-in-London/2005/05/01/1114886246899.html","external_links_name":"\"Cabaret artist lands top role in London\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/arts/all-aboard-for-sydney/2006/09/17/1158431581634.html","external_links_name":"\"All aboard for Sydney\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/arts-reviews/titanic/2006/10/18/1160850983130.html","external_links_name":"\"Titanic review\""},{"Link":"http://www.aussietheatre.com.au/archive/oldernews.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dead Man Walking opens Thursday\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110220014812/http://www.aussietheatre.com.au/archive/oldernews.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.theatreview.org.nz/reviews/review.php?id=2059","external_links_name":"\"My Fair Lady Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.seymour.usyd.edu.au/boxoffice/program_littlewomen.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Little Women, The Broadway Musical Listing\""},{"Link":"http://www.aussietheatre.com.au/archive/kookaburrafolds.htm","external_links_name":"\"Off-stage drama dominated company's life\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/10/07/1065292586947.html?from=storyrhs","external_links_name":"\"Manhattan suits him to a T\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/cgi-bin/common/popupPrintArticle.pl?path=/articles/2003/02/27/1046064162693.htm","external_links_name":"Article"},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/05/21/1053196640506.html","external_links_name":"\"Teeing off on a defining concept\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/08/21/1061434983747.html?from=storyrhs","external_links_name":"Article"},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/cgi-bin/common/popupPrintArticle.pl?path=/articles/2003/12/29/1072546451096.html","external_links_name":"Article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040821094444/http://www.showbusinessweekly.com/archive/260/cd_hayden_tee.shtml","external_links_name":"Hayden Tee Review"},{"Link":"http://www.showbusinessweekly.com/archive/260/cd_hayden_tee.shtml","external_links_name":"Article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040821094444/http://www.showbusinessweekly.com/archive/260/cd_hayden_tee.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.showtune.com.au/lounge_2004.html","external_links_name":"Listing, 2004"},{"Link":"http://www.cabaretscenes.org/cab_revs/2008/jan08/tee-hayden1-08.html","external_links_name":"\"Hayden Tee\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715220323/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/152582-Alliance-Theatres-Into-the-Woods-to-Star-Courtney-Balan-and-Mark-Price","external_links_name":"\"Alliance Theatre's Into the Woods to Star Courtney Balan and Mark Price - Playbill.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/152582-Alliance-Theatres-Into-the-Woods-to-Star-Courtney-Balan-and-Mark-Price","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203002842/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/145407-Pittsburgh-Publics-Camelot-Will-Star-Hayden-Tee-Kimberly-Burns-Keith-Hines","external_links_name":"\"Pittsburgh Public's Camelot Will Star Hayden Tee, Kimberly Burns, Keith Hines - Playbill.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/145407-Pittsburgh-Publics-Camelot-Will-Star-Hayden-Tee-Kimberly-Burns-Keith-Hines","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110522121754/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/151003-Lisa-OHare-Charles-Shaughnessy-Hayden-Tee-Will-Head-Cast-of-North-Shore-My-Fair-Lady","external_links_name":"\"Lisa O'Hare, Charles Shaughnessy, Hayden Tee Will Head Cast of North Shore My Fair Lady - Playbill.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/151003-Lisa-OHare-Charles-Shaughnessy-Hayden-Tee-Will-Head-Cast-of-North-Shore-My-Fair-Lady","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.suziawards.org/bio/469/Hayden-Tee","external_links_name":"Suzi Awards. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_District | Darjeeling district | ["1 Name","2 History","2.1 Gorkhaland Movement","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","4 Area","4.1 Subdivisions","4.2 Assembly constituencies","5 Demographics","5.1 Religion","5.2 Languages","6 Flora and fauna","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 27°02′N 88°10′E / 27.03°N 88.16°E / 27.03; 88.16District of West Bengal, India
District in West Bengal, IndiaDarjeeling districtDistrict
Clockwise from top-left: Tea estate in Darjeeling, Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, Ghum Monastery, View of Kangchenjunga from Tiger Hill, View of SiliguriLocation of Darjeeling in West BengalCountry IndiaState West BengalDivisionJalpaiguriHeadquartersDarjeelingGovernment • Lok Sabha constituenciesDarjeeling (shared with Kalimpong district) • Vidhan Sabha constituenciesDarjeeling, Kurseong, Matigara-Naxalbari, Siliguri, PhansidewaArea • Total3,149 km2 (1,216 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total1,595,181 • Density510/km2 (1,300/sq mi) • Urban727,963Demographics • Literacy79.56% (excluding 0–6 population) • Sex ratio970Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)Major highwaysNH 31, NH 55HDI (2004) 0.650 (medium)Websitedarjeeling.gov.in
Darjeeling District is the northernmost district of the state of West Bengal in eastern India in the foothills of the Himalayas. The district is famous for its hill station and Darjeeling tea. Darjeeling is the district headquarters.
Kurseong, Siliguri and Mirik, three major towns in the district, are the subdivisional headquarters of the district. Kalimpong was one of the subdivisions but on 14 February 2017, it officially became a separate Kalimpong district.
Geographically, the district can be divided into two broad divisions: the hills and the plains. The entire hilly region of the district comes under the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration, a semi-autonomous administrative body under the state government of West Bengal. This body covers the three hill subdivisions of Darjeeling, Kurseong and Mirik and the district of Kalimpong. The foothills of Darjeeling Himalayas, which comes under the Siliguri subdivision, is known as the Terai. The district is bounded on the north by Sikkim, on the south by Uttar Dinajpur district of West Bengal, southwest by Kishanganj district of Bihar state, on the southeast by Panchagarh district of Bangladesh, on the east by Kalimpong and Jalpaiguri districts, and on the west by easternmost Province No. 1 of Nepal. Darjeeling district has a length from north to south of 18 miles (29 km) and a breadth from east to west of 16 miles (26 km). As of 2011, it was the second least populous district of West Bengal (out of 19), after Dakshin Dinajpur.
Name
The etymological term of Darjeeling is denoted "Tajenglung", a Yakthung Limbu terminology that means the stones that "talk to each other", according to the historian Sankarhang Subba of Darjeeling. The name Darjeeling acclaimed from the Tibetan words Dorje, which is the thunderbolt sceptre of the Hindu deity Indra, and ling, which means "a place" or "land".
History
The ancient inhabitants of Darjeeling are the Lepcha and Limbu.
Most of Darjeeling formed a part of dominions of the Chogyal of Sikkim, who had been engaged in an unsuccessful warfare against the Gorkhas of Nepal. From 1780, the Gorkhas made several attempts to capture the entire region of Darjeeling. By the beginning of the 19th century, they had overrun Sikkim as far eastward as the Teesta River and had conquered and annexed the entire Terai.
In the meantime, the British were engaged in preventing the Gorkhas from over-running the whole of the northern frontier. The Anglo-Gorkha war broke out in 1814, which resulted in the defeat of the Gorkhas and subsequently led to the signing of the Sugauli Treaty in 1815. According to the treaty, Nepal had to cede all those territories which the Gorkhas had annexed from the Chogyal of Sikkim to the British East India Company (i.e., the area between Mechi River and Teesta River). In 1817, through the Treaty of Titalia, the British East India Company reinstated the Chogyal of Sikkim, restored all the tracts of land between the Mechi and the Teesta rivers to the Chogyal of Sikkim and guaranteed his sovereignty. In 1835, the hill of Darjeeling, including an enclave of 138 square miles (360 km2), was given to the British East India Company by Sikkim.
In November 1864, the Treaty of Sinchula was executed in which the Bhutan Dooars with the passes leading into the hills and Kalimpong were ceded to the British by Bhutan. The Darjeeling district can be said to have assumed its present shape and size in 1866 with an area of 1234 sq. miles.
Before 1861 and from 1870 to 1874, Darjeeling District was a "Non-Regulated Area" (where acts and regulations of the British Raj did not automatically apply in the district in line with rest of the country, unless specifically extended). From 1862 to 1870, it was considered a "Regulated Area". The phrase "Non-Regulated Area" was changed to "Scheduled District" in 1874 and again to "Backward Tracts" in 1919. The status was known as "Partially Excluded Area" from 1935 until the independence of India.
On 14 February 2017, Kalimpong district was carved out of Darjeeling district.
Gorkhaland Movement
Main article: Gorkhaland movement
The GNLF flag.
During the 1980s, the Gorkha National Liberation Front led an intensive and often violent campaign for the creation of a separate Gorkhaland state within India, across the Nepali-speaking areas in northern West Bengal. The movement reached its peak around 1986–1988 but ended with the establishment of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council in 1988.
The hill areas of Darjeeling enjoyed some measure of autonomy under the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council. However, the demand for full statehood within India has emerged once again, with the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha as its chief proponent. The Gorkhaland Territorial Administration replaced the DGHC in August 2012 after the GJM signed an agreement with the government.
Geography
Batasia Loop, Darjeeling
A tea garden in Darjeeling.
The Darjeeling hill area is formed of comparatively recent rock structure that has a direct bearing on landslides. Heavy monsoon precipitation contributes to the landslides. Soils of Darjeeling hill areas are extremely varied, depending on elevation, degree of slope, vegetative cover and geolithology.
The Himalayas serve as the source of natural resources for the population residing in the hills as well as in the plains. As human population expands in the hills, forests are being depleted for the extension of agricultural lands, introduction of new settlements, roadways, etc. The growing changes coming in the wake of urbanisation and industrialisation leave deep impressions on the hill ecosystem.Coronation Bridge over Teesta river.
The economy of Darjeeling hill area depends on tea production, horticulture, agriculture, forestry and tourism. The major portions of the forests are today found at elevations of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) and above. The area in between 1,000 and 2,000 metres (3,300 and 6,600 ft) is cleared either for tea plantation or cultivation. About 30 percent of the forest covers found in the lower hills are deciduous. Evergreen forest constitutes only about 6 percent of the total forest coverage. Shorea robusta remains the most prominent species of tropical moist deciduous forest along with heavy undergrowth.
Teesta, Rangeet, Mechi, Balason, Mahananda and Rammam are the important rivers of the district.
Climate
Climate data for Darjeeling
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
16(61)
17(63)
23(73)
24(75)
25(77)
24(75)
25(77)
25(77)
25(77)
23(73)
19(66)
17(63)
25(77)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
8(46)
9(48)
14(57)
17(63)
18(64)
18(64)
19(66)
18(64)
18(64)
16(61)
12(54)
9(48)
15(58)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
2(36)
2(36)
6(43)
9(48)
12(54)
13(55)
14(57)
14(57)
13(55)
10(50)
6(43)
3(37)
9(48)
Record low °C (°F)
−3(27)
−2(28)
−1(30)
1(34)
6(43)
8(46)
9(48)
11(52)
10(50)
4(39)
2(36)
−1(30)
−3(27)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
13(0.5)
28(1.1)
43(1.7)
104(4.1)
216(8.5)
589(23.2)
798(31.4)
638(25.1)
447(17.6)
130(5.1)
23(0.9)
8(0.3)
3,037(119.6)
Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT004930
Area
Darjeeling Municipal Area
Subdivisions
Darjeeling District comprises four subdivisions:
Darjeeling Sadar subdivision
Kurseong subdivision
Mirik subdivision
Siliguri subdivision
Assembly constituencies
Kurseong Station, Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
The district was previously divided into six assembly constituencies. As per the order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in West Bengal, the district had been divided into six assembly constituencies. Kalimpong has become a separate district from 14 February 2017, so the number of assembly constituencies in Darjeeling district is now five.
Darjeeling (assembly constituency no. 23)
Kurseong (assembly constituency no. 24)
Matigara-Naxalbari (SC) (assembly constituency no. 25)
Siliguri (assembly constituency no. 26)
Phansidewa (ST) (assembly constituency no. 27)
Phansidewa constituency is reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST) candidates. Matigara-Naxalbari constituency is reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates. Along with one assembly constituency from Kalimpong district and one assembly constituency from Uttar Dinajpur district, the five assembly constituencies of this district form the Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency.
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1901265,780— 1911279,899+0.52%1921294,237+0.50%1931332,061+1.22%1941390,899+1.64%1951459,617+1.63%1961624,640+3.12%1971781,777+2.27%19811,024,269+2.74%19911,299,919+2.41%20011,609,172+2.16%20111,846,823+1.39%source:
Darjeeling Toy Train
Darjeeling railway station an outside view
Darjeeling Himalayan Railway toy train at Kurseong station
According to the 2011 census Darjeeling district has a population of 1,846,823, roughly equal to the population of Kosovo. This gives it a ranking of 257th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 586 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,520/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 14.77%. Darjeeling has a sex ratio of 970 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 79.56%. After Kalimpong district was separated its population was 1,595,181, of which 671,1771 (42.11%) live in urban areas. The residual district has a sex ratio of 972 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 18.86% and 20.21% of the population respectively.
See also: List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate
In 2001, the population of the district was 1,609,172. The rural population was 1,088,740 and urban population was 520,432. Total males were 830,644 and females were 778,528. The density of population was 511 per km2. The decennial population growth rate (1991–2001) was 23.79%.
The hills have a population of 624,061 which is nearly 40% of the population. The original inhabitants of the Darjeeling Hills were the Lepchas or Rongpa (the ravine people, as they prefer themselves to be known as). Other communities with a long history in the district include the Limbu, Rai, Tamang, Gurung, Magar, Newar, Thami, Chettri, Bahun, Kami, and Damai. There is also a sizeable population of Tibetans who arrived from Tibet since the 1950s. Over time, the ethnic distinctions between the hill people have blurred and today most identify as Gorkha and speak Nepali only as mother tongue.
In the plains, the Bengalis and Rajbongshis are in majority while there are large numbers of Gorkhas and Adivasis, the latter of which migrated from Chotanagpur and Santhal Parganas during British rule as tea garden workers. Both in the hills and plains are various migrants from other regions including Biharis, Marwaris and Punjabis.
Religion
Religion in Darjeeling district (2011)
Hinduism
76.06%
Buddhism
9.81%
Christianity
6.54%
Islam
6.34%
Others*
0.78%
Other or not stated
0.47%
Others includes faiths like Kirat Mundhum, Bon, Mun
Religion in present-day Darjeeling district
Religion
Population (1941): 90–91
Percentage (1941)
Population (2011)
Percentage (2011)
Hinduism
142,568
47.95%
1,213,326
76.06%
Tribal religion
109,627
36.87%
12,460
0.78%
Islam
8,801
2.96%
101,088
6.34%
Christianity
1,885
0.63%
104,395
6.54%
Buddhism
---
---
156,552
9.81%
Others
34,446
11.59%
7,360
0.47%
Total Population
297,327
100%
1,595,181
100%
Hinduism is the majority religion in both the hills and plains. Buddhism and Kirat Mudhum are almost entirely present in the hills. Christianity is primarily in the hills, although there are significant numbers among the tea tribes in the plains. Islam is almost entirely found in the plains.
