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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Island_State_Park
Goose Island State Park
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 28°8′1″N 96°59′3.5″W / 28.13361°N 96.984306°W / 28.13361; -96.984306State park in Texas, United States Goose Island State ParkThe "Big Tree" at Goose Island State Park is thought to be 1000 years old.Show map of TexasShow map of the United StatesLocationAransas County, TexasNearest cityRockportCoordinates28°8′1″N 96°59′3.5″W / 28.13361°N 96.984306°W / 28.13361; -96.984306Area321.4 acres (130 ha)Created1931-1935Operated byTexas Parks and Wildlife DepartmentVisitors157,126 (in 2022) Goose Island State Park is a state park in the U.S. state of Texas, located north of the city of Rockport on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The park covers 321.4 acres (130 ha). It is surrounded by both St. Charles and Aransas Bays. The park was established on land acquired from private owners between the years 1931–35. The Civilian Conservation Corps built the earliest facilities. The park is home to "The Big Tree", a Southern live oak (Quercus virginiana), thought to be over 1000 years old. It has a circumference of 35 feet (11 m), is 44 feet (13 m) in height and has a crown spread of 90 feet (27 m). Although it is located on the seashore, there is no designated swimming area at the park, as the shoreline consists of concrete, oyster shell, mudflat, and marsh grass. Instead, the main park activities include camping, birding, fishing, and boating. The park averages more than 60,000 overnight campers each year and has about 200,000 visitors annually. There are 45 shade shelters with electricity and water on the island. There are 57 shelters with electricity and water, and 27 with water and no electricity. Speckled trout, redfish, drum, flounder, and sheepshead are a few of the fish caught. See also Aransas National Wildlife Refuge Copano Bay Fishing Pier Mustang Island State Park George W. Fulton Mansion List of Texas state parks Texas Maritime Museum Texas State Aquarium References ^ Christopher Adams. "What is the most visited state park in Texas? Here's the top 10 countdown". KXAN.com. Retrieved November 21, 2023. "Goose Island State Park". Texas Parks and Wildlife. Retrieved October 3, 2006. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Goose Island State Park. Film segment about Goose Island State Park in Exploring the Texas State Park System from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image vteProtected areas of TexasFederalNational Parks Big Bend Guadalupe Mountains National monumentsand memorials Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument Castner Range National Monument Chamizal National Memorial Military Working Dog Teams National Monument Waco Mammoth National Monument National Historical Parks and Historic Sites Fort Davis NHS Lyndon B. Johnson NHP Palo Alto Battlefield NHP San Antonio Missions NHP National Historic Trails El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Recreation Areas Amistad Lake Meredith National Wild and Scenic Rivers Rio Grande National Wildlife Refuges Anahuac Aransas Attwater Prairie Chicken Balcones Canyonlands Big Boggy Brazoria Buffalo Lake Caddo Lake Grulla Hagerman Laguna Atascosa Little Sandy Lower Rio Grande Valley McFaddin Muleshoe Neches River San Bernard Santa Ana Texas Point Trinity River National Forests Angelina Davy Crockett Sabine Sam Houston National Grasslands Caddo Lyndon B. Johnson McClellan Creek Rita Blanca Other Protected Areas Big Thicket National Preserve Padre Island National Seashore StateState Parksand Natural Areas Abilene Albert and Bessie Kronkosky State Natural Area Atlanta Balmorhea Barton Warnock Visitor Center Bastrop Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley Big Bend Ranch Big Spring Blanco Bonham Brazos Bend Buescher Caddo Lake Caprock Canyons Cedar Hill Chinati Mountains State Natural Area Choke Canyon Cleburne Colorado Bend Cooper Lake Copper Breaks Daingerfield Davis Hill Davis Mountains Devils River State Natural Area Devil's Sinkhole State Natural Area Dinosaur Valley Eisenhower Enchanted Rock State Natural Area Estero Llano Grande Fairfield Lake Falcon Fort Boggy Fort Parker State Park Fort Richardson State Park Franklin Mountains Galveston Island Garner Goliad Goose Island Government Canyon State Natural Area Guadalupe River Hill Country State Natural Area Honey Creek State Natural Area Huntsville Indian Lodge Inks Lake Kickapoo Cavern Lake Arrowhead Lake Bob Sandlin Lake Brownwood Lake Casa Blanca International Lake Colorado City Lake Corpus Christi Lake Livingston Lake Mineral Wells Lake Somerville Lake Tawakoni Lake Whitney Lockhart Longhorn Cavern Lost Maples State Natural Area Martin Creek Lake Martin Dies Jr. Matagorda Island McKinney Falls McKinney Roughs Meridian Mission Tejas Monahans Sandhills Mother Neff State Park Mustang Island Old Tunnel Palmetto Palo Duro Canyon Palo Pinto Mountains Pedernales Falls Possum Kingdom Purtis Creek Ray Roberts Lake Resaca de la Palma San Angelo Sea Rim Sheldon Lake South Llano River Stephen F. Austin Tyler Village Creek Walter Umphrey Wyler Aerial Tramway State Historic Sites Acton Admiral Nimitz Barrington Living History Farm at Washington-on-the-Brazos Battleship TEXAS Caddo Mounds Casa Navarro Confederate Reunion Grounds Eisenhower Birthplace Fanthorp Inn Fannin Battleground Fort Griffin Fort Lancaster Fort Leaton Fort McKavett Fort Richardson State Park Fulton Mansion Goliad Hueco Tanks Kreische Brewery Landmark Inn Levi Jordan Plantation Lipantitlan Lyndon B. Johnson Magoffin Homestead Mission Espiritu Santo Mission Rosario Monument Hill Penn Farm Point Isabel Lighthouse Sabine Pass Battleground Sam Bell Maxey House Samuel T. Rayburn House San Felipe San Jacinto Battleground Sauer-Beckmann Farm Seminole Canyon Starr Family Home Varner–Hogg Plantation Washington-on-the-Brazos Zaragoza Birthplace State Forestsand Arboretums E.O. Siecke I.D. Fairchild John Henry Kirby Masterson W. Goodrich Jones Ruth Bowling Nichols Arboretum Olive Scott Petty Arboretum State Wildlife Trails Great Texas Coastal Heart of Texas Panhandle Plains Prairies and Pineywoods Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Portals: Islands Marine life Oceans Texas
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_States%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_arms_deal
2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal
["1 Background","2 Details","3 American and Saudi Arabian government statements","4 Reception","4.1 Domestic response","4.2 International response","5 Impact","6 See also","7 References"]
Bilateral relationsSaudi–American relations Saudi Arabia United States This article is part of a series aboutDonald Trump Business and personal Business career The Trump Organization wealth tax returns Media career The Apprentice bibliography filmography Eponyms Family Foundation American football Golf Honors Public image in popular culture SNL parodies handshakes Legal affairs Sexual misconduct allegations Nicknames pseudonyms Racial views Comments on John McCain Conspiracy theories Residences Rhetoric 45th President of the United States Presidency timeline Transition Inauguration Presidential library Tenure Executive actions executive orders proclamations pardons Trips foreign '17 '18 '19 '20–'21 Namaste Trump North Korea summits Singapore Hanoi DMZ Riyadh summit Helsinki summit Shutdowns January 2018 2018–2019 Polls Lawsuits Protests federal law enforcement deployment St. John's Church photo op Social media False or misleading statements Killings al-Baghdadi Soleimani Trumpism TikTok controversy Policies Economy tax cuts tariffs China trade war farmer bailouts Environment Paris withdrawal Foreign policy America First Saudi Arabia arms deal Iran nuclear deal withdrawal Jerusalem Golan Heights Palestine peace plan Abraham Accords USMCA Doha Agreement Immigration travel ban wall family separation migrant detentions troop deployments national emergency Infrastructure Social issues First Step Act cannabis Space Appointments Cabinet Ambassadors Federal judges Gorsuch Kavanaugh Barrett Supreme Court candidates Executives U.S. Attorneys Presidential campaigns 2000 primaries 2016 election primaries endorsements rallies convention debates Never Trump movement people Access Hollywood tape wiretapping allegations Spygate 2020 election primaries endorsements political non-political opposition rallies convention debates GOP reactions to election fraud claims Trump–Raffensperger phone call 2024 election primaries endorsements opposition eligibility Agenda 47 Impeachments Efforts resolutions First impeachment Trump–Ukraine scandal House inquiry Senate trial Second impeachment Capitol attack Senate trial Proposed expungements Prosecutions 2020 election federal indictment Classified documents federal indictment special counsel investigation Plasmic Echo FBI search of Mar-a-Lago Trump v. United States New York indictment Stormy Daniels scandal Karen McDougal affair financial fraud Georgia election indictment Georgia election investigation mug shot Interactions involving Russia Business projects in Russia Election interference timeline before July 2016 July 2016 – election day topics Associates' links with Russian officials and spies Steele dossier Trump Tower meeting Trump Tower Moscow Classified information disclosures Metadata seizures Mueller special counsel investigation Crossfire Hurricane charges Durham special counsel investigation legal teams Mueller report Barr letter Senate report COVID-19 pandemic Taskforce Communication Government response stimulus bills CARES Act Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 Operation Warp Speed White House outbreak Interference with science agencies vte On May 20, 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump and Saudi Arabia's Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud signed a series of letters of intent for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to purchase arms from the United States totaling US$110 billion immediately, and $350 billion over 10 years. The intended purchases include tanks, combat ships, missile defense systems, as well as radar, communications and cybersecurity technology. The transfer was widely seen as a counterbalance against the influence of Iran in the region and a "significant" and "historic" expansion of United States relations with Saudi Arabia. Background See also: Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States Saudi Arabia is a key U.S. ally in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia's security forces have relied on U.S. equipment, training, and service support for decades, officially as a counterbalance to Iranian military influence in the region, and to help protect the Kingdom from extremist attacks. Between 2011 and 2015, Saudi Arabia was the destination for nearly 10% of all U.S. arms exports. In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series of arms deals worth $115 billion, including warships, helicopters, and maintenance. However, some parts of this deal were blocked by the administration in December 2016 after Saudi Arabia's airstrikes and targeting procedures in neighboring Yemen drew controversy. After Saudi warplanes targeted a funeral in Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people, the Obama administration announced its intention to review U.S. military assistance to Saudi Arabia. The 2017 deal was partially created with the help of Jared Kushner, son-in-law of and senior advisor to President Trump; Kushner had cultivated relationships with Saudi royalty during the transition and personally contacted Lockheed Martin during the deal-making process. Details The signing occurred at the Riyadh Summit, and was part of Trump's 2017 series of visits to the Vatican, Saudi Arabia and Israel. It also was related to a $20 billion investment in mostly American infrastructure. Saudi Arabia signed billions of dollars of deals with U.S. companies in the arms industry and petroleum industry, including Lockheed Martin, Boeing, Raytheon, General Dynamics, Northrop Grumman, General Electric, Exxon Mobil, Halliburton, Honeywell, McDermott International, Jacobs Engineering Group, National Oilwell Varco, Nabors Industries, Weatherford International, Schlumberger and Dow Chemical. Saudi Arabia joined The Blackstone Group in May 2017 in a $40 billion fund to invest in stateside infrastructure projects. American and Saudi Arabian government statements The White House hailed the deal as a "significant expansion" of the two nations' "security relationships". The United States Secretary of State Rex Tillerson described the deal as "historic" and said that it would counter Iran, and urged them to halt support of destabilizing forces in the Middle East, although he hinted the United States would be open to discussions. In December 2018, the Senators in the US voted to end American military assistance for Saudi Arabia's war in Yemen. The 56-to-41 vote came after the controversial killing of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and thousands of civilian casualties in Yemen. Senator Bernie Sanders, who co-wrote the resolution, said it is the first time Congress had used the law to make clear "that the constitutional responsibility for making war rests with the United States Congress, not the White House. Today, we tell the despotic regime in Saudi Arabia that we will not be part of their military adventurism." Trump vetoed a resolution on April 16, 2019 that would have ended American support of Saudi Arabia's war with Yemen. On July 24, 2019, Trump vetoed three bills that were meant to stop billions of dollars of arms to Saudi Arabia. On September 24, 2020, the Democratic Party introduced a legislation to control the United States foreign arms sales. The legislation was introduced while Trump administration was in discussions, led by Jared Kushner, about the possible sale of F-35s to the UAE. In the past the Trump administration has sold billions of dollars worth of weapons to Gulf allies Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, during their active involvement in the Yemen civil war. On November 18, 2020, three US senators namely, Democratic Senators Bob Menendez and Chris Murphy and Republican Senator Rand Paul announced four separate resolutions in disagreement of President Donald Trump's plan to sell more than $23 billion worth of Reaper drones, F-35 fighter aircraft and air-to-air missiles and other munitions to the UAE. Reception Domestic response Tulsi Gabbard—a Democratic Representative from Hawaii—criticized the move, saying that "Saudi Arabia is a country with a devastating record of human rights violations at home and abroad and has a long history of providing support to terrorist organizations that threaten the American people". Rand Paul introduced a bill to try to block the plan calling it a "travesty". US defense stocks reached all-time highs after the announcement. Senator John McCain told Al Jazeera: "The Saudis are in a war in Yemen and they need weapons. You want to win, you need weapons. We are in a war." According to Senator Chris Murphy, "That $110 billion is a mix of old sales and future prospective sales that have not been announced or signed." International response  Iran – Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei called Saudi Arabia a "cow being milked" by the United States.  Israel – Yuval Steinitz, Minister of National Infrastructures, Energy, and Water Resources, expressed "concern".  Saudi Arabia – The Government of Saudi Arabia praised the deal, and it stated that it is a turning point in Saudi–American relations.  Yemen – More than 10,000 Yemeni people protested the deal in Sana'a. Houthis fired a ballistic missile toward the Saudi capital Riyadh. Impact Code Pink protesting senators supporting Saudi arms deal, December 2017 On June 5, 2017, Bruce Reidel of the Brookings Institution wrote that the arms deal consisted of "a bunch of letters of interest or intent, but not contracts." On June 13, the United States Senate narrowly rejected an effort to block part of deal and approved the sale of $500 million worth of American weapons. The approval of the deal was opposed by various lawmakers, including GOP Senators Mike Lee, Rand Paul, Todd Young and Dean Heller, along with most Democratic Senators who voted to advance the measure in order to block the sale, citing the human rights violations by Saudi Arabia in the Yemeni Civil War and human rights violations at home. Among the senators who voted against moving the measure to block the sale were Democrats Joe Donnelly, Claire McCaskill, Bill Nelson, Joe Manchin and Mark Warner along with Republicans including Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, Bob Corker and John McCain. In August 2018, a laser-guided Mark 82 bomb sold by the U.S. and built by Lockheed Martin was used in the Saudi-led coalition airstrike on a school bus in Yemen, which killed 51 people, including 40 children. Following the civilian casualties in Yemen by the airstrikes conducted by Saudi Arabia, the U.S. suggested putting gun cameras on Saudi and Emirati warplanes to see how strikes were being conducted, but the proposal was rejected by both the Saudis and the UAE. U.S. military officials posted at the coalition war room in Riyadh brought to notice that inexperienced Saudi pilots were flying the warplanes at high altitude to avoid enemy fire, but in turn were putting civilians in danger due to inaccurate bombings. Through October 2018, the Saudi government had purchased $14.5 billion of arms. During 2018, Trump made several assertions of how many American jobs the deal would create, including as many as 1,000,000. In August of 2022 Biden's State Department approved $3 billion sale of Patriot missiles to Saudi Arabia and $2.2 billion to the United Arab Emirates despite pledging in 2019 campaign to make Saudi Arabia a pariah. See also US–Saudi Arabia AWACS Sale United States Military Training Mission Al-Yamamah arms deal References ^ "The truth about President Trump's $110 billion Saudi arms deal". ABC News. Retrieved 2017-05-21. ^ a b David, Javier E. (2017-05-20). "US-Saudi Arabia ink historic 10-year weapons deal worth $350 billion as Trump begins visit". CNBC. Retrieved 2017-05-21. ^ "Donald Trump to announce $380bn arms deal to Saudi Arabia – one of the largest in history". The Independent. 2017-05-17. Archived from the original on 2022-05-01. Retrieved 2017-05-21. ^ "What's the goal of America's arms deal with Saudi Arabia?". ABC News. 2017-05-21. Retrieved 2017-05-21. ^ Lee, Carol E.; Stancati, Margherita (2017-05-20). "Donald Trump, Saudi Arabia Sign Agreements in Move to Counterbalance Iran". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2017-05-21. ^ "Trump signs $110bn arms deal with Saudi Arabia". The Independent. 2017-05-20. Archived from the original on 2022-05-01. Retrieved 2017-05-21. ^ "What America's new arms deal with Saudi Arabia says about the Trump administration". Vox. 2017-05-20. Retrieved 2017-05-21. ^ "Tillerson hails 'historic moment' in U.S.-Saudi relations". Politico. Retrieved 2017-05-21. ^ "Trump signs $110B defense deal, receives warm welcome in Saudi Arabia". UPI. Retrieved 2017-05-21. ^ "How strained are US-Saudi relations?". BBC News. 20 April 2016. ^ "Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest". Al-Ahram Weekly. 28 May 2015. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2018. ^ "U.S.-Saudi Relations". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2018-03-09. ^ Bayoumy, Yara (2016-09-07). "Obama administration arms sales offers to Saudi top $115 billion". Reuters. Retrieved 2018-03-09. ^ Stewart, Phil (2016-12-13). "U.S. to halt some arms sales to Saudi, citing civilian deaths in..." U.S. Retrieved 2018-03-09. ^ "America 'agrees to stop selling some arms' to Saudi Arabia". The Independent. 13 December 2016. ^ Jeremy Diamond and Zachary Cohen (19 May 2017). "Trump signs Kushner-negotiated $100B Saudi arms deal". CNN. Retrieved 2017-05-27. ^ Schmitt, Mark Landler, Eric; Apuzzo, Matt (2017-05-18). "$110 Billion Weapons Sale to Saudis Has Jared Kushner's Personal Touch". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-05-27.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Alesci, Cristina (2017-05-21). "Saudi Arabia pledges $20 billion to Blackstone for American infrastructure". CNN Business. Retrieved 2017-05-27. ^ "Factbox: Deals signed by U.S. companies in Saudi Arabia". Reuters. May 20, 2017. ^ "Saudi Arabia Welcomes Trump With Billions of Dollars of Deals". Bloomberg. May 20, 2017. ^ "Guide to $400 Billion in Saudi-U.S. Deals: Black Hawks to Oil". Bloomberg. May 22, 2017. ^ "Aramco signs $50-billion in deals with US companies". Oil & Gas Journal. May 22, 2017. ^ "4 Defense Giants In Buy Zone As Saudis Near $100 Billion Arms Package". Investor's Business Daily. May 19, 2017. ^ a b Thomas, Lauren (2017-05-22). "Defense stocks soar to all-time highs on $110 billion US-Saudi Arabia weapons deal". CNBC. Retrieved 2017-05-27. ^ "5 Top Deals Lockheed, Boeing, Raytheon May Get From Saudis — If They Pay Up ". Investor's Business Daily. June 9, 2017. ^ Gara, Antoine (May 20, 2017). "Blackstone Unveils $40 Billion Infrastructure Mega Fund With Saudi Arabia As President Trump Visits". Forbes. ^ "U.S.-Saudi Arabia sign immediate $110B arms deal". NBC News. Retrieved 2017-05-21. ^ "In Saudi Arabia, Tillerson argues Iran is Trump's top Gulf region concern". Fox News. 2017-05-20. Retrieved 2017-05-21. ^ "US calls on Iran to halt support for 'destabilising forces'". Financial Review. 2017-05-21. Retrieved 2017-05-21. ^ IANS (2017-05-21). "US diplomat hints at possible talks with Iranian counterpart". Business Standard India. Retrieved 2017-05-21. ^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Schmitt, Eric (13 December 2018). "Senate Votes to End Aid for Yemen Fight Over Khashoggi Killing and Saudis' War Aims". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 December 2018. ^ "Trump Vetoes Measure to Force End to U.S. Involvement in Yemen War". The New York Times. April 16, 2019. ^ "Trump vetoes resolution to end U.S. participation in Yemen's civil war". The Washington Post. April 16, 2019. ^ "Trump Vetoes Bipartisan Resolutions Blocking Arms Sales to Gulf Nations". The New York Times. July 24, 2019. ^ "Trump vetoes Congress's attempt to block arms sales to Saudi Arabia". The Washington Post. July 24, 2019. ^ "President Trump vetoes bills that would have blocked Saudi weapons deal". USA Today. July 24, 2019. ^ Atwood, Kylie (24 September 2020). "Democrats propose legislation to put more human rights controls on foreign arms sales". CNN. Retrieved 24 September 2020. ^ "U.S. senators seek to stop Trump's $23 billion in arms sales to UAE". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 18 November 2020. ^ "Gabbard condemns arms sale to Saudi Arabia | Asian American Press". aapress.com. Retrieved 2017-05-21. ^ Beavers, Olivia (2017-05-20). "Dem senator: Trump's arms deal with Saudis a 'terrible idea'". The Hill. Retrieved 2017-05-21. ^ Hensch, Mark (2017-05-23). "Paul plans to force vote on $110B Saudi defense deal". The Hill. Retrieved 2017-05-26. ^ "Senators Target Trump's Proposed $110B Weapons Deal With Saudi Arabia". 25 May 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-06-19. ^ Hensch, Mark (2017-05-24). "Paul: $110B Saudi arms deal 'a travesty'". The Hill. Retrieved 2017-05-27. ^ "U.S. defense stocks jump on Saudi arms deal". Retrieved 2017-05-27. ^ CNBC (2017-05-22). "After Saudi arms deal, defense shares fly". Fox Business. Retrieved 2017-05-27. ^ a b "Questions raised over $110bn arms deal to Saudi Arabia". Al Jazeera. June 8, 2017. ^ "Iran's Supreme Leader Says Saudi Arabia Is a 'Cow Being Milked' by U.S." Time. Archived from the original on May 27, 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-27. ^ "Israeli minister expresses concern over U.S.-Saudi arms deal". Reuters. 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2017-05-27. ^ "Ministers concerned Saudi arms deal might blunt Israel's military edge". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2017-05-27. ^ Birnbaum, Chelsea Mosery. "$380 billion over ten years: The Trump- Saudi Arabia deal". JerusalemOnline. Archived from the original on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2017-05-21. ^ "Yemen's Houthis say fire ballistic missile towards Saudi capital". The Hindu. 20 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017. ^ "Protests erupt in Yemen as Trump visits Saudi Arabia". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 2017-05-21. ^ Riedel, Bruce (June 5, 2017). "The $110 billion arms deal to Saudi Arabia is fake news". Retrieved October 21, 2018. ^ Liautaud, Alexa (June 13, 2017). "The Senate-approved Saudi Arms deal is a disaster for Yemen". Vice. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ Cooper, Helene (June 13, 2017). "Senate Narrowly Backs Trump Weapons Sale to Saudi Arabia". The New York Times. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ Carney, Jordain (June 13, 2017). "Senate rejects effort to block Saudi arms sale". The Hill. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ Elbagir, Nima, Salma Abdelaziz, Ryan Browne, Barbara Arvanitidis and Laura Smith-Spark (August 14, 2018). "Bomb that killed 40 children in Yemen was supplied by US". CNN. Retrieved August 24, 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Arms Sales to Saudis Leave American Fingerprints on Yemen's Carnage". The New York Times. December 25, 2018. Retrieved December 25, 2018. ^ Jeremy Diamond; Barbara Starr (October 12, 2018). "Trump's $110 billion Saudi arms deal has only earned $14.5 billion so far". CNN. Retrieved October 21, 2018. ^ ""It's not going to create or take away a single job": why Trump's excuse on the Saudis doesn't hold up". Vox. October 21, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2018. ^ Perez, Zamone. "State Department clears weapons sales to Saudi Arabia, UAE". Defense News. Retrieved 11 August 2022. vtePresidency of Donald TrumpCampaigns 2000 presidential campaign 2016 presidential campaign Make America Great Again rallies Republican primaries endorsements debates running mate selection convention General election endorsements debates reactions Assassination attempt Never Trump movement Mitt Romney's anti-Trump speech Republican opposition in 2016 Republican opposition in 2020 Sexual misconduct allegations Access Hollywood recording Wiretapping allegations 2020 presidential campaign endorsements political non-political rallies Republican reactions to Trump's 2020 election fraud claims Tenure Transition Inauguration speech Opinion polling 2017 2018 2019 Social media 2018 midterm elections Government shutdowns January 2018 2018–2019 Executive actions executive orders proclamations Executive clemency pardon of Joe Arpaio Travel bans reactions legal challenges protests replacement Family separation policy Migrant detentions Operation Faithful Patriot Stormy Daniels scandal Anonymous senior official op-ed Relations with Israel Jerusalem recognition Golan Heights recognition Peace plan Abraham Accords UAE Bahrain Sudan Morocco Kosovo–Serbia agreement North Korea crisis Singapore summit Hanoi summit DMZ summit Trump–Ukraine scandal Relations with Russia Helsinki summit Russian bounty program Farmer bailouts Saudi Arabia arms deal Syria strikes 2017 2018 Taiwan call Withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Assassination of Qasem Soleimani COVID-19 pandemic Communication Federal government data breach Presidential Library Timeline First 100 days 2017 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2018 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2019 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2020 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 January 2021 Trips 2017 2018 2019 2020–2021 international Riyadh summit Singapore summit Helsinki summit Hanoi summit DMZ summit Policies Economy tax cuts tariffs China trade war Environment Paris Agreement withdrawal Foreign policy as candidate as President America First Immigration Infrastructure Racial views Social issues cannabis Personnel Cabinet formation Federal judges Gorsuch Kavanaugh Barrett Supreme Court candidates controversies Ambassadors Attorneys Economic advisors Withdrawn appointees Short-tenure appointees Dismissals and resignations attorneys Yates Comey Tillerson McMaster Pruitt inspectors general Endorsements by Donald Trump Notable events Business projects in Russia Links with Russian officials Trump Tower meeting Steele dossier Crossfire Hurricane Classified information disclosures Russian election interference timeline until July 2016 July 2016 – election day transition period Special counsel investigation Mueller report Barr letter Timeline of investigations transition period January–June 2017 July–December 2017 January–June 2018 July–December 2018 January–June 2019 July–December 2019 2020–2022 Impeachments efforts resolutions impeachment inquiry first impeachment first trial second impeachment second trial proposed expungements Photo op at St. John's Church Tulsa rally 2020 Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration White House COVID-19 outbreak Four Seasons Total Landscaping press conference 2020–21 U.S. election protests January 6 U.S. Capitol attack timeline aftermath continued protests reactions domestic international Opposition Lawsuits Protests timeline 2017 Women's March March for Science Impeachment March family separation policy protests vte Saudi Arabia–United States relations Diplomatic posts Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States Ambassadors of the United States to Saudi Arabia Quincy House Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs Diplomacy Operation Hajji Baba United States Military Training Mission Saudi Arabian National Guard Modernization Program Safari Club Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Arab–Israeli alliance U.S. support for Saudi-led operations in Yemen 2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal 2017 Riyadh summit International Maritime Security Construct Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Incidents 1973 attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum US–Saudi Arabia AWACS Sale Saudi Arabia v. Nelson Khobar Towers bombing September 11 attacks Alleged Saudi role In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001 Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act Saudi Guantanamo Bay detainees Homaidan Al-Turki United States diplomatic cables leak 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting Related Golden gimmick Patricia Roush Saudi Aramco Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States Saudi American Public Relation Affairs Committee WWE in Saudi Arabia Prince Sultan Air Base King Abdulaziz Air Base King Khalid Military City King Khalid Military College American International School of Jeddah American International School – Riyadh Dhahran School ISG Dammam Islamic Saudi Academy King Abdullah Academy House of Bush, House of Saud Category:Saudi Arabia–United States relations
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._President"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"purchase arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_industry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnbc-20170520-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"United States relations with Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_relations_with_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnbc-20170520-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On May 20, 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump and Saudi Arabia's Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud signed a series of letters of intent for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to purchase arms from the United States totaling US$110 billion immediately,[1] and $350 billion over 10 years.[2][3] The intended purchases include tanks, combat ships, missile defense systems, as well as radar, communications and cybersecurity technology. The transfer was widely seen as a counterbalance against the influence of Iran in the region[4][5] and a \"significant\" and \"historic\" expansion of United States relations with Saudi Arabia.[6][7][8][2][9]","title":"2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_lobby_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"as a counterbalance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Council_on_Foreign_Relations-12"},{"link_name":"Obama administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bayoumy_2016-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart_2016-14"},{"link_name":"targeted a funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Sana%27a_funeral_airstrike"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jared Kushner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Kushner"},{"link_name":"senior advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"See also: Saudi Arabia lobby in the United StatesSaudi Arabia is a key U.S. ally in the Middle East.[10][11] Saudi Arabia's security forces have relied on U.S. equipment, training, and service support for decades, officially as a counterbalance to Iranian military influence in the region, and to help protect the Kingdom from extremist attacks. Between 2011 and 2015, Saudi Arabia was the destination for nearly 10% of all U.S. arms exports.[12] In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series of arms deals worth $115 billion, including warships, helicopters, and maintenance.[13] However, some parts of this deal were blocked by the administration in December 2016 after Saudi Arabia's airstrikes and targeting procedures in neighboring Yemen drew controversy.[14] After Saudi warplanes targeted a funeral in Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people, the Obama administration announced its intention to review U.S. military assistance to Saudi Arabia.[15]The 2017 deal was partially created with the help of Jared Kushner, son-in-law of and senior advisor to President Trump; Kushner had cultivated relationships with Saudi royalty during the transition and personally contacted Lockheed Martin during the deal-making process.[16][17]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riyadh Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh_Summit_2017"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"arms industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_industry"},{"link_name":"petroleum industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"Raytheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon"},{"link_name":"General Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"Northrop Grumman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"Exxon Mobil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Mobil"},{"link_name":"Halliburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliburton"},{"link_name":"Honeywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell"},{"link_name":"McDermott International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDermott_International"},{"link_name":"Jacobs Engineering Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobs_Engineering_Group"},{"link_name":"National Oilwell Varco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oilwell_Varco"},{"link_name":"Nabors Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabors_Industries"},{"link_name":"Weatherford International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherford_International"},{"link_name":"Schlumberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlumberger"},{"link_name":"Dow Chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Chemical"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnbc-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"excessive citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations"},{"link_name":"The Blackstone Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blackstone_Group"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The signing occurred at the Riyadh Summit, and was part of Trump's 2017 series of visits to the Vatican, Saudi Arabia and Israel. It also was related to a $20 billion investment in mostly American infrastructure.[18]Saudi Arabia signed billions of dollars of deals with U.S. companies in the arms industry and petroleum industry, including Lockheed Martin, Boeing, Raytheon, General Dynamics, Northrop Grumman, General Electric, Exxon Mobil, Halliburton, Honeywell, McDermott International, Jacobs Engineering Group, National Oilwell Varco, Nabors Industries, Weatherford International, Schlumberger and Dow Chemical.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][excessive citations]Saudi Arabia joined The Blackstone Group in May 2017 in a $40 billion fund to invest in stateside infrastructure projects.[26]","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Rex Tillerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Tillerson"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"war in Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"killing of journalist Jamal Khashoggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Jamal_Khashoggi"},{"link_name":"Bernie Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Trump administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Jared Kushner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Kushner"},{"link_name":"F-35s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II"},{"link_name":"Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"The White House hailed the deal as a \"significant expansion\" of the two nations' \"security relationships\".[27] The United States Secretary of State Rex Tillerson described the deal as \"historic\" and said that it would counter Iran, and urged them to halt support of destabilizing forces in the Middle East,[28][29] although he hinted the United States would be open to discussions.[30]In December 2018, the Senators in the US voted to end American military assistance for Saudi Arabia's war in Yemen. The 56-to-41 vote came after the controversial killing of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and thousands of civilian casualties in Yemen. Senator Bernie Sanders, who co-wrote the resolution, said it is the first time Congress had used the law to make clear \"that the constitutional responsibility for making war rests with the United States Congress, not the White House. Today, we tell the despotic regime in Saudi Arabia that we will not be part of their military adventurism.\"[31]Trump vetoed a resolution on April 16, 2019 that would have ended American support of Saudi Arabia's war with Yemen.[32][33]On July 24, 2019, Trump vetoed three bills that were meant to stop billions of dollars of arms to Saudi Arabia.[34][35][36]On September 24, 2020, the Democratic Party introduced a legislation to control the United States foreign arms sales. The legislation was introduced while Trump administration was in discussions, led by Jared Kushner, about the possible sale of F-35s to the UAE. In the past the Trump administration has sold billions of dollars worth of weapons to Gulf allies Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, during their active involvement in the Yemen civil war.[37]On November 18, 2020, three US senators namely, Democratic Senators Bob Menendez and Chris Murphy and Republican Senator Rand Paul announced four separate resolutions in disagreement of President Donald Trump's plan to sell more than $23 billion worth of Reaper drones, F-35 fighter aircraft and air-to-air missiles and other munitions to the UAE.[38]","title":"American and Saudi Arabian government statements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tulsi Gabbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Rand Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_Paul"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnbc-24"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"John McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jazeera-46"},{"link_name":"Chris Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Murphy"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jazeera-46"}],"sub_title":"Domestic response","text":"Tulsi Gabbard—a Democratic Representative from Hawaii—criticized the move, saying that \"Saudi Arabia is a country with a devastating record of human rights violations at home and abroad and has a long history of providing support to terrorist organizations that threaten the American people\".[39][40] Rand Paul introduced a bill to try to block the plan calling it a \"travesty\".[41][42][43]US defense stocks reached all-time highs after the announcement.[44][24][45]Senator John McCain told Al Jazeera: \"The Saudis are in a war in Yemen and they need weapons. You want to win, you need weapons. We are in a war.\"[46] According to Senator Chris Murphy, \"That $110 billion is a mix of old sales and future prospective sales that have not been announced or signed.\"[46]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Supreme Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Ali Khamenei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Yuval Steinitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuval_Steinitz"},{"link_name":"Minister of National Infrastructures, Energy, and Water Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Infrastructures,_Energy_and_Water_Resources"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Government of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Sana'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%27a"},{"link_name":"Houthis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthis"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"International response","text":"Iran – Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei called Saudi Arabia a \"cow being milked\" by the United States.[47]Israel – Yuval Steinitz, Minister of National Infrastructures, Energy, and Water Resources, expressed \"concern\".[48][49]Saudi Arabia – The Government of Saudi Arabia praised the deal, and it stated that it is a turning point in Saudi–American relations.[50]Yemen – More than 10,000 Yemeni people protested the deal in Sana'a. Houthis fired a ballistic missile toward the Saudi capital Riyadh.[51][52]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:161_Code_Pink_at_Senator_Nelson_(39025312181).jpg"},{"link_name":"Code Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Pink"},{"link_name":"Bruce Reidel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Reidel"},{"link_name":"Brookings Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Mike Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Lee"},{"link_name":"Todd Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Young"},{"link_name":"Dean Heller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Heller"},{"link_name":"human rights violations by Saudi Arabia in the Yemeni Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015-present)#Saudi_Arabian_involvement_in_civil_war"},{"link_name":"human rights violations at home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Joe Donnelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Donnelly"},{"link_name":"Claire McCaskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_McCaskill"},{"link_name":"Bill Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Joe Manchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Manchin"},{"link_name":"Mark Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Warner"},{"link_name":"Mitch McConnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_McConnell"},{"link_name":"Bob Corker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Corker"},{"link_name":"John McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Mark 82 bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_82_bomb"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"airstrike on a school bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahyan_air_strike"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"gun cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_cameras"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"Code Pink protesting senators supporting Saudi arms deal, December 2017On June 5, 2017, Bruce Reidel of the Brookings Institution wrote that the arms deal consisted of \"a bunch of letters of interest or intent, but not contracts.\"[53] On June 13, the United States Senate narrowly rejected an effort to block part of deal and approved the sale of $500 million worth of American weapons. The approval of the deal was opposed by various lawmakers, including GOP Senators Mike Lee, Rand Paul, Todd Young and Dean Heller, along with most Democratic Senators who voted to advance the measure in order to block the sale, citing the human rights violations by Saudi Arabia in the Yemeni Civil War and human rights violations at home.[54][55] Among the senators who voted against moving the measure to block the sale were Democrats Joe Donnelly, Claire McCaskill, Bill Nelson, Joe Manchin and Mark Warner along with Republicans including Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, Bob Corker and John McCain.[56]In August 2018, a laser-guided Mark 82 bomb sold by the U.S. and built by Lockheed Martin was used in the Saudi-led coalition airstrike on a school bus in Yemen, which killed 51 people, including 40 children.[57]\nFollowing the civilian casualties in Yemen by the airstrikes conducted by Saudi Arabia, the U.S. suggested putting gun cameras on Saudi and Emirati warplanes to see how strikes were being conducted, but the proposal was rejected by both the Saudis and the UAE. U.S. military officials posted at the coalition war room in Riyadh brought to notice that inexperienced Saudi pilots were flying the warplanes at high altitude to avoid enemy fire, but in turn were putting civilians in danger due to inaccurate bombings.[58]Through October 2018, the Saudi government had purchased $14.5 billion of arms.[59]During 2018, Trump made several assertions of how many American jobs the deal would create, including as many as 1,000,000.[60]In August of 2022 Biden's State Department approved $3 billion sale of Patriot missiles to Saudi Arabia and $2.2 billion to the United Arab Emirates despite pledging in 2019 campaign to make Saudi Arabia a pariah.[61]","title":"Impact"}]
[{"image_text":"Code Pink protesting senators supporting Saudi arms deal, December 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/161_Code_Pink_at_Senator_Nelson_%2839025312181%29.jpg/220px-161_Code_Pink_at_Senator_Nelson_%2839025312181%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"US–Saudi Arabia AWACS Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_AWACS_Sale"},{"title":"United States Military Training Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Training_Mission"},{"title":"Al-Yamamah arms deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Yamamah_arms_deal"}]
[{"reference":"\"The truth about President Trump's $110 billion Saudi arms deal\". ABC News. Retrieved 2017-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/International/truth-president-trumps-110-billion-saudi-arms-deal/story?id=47874726","url_text":"\"The truth about President Trump's $110 billion Saudi arms deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"David, Javier E. (2017-05-20). \"US-Saudi Arabia ink historic 10-year weapons deal worth $350 billion as Trump begins visit\". CNBC. Retrieved 2017-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/20/us-saudi-arabia-seal-weapons-deal-worth-nearly-110-billion-as-trump-begins-visit.html","url_text":"\"US-Saudi Arabia ink historic 10-year weapons deal worth $350 billion as Trump begins visit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC","url_text":"CNBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Donald Trump to announce $380bn arms deal to Saudi Arabia – one of the largest in history\". 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Retrieved 11 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defensenews.com/2022/08/02/state-department-clears-weapons-sales-to-saudi-arabia-uae/","url_text":"\"State Department clears weapons sales to Saudi Arabia, UAE\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkworld
Darkworld
["1 History and development","2 Gameplay","3 Reception","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 Further reading"]
Play-by-mail fantasy and science fiction game DarkworldPublishersMichael WilliamsYears active1982 to unknownGenresrole-playing, play-by-mailLanguagesEnglishPlaying timeunlimitedMaterials requiredInstructions, order sheets, turn results, paper, pencilMedia typePlay-by-mail Darkworld is a roleplaying play-by-mail (PBM) game. History and development Darkworld was a roleplaying, play-by-mail game published by Michael Williams. It was launched in 1982. It was open-ended and hand moderated. As of the end of 1987, the game had approximately 100 players. By then, only 53 of 900 "blocks" had been explored, with blocks comprising 1,750 sectors. The game map included over 1.5 million sectors. Gameplay Gameplay occurred on the planet of Darkworld. Players could roleplay one of 40 available races. Multiple roleplaying settings were available, allowing players to "take on the gods, fight the evil orcs, delve into the realms of magics, become a king, or just do nothing". Turns could be played weekly, and included both normal and special actions, the latter requiring narrative descriptions of a desired action. Game elements included combat, construction, diplomacy, economics, and location (or movement). Magic was also a key part of the game. Players could encounter "cities, castles, temples, ruins, dimensional gates, underground valleys, and twelve different types of terrain" with cities as a hub for many activities. Reception PBM Universal's editor, Bob McLain, reviewed Darkworld in its first 1983 issue. He stated that it was "A 'must' for whomever wants non-stop fun." Bill Dunne reviewed the game in a 1985 issue of Flagship, praising its diversity of game settings and possibilities. He stated it was a "standard style of role-playing game with little player interaction and with a creative gamemaster, who puts you in a very nonstandard scenario". See also List of play-by-mail games References ^ a b c d Williams 1985. p. 13. ^ a b Webber 1983. p. 10. ^ a b c d Dunne 1985. p. 14. ^ a b c McLain 1983. p. 28. ^ a b c Williams 1988. p. 20. ^ a b Dunne 1985. p. 15. Bibliography Dunne, Bill (Summer 1985). "Darkworld: Intersection of a Thousand Fantasies". Flagship. No. 7. pp. 14–15. Loth III, John Kevin (March–April 1987). "A Turn of the Darkworld". Paper Mayhem. No. 23. pp. 13–14. McLain, Bob (November–December 1983). "Gamealog: Darkworld". PBM Universal. No. 1. p. 28. Webber, Dave (March–April 1984). "Darkworld: A Review...". Paper Mayhem. No. 5. p. 10. Williams, Michael (Summer 1985). "Darkworld ". Flagship. No. 7. p. 13. Williams, Mike (December 1987 – January 1988). "Tales from the Dark Side". The D2 Report. No. 15. pp. 20–21. Further reading Dias, Dan (April–May 1987). "Darkworld: The Adventures of Talbot Lyle". The D2 Report. Vol. 2, no. 3. pp. 23–25. Dias, Dan (June–July 1987). "Darkworld: The Adventures of Talbot Lyle ". The D2 Report. Vol. 2, no. 4. pp. 12–13. Dias, Dan (August–September 1987). "Darkworld: The Adventures of Talbot Lyle ". The D2 Report. No. 13. pp. 39–40. Vasquez Jr., Praxedes (October–November 1987). "Darkworld: As the Darkworld Turns...". The D2 Report. No. 14. pp. 42–45. Vasquez Jr., Praxedes (February–March 1988). "Darkworld: As the Darkworld Turns". The D2 Report. No. 16. pp. 17–20. vtePlay-by-mail gamesArena combat Adventurers Guild Arena Combat Blood Pit CTF 2187 Death by Starlight Duel II Gladiators of Death Crime Crime Lords Family Wars It's a Crime Wargames Balance of Power Battle Plan Centurion Company Commander Crisis Dawn of the Ancients Diplomacy Empires for Rent The Final Campaign Horizon's End! Nuclear Destruction Realpolitik Sirius Command State of War Strategic Conflict Victory! The Battle for Europe Warlord World Campaigns World Conquest Fantasy Alamaze Atlantrix Battle Cry Domination DungeonWorld Earthwood Epic EverMoor Fall of Rome Forgotten Realms Hyborian War Kings & Things Kings of Karadon Krahlizek The Land of Karrus Legends Lizards Loot the Castle Lords of the Earth Middle Earth PBM Odyssey Quest of the Great Jewels Realms of Fantasy Swords of the Gods Talwaithe Trolls Bottom War of the Dark God Venom Historical Adventurer Kings Aegyptus Austerlitz Conquest Conquest of Insula II Feudal Lords The Glory of Kings LandLords Midgard Moneylender Renaissance Strategic Imperial Conquest Terra II Thunder at Sea Political/Intrigue Illuminati Power SpyKor Railroad Continental Rails Roleplaying Catacombs of Chaos Crack of Doom Crasimoff's World Crystal Island Darkworld Delenda est Carthago Dukes of Hell En Garde! Firebreather Heroic Fantasy Kings Lands of Elvaria Logan's Run Lords of Valetia Midhir Monster Island Quest Realms of Sword and Thunder Saturnalia Silverdawn Trajan's Treacherous Trap TribeNet Wofan Western Stand and Deliver Westworld Science fiction Absolute Power Alien Conflict The Assassin's Quest Battle of the Gods Cosmic Crusaders Cyborg Fleet Maneuvers Galactic Prisoners The Keys of Bled Out Time Days Portinium Raumkrieg Space Battle Space Combat Starship Command Survival Challenge Tactical Assault Group The Tribes of Crane Vorcon Wars Warboid World Warp Force Empires Space Operas Ad Astra Belter Beyond the Quadra Zone Beyond the Stellar Empire Capitol Cluster Lords Continuum Eclipse Empyrean Challenge Galac-Tac Galactic Conflict Galactic Empires Galactic Power Galaxy: Alpha Infinite Conflict Lords of Destiny Mobius I New Order Pellic Quest Rimworlds Smuggler's Run Space 101 Star Cluster One Spiral Arm Star Empires Star Fleet Warlord Starglobe Star Trek: The Correspondence Game Starlord Starmaster Star Saga Stars of the Dark Well Star Venture Starweb Supernova II Takamo The Next Empire The Orion Nebula Universe II The Weapon Zorphwar Magazines Flagship Gaming Universal Paper Mayhem The Nuts & Bolts of PBM Companies Adventures by Mail Agents of Gaming Flying Buffalo, Inc. Harlequin Games KJC Games Reality Simulations, Inc. Schubel & Son Other List of play-by-mail games
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"play-by-mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-by-mail"}],"text":"Darkworld is a roleplaying play-by-mail (PBM) game.","title":"Darkworld"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams85-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webber83-2"},{"link_name":"open-ended","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-by-mail_game#Closed_versus_open_ended"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunne85a-3"},{"link_name":"hand moderated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-by-mail_game#Computer_versus_human_moderated"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLain83-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams88-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams88-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams85-1"}],"text":"Darkworld was a roleplaying, play-by-mail game published by Michael Williams.[1] It was launched in 1982.[2] It was open-ended[3] and hand moderated.[4]As of the end of 1987, the game had approximately 100 players.[5] By then, only 53 of 900 \"blocks\" had been explored, with blocks comprising 1,750 sectors.[5] The game map included over 1.5 million sectors.[1]","title":"History and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams85-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams85-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunne85a-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunne85a-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunne85a-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams88-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webber83-2"}],"text":"Gameplay occurred on the planet of Darkworld.[1] Players could roleplay one of 40 available races.[1] Multiple roleplaying settings were available, allowing players to \"take on the gods, fight the evil orcs, delve into the realms of magics, become a king, or just do nothing\".[3] Turns could be played weekly, and included both normal and special actions, the latter requiring narrative descriptions of a desired action.[3] Game elements included combat, construction, diplomacy, economics, and location (or movement).[3] Magic was also a key part of the game.[5] Players could encounter \"cities, castles, temples, ruins, dimensional gates, underground valleys, and twelve different types of terrain\" with cities as a hub for many activities.[2]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PBM Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaming_Universal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLain83-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLain83-4"},{"link_name":"Flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunne85b-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunne85b-6"}],"text":"PBM Universal's editor, Bob McLain, reviewed Darkworld in its first 1983 issue.[4] He stated that it was \"A 'must' for whomever wants non-stop fun.\"[4] Bill Dunne reviewed the game in a 1985 issue of Flagship, praising its diversity of game settings and possibilities.[6] He stated it was a \"standard style of role-playing game with little player interaction and with a creative gamemaster, who puts you in a very nonstandard scenario\".[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Paper Mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Mayhem"},{"link_name":"Flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(magazine)"}],"text":"Dunne, Bill (Summer 1985). \"Darkworld: Intersection of a Thousand Fantasies\". Flagship. No. 7. pp. 14–15.\nLoth III, John Kevin (March–April 1987). \"A Turn of the Darkworld\". Paper Mayhem. No. 23. pp. 13–14.\nMcLain, Bob (November–December 1983). \"Gamealog: Darkworld\". PBM Universal. No. 1. p. 28.\nWebber, Dave (March–April 1984). \"Darkworld: A Review...\". Paper Mayhem. No. 5. p. 10.\nWilliams, Michael (Summer 1985). \"Darkworld [Ad]\". Flagship. No. 7. p. 13.\nWilliams, Mike (December 1987 – January 1988). \"Tales from the Dark Side\". The D2 Report. No. 15. pp. 20–21.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Play-by-mail_games"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Play-by-mail_games"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Play-by-mail_games"},{"link_name":"Play-by-mail games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-by-mail_game"},{"link_name":"Adventurers Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventurers_Guild"},{"link_name":"Arena Combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Combat"},{"link_name":"Blood Pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Pit"},{"link_name":"CTF 2187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTF_2187"},{"link_name":"Death by Starlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_Starlight"},{"link_name":"Duel II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel_II"},{"link_name":"Gladiators of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiators_of_Death"},{"link_name":"Crime Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_Lords_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Family Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Wars"},{"link_name":"It's a Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Crime_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Balance of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_Power_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Battle Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Plan"},{"link_name":"Centurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurion_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Company Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_Commander_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_(game)"},{"link_name":"Dawn of the Ancients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Ancients"},{"link_name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy_(game)"},{"link_name":"Empires for Rent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empires_for_Rent"},{"link_name":"The Final Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Horizon's End!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon%27s_End!"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Destruction"},{"link_name":"Realpolitik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realpolitik_(game)"},{"link_name":"Sirius Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_Command"},{"link_name":"State of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_War_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Strategic Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Conflict"},{"link_name":"Victory! The Battle for Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory!_The_Battle_for_Europe"},{"link_name":"Warlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"World Campaigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Campaigns_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"World Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Conquest_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Alamaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamaze"},{"link_name":"Atlantrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantrix"},{"link_name":"Battle Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Cry_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Domination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domination_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"DungeonWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DungeonWorld_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Earthwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthwood_(game)"},{"link_name":"Epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"EverMoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EverMoor_(game)"},{"link_name":"Fall of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Rome_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Forgotten Realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgotten_Realms_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Hyborian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyborian_War"},{"link_name":"Kings & Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_%26_Things_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Kings of Karadon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Karadon"},{"link_name":"Krahlizek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krahlizek_(game)"},{"link_name":"The Land of Karrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Land_of_Karrus"},{"link_name":"Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizards_(game)"},{"link_name":"Loot the Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loot_the_Castle"},{"link_name":"Lords of the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_of_the_Earth"},{"link_name":"Middle Earth PBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-Earth_Play-By-Mail"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Quest of the Great Jewels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_of_the_Great_Jewels"},{"link_name":"Realms of Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realms_of_Fantasy_(game)"},{"link_name":"Swords of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swords_of_the_Gods"},{"link_name":"Talwaithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talwaithe"},{"link_name":"Trolls Bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolls_Bottom"},{"link_name":"War of the Dark God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Dark_God"},{"link_name":"Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_(game)"},{"link_name":"Adventurer Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventurer_Kings"},{"link_name":"Aegyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus_(game)"},{"link_name":"Austerlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austerlitz_(play-by-email_game)"},{"link_name":"Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Conquest of Insula II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Insula_II"},{"link_name":"Feudal Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_Lords_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"The Glory of Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glory_of_Kings"},{"link_name":"LandLords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LandLords"},{"link_name":"Midgard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midgard_(game)"},{"link_name":"Moneylender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneylender_(game)"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_(game)"},{"link_name":"Strategic Imperial Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Imperial_Conquest"},{"link_name":"Terra II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_II_(game)"},{"link_name":"Thunder at Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_at_Sea"},{"link_name":"Illuminati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminati_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(game)"},{"link_name":"SpyKor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpyKor"},{"link_name":"Continental Rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Rails"},{"link_name":"Catacombs of Chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs_of_Chaos"},{"link_name":"Crack of Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_of_Doom_(game)"},{"link_name":"Crasimoff's World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crasimoff%27s_World"},{"link_name":"Crystal Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Island_(game)"},{"link_name":"Darkworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Delenda est Carthago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delenda_est_Carthago"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Hell"},{"link_name":"En Garde!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Garde!"},{"link_name":"Firebreather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebreather_(game)"},{"link_name":"Heroic Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Lands of Elvaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_of_Elvaria"},{"link_name":"Logan's Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan%27s_Run_(game)"},{"link_name":"Lords of Valetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_of_Valetia"},{"link_name":"Midhir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midhir"},{"link_name":"Monster Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_Island_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_(game)"},{"link_name":"Realms of Sword and Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realms_of_Sword_and_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Saturnalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Silverdawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverdawn"},{"link_name":"Trajan's Treacherous Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan%27s_Treacherous_Trap"},{"link_name":"TribeNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TribeNet"},{"link_name":"Wofan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wofan"},{"link_name":"Stand and Deliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_and_Deliver_(game)"},{"link_name":"Westworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westworld_(game)"},{"link_name":"Absolute Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_Power_(game)"},{"link_name":"Alien Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_Conflict"},{"link_name":"The Assassin's Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Assassin%27s_Quest"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gods_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Cosmic Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Crusaders"},{"link_name":"Cyborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Fleet Maneuvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Maneuvers"},{"link_name":"Galactic Prisoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Prisoners"},{"link_name":"The Keys of Bled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Keys_of_Bled"},{"link_name":"Out Time Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_Time_Days"},{"link_name":"Portinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portinium"},{"link_name":"Raumkrieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raumkrieg"},{"link_name":"Space Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Battle_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Space Combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Combat_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Starship Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_Command_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Survival Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Tactical Assault Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Assault_Group_(game)"},{"link_name":"The Tribes of Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tribes_of_Crane"},{"link_name":"Vorcon Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorcon_Wars"},{"link_name":"Warboid World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warboid_World"},{"link_name":"Warp Force Empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_Force_Empires"},{"link_name":"Ad Astra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Astra_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Belter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belter_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Beyond the Quadra Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Quadra_Zone"},{"link_name":"Beyond the Stellar Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Stellar_Empire"},{"link_name":"Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Cluster Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_Lords"},{"link_name":"Continuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Empyrean Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empyrean_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Galac-Tac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galac-Tac"},{"link_name":"Galactic Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Conflict"},{"link_name":"Galactic Empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Empires_(game)"},{"link_name":"Galactic Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Power"},{"link_name":"Galaxy: Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy:_Alpha_(game)"},{"link_name":"Infinite Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Conflict"},{"link_name":"Lords of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_of_Destiny_(game)"},{"link_name":"Mobius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobius_I"},{"link_name":"New Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(game)"},{"link_name":"Pellic Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellic_Quest"},{"link_name":"Rimworlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimworlds"},{"link_name":"Smuggler's Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggler%27s_Run_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Space 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_101"},{"link_name":"Star Cluster One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Cluster_One"},{"link_name":"Spiral Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_Arm_(game)"},{"link_name":"Star Empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Empires_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Star Fleet Warlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Fleet_Warlord"},{"link_name":"Starglobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starglobe"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: The Correspondence Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Correspondence_Game"},{"link_name":"Starlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlord_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Starmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starmaster_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Star Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Saga_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Stars of the Dark Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_of_the_Dark_Well"},{"link_name":"Star Venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Venture"},{"link_name":"Starweb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starweb"},{"link_name":"Supernova II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova_II"},{"link_name":"Takamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takamo"},{"link_name":"The Next Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Empire"},{"link_name":"The Orion Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Orion_Nebula_(game)"},{"link_name":"Universe II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe_II"},{"link_name":"The Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weapon_(game)"},{"link_name":"Zorphwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorphwar"},{"link_name":"Flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Gaming Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaming_Universal"},{"link_name":"Paper Mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Mayhem"},{"link_name":"The Nuts & Bolts of PBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nuts_%26_Bolts_of_PBM"},{"link_name":"Adventures by Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_by_Mail"},{"link_name":"Agents of Gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agents_of_Gaming"},{"link_name":"Flying Buffalo, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Buffalo"},{"link_name":"Harlequin Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_Games"},{"link_name":"KJC Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJC_Games"},{"link_name":"Reality Simulations, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_Simulations"},{"link_name":"Schubel & Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schubel_%26_Son"},{"link_name":"List of play-by-mail games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_play-by-mail_games"}],"text":"Dias, Dan (April–May 1987). \"Darkworld: The Adventures of Talbot Lyle\". The D2 Report. Vol. 2, no. 3. pp. 23–25.\nDias, Dan (June–July 1987). \"Darkworld: The Adventures of Talbot Lyle [cont.]\". The D2 Report. Vol. 2, no. 4. pp. 12–13.\nDias, Dan (August–September 1987). \"Darkworld: The Adventures of Talbot Lyle [cont.]\". The D2 Report. No. 13. pp. 39–40.\nVasquez Jr., Praxedes (October–November 1987). \"Darkworld: As the Darkworld Turns...\". The D2 Report. No. 14. pp. 42–45.\nVasquez Jr., Praxedes (February–March 1988). \"Darkworld: As the Darkworld Turns\". The D2 Report. No. 16. pp. 17–20.vtePlay-by-mail gamesArena combat\nAdventurers Guild\nArena Combat\nBlood Pit\nCTF 2187\nDeath by Starlight\nDuel II\nGladiators of Death\nCrime\nCrime Lords\nFamily Wars\nIt's a Crime\nWargames\nBalance of Power\nBattle Plan\nCenturion\nCompany Commander\nCrisis\nDawn of the Ancients\nDiplomacy\nEmpires for Rent\nThe Final Campaign\nHorizon's End!\nNuclear Destruction\nRealpolitik\nSirius Command\nState of War\nStrategic Conflict\nVictory! The Battle for Europe\nWarlord\nWorld Campaigns\nWorld Conquest\nFantasy\nAlamaze\nAtlantrix\nBattle Cry\nDomination\nDungeonWorld\nEarthwood\nEpic\nEverMoor\nFall of Rome\nForgotten Realms\nHyborian War\nKings & Things\nKings of Karadon\nKrahlizek\nThe Land of Karrus\nLegends\nLizards\nLoot the Castle\nLords of the Earth\nMiddle Earth PBM\nOdyssey\nQuest of the Great Jewels\nRealms of Fantasy\nSwords of the Gods\nTalwaithe\nTrolls Bottom\nWar of the Dark God\nVenom\nHistorical\nAdventurer Kings\nAegyptus\nAusterlitz\nConquest\nConquest of Insula II\nFeudal Lords\nThe Glory of Kings\nLandLords\nMidgard\nMoneylender\nRenaissance\nStrategic Imperial Conquest\nTerra II\nThunder at Sea\n\nPolitical/Intrigue\nIlluminati\nPower\nSpyKor\nRailroad\nContinental Rails\nRoleplaying\nCatacombs of Chaos\nCrack of Doom\nCrasimoff's World\nCrystal Island\nDarkworld\nDelenda est Carthago\nDukes of Hell\nEn Garde!\nFirebreather\nHeroic Fantasy\nKings\nLands of Elvaria\nLogan's Run\nLords of Valetia\nMidhir\nMonster Island\nQuest\nRealms of Sword and Thunder\nSaturnalia\nSilverdawn\nTrajan's Treacherous Trap\nTribeNet\nWofan\nWestern\nStand and Deliver\nWestworld\n\nScience fiction\nAbsolute Power\nAlien Conflict\nThe Assassin's Quest\nBattle of the Gods\nCosmic Crusaders\nCyborg\nFleet Maneuvers\nGalactic Prisoners\nThe Keys of Bled\nOut Time Days\nPortinium\nRaumkrieg\nSpace Battle\nSpace Combat\nStarship Command\nSurvival Challenge\nTactical Assault Group\nThe Tribes of Crane\nVorcon Wars\nWarboid World\nWarp Force Empires\nSpace Operas\nAd Astra\nBelter\nBeyond the Quadra Zone\nBeyond the Stellar Empire\nCapitol\nCluster Lords\nContinuum\nEclipse\nEmpyrean Challenge\nGalac-Tac\nGalactic Conflict\nGalactic Empires\nGalactic Power\nGalaxy: Alpha\nInfinite Conflict\nLords of Destiny\nMobius I\nNew Order\nPellic Quest\nRimworlds\nSmuggler's Run\nSpace 101\nStar Cluster One\nSpiral Arm\nStar Empires\nStar Fleet Warlord\nStarglobe\nStar Trek: The Correspondence Game\nStarlord\nStarmaster\nStar Saga\nStars of the Dark Well\nStar Venture\nStarweb\nSupernova II\nTakamo\nThe Next Empire\nThe Orion Nebula\nUniverse II\nThe Weapon\nZorphwar\n\nMagazines\nFlagship\nGaming Universal\nPaper Mayhem\nThe Nuts & Bolts of PBM\nCompanies\nAdventures by Mail\nAgents of Gaming\nFlying Buffalo, Inc.\nHarlequin Games\nKJC Games\nReality Simulations, Inc.\nSchubel & Son\nOther\nList of play-by-mail games","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of play-by-mail games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_play-by-mail_games"}]
[{"reference":"Dunne, Bill (Summer 1985). \"Darkworld: Intersection of a Thousand Fantasies\". Flagship. No. 7. pp. 14–15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(magazine)","url_text":"Flagship"}]},{"reference":"Loth III, John Kevin (March–April 1987). \"A Turn of the Darkworld\". Paper Mayhem. No. 23. pp. 13–14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Mayhem","url_text":"Paper Mayhem"}]},{"reference":"McLain, Bob (November–December 1983). \"Gamealog: Darkworld\". PBM Universal. No. 1. p. 28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Webber, Dave (March–April 1984). \"Darkworld: A Review...\". Paper Mayhem. No. 5. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Williams, Michael (Summer 1985). \"Darkworld [Ad]\". Flagship. No. 7. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(magazine)","url_text":"Flagship"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Mike (December 1987 – January 1988). \"Tales from the Dark Side\". The D2 Report. No. 15. pp. 20–21.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dias, Dan (April–May 1987). \"Darkworld: The Adventures of Talbot Lyle\". The D2 Report. Vol. 2, no. 3. pp. 23–25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dias, Dan (June–July 1987). \"Darkworld: The Adventures of Talbot Lyle [cont.]\". The D2 Report. Vol. 2, no. 4. pp. 12–13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dias, Dan (August–September 1987). \"Darkworld: The Adventures of Talbot Lyle [cont.]\". The D2 Report. No. 13. pp. 39–40.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vasquez Jr., Praxedes (October–November 1987). \"Darkworld: As the Darkworld Turns...\". The D2 Report. No. 14. pp. 42–45.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vasquez Jr., Praxedes (February–March 1988). \"Darkworld: As the Darkworld Turns\". The D2 Report. No. 16. pp. 17–20.","urls":[]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_final
2016 UEFA Women's Champions League final
["1 Background","2 Route to the final","3 Match","3.1 Officials","3.2 Details","3.3 Statistics","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Football match2016 UEFA Women's Champions League FinalEvent2015–16 UEFA Women's Champions League Wolfsburg Lyon 1 1 After extra timeLyon won 4–3 on penaltiesDate26 May 2016VenueMapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore, Reggio EmiliaRefereeKatalin Kulcsár (Hungary)Attendance15,117← 2015 2017 → The 2016 UEFA Women's Champions League Final was the final match of the 2015–16 UEFA Women's Champions League, the 15th season of Europe's premier women's club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the seventh season since it was renamed from the UEFA Women's Cup to the UEFA Women's Champions League. It was played at the Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore stadium in Reggio Emilia, Italy, on 26 May 2016, between German team Wolfsburg and French team Lyon. Lyon defeated Wolfsburg 4–3 on penalties (1–1 after extra time) to win their third European title. Background Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore in Reggio Emilia, Italy, hosted the match. The final was a rematch of the 2013 final, won by Wolfsburg 1–0. This was the ninth successive final with at least one German team, and the sixth final in seven years between a French team and a German team. Both teams had won the tournament twice. Wolfsburg won successive finals in 2013 and 2014, while Lyon reached four successive finals, winning in 2011 and 2012, but losing in 2010 and 2013, all facing German opponents. Route to the final Further information: 2015–16 UEFA Women's Champions League Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away). Wolfsburg Round Lyon Opponent Agg. 1st leg 2nd leg Knockout phase Opponent Agg. 1st leg 2nd leg Spartak Subotica 4–0 0–0 (A) 4–0 (H) Round of 32 Medyk Konin 9–0 6–0 (A) 3–0 (H) Chelsea 4–1 2–1 (A) 2–0 (H) Round of 16 Atlético Madrid 9–1 3–1 (A) 6–0 (H) Brescia 6–0 3–0 (H) 3–0 (A) Quarter-finals Slavia Praha 9–1 9–1 (H) 0–0 (A) Frankfurt 4–1 4–0 (H) 0–1 (A) Semi-finals Paris Saint-Germain 8–0 7–0 (H) 1–0 (A) Match Officials Hungarian referee Katalin Kulcsár was announced as the final referee by UEFA on 10 May 2016. Details The "home" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held after the quarter-final and semi-final draws, which was held on 27 November 2015 at UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland. 26 May 2016 (2016-05-26)18:00 CEST Wolfsburg 1–1 (a.e.t.) Lyon Popp 88' Report Hegerberg 12' Penalties Popp Kerschowski Peter Fischer Bussaglia 3–4 Hegerberg Schelin Renard Mbock Kumagai Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore, Reggio EmiliaAttendance: 15,117Referee: Katalin Kulcsár (Hungary) Wolfsburg Lyon GK 1 Almuth Schult RB 8 Babett Peter CB 4 Nilla Fischer (c) CB 28 Lena Goeßling LB 21 Lara Dickenmann CM 18 Vanessa Bernauer  73' CM 30 Élise Bussaglia RW 9 Anna Blässe  113' LW 27 Isabel Kerschowski CF 11 Alexandra Popp CF 3 Zsanett Jakabfi  59' Substitutes: GK 29 Merle Frohms DF 2 Luisa Wensing DF 20 Stephanie Bunte  113' DF 24 Joelle Wedemeyer FW 10 Tessa Wullaert  73' FW 19 Ramona Bachmann  59' FW 17 Ewa Pajor Manager: Ralf Kellermann GK 16 Sarah Bouhaddi RB 22 Pauline Bremer  86' CB 29 Griedge Mbock Bathy CB 3 Wendie Renard (c) LB 7 Amel Majri CM 6 Amandine Henry CM 5 Saki Kumagai  44' RW 9 Eugénie Le Sommer  79' AM 23 Camille Abily  101' LW 10 Louisa Nécib  22' CF 14 Ada Hegerberg Substitutes: GK 30 Méline Gérard DF 17 Corine Petit DF 19 Ève Périsset FW 8 Lotta Schelin  79' FW 12 Élodie Thomis  86' FW 20 Delphine Cascarino FW 24 Mylaine Tarrieu Manager: Gérard Prêcheur Player of the Match: Saki Kumagai (Lyon) Assistant referees: Judit Kulcsár (Hungary) Andrea Hima (Hungary) Fourth official: Gyöngyi Gaál (Hungary) Reserve official: Lucia Abruzzese (Italy) Match rules 90 minutes. 30 minutes of extra time if necessary. Penalty shoot-out if scores still level. Seven named substitutes, of which up to three may be used. Statistics Statistic Lyon VfLWolfsburg Goals scored 1 1 Total shots 18 9 Shots on target 9 3 Saves 2 2 Ball possession 52 48 Corner kicks 8 5 Fouls committed 11 6 Offsides 7 0 Yellow cards 3 0 Red cards 0 0 See also 2016 UEFA Champions League Final Played between same clubs: 2013 UEFA Women's Champions League final 2018 UEFA Women's Champions League final 2020 UEFA Women's Champions League final References ^ "Reggio Emilia to stage 2016 Women's Champions League final". UEFA.com. 16 February 2015. ^ a b "Lyon claim third title in shoot-out drama". UEFA.com. 26 May 2016. ^ "Kulcsár to referee Women's Champions League final". UEFA.com. 10 May 2016. ^ "Draws — Quarter-finals & Semi-finals". UEFA.com. Retrieved 27 November 2015. ^ a b "Lineups" (PDF). uefa.com. 26 May 2016. ^ "Regulations of the UEFA Women's Champions League 2015/16 Season" (PDF). UEFA.com. 1 May 2015. ^ "UEFA Women's Champions League – Lyon v Wolfsburg – Statistics". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 May 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2019. External links 2015–16 UEFA Women's Champions League 2016 final: Reggio Emilia vteUEFA Women's Cup and UEFA Women's Champions LeagueUEFA Women's Cup era, 2001–2009Seasons 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 Finals 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 UEFA Women's Champions League era, 2009–presentSeasons 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Qualification 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Group stages 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Knockout phase 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Finals 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Finals Records and statistics hat-tricks Winning managers UEFA coefficient vte2015–16 in European women's football (UEFA)Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus '15 '16 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England '15 '16 Estonia '15 '16 Faroe Islands '15 '16 Finland '15 '16 France Georgia '15 '16 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland '15 '16 Israel Italy Kazakhstan '15 '16 Latvia '15 '16 Lithuania '15 '16 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland '15 '16 Norway '15 '16 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia '15 '16 San Marino Scotland '15 '16 Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden '15 '16 Switzerland '15 '16 Turkey Ukraine '15 '16 Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus '15 '16 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia '15 '16 Faroe Islands '15 '16 Finland '15 '16 France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland '15 '16 Israel Italy Kazakhstan '15 '16 Latvia '14 '15 Lithuania '15 '16 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland '15 '16 Norway '15 '16 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland '15 '16 Romania Russia '15 '16 San Marino Scotland '15 '16 Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England '15 '16 Scotland '15 '16 UEFA competitions Women's Champions League qualifying round knockout phase Final International competitions UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualification 2016 Women's Euro Under-19 qualification 2016 Women's Euro Under-17 qualification vte2015–16 in European men's football (UEFA)Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus '15 '16 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia '15 '16 Faroe Islands '15 '16 Finland '15 '16 France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland '15 '16 Israel Italy Kazakhstan '15 '16 Kosovo Latvia '15 '16 Lithuania '15 '16 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '15 '16 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland '15 '16 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden '15 '16 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands '15 '16 Finland '15 '16 France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland '15 '16 Israel Italy Kazakhstan '15 '16 Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania '15–'16 '16 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '15 '16 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland '15 '16 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Finland '15 '16 France Iceland '15 '16 Israel Latvia Northern Ireland Portugal Republic of Ireland '15 '16 Romania Scotland Wales Supercups Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic England Estonia '15 '16 Faroe Islands France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland '15 '16 Romania Russia San Marino Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Turkey Ukraine UEFA competitions Champions League qualifying phase and play-off round group stage knockout phase Final Europa League qualifying phase play-off round group stage knockout phase Final Super Cup Youth League UEFA Champions League Path Domestic Champions Path knockout phase Women's Champions League qualifying round knockout phase Final International competitions UEFA Euro 2016 qualification 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 Euro Under-21 qualification 2016 Euro Under-19 qualification 2016 Euro Under-17 qualification Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics UEFA qualification
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2015–16 UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapei_Stadium_%E2%80%93_Citt%C3%A0_del_Tricolore"},{"link_name":"Reggio Emilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Emilia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_host-1"},{"link_name":"Wolfsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfL_Wolfsburg_(women)"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais_(Ladies)"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais_(Ladies)"},{"link_name":"Wolfsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfL_Wolfsburg_(women)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postmatch-2"}],"text":"The 2016 UEFA Women's Champions League Final was the final match of the 2015–16 UEFA Women's Champions League, the 15th season of Europe's premier women's club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the seventh season since it was renamed from the UEFA Women's Cup to the UEFA Women's Champions League. It was played at the Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore stadium in Reggio Emilia, Italy, on 26 May 2016,[1] between German team Wolfsburg and French team Lyon.Lyon defeated Wolfsburg 4–3 on penalties (1–1 after extra time) to win their third European title.[2]","title":"2016 UEFA Women's Champions League final"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmichevoleReggiana-Bologna.jpg"},{"link_name":"2013 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"Wolfsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfL_Wolfsburg_(women)"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais_(Ladies)"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_Final"}],"text":"Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore in Reggio Emilia, Italy, hosted the match.The final was a rematch of the 2013 final, won by Wolfsburg 1–0. This was the ninth successive final with at least one German team, and the sixth final in seven years between a French team and a German team.Both teams had won the tournament twice. Wolfsburg won successive finals in 2013 and 2014, while Lyon reached four successive finals, winning in 2011 and 2012, but losing in 2010 and 2013, all facing German opponents.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2015–16 UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"}],"text":"Further information: 2015–16 UEFA Women's Champions LeagueNote: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).","title":"Route to the final"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katalin Kulcsár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Kulcs%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Officials","text":"Hungarian referee Katalin Kulcsár was announced as the final referee by UEFA on 10 May 2016.[3]","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-draw_QF_SF-4"},{"link_name":"CEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Wolfsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfL_Wolfsburg_(women)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais_(Ladies)"},{"link_name":"Popp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Popp"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/season=2016/matches/round=2000674/match=2018382/index.html"},{"link_name":"Hegerberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Hegerberg"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Popp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Popp"},{"link_name":"Kerschowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Kerschowski"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babett_Peter"},{"link_name":"Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilla_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Bussaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lise_Bussaglia"},{"link_name":"Hegerberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Hegerberg"},{"link_name":"Schelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotta_Schelin"},{"link_name":"Renard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendie_Renard"},{"link_name":"Mbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griedge_Mbock_Bathy"},{"link_name":"Kumagai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saki_Kumagai"},{"link_name":"Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapei_Stadium_%E2%80%93_Citt%C3%A0_del_Tricolore"},{"link_name":"Reggio Emilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Emilia"},{"link_name":"Katalin Kulcsár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Kulcs%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Football_Federation"}],"sub_title":"Details","text":"The \"home\" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held after the quarter-final and semi-final draws, which was held on 27 November 2015 at UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.[4]26 May 2016 (2016-05-26)18:00 CEST\nWolfsburg 1–1 (a.e.t.) Lyon\nPopp 88'\nReport\nHegerberg 12'\nPenalties\n\nPopp \nKerschowski \nPeter \nFischer \nBussaglia \n3–4\n\n Hegerberg\n Schelin\n Renard\n Mbock\n Kumagai\nMapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore, Reggio EmiliaAttendance: 15,117Referee: Katalin Kulcsár (Hungary)","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Statistics","title":"Match"}]
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[{"title":"2016 UEFA Champions League Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"title":"2013 UEFA Women's Champions League final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_final"},{"title":"2018 UEFA Women's Champions League final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_final"},{"title":"2020 UEFA Women's Champions League final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_final"}]