Languages
Languages spoken in Darjeeling district (2011)
Nepali (39.88%) Bengali (26.51%) Hindi (10.95%) Rajbongshi (6.17%) Sadri (5.38%) Kurukh (2.52%) Bhojpuri (1.50%) Santali (1.15%) 'Other' Bengali (1.04%) Others (4.90%)
At the time of the 2011 census, 39.88% of the population spoke Nepali, 26.51% Bengali, 10.95% Hindi, 6.17% Rajbongshi, 5.38% Sadri, 2.52% Kurukh, 1.50% Bhojpuri and 1.15% Santali as their first language. 1.04% of the population recorded their language as 'Others' under Bengali. According to 1951 Census, about 26% of the population in the three hill sub-divisions of Darjeeling district (including Kalimpong) spoke Nepali as mother language. Other languages formerly spoken in the hills included Rai, Limbu, Tamang, Magar, Gurung, and Newar.
Bengali is the official language of the district, with Nepali declared as co-official only in Darjeeling and Kurseong subdivisions.
Nepali is the dominant language in the hill divisions, spoken by more than 90% of the people in Darjeeling, Kurseong and Mirik subdivisions, although most hill inhabitants are not from Khas communities. Several hundred of the original hill inhabitants still speak their original languages although the vast majority now speak only Nepali.
The main language of the Siliguri subdivision is Bengali. It is followed by a sizeable number of Kamatpuri or Rajbongshi speakers. Among the Adivasis, Sadri is the main language although some still speak their original languages like Kurukh, Mundari and Santali.
Flora and fauna
Darjeeling district is home to Singalila National Park, which was set up in 1986 as a wildlife sanctuary and converted to a national park in 1992. It has an area of 78.60 km2 (30.3 sq mi).
Darjeeling district has three wildlife sanctuaries: Jorepokhri, Mahananda, and Senchal.
See also
Gorkhaland
Gorkha Janmukti Morcha
Gorkha National Liberation Front
The Darjeeling Limited
References
^ "About District - Darjeeling". Darjeeling District, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
^ "West Bengal Human Development Report 2004" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
^ "West Bengal CM congratulates people of Kalimpong district". The Times of Indial. 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
^ a b c d e f g "District Census Handbook: Darjeeling" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
^ Subba U.,( 'Sabdatitma Tajenglung' (Title) by Sankarhang Subba,) (Editor) Yuma Manghim Udghatan Samaroha Smarika 2017, Nalichour, Sonada, published by Limbu/ Subba Tribal Society, Darjeeling.
^ "Pre-Independence ". Government of Darjeeling. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
^ "Gorkhaland State a distinct possibility". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 15 May 2004. Archived from the original on 6 July 2004.
^ "Gorkha Territorial Administration members sworn in; Shinde, Mamata assure support". The Times of India. 5 August 2012. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
^ "General election to the Legislative Assembly, 2001 – List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies" (PDF). West Bengal. Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
^ "Press Note, Delimitation Commission" (PDF). Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal. Delimitation Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
^ "Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901". Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
^ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2011. Kosovo 1,825,632 July 2011 est.
^ "Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : West Bengal". Censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Census 2001". darjeeling.gov.in. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
^ a b c "People and Culture - Language". Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
^ a b c "Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ "Census of India, 1941 Volume VI Bengal Province" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
^ a b c d "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ "Lok Sabha Debates - Nepali-speaking People in Darjeeling" (PDF). eparlib.nic.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
^ "Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India: 50th report (delivered to the Lokh Sabha in 2014)" (PDF). National Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. p. 95. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
^ "National Parks". ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
^ "Wildlife Sanctuaries". ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
^ Including Jainism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Ad-Dharmis, or not stated
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Darjeeling district.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Darjeeling (district).
Darjeeling District official website
Places adjacent to Darjeeling district
Gyalshing district, Sikkim
Namchi district, Sikkim
Kalimpong district, Gangtok district, Sikkim
Nepal
Darjeeling district
Kalimpong district, Jalpaiguri district
Kishanganj district, Bihar
North Dinajpur district
Bangladesh
vteDarjeeling related topicsHistory and government
Darjeeling district
History of Sikkim
History of Bengal
History of Nepal
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Gorkhaland
Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council
Darjeeling Municipality
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Geography
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Darjeeling Himalayan hill region
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Education
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Community developmentblocksDarjeeling Sadar subdivision
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Vidhan Sabha constituencies
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Template
Cities and towns in Darjeeling district
Categories
Darjeeling
Cities and towns in Darjeeling district
Himalayas
Hill stations in India
People from Darjeeling district
Villages in Darjeeling district
vteCities, towns and locations in Darjeeling DistrictCities, municipal and census townsDarjeeling Sadar subdivision
Badamtam Tea Garden
Chongtong Tea Garden
Darjeeling
Ging Tea Garden
Mangarjung Tea Garden (Nagri)
Rongmook Ceder Tea Garden
Singtam Tea Garden
Sonada
Sukhiapokhri
Kurseong subdivision
Cart Road
Kurseong
Mirik subdivision
Mirik
Siliguri subdivision
Bara Mohansingh
Bairatisal
Bhimram
Dakshin Bagdogra
Dumriguri
Geni
Jitu
Kalkut
Kharibari
Lalman
Mathapari
Shyamdhan
Siliguri
Tari
Uttar Bagdogra
Locationsother than cities and townsDarjeeling Sadar subdivision
Bijanbari
Chamong Tea Garden
Dhajea Tea Garden
Ghum
Jorebungalow
Lebong & Mineral Spring Tea Garden
Lodhoma
Manebhanjyang
Mariabong Tea Garden
Nagri Farm Tea Garden
Orange Valley Tea Garden
Peshok Tea Garden
Pokhriabong
Poobong Tea Garden
Pattabong Tea Garden
Rangli Rangliot
Rimbick
Rishihat Tea Garden
Sandakphu
Singla Tea Garden
Soom Tea Garden
Sungma Tea Garden
Takdah
Teesta Valley Tea Garden
Tonglu
Tumsong Tea Garden
Tukvar Tea Garden
Kurseong subdivision
Ambootia
Giddapahar
Gayabari
Longview Tea Garden
Mangpu
Monteviot Tea Garden
Rohini Tea Garden
Simulbari Tea Garden
Sittong
Sukna
Tindharia
Mirik subdivision
Panighatta
Singbulli Tea Garden
Soureni
Siliguri subdivision
Bagdogra
Batasi
Bengdubi
Matigarahat
Mohorgon Tea Garden
Naxalbari
Panitanki
Phansidewa
Tea estates
Arya Tea Estate
Avongrove Tea Estate
Badamtam Tea Estate
Balasun Tea Estate
Castleton Tea Estate
Glenburn Tea Estate
Gopaldhara Tea Estate
Goomtee Tea Estate
Happy Valley Tea Estate
Jungpana Tea Estate
Lopchu Tea Estate
Makaibari Tea Estate
Margaret's Hope Tea Estate
North Tukvar Tea Estate
Okayti Tea Estate
Phoobsering Tea Estate
Phuguri Tea Estate
Pussimbing Tea Estate
Puttabong Tea Estate
Thurbo Tea Estate
See also
Darjeeling related topics
Bagdogra Airport
People from Darjeeling district
Villages in Darjeeling district
India portal
vteState of West BengalCapital: KolkataState symbols
Emblem: Emblem of West Bengal
Anthem: Banglar Mati Banglar Jol
Animal: Fishing cat
Bird: White-throated kingfisher
Flower: Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)
Tree: Devil's tree (Saptaparni)
Fish: Ilish
History
Gauda Kingdom
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Geography
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Western plateau and high lands
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Climate
Sandakphu (Highest point)
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Divisions and districtsBurdwan division
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27°02′N 88°10′E / 27.03°N 88.16°E / 27.03; 88.16 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_station"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_tea"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling"},{"link_name":"Kurseong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurseong"},{"link_name":"Siliguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliguri"},{"link_name":"Mirik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirik"},{"link_name":"Kalimpong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimpong_district"},{"link_name":"Kalimpong district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimpong_district"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gorkhaland Territorial Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkhaland_Territorial_Administration"},{"link_name":"Terai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"Uttar Dinajpur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district"},{"link_name":"Kishanganj district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishanganj_district"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Panchagarh district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchagarh_District"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Kalimpong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimpong_district"},{"link_name":"Jalpaiguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district"},{"link_name":"Province No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_No._1"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Dakshin Dinajpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-4"}],"text":"District of West Bengal, IndiaDistrict in West Bengal, IndiaDarjeeling District is the northernmost district of the state of West Bengal in eastern India in the foothills of the Himalayas. The district is famous for its hill station and Darjeeling tea. Darjeeling is the district headquarters.Kurseong, Siliguri and Mirik, three major towns in the district, are the subdivisional headquarters of the district. Kalimpong was one of the subdivisions but on 14 February 2017, it officially became a separate Kalimpong district.[3]Geographically, the district can be divided into two broad divisions: the hills and the plains. The entire hilly region of the district comes under the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration, a semi-autonomous administrative body under the state government of West Bengal. This body covers the three hill subdivisions of Darjeeling, Kurseong and Mirik and the district of Kalimpong. The foothills of Darjeeling Himalayas, which comes under the Siliguri subdivision, is known as the Terai. The district is bounded on the north by Sikkim, on the south by Uttar Dinajpur district of West Bengal, southwest by Kishanganj district of Bihar state, on the southeast by Panchagarh district of Bangladesh, on the east by Kalimpong and Jalpaiguri districts, and on the west by easternmost Province No. 1 of Nepal. Darjeeling district has a length from north to south of 18 miles (29 km) and a breadth from east to west of 16 miles (26 km). As of 2011, it was the second least populous district of West Bengal (out of 19), after Dakshin Dinajpur.[4]","title":"Darjeeling district"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yakthung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakthung"},{"link_name":"Limbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Tibetan"},{"link_name":"thunderbolt sceptre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajra"},{"link_name":"Indra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The etymological term of Darjeeling is denoted \"Tajenglung\", a Yakthung Limbu terminology that means the stones that \"talk to each other\", according to the historian Sankarhang Subba of Darjeeling.[5] The name Darjeeling acclaimed from the Tibetan words Dorje, which is the thunderbolt sceptre of the Hindu deity Indra, and ling, which means \"a place\" or \"land\".[6]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chogyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chogyal"},{"link_name":"Gorkhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurkha"},{"link_name":"Teesta River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesta_River"},{"link_name":"Terai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Gorkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War"},{"link_name":"Sugauli Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugauli_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Mechi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechi_River"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Titalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Titalia"},{"link_name":"British East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Sinchula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Sinchula"},{"link_name":"Bhutan Dooars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dooars"},{"link_name":"Kalimpong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimpong_district"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"independence of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_India"},{"link_name":"Kalimpong district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimpong_district"}],"text":"The ancient inhabitants of Darjeeling are the Lepcha and Limbu.Most of Darjeeling formed a part of dominions of the Chogyal of Sikkim, who had been engaged in an unsuccessful warfare against the Gorkhas of Nepal. From 1780, the Gorkhas made several attempts to capture the entire region of Darjeeling. By the beginning of the 19th century, they had overrun Sikkim as far eastward as the Teesta River and had conquered and annexed the entire Terai.In the meantime, the British were engaged in preventing the Gorkhas from over-running the whole of the northern frontier. The Anglo-Gorkha war broke out in 1814, which resulted in the defeat of the Gorkhas and subsequently led to the signing of the Sugauli Treaty in 1815. According to the treaty, Nepal had to cede all those territories which the Gorkhas had annexed from the Chogyal of Sikkim to the British East India Company (i.e., the area between Mechi River and Teesta River). In 1817, through the Treaty of Titalia, the British East India Company reinstated the Chogyal of Sikkim, restored all the tracts of land between the Mechi and the Teesta rivers to the Chogyal of Sikkim and guaranteed his sovereignty. In 1835, the hill of Darjeeling, including an enclave of 138 square miles (360 km2), was given to the British East India Company by Sikkim.In November 1864, the Treaty of Sinchula was executed in which the Bhutan Dooars with the passes leading into the hills and Kalimpong were ceded to the British by Bhutan. The Darjeeling district can be said to have assumed its present shape and size in 1866 with an area of 1234 sq. miles.Before 1861 and from 1870 to 1874, Darjeeling District was a \"Non-Regulated Area\" (where acts and regulations of the British Raj did not automatically apply in the district in line with rest of the country, unless specifically extended). From 1862 to 1870, it was considered a \"Regulated Area\". The phrase \"Non-Regulated Area\" was changed to \"Scheduled District\" in 1874 and again to \"Backward Tracts\" in 1919. The status was known as \"Partially Excluded Area\" from 1935 until the independence of India.On 14 February 2017, Kalimpong district was carved out of Darjeeling district.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Gurkhaland.svg"},{"link_name":"Gorkha National Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkha_National_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Gorkhaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkhaland"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Gorkha_Hill_Council"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Gorkha_Hill_Council"},{"link_name":"Gorkha Janmukti Morcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkha_Janmukti_Morcha"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gorkhaland Territorial Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkhaland_Territorial_Administration"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Gorkhaland Movement","text":"The GNLF flag.During the 1980s, the Gorkha National Liberation Front led an intensive and often violent campaign for the creation of a separate Gorkhaland state within India, across the Nepali-speaking areas in northern West Bengal. The movement reached its peak around 1986–1988 but ended with the establishment of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council in 1988.The hill areas of Darjeeling enjoyed some measure of autonomy under the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council. However, the demand for full statehood within India has emerged once again, with the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha as its chief proponent.[7] The Gorkhaland Territorial Administration replaced the DGHC in August 2012 after the GJM signed an agreement with the government.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batasia_Loop_of_Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darjeeling_Tea_Garden.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bridge_at_Teesta.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coronation Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Teesta river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesta_river"},{"link_name":"Shorea robusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorea_robusta"},{"link_name":"Teesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesta_River"},{"link_name":"Rangeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangeet_River"},{"link_name":"Mechi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechi_River"},{"link_name":"Balason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balason_River"},{"link_name":"Mahananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahananda_River"},{"link_name":"Rammam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammam_river"}],"text":"Batasia Loop, DarjeelingA tea garden in Darjeeling.The Darjeeling hill area is formed of comparatively recent rock structure that has a direct bearing on landslides. Heavy monsoon precipitation contributes to the landslides. Soils of Darjeeling hill areas are extremely varied, depending on elevation, degree of slope, vegetative cover and geolithology.The Himalayas serve as the source of natural resources for the population residing in the hills as well as in the plains. As human population expands in the hills, forests are being depleted for the extension of agricultural lands, introduction of new settlements, roadways, etc. The growing changes coming in the wake of urbanisation and industrialisation leave deep impressions on the hill ecosystem.Coronation Bridge over Teesta river.The economy of Darjeeling hill area depends on tea production, horticulture, agriculture, forestry and tourism. The major portions of the forests are today found at elevations of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) and above. The area in between 1,000 and 2,000 metres (3,300 and 6,600 ft) is cleared either for tea plantation or cultivation. About 30 percent of the forest covers found in the lower hills are deciduous. Evergreen forest constitutes only about 6 percent of the total forest coverage. Shorea robusta remains the most prominent species of tropical moist deciduous forest along with heavy undergrowth.Teesta, Rangeet, Mechi, Balason, Mahananda and Rammam are the important rivers of the district.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT004930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT004930"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Darjeeling\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n16(61)\n\n17(63)\n\n23(73)\n\n24(75)\n\n25(77)\n\n24(75)\n\n25(77)\n\n25(77)\n\n25(77)\n\n23(73)\n\n19(66)\n\n17(63)\n\n25(77)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n8(46)\n\n9(48)\n\n14(57)\n\n17(63)\n\n18(64)\n\n18(64)\n\n19(66)\n\n18(64)\n\n18(64)\n\n16(61)\n\n12(54)\n\n9(48)\n\n15(58)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n2(36)\n\n2(36)\n\n6(43)\n\n9(48)\n\n12(54)\n\n13(55)\n\n14(57)\n\n14(57)\n\n13(55)\n\n10(50)\n\n6(43)\n\n3(37)\n\n9(48)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−3(27)\n\n−2(28)\n\n−1(30)\n\n1(34)\n\n6(43)\n\n8(46)\n\n9(48)\n\n11(52)\n\n10(50)\n\n4(39)\n\n2(36)\n\n−1(30)\n\n−3(27)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n13(0.5)\n\n28(1.1)\n\n43(1.7)\n\n104(4.1)\n\n216(8.5)\n\n589(23.2)\n\n798(31.4)\n\n638(25.1)\n\n447(17.6)\n\n130(5.1)\n\n23(0.9)\n\n8(0.3)\n\n3,037(119.6)\n\n\nSource: http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT004930","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darjeeling_Town_109.jpg"}],"text":"Darjeeling Municipal Area","title":"Area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darjeeling Sadar subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Sadar_subdivision"},{"link_name":"Kurseong subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurseong_subdivision"},{"link_name":"Mirik subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirik_subdivision"},{"link_name":"Siliguri subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliguri_subdivision"}],"sub_title":"Subdivisions","text":"Darjeeling District comprises four subdivisions:Darjeeling Sadar subdivision\nKurseong subdivision\nMirik subdivision\nSiliguri subdivision","title":"Area"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kurseong_Station,_Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway_1031.jpg"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling Himalayan Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway"},{"link_name":"assembly constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Delimitation Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delimitation_Commission"},{"link_name":"delimitation of constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delimitation_of_constituencies"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Kurseong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurseong_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Matigara-Naxalbari (SC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matigara-Naxalbari_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Siliguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliguri_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Phansidewa (ST)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phansidewa_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Kalimpong district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimpong_district"},{"link_name":"Uttar Dinajpur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"}],"sub_title":"Assembly constituencies","text":"Kurseong Station, Darjeeling Himalayan RailwayThe district was previously divided into six assembly constituencies.[9] As per the order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in West Bengal, the district had been divided into six assembly constituencies.[10] Kalimpong has become a separate district from 14 February 2017, so the number of assembly constituencies in Darjeeling district is now five.Darjeeling (assembly constituency no. 23)\nKurseong (assembly constituency no. 24)\nMatigara-Naxalbari (SC) (assembly constituency no. 25)\nSiliguri (assembly constituency no. 26)\nPhansidewa (ST) (assembly constituency no. 27)Phansidewa constituency is reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST) candidates. Matigara-Naxalbari constituency is reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates. Along with one assembly constituency from Kalimpong district and one assembly constituency from Uttar Dinajpur district, the five assembly constituencies of this district form the Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency.","title":"Area"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway.jpg"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling Toy Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darjeeling_railway_station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kurseong_Toy_train.jpg"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling Himalayan Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway"},{"link_name":"Kurseong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurseong"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_census_of_India"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-4"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-12"},{"link_name":"640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_India"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-4"},{"link_name":"population growth rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-4"},{"link_name":"sex ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_ratio"},{"link_name":"females","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_India"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-4"},{"link_name":"literacy rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_India"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-4"},{"link_name":"List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lepchas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepcha_people"},{"link_name":"Limbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_people"},{"link_name":"Rai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_people"},{"link_name":"Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_people"},{"link_name":"Gurung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurung"},{"link_name":"Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magar_people"},{"link_name":"Newar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar"},{"link_name":"Thami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thami"},{"link_name":"Chettri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chettri"},{"link_name":"Bahun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahun"},{"link_name":"Kami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kami_people"},{"link_name":"Damai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damai"},{"link_name":"Tibetans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetans"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darjgov-15"},{"link_name":"Bengalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalis"},{"link_name":"Adivasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adivasi"},{"link_name":"Chotanagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Santhal Parganas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhal_Parganas"},{"link_name":"Biharis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharis"},{"link_name":"Marwaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwaris"},{"link_name":"Punjabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darjgov-15"}],"text":"Darjeeling Toy TrainDarjeeling railway station an outside viewDarjeeling Himalayan Railway toy train at Kurseong stationAccording to the 2011 census Darjeeling district has a population of 1,846,823,[4] roughly equal to the population of Kosovo.[12] This gives it a ranking of 257th in India (out of a total of 640).[4] The district has a population density of 586 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,520/sq mi).[4] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 14.77%.[4] Darjeeling has a sex ratio of 970 females for every 1000 males,[4] and a literacy rate of 79.56%.[13] After Kalimpong district was separated its population was 1,595,181, of which 671,1771 (42.11%) live in urban areas. The residual district has a sex ratio of 972 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 18.86% and 20.21% of the population respectively.[4]See also: List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rateIn 2001, the population of the district was 1,609,172. The rural population was 1,088,740 and urban population was 520,432. Total males were 830,644 and females were 778,528. The density of population was 511 per km2. The decennial population growth rate (1991–2001) was 23.79%.[14]The hills have a population of 624,061 which is nearly 40% of the population. The original inhabitants of the Darjeeling Hills were the Lepchas or Rongpa (the ravine people, as they prefer themselves to be known as). Other communities with a long history in the district include the Limbu, Rai, Tamang, Gurung, Magar, Newar, Thami, Chettri, Bahun, Kami, and Damai. There is also a sizeable population of Tibetans who arrived from Tibet since the 1950s. Over time, the ethnic distinctions between the hill people have blurred and today most identify as Gorkha and speak Nepali only as mother tongue.[15]In the plains, the Bengalis and Rajbongshis are in majority while there are large numbers of Gorkhas and Adivasis, the latter of which migrated from Chotanagpur and Santhal Parganas during British rule as tea garden workers. Both in the hills and plains are various migrants from other regions including Biharis, Marwaris and Punjabis.[15]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-religion-16"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Kirat Mundhum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum"},{"link_name":"Bon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon"},{"link_name":"Mun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun_(religion)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-religion-16"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Religion in Darjeeling district (2011)[16]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHinduism\n \n76.06%\n\n\nBuddhism\n \n9.81%\n\n\nChristianity\n \n6.54%\n\n\nIslam\n \n6.34%\n\n\nOthers*\n \n0.78%\n\n\nOther or not stated\n \n0.47%\n\nOthers includes faiths like Kirat Mundhum, Bon, MunHinduism is the majority religion in both the hills and plains. Buddhism and Kirat Mudhum are almost entirely present in the hills. Christianity is primarily in the hills, although there are significant numbers among the tea tribes in the plains. Islam is almost entirely found in the plains.[16]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languages-19"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Rajbongshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpuri_language"},{"link_name":"Sadri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadri_language"},{"link_name":"Kurukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukh_language"},{"link_name":"Bhojpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_language"},{"link_name":"Santali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_language"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Rajbongshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpuri_language"},{"link_name":"Sadri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadri_language"},{"link_name":"Kurukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukh_language"},{"link_name":"Bhojpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_language"},{"link_name":"Santali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_language"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languages-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Rai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiranti_languages"},{"link_name":"Limbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_language"},{"link_name":"Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_language"},{"link_name":"Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magar_language"},{"link_name":"Gurung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurung_language"},{"link_name":"Newar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar_language"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Sadar_subdivision"},{"link_name":"Kurseong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurseong_subdivision"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nclm50-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darjgov-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languages-19"},{"link_name":"Siliguri subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliguri_subdivision"},{"link_name":"Kamatpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpuri_language"},{"link_name":"Mundari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundari_language"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languages-19"}],"sub_title":"Languages","text":"Languages spoken in Darjeeling district (2011)[18]\n\n Nepali (39.88%) Bengali (26.51%) Hindi (10.95%) Rajbongshi (6.17%) Sadri (5.38%) Kurukh (2.52%) Bhojpuri (1.50%) Santali (1.15%) 'Other' Bengali (1.04%) Others (4.90%)At the time of the 2011 census, 39.88% of the population spoke Nepali, 26.51% Bengali, 10.95% Hindi, 6.17% Rajbongshi, 5.38% Sadri, 2.52% Kurukh, 1.50% Bhojpuri and 1.15% Santali as their first language. 1.04% of the population recorded their language as 'Others' under Bengali.[18] According to 1951 Census, about 26% of the population in the three hill sub-divisions of Darjeeling district (including Kalimpong) spoke Nepali as mother language.[19] Other languages formerly spoken in the hills included Rai, Limbu, Tamang, Magar, Gurung, and Newar.Bengali is the official language of the district, with Nepali declared as co-official only in Darjeeling and Kurseong subdivisions.[20][15]Nepali is the dominant language in the hill divisions, spoken by more than 90% of the people in Darjeeling, Kurseong and Mirik subdivisions, although most hill inhabitants are not from Khas communities. Several hundred of the original hill inhabitants still speak their original languages although the vast majority now speak only Nepali.[18]The main language of the Siliguri subdivision is Bengali. It is followed by a sizeable number of Kamatpuri or Rajbongshi speakers. Among the Adivasis, Sadri is the main language although some still speak their original languages like Kurukh, Mundari and Santali.[18]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singalila National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singalila_National_Park"},{"link_name":"national park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"wildlife sanctuaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Sanctuaries_in_India"},{"link_name":"Jorepokhri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jore_Pokhri_Wildlife_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"Mahananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahananda_Wildlife_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"Senchal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senchal_Wildlife_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Darjeeling district is home to Singalila National Park, which was set up in 1986 as a wildlife sanctuary and converted to a national park in 1992. It has an area of 78.60 km2 (30.3 sq mi).[21]Darjeeling district has three wildlife sanctuaries: Jorepokhri, Mahananda, and Senchal.[22]","title":"Flora and fauna"}] | [{"image_text":"The GNLF flag.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Gurkhaland.svg/150px-Flag_of_Gurkhaland.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Batasia Loop, Darjeeling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Batasia_Loop_of_Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway.jpg/220px-Batasia_Loop_of_Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway.jpg"},{"image_text":"A tea garden in Darjeeling.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Darjeeling_Tea_Garden.JPG/200px-Darjeeling_Tea_Garden.JPG"},{"image_text":"Coronation Bridge over Teesta river.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bridge_at_Teesta.jpg/200px-Bridge_at_Teesta.jpg"},{"image_text":"Darjeeling Municipal Area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Darjeeling_Town_109.jpg/220px-Darjeeling_Town_109.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kurseong Station, Darjeeling Himalayan Railway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kurseong_Station%2C_Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway_1031.jpg/220px-Kurseong_Station%2C_Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway_1031.jpg"},{"image_text":"Darjeeling Toy Train","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway.jpg/200px-Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway.jpg"},{"image_text":"Darjeeling railway station an outside view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Darjeeling_railway_station.jpg/200px-Darjeeling_railway_station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Darjeeling Himalayan Railway toy train at Kurseong station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kurseong_Toy_train.jpg/200px-Kurseong_Toy_train.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Gorkhaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkhaland_Territorial_Administration"},{"title":"Gorkha Janmukti Morcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkha_Janmukti_Morcha"},{"title":"Gorkha National Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkha_National_Liberation_Front"},{"title":"The Darjeeling Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Darjeeling_Limited"}] | [{"reference":"\"About District - Darjeeling\". Darjeeling District, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 25 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://darjeeling.gov.in/","url_text":"\"About District - Darjeeling\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Bengal Human Development Report 2004\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/india_west_bengal_2004_en.pdf","url_text":"\"West Bengal Human Development Report 2004\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180126190118/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/india_west_bengal_2004_en.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"West Bengal CM congratulates people of Kalimpong district\". The Times of Indial. 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-cm-congratulates-people-of-kalimpong-district/articleshow/57151807.cms","url_text":"\"West Bengal CM congratulates people of Kalimpong district\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook: Darjeeling\" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1329/download/4330/DH_2011_1901_PART_B_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook: Darjeeling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230418052557/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1329/download/4330/DH_2011_1901_PART_B_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pre-Independence [Darjeeling]\". Government of Darjeeling. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://darjeeling.gov.in/darj-hist.html","url_text":"\"Pre-Independence [Darjeeling]\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151031114710/http://darjeeling.gov.in/darj-hist.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gorkhaland State a distinct possibility\". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 15 May 2004. Archived from the original on 6 July 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040706233634/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/15/stories/2004051502021400.htm","url_text":"\"Gorkhaland State a distinct possibility\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/15/stories/2004051502021400.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gorkha Territorial Administration members sworn in; Shinde, Mamata assure support\". The Times of India. 5 August 2012. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gorkha-Territorial-Administration-members-sworn-in-Shinde-Mamata-assure-support/articleshow/15352094.cms","url_text":"\"Gorkha Territorial Administration members sworn in; Shinde, Mamata assure support\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120804212156/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gorkha-Territorial-Administration-members-sworn-in-Shinde-Mamata-assure-support/articleshow/15352094.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"General election to the Legislative Assembly, 2001 – List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies\" (PDF). West Bengal. Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2006. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Madeira | LGBT rights in Portugal | ["1 Legality of same-sex sexual activity","2 Recognition of same-sex relationships","3 Adoption and family planning","4 Discrimination protections and hate crime laws","5 Transgender and intersex rights","6 Military service","7 Conversion therapy","8 Asylum recognition","9 Blood donation","10 Living conditions","11 Public opinion","11.1 Eurobarometer","12 Summary table","13 See also","14 References"] | LGBT rights in PortugalLocation of Portugal (dark green)– in Europe (light green & dark grey)– in the European Union (light green) – StatusLegal since 1982;age of consent equalized in 2007MilitaryGays, lesbians and bisexuals allowed to serve openlyDiscrimination protectionsSexual orientation and gender identity protections (see below)Family rightsRecognition of relationshipsDe facto union since 2001,Same-sex marriage since 2010AdoptionFull adoption rights since 2016
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Portugal are among the most advanced in the world; having improved substantially in the 21st century. After a long period of oppression during the Estado Novo, Portuguese society has become increasingly accepting of homosexuality, which was decriminalized in 1982, eight years after the Carnation Revolution. Portugal has wide-ranging anti-discrimination laws and is one of the few countries in the world to contain a ban on discrimination based on sexual orientation in its Constitution. On 5 June 2010, the state became the eighth in the world to recognize same-sex marriage. On 1 March 2011, a gender identity law, said to be one of the most advanced in the world, was passed to simplify the process of sex and name change for transgender people. Same-sex couples have been permitted to adopt since 1 March 2016.
The country, while still influenced by Roman Catholicism, has progressively become more accepting of same-sex relationships and homosexuality. The 2019 Eurobarometer opinion survey showed that 74% of the Portuguese population supported same-sex marriage and that around 80% believed lesbian, gay and bisexual people should enjoy the same rights as heterosexuals. Lisbon, Porto and Faro have visible LGBT scenes, with several gay bars, nightclubs and other venues, as well as their annual pride parades.