[{"reference":"\"Reggio Emilia to stage 2016 Women's Champions League final\". UEFA.com. 16 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/newsid=2209294.html","url_text":"\"Reggio Emilia to stage 2016 Women's Champions League final\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lyon claim third title in shoot-out drama\". UEFA.com. 26 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/season=2016/matches/round=2000674/match=2018382/postmatch/report/index.html","url_text":"\"Lyon claim third title in shoot-out drama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kulcsár to referee Women's Champions League final\". UEFA.com. 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/newsid=2362982.html","url_text":"\"Kulcsár to referee Women's Champions League final\""}]},{"reference":"\"Draws — Quarter-finals & Semi-finals\". UEFA.com. Retrieved 27 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/season=2016/draws/round=2000672/index.html","url_text":"\"Draws — Quarter-finals & Semi-finals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lineups\" (PDF). uefa.com. 26 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/wocup/2016/e/e_2018382_LU.pdf","url_text":"\"Lineups\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regulations of the UEFA Women's Champions League 2015/16 Season\" (PDF). UEFA.com. 1 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.org/MultimediaFiles/Download/Regulations/uefaorg/Regulations/02/24/30/21/2243021_DOWNLOAD.pdf","url_text":"\"Regulations of the UEFA Women's Champions League 2015/16 Season\""}]},{"reference":"\"UEFA Women's Champions League – Lyon v Wolfsburg – Statistics\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 May 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/season=2016/matches/round=2000674/match=2018382/statistics/index.html?iv=true","url_text":"\"UEFA Women's Champions League – Lyon v Wolfsburg – Statistics\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liolaemus_tari
Liolaemus tari
["1 References"]
Species of lizard Liolaemus tari Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Iguania Family: Liolaemidae Genus: Liolaemus Species: L. tari Binomial name Liolaemus tariScolaro & Cei, 1997 Liolaemus tari is a species of lizard in the family Iguanidae or the family Liolaemidae. The species is endemic to Argentina. References ^ Abdala, S. (2016). "Liolaemus tari". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T56154047A56154057. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ Liolaemus tari at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 23 August 2021. Taxon identifiersLiolaemus tari Wikidata: Q5083328 CoL: 3V6N3 GBIF: 2460446 iNaturalist: 39114 IRMNG: 10640735 ITIS: 1055939 IUCN: 56154047 NCBI: 299247 Observation.org: 100892 Open Tree of Life: 7988 RD: tari uBio: 8048982 This Iguanidae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Heighway
Steve Heighway
["1 Life and playing career","2 Honours","2.1 As a player","2.2 As Academy Director","3 References","4 External links"]
Irish footballer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (February 2013) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Steve Heighway" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Steve Heighway Heighway scoring a goal against FC Zürich in 1977Personal informationFull name Stephen Derek HeighwayDate of birth (1947-11-25) 25 November 1947 (age 76)Place of birth Dublin, IrelandPosition(s) WingerYouth career Skelmersdale UnitedSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1970–1981 Liverpool 444 (76)1981 Minnesota Kicks 26 (19)1981–1982 Philadelphia Fever (indoor) 23 (19)Total 493 (122)International career1970–1981 Republic of Ireland 26 (4) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Stephen Derek Heighway (born 25 November 1947) is an Irish former footballer who played as a winger. He was part of the successful Liverpool team of the 1970s. Following his eleven-year spell at the club, he was ranked 23rd in the 100 Players Who Shook The Kop poll. Heighway became academy director at Liverpool in a period when the club welcomed players including Steven Gerrard, Steve McManaman, Robbie Fowler and Jamie Carragher. He retired in 2007 but later rejoined the Liverpool Academy in a consulting role, which he held until retiring again in 2022. Life and playing career Heighway was born in Dublin, Ireland. His early education took place in Sheffield where he attended Ecclesall Junior School (until 1959), followed by High Storrs School and latterly Moseley Hall Grammar School for Boys in Cheadle, near Stockport. Heighway's early promise as a winger was not spotted by professionals. Instead, he concentrated on his studies in economics and politics at the University of Warwick in Coventry (where he started in 1966) achieving a 2:1. In 1970, Heighway was studying for his final exams and playing for Skelmersdale United when he was spotted by Liverpool's scouting system. With manager Bill Shankly keen to rebuild his ageing, underachieving team of the 1960s, Heighway was signed up swiftly in May of that year. It was due to Heighway's academic achievements that he got his nickname 'Big Bamber', while teammate and fellow university graduate Brian Hall was dubbed 'Little Bamber' – both after the television programme University Challenge host Bamber Gascoigne. A strong and fast left winger with two good feet, Heighway settled into top flight football after making his debut on September 22, 1970, in a League Cup 2nd round replay at Anfield against Mansfield Town (3-2). Heighway opened his goalscoring account in the 51st minute of a 2–0 home league win over Burnley on October 1, 1970. A month later, he scored against Merseyside rivals Everton in a hard-fought 3–2 win, after his team had found themselves 2–0 down not long into the second half. He stayed in the side for the rest of the season as Liverpool's new charges finished the league campaign strongly and also defeated Everton in the semi-finals of the FA Cup to reach the final at Wembley. Their opponents were Arsenal, who were after a coveted "double" having won the League championship. Heighway played confidently in a match that was goalless after 90 minutes and therefore needed a period of extra-time. Just two minutes into the added half-hour, Heighway received the ball wide on his left flank from substitute Peter Thompson and started a run towards the Arsenal penalty area, with Gunners full back Pat Rice tracking his run but unwilling to put in a tackle. With a swift turn outside Heighway gained a yard on Rice and hit a low drive into the net past Arsenal goalkeeper Bob Wilson, who had committed the cardinal goalkeeping sin of coming out too far from his near post to anticipate a cross, thereby leaving a gap that Heighway exploited. Sadly for Heighway and Liverpool, their opponents scored two goals in response. Heighway settled into the Liverpool team for the next decade, winning the first of four League titles in 1973, along with the UEFA Cup. He returned to Wembley for another FA Cup final a year later as Liverpool faced Newcastle United. Heighway scored again with 16 minutes of the game remaining to make the score 2–0, latching on to a flick from John Toshack after a long clearance from goalkeeper Ray Clemence to slot a right-footed shot into the far corner. The game ended 3–0. By now, Heighway was a regular for the Republic of Ireland making his debut on 23 September 1970 against Poland. He remained so for the whole of the 1970s, winning a total of 34 caps but never managing to score. He did have a goal disallowed in a qualifier for the 1978 World Cup against Bulgaria in Sofia. On the domestic front, Heighway attained another League and UEFA Cup double with Liverpool in 1976 and then formed part of the side which came so close to the "treble" of League, FA Cup and European Cup. Liverpool won the League by a single point and again defeated rivals Everton in the semi-final to reach the FA Cup final, this time to face bitter rivals Manchester United at Wembley. Liverpool lost 2–1 and the "treble" dream was dead. Heighway scored his first goal of the 1977 European Cup in a 5–0 first round second leg win over Crusaders. He then scored in a 3–0 second round win against Trabzonspor and in the 3–1 semi-final first leg win over Zurich. Liverpool beat Borussia Mönchengladbach 3–1 to win their first European Cup, with Heighway setting up both outfield goals for Terry McDermott, a defence-splitting pass, and Tommy Smith, a corner. In 1978, Heighway was on the bench as Liverpool retained the European Cup with a 1–0 victory over FC Bruges at Wembley, coming on as a substitute for Jimmy Case. The following year he was again in the side frequently as Liverpool won another League title, but from 1980 onwards his opportunities in the side diminished. Heighway stayed for two more seasons, appearing only occasionally in the team and missing out on two more League title medals, another European Cup triumph and a first League Cup medal, which was successfully defended a year later. He left Anfield in 1982 after 444 matches and 76 goals. Heighway then prolonged his career with a move to the U.S., joining Minnesota Kicks for the 1981 season. He played 26 games, scoring four goals. He then joined the coaching staff of Umbro, which led to a position with the Clearwater Chargers where he pioneered the role of director of coaching in the United States. In 1989 he was asked to rejoin Liverpool to run their youth academy, bringing promising youngsters up through the system until they were ready for the professional game. Among Heighway's successes were Steve McManaman, Robbie Fowler, Steven Gerrard, Jamie Carragher, Dominic Matteo, David Thompson and Michael Owen. On 4 September 2006, a poll on Liverpool's official web site named Heighway 23rd out of 100 Players Who Shook The Kop. Heighway announced his retirement from Liverpool on 26 April 2007, immediately after the side he managed won the FA Youth Cup for the second year running. He commented: "I don't know what the future holds just yet, we'll have to wait and see." Heighway returned to working at Liverpool's Academy part-time in 2015, at the request of Academy Director Alex Inglethorpe, before taking up a full-time consultancy role later that year. After seven years in this position, he retired for a second time in December 2022. Heighway also features in the popular Liverpool chant, Fields of Anfield Road, which is frequently sung by Liverpool fans during matches. Honours As a player Football League First Division: 1972–73, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80 FA Cup: 1973–74; runner-up: 1970–71, 1976–77 Football League Cup: 1980–81 FA Charity Shield: 1974, 1976, 1977 (shared), 1979 European Cup: 1976–77, 1977–78 UEFA Cup: 1972–73, 1975–76 UEFA Super Cup: 1977 As Academy Director FA Youth Cup (3): 1996, 2006, 2007 References ^ a b "Steve Heighway: the man who scored Liverpool's goal in the 1971 FA Cup Final". The Observer. 6 May 2001. Retrieved 2 May 2013. Heighway, the London-born winger ^ Beesley, Chris (28 October 2015). "Liverpool FC return for Steve Heighway". Liverpool Echo. ^ "Liverpool FC - Homepage". ^ "Heighway: These are best I've worked with - Liverpool FC". Archived from the original on 28 September 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014. ^ "Steve Heighway retires from LFC coaching role". Liverpool F.C. Retrieved 8 December 2022. ^ a b c d e "Player profile - Steve Heighway". LFC History. Retrieved 8 October 2014. ^ a b Vernon, Leslie; Rollin, Jack (1977). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1977–78. London: Brickfield Publications Ltd. p. 491. ISBN 0354 09018 6. ^ "Charity Shield - Liverpool 1 - 1 Leeds United". LFC History. Retrieved 8 October 2014. ^ "Charity Shield - Liverpool 1 - 0 Southampton". LFC History. Retrieved 8 October 2014. ^ "Charity Shield - Liverpool 0 - 0 Manchester United". LFC History. Retrieved 8 October 2014. ^ "Charity Shield - Liverpool 3 - 1 Arsenal". LFC History. Retrieved 8 October 2014. ^ "European Super Cup 2nd leg - Liverpool 6 - 0 Hamburg SV". LFC History. Retrieved 8 October 2014. ^ "Heighway quits at the top". LFC online. Retrieved 8 October 2014. ^ Fifield, Dominic (14 April 2006). "Threlfall sets Liverpool on way to youth glory". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2014. ^ Ornstein, David (27 April 2007). "Spot-on Liverpool retain cup". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Steve Heighway. Steve Heighway – UEFA competition record (archive)  Player profile at LFChistory.net Football heroes at Sporting-heroes.net NASL/MISL stats
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Following his eleven-year spell at the club, he was ranked 23rd in the 100 Players Who Shook The Kop poll.Heighway became academy director at Liverpool in a period when the club welcomed players including Steven Gerrard, Steve McManaman, Robbie Fowler and Jamie Carragher. 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Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Wembley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"League championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Peter Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thompson_(footballer,_born_1942)"},{"link_name":"Pat Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Rice"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Bob Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wilson_(footballer_born_1941)"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"John Toshack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Toshack"},{"link_name":"Ray 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Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Smith_(footballer_born_1945)"},{"link_name":"FC Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bruges"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Case"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Anfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfield"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Kicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Kicks"},{"link_name":"Umbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbro"},{"link_name":"academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy"},{"link_name":"Steve McManaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McManaman"},{"link_name":"Robbie Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Steven Gerrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Gerrard"},{"link_name":"Jamie Carragher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Carragher"},{"link_name":"Dominic Matteo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Matteo"},{"link_name":"David Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thompson_(footballer,_born_1977)"},{"link_name":"Michael Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Owen"},{"link_name":"100 Players Who Shook The Kop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Players_Who_Shook_The_Kop"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"FA Youth Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alex Inglethorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Inglethorpe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fields of Anfield Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_of_Anfield_Road"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Heighway was born in Dublin, Ireland.[1] His early education took place in Sheffield where he attended Ecclesall Junior School (until 1959), followed by High Storrs School and latterly Moseley Hall Grammar School for Boys in Cheadle, near Stockport.Heighway's early promise as a winger was not spotted by professionals. Instead, he concentrated on his studies in economics and politics at the University of Warwick in Coventry (where he started in 1966) achieving a 2:1.In 1970, Heighway was studying for his final exams and playing for Skelmersdale United when he was spotted by Liverpool's scouting system. With manager Bill Shankly keen to rebuild his ageing, underachieving team of the 1960s, Heighway was signed up swiftly in May of that year. It was due to Heighway's academic achievements that he got his nickname 'Big Bamber', while teammate and fellow university graduate Brian Hall was dubbed 'Little Bamber' – both after the television programme University Challenge host Bamber Gascoigne.A strong and fast left winger with two good feet, Heighway settled into top flight football after making his debut on September 22, 1970, in a League Cup 2nd round replay at Anfield against Mansfield Town (3-2). Heighway opened his goalscoring account in the 51st minute of a 2–0 home league win over Burnley on October 1, 1970.A month later, he scored against Merseyside rivals Everton in a hard-fought 3–2 win, after his team had found themselves 2–0 down not long into the second half. He stayed in the side for the rest of the season as Liverpool's new charges finished the league campaign strongly and also defeated Everton in the semi-finals of the FA Cup to reach the final at Wembley.Their opponents were Arsenal, who were after a coveted \"double\" having won the League championship. Heighway played confidently in a match that was goalless after 90 minutes and therefore needed a period of extra-time. Just two minutes into the added half-hour, Heighway received the ball wide on his left flank from substitute Peter Thompson and started a run towards the Arsenal penalty area, with Gunners full back Pat Rice tracking his run but unwilling to put in a tackle. With a swift turn outside Heighway gained a yard on Rice and hit a low drive into the net past Arsenal goalkeeper Bob Wilson, who had committed the cardinal goalkeeping sin of coming out too far from his near post to anticipate a cross, thereby leaving a gap that Heighway exploited. Sadly for Heighway and Liverpool, their opponents scored two goals in response.Heighway settled into the Liverpool team for the next decade, winning the first of four League titles in 1973, along with the UEFA Cup. He returned to Wembley for another FA Cup final a year later as Liverpool faced Newcastle United. Heighway scored again with 16 minutes of the game remaining to make the score 2–0, latching on to a flick from John Toshack after a long clearance from goalkeeper Ray Clemence to slot a right-footed shot into the far corner. The game ended 3–0.By now, Heighway was a regular for the Republic of Ireland making his debut on 23 September 1970 against Poland. He remained so for the whole of the 1970s, winning a total of 34 caps but never managing to score. He did have a goal disallowed in a qualifier for the 1978 World Cup against Bulgaria in Sofia. On the domestic front, Heighway attained another League and UEFA Cup double with Liverpool in 1976 and then formed part of the side which came so close to the \"treble\" of League, FA Cup and European Cup.Liverpool won the League by a single point and again defeated rivals Everton in the semi-final to reach the FA Cup final, this time to face bitter rivals Manchester United at Wembley. Liverpool lost 2–1 and the \"treble\" dream was dead.Heighway scored his first goal of the 1977 European Cup in a 5–0 first round second leg win over Crusaders. He then scored in a 3–0 second round win against Trabzonspor and in the 3–1 semi-final first leg win over Zurich. Liverpool beat Borussia Mönchengladbach 3–1 to win their first European Cup, with Heighway setting up both outfield goals for Terry McDermott, a defence-splitting pass, and Tommy Smith, a corner.In 1978, Heighway was on the bench as Liverpool retained the European Cup with a 1–0 victory over FC Bruges at Wembley, coming on as a substitute for Jimmy Case. The following year he was again in the side frequently as Liverpool won another League title, but from 1980 onwards his opportunities in the side diminished.Heighway stayed for two more seasons, appearing only occasionally in the team and missing out on two more League title medals, another European Cup triumph and a first League Cup medal, which was successfully defended a year later. He left Anfield in 1982 after 444 matches and 76 goals.Heighway then prolonged his career with a move to the U.S., joining Minnesota Kicks for the 1981 season. He played 26 games, scoring four goals. He then joined the coaching staff of Umbro, which led to a position with the Clearwater Chargers where he pioneered the role of director of coaching in the United States. In 1989 he was asked to rejoin Liverpool to run their youth academy, bringing promising youngsters up through the system until they were ready for the professional game. Among Heighway's successes were Steve McManaman, Robbie Fowler, Steven Gerrard, Jamie Carragher, Dominic Matteo, David Thompson and Michael Owen.On 4 September 2006, a poll on Liverpool's official web site named Heighway 23rd out of 100 Players Who Shook The Kop.[3]Heighway announced his retirement from Liverpool on 26 April 2007, immediately after the side he managed won the FA Youth Cup for the second year running. He commented: \"I don't know what the future holds just yet, we'll have to wait and see.\"[4]Heighway returned to working at Liverpool's Academy part-time in 2015, at the request of Academy Director Alex Inglethorpe, before taking up a full-time consultancy role later that year. After seven years in this position, he retired for a second time in December 2022.[5]Heighway also features in the popular Liverpool chant, Fields of Anfield Road, which is frequently sung by Liverpool fans during matches.[citation needed]","title":"Life and playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfc-6"},{"link_name":"1972–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfc-6"},{"link_name":"1970–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FACW-7"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FACW-7"},{"link_name":"Football League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfc-6"},{"link_name":"FA Charity Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfc-6"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_European_Cup"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_European_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfc-6"},{"link_name":"1972–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"As a player","text":"Football League First Division:[6] 1972–73, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80\nFA Cup: 1973–74;[6] runner-up: 1970–71,[7] 1976–77[7]\nFootball League Cup: 1980–81[6]\nFA Charity Shield: 1974,[8] 1976,[9] 1977 (shared),[10] 1979[11]\nEuropean Cup:[6] 1976–77, 1977–78\nUEFA Cup:[6] 1972–73, 1975–76\nUEFA Super Cup: 1977[12]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA Youth Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"As Academy Director","text":"FA Youth Cup (3): 1996,[13] 2006,[14] 2007[15]","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Steve Heighway: the man who scored Liverpool's goal in the 1971 FA Cup Final\". The Observer. 6 May 2001. Retrieved 2 May 2013. Heighway, the London-born winger","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/may/06/facup.sport1","url_text":"\"Steve Heighway: the man who scored Liverpool's goal in the 1971 FA Cup Final\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer","url_text":"The Observer"}]},{"reference":"Beesley, Chris (28 October 2015). \"Liverpool FC return for Steve Heighway\". Liverpool Echo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/liverpool-fc-return-steve-heighway-10348913","url_text":"\"Liverpool FC return for Steve Heighway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool FC - Homepage\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/drilldown/N153375060904-1153.ham","url_text":"\"Liverpool FC - Homepage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heighway: These are best I've worked with - Liverpool FC\". Archived from the original on 28 September 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140928193821/http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest-news/heighway-these-are-best-i-ve-worked-with","url_text":"\"Heighway: These are best I've worked with - Liverpool FC\""},{"url":"http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest-news/heighway-these-are-best-i-ve-worked-with","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Heighway retires from LFC coaching role\". Liverpool F.C. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/steve-heighway-retires-lfc-coaching-role","url_text":"\"Steve Heighway retires from LFC coaching role\""}]},{"reference":"\"Player profile - Steve Heighway\". LFC History. Retrieved 8 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lfchistory.net/Players/Player/Profile/317","url_text":"\"Player profile - Steve Heighway\""}]},{"reference":"Vernon, Leslie; Rollin, Jack (1977). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1977–78. London: Brickfield Publications Ltd. p. 491. ISBN 0354 09018 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0354_09018_6","url_text":"0354 09018 6"}]},{"reference":"\"Charity Shield - Liverpool 1 - 1 Leeds United\". LFC History. Retrieved 8 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lfchistory.net/SeasonArchive/Game/806","url_text":"\"Charity Shield - Liverpool 1 - 1 Leeds United\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charity Shield - Liverpool 1 - 0 Southampton\". LFC History. Retrieved 8 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lfchistory.net/SeasonArchive/Game/918","url_text":"\"Charity Shield - Liverpool 1 - 0 Southampton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charity Shield - Liverpool 0 - 0 Manchester United\". LFC History. Retrieved 8 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lfchistory.net/SeasonArchive/Game/980","url_text":"\"Charity Shield - Liverpool 0 - 0 Manchester United\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charity Shield - Liverpool 3 - 1 Arsenal\". LFC History. Retrieved 8 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lfchistory.net/SeasonArchive/Game/1096","url_text":"\"Charity Shield - Liverpool 3 - 1 Arsenal\""}]},{"reference":"\"European Super Cup 2nd leg - Liverpool 6 - 0 Hamburg SV\". LFC History. Retrieved 8 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lfchistory.net/SeasonArchive/Game/1005","url_text":"\"European Super Cup 2nd leg - Liverpool 6 - 0 Hamburg SV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heighway quits at the top\". LFC online. Retrieved 8 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lfconline.com/news/tmnw/heighway_quits_at_the_top_336050/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Heighway quits at the top\""}]},{"reference":"Fifield, Dominic (14 April 2006). \"Threlfall sets Liverpool on way to youth glory\". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/apr/14/newsstory.sport13","url_text":"\"Threlfall sets Liverpool on way to youth glory\""}]},{"reference":"Ornstein, David (27 April 2007). \"Spot-on Liverpool retain cup\". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/apr/27/newsstory.sport15","url_text":"\"Spot-on Liverpool retain cup\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_cricket_team_in_Bangladesh_in_2018%E2%80%9319
West Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2018–19
["1 Squads","2 Tour matches","2.1 Two-day match: BCB XI vs West Indians","2.2 50 over match: BCB XI vs West Indians","3 Venues","4 Test series","4.1 1st Test","4.2 2nd Test","5 ODI series","5.1 1st ODI","5.2 2nd ODI","5.3 3rd ODI","6 T20I series","6.1 1st T20I","6.2 2nd T20I","6.3 3rd T20I","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
International cricket tour West Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2018–19    Bangladesh West IndiesDates 18 November – 22 December 2018Captains Shakib Al Hasan (Tests & T20Is)Mashrafe Mortaza (ODIs) Kraigg Brathwaite (Tests)Rovman Powell (ODIs)Carlos Brathwaite (T20Is)Test seriesResult Bangladesh won the 2-match series 2–0Most runs Mahmudullah (170) Shimron Hetmyer (222)Most wickets Mehedi Hasan (15) Jomel Warrican (8)Player of the series Shakib Al Hasan (Ban)One Day International seriesResults Bangladesh won the 3-match series 2–1Most runs Tamim Iqbal (143) Shai Hope (297)Most wickets Mehedi Hasan (6)Mashrafe Mortaza (6) Oshane Thomas (4)Keemo Paul (4)Player of the series Shai Hope (WI)Twenty20 International seriesResults West Indies won the 3-match series 2–1Most runs Litton Das (109) Shai Hope (114)Most wickets Shakib Al Hasan (8) Keemo Paul (7)Sheldon Cottrell (7)Player of the series Shakib Al Hasan (Ban) The West Indies cricket team toured Bangladesh in November and December 2018 to play two Tests, three One Day Internationals (ODIs) and three Twenty20 International (T20I) matches. It was the West Indies first full tour of Bangladesh since December 2012. The fixtures were confirmed in July 2018, with the Sylhet International Cricket Stadium scheduled to host its first ODI match. During the third ODI, it hosted its first ODI match. Ahead of the series, the West Indies' captain Jason Holder was ruled out of the tour with a shoulder injury. Kraigg Brathwaite replaced Holder as the captain of the Test side, and Rovman Powell captained the ODI side. Bangladesh won the first Test by 64 runs to record their first home victory against the West Indies. Bangladesh won the second Test by an innings and 184 runs, their biggest winning margin in Tests, to take the series 2–0. It was Bangladesh's first series win against the West Indies. Bangladesh's spinners took all 40 wickets, becoming the first team to take all 40 wickets in a two-match Test series by spin. Bangladesh won the ODI series 2–1. The West Indies won the T20I series 2–1. Squads Tests ODIs T20Is  Bangladesh  West Indies  Bangladesh  West Indies  Bangladesh  West Indies Shakib Al Hasan (c) Khaled Ahmed Litton Das Ariful Haque Mominul Haque Mehedi Hasan Nayeem Hasan Shadman Islam Taijul Islam Imrul Kayes Mahmudullah Mohammad Mithun Mushfiqur Rahim Mustafizur Rahman Soumya Sarkar Kraigg Brathwaite (c) Sunil Ambris Devendra Bishoo Roston Chase Shane Dowrich Shannon Gabriel Jahmar Hamilton Shimron Hetmyer Shai Hope Shermon Lewis Keemo Paul Kieran Powell Raymon Reifer Kemar Roach Jomel Warrican Mashrafe Mortaza (c) Litton Das Ariful Haque Mehedi Hasan Shakib Al Hasan Abu Hider Rubel Hossain Tamim Iqbal Nazmul Islam Imrul Kayes Mahmudullah Mohammad Mithun Mushfiqur Rahim Mustafizur Rahman Mohammad Saifuddin Soumya Sarkar Rovman Powell (c) Fabian Allen Sunil Ambris Devendra Bishoo Carlos Brathwaite Darren Bravo Roston Chase Chandrapaul Hemraj Shimron Hetmyer Shai Hope Keemo Paul Kieran Powell Kemar Roach Marlon Samuels Oshane Thomas Shakib Al Hasan (c) Litton Das Ariful Haque Mehedi Hasan Abu Hider Rubel Hossain Tamim Iqbal Nazmul Islam Mahmudullah Mohammad Mithun Mushfiqur Rahim Mustafizur Rahman Mohammad Saifuddin Soumya Sarkar Carlos Brathwaite (c) Fabian Allen Darren Bravo Sheldon Cottrell Shimron Hetmyer Shai Hope Evin Lewis Keemo Paul Khary Pierre Nicholas Pooran Rovman Powell Denesh Ramdin Sherfane Rutherford Oshane Thomas Kesrick Williams Two days after Bangladesh's Test squad was named, Shadman Islam was added to the team. Imrul Kayes was ruled out of Bangladesh's squad for the second Test with a shoulder injury. Litton Das was called up to Bangladesh's squad for the second Test as cover for Mushfiqur Rahim. Tour matches Two-day match: BCB XI vs West Indians 18–19 November 2018 Scorecard West Indians  v  Bangladesh Cricket Board XI 303/7d (86.3 overs)Shai Hope 88 (112)Nayeem Hasan 2/104 (26 overs) 232/5 (75 overs)Soumya Sarkar 78 (103)Shannon Gabriel 2/24 (8 overs) Match drawnM. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong Umpires: Masudur Rahman (Ban) and Gazi Sohel (Ban) West Indies won the toss and elected to bat. 50 over match: BCB XI vs West Indians 6 December 2018 09:00 Scorecard West Indians 331/8 (50 overs) v  Bangladesh Cricket Board XI314/6 (41 overs) Shai Hope 81 (84) Rubel Hossain 2/55 (10 overs) Tamim Iqbal 107 (73) Roston Chase 2/57 (10 overs) BCB XI won by 51 runs (D/L method) Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan No 3 Ground, Savar Umpires: Masudur Rahman (Ban) and Sharfuddoula (Ban) West Indies won the toss and elected to bat. Venues Chattogram Dhaka Sylhet Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium Sylhet International Cricket Stadium Capacity: 20,000 Capacity: 26,000 Capacity: 18,500 ChattogramDhakaSylhet Test series 1st Test 22–26 November 2018 Scorecard Bangladesh  v  West Indies 324 (92.4 overs)Mominul Haque 120 (167)Jomel Warrican 4/62 (21.4 overs) 246 (64 overs)Shimron Hetmyer 63 (47)Nayeem Hasan 5/61 (14 overs) 125 (35.5 overs)Mahmudullah 31 (46)Devendra Bishoo 4/26 (9 overs) 139 (35.2 overs)Sunil Ambris 43 (62)Taijul Islam 6/33 (11.2 overs) Bangladesh won by 64 runsZohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong Umpires: Aleem Dar (Pak) and Richard Illingworth (Eng) Player of the match: Mominul Haque (Ban) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat. Nayeem Hasan (Ban) made his Test debut. Nayeem Hasan became the eighth bowler for Bangladesh to take a five-wicket haul on debut in Tests. Nayeem Hasan was also the youngest bowler to take a five-wicket haul on debut in Tests, at the age of 17 years and 356 days. Shakib Al Hasan became the first bowler for Bangladesh to take 200 wickets in Tests. Shakib Al Hasan also became the fastest cricketer, in terms of matches, to score 3,000 runs and take 200 wickets in Tests (54). This was Bangladesh's first home win against the West Indies in Tests. 2nd Test 30 November–4 December 2018 Scorecard Bangladesh  v  West Indies 508 (154 overs)Mahmudullah 136 (242)Kraigg Brathwaite 2/57 (15 overs) 111 (36.4 overs)Shimron Hetmyer 39 (53)Mehedi Hasan 7/58 (16 overs) 213 (59.2 overs) (f/o)Shimron Hetmyer 93 (92)Mehedi Hasan 5/59 (20 overs) Bangladesh won by an innings and 184 runsSher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka Umpires: Aleem Dar (Pak) and Ruchira Palliyaguruge (SL) Player of the match: Mehedi Hasan (Ban) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat. Shadman Islam (Ban) made his Test debut. Kemar Roach (WI) played in his 50th Test. Mushfiqur Rahim became the second batsman for Bangladesh to score 4,000 runs in Tests. Bangladesh enforced the follow-on for the first time in Tests. Mehedi Hasan took the best match figures by a Bangladesh bowler in Tests (12/117). This was Bangladesh's biggest winning margin by runs, and their first win by an innings in Tests. ODI series 1st ODI 9 December 2018 13:00 (D/N) Scorecard West Indies 195/9 (50 overs) v  Bangladesh196/5 (35.1 overs) Shai Hope 43 (59) Mashrafe Mortaza 3/30 (10 overs) Mushfiqur Rahim 55* (70) Roston Chase 2/47 (9 overs) Bangladesh won by 5 wickets Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka Umpires: Ruchira Palliyaguruge (SL) and Sharfuddoula (Ban) Player of the match: Mashrafe Mortaza (Ban) West Indies won the toss and elected to bat. Rovman Powell captained the West Indies for the first time in ODIs. Mashrafe Mortaza (Ban) played his 200th ODI, which includes two matches for the Asia XI team. 2nd ODI 11 December 2018 13:00 (D/N) Scorecard Bangladesh 255/7 (50 overs) v  West Indies256/6 (49.4 overs) Shakib Al Hasan 65 (62) Oshane Thomas 3/54 (10 overs) Shai Hope 146* (144) Rubel Hossain 2/57 (9 overs) West Indies won by 4 wickets Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka Umpires: Aleem Dar (Pak) and Masudur Rahman (Ban) Player of the match: Shai Hope (WI) West Indies won the toss and elected to field. 3rd ODI 14 December 2018 12:00 (D/N) Scorecard West Indies 198/9 (50 overs) v  Bangladesh202/2 (38.3 overs) Shai Hope 108* (131) Mehedi Hasan 4/29 (10 overs) Tamim Iqbal 81* (104) Keemo Paul 2/38 (7 overs) Bangladesh won by 8 wickets Sylhet International Cricket Stadium, Sylhet Umpires: Ruchira Palliyaguruge (SL) and Masudur Rahman (Ban) Player of the match: Mehedi Hasan (Ban) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field. This was the first ODI to be played at this venue. Mashrafe Mortaza became the first cricketer to play 200 ODIs for Bangladesh. Mashrafe Mortaza set the record of captaining Bangladesh in most number of ODIs (70). T20I series 1st T20I 17 December 2018 12:30 Scorecard Bangladesh 129 (19 overs) v  West Indies130/2 (10.5 overs) Shakib Al Hasan 61 (43) Sheldon Cottrell 4/28 (4 overs) Shai Hope 55 (23) Mohammad Saifuddin 1/13 (1 over) West Indies won by 8 wickets Sylhet International Cricket Stadium, Sylhet Umpires: Tanvir Ahmed (Ban) and Sharfuddoula (Ban) Player of the match: Sheldon Cottrell (WI) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat. 2nd T20I 20 December 2018 17:00 (D/N) Scorecard Bangladesh 211/4 (20 overs) v  West Indies175 (19.2 overs) Litton Das 60 (34) Sheldon Cottrell 2/38 (4 overs) Rovman Powell 50 (34) Shakib Al Hasan 5/20 (4 overs) Bangladesh won by 36 runs Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka Umpires: Tanvir Ahmed (Ban) and Gazi Sohel (Ban) Player of the match: Shakib Al Hasan (Ban) West Indies won the toss and elected to field. Shakib Al Hasan (Ban) took his first five-wicket haul in T20Is. 3rd T20I 22 December 2018 17:00 (D/N) Scorecard West Indies 190 (19.2 overs) v  Bangladesh140 (17 overs) Evin Lewis 89 (36) Mahmudullah 3/18 (3.2 overs) Litton Das 43 (25) Keemo Paul 5/15 (4 overs) West Indies won by 50 runs Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka Umpires: Tanvir Ahmed (Ban) and Masudur Rahman (Ban) Player of the match: Evin Lewis (WI) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field. Sherfane Rutherford (WI) made his T20I debut. Keemo Paul (WI) took his first five-wicket haul in T20Is. Notes ^ a b While five days of play were scheduled for each Test, each Test reached a result in three days. References ^ "Future Tours Programme" (PDF). International Cricket Council. Retrieved 11 December 2017. ^ "West Indies to make first full tour of Bangladesh in six years". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 July 2018. ^ "Media Release : ITINERARY: West Indies in Bangladesh 2018". Bangladesh Cricket Board. Retrieved 25 July 2018. ^ "Fixtures announced for Windies' tour of Bangladesh". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 26 July 2018. ^ "Sylhet set to become Bangladesh's eighth Test venue". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 28 July 2018. ^ "All to play for as Bangladesh, Windies aim for the series". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 14 December 2018. ^ "Injured Holder out of Bangladesh tour". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 14 November 2018. ^ a b "Jason Holder ruled out of Bangladesh tour with shoulder injury". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 14 November 2018. ^ "Darren Bravo returns for ODI series against Bangladesh". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 4 December 2018. ^ a b "Taijul Islam spins Bangladesh to first home win against Windies". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 24 November 2018. ^ "3rd Test: Mehidy Hasan's record 12 spin Bangladesh to biggest win over West Indies". Cricket Country. Retrieved 2 December 2018. ^ "Mehidy Hasan picks up 12 as Bangladesh sweep series". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 2 December 2018. ^ "Stats - 12 for Mehidy, 40 for Bangladesh's spinners". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 2 December 2018. ^ "Tamim, Soumya half-centuries help Bangladesh to series win". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 14 December 2018. ^ "Bangladesh hand T20I series to Windies". bdcrictime. Retrieved 22 December 2018. ^ "Shakib returns from finger injury for first Test against West Indies". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 17 November 2018. ^ "Tamim, Shakib back in squad for WI ODIs". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 2 December 2018. ^ "Rovman Powell to lead West Indies in ODIs in Bangladesh". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 December 2018. ^ "Mithun, Saifuddin picked for West Indies T20Is". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 14 December 2018. ^ "Evin Lewis returns to West Indies' T20I squad". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 14 December 2018. ^ "Media Release : UCB WEST INDIES TEAM'S TOUR OF BANGLADESH 2018: Shadman Islam included in Bangladesh squad for first Test". Bangladesh Cricket Board. Retrieved 19 November 2018. ^ "Injured Imrul Kayes out of second WI Test". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 November 2018. ^ "Liton included as Mushy's backup". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). Retrieved 30 November 2018. ^ "West Indies all out for 246". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). Retrieved 23 November 2018. ^ "1st Test: Bangladesh take 133-run lead vs West Indies as 17 wickets tumble on Day 2". India Today. Retrieved 23 November 2018. ^ "Shakib becomes the quickest to 3000 runs-200 wickets double". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 24 November 2018. ^ "Shakib becomes fastest to 200-wicket, 3,000-run double". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). Retrieved 24 November 2018. ^ "Roach dents Bangladesh's session with late wicket". CricBuzz. Retrieved 30 November 2018. ^ "Mushfiqur becomes second Bangladesh man to 4000 Test runs". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 30 November 2018. ^ "Bangladesh rout Windies for 111, enforce follow-on". SuperSport. Retrieved 2 December 2018. ^ "Mehidy Hasan tears through West Indies as Bangladesh wrap up Test series in style". The National. Retrieved 2 December 2018. ^ "Mehidy 12-for scripts record Bangladesh win". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 2 December 2018. ^ "Tamim's return gives Bangladesh happy headache". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ "Mashrafe Mortaza wants fast start in ODIs against West Indies". The Indian Express. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ "Bangladesh eye series in Sylhet debut". New Age Bangladesh. Retrieved 14 December 2018. ^ a b "Tigers inspired before series decider". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 14 December 2018. ^ "Twitter Reactions: Shakib Al Hasan inspires Bangladesh to a resounding triumph in Dhaka". CricTracker. Retrieved 20 December 2018. ^ "Lewis 89, Paul five-for help West Indies clinch T20I series". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 22 December 2018. External links Series home at ESPN Cricinfo vteInternational cricket tours of BangladeshTest and LOI toursAfghanistan 2016–17 2019–20 2021–22 2023 Australia 2005–06 2011 2017 2020 2021 England 2003–04 2009–10 2016–17 2022–23 India 2000–01 2004–05 2007 2009–10 2014 2015 2022–23 Ireland 2007–08 2022–23 Kenya 2005–06 New Zealand 2004–05 2008–09 2010–11 2013–14 2020 2021–22 2023–24 Pakistan 1998–99 2001–02 2011–12 2014–15 2021–22 Scotland 2006–07 South Africa 2003 2007–08 2015 2024–25 Sri Lanka 2005–06 2008–09 2013–14 2017–18 2021 2022 2023–24 West Indies 1999–2000 2002–03 2011–12 2012–13 2018–19 2020–21 2025 Zimbabwe 2001–02 2004–05 2006–07 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2014–15 2015–16 2018–19 2019–20 2024 2024–25 Tournaments hostedWorld Cup 2011 2031 World Twenty20 2014 Asia Cup 1988 1998–99 2000 2012 2014 2016 Multiple teams 1983–84 1992 1994 1997 1998–99 1998–99 2003 2008 2009–10 2017–18 2019–20 2020 Other toursBahraini 2009–10 Danish 1989–90 English 1976–77 1978–79 1980–81 1994–95 1999–2000 1999–2000 2006–07 2011–12 Hong Kong 1983–84 1994–95 Indian 1985–86 Kenyan 1994–95 Multi-national 1999–2000 Pakistani 1979–80 1993–94 South African 2010 Sri Lankan 1977–78 1984–85 2005–06 United Arab Emirates 2005–06 West Indian 1998–99 2010 2023 Zimbabwean 1993–94 2003–04 2006–07 2014–15 vteInternational cricket in 2018–19Preceding season: International cricket in 2018September 2018 Asia Cup Qualifier India women in Sri Lanka Asia Cup South Africa women in West Indies New Zealand women in Australia Zimbabwe in South Africa October 2018 Pakistan women in Bangladesh West Indies in India Australia against Pakistan in UAE England in Sri Lanka Australia women against Pakistan in Malaysia Zimbabwe in Bangladesh Australia against the UAE New Zealand against Pakistan in UAE November 2018 China women in South Korea World Cricket League Division Three Women's World Twenty20 Final South Africa in Australia India in Australia West Indies in Bangladesh December 2018 Sri Lanka in New Zealand Pakistan in South Africa January 2019 Zimbabwe women in Namibia Thailand Women's T20 Smash ACC Western Region T20 India in New Zealand England in the West Indies India women in New Zealand Sri Lanka in Australia Nepal in the UAE Rwanda women in Nigeria West Indies women against Pakistan in UAE February 2019 Sri Lanka women in South Africa Oman Quadrangular Series Bangladesh in New Zealand Sri Lanka in South Africa Women's Qualifier Asia England women in India Ireland against Afghanistan in India Australia in India New Zealand women in Australia March 2019 United States in UAE England women in Sri Lanka World Twenty20 East Asia-Pacific Qualifier Australia against Pakistan in UAE Spain Triangular T20I Botswana women in Namibia April 2019 2019 Victoria Tri-Series UAE in Zimbabwe Myanmar women in Singapore and Indonesia World Cricket League Division Two Central American Championship Ongoing Women's Championship Associate T20I cricket Following season: International cricket in 2019 This article on an international cricket tour of Bangladesh is a stub. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Indies cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"One Day Internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"Twenty20 International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20_International"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fixtures-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CI-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCB-3"},{"link_name":"since December 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_cricket_team_in_Bangladesh_in_2012%E2%80%9313"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICC-4"},{"link_name":"Sylhet International Cricket Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_International_Cricket_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sylhet-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SylhetODIDebut-6"},{"link_name":"Jason Holder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Holder"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kraigg Brathwaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraigg_Brathwaite"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WITest-8"},{"link_name":"Rovman Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovman_Powell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Home-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ban184-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"spinners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_bowling"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The West Indies cricket team toured Bangladesh in November and December 2018 to play two Tests, three One Day Internationals (ODIs) and three Twenty20 International (T20I) matches.[1][2][3] It was the West Indies first full tour of Bangladesh since December 2012.[4] The fixtures were confirmed in July 2018, with the Sylhet International Cricket Stadium scheduled to host its first ODI match.[5] During the third ODI, it hosted its first ODI match.[6]Ahead of the series, the West Indies' captain Jason Holder was ruled out of the tour with a shoulder injury.[7] Kraigg Brathwaite replaced Holder as the captain of the Test side,[8] and Rovman Powell captained the ODI side.[9]Bangladesh won the first Test by 64 runs to record their first home victory against the West Indies.[10] Bangladesh won the second Test by an innings and 184 runs, their biggest winning margin in Tests, to take the series 2–0.[11] It was Bangladesh's first series win against the West Indies.[12] Bangladesh's spinners took all 40 wickets, becoming the first team to take all 40 wickets in a two-match Test series by spin.[13] Bangladesh won the ODI series 2–1.[14] The West Indies won the T20I series 2–1.[15]","title":"West Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2018–19"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shadman Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadman_Islam"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Imrul Kayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imrul_Kayes"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Litton Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litton_Das"},{"link_name":"Mushfiqur Rahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushfiqur_Rahim"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Two days after Bangladesh's Test squad was named, Shadman Islam was added to the team.[21] Imrul Kayes was ruled out of Bangladesh's squad for the second Test with a shoulder injury.[22] Litton Das was called up to Bangladesh's squad for the second Test as cover for Mushfiqur Rahim.[23]","title":"Squads"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tour matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153310.html"},{"link_name":"West Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Cricket Board XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_and_forfeiture#Declaration"},{"link_name":"Shai Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shai_Hope"},{"link_name":"Nayeem Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayeem_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Soumya Sarkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soumya_Sarkar"},{"link_name":"Shannon Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"M. A. Aziz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._A._Aziz_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Masudur Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masudur_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Gazi Sohel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazi_Sohel"}],"sub_title":"Two-day match: BCB XI vs West Indians","text":"18–19 November 2018 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nWest Indians \n\nv\n\n Bangladesh Cricket Board XI\n\n\n303/7d (86.3 overs)Shai Hope 88 (112)Nayeem Hasan 2/104 (26 overs)\n\n\n\n232/5 (75 overs)Soumya Sarkar 78 (103)Shannon Gabriel 2/24 (8 overs)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMatch drawnM. A. Aziz Stadium, Chittagong Umpires: Masudur Rahman (Ban) and Gazi Sohel (Ban) \n\n\nWest Indies won the toss and elected to bat.","title":"Tour matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153313.html"},{"link_name":"West Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Cricket Board XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Shai Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shai_Hope"},{"link_name":"Rubel Hossain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubel_Hossain"},{"link_name":"Tamim Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamim_Iqbal"},{"link_name":"Roston Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roston_Chase"},{"link_name":"D/L method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duckworth%E2%80%93Lewis_method"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan No 3 Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Krira_Shikkha_Protisthan_cricket_grounds"},{"link_name":"Savar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savar"},{"link_name":"Masudur Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masudur_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Sharfuddoula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharfuddoula"}],"sub_title":"50 over match: BCB XI vs West Indians","text":"6 December 2018 09:00 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nWest Indians 331/8 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Bangladesh Cricket Board XI314/6 (41 overs)\n\n\nShai Hope 81 (84) Rubel Hossain 2/55 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nTamim Iqbal 107 (73) Roston Chase 2/57 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nBCB XI won by 51 runs (D/L method) Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan No 3 Ground, Savar Umpires: Masudur Rahman (Ban) and Sharfuddoula (Ban) \n\n\nWest Indies won the toss and elected to bat.","title":"Tour matches"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Test series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Days-24"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153311.html"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Mominul Haque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mominul_Haque"},{"link_name":"Jomel Warrican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomel_Warrican"},{"link_name":"Shimron Hetmyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimron_Hetmyer"},{"link_name":"Nayeem Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayeem_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Mahmudullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmudullah"},{"link_name":"Devendra Bishoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devendra_Bishoo"},{"link_name":"Sunil Ambris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Ambris"},{"link_name":"Taijul Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taijul_Islam"},{"link_name":"Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohur_Ahmed_Chowdhury_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Aleem Dar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleem_Dar"},{"link_name":"Richard Illingworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Illingworth"},{"link_name":"Mominul Haque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mominul_Haque"},{"link_name":"Nayeem Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayeem_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Nayeem Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayeem_Hasan"},{"link_name":"take a five-wicket haul on debut in Tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh_cricketers_who_have_taken_five-wicket_hauls_on_Test_debut"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Shakib Al Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakib_Al_Hasan"},{"link_name":"take 200 wickets in Tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh_Test_cricket_records#Most_ducks"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAH200-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Home-10"}],"sub_title":"1st Test","text":"22–26 November 2018[n 1] Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nBangladesh \n\nv\n\n West Indies\n\n\n324 (92.4 overs)Mominul Haque 120 (167)Jomel Warrican 4/62 (21.4 overs)\n\n\n\n246 (64 overs)Shimron Hetmyer 63 (47)Nayeem Hasan 5/61 (14 overs)\n\n\n125 (35.5 overs)Mahmudullah 31 (46)Devendra Bishoo 4/26 (9 overs)\n\n\n\n139 (35.2 overs)Sunil Ambris 43 (62)Taijul Islam 6/33 (11.2 overs)\n\n\n\nBangladesh won by 64 runsZohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong Umpires: Aleem Dar (Pak) and Richard Illingworth (Eng) Player of the match: Mominul Haque (Ban)\n\n\nBangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.\nNayeem Hasan (Ban) made his Test debut.\nNayeem Hasan became the eighth bowler for Bangladesh to take a five-wicket haul on debut in Tests.[24]\nNayeem Hasan was also the youngest bowler to take a five-wicket haul on debut in Tests, at the age of 17 years and 356 days.[25]\nShakib Al Hasan became the first bowler for Bangladesh to take 200 wickets in Tests.[26]\nShakib Al Hasan also became the fastest cricketer, in terms of matches, to score 3,000 runs and take 200 wickets in Tests (54).[27]\nThis was Bangladesh's first home win against the West Indies in Tests.[10]","title":"Test series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Days-24"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153312.html"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Mahmudullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmudullah"},{"link_name":"Kraigg Brathwaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraigg_Brathwaite"},{"link_name":"Shimron Hetmyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimron_Hetmyer"},{"link_name":"Mehedi Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehedi_Hasan"},{"link_name":"f/o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follow-on"},{"link_name":"Shimron Hetmyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimron_Hetmyer"},{"link_name":"Mehedi Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehedi_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla_National_Cricket_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Aleem Dar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleem_Dar"},{"link_name":"Ruchira Palliyaguruge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruchira_Palliyaguruge"},{"link_name":"Mehedi Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehedi_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Shadman Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadman_Islam"},{"link_name":"Kemar Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemar_Roach"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Mushfiqur Rahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushfiqur_Rahim"},{"link_name":"score 4,000 runs in Tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh_Test_cricket_records#Most_career_runs"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"follow-on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follow-on"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Mehedi Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehedi_Hasan"},{"link_name":"best match figures by a Bangladesh bowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh_Test_cricket_records#Best_figures_in_a_match"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"biggest winning margin by runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh_Test_cricket_records#Largest_victory_(by_runs)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"2nd Test","text":"30 November–4 December 2018[n 1] Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nBangladesh \n\nv\n\n West Indies\n\n\n508 (154 overs)Mahmudullah 136 (242)Kraigg Brathwaite 2/57 (15 overs)\n\n\n\n111 (36.4 overs)Shimron Hetmyer 39 (53)Mehedi Hasan 7/58 (16 overs)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n213 (59.2 overs) (f/o)Shimron Hetmyer 93 (92)Mehedi Hasan 5/59 (20 overs)\n\n\n\nBangladesh won by an innings and 184 runsSher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka Umpires: Aleem Dar (Pak) and Ruchira Palliyaguruge (SL) Player of the match: Mehedi Hasan (Ban)\n\n\nBangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.\nShadman Islam (Ban) made his Test debut.\nKemar Roach (WI) played in his 50th Test.[28]\nMushfiqur Rahim became the second batsman for Bangladesh to score 4,000 runs in Tests.[29]\nBangladesh enforced the follow-on for the first time in Tests.[30]\nMehedi Hasan took the best match figures by a Bangladesh bowler in Tests (12/117).[31]\nThis was Bangladesh's biggest winning margin by runs, and their first win by an innings in Tests.[32]","title":"Test series"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"ODI series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D/N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day/night_cricket"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153314.html"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Shai Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shai_Hope"},{"link_name":"Mashrafe Mortaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashrafe_Mortaza"},{"link_name":"Mushfiqur Rahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushfiqur_Rahim"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Roston Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roston_Chase"},{"link_name":"Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla_National_Cricket_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Ruchira Palliyaguruge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruchira_Palliyaguruge"},{"link_name":"Sharfuddoula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharfuddoula"},{"link_name":"Mashrafe Mortaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashrafe_Mortaza"},{"link_name":"Rovman Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovman_Powell"},{"link_name":"first time in ODIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_West_Indies_cricket_captains#Men's_ODI_captains"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mashrafe Mortaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashrafe_Mortaza"},{"link_name":"200th ODI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cricketers_who_have_played_200_ODIs"},{"link_name":"Asia XI team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_XI_ODI_cricketers"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"1st ODI","text":"9 December 2018 13:00 (D/N) Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nWest Indies 195/9 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Bangladesh196/5 (35.1 overs)\n\n\nShai Hope 43 (59) Mashrafe Mortaza 3/30 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nMushfiqur Rahim 55* (70) Roston Chase 2/47 (9 overs)\n\n\n\nBangladesh won by 5 wickets Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka Umpires: Ruchira Palliyaguruge (SL) and Sharfuddoula (Ban) Player of the match: Mashrafe Mortaza (Ban)\n\n\nWest Indies won the toss and elected to bat.\nRovman Powell captained the West Indies for the first time in ODIs.[33]\nMashrafe Mortaza (Ban) played his 200th ODI, which includes two matches for the Asia XI team.[34]","title":"ODI series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D/N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day/night_cricket"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153315.html"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Shakib Al Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakib_Al_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Oshane Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshane_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Shai Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shai_Hope"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Rubel Hossain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubel_Hossain"},{"link_name":"Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla_National_Cricket_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Aleem Dar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleem_Dar"},{"link_name":"Masudur Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masudur_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Shai Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shai_Hope"}],"sub_title":"2nd ODI","text":"11 December 2018 13:00 (D/N) Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nBangladesh 255/7 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n West Indies256/6 (49.4 overs)\n\n\nShakib Al Hasan 65 (62) Oshane Thomas 3/54 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nShai Hope 146* (144) Rubel Hossain 2/57 (9 overs)\n\n\n\nWest Indies won by 4 wickets Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka Umpires: Aleem Dar (Pak) and Masudur Rahman (Ban) Player of the match: Shai Hope (WI)\n\n\nWest Indies won the toss and elected to field.","title":"ODI series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D/N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day/night_cricket"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153316.html"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Shai Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shai_Hope"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Mehedi Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehedi_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Tamim Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamim_Iqbal"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Keemo Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemo_Paul"},{"link_name":"Sylhet International Cricket Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_International_Cricket_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Sylhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet"},{"link_name":"Ruchira Palliyaguruge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruchira_Palliyaguruge"},{"link_name":"Masudur Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masudur_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Mehedi Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehedi_Hasan"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Mashrafe Mortaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashrafe_Mortaza"},{"link_name":"200 ODIs for Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh_One_Day_International_cricket_records#Most_Career_Appearances"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mortaza-37"},{"link_name":"captaining Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh_One_Day_International_cricket_records#Most_Appearances_as_Captain"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mortaza-37"}],"sub_title":"3rd ODI","text":"14 December 2018 12:00 (D/N) Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nWest Indies 198/9 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Bangladesh202/2 (38.3 overs)\n\n\nShai Hope 108* (131) Mehedi Hasan 4/29 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nTamim Iqbal 81* (104) Keemo Paul 2/38 (7 overs)\n\n\n\nBangladesh won by 8 wickets Sylhet International Cricket Stadium, Sylhet Umpires: Ruchira Palliyaguruge (SL) and Masudur Rahman (Ban) Player of the match: Mehedi Hasan (Ban)\n\n\nBangladesh won the toss and elected to field.\nThis was the first ODI to be played at this venue.[35]\nMashrafe Mortaza became the first cricketer to play 200 ODIs for Bangladesh.[36]\nMashrafe Mortaza set the record of captaining Bangladesh in most number of ODIs (70).[36]","title":"ODI series"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"T20I series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153317.html"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Shakib Al Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakib_Al_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Cottrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Cottrell"},{"link_name":"Shai Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shai_Hope"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Saifuddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Saifuddin"},{"link_name":"Sylhet International Cricket Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_International_Cricket_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Sylhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet"},{"link_name":"Tanvir Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanvir_Ahmed_(umpire)"},{"link_name":"Sharfuddoula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharfuddoula"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Cottrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Cottrell"}],"sub_title":"1st T20I","text":"17 December 2018 12:30 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nBangladesh 129 (19 overs)\n\nv\n\n West Indies130/2 (10.5 overs)\n\n\nShakib Al Hasan 61 (43) Sheldon Cottrell 4/28 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nShai Hope 55 (23) Mohammad Saifuddin 1/13 (1 over)\n\n\n\nWest Indies won by 8 wickets Sylhet International Cricket Stadium, Sylhet Umpires: Tanvir Ahmed (Ban) and Sharfuddoula (Ban) Player of the match: Sheldon Cottrell (WI)\n\n\nBangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.","title":"T20I series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D/N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day/night_cricket"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153318.html"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Litton Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litton_Das"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Cottrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Cottrell"},{"link_name":"Rovman Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovman_Powell"},{"link_name":"Shakib Al Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakib_Al_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla_National_Cricket_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Tanvir Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanvir_Ahmed_(umpire)"},{"link_name":"Gazi Sohel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazi_Sohel"},{"link_name":"Shakib Al Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakib_Al_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Shakib Al Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakib_Al_Hasan"},{"link_name":"five-wicket haul in T20Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_five-wicket_hauls_in_Twenty20_International_cricket"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"2nd T20I","text":"20 December 2018 17:00 (D/N) Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nBangladesh 211/4 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\n West Indies175 (19.2 overs)\n\n\nLitton Das 60 (34) Sheldon Cottrell 2/38 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nRovman Powell 50 (34) Shakib Al Hasan 5/20 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nBangladesh won by 36 runs Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka Umpires: Tanvir Ahmed (Ban) and Gazi Sohel (Ban) Player of the match: Shakib Al Hasan (Ban)\n\n\nWest Indies won the toss and elected to field.\nShakib Al Hasan (Ban) took his first five-wicket haul in T20Is.[37]","title":"T20I series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D/N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day/night_cricket"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153319.html"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Evin Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evin_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Mahmudullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmudullah"},{"link_name":"Litton Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litton_Das"},{"link_name":"Keemo Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemo_Paul"},{"link_name":"Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla_National_Cricket_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Tanvir Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanvir_Ahmed_(umpire)"},{"link_name":"Masudur Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masudur_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Evin Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evin_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Sherfane Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherfane_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"Keemo Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemo_Paul"},{"link_name":"five-wicket haul in T20Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_five-wicket_hauls_in_Twenty20_International_cricket"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"3rd T20I","text":"22 December 2018 17:00 (D/N) Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nWest Indies 190 (19.2 overs)\n\nv\n\n Bangladesh140 (17 overs)\n\n\nEvin Lewis 89 (36) Mahmudullah 3/18 (3.2 overs)\n\n\n\nLitton Das 43 (25) Keemo Paul 5/15 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nWest Indies won by 50 runs Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka Umpires: Tanvir Ahmed (Ban) and Masudur Rahman (Ban) Player of the match: Evin Lewis (WI)\n\n\nBangladesh won the toss and elected to field.\nSherfane Rutherford (WI) made his T20I debut.\nKeemo Paul (WI) took his first five-wicket haul in T20Is.[38]","title":"T20I series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Days_24-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Days_24-1"}],"text":"^ a b While five days of play were scheduled for each Test, each Test reached a result in three days.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Future Tours Programme\" (PDF). International Cricket Council. Retrieved 11 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://icc-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/media/about_docs/547c2a4d42a86-Copy%20of%20Copy%20of%20FTP%202015%20to%202019%20as%20at%20Nov%202014.pdf","url_text":"\"Future Tours Programme\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Indies to make first full tour of Bangladesh in six years\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24190939/west-indies-make-first-full-tour-bangladesh-six-years","url_text":"\"West Indies to make first full tour of Bangladesh in six years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Media Release : ITINERARY: West Indies in Bangladesh 2018\". Bangladesh Cricket Board. Retrieved 25 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tigercricket.com.bd/2018/07/25/media-release-itinerary-west-indies-in-bangladesh-2018/","url_text":"\"Media Release : ITINERARY: West Indies in Bangladesh 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fixtures announced for Windies' tour of Bangladesh\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 26 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/788906","url_text":"\"Fixtures announced for Windies' tour of Bangladesh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sylhet set to become Bangladesh's eighth Test venue\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 28 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24217707/sylhet-set-become-bangladesh-eighth-test-venue","url_text":"\"Sylhet set to become Bangladesh's eighth Test venue\""}]},{"reference":"\"All to play for as Bangladesh, Windies aim for the series\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 14 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/941604","url_text":"\"All to play for as Bangladesh, Windies aim for the series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Injured Holder out of Bangladesh tour\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 14 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25271323/injured-jason-holder-bangladesh-tour","url_text":"\"Injured Holder out of Bangladesh tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jason Holder ruled out of Bangladesh tour with shoulder injury\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 14 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/911921","url_text":"\"Jason Holder ruled out of Bangladesh tour with shoulder injury\""}]},{"reference":"\"Darren Bravo returns for ODI series against Bangladesh\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 4 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/931067","url_text":"\"Darren Bravo returns for ODI series against Bangladesh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taijul Islam spins Bangladesh to first home win against Windies\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 24 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/918064","url_text":"\"Taijul Islam spins Bangladesh to first home win against Windies\""}]},{"reference":"\"3rd Test: Mehidy Hasan's record 12 spin Bangladesh to biggest win over West Indies\". Cricket Country. Retrieved 2 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-3rd-test-mehidy-hasans-record-12-spin-bangladesh-to-biggest-win-over-west-indies-772498","url_text":"\"3rd Test: Mehidy Hasan's record 12 spin Bangladesh to biggest win over West Indies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mehidy Hasan picks up 12 as Bangladesh sweep series\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 2 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/927898","url_text":"\"Mehidy Hasan picks up 12 as Bangladesh sweep series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stats - 12 for Mehidy, 40 for Bangladesh's spinners\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 2 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25430281/stats-12-mehidy-40-bangladesh-spinners","url_text":"\"Stats - 12 for Mehidy, 40 for Bangladesh's spinners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tamim, Soumya half-centuries help Bangladesh to series win\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 14 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/942455","url_text":"\"Tamim, Soumya half-centuries help Bangladesh to series win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bangladesh hand T20I series to Windies\". bdcrictime. Retrieved 22 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdcrictime.com/bangladesh-hand-t20i-series-to-windies/","url_text":"\"Bangladesh hand T20I series to Windies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shakib returns from finger injury for first Test against West Indies\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25299526/shakib-al-hasan-returns-finger-injury-first-test-west-indies","url_text":"\"Shakib returns from finger injury for first Test against West Indies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tamim, Shakib back in squad for WI ODIs\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 2 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1167599.html","url_text":"\"Tamim, Shakib back in squad for WI ODIs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rovman Powell to lead West Indies in ODIs in Bangladesh\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25451810/rovman-powell-lead-west-indies-odis-bangladesh","url_text":"\"Rovman Powell to lead West Indies in ODIs in Bangladesh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mithun, Saifuddin picked for West Indies T20Is\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 14 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25530924/mithun-saifuddin-picked-west-indies-t20is","url_text":"\"Mithun, Saifuddin picked for West Indies T20Is\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evin Lewis returns to West Indies' T20I squad\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 14 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25531097/evin-lewis-returns-west-indies-t20i-squad","url_text":"\"Evin Lewis returns to West Indies' T20I squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Media Release : UCB WEST INDIES TEAM'S TOUR OF BANGLADESH 2018: Shadman Islam included in Bangladesh squad for first Test\". Bangladesh Cricket Board. Retrieved 19 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tigercricket.com.bd/2018/11/19/media-release-ucb-west-indies-teams-tour-of-bangladesh-2018-shadman-islam-included-in-bangladesh-squad-for-first-test/","url_text":"\"Media Release : UCB WEST INDIES TEAM'S TOUR OF BANGLADESH 2018: Shadman Islam included in Bangladesh squad for first Test\""}]},{"reference":"\"Injured Imrul Kayes out of second WI Test\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25389500/injured-imrul-kayes-second-wi-test","url_text":"\"Injured Imrul Kayes out of second WI Test\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liton included as Mushy's backup\". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). Retrieved 30 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/bangladesh-cricket/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-2nd-test-liton-das-included-mushfiqur-rahim-backup-1666816","url_text":"\"Liton included as Mushy's backup\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Indies all out for 246\". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). Retrieved 23 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/bangladesh-cricket/news/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-first-test-day-2-updates-1664188","url_text":"\"West Indies all out for 246\""}]},{"reference":"\"1st Test: Bangladesh take 133-run lead vs West Indies as 17 wickets tumble on Day 2\". India Today. Retrieved 23 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/1st-test-bangladesh-take-133-run-lead-vs-west-indies-as-17-wickets-tumble-on-day-2-1394873-2018-11-23","url_text":"\"1st Test: Bangladesh take 133-run lead vs West Indies as 17 wickets tumble on Day 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shakib becomes the quickest to 3000 runs-200 wickets double\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 24 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25359369/shakib-al-hasan-becomes-quickest-3000-runs-200-wickets-double","url_text":"\"Shakib becomes the quickest to 3000 runs-200 wickets double\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shakib becomes fastest to 200-wicket, 3,000-run double\". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). Retrieved 24 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/bangladesh-cricket/news/shakib-becomes-fastest-200-wicket-3000-run-double-1664536","url_text":"\"Shakib becomes fastest to 200-wicket, 3,000-run double\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roach dents Bangladesh's session with late wicket\". CricBuzz. Retrieved 30 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/105402/kemar-roach-dents-bangladeshs-session-with-late-wicket-windies-dhaka","url_text":"\"Roach dents Bangladesh's session with late wicket\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mushfiqur becomes second Bangladesh man to 4000 Test runs\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 30 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25415074/mushfiqur-becomes-second-bangladesh-man-4000-test-runs","url_text":"\"Mushfiqur becomes second Bangladesh man to 4000 Test runs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bangladesh rout Windies for 111, enforce follow-on\". SuperSport. Retrieved 2 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supersport.com/cricket/bangladesh-v-windies-201819/news/181202_Bangladesh_rout_Windies_for_111_enforce_followon","url_text":"\"Bangladesh rout Windies for 111, enforce follow-on\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mehidy Hasan tears through West Indies as Bangladesh wrap up Test series in style\". The National. Retrieved 2 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenational.ae/sport/cricket/mehidy-hasan-tears-through-west-indies-as-bangladesh-wrap-up-test-series-in-style-1.798204","url_text":"\"Mehidy Hasan tears through West Indies as Bangladesh wrap up Test series in style\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mehidy 12-for scripts record Bangladesh win\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 2 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18783/report/1153312/day/3/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-2nd-test-wi-in-bangladesh-2018-19","url_text":"\"Mehidy 12-for scripts record Bangladesh win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tamim's return gives Bangladesh happy headache\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1168324.html","url_text":"\"Tamim's return gives Bangladesh happy headache\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mashrafe Mortaza wants fast start in ODIs against West Indies\". The Indian Express. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/mashrafe-mortaza-wants-fast-start-in-odis-against-west-indies-5484708/","url_text":"\"Mashrafe Mortaza wants fast start in ODIs against West Indies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bangladesh eye series in Sylhet debut\". New Age Bangladesh. Retrieved 14 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newagebd.net/article/58852/bangladesh-eye-series-in-sylhet-debut","url_text":"\"Bangladesh eye series in Sylhet debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tigers inspired before series decider\". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 14 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/cricket/2018/12/13/tigers-inspired-before-series-decider","url_text":"\"Tigers inspired before series decider\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twitter Reactions: Shakib Al Hasan inspires Bangladesh to a resounding triumph in Dhaka\". CricTracker. Retrieved 20 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crictracker.com/twitter-reactions-shakib-al-hasan-inspires-bangladesh-to-a-resounding-triumph-in-dhaka/","url_text":"\"Twitter Reactions: Shakib Al Hasan inspires Bangladesh to a resounding triumph in Dhaka\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lewis 89, Paul five-for help West Indies clinch T20I series\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 22 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18783/report/1153319/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-3rd-t20i-wi-bangladesh-2018-19","url_text":"\"Lewis 89, Paul five-for help West Indies clinch T20I series\""}]}]
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Tours Programme\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24190939/west-indies-make-first-full-tour-bangladesh-six-years","external_links_name":"\"West Indies to make first full tour of Bangladesh in six years\""},{"Link":"http://www.tigercricket.com.bd/2018/07/25/media-release-itinerary-west-indies-in-bangladesh-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Media Release : ITINERARY: West Indies in Bangladesh 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/788906","external_links_name":"\"Fixtures announced for Windies' tour of Bangladesh\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24217707/sylhet-set-become-bangladesh-eighth-test-venue","external_links_name":"\"Sylhet set to become Bangladesh's eighth Test venue\""},{"Link":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/941604","external_links_name":"\"All to play for as Bangladesh, Windies aim for the series\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25271323/injured-jason-holder-bangladesh-tour","external_links_name":"\"Injured Holder out of Bangladesh tour\""},{"Link":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/911921","external_links_name":"\"Jason Holder ruled out of Bangladesh tour with shoulder injury\""},{"Link":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/931067","external_links_name":"\"Darren Bravo returns for ODI series against Bangladesh\""},{"Link":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/918064","external_links_name":"\"Taijul Islam spins Bangladesh to first home win against Windies\""},{"Link":"https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-3rd-test-mehidy-hasans-record-12-spin-bangladesh-to-biggest-win-over-west-indies-772498","external_links_name":"\"3rd Test: Mehidy Hasan's record 12 spin Bangladesh to biggest win over West Indies\""},{"Link":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/927898","external_links_name":"\"Mehidy Hasan picks up 12 as Bangladesh sweep series\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25430281/stats-12-mehidy-40-bangladesh-spinners","external_links_name":"\"Stats - 12 for Mehidy, 40 for Bangladesh's spinners\""},{"Link":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/942455","external_links_name":"\"Tamim, Soumya half-centuries help Bangladesh to series win\""},{"Link":"https://www.bdcrictime.com/bangladesh-hand-t20i-series-to-windies/","external_links_name":"\"Bangladesh hand T20I series to Windies\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25299526/shakib-al-hasan-returns-finger-injury-first-test-west-indies","external_links_name":"\"Shakib returns from finger injury for first Test against West Indies\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1167599.html","external_links_name":"\"Tamim, Shakib back in squad for WI ODIs\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25451810/rovman-powell-lead-west-indies-odis-bangladesh","external_links_name":"\"Rovman Powell to lead West Indies in ODIs in Bangladesh\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25530924/mithun-saifuddin-picked-west-indies-t20is","external_links_name":"\"Mithun, Saifuddin picked for West Indies T20Is\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25531097/evin-lewis-returns-west-indies-t20i-squad","external_links_name":"\"Evin Lewis returns to West Indies' T20I squad\""},{"Link":"http://www.tigercricket.com.bd/2018/11/19/media-release-ucb-west-indies-teams-tour-of-bangladesh-2018-shadman-islam-included-in-bangladesh-squad-for-first-test/","external_links_name":"\"Media Release : UCB WEST INDIES TEAM'S TOUR OF BANGLADESH 2018: Shadman Islam included in Bangladesh squad for first Test\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25389500/injured-imrul-kayes-second-wi-test","external_links_name":"\"Injured Imrul Kayes out of second WI Test\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/bangladesh-cricket/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-2nd-test-liton-das-included-mushfiqur-rahim-backup-1666816","external_links_name":"\"Liton included as Mushy's backup\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/bangladesh-cricket/news/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-first-test-day-2-updates-1664188","external_links_name":"\"West Indies all out for 246\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/1st-test-bangladesh-take-133-run-lead-vs-west-indies-as-17-wickets-tumble-on-day-2-1394873-2018-11-23","external_links_name":"\"1st Test: Bangladesh take 133-run lead vs West Indies as 17 wickets tumble on Day 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25359369/shakib-al-hasan-becomes-quickest-3000-runs-200-wickets-double","external_links_name":"\"Shakib becomes the quickest to 3000 runs-200 wickets double\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/bangladesh-cricket/news/shakib-becomes-fastest-200-wicket-3000-run-double-1664536","external_links_name":"\"Shakib becomes fastest to 200-wicket, 3,000-run double\""},{"Link":"https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/105402/kemar-roach-dents-bangladeshs-session-with-late-wicket-windies-dhaka","external_links_name":"\"Roach dents Bangladesh's session with late wicket\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25415074/mushfiqur-becomes-second-bangladesh-man-4000-test-runs","external_links_name":"\"Mushfiqur becomes second Bangladesh man to 4000 Test runs\""},{"Link":"https://www.supersport.com/cricket/bangladesh-v-windies-201819/news/181202_Bangladesh_rout_Windies_for_111_enforce_followon","external_links_name":"\"Bangladesh rout Windies for 111, enforce follow-on\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenational.ae/sport/cricket/mehidy-hasan-tears-through-west-indies-as-bangladesh-wrap-up-test-series-in-style-1.798204","external_links_name":"\"Mehidy Hasan tears through West Indies as Bangladesh wrap up Test series in 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decider\""},{"Link":"https://www.crictracker.com/twitter-reactions-shakib-al-hasan-inspires-bangladesh-to-a-resounding-triumph-in-dhaka/","external_links_name":"\"Twitter Reactions: Shakib Al Hasan inspires Bangladesh to a resounding triumph in Dhaka\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18783/report/1153319/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-3rd-t20i-wi-bangladesh-2018-19","external_links_name":"\"Lewis 89, Paul five-for help West Indies clinch T20I series\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/_/id/18783/wi-in-bangladesh-2018-19","external_links_name":"Series home at ESPN Cricinfo"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Indian_cricket_team_in_Bangladesh_in_2018%E2%80%9319&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_gyrobicupola
Square gyrobicupola
["1 Formulae","2 Related polyhedra and honeycombs","3 References","4 External links"]
29th Johnson solid; 2 square cupolae joined base-to-base Square gyrobicupolaTypeBicupola,JohnsonJ28 – J29 – J30Faces8 triangles2+8 squaresEdges32Vertices16Vertex configuration8(3.4.3.4)8(3.43)Symmetry groupD4dDual polyhedronElongated square trapezohedronPropertiesconvexNet In geometry, the square gyrobicupola is one of the Johnson solids (J29). Like the square orthobicupola (J28), it can be obtained by joining two square cupolae (J4) along their bases. The difference is that in this solid, the two halves are rotated 45 degrees with respect to one another. A Johnson solid is one of 92 strictly convex polyhedra that is composed of regular polygon faces but are not uniform polyhedra (that is, they are not Platonic solids, Archimedean solids, prisms, or antiprisms). They were named by Norman Johnson, who first listed these polyhedra in 1966. The square gyrobicupola is the second in an infinite set of gyrobicupolae. Related to the square gyrobicupola is the elongated square gyrobicupola. This polyhedron is created when an octagonal prism is inserted between the two halves of the square gyrobicupola. Formulae The following formulae for volume and surface area can be used if all faces are regular, with edge length a: V = ( 2 + 4 2 3 ) a 3 ≈ 3.88562... a 3 {\displaystyle V=\left(2+{\frac {4{\sqrt {2}}}{3}}\right)a^{3}\approx 3.88562...a^{3}} A = 2 ( 5 + 3 ) a 2 ≈ 13.4641... a 2 {\displaystyle A=2\left(5+{\sqrt {3}}\right)a^{2}\approx 13.4641...a^{2}} Related polyhedra and honeycombs The square gyrobicupola forms space-filling honeycombs with tetrahedra, cubes and cuboctahedra; and with tetrahedra, square pyramids, and elongated square bipyramids. (The latter unit can be decomposed into elongated square pyramids, cubes, and/or square pyramids). References ^ Johnson, Norman W. (1966), "Convex polyhedra with regular faces", Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 18: 169–200, doi:10.4153/cjm-1966-021-8, MR 0185507, Zbl 0132.14603. ^ Stephen Wolfram, "Triangular gyrobicupola" from Wolfram Alpha. Retrieved July 23, 2010. ^ "J29 honeycomb". External links Weisstein, Eric W., "Square gyrobicupola" ("Johnson solid") at MathWorld. vteJohnson solidsPyramids, cupolae and rotundae square pyramid pentagonal pyramid triangular cupola square cupola pentagonal cupola pentagonal rotunda Modified pyramids elongated triangular pyramid elongated square pyramid elongated pentagonal pyramid gyroelongated square pyramid gyroelongated pentagonal pyramid triangular bipyramid pentagonal bipyramid elongated triangular bipyramid elongated square bipyramid elongated pentagonal bipyramid gyroelongated square bipyramid Modified cupolae and rotundae elongated triangular cupola elongated square cupola elongated pentagonal cupola elongated pentagonal rotunda gyroelongated triangular cupola gyroelongated square cupola gyroelongated pentagonal cupola gyroelongated pentagonal rotunda gyrobifastigium triangular orthobicupola square orthobicupola square gyrobicupola pentagonal orthobicupola pentagonal gyrobicupola pentagonal orthocupolarotunda pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda pentagonal orthobirotunda elongated triangular orthobicupola elongated triangular gyrobicupola elongated square gyrobicupola elongated pentagonal orthobicupola elongated pentagonal gyrobicupola elongated pentagonal orthocupolarotunda elongated pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda elongated pentagonal orthobirotunda elongated pentagonal gyrobirotunda gyroelongated triangular bicupola gyroelongated square bicupola gyroelongated pentagonal bicupola gyroelongated pentagonal cupolarotunda gyroelongated pentagonal birotunda Augmented prisms augmented triangular prism biaugmented triangular prism triaugmented triangular prism augmented pentagonal prism biaugmented pentagonal prism augmented hexagonal prism parabiaugmented hexagonal prism metabiaugmented hexagonal prism triaugmented hexagonal prism Modified Platonic solids augmented dodecahedron parabiaugmented dodecahedron metabiaugmented dodecahedron triaugmented dodecahedron metabidiminished icosahedron tridiminished icosahedron augmented tridiminished icosahedron Modified Archimedean solids augmented truncated tetrahedron augmented truncated cube biaugmented truncated cube augmented truncated dodecahedron parabiaugmented truncated dodecahedron metabiaugmented truncated dodecahedron triaugmented truncated dodecahedron gyrate rhombicosidodecahedron parabigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron metabigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron trigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron diminished rhombicosidodecahedron paragyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron metagyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron bigyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron parabidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron metabidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron gyrate bidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron tridiminished rhombicosidodecahedron Elementary solids snub disphenoid snub square antiprism sphenocorona augmented sphenocorona sphenomegacorona hebesphenomegacorona disphenocingulum bilunabirotunda triangular hebesphenorotunda (See also List of Johnson solids, a sortable table) This polyhedron-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkova_cave