Legality of same-sex sexual activity
During the period of the Portuguese Inquisition, female homosexual activity was not actively prosecuted due to a 1645 ruling; one of the few cases of prosecuting a woman (Maria Duran) for same-sex sexual activity came in 1741, but she was prosecuted for causing distress to her sexual partners, not for her activity. Same-sex sexual activity was first decriminalised in 1852, under Mary II and Ferdinand II of the Kingdom of Portugal, but it was made a crime again in 1886, under Louis I, and Portugal gradually became more oppressive of homosexuals until and throughout the dictatorship years. It was not until 1982 that same-sex sexual activity was decriminalised again, and the age of consent was equalized with heterosexual activity at 14 years of age in 2007.
Recognition of same-sex relationships
Main articles: Same-sex marriage in Portugal and De facto union in Portugal
Portugal has recognized unregistered cohabitation since 5 May 2001, and same-sex marriage since 5 June 2010. Same-sex marriage was legalized under the second term of the Sócrates Socialist Government, and passed the Portuguese Parliament with the support of other left-wing parties. Same-sex married couples are granted all of the rights of different-sex married couples. The Penal Code was amended in 2007 to equalize the age of consent and to criminalize domestic violence in same-sex relationships, thus equalizing treatment with opposite-sex couples.
Adoption and family planning
See also: LGBT adoption
Since 2016, Portuguese law has allowed adoption of children by same-sex couples. Prior to that reform, same-sex couples were barred from adopting and informally forbidden from fostering children, although there had been several court rulings allowing children to live with same-sex families.
In the past, Portugal had been forced to pay a fine due to homophobic statements from a court that ruled against a gay father's right for his daughter's custody. The European Court of Human Rights received the case and ruled in favour of the father in 1999, demanding the custody back to him and issuing a penalty for the country.
On 17 May 2013, Parliament rejected a bill allowing same-sex couples to adopt children, in a 104–77 vote. On the same day, Parliament approved a bill, in its first reading, allowing same-sex married couples to adopt their partner's children (i.e. stepchild adoption). However, that bill was rejected in its second reading on 14 March 2014, in a 107–112 vote. Other bills granting adoption rights to same-sex parents and carers, as well as in vitro fertilisation (IVF) for lesbian relationships, were introduced in Parliament by the opposition Socialist and Left Bloc parties on 16 January 2015. On 22 January, Parliament rejected the proposals.
On 23 September 2015, parties from the Left majority in Parliament submitted bills to grant same-sex couples full adoption rights as well as access to IVF. On 20 November 2015, five proposals regarding adoption rights were approved by Parliament in their first readings. The bills were then moved to the Constitutional Affairs, Rights, Freedoms and Guarantees Committee, where they were merged into one project and approved on 16 December 2015. On 18 December 2015, the bill was approved by Parliament. On 25 January 2016, one day after the presidential election, outgoing President Aníbal Cavaco Silva vetoed the adoption bill. The Left majority in Parliament announced their intention to override the veto. On 10 February 2016, the veto was overturned by Parliament. The President begrudgingly signed the bill into law on 19 February 2016. The law was published in the official journal on 29 February, and took effect the first day of the first month after its publication (i.e. 1 March 2016).
On 13 May 2016, Parliament adopted a bill to grant female same-sex couples access to medically assisted reproduction. It was signed into law by President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa on 7 June. The law was published in the official journal on 20 June and took effect the first day of the second month after publication (i.e. 1 August 2016).
Surrogacy was explicitly banned under a law adopted in 2006. In 2016, the Portuguese Parliament passed a law allowing gestational surrogacy under limited circumstances, such as when a woman is born without a uterus or has a serious illness that affects her uterus. Surrogacy, under any of its forms, is still illegal for same-sex couples.
Discrimination protections and hate crime laws
In 2003, laws against discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment came into effect concerning three particular measures: access to work and employment, protection against discrimination in work and against sexual harassment. Since 2004, the Constitution of Portugal has prohibited any form of discrimination based on sexual orientation, making Portugal one of the only countries in the world to enshrine a ban on discrimination based on sexual orientation in its Constitution. A new Penal Code came into force in 2007, strengthening the anti-discrimination legislation much further. The Penal Code contains several provisions that relate to sexual orientation in three aspects: recognition of same-sex relationships through protection in the same means as to different-sex relationships, such as against domestic violence and murder; equal age of consent between same-sex and opposite-sex relationships; and sexual orientation being considered an aggravating circumstance in homicide and hate crime cases. Article 13 of the Portuguese Constitution reads as follows:
No one may be privileged, favoured, prejudiced, deprived of any right or exempted from any duty for reasons of ancestry, sex, race, language, territory of origin, religion, political or ideological beliefs, education, economic situation, social circumstances or sexual orientation.
In 2013, the Portuguese Parliament passed a law adding gender identity to the hate crimes provision in the Penal Code. On 19 January 2015, the Portuguese Parliament voted for the inclusion of gender identity as a protected ground of discrimination in the field of employment.
In 2015, the Portuguese Parliament unanimously approved a measure to formally adopt 17 May as the "National Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia". In doing so, the Parliament committed to "engage in fulfilling national and international commitments to combat homophobic and transphobic discrimination".
In 2020, ILGA Portugal recorded 41 cases of discrimination directed at LGBT people and 48 instances of hate crimes. In December 2020, the Court of Arbitration for Sport fined the Portuguese Football Federation €1,000 and ordered them to play four games behind closed doors (each game behind closed doors costing between €10,000 and €25,000) for homophobic insults hurled by fans during a match in October 2018. A survey from December 2020 showed that 79% of young people had witnessed incidents of anti-LGBT bullying and 86% thought that schools should better address LGBT topics.
Transgender and intersex rights
Discrimination against transgender and intersex people is illegal in Portugal.
Intersex pride flag in Lisbon, 2023
In March 2011, President Aníbal Cavaco Silva ratified the new Law of Gender Identity (Portuguese: Lei da Identidade de Género), which allows transgender persons to change their legal gender on birth certificates and other identity documents.
On 24 May 2016, the Left Bloc introduced a bill to allow legal gender change solely based on self-determination. Similar bills were introduced by the People–Animals–Nature party and the Costa Government in November 2016 and May 2017, respectively. They were merged into one measure by a parliamentary committee and subsequently approved by the Parliament on 13 April 2018. On 9 May, President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa vetoed the bill. On 12 July, the Parliament adopted the bill with changes with regards to sex changes by minors aged 16 and 17, suggested by the President in his veto message. This time around, the President signed the bill on 31 July. It was published in the official journal on 7 August 2018 and took effect the following day.
The law (Act No. 38/2018) allows an adult person to change their legal gender without any requirements. Minors aged 16 and 17 are able to do so with parental consent and a psychological opinion, confirming that their decision has been taken freely and without any outside pressure. The law also prohibits both direct and indirect discrimination based on gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics, and bans non-consensual sex assignment treatment and surgical intervention on intersex children. By October 2018, a total of 274 people, including 21 minors, had used the new gender recognition law to change their legal gender.
In July 2019, the Minister of Science, Technology and Higher Education, Manuel Heitor, issued recommendations for universities to amend the certificates of transgender people to properly reflect their gender identity. Similarly, that same month, Education Minister Tiago Brandão Rodrigues published regulations for primary and secondary schools to facilitate transgender and intersex students. This includes using the student's preferred name, raising awareness, and training staff to handle discrimination cases and bullying.
Military service
Portugal allows all citizens to serve openly in the Armed Forces regardless of sexual orientation, as the Constitution explicitly forbids any discrimination on that basis. Lesbian, gay and bisexual people are therefore able to serve in the military on the same basis as heterosexual men and women.
In April 2016, Portugal's armed forces chief General Carlos Jerónimo resigned, days after being summoned to explain comments about gay soldiers made by the deputy head of the military college. President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa accepted the resignation of Jerónimo, who took up the post of chief of staff in 2014. The resignation came after António Grilo, deputy head of the military college, admitted advising parents of young military students in the Portuguese army to withdraw their sons if they were gay "to protect them from the other students". Defence Minister Azeredo Lopes considered any discrimination "absolutely unacceptable".
Conversion therapy
Reports from 10 January 2019 suggested that several psychologists were performing conversion therapy. A few days later, a total of 250 psychologists submitted an open letter to the regulatory Ordem dos Psicólogos demanding an investigation into these pseudoscientific practices. The body affirmed that conversion therapy is malpractice and cannot be justified.
On 22 December 2023, Parliament passed a bill criminalizing conversion therapy with penalties ranging from three to five years for the most aggravated cases. New law took effect on March 1, 2024.
Asylum recognition
Since 30 August 2008, sexual orientation and gender identity have been recognised as grounds to apply for asylum.
Blood donation
In 2010, Parliament unanimously approved a Left Bloc petition to allow gay and bisexual men to donate blood. The motion was to finally be implemented by the Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation (Instituto Português do Sangue e da Transplantação) in October 2015, and a six-month or one-year deferral period was to be enacted. However, the motion's implementation was delayed. In late September 2016, the new rules came into effect and allow gay and bisexual men to donate blood after one year of abstinence from sex.
In March 2021, in response to controversy in the country after several donations were rejected, the Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation published new guidelines removing all barriers to men who have sex with men from donating blood.
Since the 15th December 2021 is the discrimination based on the sexual orientation, sexual identity and gender expression not allowed, allowing these groups to donate blood.
Living conditions
Gay Pride in Lisbon
Although there are several cases of public prejudice against LGBT people, there is a dynamic gay scene in Lisbon, Porto and in the main touristic cities in the Algarve region, such as Faro, Lagos, Albufeira and Tavira, with several gay bars, pubs, nightclubs and beaches. Other smaller cities and regions such as Aveiro, Leiria, Coimbra, Braga, Évora and Madeira have more discreet gay communities. In Lisbon, most LGBT-oriented businesses are grouped around the bohemian Bairro Alto and the adjacent Príncipe Real and Chiado neighbourhoods. In both Lisbon and Porto, there are also annual pride parades that attract thousands of participants and spectators. Lisbon is also host to one of the largest LGBT film festivals in Europe – Queer Lisboa – the Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival. Some Portuguese beaches are popular among LGBT people, like 19 Beach, near Costa de Caparica, and Barril Naturist Beach (an official naturist beach) or Cacela Velha beach, both of them near Tavira.
Portugal is frequently referred to as one of the world's most LGBT-friendly countries, with various groups and associations catering to LGBT people, supportive legislation and high societal acceptance. In 1974, Portugal transitioned from an authoritarian clerical fascist dictatorship to a civilian democracy. During the dictatorship, LGBT people faced oppression at the hands of the state, as well as prejudice and rejection at the hands of society. Since the transition, however, LGBT people, as well as Portuguese people more broadly, have experienced an increased level of rights, freedom and liberty. Over the following years, LGBT individuals began to organize politically and slowly enter the public eye, raising awareness of their cause and movement. Associação ILGA Portugal was founded in 1995, campaigning for increased legal rights for LGBT people, outlawing discrimination on account of sexual orientation and gender identity and changing societal perceptions. Numerous other groups were established, including Portugal Pride, AMPLOS (Associação de Mães e Pais pela Liberdade de Orientação Sexual) and Pink Panthers (Panteras Rosa), along with a motorcycle group for LGBT people in Porto and an LGBT Catholic association in Lisbon. Owing to their advocacy and work, anti-discrimination laws were expanded to include sexual orientation and gender identity, article 13 of the Constitution of Portugal was similarly amended to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation, transgender transition laws were relaxed and civil unions were opened to same-sex couples. In 2010, Portugal legalised same-sex marriage, the eighth country worldwide to do so and the sixth in Europe, and in 2016 same-sex couples became eligible to legally adopt. In 2019, ILGA-Europe ranked Portugal 7th out of 49 European countries in relation to LGBT rights legislation. In March 2019, the country was named the world's best LGBT-friendly travel destination, along with Canada and Sweden.
Public opinion
From left, Israeli Ambassador Tzipora Rimon, U.S. Ambassador Robert Sherman, Canadian Ambassador Jeffrey Marder, Danish Ambassador Michael Suhr, Belgian Ambassador Boudewijn Dereymaerker and Dutch Ambassador Govert de Vroe attending the 2016 LGBTI Pride parade in Lisbon
A Eurobarometer survey published in late 2006 showed that only 29% of Portuguese surveyed supported same-sex marriage and 19% supported the right of same-sex couples to adopt (EU-wide average 44% and 33%).
Opinions on same-sex marriage have considerably changed since then. A 2009 survey by the Catholic University of Portugal revealed that 42% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage and another survey by Eurosondagem, Rádio Renascença, SIC TV, and the Expresso newspaper stated that about 52% of the Portuguese public were in favour of same-sex marriages. An Angus Reid poll on 11 January 2010 showed that 45.5% of those polled were in support of same-sex marriage, but this was less than the 49.3% that opposed. A Eurobarometer survey published in 2015 showed that support for same-sex marriage had risen significantly to 61%.
Views on adoption had not been changed significantly at the time same-sex marriage was passed into law: only 21.7% favored adoption, while 68.4% opposed allowing same-sex couples to adopt.
However, in 2014, during parliamentary debates on an initiative to legalize stepchild adoption for same-sex couples, polls showed that a majority of the Portuguese population supported both stepchild adoption and full adoption rights.
A 2020 study found that same-sex couples face significant discrimination in the housing markets of Porto and Lisbon. In similar quality applications for rentals, male same-sex couples received 23 to 26 percent less positive replies than opposite-sex couples, while for female same-sex couples this difference was 10 percent.
Eurobarometer
Below is the share of respondents in Portugal who agreed with the following statements in the 2006, 2015 and 2019 Special Eurobarometer on discrimination. The last column is the change from the previous Eurobarometer. In 2006, respondents were presented with the slightly different statement "Homosexual marriages should be allowed throughout Europe".
The 2023 Eurobarometer found that 81% of Portuguese people thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, and 73% agreed that "there is nothing wrong in a sexual relationship between two persons of the same sex".
Year
"Gay and lesbian peopleshould have the same rightsas heterosexual people"
"There is nothing wrongin a sexual relationship betweentwo persons of the same sex"
"Same-sex marriages should beallowed throughout Europe"
Change from last statement
2006
—
—
29%
—
2015
71%
59%
61%
+32
2019
78%
69%
74%
+13
2023
79%
73%
81%
+7
Summary table
Same-sex sexual activity legal
(Since 1982)
Equal age of consent (14)
(Since 2007)
Anti-discrimination laws in employment
(Since 2003)
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas
(Since 2004)
Hate crime laws covering sexual orientation
(Since 2007)
Hate crime laws covering gender identity
(Since 2013)
Same-sex marriage
(Since 2010)
Recognition of same-sex unions
(Since 2001)
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples
(Since 2016)
Joint adoption by same-sex couples
(Since 2016)
LGB people allowed to serve in the military
(Since 1999)
Transgender people allowed to serve openly in the military
Right to change legal gender
Right to change legal gender without SRS or forced sterilization
Right to change legal gender by self-determination
(Since 2018)
Non-binary gender recognition
Intersex minors protected from invasive surgical procedures
(Since 2018)
Sexual orientation/gender identity for asylum recognition
(Since 2008)
Access to artificial insemination/IVF for lesbian couples
(Since 2016)
Conversion therapy banned on minors
(Since 2024)
Automatic parenthood for both spouses after birth
(Since 2016)
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples
(Banned regardless of sexual orientation)
MSMs allowed to donate blood
(Since 2021)
See also
LGBT portalPortugal portal
LGBT history in Portugal
Politics of Portugal
LGBT rights in Europe
LGBT rights in the European Union
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European Union | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"Estado Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GayPortugal-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Carnation Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDF-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto"},{"link_name":"Faro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro,_Portugal"}],"text":"Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Portugal are among the most advanced in the world; having improved substantially in the 21st century.[1][2] After a long period of oppression during the Estado Novo, Portuguese society has become increasingly accepting of homosexuality,[3] which was decriminalized in 1982,[4] eight years after the Carnation Revolution. Portugal has wide-ranging anti-discrimination laws and is one of the few countries in the world to contain a ban on discrimination based on sexual orientation in its Constitution. On 5 June 2010, the state became the eighth in the world to recognize same-sex marriage.[5][6][7] On 1 March 2011, a gender identity law, said to be one of the most advanced in the world, was passed to simplify the process of sex and name change for transgender people.[8] Same-sex couples have been permitted to adopt since 1 March 2016.[9]The country, while still influenced by Roman Catholicism, has progressively become more accepting of same-sex relationships and homosexuality. The 2019 Eurobarometer opinion survey showed that 74% of the Portuguese population supported same-sex marriage and that around 80% believed lesbian, gay and bisexual people should enjoy the same rights as heterosexuals. Lisbon, Porto and Faro have visible LGBT scenes, with several gay bars, nightclubs and other venues, as well as their annual pride parades.","title":"LGBT rights in Portugal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"Maria Duran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Duran"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mary II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_II_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Louis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"During the period of the Portuguese Inquisition, female homosexual activity was not actively prosecuted due to a 1645 ruling; one of the few cases of prosecuting a woman (Maria Duran) for same-sex sexual activity came in 1741, but she was prosecuted for causing distress to her sexual partners, not for her activity.[10] Same-sex sexual activity was first decriminalised in 1852, under Mary II and Ferdinand II of the Kingdom of Portugal, but it was made a crime again in 1886, under Louis I, and Portugal gradually became more oppressive of homosexuals until and throughout the dictatorship years.[11] It was not until 1982 that same-sex sexual activity was decriminalised again, and the age of consent was equalized with heterosexual activity at 14 years of age in 2007.","title":"Legality of same-sex sexual activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sócrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Socrates"},{"link_name":"Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"domestic violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portugalgay-14"}],"text":"Portugal has recognized unregistered cohabitation since 5 May 2001,[12] and same-sex marriage since 5 June 2010.[13] Same-sex marriage was legalized under the second term of the Sócrates Socialist Government, and passed the Portuguese Parliament with the support of other left-wing parties. Same-sex married couples are granted all of the rights of different-sex married couples. The Penal Code was amended in 2007 to equalize the age of consent and to criminalize domestic violence in same-sex relationships, thus equalizing treatment with opposite-sex couples.[14]","title":"Recognition of same-sex relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LGBT adoption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_adoption"},{"link_name":"European Court of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"in vitro fertilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation"},{"link_name":"Left Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Bloc_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-19"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_presidential_election,_2016"},{"link_name":"Aníbal Cavaco Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Cavaco_Silva"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"medically assisted reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Surrogacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-surrogacy-40"}],"text":"See also: LGBT adoptionSince 2016, Portuguese law has allowed adoption of children by same-sex couples. Prior to that reform, same-sex couples were barred from adopting and informally forbidden from fostering children, although there had been several court rulings allowing children to live with same-sex families.In the past, Portugal had been forced to pay a fine due to homophobic statements from a court that ruled against a gay father's right for his daughter's custody. The European Court of Human Rights received the case and ruled in favour of the father in 1999, demanding the custody back to him and issuing a penalty for the country.On 17 May 2013, Parliament rejected a bill allowing same-sex couples to adopt children, in a 104–77 vote. On the same day, Parliament approved a bill, in its first reading, allowing same-sex married couples to adopt their partner's children (i.e. stepchild adoption).[15] However, that bill was rejected in its second reading on 14 March 2014, in a 107–112 vote.[16] Other bills granting adoption rights to same-sex parents and carers, as well as in vitro fertilisation (IVF) for lesbian relationships, were introduced in Parliament by the opposition Socialist and Left Bloc parties on 16 January 2015.[17] On 22 January, Parliament rejected the proposals.[18]On 23 September 2015, parties from the Left majority in Parliament submitted bills to grant same-sex couples full adoption rights as well as access to IVF.[19][20][21] On 20 November 2015, five proposals regarding adoption rights were approved by Parliament in their first readings.[22] The bills were then moved to the Constitutional Affairs, Rights, Freedoms and Guarantees Committee, where they were merged into one project and approved on 16 December 2015.[19] On 18 December 2015, the bill was approved by Parliament.[23][24] On 25 January 2016, one day after the presidential election, outgoing President Aníbal Cavaco Silva vetoed the adoption bill.[25] The Left majority in Parliament announced their intention to override the veto. On 10 February 2016, the veto was overturned by Parliament.[26] The President begrudgingly signed the bill into law on 19 February 2016.[27] The law was published in the official journal on 29 February, and took effect the first day of the first month after its publication (i.e. 1 March 2016).[28]On 13 May 2016, Parliament adopted a bill to grant female same-sex couples access to medically assisted reproduction.[29][30][31] It was signed into law by President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa on 7 June.[32][33][34] The law was published in the official journal on 20 June and took effect the first day of the second month after publication (i.e. 1 August 2016).[35][36][37]Surrogacy was explicitly banned under a law adopted in 2006. In 2016, the Portuguese Parliament passed a law allowing gestational surrogacy under limited circumstances, such as when a woman is born without a uterus or has a serious illness that affects her uterus. Surrogacy, under any of its forms, is still illegal for same-sex couples.[38][39][40]","title":"Adoption and family planning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esquerda.net-41"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esquerda.net-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-42"},{"link_name":"Penal Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_Code"},{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"hate crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portugalgay-14"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-42"},{"link_name":"gender identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hatecrime-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Court of Arbitration for Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Arbitration_for_Sport"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"In 2003, laws against discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment came into effect concerning three particular measures: access to work and employment, protection against discrimination in work and against sexual harassment.[41] Since 2004, the Constitution of Portugal has prohibited any form of discrimination based on sexual orientation, making Portugal one of the only countries in the world to enshrine a ban on discrimination based on sexual orientation in its Constitution.[41][42] A new Penal Code came into force in 2007, strengthening the anti-discrimination legislation much further. The Penal Code contains several provisions that relate to sexual orientation in three aspects: recognition of same-sex relationships through protection in the same means as to different-sex relationships, such as against domestic violence and murder; equal age of consent between same-sex and opposite-sex relationships; and sexual orientation being considered an aggravating circumstance in homicide and hate crime cases.[14] Article 13 of the Portuguese Constitution reads as follows:[42]No one may be privileged, favoured, prejudiced, deprived of any right or exempted from any duty for reasons of ancestry, sex, race, language, territory of origin, religion, political or ideological beliefs, education, economic situation, social circumstances or sexual orientation.In 2013, the Portuguese Parliament passed a law adding gender identity to the hate crimes provision in the Penal Code.[43] On 19 January 2015, the Portuguese Parliament voted for the inclusion of gender identity as a protected ground of discrimination in the field of employment.[44]In 2015, the Portuguese Parliament unanimously approved a measure to formally adopt 17 May as the \"National Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia\". In doing so, the Parliament committed to \"engage in fulfilling national and international commitments to combat homophobic and transphobic discrimination\".[45]In 2020, ILGA Portugal recorded 41 cases of discrimination directed at LGBT people and 48 instances of hate crimes.[46] In December 2020, the Court of Arbitration for Sport fined the Portuguese Football Federation €1,000 and ordered them to play four games behind closed doors (each game behind closed doors costing between €10,000 and €25,000) for homophobic insults hurled by fans during a match in October 2018.[47] A survey from December 2020 showed that 79% of young people had witnessed incidents of anti-LGBT bullying and 86% thought that schools should better address LGBT topics.[48]","title":"Discrimination protections and hate crime laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:24%C2%AA_Marcha_Orgulho_LGBTI%2B_Lisboa,_jun._2023_(52981019137).jpg"},{"link_name":"Aníbal Cavaco Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Cavaco_Silva"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"People–Animals–Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%E2%80%93Animals%E2%80%93Nature"},{"link_name":"Costa Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXI_Constitutional_Government_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"surgical intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Manuel Heitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Heitor"},{"link_name":"Tiago Brandão Rodrigues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiago_Brand%C3%A3o_Rodrigues"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"Discrimination against transgender and intersex people is illegal in Portugal.Intersex pride flag in Lisbon, 2023In March 2011, President Aníbal Cavaco Silva ratified the new Law of Gender Identity (Portuguese: Lei da Identidade de Género), which allows transgender persons to change their legal gender on birth certificates and other identity documents.[49]On 24 May 2016, the Left Bloc introduced a bill to allow legal gender change solely based on self-determination.[50][51][52] Similar bills were introduced by the People–Animals–Nature party and the Costa Government in November 2016 and May 2017, respectively.[53][54] They were merged into one measure by a parliamentary committee and subsequently approved by the Parliament on 13 April 2018.[55][56] On 9 May, President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa vetoed the bill.[57][58] On 12 July, the Parliament adopted the bill with changes with regards to sex changes by minors aged 16 and 17, suggested by the President in his veto message.[59][60] This time around, the President signed the bill on 31 July.[61][62] It was published in the official journal on 7 August 2018 and took effect the following day.[63][64]The law (Act No. 38/2018)[65] allows an adult person to change their legal gender without any requirements. Minors aged 16 and 17 are able to do so with parental consent and a psychological opinion, confirming that their decision has been taken freely and without any outside pressure. The law also prohibits both direct and indirect discrimination based on gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics, and bans non-consensual sex assignment treatment and surgical intervention on intersex children.[66] By October 2018, a total of 274 people, including 21 minors, had used the new gender recognition law to change their legal gender.[67]In July 2019, the Minister of Science, Technology and Higher Education, Manuel Heitor, issued recommendations for universities to amend the certificates of transgender people to properly reflect their gender identity. Similarly, that same month, Education Minister Tiago Brandão Rodrigues published regulations for primary and secondary schools to facilitate transgender and intersex students. This includes using the student's preferred name, raising awareness, and training staff to handle discrimination cases and bullying.[68]","title":"Transgender and intersex rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa"},{"link_name":"Defence Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"Portugal allows all citizens to serve openly in the Armed Forces regardless of sexual orientation, as the Constitution explicitly forbids any discrimination on that basis. Lesbian, gay and bisexual people are therefore able to serve in the military on the same basis as heterosexual men and women.[69]In April 2016, Portugal's armed forces chief General Carlos Jerónimo resigned, days after being summoned to explain comments about gay soldiers made by the deputy head of the military college. President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa accepted the resignation of Jerónimo, who took up the post of chief of staff in 2014. The resignation came after António Grilo, deputy head of the military college, admitted advising parents of young military students in the Portuguese army to withdraw their sons if they were gay \"to protect them from the other students\". Defence Minister Azeredo Lopes considered any discrimination \"absolutely unacceptable\".[70]","title":"Military service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conversion therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_therapy"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"text":"Reports from 10 January 2019 suggested that several psychologists were performing conversion therapy.[71] A few days later, a total of 250 psychologists submitted an open letter to the regulatory Ordem dos Psicólogos demanding an investigation into these pseudoscientific practices. The body affirmed that conversion therapy is malpractice and cannot be justified.[72]On 22 December 2023, Parliament passed a bill criminalizing conversion therapy with penalties ranging from three to five years for the most aggravated cases.[73] New law took effect on March 1, 2024.[74]","title":"Conversion therapy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_asylum"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"Since 30 August 2008, sexual orientation and gender identity have been recognised as grounds to apply for asylum.[75]","title":"Asylum recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"text":"In 2010, Parliament unanimously approved a Left Bloc petition to allow gay and bisexual men to donate blood.[76] The motion was to finally be implemented by the Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation (Instituto Português do Sangue e da Transplantação) in October 2015, and a six-month or one-year deferral period was to be enacted.[77][78] However, the motion's implementation was delayed.[79][80] In late September 2016, the new rules came into effect and allow gay and bisexual men to donate blood after one year of abstinence from sex.[81]In March 2021, in response to controversy in the country after several donations were rejected,[82] the Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation published new guidelines removing all barriers to men who have sex with men from donating blood.[83]Since the 15th December 2021 is the discrimination based on the sexual orientation, sexual identity and gender expression not allowed, allowing these groups to donate blood.[84]","title":"Blood donation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marcha_(27146740493).