Rajko's Cave
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 44°26′29″N 21°57′11″E / 44.44138°N 21.95317°E / 44.44138; 21.95317This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rajko's Cave" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rajko's CaveSerbian: Рајкова пећинаRajkova pećinaLocationMajdanpek, eastern SerbiaCoordinates44°26′29″N 21°57′11″E / 44.44138°N 21.95317°E / 44.44138; 21.95317 Rajko's Cave (Serbian: Рајкова пећина, Rajkova pećina) is a cave near the copper and gold mines of Majdanpek in eastern Serbia. See also List of caves in Serbia The Longest Caves And Pits In Serbia Rajko's Cave References ^ (1981). . Yugoslav Illustrated Magazine 7: 3. Beograd: Jugoslovenska Revija. Accessed November 2014. This Serbia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Dorensky
Sergei Dorensky
["1 References","2 External links"]
Russian musician (1931–2020) In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Leonidovich and the family name is Dorensky. Sergei Dorensky in 2016 Sergei Leonidovich Dorensky (Russian: Серге́й Леони́дович Доре́нский; 3 December 1931 – 26 February 2020) was a Russian pianist. He was trained under Grigory Ginsburg at the Moscow Conservatory. Dorensky was awarded a gold medal at the 5th World Festival of Youth and Students and the 1957 Rio de Janeiro Competition's 2nd prize, which allowed him to perform throughout Western Europe and America. That same year he was appointed a teacher at the Moscow Conservatory, where he held a professorship from 1978 until 1997. He has taught many notable pianists, which include Nikolai Lugansky, Denis Matsuev, Alexander Shtarkman, Olga Kern, Feodor Amirov, Andrei Pisarev and Ramzi Yassa. He served on the jury of the Paloma O'Shea Santander International Piano Competition in 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984 and 1992. He was named a People's Artist of Russia in 1989, and was decorated with the Order of Friendship eight years later. He was the Russian Fryderyk Chopin and Sergey Rachmaninov Societies' vice-president. References ^ Скончался профессор Сергей Леонидович Доренский ^ Секрет Доренского ^ Paloma O’Shea Santander International Piano Competition “Winners, members of the jury and artistic guests” External links Cincinnati's World Piano Competition Viotti Competition Moscow Conservatory Sergei Dorensky discography at Discogs Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Poland Artists MusicBrainz This article on a Russian classical pianist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigte_Glanzstoff-Fabriken
Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken
["1 Origins","2 Early years (1899–1918)","3 Weimar Republic (1919–33)","4 Nazi era (1933–45)","5 Post-war (1945–1969)","6 Successor companies (from 1969)","7 Notes","8 Sources","9 External links"]
German artificial fiber manufacturer Vereinigte Glanzstoff-FabrikenA "thread counter", folding magnifying glass with the logo of the Vereinigte Glanzstoff-FabrikenCompany typeManufacturerIndustryArtificial finerPredecessorJ. P. Bemberg Founded19 September 1899 (1899-09-19)FoundersMax Fremery and Johann UrbanDefunct1969SuccessorAkzoHeadquartersWuppertal, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, Germany Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken (VGF, United Rayon Factories) was a German manufacturer of artificial fiber founded in 1899 that became one of the leading European producers of rayon. During the first thirty years VGF cooperated closely with the British manufacturer Courtaulds and other companies to share technology and maintain prices by avoiding competition. It merged with the Dutch firm Enka in 1929 under the holding company Algemene Kunstzijde Unie (AKU), but the two retained their legal identities. AKU made significant investments in rayon production in the United States. The company suffered government interference in Nazi Germany (1933–45) and lost competitive strength during World War II, but partly recovered after the war with American assistance. In 1969 AKU merged with the Dutch manufacturer KZO to form AKZO, now part of AkzoNobel. Successor companies formed during various divestitures, mergers and acquisitions continue to be active in various related industries. Origins Johann Urban, co-founder of VGF, in 1928 In 1857 the Swiss chemist Matthias Eduard Schweizer (1818–60) found that cotton could be dissolved in a solution of copper salts and ammonia and then regenerated. In 1890 the French chemist Louis Henri Despeissis invented the cuprammonium process for spinning fibers from cotton dissolved in Schweizer's reagent. Despeissis died in 1892 and his patent was not renewed. Max Fremery (1859–1932), a German chemist, and Johann Urban (1863–1940), an Austrian engineer, were manufacturing lamp filaments in Oberbruch near Aachen in 1891 using cotton and Schweizer's reagent. Fremery and Urban decided to start making artificial silk (Glanzstoff), and patented a version of the Despeissis process with the addition of a practical method for spinning the fiber. They filed the patent under the name of Dr. Hermann Pauly (1870–1950) so as not to alert their competitors. The patent was challenged but was upheld. Fremery and Urban moved their headquarters to Elberfeld, now a suburb of Wuppertal. Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken (VGF) was launched on 19 September 1899 with 2 million marks of capital. The Bergisch-Märkischen bank provided financing. Early years (1899–1918) Share of the Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken AG, issued June 1900 The VGF rayon that began to be sold early in 1900 had relatively coarse yarns of 100–200 denier. Although VGF's product was less versatile than rayon produced by the viscose process the scale of the operation allowed for reduced prices. Fremery and Urban, with the Alsatian textile chemist David Emil Bronnert (1868–1928), took out two more basic patents in 1900. In 1900, the first year of operation, profits were $15,480. The company set up two smaller plants in Alsace, and in 1903 started manufacturing in Givet, France. Profits were $422,000 by 1904 and continued to grow in following years. Between 1901 and 1911 the labor force increased to 6.7 times the initial level, and production increased to 16.3 times the initial level. VGF was profitable throughout the period before World War I. Production rose from 86 tons in 1902 to 820 tons in 1912. In 1906 VGF opened a facility in Sankt Pölten, Austria, and in 1908 opened a plant in Flint, Wales. Donnersmarck plant in Szczecin, Poland, formerly Stettin It was clear by 1909–10 that viscose, with its cheaper raw materials and simpler spinning process, was economically superior to cuprammonium. In July 1911 the chairman of VGF, Hans Jordan, decided to pay 2 million marks for all the German patent rights for the viscose process and for the Donnersmarcks Kunstseide und Acetatwerke near Stettin. He planned to fully convert the Donnersmarcks plant to the viscose process. The company headed by Count Guido Henckel von Donnersmarck (1830–1916) had been the first in Germany to use the viscose process invented by Courtaulds in Britain. VGF quickly expanded viscose production. Around 1911 VGF began to invest in J. P. Bemberg, a cloth dying and finishing company that had been experimenting with a version of the cuprammonium process, and encouraged Bemberg to focus on producing yarns for which that process was suitable. Bemberg was using the "stretch-spinning" process invented by the chemist Edmund Thiele (1867–1927) to make cuprammonium rayon with equally fine filaments to the artificial silk of Hilaire de Chardonnet (1839–1924),and with better physical properties. The VGF product was not competitive. Although Thiele had applied for a patent on his process, a German court ruled on 4 May 1907 that it had been anticipated by the "Pauly" patent. For some time VGF, Courtaulds and the French Comptoir des Textiles Artificiels dominated the rayon market. Courtaulds became concerned about competition from VGF after the purchase of the Donnersmarck viscose plant, and initiated discussions on ways to avoid harmful competition. VGF and Courtaulds headed a European rayon cartel formed in 1911. Under the 1911 agreements the companies gained domestic monopolies, shared the basic patents and agreed to share future advances made by any of the members of the cartel. The companies planned to form a consortium that would to coordinate sales, set prices and production volumes, and share profits in each region, but were unable to agree on a formal contract before the outbreak of World War I (1914–18). During the war VGF focused on producing the staple fiber later called rayon, which was spun together with cotton. The German government, faced with a cotton shortage due to the Allied blockade, ordered 3,000 tons of viscose staple from VGF, which was used for a variety of military textiles including clothing. Consumers saw the rayon fabrics as inferior to cotton and associated it with wartime privations. The Niedermorschweiler plant was destroyed by fire during the war. Germany's defeat in the war cost the company market share both domestically and internationally. J. P. Bemberg AG facilities in Wuppertal Weimar Republic (1919–33) In the inter-war period VGF was the largest rayon producer in continental Europe. However, competition developed from companies in the United States, the Netherlands and Italy. VGF steadily increased its holdings in Bemberg and gained full control in 1920. In 1922 VGF invested in a new Japanese firm in partnership with Shitagau Noguchi (1873–1944) and Asahi Chemicals. The technology was licensed under conditions that prevented competition in VGF's home market, and ensured that VGF would receive the rights to any technical advances made in Japan. VGF built a factory in Obernburg in 1924. Factory gate and former administrative building of Glanzstoff Courtaulds in Niehl, Cologne The European rayon price cartel was formed again after 1925. The arrangement was a form of cartel in which rayon patents and technology were shared between the partners. VGF, Courtaulds and the Comptoir shared technical advances until shortly before World War II (1939–45). VGF initiated lawsuits against IG Farben over rayon technology, but dropped them in 1924–25 when IG Farben agreed to join a price cartel in Germany and to reduce its production of rayon. In 1925 I. G. Farben acquired a stake in VGF and Bemberg. The joint venture with I. G. Farben lasted until the latter closed its Hölken rayon plant in 1929. In 1925 Courtaulds and VGF founded a joint venture named Glanzstoff Courtaulds to build and operate a large viscose manufacturing facility in Cologne. In April 1928 Glanzstoff Courtaulds began artificial silk production in the north of Cologne. In 1927 Courtaulds and VGF combined to buy a controlling interest in the Italian manufacturer SNIA Viscosa. A German director of VGF, Karl Scherer, replaced the company founder Riccardo Gualino (1879–1964) as head of the firm and cut output drastically. In April 1925 Fritz Blüthgen of VGF, suggested a joint venture with Courtaulds in the United States. When Courtaulds declined, VGF entered the US market in competition with Courtaulds. J. P. Bemberg and VGF organized the American Bemberg Corporation in 1925, and began making rayon using the cuprammonium process in October 1926 at a newly built facility near Elizabethton, Tennessee, nine miles from Johnson City, Tennessee. In the fall of 1928 VGF opened a viscose factory nearby. This was operated by the VGF subsidiary North American Rayon. By 1929 Bemberg and VGF had about 5,000 employees in the United States. The city of Elizabethton provided tax concessions and favorable rates for the large amounts of water used in rayon production. There were ongoing labor problems, starting with a strike in March 1929, but the plants operated profitably throughout the Great Depression. American Enka Rayon Plant at Graham, North Carolina (1940) As of 1929 VGF had a workforce of 13,400 in Germany, and was chaired by Fritz Blüthgen. Although thriving, VGF was deeply in debt. That year Oscar Schlitter (1868–1939) of the Deutsche Bank arranged for VGF to combine with Nederlandsche Kunstzijde (Enka). Enka was based in Arnhem, Netherlands. It had been founded in 1911. A new German-Dutch company was created, Algemene Kunstzijde Unie (AKU), through an exchange of shares. Enka, VGF and Bemberg remained distinct legal entities owned by AKU as a holding company. The AKU supervisory board had four members from the Dutch group, four from the German group and one neutral member. Enka remained technogically behind the German facilities, and was relatively under-equipped. The German plants accounted for the bulk of AKU's production, and made 60% of the viscose in Germany in the early 1930s. VGF had five members of the seven-person management committee. Enka competed with Courtaulds with a factory in Britain established before the merger. After the merger AKU continued to operate in Britain despite strong protests from Courtaulds and lengthy negotiations to try to resolve the issue. AKU also had subsidiaries in Italy, Czechoslovakia and Austria. After the 1929 merger AKU opened a viscose plant in Asheville, North Carolina. The plant was operated by the American Enka Company, which had been organized in 1928. The company became the third largest rayon manufacturer in the United States after Courtaulds and DuPont. In 1930 VGF used lawsuits as a bargaining counter with Châtillon S.p.A. to ensure that imports of rayon from Italy to Germany were controlled. In the 1930s VGF was deeply in debt to Enka, a situation that worsened as VGF bonds issued and sold in the US were bought up by the Dutch. The percentage of German ownership in AKU steadily declined. Emil Georg von Stauss played an important role in the pre-war Nazi period Nazi era (1933–45) A bitter internal management dispute blew up in 1933 when two VGF executives, Carl Benrath and Willi Springorum, were accused of rigging the books. Benrath in turn attacked the Deutsche Bank executive and AKU supervisory board member Oscar Schlitter. Benrath wrote to another Deutsche Bank executive, Emil Georg von Stauss (1877–1942), "We live in a New Germany in which – thank the Lord – the honor of the individual is protected by a strong hand. I too rely on this protection and I am sure that I will come into my rights." Benrath and Springorum had to resign from AKU, while Schlitter was made the "neutral" delegate on the AKU supervisory board and Stauss was appointed to the board. Stauss helped the company through his contacts in government. The regime wanted to reduce reliance on imported fiber by increasing domestic manufacturing, and one Nazi Party expert on textiles proposed that AKU should be taken over by I.G. Farben, a true German company. AKU responded by increasing the amount of production in Germany. AKU cut back production in the Dutch factories in Ede and Arnhem, and the Deutsche Bank helped the VGF interests to buy up Dutch shares. The company gained from government-generated demand for its products, and from the cotton and wool import restrictions implemented in the 1934 New Plan. By 1934 Glanzstoff Courtaulds was employing 3,000 men and women. VGF increased production by 600% from 1933 to 1941. The company made rayon and also a tyre-corduroy using synthetic thread that the Ministry of German Basic and Raw Materials ordered on a large scale. However, they lost international market share and lost contact with foreign innovations as Nazi Germany became increasingly isolated in the period before World War II. Hermann Josef Abs joined the supervisory board in May 1939 and remained active after World War II In 1937 Stauss was asked by Hermann Göring's Office for Raw Materials whether there were plans to nationalize VGF. VGF responded that it was necessary for AKU to appear to be a Dutch company with mainly Dutch ownership so as to protect its American assets. In 1939 the two companies in Elizabethtown, Tennessee had about 4,600 employees, and American Enka near Asheville, North Carolina had 2,850. The American rayon industry benefited from protective tariffs and the fashionable short skirts, which created demand for smooth, sheer stockings. The European giants dominated production, which was concentrated in the southeast. AKU had 16% of the world market for artificial fibers in 1939, with 31 plants. In May 1939 Göring, who had come to believe that Strauss had been bribed to support an anti-German position, forced all the German members of the AKU Delegates Committee to resign. They were replaced by four new members including Hermann Josef Abs (1901–94) of the Deutsche Bank and Baron Kurt von Schröder (1889–1966) of Bankhaus Stein, Cologne. There were plans to reinstate Benrath and others who had been forced out in 1933, but these were dropped in face of violent objections by the Dutch members. Ernst Hellmut Vits (1903–70) joined VGF in 1940 and was CEO and chairman of the executive board for the next thirty years. During World War II (1939–45) the Glanzstoff Courtaulds plant continued full production. From 1940 Jewish forced laborers from Cologne and the surroundings worked at the factory. They were deported to Minsk in July 1942. The factory also employed workers from the occupied territories in the east as well as French prisoners of war, workers from France, the Netherlands and Belgium, and in August 1944 Italian prisoners of war (most of them refused to cooperate). With the Allied advance to the Rhine in 1944 many workers were assigned to defense works, but the factory still employed 900 German and 400 foreign workers in early 1945. Early in 1942 the US Office of Alien Property (OAP) seized control of the Elizabethton plants, although it chose not to seize the assets since they were partly owned by the Dutch. Post-war (1945–1969) After the war the Stettin plant, now in Poland, became property of the Polish state. The Glanzstoff Courtaulds factory suffered only minor bomb damage during the war, and quickly resumed full production after the war ended. VGF had fallen behind its American competitors, and depended on American "development aid" to recover. In 1947 AKU ceded all the US property of VGF to the OAP, including physical assets, working capital, patents and trademarks. The properties were sold to Beaunit Mills of New York in December 1948. Steef van Schaik (1888–1968) was chief executive of AKU from 1948 Steef van Schaik (1888–1968), who had served in various senior management positions in Enka and AKU from 1919, and was Dutch minister of Transport of Energy from 25 June 1945 to 2 July 1946, was CEO of AKU from 1 August 1948 to 1 July 1954. AKU began to produce Cordenka rayon tire yarns in Arnhem in 1948. Enka retained ownership of American Enka, and in 1953 still held 56% of shares, although the management was mostly American. That year American Enka began to produce nylon at a new plant in Asheville. A 1957 article in Business Week said Enka "believes its technical and other information exchange with American Enka is more important than the profit from ownership of Enka shares." In 1950 VGF was the largest German manufacturer of artificial fibers, with a management team strongly oriented towards the United States. That year the company opened a new perlon fiber facility. In 1953 VGF had a workforce of 10,840 in Germany. In 1957 VGF reported sales of 383 million DM. In 1960 there were 17 registered companies in the AKU group in eight countries, including VGF. By 1965 sales were 1,374 million DM, and the company had 29,000 employees. However, the company struggled to make new commercial synthetic fibers, handicapped by lack of technical capability in polymers. In 1962 the chemical producer BASF began to explore the possibility of forward integration in fiber manufacturing. Carl Wurster (1900–74) of BASF entered into discussions on close cooperation in manufacturing fiber with Ernst Hellmut Vits and Hermann Josef Abs. BASF wanted to purchase a 25% share of VGF, obtain exclusive supply contracts and undertake joint research into raw materials and synthetic fibers. The VGF executives were "sympathetic" to the concept, but required the consent of their main shareholder, the AKU Group of the Netherlands. Negotiations continued until mid-1974, but AKU would not grant BASF any stake. The two companies did agree to extend chemical supply contracts until 1980, and to discuss any plans by BASF to enter fiber manufacturing or by VGF to start making chemicals. When BASF purchased the rayon manufacturer Phrix in 1967, VGF protested that "BASF was in breach of contract with VGF in every way because of the Phrix acquisition." VGF was concerned that BASF would become a serious competitor in a market where it was already struggling with falling prices, and warned that it would now feel free to negotiate much more aggressively on the prices it was willing to pay for chemicals. In 1968 AKU merged with Glanzstoff, which had been producing "Cordenka" rayon tire yarns in Obernburg since 1938, and formed Enka Glanzstoff. Ernst Hellmut Vits became chairman of the AKU supervisory board in 1969. Successor companies (from 1969) Glanzstoff office building on Kasinostraße in Wuppertal-ElberfeldIn 1969 AKU merged with the Dutch company Koninklijke Zout Organon (KZO), a manufacturer of coatings, drugs and detergents, to form a new company named Akzo. The fiber business continued to operate as Enka Glanzstoff, renamed Enka in 1977 and Akzo Fibers in 1988. During the 1970s revenue from fiber was reduced from 50% to 30%, but Akzo was barely profitable. Akzo sold its US fiber business to BASF in 1985 to obtain funds for purchase of various small companies, mostly American, making chemicals, coatings and pharmaceuticals. Akzo merged with the Swedish Nobel Group in 1996 to form what is now AkzoNobel in a complex process in which parts of the companies were divested or shut down, and a major reorganization was implemented. In 1998 Akzo-Nobel bought Courtaulds. The fiber divisions of the two companies were combined, and in 1999 spun off as a new company named Acordis Industrial Fibers. On 3 April 2001 Acordis closed its rayon plant in Mobile, Alabama. The CEO noted that rayon consumption was steadily declining in the US due to growing imports of yarns, fabrics and finished garments, and had dropped from 390 million pounds in 1990 to around 190 million pounds in 2000. In 2002 the former Enka Glanzstoff operations became independent of Acordis, operating as Cordenka GmbH with headquarters in Obernburg. Cordenka continued to expand in Germany and Poland over the following years. Notes ^ "Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken" may be literally translated "United Shimmering Fabrics Companies". ^ Dr. Hermann Pauly of the Mönchengladbach technical school let his name be used on the patent for the VGF cuprammonium process, but was not further involved in development of the product. ^ The Obernburg plant continued to produce fiber in 2015, now owned by a successor company. In 2015 the Obernburg industrial park (Industrie Center Obernburg, ICO) was home to 24 other companies that rented premises and used the well-developed infrastructure. ^ Fritz Blüthgen was a managing director of VGF. In November 1928 he became chairman of the VGF American subsidiary, the Associated Rayon Company (ARC), when it was incorporated in Maryland, US. ^ The common name "Enka" comes from the Dutch pronunciation of the initials N.K. (Nederlandsche Kunstzijdefabriek). ^ Another source says the AKU supervisory board included three representatives each from Enka and VGF, plus one from Courtaulds. ^ The Stettin plant was renamed Panstwowa Fabryka Sztucznego Jedwabiu nr 1 (National Artificial Silk Factory No. 1). It was reopened, and the first fibers were produced on 1 May 1948. The company, now called Wiskord SA and the largest producer of viscose rayon in Poland, declared bankruptcy in July 2000. ^ a b c Kaufman 2014, p. 165. ^ Woodings 2001, p. 4. ^ a b c d Woodings 2001, p. 5. ^ a b Kleinschmidt 2002, PT210. ^ a b Woodings 2001, p. 94. ^ a b c Woodings 2001, p. 95. ^ a b c d e f g Chandler & Hikino 2009, p. 443. ^ a b Woodings 2001, p. 96. ^ Woodings 2001, p. 97. ^ a b Donzé & Nishimura 2013, p. 83. ^ Woodings 2001, p. 11. ^ a b c d Donzé & Nishimura 2013, p. 88. ^ Donzé & Nishimura 2013, p. 92. ^ a b c d Kleinschmidt 2002, PT211. ^ Woodings 2001, p. 238–240. ^ Woodings 2001, p. 105. ^ a b Chandler & Hikino 2009, p. 444. ^ Donzé & Nishimura 2013, p. 89. ^ a b Seifert 2015. ^ Donzé & Nishimura 2013, p. 81. ^ Donzé & Nishimura 2013, p. 84. ^ Levy 1966, p. 90. ^ Chandler & Hikino 2009, p. 584. ^ a b c d Chandler & Hikino 2009, p. 309. ^ a b c d Glanzstoff-Courtaulds GmbH – Das Lebensgeschichtliche Netz. ^ Donzé & Nishimura 2013, p. 100. ^ Wilkins 2009, p. 236. ^ Wilkins 2009, p. 746. ^ a b Wilkins 2009, p. 235. ^ a b Wilkins 2009, p. 403. ^ a b c Tedesco 2002. ^ Cassis 1997, p. 255. ^ a b James 2004, p. 103. ^ a b Daspit 2015. ^ a b c Chandler, Amatori & Hikino 1997, p. 190. ^ a b c Chandler & Hikino 2009, p. 523. ^ a b c d e James 2004, p. 104. ^ Chandler & Hikino 2009, p. 307. ^ Wilkins 2009, p. 235–236. ^ a b c James 2004, p. 105. ^ a b c James 2004, p. 106. ^ Melosh 2012, PT342. ^ a b Ernst Hellmut Vits – Munzinger. ^ a b Wiskord SA Szczecin – Gremi. ^ Wiskord zlikwidowany – Gremi. ^ Kipping, Kudo & Schröter 2004, p. 163. ^ Ir. Th.SGJM (Steef) van Schaik – PDC. ^ a b c d e History and Milestones – CORDENKA. ^ Kleinschmidt 2002, PT208. ^ Cassis 1997, p. 264. ^ a b c d e Chandler 2009, p. 138. ^ Abelshauser et al. 2003, p. 517. ^ Abelshauser et al. 2003, p. 518. ^ Abelshauser et al. 2003, p. 554. ^ Doidge-Harrison 2001. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken. Sources Abelshauser, Werner; Hippel, Wolfgang von; Johnson, Jeffrey Allan; Stokes, Raymond G. (2003-11-10). German Industry and Global Enterprise: BASF: The History of a Company. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-43875-9. Retrieved 2015-09-15. Cassis, Youssef (1997-06-26). Big Business : The European Experience in the Twentieth Century: The European Experience in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press, UK. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-19-152179-9. Retrieved 2015-09-15. Chandler, Alfred Dupont (2009-06-30). Shaping the Industrial Century: The Remarkable Story of the Evolution of the Modern Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02937-8. Retrieved 2015-09-15. Chandler, Alfred D.; Amatori, Franco; Hikino, Takashi (1997). Big Business and the Wealth of Nations. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66347-2. Chandler, Alfred Dupont; Hikino, Takashi (2009-06-30). Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02938-5. Retrieved 2015-09-14. Daspit, Tom (2015). "The story of American Enka". Southern Railfan. Retrieved 2015-09-16. Doidge-Harrison, Dick (2001-04-03). "Acordis to Close Rayon Plant". American Fiber Manufacturers Association / Fiber Economics Bureau. Retrieved 2015-09-17. Donzé, Pierre-Yves; Nishimura, Shigehiro (2013-11-12). Organizing Global Technology Flows: Institutions, Actors, and Processes. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-01357-8. Retrieved 2015-07-26. "Ernst Hellmut Vits". Internationales Biographisches Archiv. Munzinger. 1970-03-16. Retrieved 2015-09-15. "Glanzstoff-Courtaulds GmbH". Das Lebensgeschichtliche Netz (in German). Retrieved 2015-09-14. "History and Milestones". CORDENKA GmbH. Retrieved 2015-09-17. "Ir. Th.SGJM (Steef) van Schaik". Parliamentary Documentation Centre (PDC) (in Dutch). Leiden University. Retrieved 2015-09-17. James, Harold (2004-09-13). The Nazi Dictatorship and the Deutsche Bank. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83874-0. Retrieved 2015-09-15. Kaufman, Bruce E. (2014-07-31). The Development of Human Resource Management Across Nations: Unity and Diversity. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85793-299-0. Retrieved 2015-09-15. Kipping, Matthias; Kudo, Akira; Schröter, Harm G. (2004-07-31). German and Japanese Business in the Boom Years. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-44139-6. Retrieved 2015-09-16. Kleinschmidt, Christian (2002-09-11). "An Americanised Company in Germany: The Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken AG in the 1950s". The Americanisation of European Business. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-69373-3. Retrieved 2015-09-14. Levy, Hermann (1966). Industrial Germany: A Study of Its Monopoly Organisations and Their Control by the State. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-1336-9. Retrieved 2015-09-15. Melosh, Barbara (2012-08-06). Gender and American History Since 1890. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-90177-7. Retrieved 2015-09-16. Seifert, Kurt (2015). "Von Glanzstoff zu ICO" (in German). Heimat- und Verkehrsverein, Obernburg am Main. Retrieved 2015-09-14. Tedesco, Marie (2002). "North American Rayon Corporation and American Bemberg Corporation". Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Historical Society. Retrieved 2015-09-16. Wilkins, Mira (2009-06-30). The History of Foreign Investment in the United States, 1914–1945. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04518-7. Retrieved 2015-09-15. "Wiskord SA Szczecin" (in Polish). Gremi Biznes Communication. 1996-05-27. Retrieved 2015-09-17. "Wiskord zlikwidowany" (in Polish). Gremi Biznes Communication. 2000-07-18. Retrieved 2015-09-17. Woodings, C (2001-04-30). Regenerated Cellulose Fibres. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-85573-758-7. Retrieved 2015-09-16. External links Documents and clippings about Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National Germany United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"rayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon"},{"link_name":"Courtaulds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtaulds"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"AkzoNobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AkzoNobel"}],"text":"Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken (VGF, United Rayon Factories[a]) was a German manufacturer of artificial fiber founded in 1899 that became one of the leading European producers of rayon.During the first thirty years VGF cooperated closely with the British manufacturer Courtaulds and other companies to share technology and maintain prices by avoiding competition. It merged with the Dutch firm Enka in 1929 under the holding company Algemene Kunstzijde Unie (AKU), but the two retained their legal identities.\nAKU made significant investments in rayon production in the United States.\nThe company suffered government interference in Nazi Germany (1933–45) and lost competitive strength during World War II, but partly recovered after the war with American assistance.In 1969 AKU merged with the Dutch manufacturer KZO to form AKZO, now part of AkzoNobel. Successor companies formed during various divestitures, mergers and acquisitions continue to be active in various related industries.","title":"Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_Urban.jpg"},{"link_name":"Johann Urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Urban"},{"link_name":"Matthias Eduard Schweizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Eduard_Schweizer"},{"link_name":"cuprammonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuprammonium"},{"link_name":"Schweizer's reagent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizer%27s_reagent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodings20014-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodings20015-4"},{"link_name":"Max Fremery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Fremery"},{"link_name":"Johann Urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Urban"},{"link_name":"Oberbruch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberbruch_Industry_Park"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodings20015-4"},{"link_name":"Hermann Pauly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Pauly"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodings20015-4"},{"link_name":"Elberfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elberfeld"},{"link_name":"Wuppertal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuppertal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinschmidt2002PT210-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodings200194-7"}],"text":"Johann Urban, co-founder of VGF, in 1928In 1857 the Swiss chemist Matthias Eduard Schweizer (1818–60) found that cotton could be dissolved in a solution of copper salts and ammonia and then regenerated.\nIn 1890 the French chemist Louis Henri Despeissis invented the cuprammonium process for spinning fibers from cotton dissolved in Schweizer's reagent.[2]\nDespeissis died in 1892 and his patent was not renewed.[3]Max Fremery (1859–1932), a German chemist, and Johann Urban (1863–1940), an Austrian engineer, were manufacturing lamp filaments in Oberbruch near Aachen in 1891 using cotton and Schweizer's reagent.[3]\nFremery and Urban decided to start making artificial silk (Glanzstoff), and patented a version of the Despeissis process with the addition of a practical method for spinning the fiber.\nThey filed the patent under the name of Dr. Hermann Pauly (1870–1950)[b] so as not to alert their competitors.\nThe patent was challenged but was upheld.[3]\nFremery and Urban moved their headquarters to Elberfeld, now a suburb of Wuppertal.[4]\nVereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken (VGF) was launched on 19 September 1899 with 2 million marks of capital.\nThe Bergisch-Märkischen bank provided financing.[5]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vereinigte_Glanzstoff-Fabriken_1900.jpg"},{"link_name":"denier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denier_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodings200195-8"},{"link_name":"viscose process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscose_process"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerHikino2009443-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodings200194-7"},{"link_name":"Givet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerHikino2009443-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodings200195-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinschmidt2002PT210-6"},{"link_name":"Sankt Pölten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten"},{"link_name":"Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint,_Flintshire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerHikino2009443-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Szczecin_Zydowce_Zaklady_Wiskord.jpg"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodings200196-10"},{"link_name":"Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stettin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodings200195-8"},{"link_name":"Guido Henckel von Donnersmarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Henckel_von_Donnersmarck"},{"link_name":"Courtaulds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtaulds"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerHikino2009443-9"},{"link_name":"J. P. Bemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Bemberg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerHikino2009443-9"},{"link_name":"Hilaire de Chardonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaire_de_Chardonnet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodings200196-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodings200197-11"},{"link_name":"rayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonz%C3%A9Nishimura201383-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodings200111-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonz%C3%A9Nishimura201388-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonz%C3%A9Nishimura201392-15"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerHikino2009443-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinschmidt2002PT211-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodings2001238%E2%80%93240-17"},{"link_name":"Niedermorschweiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedermorschweiler"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodings2001105-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinschmidt2002PT211-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wuppertal_-_Bemberg_AG_03_ies.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wuppertal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuppertal"}],"text":"Share of the Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken AG, issued June 1900The VGF rayon that began to be sold early in 1900 had relatively coarse yarns of 100–200 denier.[6]\nAlthough VGF's product was less versatile than rayon produced by the viscose process the scale of the operation allowed for reduced prices.[7]\nFremery and Urban, with the Alsatian textile chemist David Emil Bronnert (1868–1928), took out two more basic patents in 1900.[5]\nIn 1900, the first year of operation, profits were $15,480. \nThe company set up two smaller plants in Alsace, and in 1903 started manufacturing in Givet, France.\nProfits were $422,000 by 1904 and continued to grow in following years.[7]\nBetween 1901 and 1911 the labor force increased to 6.7 times the initial level, and production increased to 16.3 times the initial level. \nVGF was profitable throughout the period before World War I.[6]\nProduction rose from 86 tons in 1902 to 820 tons in 1912.[4]\nIn 1906 VGF opened a facility in Sankt Pölten, Austria, and in 1908 opened a plant in Flint, Wales.[7]Donnersmarck plant in Szczecin, Poland, formerly StettinIt was clear by 1909–10 that viscose, with its cheaper raw materials and simpler spinning process, was economically superior to cuprammonium.[8]\nIn July 1911 the chairman of VGF, Hans Jordan, decided to pay 2 million marks for all the German patent rights for the viscose process and for the Donnersmarcks Kunstseide und Acetatwerke near Stettin.\nHe planned to fully convert the Donnersmarcks plant to the viscose process.[6]\nThe company headed by Count Guido Henckel von Donnersmarck (1830–1916) had been the first in Germany to use the viscose process invented by Courtaulds in Britain.\nVGF quickly expanded viscose production.[7]Around 1911 VGF began to invest in J. P. Bemberg, a cloth dying and finishing company that had been experimenting with a version of the cuprammonium process, and encouraged Bemberg to focus on producing yarns for which that process was suitable.[7]\nBemberg was using the \"stretch-spinning\" process invented by the chemist Edmund Thiele (1867–1927) to make cuprammonium rayon with equally fine filaments to the artificial silk of Hilaire de Chardonnet (1839–1924),and with better physical properties. The VGF product was not competitive.[8]\nAlthough Thiele had applied for a patent on his process, a German court ruled on 4 May 1907 that it had been anticipated by the \"Pauly\" patent.[9]For some time VGF, Courtaulds and the French Comptoir des Textiles Artificiels dominated the rayon market.[10]\nCourtaulds became concerned about competition from VGF after the purchase of the Donnersmarck viscose plant, and initiated discussions on ways to avoid harmful competition.[11]\nVGF and Courtaulds headed a European rayon cartel formed in 1911.[12]\nUnder the 1911 agreements the companies gained domestic monopolies, shared the basic patents and agreed to share future advances made by any of the members of the cartel.[13]\nThe companies planned to form a consortium that would to coordinate sales, set prices and production volumes, and share profits in each region, but were unable to agree on a formal contract before the outbreak of World War I (1914–18).[7]During the war VGF focused on producing the staple fiber later called rayon, which was spun together with cotton.[14]\nThe German government, faced with a cotton shortage due to the Allied blockade, ordered 3,000 tons of viscose staple from VGF, which was used for a variety of military textiles including clothing.\nConsumers saw the rayon fabrics as inferior to cotton and associated it with wartime privations.[15]\nThe Niedermorschweiler plant was destroyed by fire during the war.[16]\nGermany's defeat in the war cost the company market share both domestically and internationally.[14]J. P. Bemberg AG facilities in Wuppertal","title":"Early years (1899–1918)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerHikino2009444-19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonz%C3%A9Nishimura201383-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerHikino2009443-9"},{"link_name":"Shitagau Noguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shitagau_Noguchi"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonz%C3%A9Nishimura201389-20"},{"link_name":"Obernburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obernburg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifert2015-21"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WWF-Club.JPG"},{"link_name":"Niehl, Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niehl,_Cologne"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonz%C3%A9Nishimura201388-14"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonz%C3%A9Nishimura201381-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonz%C3%A9Nishimura201384-24"},{"link_name":"IG 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Gualino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Gualino"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonz%C3%A9Nishimura2013100-29"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkins2009746-32"},{"link_name":"Elizabethton, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethton,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Johnson City, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_City,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkins2009235-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkins2009403-34"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkins2009235-33"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETedesco2002-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enka_Rayon_Plant_-_NARA_-_281351.jpg"},{"link_name":"Graham, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassis1997255-36"},{"link_name":"Oscar Schlitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Schlitter"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2004103-37"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Arnhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinschmidt2002PT211-16"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerAmatoriHikino1997190-40"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2004103-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerHikino2009523-41"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2004104-42"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2004104-42"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerHikino2009523-41"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerHikino2009309-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerHikino2009309-27"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2004104-42"},{"link_name":"Asheville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerHikino2009307-44"},{"link_name":"American Enka Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enka_Company"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkins2009235%E2%80%93236-45"},{"link_name":"DuPont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerHikino2009444-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonz%C3%A9Nishimura201388-14"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2004104-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08458,_Emil_Georg_von_Strauss.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emil Georg von Stauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Georg_von_Stauss"}],"text":"In the inter-war period VGF was the largest rayon producer in continental Europe.[17]\nHowever, competition developed from companies in the United States, the Netherlands and Italy.[10]\nVGF steadily increased its holdings in Bemberg and gained full control in 1920.[7]\nIn 1922 VGF invested in a new Japanese firm in partnership with Shitagau Noguchi (1873–1944) and Asahi Chemicals. The technology was licensed under conditions that prevented competition in VGF's home market, and ensured that VGF would receive the rights to any technical advances made in Japan.[18]\nVGF built a factory in Obernburg in 1924.[19][c]Factory gate and former administrative building of Glanzstoff Courtaulds in Niehl, CologneThe European rayon price cartel was formed again after 1925.[12]\nThe arrangement was a form of cartel in which rayon patents and technology were shared between the partners.[20]\nVGF, Courtaulds and the Comptoir shared technical advances until shortly before World War II (1939–45).[21]\nVGF initiated lawsuits against IG Farben over rayon technology, but dropped them in 1924–25 when IG Farben agreed to join a price cartel in Germany and to reduce its production of rayon.[12]\nIn 1925 I. G. Farben acquired a stake in VGF and Bemberg.[22]\nThe joint venture with I. G. Farben lasted until the latter closed its Hölken rayon plant in 1929.[23]In 1925 Courtaulds and VGF founded a joint venture named Glanzstoff Courtaulds to build and operate a large viscose manufacturing facility in Cologne.[24]\nIn April 1928 Glanzstoff Courtaulds began artificial silk production in the north of Cologne.[25]\nIn 1927 Courtaulds and VGF combined to buy a controlling interest in the Italian manufacturer SNIA Viscosa.[24]\nA German director of VGF, Karl Scherer, replaced the company founder Riccardo Gualino (1879–1964) as head of the firm and cut output drastically.[26]In April 1925 Fritz Blüthgen[d] of VGF, suggested a joint venture with Courtaulds in the United States.\nWhen Courtaulds declined, VGF entered the US market in competition with Courtaulds.[28]\nJ. P. Bemberg and VGF organized the American Bemberg Corporation in 1925, and began making rayon using the cuprammonium process in October 1926 at a newly built facility near Elizabethton, Tennessee, nine miles from Johnson City, Tennessee.\nIn the fall of 1928 VGF opened a viscose factory nearby.[29]\nThis was operated by the VGF subsidiary North American Rayon.[30]\nBy 1929 Bemberg and VGF had about 5,000 employees in the United States.[29]\nThe city of Elizabethton provided tax concessions and favorable rates for the large amounts of water used in rayon production. \nThere were ongoing labor problems, starting with a strike in March 1929, but the plants operated profitably throughout the Great Depression.[31]American Enka Rayon Plant at Graham, North Carolina (1940)As of 1929 VGF had a workforce of 13,400 in Germany, and was chaired by Fritz Blüthgen.[32]\nAlthough thriving, VGF was deeply in debt. \nThat year Oscar Schlitter (1868–1939) of the Deutsche Bank arranged for VGF to combine with Nederlandsche Kunstzijde (Enka).[33][e] \nEnka was based in Arnhem, Netherlands.[14]\nIt had been founded in 1911.[35] \nA new German-Dutch company was created, Algemene Kunstzijde Unie (AKU), through an exchange of shares.[33]\nEnka, VGF and Bemberg remained distinct legal entities owned by AKU as a holding company.[36]\nThe AKU supervisory board had four members from the Dutch group, four from the German group and one neutral member.[37][f]\nEnka remained technogically behind the German facilities, and was relatively under-equipped.\nThe German plants accounted for the bulk of AKU's production, and made 60% of the viscose in Germany in the early 1930s.[37]\nVGF had five members of the seven-person management committee.