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GayPortugal-3"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto"},{"link_name":"Algarve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarve"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GayPortugal-3"},{"link_name":"Faro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Albufeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albufeira"},{"link_name":"Tavira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavira"},{"link_name":"Aveiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveiro,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Leiria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiria"},{"link_name":"Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra"},{"link_name":"Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braga"},{"link_name":"Évora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vora"},{"link_name":"Madeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira"},{"link_name":"Bairro Alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bairro_Alto"},{"link_name":"Chiado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiado"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patroc.com-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"pride parades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_parade"},{"link_name":"Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Gay_%26_Lesbian_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Costa de Caparica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_de_Caparica"},{"link_name":"naturist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturist"},{"link_name":"Cacela Velha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacela_Velha"},{"link_name":"Tavira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavira"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patroc.com-86"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"clerical fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_fascism"},{"link_name":"Associação ILGA Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_ILGA_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_ILGA_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"civil unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_union"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"ILGA-Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILGA-Europe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newsweek-2"}],"text":"Gay Pride in LisbonAlthough there are several cases of public prejudice against LGBT people, there is a dynamic gay scene in Lisbon,[3] Porto and in the main touristic cities in the Algarve region,[3] such as Faro, Lagos, Albufeira and Tavira, with several gay bars, pubs, nightclubs and beaches. Other smaller cities and regions such as Aveiro, Leiria, Coimbra, Braga, Évora and Madeira have more discreet gay communities. In Lisbon, most LGBT-oriented businesses are grouped around the bohemian Bairro Alto and the adjacent Príncipe Real and Chiado neighbourhoods.[85][86][87] In both Lisbon and Porto, there are also annual pride parades that attract thousands of participants and spectators. Lisbon is also host to one of the largest LGBT film festivals in Europe – Queer Lisboa – the Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival. Some Portuguese beaches are popular among LGBT people, like 19 Beach, near Costa de Caparica, and Barril Naturist Beach (an official naturist beach) or Cacela Velha beach, both of them near Tavira.[86][88]Portugal is frequently referred to as one of the world's most LGBT-friendly countries, with various groups and associations catering to LGBT people, supportive legislation and high societal acceptance. In 1974, Portugal transitioned from an authoritarian clerical fascist dictatorship to a civilian democracy. During the dictatorship, LGBT people faced oppression at the hands of the state, as well as prejudice and rejection at the hands of society. Since the transition, however, LGBT people, as well as Portuguese people more broadly, have experienced an increased level of rights, freedom and liberty. Over the following years, LGBT individuals began to organize politically and slowly enter the public eye, raising awareness of their cause and movement. Associação ILGA Portugal [pt] was founded in 1995, campaigning for increased legal rights for LGBT people, outlawing discrimination on account of sexual orientation and gender identity and changing societal perceptions. Numerous other groups were established, including Portugal Pride, AMPLOS (Associação de Mães e Pais pela Liberdade de Orientação Sexual) and Pink Panthers (Panteras Rosa),[89] along with a motorcycle group for LGBT people in Porto and an LGBT Catholic association in Lisbon. Owing to their advocacy and work, anti-discrimination laws were expanded to include sexual orientation and gender identity, article 13 of the Constitution of Portugal was similarly amended to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation, transgender transition laws were relaxed and civil unions were opened to same-sex couples. In 2010, Portugal legalised same-sex marriage, the eighth country worldwide to do so and the sixth in Europe, and in 2016 same-sex couples became eligible to legally adopt. In 2019, ILGA-Europe ranked Portugal 7th out of 49 European countries in relation to LGBT rights legislation. In March 2019, the country was named the world's best LGBT-friendly travel destination, along with Canada and Sweden.[2]","title":"Living conditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambassador_Sherman_at_Lisbon_Pride.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Sherman"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Eurobarometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurobarometer"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Catholic University of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Rádio Renascença","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_Renascen%C3%A7a"},{"link_name":"SIC TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_Independente_de_Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Expresso newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expresso_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"text":"From left, Israeli Ambassador Tzipora Rimon, U.S. Ambassador Robert Sherman, Canadian Ambassador Jeffrey Marder, Danish Ambassador Michael Suhr, Belgian Ambassador Boudewijn Dereymaerker and Dutch Ambassador Govert de Vroe attending the 2016 LGBTI Pride parade in Lisbon[90]A Eurobarometer survey published in late 2006 showed that only 29% of Portuguese surveyed supported same-sex marriage and 19% supported the right of same-sex couples to adopt (EU-wide average 44% and 33%).[91]Opinions on same-sex marriage have considerably changed since then. A 2009 survey by the Catholic University of Portugal revealed that 42% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage and another survey by Eurosondagem, Rádio Renascença, SIC TV, and the Expresso newspaper stated that about 52% of the Portuguese public were in favour of same-sex marriages.[92][93] An Angus Reid poll on 11 January 2010 showed that 45.5% of those polled were in support of same-sex marriage, but this was less than the 49.3% that opposed. A Eurobarometer survey published in 2015 showed that support for same-sex marriage had risen significantly to 61%.[94]Views on adoption had not been changed significantly at the time same-sex marriage was passed into law: only 21.7% favored adoption, while 68.4% opposed allowing same-sex couples to adopt.[95]\nHowever, in 2014, during parliamentary debates on an initiative to legalize stepchild adoption for same-sex couples, polls showed that a majority of the Portuguese population supported both stepchild adoption and full adoption rights.[96]A 2020 study found that same-sex couples face significant discrimination in the housing markets of Porto and Lisbon.[97] In similar quality applications for rentals, male same-sex couples received 23 to 26 percent less positive replies than opposite-sex couples, while for female same-sex couples this difference was 10 percent.","title":"Public opinion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"}],"sub_title":"Eurobarometer","text":"Below is the share of respondents in Portugal who agreed with the following statements in the 2006, 2015 and 2019 Special Eurobarometer on discrimination.[98] The last column is the change from the previous Eurobarometer. In 2006, respondents were presented with the slightly different statement \"Homosexual marriages should be allowed throughout Europe\".[99]The 2023 Eurobarometer found that 81% of Portuguese people thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, and 73% agreed that \"there is nothing wrong in a sexual relationship between two persons of the same sex\".[100]","title":"Public opinion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Summary table"}] | [{"image_text":"Intersex pride flag in Lisbon, 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/24%C2%AA_Marcha_Orgulho_LGBTI%2B_Lisboa%2C_jun._2023_%2852981019137%29.jpg/220px-24%C2%AA_Marcha_Orgulho_LGBTI%2B_Lisboa%2C_jun._2023_%2852981019137%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gay Pride in Lisbon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Marcha_%2827146740493%29.jpg/220px-Marcha_%2827146740493%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"From left, Israeli Ambassador Tzipora Rimon, U.S. Ambassador Robert Sherman, Canadian Ambassador Jeffrey Marder, Danish Ambassador Michael Suhr, Belgian Ambassador Boudewijn Dereymaerker and Dutch Ambassador Govert de Vroe attending the 2016 LGBTI Pride parade in Lisbon[90]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ambassador_Sherman_at_Lisbon_Pride.jpg/220px-Ambassador_Sherman_at_Lisbon_Pride.jpg"}] | [{"title":"LGBT portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:LGBT"},{"title":"Portugal portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Portugal"},{"title":"LGBT history in Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Portugal"},{"title":"Politics of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal"},{"title":"LGBT rights in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Europe"},{"title":"LGBT rights in the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_European_Union"}] | [{"reference":"\"Portugal\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_family | Kujō family | ["1 History","2 Family Tree","2.1 Tsurudono family","3 See also","4 References"] | Branch of the Fujiwara clan
In this Japanese name, the surname is Kujō.
Kujō九条The emblem (mon) of the Kujō clanParent houseFujiwara clan (Hokke)TitlesVariousFounderKujō MichiieFounding year13th centuryDissolutionextantCadet branches
Nijō family
Ichijō family
Tsurudono family
Kujō family (Japanese: 九条家, Hepburn: Kujō-ke) is a Japanese aristocratic kin group. The family is a branch of Hokke and, by extension, a main branch of the Fujiwara clan.
History
The family claims descent from Fujiwara no Kanezane, third son of Fujiwara no Tadamichi. After the fall of the Taira clan in 1185, Kanezane became Sesshō and Kampaku with the support from Minamoto no Yoritomo; Kanezane then founded an independent family as of 1191, and the family name Kujō was named after a residence located on the road "Kujō-Ōji" (九条大路), where his family lived, built by his ancestor, Fujiwara no Mototsune. Since then, the Kujō became one of the five Fujiwara families from which the Sesshō and Kampaku could be chosen, later known as the five regent houses. The fourth and fifth shōgun' of the Kamakura shogunate, Kujō Yoritsune and Kujō Yoritsugu, came from this family as well.
After the Meiji Restoration, members of the Kujō clan were elevated to princedom and given the title Prince.
Family Tree
adoption
Fujiwara no Tadamichi(1097-1164)
Konoe family
Konoe Motozane(1143-1166)Kanezane(1)(1149-1207)
Yoshitsune(2)(1169-1206)
Michiie(3)(1193-1252)
Nijō familyIchijō family
Norizane(4)(1211-1235)Nijō Yoshizane(1216-1271)Ichijō Sanetsune(1223-1284)
Tadaie(5)(1229-1275)
Tadanori(6)(1248-1332)Nijō Kanemoto(1267-1334)
Moronori(7)(1273-1320)
Fusazane(8)(1290-1327)Nijō Michihira(1287-1335)
Michinori(9)(1315-1349)Nijō Yoshimoto(1320-1388)
Nijō Morotsugu(1356-1400)Tsunenori(10)(1331-1400)
Nijō Mochimoto(1390-1445)Tadamoto(11)(1345-1398)
Nijō Mochimichi(1416-1493)Mitsuie(12)(1394-1449)
Nijō Masatsugu(1443-1480)Masatada(13)(1440-1488)Masamoto(14)(1445-1516)
Nijō Hisamoto(1471-1497)Hisatsune(15)(1469-1530)
Nijō Tadafusa(1496-1551)TsunekoTanemichi(16)(1507-1594)
Nijō Haruyoshi(1526-1579)
Kanetaka(17)(1553-1636)Takatsukasa Nobufusa(1565-1658)
Yukiie(18)(1586-1665)Takatsukasa Nobuhisa(1590-1621)
Michifusa(19)(1609-1647)Takatsukasa Norihira(1609-1668)
Tokihime(d. 1669)Kaneharu(20)(1641-1677)
Sukezane(21)(1669-1730)
Morotaka(22)(1688-1713)
Yukinori(23)(1700-1728)
Tanemoto(24)(1725-1743)Nijō Munemoto(1727-1754)
Naozane(25)(1717-1787)
Nijō Harutaka(1754-1826)Michisaki(26)(1746–1770)
Sukeie(27)(1769–1785)
Suketsugu(28)(1784–1807)
Hisatada(29)(1798-1871)Takatsukasa Masamichi(1789-1868)
Yukitsune (30)(1823-1859)
Michitaka(31)(1839-1906)Matsuzono Hisayoshi(1840-1903)Tsurudono Tadayoshi (1853-1895)
Michizane (32)(1870-1933)Tsurudono family
Michihide (33)(1895-1961)
Michihiro (34)(1933-2017)
Michinari (35)(b. 1968)
Tsurudono family
The Tsurudono family (鶴殿家, Tsudono-ke) was founded by the fifth son of Kujō Hisatada, Tsurudono Tadayoshi (1853-1895), in 1888. The kanji used in the family name was originally "靏殿" but later changed to "鶴殿", both names are pronounced "Tsurudono".
Tsurudono Tadayoshi (1853-1895), becoming baron since December 18, 1889 until his death.
Tsurudono Iekatsu (1891-1956), son of Tadayoshi, succeeding baron, after his father's death, in 1895–1947.
Tsurudono Sumiie (b. 1924), son of Iekatsu, and he has three sons.
See also
Japanese clans
List of Kuge families
Five regent houses
References
^ a b Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie du Japon; Papinot, (2003). "Konoe," Nobiliare du Japon, p. 24; retrieved 2013-8-13.
^ Amimoto, Mitsuyoshi (2014-07-01). カラー版 イチから知りたい! 家紋と名字. SEITOSHA. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-4791623075.
^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Go-sekke" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 260.
^ Ueda, Kazutoshi; Mikami, Sanji (1934). 『姓氏家系大辞典』第2巻. pp. 2081–2084. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
^ Amimoto, Mitsuyoshi (2014-07-10). カラー版 イチから知りたい! 家紋と名字. 西東社 (SEITOSHA). pp. 13, 28. ISBN 9784791623075.
^ Niwa, Motoji (1981). 姓氏の語源. KADOKAWA. p. 57. ISBN 978-4040614007.
^ Saeki, Umetomo; Mabuchi, Kazuo (1969). 講談社古語辞典. 講談社. p. 300.
^ Morrell, Robert E. (2002-01-01). Early Kamakura Buddhism: A Minority Report. Asian Humanities Press. pp. 23, 37. ISBN 978-0895818508.
^ "藤原氏家系 -九條家". 花筐館. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
^ "九条(九條)家(摂家)". Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ a b c 『平成新修旧華族家系大成』下巻. Kasumi Kaikan. 1996. p. 120. ISBN 978-4642036719.
^ 大植, 四郎 (1971). 明治過去帳―物故人名辞典. Tokyo Bijutsu. ISBN 978-4808701192.
^ "官報. 1889年12月19日". 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
^ 杉, 謙二 (2011). 華族畫報 上. 吉川弘文館. p. 310. ISBN 9784642038065.
^ "官報. 1895年04月06日". 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
^ "鶴殿家". Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
This Japanese clan article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-papinot25-1"},{"link_name":"Hokke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokke_(Fujiwara)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amimoto-2"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_clan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nussbaum571-3"}],"text":"In this Japanese name, the surname is Kujō.Kujō family (Japanese: 九条家, Hepburn: Kujō-ke) is a Japanese aristocratic kin group.[1] The family is a branch of Hokke and,[2] by extension, a main branch of the Fujiwara clan.[3]","title":"Kujō family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Kanezane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Kanezane"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Tadamichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tadamichi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Taira clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taira_clan"},{"link_name":"Sesshō and Kampaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessh%C5%8D_and_Kampaku"},{"link_name":"Minamoto no Yoritomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Mototsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Mototsune"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"five regent houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_regent_houses"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-papinot25-1"},{"link_name":"shōgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun"},{"link_name":"Kamakura shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate"},{"link_name":"Kujō Yoritsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Yoritsune"},{"link_name":"Kujō Yoritsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Yoritsugu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Meiji Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"},{"link_name":"princedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princedom"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince"}],"text":"The family claims descent from Fujiwara no Kanezane, third son of Fujiwara no Tadamichi.[4] After the fall of the Taira clan in 1185, Kanezane became Sesshō and Kampaku with the support from Minamoto no Yoritomo;[5] Kanezane then founded an independent family as of 1191,[6] and the family name Kujō was named after a residence located on the road \"Kujō-Ōji\" (九条大路), where his family lived, built by his ancestor, Fujiwara no Mototsune.[7] Since then, the Kujō became one of the five Fujiwara families from which the Sesshō and Kampaku could be chosen, later known as the five regent houses.[1] The fourth and fifth shōgun' of the Kamakura shogunate, Kujō Yoritsune and Kujō Yoritsugu, came from this family as well.[8]After the Meiji Restoration, members of the Kujō clan were elevated to princedom and given the title Prince.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"[10]","title":"Family Tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tsurudono Iekatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsurudono_Iekatsu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B6%B4%E6%AE%BF%E5%AE%B6%E5%8B%9D"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Tsurudono family","text":"The Tsurudono family (鶴殿家, Tsudono-ke) was founded by the fifth son of Kujō Hisatada, Tsurudono Tadayoshi (1853-1895), in 1888. The kanji used in the family name was originally \"靏殿\" but later changed to \"鶴殿\", both names are pronounced \"Tsurudono\".[11][12]Tsurudono Tadayoshi (1853-1895), becoming baron since December 18, 1889 until his death.[11][13]\nTsurudono Iekatsu [ja] (1891-1956), son of Tadayoshi, succeeding baron, after his father's death, in 1895–1947.[11][14][15]\nTsurudono Sumiie (b. 1924), son of Iekatsu, and he has three sons.[16]","title":"Family Tree"}] | [] | [{"title":"Japanese clans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_clans"},{"title":"List of Kuge families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kuge_families"},{"title":"Five regent houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_regent_houses"}] | [{"reference":"Amimoto, Mitsuyoshi (2014-07-01). カラー版 イチから知りたい! 家紋と名字. SEITOSHA. pp. 12–13. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_DC_Super-Villains | Lego DC Super-Villains | ["1 Gameplay","1.1 Characters","1.2 Setting","1.3 Downloadable content","2 Plot","3 Development","3.1 Voice acting","4 Reception","4.1 Accolades","5 References","6 External links"] | 2018 video gameLego DC Super-VillainsDeveloper(s)Traveller's TalesPublisher(s)Warner Bros. Interactive EntertainmentDirector(s)Stephen SharplesAndrew HoltProducer(s)David GeesonDesigner(s)Arthur ParsonsProgrammer(s)Ben KlagesArtist(s)David HoyeComposer(s)Simon WithenshawIan LivingstonePlatform(s)Nintendo SwitchPlayStation 4WindowsXbox OnemacOSReleaseNA: 16 October 2018WW: 19 October 2018macOSWW: 30 July 2019Genre(s)Action-adventure
platformMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer
Lego DC Super-Villains is a Lego-themed action-adventure platform video game developed by Traveller's Tales. The fourth installment in the Lego Batman series of games, it is a spin-off that focuses entirely on villains of the DC Universe; it is the first in the series to do so since the villain levels from Lego Batman: The Videogame. The game was released by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment on 16 October 2018 in North America and 19 October worldwide. The macOS version of the game was released by Feral Interactive on 30 July 2019.