[36]Enka competed with Courtaulds with a factory in Britain established before the merger.[24]\nAfter the merger AKU continued to operate in Britain despite strong protests from Courtaulds and lengthy negotiations to try to resolve the issue.[24]\nAKU also had subsidiaries in Italy, Czechoslovakia and Austria.[37]\nAfter the 1929 merger AKU opened a viscose plant in Asheville, North Carolina.[38]\nThe plant was operated by the American Enka Company, which had been organized in 1928.[39]\nThe company became the third largest rayon manufacturer in the United States after Courtaulds and DuPont.[17]\nIn 1930 VGF used lawsuits as a bargaining counter with Châtillon S.p.A. to ensure that imports of rayon from Italy to Germany were controlled.[12]\nIn the 1930s VGF was deeply in debt to Enka, a situation that worsened as VGF bonds issued and sold in the US were bought up by the Dutch.\nThe percentage of German ownership in AKU steadily declined.[37]Emil Georg von Stauss played an important role in the pre-war Nazi period","title":"Weimar Republic (1919–33)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2004104-42"},{"link_name":"Emil Georg von Stauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Georg_von_Stauss"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2004105-46"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2004105-46"},{"link_name":"Ede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ede,_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2004106-47"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2004105-46"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlanzstoff-Courtaulds_GmbH_%E2%80%93_Das_Lebensgeschichtliche_Netz-28"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinschmidt2002PT211-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hermann_Josef_Abs_-_altersskeptisch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hermann Josef Abs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Josef_Abs"},{"link_name":"Hermann Göring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2004106-47"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkins2009403-34"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelosh2012PT342-48"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerAmatoriHikino1997190-40"},{"link_name":"Hermann Josef Abs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Josef_Abs"},{"link_name":"Kurt von Schröder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_von_Schr%C3%B6der"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2004106-47"},{"link_name":"Ernst Hellmut Vits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hellmut_Vits"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErnst_Hellmut_Vits_%E2%80%93_Munzinger-49"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlanzstoff-Courtaulds_GmbH_%E2%80%93_Das_Lebensgeschichtliche_Netz-28"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETedesco2002-35"}],"text":"A bitter internal management dispute blew up in 1933 when two VGF executives, Carl Benrath and Willi Springorum, were accused of rigging the books.\nBenrath in turn attacked the Deutsche Bank executive and AKU supervisory board member Oscar Schlitter.[37]\nBenrath wrote to another Deutsche Bank executive, Emil Georg von Stauss (1877–1942), \"We live in a New Germany in which – thank the Lord – the honor of the individual is protected by a strong hand. I too rely on this protection and I am sure that I will come into my rights.\" Benrath and Springorum had to resign from AKU, while Schlitter was made the \"neutral\" delegate on the AKU supervisory board and Stauss was appointed to the board.[40]Stauss helped the company through his contacts in government.\nThe regime wanted to reduce reliance on imported fiber by increasing domestic manufacturing, and one Nazi Party expert on textiles proposed that AKU should be taken over by I.G. Farben, a true German company. AKU responded by increasing the amount of production in Germany.[40]\nAKU cut back production in the Dutch factories in Ede and Arnhem, and the Deutsche Bank helped the VGF interests to buy up Dutch shares.[41]The company gained from government-generated demand for its products, and from the cotton and wool import restrictions implemented in the 1934 New Plan.[40]\nBy 1934 Glanzstoff Courtaulds was employing 3,000 men and women.[25]\nVGF increased production by 600% from 1933 to 1941. The company made rayon and also a tyre-corduroy using synthetic thread that the Ministry of German Basic and Raw Materials ordered on a large scale. However, they lost international market share and lost contact with foreign innovations as Nazi Germany became increasingly isolated in the period before World War II.[14]Hermann Josef Abs joined the supervisory board in May 1939 and remained active after World War IIIn 1937 Stauss was asked by Hermann Göring's Office for Raw Materials whether there were plans to nationalize VGF.[41]\nVGF responded that it was necessary for AKU to appear to be a Dutch company with mainly Dutch ownership so as to protect its American assets.\nIn 1939 the two companies in Elizabethtown, Tennessee had about 4,600 employees, and American Enka near Asheville, North Carolina had 2,850.[30]\nThe American rayon industry benefited from protective tariffs and the fashionable short skirts, which created demand for smooth, sheer stockings. \nThe European giants dominated production, which was concentrated in the southeast.[42]\nAKU had 16% of the world market for artificial fibers in 1939, with 31 plants.[35]In May 1939 Göring, who had come to believe that Strauss had been bribed to support an anti-German position, forced all the German members of the AKU Delegates Committee to resign. \nThey were replaced by four new members including Hermann Josef Abs (1901–94) of the Deutsche Bank and Baron Kurt von Schröder (1889–1966) of Bankhaus Stein, Cologne.\nThere were plans to reinstate Benrath and others who had been forced out in 1933, but these were dropped in face of violent objections by the Dutch members.[41]\nErnst Hellmut Vits (1903–70) joined VGF in 1940 and was CEO and chairman of the executive board for the next thirty years.[43]During World War II (1939–45) the Glanzstoff Courtaulds plant continued full production.\nFrom 1940 Jewish forced laborers from Cologne and the surroundings worked at the factory.\nThey were deported to Minsk in July 1942. \nThe factory also employed workers from the occupied territories in the east as well as French prisoners of war, workers from France, the Netherlands and Belgium, and in August 1944 Italian prisoners of war (most of them refused to cooperate).\nWith the Allied advance to the Rhine in 1944 many workers were assigned to defense works, but the factory still employed 900 German and 400 foreign workers in early 1945.[25]\nEarly in 1942 the US Office of Alien Property (OAP) seized control of the Elizabethton plants, although it chose not to seize the assets since they were partly owned by the Dutch.[31]","title":"Nazi era (1933–45)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiskord_SA_Szczecin_%E2%80%93_Gremi-50"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlanzstoff-Courtaulds_GmbH_%E2%80%93_Das_Lebensgeschichtliche_Netz-28"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKippingKudoSchr%C3%B6ter2004163-53"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETedesco2002-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steef_van_Schaik_(1945).jpg"},{"link_name":"Steef van Schaik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steef_van_Schaik"},{"link_name":"Steef van Schaik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steef_van_Schaik"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIr._Th.SGJM_(Steef)_van_Schaik_%E2%80%93_PDC-54"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_and_Milestones_%E2%80%93_CORDENKA-55"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaspit2015-38"},{"link_name":"perlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon_6"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinschmidt2002PT208-56"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassis1997264-57"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman2014165-1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerAmatoriHikino1997190-40"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman2014165-1"},{"link_name":"polymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler2009138-58"},{"link_name":"BASF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASF"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbelshauserHippelJohnsonStokes2003517-59"},{"link_name":"Carl Wurster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wurster"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbelshauserHippelJohnsonStokes2003518-60"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbelshauserHippelJohnsonStokes2003554-61"},{"link_name":"Obernburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obernburg"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_and_Milestones_%E2%80%93_CORDENKA-55"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErnst_Hellmut_Vits_%E2%80%93_Munzinger-49"}],"text":"After the war the Stettin plant, now in Poland, became property of the Polish state.[44][g]\nThe Glanzstoff Courtaulds factory suffered only minor bomb damage during the war, and quickly resumed full production after the war ended.[25]\nVGF had fallen behind its American competitors, and depended on American \"development aid\" to recover.[46]\nIn 1947 AKU ceded all the US property of VGF to the OAP, including physical assets, working capital, patents and trademarks.\nThe properties were sold to Beaunit Mills of New York in December 1948.[31]Steef van Schaik (1888–1968) was chief executive of AKU from 1948Steef van Schaik (1888–1968), who had served in various senior management positions in Enka and AKU from 1919, and was Dutch minister of Transport of Energy from 25 June 1945 to 2 July 1946, was CEO of AKU from 1 August 1948 to 1 July 1954.[47]\nAKU began to produce Cordenka rayon tire yarns in Arnhem in 1948.[48]\nEnka retained ownership of American Enka, and in 1953 still held 56% of shares, although the management was mostly American.\nThat year American Enka began to produce nylon at a new plant in Asheville.\nA 1957 article in Business Week said Enka \"believes its technical and other information exchange with American Enka is more important than the profit from ownership of Enka shares.\"[34]In 1950 VGF was the largest German manufacturer of artificial fibers, with a management team strongly oriented towards the United States.\nThat year the company opened a new perlon fiber facility.[49]\nIn 1953 VGF had a workforce of 10,840 in Germany.[50]\nIn 1957 VGF reported sales of 383 million DM.[1]\nIn 1960 there were 17 registered companies in the AKU group in eight countries, including VGF.[35]\nBy 1965 sales were 1,374 million DM, and the company had 29,000 employees.[1]\nHowever, the company struggled to make new commercial synthetic fibers, handicapped by lack of technical capability in polymers.[51]In 1962 the chemical producer BASF began to explore the possibility of forward integration in fiber manufacturing.[52]\nCarl Wurster (1900–74) of BASF entered into discussions on close cooperation in manufacturing fiber with Ernst Hellmut Vits and Hermann Josef Abs.\nBASF wanted to purchase a 25% share of VGF, obtain exclusive supply contracts and undertake joint research into raw materials and synthetic fibers. \nThe VGF executives were \"sympathetic\" to the concept, but required the consent of their main shareholder, the AKU Group of the Netherlands. \nNegotiations continued until mid-1974, but AKU would not grant BASF any stake. The two companies did agree to extend chemical supply contracts until 1980, and to discuss any plans by BASF to enter fiber manufacturing or by VGF to start making chemicals.[53]When BASF purchased the rayon manufacturer Phrix in 1967, VGF protested that \"BASF was in breach of contract with VGF in every way because of the Phrix acquisition.\" \nVGF was concerned that BASF would become a serious competitor in a market where it was already struggling with falling prices, and warned that it would now feel free to negotiate much more aggressively on the prices it was willing to pay for chemicals.[54]\nIn 1968 AKU merged with Glanzstoff, which had been producing \"Cordenka\" rayon tire yarns in Obernburg since 1938, and formed Enka Glanzstoff.[48]\nErnst Hellmut Vits became chairman of the AKU supervisory board in 1969.[43]","title":"Post-war (1945–1969)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glanzstoff_Hochhaus_Wuppertal-Elberfeld,_Kasinostra%C3%9Fe.jpg"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler2009138-58"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_and_Milestones_%E2%80%93_CORDENKA-55"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler2009138-58"},{"link_name":"AkzoNobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AkzoNobel"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler2009138-58"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler2009138-58"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_and_Milestones_%E2%80%93_CORDENKA-55"},{"link_name":"Mobile, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoidge-Harrison2001-62"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_and_Milestones_%E2%80%93_CORDENKA-55"}],"text":"Glanzstoff office building on Kasinostraße in Wuppertal-ElberfeldIn 1969 AKU merged with the Dutch company Koninklijke Zout Organon (KZO), a manufacturer of coatings, drugs and detergents, to form a new company named Akzo.[51]The fiber business continued to operate as Enka Glanzstoff, renamed Enka in 1977 and Akzo Fibers in 1988.[48]\nDuring the 1970s revenue from fiber was reduced from 50% to 30%, but Akzo was barely profitable.[51]\nAkzo sold its US fiber business to BASF in 1985 to obtain funds for purchase of various small companies, mostly American, making chemicals, coatings and pharmaceuticals.\nAkzo merged with the Swedish Nobel Group in 1996 to form what is now AkzoNobel in a complex process in which parts of the companies were divested or shut down, and a major reorganization was implemented.[51]In 1998 Akzo-Nobel bought Courtaulds.[51]\nThe fiber divisions of the two companies were combined, and in 1999 spun off as a new company named Acordis Industrial Fibers.[48]\nOn 3 April 2001 Acordis closed its rayon plant in Mobile, Alabama.\nThe CEO noted that rayon consumption was steadily declining in the US due to growing imports of yarns, fabrics and finished garments, and had dropped from 390 million pounds in 1990 to around 190 million pounds in 2000.[55]\nIn 2002 the former Enka Glanzstoff operations became independent of Acordis, operating as Cordenka GmbH with headquarters in Obernburg. \nCordenka continued to expand in Germany and Poland over the following years.[48]","title":"Successor companies (from 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Th.SGJM (Steef) van Schaik – PDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFIr._Th.SGJM_(Steef)_van_Schaik_%E2%80%93_PDC"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_and_Milestones_%E2%80%93_CORDENKA_55-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_and_Milestones_%E2%80%93_CORDENKA_55-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_and_Milestones_%E2%80%93_CORDENKA_55-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_and_Milestones_%E2%80%93_CORDENKA_55-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_and_Milestones_%E2%80%93_CORDENKA_55-4"},{"link_name":"History and Milestones – CORDENKA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHistory_and_Milestones_%E2%80%93_CORDENKA"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinschmidt2002PT208_56-0"},{"link_name":"Kleinschmidt 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKleinschmidt2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassis1997264_57-0"},{"link_name":"Cassis 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCassis1997"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler2009138_58-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler2009138_58-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler2009138_58-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler2009138_58-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler2009138_58-4"},{"link_name":"Chandler 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChandler2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbelshauserHippelJohnsonStokes2003517_59-0"},{"link_name":"Abelshauser et al. 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAbelshauserHippelJohnsonStokes2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbelshauserHippelJohnsonStokes2003518_60-0"},{"link_name":"Abelshauser et al. 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAbelshauserHippelJohnsonStokes2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbelshauserHippelJohnsonStokes2003554_61-0"},{"link_name":"Abelshauser et al. 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAbelshauserHippelJohnsonStokes2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoidge-Harrison2001_62-0"},{"link_name":"Doidge-Harrison 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDoidge-Harrison2001"},{"link_name":"Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vereinigte_Glanzstoff_Fabriken"}],"text":"^ \"Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken\" may be literally translated \"United Shimmering Fabrics Companies\".[1] \n\n^ Dr. Hermann Pauly of the Mönchengladbach technical school let his name be used on the patent for the VGF cuprammonium process, but was not further involved in development of the product.[3] \n\n^ The Obernburg plant continued to produce fiber in 2015, now owned by a successor company.\nIn 2015 the Obernburg industrial park (Industrie Center Obernburg, ICO) was home to 24 other companies that rented premises and used the well-developed infrastructure.[19] \n\n^ Fritz Blüthgen was a managing director of VGF. In November 1928 he became chairman of the VGF American subsidiary, the Associated Rayon Company (ARC), when it was incorporated in Maryland, US.[27] \n\n^ The common name \"Enka\" comes from the Dutch pronunciation of the initials N.K. (Nederlandsche Kunstzijdefabriek).[34] \n\n^ Another source says the AKU supervisory board included three representatives each from Enka and VGF, plus one from Courtaulds.[36]\n\n^ The Stettin plant was renamed Panstwowa Fabryka Sztucznego Jedwabiu nr 1 (National Artificial Silk Factory No. 1). It was reopened, and the first fibers were produced on 1 May 1948.[44]\nThe company, now called Wiskord SA and the largest producer of viscose rayon in Poland, declared bankruptcy in July 2000.[45]^ a b c Kaufman 2014, p. 165.\n\n^ Woodings 2001, p. 4.\n\n^ a b c d Woodings 2001, p. 5.\n\n^ a b Kleinschmidt 2002, PT210.\n\n^ a b Woodings 2001, p. 94.\n\n^ a b c Woodings 2001, p. 95.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Chandler & Hikino 2009, p. 443.\n\n^ a b Woodings 2001, p. 96.\n\n^ Woodings 2001, p. 97.\n\n^ a b Donzé & Nishimura 2013, p. 83.\n\n^ Woodings 2001, p. 11.\n\n^ a b c d Donzé & Nishimura 2013, p. 88.\n\n^ Donzé & Nishimura 2013, p. 92.\n\n^ a b c d Kleinschmidt 2002, PT211.\n\n^ Woodings 2001, p. 238–240.\n\n^ Woodings 2001, p. 105.\n\n^ a b Chandler & Hikino 2009, p. 444.\n\n^ Donzé & Nishimura 2013, p. 89.\n\n^ a b Seifert 2015.\n\n^ Donzé & Nishimura 2013, p. 81.\n\n^ Donzé & Nishimura 2013, p. 84.\n\n^ Levy 1966, p. 90.\n\n^ Chandler & Hikino 2009, p. 584.\n\n^ a b c d Chandler & Hikino 2009, p. 309.\n\n^ a b c d Glanzstoff-Courtaulds GmbH – Das Lebensgeschichtliche Netz.\n\n^ Donzé & Nishimura 2013, p. 100.\n\n^ Wilkins 2009, p. 236.\n\n^ Wilkins 2009, p. 746.\n\n^ a b Wilkins 2009, p. 235.\n\n^ a b Wilkins 2009, p. 403.\n\n^ a b c Tedesco 2002.\n\n^ Cassis 1997, p. 255.\n\n^ a b James 2004, p. 103.\n\n^ a b Daspit 2015.\n\n^ a b c Chandler, Amatori & Hikino 1997, p. 190.\n\n^ a b c Chandler & Hikino 2009, p. 523.\n\n^ a b c d e James 2004, p. 104.\n\n^ Chandler & Hikino 2009, p. 307.\n\n^ Wilkins 2009, p. 235–236.\n\n^ a b c James 2004, p. 105.\n\n^ a b c James 2004, p. 106.\n\n^ Melosh 2012, PT342.\n\n^ a b Ernst Hellmut Vits – Munzinger.\n\n^ a b Wiskord SA Szczecin – Gremi.\n\n^ Wiskord zlikwidowany – Gremi.\n\n^ Kipping, Kudo & Schröter 2004, p. 163.\n\n^ Ir. Th.SGJM (Steef) van Schaik – PDC.\n\n^ a b c d e History and Milestones – CORDENKA.\n\n^ Kleinschmidt 2002, PT208.\n\n^ Cassis 1997, p. 264.\n\n^ a b c d e Chandler 2009, p. 138.\n\n^ Abelshauser et al. 2003, p. 517.\n\n^ Abelshauser et al. 2003, p. 518.\n\n^ Abelshauser et al. 2003, p. 554.\n\n^ Doidge-Harrison 2001.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Industry and Global Enterprise: BASF: The History of a Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=45ElcE5efXsC&pg=PA517"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-139-43875-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43875-9"},{"link_name":"Big Business : The European Experience in the Twentieth Century: The European Experience in the Twentieth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bigbusinesseurop0000cass"},{"link_name":"255","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bigbusinesseurop0000cass/page/255"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-152179-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-152179-9"},{"link_name":"Shaping the Industrial Century: The Remarkable Story of the Evolution of the Modern Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=sg59d6OlkhkC&pg=PA138"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-02937-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02937-8"},{"link_name":"Big Business and the Wealth of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iCNzoE89VtUC&pg=PA190"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-66347-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66347-2"},{"link_name":"Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ENWMZqhD9RYC&pg=PA307"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-02938-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02938-5"},{"link_name":"\"The story of American Enka\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//southern.railfan.net/ties/1961/61-10/enka.html"},{"link_name":"\"Acordis to Close Rayon Plant\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fibersource.com/f-info/More_News/Acordis-10.htm"},{"link_name":"Organizing Global Technology Flows: Institutions, Actors, and Processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WT4VAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-135-01357-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-01357-8"},{"link_name":"\"Ernst Hellmut Vits\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Ernst+Hellmut+Vits/0/7732.html"},{"link_name":"\"Glanzstoff-Courtaulds GmbH\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lebensgeschichten.net/selcont3.asp?typ=L&value=1075"},{"link_name":"\"History and Milestones\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cordenka.com/history_milestones.php"},{"link_name":"\"Ir. 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(2003-11-10). German Industry and Global Enterprise: BASF: The History of a Company. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-43875-9. Retrieved 2015-09-15.\nCassis, Youssef (1997-06-26). Big Business : The European Experience in the Twentieth Century: The European Experience in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press, UK. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-19-152179-9. Retrieved 2015-09-15.\nChandler, Alfred Dupont (2009-06-30). Shaping the Industrial Century: The Remarkable Story of the Evolution of the Modern Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02937-8. Retrieved 2015-09-15.\nChandler, Alfred D.; Amatori, Franco; Hikino, Takashi (1997). Big Business and the Wealth of Nations. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66347-2.\nChandler, Alfred Dupont; Hikino, Takashi (2009-06-30). Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02938-5. Retrieved 2015-09-14.\nDaspit, Tom (2015). \"The story of American Enka\". Southern Railfan. Retrieved 2015-09-16.\nDoidge-Harrison, Dick (2001-04-03). \"Acordis to Close Rayon Plant\". American Fiber Manufacturers Association / Fiber Economics Bureau. Retrieved 2015-09-17.\nDonzé, Pierre-Yves; Nishimura, Shigehiro (2013-11-12). Organizing Global Technology Flows: Institutions, Actors, and Processes. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-01357-8. Retrieved 2015-07-26.\n\"Ernst Hellmut Vits\". Internationales Biographisches Archiv. Munzinger. 1970-03-16. Retrieved 2015-09-15.\n\"Glanzstoff-Courtaulds GmbH\". Das Lebensgeschichtliche Netz (in German). Retrieved 2015-09-14.\n\"History and Milestones\". CORDENKA GmbH. Retrieved 2015-09-17.\n\"Ir. Th.SGJM (Steef) van Schaik\". Parliamentary Documentation Centre (PDC) (in Dutch). Leiden University. Retrieved 2015-09-17.\nJames, Harold (2004-09-13). The Nazi Dictatorship and the Deutsche Bank. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83874-0. Retrieved 2015-09-15.\nKaufman, Bruce E. (2014-07-31). The Development of Human Resource Management Across Nations: Unity and Diversity. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85793-299-0. Retrieved 2015-09-15.\nKipping, Matthias; Kudo, Akira; Schröter, Harm G. (2004-07-31). German and Japanese Business in the Boom Years. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-44139-6. Retrieved 2015-09-16.\nKleinschmidt, Christian (2002-09-11). \"An Americanised Company in Germany: The Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken AG in the 1950s\". The Americanisation of European Business. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-69373-3. Retrieved 2015-09-14.\nLevy, Hermann (1966). Industrial Germany: A Study of Its Monopoly Organisations and Their Control by the State. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-1336-9. Retrieved 2015-09-15.\nMelosh, Barbara (2012-08-06). Gender and American History Since 1890. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-90177-7. Retrieved 2015-09-16.\nSeifert, Kurt (2015). \"Von Glanzstoff zu ICO\" (in German). Heimat- und Verkehrsverein, Obernburg am Main. Retrieved 2015-09-14.\nTedesco, Marie (2002). \"North American Rayon Corporation and American Bemberg Corporation\". Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Historical Society. Retrieved 2015-09-16.\nWilkins, Mira (2009-06-30). The History of Foreign Investment in the United States, 1914–1945. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04518-7. Retrieved 2015-09-15.\n\"Wiskord SA Szczecin\" (in Polish). Gremi Biznes Communication. 1996-05-27. Retrieved 2015-09-17.\n\"Wiskord zlikwidowany\" (in Polish). Gremi Biznes Communication. 2000-07-18. Retrieved 2015-09-17.\nWoodings, C (2001-04-30). Regenerated Cellulose Fibres. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-85573-758-7. Retrieved 2015-09-16.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Johann Urban, co-founder of VGF, in 1928","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Johann_Urban.jpg/220px-Johann_Urban.jpg"},{"image_text":"Share of the Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken AG, issued June 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Vereinigte_Glanzstoff-Fabriken_1900.jpg/220px-Vereinigte_Glanzstoff-Fabriken_1900.jpg"},{"image_text":"Donnersmarck plant in Szczecin, Poland, formerly Stettin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Szczecin_Zydowce_Zaklady_Wiskord.jpg/220px-Szczecin_Zydowce_Zaklady_Wiskord.jpg"},{"image_text":"J. P. Bemberg AG facilities in Wuppertal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wuppertal_-_Bemberg_AG_03_ies.jpg/220px-Wuppertal_-_Bemberg_AG_03_ies.jpg"},{"image_text":"Factory gate and former administrative building of Glanzstoff Courtaulds in Niehl, Cologne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/WWF-Club.JPG/220px-WWF-Club.JPG"},{"image_text":"American Enka Rayon Plant at Graham, North Carolina (1940)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Enka_Rayon_Plant_-_NARA_-_281351.jpg/220px-Enka_Rayon_Plant_-_NARA_-_281351.jpg"},{"image_text":"Emil Georg von Stauss played an important role in the pre-war Nazi period","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08458%2C_Emil_Georg_von_Strauss.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08458%2C_Emil_Georg_von_Strauss.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hermann Josef Abs joined the supervisory board in May 1939 and remained active after World War II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Hermann_Josef_Abs_-_altersskeptisch.jpg/220px-Hermann_Josef_Abs_-_altersskeptisch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Steef van Schaik (1888–1968) was chief executive of AKU from 1948","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Steef_van_Schaik_%281945%29.jpg/220px-Steef_van_Schaik_%281945%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Glanzstoff office building on Kasinostraße in Wuppertal-Elberfeld","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Glanzstoff_Hochhaus_Wuppertal-Elberfeld%2C_Kasinostra%C3%9Fe.jpg/220px-Glanzstoff_Hochhaus_Wuppertal-Elberfeld%2C_Kasinostra%C3%9Fe.jpg"}]
null
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Retrieved 2015-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sg59d6OlkhkC&pg=PA138","url_text":"Shaping the Industrial Century: The Remarkable Story of the Evolution of the Modern Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02937-8","url_text":"978-0-674-02937-8"}]},{"reference":"Chandler, Alfred D.; Amatori, Franco; Hikino, Takashi (1997). Big Business and the Wealth of Nations. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66347-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iCNzoE89VtUC&pg=PA190","url_text":"Big Business and the Wealth of Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66347-2","url_text":"978-0-521-66347-2"}]},{"reference":"Chandler, Alfred Dupont; Hikino, Takashi (2009-06-30). 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German and Japanese Business in the Boom Years. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-44139-6. Retrieved 2015-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PnmCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA163","url_text":"German and Japanese Business in the Boom Years"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-44139-6","url_text":"978-1-134-44139-6"}]},{"reference":"Kleinschmidt, Christian (2002-09-11). \"An Americanised Company in Germany: The Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken AG in the 1950s\". The Americanisation of European Business. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-69373-3. Retrieved 2015-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=evcVUV4kuekC&pg=PT208","url_text":"\"An Americanised Company in Germany: The Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken AG in the 1950s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-69373-3","url_text":"978-1-134-69373-3"}]},{"reference":"Levy, Hermann (1966). Industrial Germany: A Study of Its Monopoly Organisations and Their Control by the State. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-1336-9. Retrieved 2015-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5kaxtIUD43sC&pg=PA90","url_text":"Industrial Germany: A Study of Its Monopoly Organisations and Their Control by the State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1336-9","url_text":"978-0-7146-1336-9"}]},{"reference":"Melosh, Barbara (2012-08-06). Gender and American History Since 1890. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-90177-7. Retrieved 2015-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oGg60k-6UNMC&pg=PT342","url_text":"Gender and American History Since 1890"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-90177-7","url_text":"978-1-134-90177-7"}]},{"reference":"Seifert, Kurt (2015). \"Von Glanzstoff zu ICO\" (in German). Heimat- und Verkehrsverein, Obernburg am Main. Retrieved 2015-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hvv-obernburg.de/html/von_glanzstoff_zu_ico.html","url_text":"\"Von Glanzstoff zu ICO\""}]},{"reference":"Tedesco, Marie (2002). \"North American Rayon Corporation and American Bemberg Corporation\". Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Historical Society. Retrieved 2015-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=1005","url_text":"\"North American Rayon Corporation and American Bemberg Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"Wilkins, Mira (2009-06-30). The History of Foreign Investment in the United States, 1914–1945. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04518-7. Retrieved 2015-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Wilkins","url_text":"Wilkins, Mira"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TEfEwVxJTkUC&pg=PA235","url_text":"The History of Foreign Investment in the United States, 1914–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04518-7","url_text":"978-0-674-04518-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Wiskord SA Szczecin\" (in Polish). Gremi Biznes Communication. 1996-05-27. Retrieved 2015-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiwum.rp.pl/artykul/92797_Wiskord_SA_Szczecin.html","url_text":"\"Wiskord SA Szczecin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wiskord zlikwidowany\" (in Polish). Gremi Biznes Communication. 2000-07-18. Retrieved 2015-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiwum.rp.pl/artykul/287351_Wiskord_zlikwidowany.html","url_text":"\"Wiskord zlikwidowany\""}]},{"reference":"Woodings, C (2001-04-30). Regenerated Cellulose Fibres. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-85573-758-7. Retrieved 2015-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U-akAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4","url_text":"Regenerated Cellulose Fibres"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-758-7","url_text":"978-1-85573-758-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx_of_Agost
Sphinx of Agost
["1 Notes","2 References"]
6th-century BC Iberian sculpture Sphinx of Agost The Sphinx of Agost is a Greek-influenced Iberian limestone sculpture, dated from the late 6th-century BCE, that was found in the Agost reservoir in Alicante, Spain, in 1893. The badly damaged statue is 82 cm high and represents a sphinx with the head of a woman, body of a winged lion and tail of a snake. This particular sphinx may have been included in an Iberian tomb to carry the soul of the deceased to the afterlife. The Sphinx of Agost is on display at the National Archaeological Museum (Madrid). Notes ^ Greeks in Iberia:Colonialism without Colonization, Adolfo J. Dominguez, The Archaeology of Colonialism, ed. Claire L. Lyons, John K. Papadopoulos, (Getty Research Institute, 2002), 74. References Agost's town council vteIberian sculptureSelectedsculptures The Lady of Elche (pictured) The Lady of Guardamar The Lady of Baza The Sphinx of Agost The Bicha of Balazote The Bull of Osuna The Lady of Cerro de los Santos vteNational Archaeological Museum (Spain)Buildings Palace of National Library and Museums ArtifactsPrehistory Guanche mummy Magacela stele Protohistory Bicha of Balazote Bull of Osuna Lady of Baza Lady of Cerro de los Santos Lady of Elche Lady of Galera Lady of Ibiza Mausoleum of Pozo Moro Priest of Cadiz Sphinx of Agost Treasure of El Carambolo replica Roman Bacchus of Aldaia Bear of Porcuna Lex Malacitana Lex Ursonensis Late Antiquity Treasure of Guarrazar Middle AgesAl-Andalus Pyxis of Zamora Christian Crucifix of Ferdinand and Sancha Other Abydos Aramaic papyrus Phoenician Harpocrates statues Treasure of Gazteluberri This article about a sculpture in Spain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Senegal
Flag of Senegal
["1 History","2 Design","2.1 Symbolism","3 Historical flags","4 Similar colours","5 References"]
National flag Republic of SenegalUseNational flag and ensignProportion2:3Adopted20 August 1960; 63 years ago (1960-08-20)DesignA vertical tricolour of green, yellow and red; charged with a green five-pointed star at the centre. Senegal team at the 2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony with flag Proposed national flag of the Republic of Senegal The flag of Senegal (French: drapeau du Sénégal) is a tricolour consisting of three vertical green, yellow and red bands charged with a five-pointed green star at the centre. Adopted in 1960 to replace the flag of the Mali Federation, it has been the flag of the Republic of Senegal since the country gained independence that year. The present and previous flags were inspired by the French tricolour, which flew over Senegal until 1960. History Flag of the Mali Federation (1959–1960). Under French colonial rule over Senegal, the authorities forbade the colony from using its own distinctive colonial flag because they were worried that this could increase nationalistic sentiment and lead to calls for independence. With the rise of the decolonization movement in Africa, the French were obliged to grant limited autonomy to Senegal as a self-governing republic within the French Community. Senegal was combined with French Sudan on April 4, 1959, to form the Mali Federation. That day, a new flag was adopted: a vertical green, yellow and red tricolour with a stylized depiction of a human being (referred to as a kanaga) on the centre band. The federation attained independence from France on June 20, 1960. The federation between the two former colonies did not last long and ended two months after independence. On August 20, Senegal separated from the federation and became an independent country. The new nation's flag kept the colours and stripes of the federation's flag, with the only change being the replacement of the kanaga with a green star. In April 2004, the flag and its design were hoist into the public colloquium when Moustapha Niasse, then-leader of the Alliance of the Forces of Progress, hosted a press conference regarding the "modification of the election code and the set up of an independent commission to check the lawfulness of the next legislative and presidential elections." At the conference's coda, Niasse explored what he felt was "defense of the symbols of the Republic against the division threat and the offence against national unity", and produced " visible replacement, on certain official documents, of the green star of the central yellow stripe of the national flag by a golden baobab", alongside what he described as "the non-performance of the national anthem during official ceremonies". The newspaper WalFadjri reported on the same press conference with an emphasis on the alleged transmutation of the national symbology, even going so far as to entitle the feature "President Wade creates a new flag". Niasse again produced what he flaunted as an official document signed by the head of state...with a golden baobab instead of the green star." Niasse himself stated ""Only the Senegalese people is sovereign to decide any modification of the symbols of our Republic". Design Symbolism Much symbolism and many connotations are beholden to the stripes and singular star of the Senegalese flag. From a national perspective, green is highly symbolic within all of the country's primary religions. In Islam, the country's majority religion at 94% percent of the population, the green of both the first stripe and the star represent the colour of the Prophet, Christians see the presence of green as a portent of hope, and Animists (or adherers to Traditional African religions) view green as representative of fecundity. The Senegalese government offers exegesis for the presence of yellow and red as well, yellow being "the symbol of wealth; it represents the product of work, for a nation whose main priority is the progress of economy, which will allow the increase of the cultural level, the second national priority." Additionally, yellow is denoted as "the colour of arts, literature, and intellect", primarily because literature teachers in Senegal are known to wear yellow blouses. Red "recalls the colour of blood, therefore colour of life and the sacrifice accepted by the nation, and also of the strong determination to fight against underdevelopment." Historically, the three colours represent the three political parties which merged to form Union Progressiste Sénégalaisé (Senegalese Progressist Union, now Socialist Party of Senegal, Leopold Senghor's party): green for Bloc Démocratique Sénégalais (Senegalese Democratic Bloc), yellow for Mouvement Populaire Sénégalais (Senegalese Popular Movement) and red for Parti Sénégalais d'Action Sociale (Senegalese Party of Socialist Action). Green, yellow and red are the colours of the Pan-Africanist movement. That pattern was replicated on Senegal's flag as a sign of unity among African countries. The quinary points of the star are said to either "recall the human ideogram which was displayed in the middle of the flag of the former Mali Federation" or an adoption of the Serer cosmogonical and religious star Yooniir ― the symbol of the universe in Serer spirituality and cosmogony, which also symbolises "good fortune and destiny" in the Serer worldview. The symbol is represented by a black 5 pointed star which also spiritually and/or metaphorically denotes "the Black man standing head held high, hands raised representing work and prayer. Sign of God: Image of Man." The first President of Senegal―Léopold Sédar Senghor who was of Serer origin, a founding-member of the Négritude Movement, and who had a history of appropriating (others say "celebrating") Serer religious symbols, mythology, and spiritual references in his works despite being a Catholic, probably adopted the Serer religious star just like he did in 1978 when he bought the country's presidential plane and named it "Point de Sangomar" in reference to the Serer sacred site the Point of Sangomar - which in Serer means "the village of shadows". Historical flags Flag Duration Use Description 1958–1959 Flag of French Senegal A green field charged with a yellow star at the centre. 1959–1960 Flag of the Mali Federation within the French Community A vertical tricolour of green, yellow and red charged with a stylized depiction of a human being (referred to as a kanaga) on the centre band Similar colours The Pan-African colours of Senegal's flag are shared by several other countries in the region, including Cameroon, Guinea and Mali. References ^ a b "Flag Similarity Tends to Confuse". The Spokesman-Review. March 4, 1962. Retrieved May 24, 2013. ^ Smith, Whitney. "Gabon, flag of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved May 24, 2013. (subscription required) ^ a b "Mali Federation (African history)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved May 24, 2013. (subscription required) ^ a b Kindersley, Dorling (November 3, 2008). Complete Flags of the World. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 76. ISBN 9781405333023. Retrieved May 24, 2013. ^ a b c d Smith, Whitney. "Senegal, flag of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved May 24, 2013. (subscription required) ^ "History of Senegal". Lonely Planet. Retrieved May 24, 2013. ^ a b Shaw, Carol P. (2004). Flags. HarperCollins UK. p. 203. ISBN 9780007165261. Retrieved May 24, 2013. ^ http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200404160128.html Niasse Press Conference ^ a b c d e http://flagspot.net/flags/sn.html#mean Flagspot-Senegalese Flag ^ "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity". The Pew Forum: On Religion and Public Life. 9 August 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2013. ^ Philip, George and Son (December 26, 2002). Encyclopedic World Atlas. Oxford University Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-19-521920-3. Retrieved May 24, 2013. ^ a b The Report: Senegal 2009. Oxford Business Group. 2009. p. 10. ISBN 9781902339214. Retrieved May 24, 2013. ^ Streissguth, Thomas (2009). Senegal in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 69. ISBN 9781575059518. Retrieved May 24, 2013. ^ a b Madiya, Clémentine Faïk-Nzuji, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies, "International Centre for African Language, Literature and Tradition", (Louvain, Belgium), pp. 27, 155, ISBN 0-660-15965-1 ^ Gravrand, Henry, La civilisation sereer, vol. II : "Pangool", Nouvelles éditions africaines, Dakar, 1990, p 20, ISBN 2-7236-1055-1 ^ Gravrand, Henry, La civilisation sereer, vol. II : "Pangool", Nouvelles éditions africaines, Dakar, 1990, p 21, ISBN 2-7236-1055-1 ^ Harney, Elizabeth, "In Senghor's Shadow: Art, Politics, and the Avant-Garde in Senegal, 1960–1995", Duke University Press (2004), p. 278, ISBN 9780822333951 (retrieved 25 August 2023) ^ Jeune Afrique, "Avions présidentiels – Sénégal : Abdoulaye, Karim et Viviane sont dans un avion…" (3 July 2014). By Mehdi Ba (retrieved 25 August 2023). ^ Gravrand, Henry, "Visage africain de l'Église", Orante, Paris, 1961, p. 285 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Senegal. vteSenegal articlesHistory Regional history Mali Empire Precolonial kingdoms Trans-Saharan slave trade French conquest French West Africa African slave trade British invasion Mali Federation Senegambia Senegambia Confederation Border War Bissau-Guinean Civil War involvement Geography Biosphere Reserves Borders Casamance Climate change Environmental issues Cities Islands National parks Rivers Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Administrative divisions Casamance conflict Constitution Court of Cassation (judiciary) Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement Military Chief of the General Staff Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Economy Agriculture Energy Franc (currency) Housing Telecommunications Tourism Transport Unions Society Child marriage Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Human trafficking Languages LGBT rights Prostitution Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Media Music Public holidays Sports OutlineIndex Category Portal vteFlags of AfricaSovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limitedrecognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies andother territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla  (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) vteNational flags and coats of armsNational flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal vteSerer topicsPeoples Laalaa Ndut Niominka Noon Palor Saafi Seex ReligionKey topics Ciiɗ Classical Ndut teachings Creation myth Criticism Festivals Jaaniiw Junjung Lamane Pangool Religion Sadax Saltigue Symbolism Women Xooy Supreme deities Kokh Kox Koox Kopé Tiatie Cac Roog (main) Other deities Kumba Njaay Takhar Tiurakh Sacred sites Fatick Sine River Sine-Saloum Somb Point of Sangomar Tattaguine Tukar Yaboyabo History Amar Godomat Cekeen Tumuli Khasso Kingdom of Baol Kingdom of Biffeche kingdom of Saloum Kingdom of Sine Serer prehistory Serer history States headed by Serer Lamanes Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune Battle of Logandème Timeline of Serer history Western Sahara DemographicsBy region Gambia Mauritania Senegal Serer country Languages Cangin Lehar/Laalaa Ndut Noon Palor Safen Serer Culture Birth Chere (or saay) Death Inheritance Marriage Mbalax Njuup Sabar Tama Tassu Njom RoyaltyKings (Maad) andLamanes (ancient kings / landowners) Lamane Jegan Joof Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof Maad Semou Njekeh Joof Queens & Queen Mothers Lingeer Fatim Beye Lingeer Ndoye Demba Lingeer Ngoné Dièye Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof Serer maternal clans Dynasties androyal houses Faye family Guelowar Joof family Joos Maternal Dynasty The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof Families androyal titles Buumi Faye family Joof family Lamane Lingeer Loul Maad Maad Saloum Maad a Sinig Ngum family Njie family Sarr family Sene family Teigne Thilas Related people Jola people Lebu people Toucouleur people Wolof people
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2010_Opening_Ceremony_-_Senegal_entering.jpg"},{"link_name":"Senegal team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_French_Sudan_(1958%E2%80%931959).svg"},{"link_name":"Republic of Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Senegal"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"tricolour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricolour_(flag)"},{"link_name":"charged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"five-pointed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-pointed_star"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-similarity-1"},{"link_name":"Mali Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Federation"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"French tricolour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_France"},{"link_name":"flew over Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire"}],"text":"Senegal team at the 2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony with flagProposed national flag of the Republic of SenegalThe flag of Senegal (French: drapeau du Sénégal) is a tricolour consisting of three vertical green, yellow and red bands charged with a five-pointed green star at the centre.[1] Adopted in 1960 to replace the flag of the Mali Federation, it has been the flag of the Republic of Senegal since the country gained independence that year. The present and previous flags were inspired by the French tricolour, which flew over Senegal until 1960.","title":"Flag of Senegal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mali_(1959%E2%80%931961).svg"},{"link_name":"Mali Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Federation"},{"link_name":"French colonial rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Senegal#French_period"},{"link_name":"distinctive colonial flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_flag"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"decolonization movement in Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"French Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Community"},{"link_name":"French Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Mali Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Federation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-federation-3"},{"link_name":"stylized depiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stick_figure"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complete-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-5"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-federation-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complete-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flags-7"},{"link_name":"Moustapha Niasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustapha_Niasse"},{"link_name":"Alliance of the Forces of Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_the_Forces_of_Progress_(Senegal)"},{"link_name":"baobab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adansonia_digitata"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flagspot-9"},{"link_name":"WalFadjri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WalFadjri"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(government_title)"},{"link_name":"Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdoulaye_Wade"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flagspot-9"}],"text":"Flag of the Mali Federation (1959–1960).Under French colonial rule over Senegal, the authorities forbade the colony from using its own distinctive colonial flag because they were worried that this could increase nationalistic sentiment and lead to calls for independence.[2] With the rise of the decolonization movement in Africa, the French were obliged to grant limited autonomy to Senegal as a self-governing republic within the French Community. Senegal was combined with French Sudan on April 4, 1959, to form the Mali Federation.[3] That day, a new flag was adopted: a vertical green, yellow and red tricolour with a stylized depiction of a human being (referred to as a kanaga) on the centre band.[4][5] The federation attained independence from France on June 20, 1960.[3]The federation between the two former colonies did not last long and ended two months after independence.[4][6] On August 20, Senegal separated from the federation and became an independent country.[5] The new nation's flag kept the colours and stripes of the federation's flag, with the only change being the replacement of the kanaga with a green star.[7]In April 2004, the flag and its design were hoist into the public colloquium when Moustapha Niasse, then-leader of the Alliance of the Forces of Progress, hosted a press conference regarding the \"modification of the election code and the set up of an independent commission to check the lawfulness of the next legislative and presidential elections.\"At the conference's coda, Niasse explored what he felt was \"defense of the symbols of the Republic against the division threat and the offence against national unity\", and produced \"[a] visible replacement, on certain official documents, of the green star of the central yellow stripe of the national flag by a golden baobab\", alongside what he described as \"the non-performance of the national anthem during official ceremonies\".[8][9]The newspaper WalFadjri reported on the same press conference with an emphasis on the alleged transmutation of the national symbology, even going so far as to entitle the feature \"President Wade creates a new flag\". Niasse again produced what he flaunted as an official document signed by the head of state...with a golden baobab instead of the green star.\" Niasse himself stated \"\"Only the Senegalese people is sovereign to decide any modification of the symbols of our Republic\".[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"the colour of the Prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-12"},{"link_name":"Traditional African religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions"},{"link_name":"fecundity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecundity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flagspot-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pics-13"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party of Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Senegal"},{"link_name":"Leopold Senghor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Senghor"},{"link_name":"Senegalese Democratic Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalese_Democratic_Bloc"},{"link_name":"Senegalese Popular Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalese_Popular_Movement"},{"link_name":"Senegalese Party of Socialist Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalese_Party_of_Socialist_Action"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flagspot-9"},{"link_name":"Pan-Africanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flags-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flagspot-9"},{"link_name":"Serer cosmogonical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_creation_myth"},{"link_name":"Yooniir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_religion#Cosmology"},{"link_name":"Serer spirituality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_religion"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madiya_C-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madiya_C-14"},{"link_name":"Black man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"President of Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Senegal"},{"link_name":"Léopold Sédar Senghor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor"},{"link_name":"Serer origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_people"},{"link_name":"Négritude Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Serer sacred site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Serer_holy_places"},{"link_name":"Point of Sangomar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_Sangomar"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Symbolism","text":"Much symbolism and many connotations are beholden to the stripes and singular star of the Senegalese flag. From a national perspective, green is highly symbolic within all of the country's primary religions. In Islam, the country's majority religion at 94% percent of the population,[10] the green of both the first stripe and the star represent the colour of the Prophet,[11][12] Christians see the presence of green as a portent of hope, and Animists (or adherers to Traditional African religions) view green as representative of fecundity.[5]The Senegalese government offers exegesis for the presence of yellow and red as well, yellow being \"the symbol of wealth; it represents the product of work, for a nation whose main priority is the progress of economy, which will allow the increase of the cultural level, the second national priority.\" Additionally, yellow is denoted as \"the colour of arts, literature, and intellect\", primarily because literature teachers in Senegal are known to wear yellow blouses. Red \"recalls the colour of blood, therefore colour of life and the sacrifice accepted by the nation, and also of the strong determination to fight against underdevelopment.\"[5][9][13]Historically, the three colours represent the three political parties which merged to form Union Progressiste Sénégalaisé (Senegalese Progressist Union, now Socialist Party of Senegal, Leopold Senghor's party): green for Bloc Démocratique Sénégalais (Senegalese Democratic Bloc), yellow for Mouvement Populaire Sénégalais (Senegalese Popular Movement) and red for Parti Sénégalais d'Action Sociale (Senegalese Party of Socialist Action).[9]Green, yellow and red are the colours of the Pan-Africanist movement.[7] That pattern was replicated on Senegal's flag as a sign of unity among African countries.[12] The quinary points of the star are said to either \"recall the human ideogram which was displayed in the middle of the flag of the former Mali Federation\"[9] or an adoption of the Serer cosmogonical and religious star Yooniir ― the symbol of the universe in Serer spirituality and cosmogony,[14][15] which also symbolises \"good fortune and destiny\" in the Serer worldview.[14] The symbol is represented by a black 5 pointed star which also spiritually and/or metaphorically denotes \"the Black man standing head held high, hands raised representing work and prayer. Sign of God: Image of Man.\"[16] The first President of Senegal―Léopold Sédar Senghor who was of Serer origin, a founding-member of the Négritude Movement, and who had a history of appropriating (others say \"celebrating\") Serer religious symbols, mythology, and spiritual references in his works despite being a Catholic,[17] probably adopted the Serer religious star just like he did in 1978 when he bought the country's presidential plane and named it \"Point de Sangomar\" in reference to the Serer sacred site the Point of Sangomar - which in Serer means \"the village of shadows\".[18][19]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historical flags"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pan-African colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_colours"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Mali"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-similarity-1"}],"text":"The Pan-African colours of Senegal's flag are shared by several other countries in the region, including Cameroon, Guinea and Mali.[1]","title":"Similar colours"}]
[{"image_text":"Senegal team at the 2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony with flag","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/2010_Opening_Ceremony_-_Senegal_entering.jpg/220px-2010_Opening_Ceremony_-_Senegal_entering.jpg"},{"image_text":"Proposed national flag of the Republic of Senegal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_French_Sudan_%281958%E2%80%931959%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_French_Sudan_%281958%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Flag of the Mali Federation (1959–1960).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Mali_%281959%E2%80%931961%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Mali_%281959%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Flag Similarity Tends to Confuse\". The Spokesman-Review. March 4, 1962. Retrieved May 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dapWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FegDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1965,1662375&dq=flag+of+senegal&hl=en","url_text":"\"Flag Similarity Tends to Confuse\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Whitney. \"Gabon, flag of\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved May 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1355240/Gabon-flag-of","url_text":"\"Gabon, flag of\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mali Federation (African history)\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved May 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/360120/Mali-Federation","url_text":"\"Mali Federation (African history)\""}]},{"reference":"Kindersley, Dorling (November 3, 2008). Complete Flags of the World. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 76. ISBN 9781405333023. Retrieved May 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=anBaE-TAlcUC&pg=PA76","url_text":"Complete Flags of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405333023","url_text":"9781405333023"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Whitney. \"Senegal, flag of\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved May 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1355497/Senegal-flag-of","url_text":"\"Senegal, flag of\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Senegal\". Lonely Planet. Retrieved May 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lonelyplanet.com/senegal/history","url_text":"\"History of Senegal\""}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Carol P. (2004). Flags. HarperCollins UK. p. 203. ISBN 9780007165261. Retrieved May 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ezur2IUQ4OkC&pg=PA203","url_text":"Flags"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780007165261","url_text":"9780007165261"}]},{"reference":"\"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity\". The Pew Forum: On Religion and Public Life. 9 August 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pewforum.org/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation.aspx","url_text":"\"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity\""}]},{"reference":"Philip, George and Son (December 26, 2002). Encyclopedic World Atlas. Oxford University Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-19-521920-3. Retrieved May 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8UD0kOEb1XIC&pg=PA198","url_text":"Encyclopedic World Atlas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521920-3","url_text":"978-0-19-521920-3"}]},{"reference":"The Report: Senegal 2009. Oxford Business Group. 2009. p. 10. ISBN 9781902339214. Retrieved May 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tIKob3eKf4IC&pg=PA10","url_text":"The Report: Senegal 2009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902339214","url_text":"9781902339214"}]},{"reference":"Streissguth, Thomas (2009). Senegal in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 69. ISBN 9781575059518. Retrieved May 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/senegalinpicture0000stre","url_text":"Senegal in Pictures"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/senegalinpicture0000stre/page/69","url_text":"69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575059518","url_text":"9781575059518"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic_Handball_Federation
Dominican Republic Handball Federation
["1 National teams","2 References","3 External links"]
Governing body for handball in the Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Handball Federation Spanish: Federación Dominicana de BalonmanoDRHFIOC nationDominican Republic (DOM)National flagSportHandballOther sportsBeach handballOfficial websitewww.fedobalon.comHISTORYYear of formation1982; 42 years ago (1982)AFFILIATIONSInternational federationInternational Handball Federation (IHF)IHF member since1982Continental associationNorth America and the Caribbean Handball ConfederationNational Olympic CommitteeDominican Republic Olympic CommitteeGOVERNING BODYPresidentMiguel Antonio RiveraHEADQUARTERSAddressBoulevard del Faro, Parque del Este, Complejo Deportivo, Pabellon de Balonmano DomingoCountryDominican Republic Secretary GeneralMiguel Angel Tapia Bido The Dominican Republic Handball Federation (Spanish: Federación Dominicana de Balonmano) (DRHF) is the administrative and controlling body for handball and beach handball in Dominican Republic. Founded in 1982, DRHF is a member of North America and the Caribbean Handball Confederation (NACHC) and the International Handball Federation (IHF). National teams Dominican Republic men's national handball team Dominican Republic men's national junior handball team Dominican Republic women's national handball team References ^ "Member Federations". www.nachconf.info. 4 July 2020. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2020. ^ "Dominican Republic". www.ihf.info. 4 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020. External links Official website Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) Dominican Republic at the IHF website. Dominican Republic Archived 2021-11-11 at the Wayback Machine at the NACHC website. vteSports governing bodies in the Dominican Republic (DOM)Summer Olympic Sports Aquatics Diving Swimming Synchronized Swimming Water Polo Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Equestrian Fencing Field Hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern Pentathlon Rugby 7's Rowing Sailing Shooting Table Tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball inc. Beach Volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Winter Olympic Sports Biathlon Bobsleigh Curling Skating (Figure, Speed & Short Track) Ice Hockey Luge Skeleton Skiing (Alpine, Cross Country, Nordic Combined, Freestyle & Jumping) Snowboarding Other IOC Recognised Sports Air sports Auto racing Bandy Baseball Billiard Sports Boules Bowling Bridge Chess Cricket Dance sport Floorball Karate Korfball Lifesaving Motorcycle racing Mountaineering and Climbing Netball Orienteering Pelota Vasca Polo Powerboating Racquetball Roller sports Rugby Softball Sport climbing Squash Sumo Surfing Tug of war Underwater sports Water Ski Wushu Paralympics and Disabled Sports Others Sports Rugby League Rugby Union Dominican Republic Olympic Committee vteNational members of the North America and Caribbean Handball Confederation (NACHC)Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guadeloupe Haiti Jamaica Martinique Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Trinidad and Tobago Northern America Canada Greenland Mexico United States of America ǂ = suspended by the IHF vteNational members of the International Handball Federation (IHF)African Handball Confederation (CAHB) ALG ANG BEN BOT BUR BDI CMR CAF CHA CGO COD COM CIV CPV DJI EGY ETH GAB GAM GBS GHA GEQ GUI KEN LBA LBR LES MAR MAD MAW MLI MOZ MRI MTN NAM NGR NIG RSA RWA SEN SEY SLE SOM SSD SUD TAN TOG TUN UGA ZAM ZIM Asian Handball Federation (AHF) AFG BAN BHU BRN BRU CAM CHN HKG IND INA IRI IRQ JOR JPN KAZ KGZ KOR KSA KUW LAO LBN MAC MAS MDV MGL MYA NEP OMN PAK PLE PHI PRK QAT SIN SRI SYR THA TJK TKM TPE UAE UZB VIE YEM European Handball Federation (EHF) ALB AND ARM AUT AZE BEL BIH BLR BUL CRO CYP CZE DEN ESP EST FRO FIN FRA GBR GEO GER GRE HUN IRL ISL ISR ITA KOS LAT LIE LTU LUX MDA MKD MLT MNE MON NED NOR POL POR ROU RUS SLO SRB SUI SVK SWE TUR UKR North America and Caribbean Handball Confederation (NACHC)Caribbean ANT BAH BAR CAY CUB DMA DOM GLP GRN HAI IVB JAM LCA MTQ PUR SKN TTO Northern America CAN GRL MEX USA Oceania Continent Handball Federation (OCHF) ASA AUS COK FJI GUM KIR NRU NZL PNG SAM SOL TGA TUV VAN South andCentral AmericaHandball Confederation (SCAHC)Central America BIZ CRC ESA GUA HON NCA PAN South America ARG BOL BRA CHI COL ECU GUF GUY PAR PER URU VEN Associated Members ENG FSM MHL MNP NCL SCO TAH WLF ǂ = suspended by the IHF This article about sports in the Dominican Republic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Team handball article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAS1L
MAS1L
["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading"]
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens MAS1LIdentifiersAliasesMAS1L, MAS-L, MRG, dJ994E9.2, MAS1 proto-oncogene like, G protein-coupled receptorExternal IDsOMIM: 607235; HomoloGene: 50478; GeneCards: MAS1L; OMA:MAS1L - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 6 (human)Band6p22.1Start29,486,697 bpEnd29,487,956 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed insmooth muscle tissuegallbladderrectummucosa of transverse colonsubcutaneous adipose tissuegonadduodenumright coronary arteryskin of abdomenskin of legn/aMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function signal transducer activity G protein-coupled receptor activity Cellular component integral component of membrane plasma membrane membrane nucleoplasm cytosol integral component of plasma membrane Biological process G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway signal transduction Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez116511n/aEnsemblENSG00000206515ENSG00000233141ENSG00000206470ENSG00000234954ENSG00000228515ENSG00000204687ENSG00000237284ENSG00000228377n/aUniProtP35410n/aRefSeq (mRNA)NM_052967n/aRefSeq (protein)NP_443199n/aLocation (UCSC)Chr 6: 29.49 – 29.49 Mbn/aPubMed searchn/aWikidataView/Edit Human Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor MRG is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAS1L gene. See also MAS1 oncogene References ^ a b c ENSG00000233141, ENSG00000206470, ENSG00000234954, ENSG00000228515, ENSG00000204687, ENSG00000237284, ENSG00000228377 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000206515, ENSG00000233141, ENSG00000206470, ENSG00000234954, ENSG00000228515, ENSG00000204687, ENSG00000237284, ENSG00000228377 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Entrez Gene: MAS1L MAS1 oncogene-like". Further reading Monnot C, Weber V, Stinnakre J, et al. (1992). "Cloning and functional characterization of a novel mas-related gene, modulating intracellular angiotensin II actions". Mol. Endocrinol. 5 (10): 1477–1487. doi:10.1210/mend-5-10-1477. PMID 1723144. Dong X, Han S, Zylka MJ, et al. (2001). "A diverse family of GPCRs expressed in specific subsets of nociceptive sensory neurons". Cell. 106 (5): 619–632. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00483-4. PMID 11551509. S2CID 14119088. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–16903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, et al. (2003). "The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6". Nature. 425 (6960): 805–811. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..805M. doi:10.1038/nature02055. PMID 14574404. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–2127. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334. This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. vteCell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptorsClass A: Rhodopsin-likeNeurotransmitterAdrenergic α1 (A B D) α2 (A B C) β1 β2 β3 Purinergic Adenosine (A1 A2A A2B A3) P2Y (1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14) Serotonin (all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A B D E F) 5-HT2 (A B C) 5-HT (4 5A 6 7) Other Acetylcholine (M1 M2 M3 M4 M5) Dopamine D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 GHB receptor Histamine H1 H2 H3 H4 Melatonin (1A 1B 1C) TAAR (1 2 5 6 8 9) Metabolites andsignaling moleculesEicosanoid CysLT (1 2) LTB4 1 2 FPRL1 OXE Prostaglandin DP (1 2), EP (1 2 3 4), FP Prostacyclin Thromboxane Other Bile acid Cannabinoid (CB1 CB2, GPR (18 55 119)) EBI2 Estrogen Free fatty acid (1 2 3 4) Hydroxycarboxylic acids 1 2 3 Lysophosphatidic acid (1 2 3 4 5 6) Lysophospholipid (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) Oxoglutarate PAF Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1 2 3 4 5) Succinate PeptideNeuropeptide B/W (1 2) FF (1 2) S Y (1 2 4 5) Neuromedin (B U (1 2)) Neurotensin (1 2) Other Anaphylatoxin (C3a C5a (1 2)) Angiotensin (1 2) Apelin Bombesin BRS3 GRPR NMBR) Bradykinin (B1 B2) Chemokine Cholecystokinin (A B) Endothelin A B Formyl peptide (1 2 3) FSH Galanin (1 2 3) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Ghrelin Kisspeptin Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin MAS (1 1L D E F G X1 X2 X3 X4) Melanocortin (1 2 3 4 5) MCHR (1 2) Motilin Opioid (Delta Kappa Mu Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma) Orexin (1 2) Oxytocin Prokineticin (1 2) Prolactin-releasing peptide Relaxin (1 2 3 4) Somatostatin (1 2 3 4 5) Tachykinin (1 2 3) Thyrotropin Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Urotensin-II Vasopressin (1A 1B 2) MiscellaneousTaste, bitter TAS2R 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 13 14 16 19 20 30 31 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 50 60 Vomeronasal receptor type 1 Orphan GPR (1 3 4 6 12 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 31 32 33 34 35 37 39 42 44 45 50 52 55 61 62 63 65 68 75 78 81 82 83 84 85 87 88 92 101 103 109A 109B 119 120 132 135 137B 139 141 142 146 148 149 150 151 152 153 160 161 162 171 173 174 176 177 182 183) Other Adrenomedullin Olfactory Opsin (3 4 5 1LW 1MW 1SW RGR RRH) Protease-activated (1 2 3 4) SREB (1 2 3) Class B: Secretin-likeAdhesion ADGRB Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 2 3 ADGRC Cadherin 1 2 3 ADGRE EMR 1 2 3 CD97 ADGRG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ADGRL Latrophilin 1 2 3 ELTD1 Orphan GPR (56 64 97 98 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 123 124 125 126 128 133 143 144 155 157) Other Calcitonin CALCRL Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Glucagon (GR GIPR GLP1R GLP2R) Growth-hormone-releasing hormone PACAPR1 GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone (1 2) Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 2) Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromoneTaste, sweet TAS1R 1 2 3 Vomeronasal receptor, type 2 Other Calcium-sensing receptor GABAB (1 2) Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) GPRC6A GPR (156 158 179) RAIG (1 2 3 4) Class F: Frizzled & SmoothenedFrizzled Frizzled (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10) Smoothened Smoothened This transmembrane receptor-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_receptor"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MAS1L&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Transmembranereceptor-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Transmembranereceptor-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transmembranereceptor-stub"}],"text":"Monnot C, Weber V, Stinnakre J, et al. (1992). \"Cloning and functional characterization of a novel mas-related gene, modulating intracellular angiotensin II actions\". Mol. Endocrinol. 5 (10): 1477–1487. doi:10.1210/mend-5-10-1477. PMID 1723144.\nDong X, Han S, Zylka MJ, et al. (2001). \"A diverse family of GPCRs expressed in specific subsets of nociceptive sensory neurons\". Cell. 106 (5): 619–632. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00483-4. PMID 11551509. S2CID 14119088.\nStrausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–16903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nMungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, et al. (2003). \"The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6\". Nature. 425 (6960): 805–811. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..805M. doi:10.1038/nature02055. PMID 14574404.\nGerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–2127. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.vteCell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptorsClass A: Rhodopsin-likeNeurotransmitterAdrenergic\nα1 (A\nB\nD)\nα2 (A\nB\nC)\nβ1\nβ2\nβ3\nPurinergic\nAdenosine (A1\nA2A\nA2B\nA3)\nP2Y (1\n2\n4\n5\n6\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14)\nSerotonin\n(all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A\nB\nD\nE\nF)\n5-HT2 (A\nB\nC)\n5-HT (4\n5A\n6\n7)\nOther\nAcetylcholine (M1\nM2\nM3\nM4\nM5)\nDopamine\nD1\nD2\nD3\nD4\nD5\nGHB receptor\nHistamine\nH1\nH2\nH3\nH4\nMelatonin (1A\n1B\n1C)\nTAAR (1\n2\n5\n6\n8\n9)\nMetabolites andsignaling moleculesEicosanoid\nCysLT (1\n2)\nLTB4\n1\n2\n FPRL1\nOXE\nProstaglandin\nDP (1\n2), EP (1\n2\n3\n4), FP\nProstacyclin\nThromboxane\nOther\nBile acid\nCannabinoid (CB1\nCB2, GPR (18\n55\n119))\nEBI2\nEstrogen\nFree fatty acid (1\n2\n3\n4)\nHydroxycarboxylic acids\n1\n2\n3\nLysophosphatidic acid (1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6)\nLysophospholipid (1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8)\nOxoglutarate\nPAF\nSphingosine-1-phosphate (1\n2\n3\n4\n5)\nSuccinate\nPeptideNeuropeptide\nB/W (1\n2)\nFF (1\n2)\nS\nY (1\n2\n4\n5)\nNeuromedin (B\nU (1\n2))\nNeurotensin (1\n2)\nOther\nAnaphylatoxin (C3a\nC5a (1\n2))\nAngiotensin (1\n2)\nApelin\nBombesin\nBRS3\nGRPR\nNMBR)\nBradykinin (B1\nB2)\nChemokine\nCholecystokinin (A\nB)\nEndothelin\nA\nB\nFormyl peptide (1\n2\n3)\nFSH\nGalanin (1\n2\n3)\nGonadotropin-releasing hormone (1\n2)\nGhrelin\n Kisspeptin\nLuteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin\nMAS (1\n1L\nD\nE\nF\nG\nX1\nX2\nX3\nX4)\nMelanocortin (1\n2\n3\n4\n5)\nMCHR (1\n2)\nMotilin\nOpioid (Delta\nKappa\nMu\nNociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma)\nOrexin (1\n2)\nOxytocin\nProkineticin (1\n2)\nProlactin-releasing peptide\nRelaxin (1\n2\n3\n4)\nSomatostatin (1\n2\n3\n4\n5)\nTachykinin (1\n2\n3)\nThyrotropin\nThyrotropin-releasing hormone\nUrotensin-II\nVasopressin (1A\n1B\n2)\nMiscellaneousTaste, bitter\nTAS2R\n1\n3\n4\n5\n7\n8\n9\n10\n13\n14\n16\n19\n20\n30\n31\n38\n39\n40\n41\n42\n43\n45\n46\n50\n60\nVomeronasal receptor type 1\nOrphan\nGPR (1\n3\n4\n6\n12\n15\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n25\n26\n27\n31\n32\n33\n34\n35\n37\n39\n42\n44\n45\n50\n52\n55\n61\n62\n63\n65\n68\n75\n78\n81\n82\n83\n84\n85\n87\n88\n92\n101\n103\n109A\n109B\n119\n120\n132\n135\n137B\n139\n141\n142\n146\n148\n149\n150\n151\n152\n153\n160\n161\n162\n171\n173\n174\n176\n177\n182\n183)\nOther\nAdrenomedullin\nOlfactory\nOpsin (3\n4\n5\n1LW\n1MW\n1SW\nRGR\nRRH)\nProtease-activated (1\n2\n3\n4)\nSREB (1\n2\n3)\nClass B: Secretin-likeAdhesion\nADGRB\nBrain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor\n1\n2\n3\nADGRC\nCadherin\n1\n2\n3\nADGRE\nEMR\n1\n2\n3\nCD97\nADGRG\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\nADGRL\nLatrophilin\n1\n2\n3\nELTD1\nOrphan\nGPR (56\n64\n97\n98\n110\n111\n112\n113\n114\n115\n116\n123\n124\n125\n126\n128\n133\n143\n144\n155\n157)\nOther\nCalcitonin\nCALCRL\nCorticotropin-releasing hormone (1\n2)\nGlucagon (GR\nGIPR\nGLP1R\nGLP2R)\nGrowth-hormone-releasing hormone\nPACAPR1\nGPR\nMethuselah-like proteins\nParathyroid hormone (1\n2)\nSecretin\nVasoactive intestinal peptide (1\n2)\nClass C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromoneTaste, sweet\nTAS1R\n1\n2\n3\nVomeronasal receptor, type 2\nOther\nCalcium-sensing receptor\nGABAB (1\n2)\nGlutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8))\nGPRC6A\nGPR (156\n158\n179)\nRAIG (1\n2\n3\n4)\nClass F: Frizzled & SmoothenedFrizzled\nFrizzled (1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10)\nSmoothened\nSmoothenedThis transmembrane receptor-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"MAS1 oncogene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAS1_oncogene"}]
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S2CID 14119088.","urls":[{"url":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/55532/2/mmc1.zip","url_text":"\"A diverse family of GPCRs expressed in specific subsets of nociceptive sensory neurons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2801%2900483-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00483-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11551509","url_text":"11551509"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14119088","url_text":"14119088"}]},{"reference":"Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–16903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M","url_text":"2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.242603899"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"139241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932","url_text":"12477932"}]},{"reference":"Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, et al. (2003). \"The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6\". Nature. 425 (6960): 805–811. 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PMID 15489334.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"\"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504","url_text":"10.1101/gr.2596504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"528928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334","url_text":"15489334"}]}]
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transduction"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/","external_links_name":"Amigo"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/","external_links_name":"QuickGO"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=116511&rn=1","external_links_name":"116511"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000206515;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSG00000206515"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000233141;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSG00000233141"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000206470;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSG00000206470"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000234954;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSG00000234954"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000228515;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSG00000228515"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000204687;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSG00000204687"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000237284;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSG00000237284"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000228377;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSG00000228377"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P35410","external_links_name":"P35410"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_052967","external_links_name":"NM_052967"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_443199","external_links_name":"NP_443199"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr6:29486697-29487956","external_links_name":"Chr 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Bahn_Rhein-Main
Rhine-Main S-Bahn
["1 Lines","2 Network map","3 History","3.1 The early years","3.2 Later Developments","4 Bridges","5 Tunnels","6 The future","7 Similar suburban railways","8 Problems and accidents","8.1 Punctuality","9 Rolling stock","9.1 Class 420","9.2 Class 423","9.3 Class 430","10 Further S-Bahn","11 References","12 External links"]
Public transit system in Germany This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article contains translated text and needs attention from someone with dual fluency. Please see this article's entry on Pages needing translation into English for discussion. If you have just labeled this article as needing attention, please add{{subst:Needtrans|pg=Rhine-Main S-Bahn |language=unknown |comments= }} ~~~~to the bottom of the WP:PNTCU section on Wikipedia:Pages needing translation into English. (March 2023) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rhine-Main S-Bahn" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rhine-Main S-BahnOverviewNumber of lines9Number of stations112 (13 underground)Annual ridership150 millionOperationNumber of vehiclesDBAG Class 423DBAG Class 430TechnicalSystem length303 km (188 mi) System map The Rhine-Main S-Bahn system is an integrated rapid transit and commuter train system for the Frankfurt/Rhine-Main region, which includes the cities Frankfurt am Main, Wiesbaden, Mainz, Offenbach am Main, Hanau and Darmstadt. The network comprises nine S-Bahn lines, eight of which currently travel through the cornerstone of the system, a tunnel (the "City Tunnel") through central Frankfurt. The first section of this tunnel was opened on May 28, 1978. Further tunnel sections were opened in 1983 and 1990, before its completion in 1992. The system belongs to the Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund (RMV) and is operated by DB Regio, a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn. End-to-end journey times on the nine lines in the system range from 36 minutes (on line S7) up to 87 minutes (on line S1). The longest journey time into central Frankfurt (Hauptwache), from any point on the network, is 54 minutes. Services on some lines start shortly after 4 a.m., while all lines have services from about 5 a.m. onwards. A full service is maintained from 6 a.m. until about 8 p.m., and a somewhat reduced service is run until the late evening. The last services leave Frankfurt at about 1:20 a.m. The S8/S9 runs 24/7. The S-Bahn system is quite closely integrated with other components of the region's transport system, such as the bus services in the various cities and towns, the tram services in Mainz, Frankfurt and Darmstadt, and the Frankfurt U-Bahn. In Frankfurt, connections can be made, at either Hauptwache or its neighbouring station Konstablerwache, between the eight cross-city S-Bahn lines and eight of the city's nine U-Bahn lines, while the S-Bahn stations Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof and Frankfurt Süd between them have connection to six of the U-Bahn lines and any of the city's tram lines. Some opportunities for interchange also exist in the suburbs of Frankfurt. Lines Since the end of 2003, the system comprises the following lines: Line Route Wiesbaden – Frankfurt-Höchst – Frankfurt – Citytunnel – Offenbach Ost – Rödermark-Ober Roden Niedernhausen – Frankfurt-Höchst – Frankfurt – Citytunnel – Offenbach Ost – Dietzenbach Bad Soden – Frankfurt-West – Frankfurt – Citytunnel – Langen – Darmstadt Kronberg – Frankfurt-West – Frankfurt – Citytunnel – Langen (– Darmstadt) Friedrichsdorf – Frankfurt-West – Frankfurt – Citytunnel – Frankfurt-Süd Friedberg – Frankfurt-West – Frankfurt – Citytunnel – Frankfurt-Süd Riedstadt-Goddelau – Groß-Gerau Dornberg – Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof Wiesbaden – Mainz – Frankfurt Airport – Frankfurt – Citytunnel – Offenbach Ost – Hanau Wiesbaden – Mainz-Kastel – Frankfurt Airport – Frankfurt – Citytunnel – Offenbach Ost – Hanau The former routes are as follows: Line Route Notes S 14 Wiesbaden ↔ Mainz ↔ Frankfurt Flughafen Regionalbahnhof ↔ Frankfurt Hbf ↔ Frankfurt Süd replaced by S8 S 15 Frankfurt Flughafen Regionalbahnhof ↔ Frankfurt Hbf replaced by S8/S9 S 13 Goddelau-Erfelden ↔ Frankfurt Hbf replaced by S7 S 12 Frankfurt Hbf ↔ Langen ↔ Darmstadt replaced by S3/S4 S 11 Frankfurt Hbf ↔ Dreieich ↔ Rödermark-Ober-Roden replaced by Dreieichbahn S 9 Offenbach Hbf ↔ Rödermark-Ober-Roden replaced by S1 S 8 Frankfurt Hbf ↔ Frankfurt Süd ↔ Offenbach ↔ Hanau replaced by S8/S9 S 7 Frankfurt Hbf ↔ Frankfurt Süd ↔ Maintal ↔ Hanau replaced by nordmainischen S-Bahn Network map History DB class 423 as S2 heading for Niedernhausen passing Hofheim-Lorsbach The early years Plans for a rail connection between the central rail station (Hauptbahnhof) in Frankfurt and the Hauptwache, the central commuter destination in the city, were started in the early 1960s. Construction work on the project started in 1969. During the construction phase, some rearrangements were carried out to the commuter network in the area around Frankfurt, including creation of a link line between Bad Soden am Taunus and Niederhöchstadt. In 1978 the first section of the "Citytunnel" of the Rhine-Main S-Bahn was opened, with all lines sharing the tunnel between Hauptbahnhof and Hauptwache. The initial system, which lay entirely to the north of the river Main, comprised the following lines: S1: Wiesbaden Hbf – Höchst – Hauptbahnhof – Hauptwache S2: Niedernhausen – Höchst – Hauptbahnhof – Hauptwache S3: Frankfurt-Höchst – Bad Soden – Frankfurt West – Hauptbahnhof – Hauptwache S4: Kronberg – Frankfurt West – Hauptbahnhof – Hauptwache S5: Friedrichsdorf – Frankfurt West – Hauptbahnhof – Hauptwache S6: Friedberg – Frankfurt West – Hauptbahnhof – Hauptwache S-Bahn- and U-Bahn lines in 1980 In 1980, two further lines were added to the network, made possible by construction of a new rail bridge over the river Main: S14: Wiesbaden – Mainz – Flughafen – Hauptbahnhof (main arrivals hall) S15: Flughafen – Hauptbahnhof – Hauptwache Completion in 1983 of a 600m long easterly extension of the Citytunnel, as far as Konstablerwache, improved the opportunities for train turnaround in the tunnel. At this stage lines S1–S6 and line S14 were extended to Konstablerwache, while the S15 was rerouted to the main arrivals hall of the Hauptbahnhof. Later Developments City-Tunnel Offenbach am Main DBAG Class 423 approaching the elevated section of Frankfurt Westbahnhof In 1990 the Citytunnel was extended, adding the underground stations Ostendstrasse and Lokalbahnhof to the system, along with the overground station Frankfurt Süd. All the lines (with the exception of the S15) were extended to Frankfurt Süd, while the S5 and S6 were further extended a short time later to a new station at Stresemannallee, south-west of Frankfurt Süd. In 1992, S1 and S2 trains were diverted to the new Mühlberg underground station, the first station in the direction of Offenbach. This left the S3, S4, S5 and S6 serving all the stations between Hauptbahnhof and Frankfurt Süd, a situation which still pertains to this day. The S14, which is now the S8, also served all of these stations. In 1995, the newly instituted RMV increased train frequency from a 20/40/60 minute schedule (depending on the time of day) to the 15/30/45/60 minute schedule which is still used in the system. The S15 ceased operations at this stage. Also in 1995, a new underground alignment through the city of Offenbach was opened, assisting the rerouting of the S14 (renamed the S8) through Mühlberg to City-Tunnel Offenbach and Hanau. The S1 was also extended as far as Offenbach, while the S2 returned to serving Frankfurt Süd. In 1997, the routes of the S5 and S6 were shortened slightly, so that they travelled only as far as Frankfurt Süd, while the S3 and S4 were extended to Darmstadt and Langen. The section of the S3 between Höchst and Bad Soden im Taunus also ceased to be served by S-Bahn trains. In 1999, the S8 was effectively divided into two lines, the S8 and S9, both of which travel between Hanau and Wiesbaden via Bischofsheim. The S8 continues to travel through the centre of Mainz, while the S9 travels via Mainz-Kastel. This arrangement means that it is possible to travel between Wiesbaden, the capital of the state of Hesse, and Frankfurt, the state's largest city, by three different routes. In the same year, a new station on lines S3-S6 was opened in the Frankfurt fairground (Frankfurt Messe station). In 2002, a new S-Bahn line, the S7, between Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof (main arrivals hall) and Riedstadt-Goddelau was added to the system (replacing the regional train line on the northern part of the Mannheim–Frankfurt railway). Due to a shortage of capacity in the Citytunnel, these trains are not currently able to reach Frankfurt's inner city. At present, these trains do not operate on a 30-minute schedule because of several ICE lines that operate on the same tracks. In 2003 the Rodgaubahn, a commuter rail system serving Offenbach and its environs, was incorporated into the Rhine-Main S-Bahn system. This resulted in the S1 being extended from Offenbach Ost to Rödermark-Ober Roden, while the S2 was also rerouted from Frankfurt Süd to serve Offenbach Ost and all stations to its new terminus in Dietzenbach. The current system has an almost 5-minute frequency for services between Frankfurt and Offenbach Ost and an actual 5-minute frequency for services between Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof and Frankfurt Süd. The group of lines S1, S2, S8 and S9 all share 10 stations, as do the group of lines S3, S4, S5 and S6. All the lines, with the exception of the S7, share 5 stations. Initially this arrangement gave rise to some considerable delays caused by poorly functioning signalling. To some extent this has been allayed by routing every second westbound S2 train in peak times to Offenbach am Main (Hauptbahnhof) and every second eastbound S2 train in peak times to the main arrivals hall of the Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof, rather than running these services through the Citytunnel. Reconstruction of the signalling technology in the Citytunnel enabled all westbound S2 trains to travel all the way to Niedernhausen at a frequency of 15 minutes in 2010. Since 2015 a new signal tower for the Citytunnel is installed at Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof which is going to replace the original signal tower operating since 1978 in 2018. Therefore, it is necessary to close the tunnel several times between 2015 and 2018 for between two and six weeks each, mostly during school holidays. The times of service closure are also used to modernize the stations in the tunnel. From July 31 to August 18, 2006, the mainline tunnel between the main station and Konstablerwache was completely closed to exchange 30 switches. On May 13, 2007, the served by the S2, new breakpoint Frankfurt Zeilsheim was opened, on 31 October 2008, operated by the S3, single-track breakpoint Schwalbach North. For the timetable change 2017/18, a continuous night traffic was introduced on weekends. Due to nocturnal blockages of the City Tunnel, the railways go in a first phase at night on modified lines: S1: Wiesbaden Hbf - Hochheim (Main) - Frankfurt-Höchst - Frankfurt (Main) Hbf - Frankfurt (Main) South - Offenbach (Main) Main Station - Rödermark-Ober-Roden S3: Frankfurt (Main) South - Langen (Hesse) - Darmstadt Hbf S4: Kronberg (Taunus) - Eschborn - Frankfurt (Main) West - Frankfurt (Main) Hbf S5: Friedrichsdorf - Bad Homburg - Oberursel (Taunus) - Frankfurt (Main) West - Frankfurt (Main) Hbf S8: Wiesbaden Hbf - Mainz central station - Rüsselsheim - Frankfurt airport - Frankfurt (Main) Hbf - Frankfurt (Main) south - Offenbach (Main) central station - Hanau central station From August 2018, the start of operations of the entire night traffic in the Citytunnel is planned. From December 2018 the S8/S9 will be 24/7 through the Citytunnel with a 30-minute frequency between 1:00 am and 4:30 am from Frankfurt Flughafen Regionalbahnhof to Konstablerwache (1:11 am/4:11 am from Konstablerwache to Frankfurt Flughafen Regionalbahnhof) and a 60-minute frequency between 12:49 am and 3:49 am from Wiesbaden Hbf and Hanau Hbf (1:46 am/3:46 am from Hanau Hbf to Wiesbaden Hbf) Bridges The S-Bahn crosses three of the four largest rivers in the region, with a total of nine bridges and a tunnel: The Rhine crosses the line S8 twice, namely over the Kaiserbrücke between Mainz-Nord and Wiesbaden-Ost and the South bridge between Mainz Roman Theater and Mainz-Gustavsburg train station. The Main crosses the S-Bahn