While the core gameplay follows the same style of past Lego titles, including the addition of a two-player cooperative multiplayer mode, DC Super-Villains is the first title to incorporate a customized character into the story. The plot centers around the villains of the DC Universe who, in the aftermath of the Justice League's disappearance, reluctantly take on the role of the Earth's protectors and must defeat a rival group of supervillains from another universe, who are masquerading as heroes while searching for a powerful item for their master.
Gameplay
Lego DC Super-Villains is an action-adventure game played from a third-person perspective, alternating between various action-adventure sequences and puzzle-solving scenarios.
Characters
Like previous titles from the Lego Batman trilogy, such as DC Super Heroes and Beyond Gotham, players gain access to a roster of iconic characters from the DC Universe, each with their own unique abilities. Lego DC Super-Villains stands out from other Lego video games by being the first to incorporate the use of a custom character, who becomes integrated with the game's story. Initially players devise their looks, name, and style of fighting, but gain access to super-powers for their character to use as they progress in the story, along with unlocking customisation options.
Setting
The game itself operates with the same level of gameplay mechanics from previous Lego video games, as well as elements from the Lego Batman trilogy, focusing on a mixture of levels consisting of two modes – story and free roam – along with open-world elements in between levels, featuring a selection of locations from the DC Universe, including condensed versions of Gotham City and Metropolis, as well as Smallville, Arkham Asylum, Apokolips, the Justice League Watchtower, Stryker's Island, the Hall of Justice, S.T.A.R. Labs, and Belle Reve; story levels feature other locations such as Gorilla City, Oa, Themyscira, and Nanda Parbat.
Downloadable content
The game features a Deluxe Edition, which grants players who purchase it access to season pass content. The season pass consists of levels based on other DC media franchises – two based on the 2018 film Aquaman, one based on the 1993 animated film Batman: Mask of the Phantasm, two based on the 2019 film Shazam!, and one based on the 2013 Young Justice animated series episode "Summit". It also contains character packs, including the "DC Super Heroes: TV Series DLC Character Pack" and "DC Super-Villains: TV Series DLC Character Pack", both consisting of characters from The CW's "Arrowverse" television programs; the "Justice League Dark Character Pack"; and the "DC Movies Character Pack", a pack consisting of characters from the DC Extended Universe.
Plot
Following the capture of a super-powered individual dubbed "The Rookie", Commissioner Gordon oversees their transfer to Stryker's Island in Metropolis. As the Rookie possesses a previously unseen ability to absorb energy to gain new super-powers, Gordon offers the incarcerated Lex Luthor a reduced prison sentence in exchange for monitoring them and assessing their potential threat. Before he can agree to the deal, Luthor's bodyguard Mercy Graves arrives to break him and the Rookie out of prison, and the trio escape alongside several other imprisoned villains, though they are pursued by the Justice League. Meanwhile, the Joker and Harley Quinn steal several items from Wayne Tech, with Batman giving chase. The combined group of villains are defeated by the sudden arrival of the "Justice Syndicate", a superhero team from a parallel universe, with only a few escaping. Before departing, Harley witnesses the Syndicate forcibly warp the Justice League away.
The Syndicate claim that the Justice League are on an off-world mission and that they are their replacements, with the group's leader Ultraman posing as reporter Kent Clarkson to feed further false information to the public. Suspicious of the Syndicate, Luthor begins uniting a massive force of villains to expose the truth and defeat the Syndicate so that they might take over. Lois Lane and Jimmy Olsen also begin their own independent investigation. During their research, the villains discover the Justice Syndicate is actually the "Crime Syndicate", who are the Justice League's villainous counterparts from Earth-3, and that they are searching for something on Earth, using their superhero personas to gain easy access to classified information and locations. Once they recruit Gorilla Grodd, Sinestro, and Black Adam, the united Legion of Doom launch an attack on the Crime Syndicate on top of LexCorp, but Luthor betrays everyone, planning to use the Syndicate's technology to be rid of them all in order to rule the Earth alone. Furious at Luthor's betrayal, the Rookie tries to stop him by blasting the machine with energy, causing it to malfunction; inadvertently bringing Apokolips near Earth and teleporting everyone present to random locations.
As the Syndicate tries to maintain order on Earth, the Joker, Harley and the Rookie find themselves on Apokolips and encounter Darkseid, the Syndicate's secret master who ordered them to search Earth for the last piece of the Anti-Life Equation. As Darkseid discovers them, the villains are rescued by the Justice League, who have just escaped their imprisonment on Apokolips. Escaping Darkseid's forces, the group learn the Syndicate has fooled the people of Earth into believing the Justice League have become evil, prompting the League to form an uneasy alliance with the Legion of Doom to defeat them.
After gathering more forces, the alliance tricks Johnny Quick into revealing the Syndicate's plans on camera. Lois broadcasts the footage worldwide, turning the public against the Syndicate. Upon defeating and sending the Syndicate back to Earth-3, the alliance focus on finding the last piece of the Equation. Batman soon discovers it to have been inside a Mother Box that Harley stole from Wayne Tech, until the Rookie inadvertently absorbed it while sending the Crime Syndicate back to Earth-3. Learning that Darkseid is sending his forces to Earth to track it down, the alliance attempts to protect the Rookie, but they are captured and taken to Apokolips, forcing the League and the Legion to mount a rescue mission. Though the Rookie is rescued, Darkseid absorbs the last piece of the Equation. However, it proves ineffective as it was altered by the physiology of the Rookie, who is now revealed to hail from Earth-3. The Rookie then uses the Anti-Life Equation to defeat Darkseid and alter his and his forces' psyches, making them kind. Though Luthor attempts to abandon them again and take over Earth, the alliance manages to restore Apokolips to its original location and return home. The Rookie is then given the chance to join the Justice League as a superhero, or to continue working for the Legion of Doom as a supervillain; the choice made is left up to the player.
If the player chooses to join the Justice League, Luthor will express disappointment at the Rookie for betraying him even though the Joker reminds Luthor that he tried to send the Rookie to the other side of the universe twice. Livewire then uses her ability to blind the Justice League and the Rookie so the villains can make their escape. The Rookie then joins the Justice League to chase down the villains.
If the player decides to join The Legion of Doom, the Joker suggests that the Rookie become their new leader as Luthor can no longer be trusted. The Rookie then teleports the villains away with Batman stating that he hates it when he's right. The Legion is then teleported to safety so they can resume their criminal activities.
In a post-credits scene, the angry Anti-Monitor arrives on Apokolips to find all its occupants still under the effect of the Rookie's powers, and proceeds to attack Darkseid, having been disgusted by his kindness.
Development
The game was leaked by Walmart Canada in May 2018. Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment announced the title officially on 30 May 2018. Game director Arthur Parsons revealed that the concept of a super villain themed game dates back in 2008's Lego Batman: The Videogame, with featured levels based on a villain's point of view of the story.
Voice acting
The game's voice work is directed by Liam O'Brien, where this marks the first Lego game since Lego Dimensions to have original voice acting utilized by actors who are affiliated with the Screen Actors Guild‐American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) following the conclusion of the 2016–17 video game voice actor strike. Parsons has stated that the game utilises an "All-Star" voice cast, where he describes his excitement on the game's cast as the best one that he has ever worked on in any Lego game that the company has ever done. Like Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, the cast consists of a number of various actors reprising roles from various DC properties, Noticeable additions to the game's cast includes of Michael Ironside reprising his role as Darkseid for the first time since the Justice League Unlimited series finale "Destroyer", which aired in 2006, Zachary Levi reprising his role as the titular character from the Shazam! film to coincide the release the Shazam! DLC packs, and Greg Miller providing the voice of Polka-Dot Man.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(PC) 76/100(PS4) 74/100(XONE) 72/100(NS) 75/100Review scoresPublicationScoreGame Informer8.5/10GameSpot5/10IGN7.8/10Metro6/10
The Nintendo Switch and PC versions received "generally favorable" reviews, while the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions received "mixed or average" reviews, according to Metacritic. Reviewers praised the game's story, humor, and voice acting.
Accolades
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref
2018
Game Critics Awards
Best Family/Social Game
Nominated
Gamescom Awards
Best Family Game
Nominated
Best Console Game (Nintendo Switch)
Nominated
2019
New York Game Awards
Central Park Children's Zoo Award for Best Kids Game
Nominated
D.I.C.E. Awards
Family Game of the Year
Nominated
National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards
Direction in a Game Cinema
Nominated
Game, Franchise Family
Nominated
Performance in a Comedy, Supporting (Tara Strong)
Won
Writing in a Comedy
Nominated
British Academy Children's Awards
Game
Nominated
References
^ "LEGO DC Super-Villains Available October 16". warnerbros.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
^ "It's good to be bad! LEGO DC Super-Villains out now for macOS | Feral News". www.feralinteractive.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ a b c Takahashi, Dean (30 May 2018). "Warner Bros. unveils TT Games' Lego DC Super-Villains". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on 8 December 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ a b McWhertor, Michael (30 May 2018). "New Lego game lets you team up with Joker, Harley Quinn and other DC bad guys". Polygon. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ LEGO DC Game (21 August 2018). "Official LEGO DC Super-Villains Story Trailer". YouTube. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
^ Totilo, Stephen (15 June 2018). "Lego DC Super-Villains' Custom Characters Have A Lot Of Potential". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
^ Crecente, Brian (30 May 2018). "'Lego DC Super-Villains' Drops in October". Variety. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
^ Newton, Andrew (31 August 2018). "LEGO DC Super-Villains Season Pass details revealed". Flickering Myth. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
^ Henry, Cole (30 May 2018). "See the LEGO DC Super Villains Announcement Trailer". Paste Magazine. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ a b JayShockblast (12 June 2018). "LEGO DC Super Villains – Arthur Parsons Interview with IGN at E3 2018: Character Creator Showcase!". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
^ @VoiceOfOBrien (14 June 2018). "Oh man, I spent several months directing the amazing talent on this game, and all I can say is it's good to be bad.…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ Capel, Chris (21 August 2018). "LEGO DC Super-Villains Story Trailer Brings Back Classic Animated Series Voice Actors". Game Revolution. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
^ Nieves, Davey (28 September 2018). "LEGO DC SUPER-VILLAINS Says Welcome To The Darkseid In A New Vignette". The Beat. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
^ "'LEGO DC Super-Villains' Getting 'Shazam!' DLC Friday". 5 April 2019. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
^ @GameOverGreggy (12 October 2018). "Hey, I'm in @LEGODCGame, and it's out next week. Who am? Well..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ "LEGO DC Super-Villains". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
^ a b "LEGO DC Super-Villains Critic Reviews for PlayStation 4". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
^ a b "LEGO DC Super-Villains". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
^ a b "LEGO DC Super-Villains Critic Reviews for Nintendo Switch". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
^ "Lego DC Super-Villains Review – It's Quite Good to be Bad". Game Informer. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
^ "Lego DC Super-Villains Review: Mediocre Mischief-Makers". Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
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External links
Official website Archived 8 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
Lego DC Super-Villains at IMDb
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Lego DC Super-Villains stands out from other Lego video games by being the first to incorporate the use of a custom character, who becomes integrated with the game's story. Initially players devise their looks, name, and style of fighting, but gain access to super-powers for their character to use as they progress in the story, along with unlocking customisation options.[6]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lego video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lego_video_games"},{"link_name":"DC Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Universe"},{"link_name":"Gotham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_City"},{"link_name":"Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Smallville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Arkham Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkham_Asylum"},{"link_name":"Apokolips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokolips"},{"link_name":"Justice League Watchtower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Watchtower"},{"link_name":"Stryker's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"Hall of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_locations_of_the_DC_Universe#Sites"},{"link_name":"S.T.A.R. Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.T.A.R._Labs"},{"link_name":"Belle Reve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Reve_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Gorilla City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_City"},{"link_name":"Oa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oa_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Themyscira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themyscira_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Nanda Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Parbat"}],"sub_title":"Setting","text":"The game itself operates with the same level of gameplay mechanics from previous Lego video games, as well as elements from the Lego Batman trilogy, focusing on a mixture of levels consisting of two modes – story and free roam – along with open-world elements in between levels, featuring a selection of locations from the DC Universe, including condensed versions of Gotham City and Metropolis, as well as Smallville, Arkham Asylum, Apokolips, the Justice League Watchtower, Stryker's Island, the Hall of Justice, S.T.A.R. Labs, and Belle Reve; story levels feature other locations such as Gorilla City, Oa, Themyscira, and Nanda Parbat.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Aquaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaman_(film)"},{"link_name":"Batman: Mask of the Phantasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_Mask_of_the_Phantasm"},{"link_name":"Shazam!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shazam!_(film)"},{"link_name":"Young Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Justice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"Arrowverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowverse"},{"link_name":"Justice League Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Dark"},{"link_name":"DC Extended Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Downloadable content","text":"The game features a Deluxe Edition, which grants players who purchase it access to season pass content.[7] The season pass consists of levels based on other DC media franchises – two based on the 2018 film Aquaman, one based on the 1993 animated film Batman: Mask of the Phantasm, two based on the 2019 film Shazam!, and one based on the 2013 Young Justice animated series episode \"Summit\". It also contains character packs, including the \"DC Super Heroes: TV Series DLC Character Pack\" and \"DC Super-Villains: TV Series DLC Character Pack\", both consisting of characters from The CW's \"Arrowverse\" television programs; the \"Justice League Dark Character Pack\"; and the \"DC Movies Character Pack\", a pack consisting of characters from the DC Extended Universe.[8]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commissioner Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gordon_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Stryker's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Lex Luthor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luthor"},{"link_name":"Mercy Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Graves"},{"link_name":"Justice League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League"},{"link_name":"Joker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_(character)"},{"link_name":"Harley Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Quinn"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Justice Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_Syndicate_of_America"},{"link_name":"Ultraman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraman_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"false information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news"},{"link_name":"Lois Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Lane"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Olsen"},{"link_name":"Earth-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-Three"},{"link_name":"Gorilla Grodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_Grodd"},{"link_name":"Sinestro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinestro"},{"link_name":"Black Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Adam"},{"link_name":"Legion of Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Doom"},{"link_name":"LexCorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LexCorp"},{"link_name":"Apokolips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokolips"},{"link_name":"Darkseid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkseid"},{"link_name":"Anti-Life Equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Life_Equation"},{"link_name":"Johnny Quick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Quick_(Crime_Syndicate)"},{"link_name":"Mother Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Box"},{"link_name":"post-credits scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-credits_scene"},{"link_name":"Anti-Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Monitor"}],"text":"Following the capture of a super-powered individual dubbed \"The Rookie\", Commissioner Gordon oversees their transfer to Stryker's Island in Metropolis. As the Rookie possesses a previously unseen ability to absorb energy to gain new super-powers, Gordon offers the incarcerated Lex Luthor a reduced prison sentence in exchange for monitoring them and assessing their potential threat. Before he can agree to the deal, Luthor's bodyguard Mercy Graves arrives to break him and the Rookie out of prison, and the trio escape alongside several other imprisoned villains, though they are pursued by the Justice League. Meanwhile, the Joker and Harley Quinn steal several items from Wayne Tech, with Batman giving chase. The combined group of villains are defeated by the sudden arrival of the \"Justice Syndicate\", a superhero team from a parallel universe, with only a few escaping. Before departing, Harley witnesses the Syndicate forcibly warp the Justice League away.The Syndicate claim that the Justice League are on an off-world mission and that they are their replacements, with the group's leader Ultraman posing as reporter Kent Clarkson to feed further false information to the public. Suspicious of the Syndicate, Luthor begins uniting a massive force of villains to expose the truth and defeat the Syndicate so that they might take over. Lois Lane and Jimmy Olsen also begin their own independent investigation. During their research, the villains discover the Justice Syndicate is actually the \"Crime Syndicate\", who are the Justice League's villainous counterparts from Earth-3, and that they are searching for something on Earth, using their superhero personas to gain easy access to classified information and locations. Once they recruit Gorilla Grodd, Sinestro, and Black Adam, the united Legion of Doom launch an attack on the Crime Syndicate on top of LexCorp, but Luthor betrays everyone, planning to use the Syndicate's technology to be rid of them all in order to rule the Earth alone. Furious at Luthor's betrayal, the Rookie tries to stop him by blasting the machine with energy, causing it to malfunction; inadvertently bringing Apokolips near Earth and teleporting everyone present to random locations.As the Syndicate tries to maintain order on Earth, the Joker, Harley and the Rookie find themselves on Apokolips and encounter Darkseid, the Syndicate's secret master who ordered them to search Earth for the last piece of the Anti-Life Equation. As Darkseid discovers them, the villains are rescued by the Justice League, who have just escaped their imprisonment on Apokolips. Escaping Darkseid's forces, the group learn the Syndicate has fooled the people of Earth into believing the Justice League have become evil, prompting the League to form an uneasy alliance with the Legion of Doom to defeat them.After gathering more forces, the alliance tricks Johnny Quick into revealing the Syndicate's plans on camera. Lois broadcasts the footage worldwide, turning the public against the Syndicate. Upon defeating and sending the Syndicate back to Earth-3, the alliance focus on finding the last piece of the Equation. Batman soon discovers it to have been inside a Mother Box that Harley stole from Wayne Tech, until the Rookie inadvertently absorbed it while sending the Crime Syndicate back to Earth-3. Learning that Darkseid is sending his forces to Earth to track it down, the alliance attempts to protect the Rookie, but they are captured and taken to Apokolips, forcing the League and the Legion to mount a rescue mission. Though the Rookie is rescued, Darkseid absorbs the last piece of the Equation. However, it proves ineffective as it was altered by the physiology of the Rookie, who is now revealed to hail from Earth-3. The Rookie then uses the Anti-Life Equation to defeat Darkseid and alter his and his forces' psyches, making them kind. Though Luthor attempts to abandon them again and take over Earth, the alliance manages to restore Apokolips to its original location and return home. The Rookie is then given the chance to join the Justice League as a superhero, or to continue working for the Legion of Doom as a supervillain; the choice made is left up to the player.If the player chooses to join the Justice League, Luthor will express disappointment at the Rookie for betraying him even though the Joker reminds Luthor that he tried to send the Rookie to the other side of the universe twice. Livewire then uses her ability to blind the Justice League and the Rookie so the villains can make their escape. The Rookie then joins the Justice League to chase down the villains.If the player decides to join The Legion of Doom, the Joker suggests that the Rookie become their new leader as Luthor can no longer be trusted. The Rookie then teleports the villains away with Batman stating that he hates it when he's right. The Legion is then teleported to safety so they can resume their criminal activities.In a post-credits scene, the angry Anti-Monitor arrives on Apokolips to find all its occupants still under the effect of the Rookie's powers, and proceeds to attack Darkseid, having been disgusted by his kindness.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walmart Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart_Canada"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Interactive_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polygon-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-10"}],"text":"The game was leaked by Walmart Canada in May 2018.[9] Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment announced the title officially on 30 May 2018.[4] Game director Arthur Parsons revealed that the concept of a super villain themed game dates back in 2008's Lego Batman: The Videogame, with featured levels based on a villain's point of view of the story.[10]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liam O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Lego Dimensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Dimensions"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild‐American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAG-AFTRA"},{"link_name":"2016–17 video game voice actor strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_video_game_voice_actor_strike"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Star"},{"link_name":"voice cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_acting"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Michael Ironside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ironside"},{"link_name":"Darkseid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkseid"},{"link_name":"Justice League Unlimited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Unlimited"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Zachary Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Levi"},{"link_name":"the titular character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Greg Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Miller_(Internet_celebrity)"},{"link_name":"Polka-Dot Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polka-Dot_Man"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Voice acting","text":"The game's voice work is directed by Liam O'Brien, where this marks the first Lego game since Lego Dimensions to have original voice acting utilized by actors who are affiliated with the Screen Actors Guild‐American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) following the conclusion of the 2016–17 video game voice actor strike.[11] Parsons has stated that the game utilises an \"All-Star\" voice cast, where he describes his excitement on the game's cast as the best one that he has ever worked on in any Lego game that the company has ever done.[10] Like Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, the cast consists of a number of various actors reprising roles from various DC properties,[12] Noticeable additions to the game's cast includes of Michael Ironside reprising his role as Darkseid for the first time since the Justice League Unlimited series finale \"Destroyer\", which aired in 2006,[13] Zachary Levi reprising his role as the titular character from the Shazam! film to coincide the release the Shazam! DLC packs,[14] and Greg Miller providing the voice of Polka-Dot Man.[15]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCXONE-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCSWITCH-19"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCXONE-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCSWITCH-19"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(PC) 76/100[16](PS4) 74/100[17](XONE) 72/100[18](NS) 75/100[19]Review scoresPublicationScoreGame Informer8.5/10[20]GameSpot5/10[21]IGN7.8/10[22]Metro6/10[23]The Nintendo Switch and PC versions received \"generally favorable\" reviews, while the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions received \"mixed or average\" reviews, according to Metacritic.[17][18][19] Reviewers praised the game's story, humor, and voice acting.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"LEGO DC Super-Villains Available October 16\". warnerbros.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.warnerbros.com/news/articles/2018/05/31/lego-dc-super-villains-coming-october-16","url_text":"\"LEGO DC Super-Villains Available October 16\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200815054009/https://www.warnerbros.com/news/articles/2018/05/31/lego-dc-super-villains-coming-october-16","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"It's good to be bad! LEGO DC Super-Villains out now for macOS | Feral News\". www.feralinteractive.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.feralinteractive.com/en/news/987/","url_text":"\"It's good to be bad! LEGO DC Super-Villains out now for macOS | Feral News\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190730103958/http://www.feralinteractive.com/en/news/987/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Takahashi, Dean (30 May 2018). \"Warner Bros. unveils TT Games' Lego DC Super-Villains\". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on 8 December 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2018/05/30/warner-bros-unveils-tt-games-lego-dc-super-villains/","url_text":"\"Warner Bros. unveils TT Games' Lego DC Super-Villains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181208124114/https://venturebeat.com/2018/05/30/warner-bros-unveils-tt-games-lego-dc-super-villains/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McWhertor, Michael (30 May 2018). \"New Lego game lets you team up with Joker, Harley Quinn and other DC bad guys\". Polygon. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2018/5/30/17408628/lego-dc-super-villains-announcement-release-date","url_text":"\"New Lego game lets you team up with Joker, Harley Quinn and other DC bad guys\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140625/https://www.polygon.com/2018/5/30/17408628/lego-dc-super-villains-announcement-release-date","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"LEGO DC Game (21 August 2018). \"Official LEGO DC Super-Villains Story Trailer\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tb_2_j_N0_k","url_text":"\"Official LEGO DC Super-Villains Story Trailer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180823071904/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tb_2_j_N0_k","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Totilo, Stephen (15 June 2018). \"Lego DC Super-Villains' Custom Characters Have A Lot Of Potential\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/lego-dc-super-villains-custom-characters-have-a-lot-of-1826864946","url_text":"\"Lego DC Super-Villains' Custom Characters Have A Lot Of Potential\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180730050455/https://kotaku.com/lego-dc-super-villains-custom-characters-have-a-lot-of-1826864946","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Crecente, Brian (30 May 2018). \"'Lego DC Super-Villains' Drops in October\". Variety. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/gaming/news/lego-dc-super-villains-1202825037/","url_text":"\"'Lego DC Super-Villains' Drops in October\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180815205230/https://variety.com/2018/gaming/news/lego-dc-super-villains-1202825037/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Newton, Andrew (31 August 2018). \"LEGO DC Super-Villains Season Pass details revealed\". Flickering Myth. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2018/08/lego-dc-super-villains-season-pass-details-revealed/","url_text":"\"LEGO DC Super-Villains Season Pass details revealed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410223621/https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2018/08/lego-dc-super-villains-season-pass-details-revealed/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Henry, Cole (30 May 2018). \"See the LEGO DC Super Villains Announcement Trailer\". Paste Magazine. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2018/05/lego-dc-super-villians-gets-an-announcement-traile.html","url_text":"\"See the LEGO DC Super Villains Announcement Trailer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_Magazine","url_text":"Paste Magazine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180706022623/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2018/05/lego-dc-super-villians-gets-an-announcement-traile.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"JayShockblast (12 June 2018). \"LEGO DC Super Villains – Arthur Parsons Interview with IGN at E3 2018: Character Creator Showcase!\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cyo10MF8W_M","url_text":"\"LEGO DC Super Villains – Arthur Parsons Interview with IGN at E3 2018: Character Creator Showcase!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230121042242/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cyo10MF8W_M","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"@VoiceOfOBrien (14 June 2018). \"Oh man, I spent several months directing the amazing talent on this game, and all I can say is it's good to be bad.…\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/VoiceOfOBrien/status/1007382122460409856","url_text":"\"Oh man, I spent several months directing the amazing talent on this game, and all I can say is it's good to be bad.…\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Capel, Chris (21 August 2018). \"LEGO DC Super-Villains Story Trailer Brings Back Classic Animated Series Voice Actors\". Game Revolution. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerevolution.com/news/420745-lego-dc-super-villains-story-trailer-animated-series-voice-actors","url_text":"\"LEGO DC Super-Villains Story Trailer Brings Back Classic Animated Series Voice Actors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Revolution","url_text":"Game Revolution"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180922151247/https://www.gamerevolution.com/news/420745-lego-dc-super-villains-story-trailer-animated-series-voice-actors","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nieves, Davey (28 September 2018). \"LEGO DC SUPER-VILLAINS Says Welcome To The Darkseid In A New Vignette\". The Beat. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicsbeat.com/lego-dc-super-villains-says-welcome-to-the-darkseid-in-a-new-game-trailer/","url_text":"\"LEGO DC SUPER-VILLAINS Says Welcome To The Darkseid In A New Vignette\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181011133537/http://www.comicsbeat.com/lego-dc-super-villains-says-welcome-to-the-darkseid-in-a-new-game-trailer/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'LEGO DC Super-Villains' Getting 'Shazam!' DLC Friday\". 5 April 2019. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2019/gaming/news/lego-shazam-dlc-1203181622/","url_text":"\"'LEGO DC Super-Villains' Getting 'Shazam!' DLC Friday\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190408165420/https://variety.com/2019/gaming/news/lego-shazam-dlc-1203181622/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"@GameOverGreggy (12 October 2018). \"Hey, I'm in @LEGODCGame, and it's out next week. Who am? Well...\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/GameOverGreggy/status/1050814911901708288","url_text":"\"Hey, I'm in @LEGODCGame, and it's out next week. Who am? Well...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"LEGO DC Super-Villains\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/lego-dc-super-villains/critic-reviews/?platform=pc","url_text":"\"LEGO DC Super-Villains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181203125657/https://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/lego-dc-super-villains","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"LEGO DC Super-Villains Critic Reviews for PlayStation 4\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/lego-dc-super-villains/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4","url_text":"\"LEGO DC Super-Villains Critic Reviews for PlayStation 4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181203125553/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/lego-dc-super-villains","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"LEGO DC Super-Villains\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/lego-dc-super-villains/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-one","url_text":"\"LEGO DC Super-Villains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181024022435/https://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-one/lego-dc-super-villains","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"LEGO DC Super-Villains Critic Reviews for Nintendo Switch\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. 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Retrieved 21 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/lego-dc-super-villains-review-mediocre-mischief-ma/1900-6417016/","url_text":"\"Lego DC Super-Villains Review: Mediocre Mischief-Makers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181021232223/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/lego-dc-super-villains-review-mediocre-mischief-ma/1900-6417016/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"LEGO DC Super-Villains Review - IGN\". November 2021. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/10/17/lego-dc-super-villains-review","url_text":"\"LEGO DC Super-Villains Review - IGN\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181018041749/https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/10/17/lego-dc-super-villains-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Game review: Lego DC Super-Villains just another brick in the wall\". 22 October 2018. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. 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Retrieved 13 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/god-of-war-spider-man-lead-dice-awards-heres-all-t/1100-6464345/","url_text":"\"God Of War, Spider-Man Lead DICE Awards; Here's All The Nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190111065623/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/god-of-war-spider-man-lead-dice-awards-heres-all-t/1100-6464345/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominee List for 2018\". National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. 11 February 2019. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20190213220549/http://navgtr.org/archives/3566/","url_text":"\"Nominee List for 2018\""},{"url":"http://navgtr.org/archives/3566/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Winner list for 2018: God of War breaks record\". National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. 13 March 2019. Archived from the original on 14 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20190314083147/http://navgtr.org/archives/3601/","url_text":"\"Winner list for 2018: God of War breaks record\""},{"url":"http://navgtr.org/archives/3601/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wiseman, Andrea (1 December 2019). \"BAFTA Children's Winners Include Emily Burnett, Bella Ramsay, CBeebies, 'Horrible Histories' & 'Spider-Man: Into The Spider-Verse'\". Deadline. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2019/12/bafta-childrens-winners-cbeebies-horrible-histories-1202797817/","url_text":"\"BAFTA Children's Winners Include Emily Burnett, Bella Ramsay, CBeebies, 'Horrible Histories' & 'Spider-Man: Into The Spider-Verse'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191202133535/https://deadline.com/2019/12/bafta-childrens-winners-cbeebies-horrible-histories-1202797817/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.warnerbros.com/news/articles/2018/05/31/lego-dc-super-villains-coming-october-16","external_links_name":"\"LEGO DC Super-Villains Available October 16\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200815054009/https://www.warnerbros.com/news/articles/2018/05/31/lego-dc-super-villains-coming-october-16","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.feralinteractive.com/en/news/987/","external_links_name":"\"It's good to be bad! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Perovi%C4%87_(disambiguation) | Marko Perović | [] | Marko Perović may refer to:
Marko Perović (footballer, born 1972), former FR Yugoslavia international football player
Marko Perović (footballer, born 1984), former Serbia U21 international football player
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marko Perović (footballer, born 1972)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Perovi%C4%87_(footballer,_born_1972)"},{"link_name":"Marko Perović (footballer, born 1984)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Perovi%C4%87_(footballer,_born_1984)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Marko_Perovi%C4%87&namespace=0"}],"text":"Marko Perović (footballer, born 1972), former FR Yugoslavia international football player\nMarko Perović (footballer, born 1984), former Serbia U21 international football playerTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Marko Perović"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Marko_Perovi%C4%87&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
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