in five places. All lines cross the river at least once. The S8 to Hanau crosses the Main three times (until Offenbach Ost only twice), the S9 four times: The lines S8 and S9 cross the river via the Steinheimer Mainbrücke, between the stations Hanau Hauptbahnhof and Steinheim. The City-Tunnel Frankfurt drives under the Main between the stations Ostendstraße and Lokalbahnhof / Mühlberg, the branch is located approximately under the southern riverbank, this tunnel uses all lines except the S7. The Alte Niederräder Brücke uses the S7 between Frankfurt Central Station and Niederrad. The lines S8 and S9 cross the Main via the immediately adjacent Neue Niederräder bridge, also between Frankfurt main station and Niederrad. Via the railway bridge Hochheim the line S9 between the stations Mainz-Bischofsheim and Mainz-Kastel takes the "shortcut" from the Frankfurt airport to Wiesbaden. The Nidda is crossed in three places, namely once each of the lines S1 to S6. The Line S6 runs part way next to the Nidda, but crosses it only once: Between the stations Bad Vilbel and Bad Vilbel Süd, drive from the line S6, the bridge of the Homburg railway between Frankfurt west station and Rödelheim, drive from the lines S3-S5, and the younger of the two railway bridges in Frankfurt-Nied, namely those of the Main-Lahn-Bahn, traveled by the lines S1 and S2. The fourth major river in the region, the Kinzig, currently has no contact with the S-Bahn network. This will only change with the construction of the North-Main S-Bahn line to Hanau, as the existing **Frankfurt-Hanau line crosses the Kinzig just north of the Hanau West station on a bridge from 1926. Tunnels DBAG Class 423 at station Schwalbach (Limes) S-Bahn in Frankfurt has several tunnels: Through the City-Tunnel Frankfurt all S-Bahn trains except the S7. Also not in the tunnel are the short-distance trains of the S1 and the S8 that stop at Frankfurt's main station, as well as the S9 coming from Wiesbaden during the low load period. After crossing the river Main, the tunnel branches off to Frankfurt-Süd station and in the direction of Offenbach am Main. It has seven underground stations and is about 6.4 kilometres (4.0 mi) long. In the Main Guard Konstablerwache section, there are two more outer subway tracks. At the station Konstablerwache can be changed in the direction of travel at the same platform in the subway U6 and U7. As the only railway tunnel, it undercuts the Main next to the subway line A. A branch to the planned northern line to Hanau is prepared. In 2010, the modernization of train control increased capacity by 2 trains per hour to 24 trains. Since then, the interrupted amplifier lines of the S2 are tied through, in Munich, however, could increase the power to 30 trains per hour. An equal capacity increase in Frankfurt, however, would have required the installation of line influence on the line and in the vehicles and was omitted for reasons of cost. The City Tunnel Offenbach is 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) long and has three underground stations, which are served by the lines S1, S2, S8 and S9. Opening: 1995 There is a 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) long tunnel at the airport, which passes under several highways and buildings and has a three-track subterranean regional train station below the airport terminal. Until the opening of the airport's long-distance railway station in 1999 also held intercity trains. Since November 2016, a 4 km (2.5 mi) long relocation of the Stadium - Airport Regional Station section is under construction to create a new Gateway Gardens Station under the development area of the former US military settlement until December 2019. The tunnel is broken up and 2 km (1.2 mi) newly built. In Mainz, the S8 runs in the direction of Wiesbaden through the two old, successive railway tunnels between Mainz Roman Theater and Mainz Main Station, in the opposite direction it travels the continuous "New Mainz Tunnel". The (single-track) station Schwalbach (Limes), which is served by the S3 line, lies underground underneath the market square of the Limes town. The tunnel, which was built together with a parallel road tunnel, is about as long as the station itself. Immediately north of the station Eppstein in the Taunus (line S2) is built in 1877, 210 metres (690 ft) long Eppsteiner tunnel, for 2010, a new replacement tunnel was built because of otherwise problematic renovation work. The future Plans for the system include a line to Hanau via Maintal, largely running north of the river Main. This would extend the S7 from Riedstadt-Goddelau, that currently terminates in the main hall of the Hauptbahnhof, with a service to and from Fechenheim (replacing the station at Mainkur) four times an hour of which half would extend to and from Hanau. The S6 to Friedberg will get its own track to be independent of long-distance and regional traffic on the Main-Weser-Bahn. In the 1980s and 1990s, it was planned to expand the double track to a third track. Later, the plan was changed to build the S6 for their entire run until Friedberg own two tracks for a scheduled operation independent of long-distance, regional and freight traffic. After 24 years of planning and resolution of legal challenges, construction of the first phase between Frankfurt-West and Bad Vilbel started in December 2017. The S6 will receive a new station between Frankfurt-West and Eschersheim to serve Frankfurt-Ginnheim. Commissioning of the expanded line is planned for December 2022. A further application of such two-system metropolitan railway vehicles is provided in the west of Frankfurt: Starting in Bad Homburg and the Frankfurt Northwest Center so-called Regional Tangent West (RTW) on Eschborn South, Sulzbach (Taunus), Frankfurt-Sossenheim, Frankfurt-Höchst, Frankfurt Airport and Frankfurt Stadium to the Isenburg center in Neu-Isenburg or after Dreieich-Buchschlag run. The Regional Tangent West is to operate as a mixed operation of two-system metropolitan railway car on mostly existing light rail and railway / S-Bahn routes, which makes their realization - despite the great track length - quite reasonably priced. Their primary task is to strengthen the tangential traffic, to spare the passengers tiresome and time-consuming detours via the Frankfurt city center and to reduce the congestion of the Frankfurt City Tunnel. The realization is planned for the end of 2023. Other projects under consideration include an extension of the S1 from Rödermark-Ober-Roden to Dieburg, an extension of the S7 from Riedstadt-Goddelau to Biblis, and a branch of the S7 to Groß-Gerau. The Frankfurt district of Oberrad has seen a campaign to reactivate its rail station that was mothballed in the 1980s as an S-Bahn station. In the mid-90s was also a rapid-transit railway line in planning, which should be led from Frankfurt over Rüsselsheim to Darmstadt. The train should come from Darmstadt coming before Bischofsheim in a curve yet to be built (Schindberg curve) to Frankfurt. This would have given the Darmstadt the long desired direct connection to the Frankfurt airport. Furthermore, such a fast connection between Darmstadt and Rüsselsheim would have been created, which would have brought a significant time savings for the many commuters. This project failed at the community Bischofsheim, which refused to build a bend in their district. There they pointed out that a change of direction in Bischofsheim station was possible. According to the Darmstadt-Dieburg local transport organization, the realization of this route is dependent on the expansion of the Main-Rhine-Bahn and a compression of the clock on this route. However, this should be done in the form of an extended to Frankfurt S-Bahn line S -Bahn RheinNeckar. The S5 is planned to be extended via Friedrichsdorf to Usingen, requiring electrification of the Taunusbahn line. The green light for the project was given in May 2015, with a scheduled completion date of the end of 2019. A further extension to Grävenwiesbach (Hochtaunuskreis) and Brandoberndorf has been requested by local politicians in Hochtaunuskreis, but no action is expected until 2027 as RMV funds are already committed to the purchase of rolling stock. Similar suburban railways LINT 41 railcar of Königstein Railway near Unterliederbach LINT 41 at Soden Railway passing the fields between Sulzbach and Sossenheim On several regional routes without overhead contact line, S-Bahn-like traffic was already partially introduced at the time of the Frankfurter Verkehrsverbund, i.e. high density of traffic, continuous weekend traffic as well as trains bound through Frankfurt during the daytime and Frankfurt main station. The operators were and are the DB Regio and the Hessian State Railways (HLB), formerly the Frankfurt-Königsteiner Eisenbahn (FKE). The FVV led these lines with their own line letter (K, T and N) or as S-Bahn line (S9, S11). This affected the following routes (sorted by today's RMV line number): Königstein Railway or Königsteiner Bahn (12): Frankfurt central station - Frankfurt-Höchst - KönigsteinFrom the highest source line of the FKE. Here, starting in 1987, first as line K, with the new procurement of vehicles and adjustment of route and signaling technology dense traffic was introduced. Since 2003, all trains run continuously to Frankfurt Central Station. Soden Railway or Sodener Bahn (13): Frankfurt-Höchst - Bad SodenFrom 1979 to 1997, the Sodener Bahn was part of the S-Bahn line S3. For this purpose, the route was electrified. Due to insufficient capacity, the S-Bahn service was abandoned and the line was taken over by the FKE. It only operates as a connecting line. Taunus Railway or Taunusbahn (15): (Frankfurt central station -) Bad Homburg - Friedrichsdorf - Usingen - Grävenwiesbach (- Brandoberndorf)The Friedrichsdorf-Grävenwiesbach line, which was about to be shut down, was bought by the Verkehrsverband Hochtaunus, modernized and handed over to the FKE in 1992 for operation. Until the founding of the RMV, the line was called T. From 1999, the decommissioned part was reactivated to Brandoberndorf. The stations have S-Bahn-like standards such as high platforms (since 1992) or Zugzielanzeiger (since 2007). In rush hour, additional trains go to Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof. Bad Vilbel–Glauburg-Stockheim railway or Niddertalbahn (34): (Frankfurt central station -) Bad Vilbel - Nidderau - Glauburg-StockheimSince the completion of the modernization work in May 2008, almost all work on weekdays and about one third of the trains to the main station on Saturdays, only a few were previously connected. in the FVV the route bore the line letter N. Dreieich Railway or Dreieichbahn (61): (Frankfurt central station -) Dreieich-Buchschlag - Rödermark-Ober-Roden (- Dieburg)The operated by the DB Regio Dreieichbahn was referred to in the network of Frankfurt traffic network as S-Bahn line 11. The Dreieichbahn has been running every hour since summer 2016 to the main station. On other lines such as the Horlofftalbahn (48, HLB) or the Odenwaldbahn (82/85, Vias) also in the rush hour additional trains to and from Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof; but they have a weaker clock density. While now all services are also provided on the aforementioned lines of railcars, drive only individual pairs of trains on the line 34 at rush hour and because of the operational link in Bad Vilbel two of the three bound train pairs on the line 48 as a wagon train with double-decker and a locomotive Class 245. Problems and accidents Punctuality The biggest problem experienced on the Rhine-Main S-Bahn is frequent unpunctuality, one reason for which is the shortage of capacity in the Citytunnel. Capacity of the tunnel was increased from 22 trains per hour (in each direction) to 24 trains per hour in 2010 by optimising the Punktförmige Zugbeeinflussung signalling system, rather than upgrading the system to the more modern Linienzugbeeinflussung (LZB) system, as used on the Munich S-Bahn to achieve a throughput of 30 trains per hour in each direction in the Munich core city tunnel. A further cause of delays is that many of the S-Bahn lines share track with freight trains, regional trains and inter-city trains. Longer distance passenger trains take priority over the S-Bahn, which frequently has to stand for up to 10 minutes to allow the other service to overtake. Mixed services are particularly found along the S6, S7, S8 and S9 routes. The operators recognise the need to separate S-Bahn services from other services along these routes. The first stage towards this was originally scheduled to start in 2007, doubling the number of tracks from two to four on the S6 line between Westbahnhof and Bad Vilbel, but in October 2011 Deutsche Bahn stated that it expected work to start in 2014 and the extra tracks to go into service in 2018. Rolling stock 165 S-Bahn trains are in operation. On December 31, 2012, the breakdown was as follows: 65 units of class 420 (of which 55 plantations and 10 reserves) and 100 units of class 423 (including 93 plantations and 7 reserves). Until autumn 2014, the class 420 were replaced by modern vehicles of the DB 430 series. This is part of the contract that RMV signed with Deutsche Bahn in November 2011 following the tendering of transport services. Since the completion of the delivery, 100 vehicles of the class 423 and 91 vehicles of the class 430 are in use, the latter vehicles on the lines S1, S7, S8 and S9. Class 420 In the early years trains of the second and third series of electric locomotive class 420 in the color pure orange / Kieselgrau (contrary to original plans, the proposed paint carmine / kieselgrau was not used) were used in Frankfurt, although occasionally lent to 1990 due to lack of vehicles also from Munich blue white 420s were used, for example, the opening of the trunk line extension to Frankfurt South. The cars of the 2nd construction series were delivered completely to the S-Bahn Munich until the beginning of the 2000s. Due to the ever-increasing vehicle demand at that time were between 1980 and 2004 at irregular intervals all railcars of the third and fourth series and numerous cars of the fifth and sixth series from the S-Bahn Stuttgart delivered to Frankfurt. In 2003 began the delivery of new class 423 railcars in Frankfurt, in parallel, in August 2003, the first ET 420 were retired. As of 2004, Frankfurt ET 420 no longer received any main examinations; this was only in 2007 with 420 271 started when it became clear that the delivery of the last railcar due to registration problems would have to be postponed indefinitely. All Frankfurt vehicles were also from 2007 to 2008 for three million euros, a modernization in the interior, which included light gray instead of striped partitions and new upholstery in the current design. At the same time, the already quite advanced phasing-out was severely curtailed and henceforth focused on the railcars of the third construction series in order to be able to take at least the oldest vehicles out of service. Two railcars received the test LED headlights, but these could not prevail in Frankfurt. The rapid-transit railway Rhine Main had the first completely traffic-red vehicle park of the German course AG. This status was maintained until the end of 2003, when the S-Bahn Stuttgart handed over the orange-white and orange-pebble-gray units to Frankfurt. After just over a year, the S-Bahn were completely painted red by the z-position of the last orange-pebble-gray unit 420 376 early 2005. Until 2005, there was also the last pebble gray orange 420 (apart from 420 001) in Frankfurt, but this train was scrapped in the spring of 2005 in Trier-Ehrang. In 2009, when the use of the class 420 at the S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr was completed, the Essen depot delivered several ET 420 of the fifth and sixth series to Frankfurt. Although the Frankfurt plant made great efforts to align the railcars to the Frankfurt units (for example, most railcars were still redesigned in 2007), they were in such poor condition by the end of years of poor maintenance in North Rhine-Westphalia that From then on, they were usually taken out of service directly at the end of the investigation period. In parallel, four Stuttgart trains of the seventh series were relocated to Frankfurt in July 2009. After the main inspection, three of them were initially deployed from mid-June, primarily on the S7 and the airport short-commuter (S8 / S9), later normal in mixed operation with older units on all ET 420 rides. In the spring of 2014, another train of the seventh series and four trains of the eighth series were relocated from Stuttgart to Frankfurt in order to absorb a shortage of vehicles resulting from deadlines in older 420s. This was also the only period in which the eighth series in Frankfurt was in use. After an early deployment was already foreseeable at that time, no great efforts were made to adapt the car to the Frankfurt railcar - some of them were in the interior until the withdrawal with Stuttgarter advertising stickers. The 65 remaining trains of the 420 series were still in operation until November 2014. Since the conversion of the S7 and some of the S1 (which had previously been performed by 420s since the autumn of 2013) to the new 430 series in May 2014 made numerous 420s redundant, the phasing out progressed sharply. Another reason for this was the expiry of the examination period of many vehicles, while at the same time main examinations were no longer worthwhile due to the manageable remaining service life. In the last months of operation, trains of the 420 series were still in service on the S8 and S9 lines. In exceptional cases or in case of vehicle shortage a use of the series 420 in the entire network was possible, so that in very rare cases even to use z. B. came on the lines S5 and S6, which were converted in 2005 on the trains of the series 423. The use of the 420 series in the network of the S-Bahn Rhein-Main ended in the night of November 3, 2014. A sale and other options - depending on the condition of the remaining units - according to the media checked, but has been since the end of the already most of the remaining railcars have been scrapped. An official museum train was not kept by the S-Bahn Rhein-Main. However, a private association of railway friends in Gießen was able to take over the unit 420 298 on a permanent loan and undertake regular special services in the Frankfurt area with this railcar, which they also work up (initially in their last operational condition). Class 423 While Stuttgart and Cologne were already supplied in 1999 with the successor series 423 and Munich between 2000 and 2004, the entire vehicle fleet exchanged, Frankfurt began in 2003 with the partial renewal, after 2002 for testing purposes, a few railcars of the S-Bahn Munich in the S-Bahn Rhine-Main were used. Since October 2010, 100 series 423 multiple units have been running in Frankfurt am Main (third series: 301–305, 325–334, fourth / fifth series: 372–456). Since June 2006, the lines S1 (with the exception of single roundabouts), S4, S5 and S6 are complete with 423. Since the timetable change on December 9, 2006, the S2 line is also driving with the new railcars. The short commuter trains S8 and S9 from the main station to Frankfurt Airport are partially driven by 423. The line S3 is served since March 28, 2010 exclusively with 423. Initially, the new units were primarily used, which were only approved in early 2010. In the second half of 2014, the trains of the 423 series were also on weekdays in regular operation on the entire route of the S8 / S9 on the way to accelerate the shutdown of the 420 series. Since the end of 2014, the new 430 series has been in use here. A total of 100 units were ordered, which should be delivered by mid-2007. However, the last tranche of 13 units arrived in Frankfurt in 2010. The last class 423 railcar (423 456) was delivered at the end of October 2010. Short-term rental vehicles were also used by S-Bahn Stuttgart. The reason for the delay was the photocell problem. Between 2013 and 2016, all of the Frankfurt 423 series railcars were modernized to take them to the level of the successor 430 series, after six years in service. This includes: the replacement of all LCD displays with larger LED displays a modernization of the interior with new seat cushion design the retrofitting of video surveillance cameras An adaptation of the passenger information through the installation of progress monitors and alignment of the announcement system to that of the ET430 (this step has not been completed to date ) the refurbishment of the car bodies with new paint the retrofitting of microphone units for wheelchair users as well as the installation of new door closing signals. The last point brought the modernized railcar and the RMV as the initiator of the modernization in the early days of severe criticism, as many passengers and train employees the new door signals (which also include a signal when the doors are open) as annoying, even annoying. The RMV referred to existing EU directives, which oblige the installation of such signals, admitted, however, that there had been a manufacturer-design error in the installation of the new signals, which could have increased the intensity of the beep unintentionally. Class 430 The DB class 430 completely replaced the class 420 in 2014. In normal operation, only the class 423 and 430 are now in service. 91 430 series kits were supplied, which is 29 units more than needed for a mere replacement. The fleet was increased from 162 vehicles to 191 traction units. On 5 May 2014 took place on the S1 (Wiesbaden - Rödermark-Ober-Roden) and the amplifier courses of the S8 between Frankfurt Hbf and Kelsterbach the first passenger service of the class 430 in the Rhine-Main area. Almost three weeks later, on May 23, 2014, the S7 (Frankfurt Hbf - Riedstadt-Goddelau) was completely converted to the 430 series. At the end of October, the operations began on the "long" S8 and S9, since November 3, 2014, these lines have been completely reorganized. The introduction of the new railcars was, as with the S-Bahn Stuttgart, accompanied by several problems: Following the conversion of the S7 in May 2014, a design error in the wheelchair ramp caused an accident in which a ramp slipped out of the train due to the lack of barbs during use, severely injuring a wheelchair user. Further use of the ramps was subsequently banned until further notice. However, as many platforms in the network are not high enough to disembark a wheelchair user without a ramp and handlers are not allowed to pick them up by hand, the DB Station & Service transport line had to be alerted to a mobile Ramp to bring the scene, which sometimes took several hours. In contrast to the 423 series, where only the ramp request buttons are directly behind the driver's cab used, all the request buttons were always active in the 430 series and were often groundless, resulting in each of the multi-purpose areas of the engine being challenged by the driver Train (depending on train length up to six pieces) on wheelchair users with exit request had to control, so that the trains quickly large delays collected and prematurely reversed, failed completely or were replaced on the way by older vehicles. This problem was particularly frequent after the S1 was converted to the new railcars, which drastically reduced line reliability in the early weeks. The fact that the wheelchair pushbuttons were now also attached to all doors and could easily be actuated accidentally further compounded the problem. After no other solutions led to success, starting in September 2014, all wheelchair push-buttons located in the door frame were removed. In the first winter of operations, there were other problems: As a result of inadequate heating of driver's cabs and particularly loud noise-related annoyance reports in enormous frequency in January 2015 so many train drivers were sick leave that the line S4 had to be set for several days. Further S-Bahn With the official start of operation of the S-Bahn Rhein-Main in 1978, the lines on which still "normal" trains reversed were marked in the traffic plan of the FVV as S-Bahn, so that there the lines S7, S9 and S11 to S14 were recorded. These trains also run at regular intervals as far as the intercommunication with the long-distance traffic. Excluded was only the route to Dietzenbach, which was designated as R10 and was shut down a few years later; this is reactivated today as part of the S2. With the transition to RMV, the marking of these routes as S-Bahn was omitted, which had become largely obsolete because of the network extensions. From the source network until today only the north-Maine route from Frankfurt to Hanau was not integrated into the rapid-transit railway enterprise (at that time S7, today RMV-Linie 55). References ^ "Offizieller Start der Baumaßnahmen". s6-frankfurt-friedberg.de (in German). DB Netz AG. 19 December 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2018. ^ "Hintergrund: 380-Millionen-Investition". Frankfurter Neue Presse. Frankfurter Societäts-Medien GmbH. Retrieved 24 November 2011. External links Media related to S-Bahn Frankfurt at Wikimedia Commons Official website vtePublic transport in FrankfurtU-Bahn Line A Line B Line C Line D S-Bahn Other networks Tramway Buses vteRhine-Main S-BahnServices Routes Frankfurt City Tunnel Offenbach City Tunnel Frankfurt Airport loop Frankfurt Schlachthof–Hanau railway Homburg Railway Kronberg Railway Limes Railway Main Railway Main-Lahn Railway Main-Neckar Railway Main–Weser Railway Offenbach-Bieber–Dietzenbach railway Mannheim–Frankfurt railway Rodgau Railway Taunus Railway vteGerman S-BahnenIn operation Berlin Bremen Danube-Iller Dresden Freiburg Hamburg Hanover Karlsruhe Mitteldeutschland Mittelelbe Munich Nuremberg Ortenau Rhine-Main Rhine-Neckar Rhine-Ruhr Rostock Stuttgart Planned Augsburg Lübeck Defunct Erfurt (1976–1995) vteUrban public transport networks and systems in GermanyS-Bahn Berlin Bremen Cologne Dresden Erfurt1 Freiburg Hamburg Hanover Karlsruhe Magdeburg Mitteldeutschland Munich Neu-Ulm Nuremberg Offenburg Rhine-Main Rhine-Neckar Rhine-Ruhr Rostock Stuttgart Ulm U-Bahn Berlin Hamburg Munich Nuremberg Stadtbahn Bielefeld Bochum Bonn Chemnitz Cologne Dortmund Duisburg Düsseldorf Erfurt Essen Frankfurt Gelsenkirchen Hanover Heilbronn Karlsruhe Kassel Saarbrücken Mülheim Stuttgart Trams Aachen2 Augsburg Bad Schandau-Kirnitzschtal Berlin (Suburban: Schöneiche-Rüdersdorf · Woltersdorf) Bochum Bonn Brandenburg an der Havel Braunschweig Bremen Chemnitz Cologne Cottbus Darmstadt Dessau Döbeln Dresden Duisburg Düsseldorf Erfurt Essen Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt (Oder) Freiburg Gelsenkirchen Gera Görlitz Gotha Halberstadt Halle Hamburg2 Hanover Heidelberg Heilbronn Jena Karlsruhe Kassel Kehl Kiel2 Krefeld Leipzig (History) Lößnitz Ludwigshafen Magdeburg Mannheim Merseburg Mülheim Munich Mainz Münster2 Naumburg Nuremberg Nordhausen Oberhausen Plauen Potsdam Regensburg2 Rostock Saarbrücken Schwerin Strausberg Stuttgart Ulm Weil am Rhein Wuppertal2 Würzburg Zwickau Trolleybuses Eberswalde Esslingen am Neckar Solingen Suspension monorails Dortmund H-Bahn Dresden Suspension Railway Düsseldorf SkyTrain Wuppertal Schwebebahn Other Bad Schandau Elevator 1 Former S-Bahn network 2 Former tramway network
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"commuter train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt/Rhine-Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt/Rhine-Main"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz"},{"link_name":"Offenbach am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main"},{"link_name":"Hanau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanau"},{"link_name":"Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"City Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_City_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund"},{"link_name":"DB Regio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Regio"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn"},{"link_name":"Hauptwache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_(Main)_Hauptwache_station"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Mainz"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Frankfurt_am_Main"},{"link_name":"Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt U-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_U-Bahn"},{"link_name":"Konstablerwache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_(Main)_Konstablerwache_station"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Hauptbahnhof"}],"text":"The Rhine-Main S-Bahn system is an integrated rapid transit and commuter train system for the Frankfurt/Rhine-Main region, which includes the cities Frankfurt am Main, Wiesbaden, Mainz, Offenbach am Main, Hanau and Darmstadt. The network comprises nine S-Bahn lines, eight of which currently travel through the cornerstone of the system, a tunnel (the \"City Tunnel\") through central Frankfurt. The first section of this tunnel was opened on May 28, 1978. Further tunnel sections were opened in 1983 and 1990, before its completion in 1992. The system belongs to the Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund (RMV) and is operated by DB Regio, a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn.End-to-end journey times on the nine lines in the system range from 36 minutes (on line S7) up to 87 minutes (on line S1). The longest journey time into central Frankfurt (Hauptwache), from any point on the network, is 54 minutes. Services on some lines start shortly after 4 a.m., while all lines have services from about 5 a.m. onwards. A full service is maintained from 6 a.m. until about 8 p.m., and a somewhat reduced service is run until the late evening. The last services leave Frankfurt at about 1:20 a.m. The S8/S9 runs 24/7.The S-Bahn system is quite closely integrated with other components of the region's transport system, such as the bus services in the various cities and towns, the tram services in Mainz, Frankfurt and Darmstadt, and the Frankfurt U-Bahn. In Frankfurt, connections can be made, at either Hauptwache or its neighbouring station Konstablerwache, between the eight cross-city S-Bahn lines and eight of the city's nine U-Bahn lines, while the S-Bahn stations Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof and Frankfurt Süd between them have connection to six of the U-Bahn lines and any of the city's tram lines. Some opportunities for interchange also exist in the suburbs of Frankfurt.","title":"Rhine-Main S-Bahn"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Since the end of 2003, the system comprises the following lines:The former routes are as follows:","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/10/50.08/8.65/en"}],"title":"Network map"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC02057_Lorsbach_vom_Turm_am_Ringwall.jpg"},{"link_name":"DB class 423","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_class_423"},{"link_name":"Niedernhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedernhausen"},{"link_name":"Hofheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofheim,_Hesse"}],"text":"DB class 423 as S2 heading for Niedernhausen passing Hofheim-Lorsbach","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bad Soden am Taunus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Soden_am_Taunus"},{"link_name":"Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_(river)"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden Hbf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Höchst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt-H%C3%B6chst_station"},{"link_name":"Hauptbahnhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_(Main)_Hbf"},{"link_name":"Hauptwache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_(Main)_Hauptwache_station"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt-Höchst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt-H%C3%B6chst"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_West_station"},{"link_name":"Kronberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronberg_im_Taunus"},{"link_name":"Friedrichsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichsdorf_(Taunus)_station"},{"link_name":"Friedberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedberg_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC09620_FVV_Schnellbahnplan_1980_ed.jpg"},{"link_name":"U-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_U-Bahn"},{"link_name":"Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_(river)"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Flughafen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_(Main)_Flughafen_Regionalbahnhof"}],"sub_title":"The early years","text":"Plans for a rail connection between the central rail station (Hauptbahnhof) in Frankfurt and the Hauptwache, the central commuter destination in the city, were started in the early 1960s. Construction work on the project started in 1969. During the construction phase, some rearrangements were carried out to the commuter network in the area around Frankfurt, including creation of a link line between Bad Soden am Taunus and Niederhöchstadt.In 1978 the first section of the \"Citytunnel\" of the Rhine-Main S-Bahn was opened, with all lines sharing the tunnel between Hauptbahnhof and Hauptwache. The initial system, which lay entirely to the north of the river Main, comprised the following lines:S1: Wiesbaden Hbf – Höchst – Hauptbahnhof – Hauptwache\nS2: Niedernhausen – Höchst – Hauptbahnhof – Hauptwache\nS3: Frankfurt-Höchst – Bad Soden – Frankfurt West – Hauptbahnhof – Hauptwache\nS4: Kronberg – Frankfurt West – Hauptbahnhof – Hauptwache\nS5: Friedrichsdorf – Frankfurt West – Hauptbahnhof – Hauptwache\nS6: Friedberg – Frankfurt West – Hauptbahnhof – HauptwacheS-Bahn- and U-Bahn lines in 1980In 1980, two further lines were added to the network, made possible by construction of a new rail bridge over the river Main:S14: Wiesbaden – Mainz – Flughafen – Hauptbahnhof (main arrivals hall)\nS15: Flughafen – Hauptbahnhof – HauptwacheCompletion in 1983 of a 600m long easterly extension of the Citytunnel, as far as Konstablerwache, improved the opportunities for train turnaround in the tunnel. At this stage lines S1–S6 and line S14 were extended to Konstablerwache, while the S15 was rerouted to the main arrivals hall of the Hauptbahnhof.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S-Bahnhof_Offenbach_Marktplatz.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westbahnhof_Hochbahnsteig.jpg"},{"link_name":"DBAG Class 423","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBAG_Class_423"},{"link_name":"City-Tunnel Offenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-Tunnel_Offenbach"},{"link_name":"Bischofsheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz-Bischofsheim_station"},{"link_name":"Mainz-Kastel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz-Kastel_station"},{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Messe station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Messe_station"},{"link_name":"Riedstadt-Goddelau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riedstadt-Goddelau_station"},{"link_name":"Mannheim–Frankfurt railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim%E2%80%93Frankfurt_railway"},{"link_name":"Rodgaubahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodgaubahn"},{"link_name":"Offenbach am Main (Hauptbahnhof)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main_(Hauptbahnhof)"}],"sub_title":"Later Developments","text":"City-Tunnel Offenbach am MainDBAG Class 423 approaching the elevated section of Frankfurt WestbahnhofIn 1990 the Citytunnel was extended, adding the underground stations Ostendstrasse and Lokalbahnhof to the system, along with the overground station Frankfurt Süd. All the lines (with the exception of the S15) were extended to Frankfurt Süd, while the S5 and S6 were further extended a short time later to a new station at Stresemannallee, south-west of Frankfurt Süd.In 1992, S1 and S2 trains were diverted to the new Mühlberg underground station, the first station in the direction of Offenbach. This left the S3, S4, S5 and S6 serving all the stations between Hauptbahnhof and Frankfurt Süd, a situation which still pertains to this day. The S14, which is now the S8, also served all of these stations. In 1995, the newly instituted RMV increased train frequency from a 20/40/60 minute schedule (depending on the time of day) to the 15/30/45/60 minute schedule which is still used in the system. The S15 ceased operations at this stage.Also in 1995, a new underground alignment through the city of Offenbach was opened, assisting the rerouting of the S14 (renamed the S8) through Mühlberg to City-Tunnel Offenbach and Hanau. The S1 was also extended as far as Offenbach, while the S2 returned to serving Frankfurt Süd. In 1997, the routes of the S5 and S6 were shortened slightly, so that they travelled only as far as Frankfurt Süd, while the S3 and S4 were extended to Darmstadt and Langen. The section of the S3 between Höchst and Bad Soden im Taunus also ceased to be served by S-Bahn trains.In 1999, the S8 was effectively divided into two lines, the S8 and S9, both of which travel between Hanau and Wiesbaden via Bischofsheim. The S8 continues to travel through the centre of Mainz, while the S9 travels via Mainz-Kastel. This arrangement means that it is possible to travel between Wiesbaden, the capital of the state of Hesse, and Frankfurt, the state's largest city, by three different routes. In the same year, a new station on lines S3-S6 was opened in the Frankfurt fairground (Frankfurt Messe station).In 2002, a new S-Bahn line, the S7, between Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof (main arrivals hall) and Riedstadt-Goddelau was added to the system (replacing the regional train line on the northern part of the Mannheim–Frankfurt railway). Due to a shortage of capacity in the Citytunnel, these trains are not currently able to reach Frankfurt's inner city. At present, these trains do not operate on a 30-minute schedule because of several ICE lines that operate on the same tracks.In 2003 the Rodgaubahn, a commuter rail system serving Offenbach and its environs, was incorporated into the Rhine-Main S-Bahn system. This resulted in the S1 being extended from Offenbach Ost to Rödermark-Ober Roden, while the S2 was also rerouted from Frankfurt Süd to serve Offenbach Ost and all stations to its new terminus in Dietzenbach.The current system has an almost 5-minute frequency for services between Frankfurt and Offenbach Ost and an actual 5-minute frequency for services between Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof and Frankfurt Süd. The group of lines S1, S2, S8 and S9 all share 10 stations, as do the group of lines S3, S4, S5 and S6. All the lines, with the exception of the S7, share 5 stations. Initially this arrangement gave rise to some considerable delays caused by poorly functioning signalling. To some extent this has been allayed by routing every second westbound S2 train in peak times to Offenbach am Main (Hauptbahnhof) and every second eastbound S2 train in peak times to the main arrivals hall of the Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof, rather than running these services through the Citytunnel. Reconstruction of the signalling technology in the Citytunnel enabled all westbound S2 trains to travel all the way to Niedernhausen at a frequency of 15 minutes in 2010.Since 2015 a new signal tower for the Citytunnel is installed at Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof which is going to replace the original signal tower operating since 1978 in 2018. Therefore, it is necessary to close the tunnel several times between 2015 and 2018 for between two and six weeks each, mostly during school holidays. The times of service closure are also used to modernize the stations in the tunnel.From July 31 to August 18, 2006, the mainline tunnel between the main station and Konstablerwache was completely closed to exchange 30 switches. On May 13, 2007, the served by the S2, new breakpoint Frankfurt Zeilsheim was opened, on 31 October 2008, operated by the S3, single-track breakpoint Schwalbach North.For the timetable change 2017/18, a continuous night traffic was introduced on weekends. Due to nocturnal blockages of the City Tunnel, the railways go in a first phase at night on modified lines:S1: Wiesbaden Hbf - Hochheim (Main) - Frankfurt-Höchst - Frankfurt (Main) Hbf - Frankfurt (Main) South - Offenbach (Main) Main Station - Rödermark-Ober-Roden\nS3: Frankfurt (Main) South - Langen (Hesse) - Darmstadt Hbf\nS4: Kronberg (Taunus) - Eschborn - Frankfurt (Main) West - Frankfurt (Main) Hbf\nS5: Friedrichsdorf - Bad Homburg - Oberursel (Taunus) - Frankfurt (Main) West - Frankfurt (Main) Hbf\nS8: Wiesbaden Hbf - Mainz central station - Rüsselsheim - Frankfurt airport - Frankfurt (Main) Hbf - Frankfurt (Main) south - Offenbach (Main) central station - Hanau central stationFrom August 2018, the start of operations of the entire night traffic in the Citytunnel is planned.\nFrom December 2018 the S8/S9 will be 24/7 through the Citytunnel with a 30-minute frequency between 1:00 am and 4:30 am from Frankfurt Flughafen Regionalbahnhof to Konstablerwache (1:11 am/4:11 am from Konstablerwache to Frankfurt Flughafen Regionalbahnhof) and a 60-minute frequency between 12:49 am and 3:49 am from Wiesbaden Hbf and Hanau Hbf (1:46 am/3:46 am from Hanau Hbf to Wiesbaden Hbf)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The S-Bahn crosses three of the four largest rivers in the region, with a total of nine bridges and a tunnel:The Rhine crosses the line S8 twice, namely over the\nKaiserbrücke between Mainz-Nord and Wiesbaden-Ost and the\nSouth bridge between Mainz Roman Theater and Mainz-Gustavsburg train station.\nThe Main crosses the S-Bahn in five places. All lines cross the river at least once. The S8 to Hanau crosses the Main three times (until Offenbach Ost only twice), the S9 four times:\nThe lines S8 and S9 cross the river via the Steinheimer Mainbrücke, between the stations Hanau Hauptbahnhof and Steinheim.\nThe City-Tunnel Frankfurt drives under the Main between the stations Ostendstraße and Lokalbahnhof / Mühlberg, the branch is located approximately under the southern riverbank, this tunnel uses all lines except the S7.\nThe Alte Niederräder Brücke uses the S7 between Frankfurt Central Station and Niederrad.\nThe lines S8 and S9 cross the Main via the immediately adjacent Neue Niederräder bridge, also between Frankfurt main station and Niederrad.\nVia the railway bridge Hochheim the line S9 between the stations Mainz-Bischofsheim and Mainz-Kastel takes the \"shortcut\" from the Frankfurt airport to Wiesbaden.\nThe Nidda is crossed in three places, namely once each of the lines S1 to S6. The Line S6 runs part way next to the Nidda, but crosses it only once:\nBetween the stations Bad Vilbel and Bad Vilbel Süd, drive from the line S6,\nthe bridge of the Homburg railway between Frankfurt west station and Rödelheim, drive from the lines S3-S5, and\nthe younger of the two railway bridges in Frankfurt-Nied, namely those of the Main-Lahn-Bahn, traveled by the lines S1 and S2.\nThe fourth major river in the region, the Kinzig, currently has no contact with the S-Bahn network. This will only change with the construction of the North-Main S-Bahn line to Hanau, as the existing **Frankfurt-Hanau line crosses the Kinzig just north of the Hanau West station on a bridge from 1926.","title":"Bridges"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC09438_S-Bahn-Station_Schwalbach_Limes.jpg"},{"link_name":"DBAG Class 423","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBAG_Class_423"},{"link_name":"Schwalbach (Limes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwalbach_am_Taunus"}],"text":"DBAG Class 423 at station Schwalbach (Limes)S-Bahn in Frankfurt has several tunnels:Through the City-Tunnel Frankfurt all S-Bahn trains except the S7. Also not in the tunnel are the short-distance trains of the S1 and the S8 that stop at Frankfurt's main station, as well as the S9 coming from Wiesbaden during the low load period. After crossing the river Main, the tunnel branches off to Frankfurt-Süd station and in the direction of Offenbach am Main. It has seven underground stations and is about 6.4 kilometres (4.0 mi) long. In the Main Guard Konstablerwache section, there are two more outer subway tracks. At the station Konstablerwache can be changed in the direction of travel at the same platform in the subway U6 and U7. As the only railway tunnel, it undercuts the Main next to the subway line A. A branch to the planned northern line to Hanau is prepared.\nIn 2010, the modernization of train control increased capacity by 2 trains per hour to 24 trains. Since then, the interrupted amplifier lines of the S2 are tied through, in Munich, however, could increase the power to 30 trains per hour. An equal capacity increase in Frankfurt, however, would have required the installation of line influence on the line and in the vehicles and was omitted for reasons of cost.The City Tunnel Offenbach is 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) long and has three underground stations, which are served by the lines S1, S2, S8 and S9. Opening: 1995There is a 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) long tunnel at the airport, which passes under several highways and buildings and has a three-track subterranean regional train station below the airport terminal. Until the opening of the airport's long-distance railway station in 1999 also held intercity trains.\nSince November 2016, a 4 km (2.5 mi) long relocation of the Stadium - Airport Regional Station section is under construction to create a new Gateway Gardens Station under the development area of the former US military settlement until December 2019. The tunnel is broken up and 2 km (1.2 mi) newly built.\nIn Mainz, the S8 runs in the direction of Wiesbaden through the two old, successive railway tunnels between Mainz Roman Theater and Mainz Main Station, in the opposite direction it travels the continuous \"New Mainz Tunnel\".\nThe (single-track) station Schwalbach (Limes), which is served by the S3 line, lies underground underneath the market square of the Limes town. The tunnel, which was built together with a parallel road tunnel, is about as long as the station itself.\nImmediately north of the station Eppstein in the Taunus (line S2) is built in 1877, 210 metres (690 ft) long Eppsteiner tunnel, for 2010, a new replacement tunnel was built because of otherwise problematic renovation work.","title":"Tunnels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt-Ginnheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginnheim_(Frankfurt_am_Main)"},{"link_name":"Rödermark-Ober-Roden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6dermark"},{"link_name":"Dieburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieburg_station"},{"link_name":"Riedstadt-Goddelau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riedstadt-Goddelau_station"},{"link_name":"Biblis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblis_station"},{"link_name":"Groß-Gerau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9F-Gerau_station"}],"text":"Plans for the system include a line to Hanau via Maintal, largely running north of the river Main. This would extend the S7 from Riedstadt-Goddelau, that currently terminates in the main hall of the Hauptbahnhof, with a service to and from Fechenheim (replacing the station at Mainkur) four times an hour of which half would extend to and from Hanau.The S6 to Friedberg will get its own track to be independent of long-distance and regional traffic on the Main-Weser-Bahn. In the 1980s and 1990s, it was planned to expand the double track to a third track. Later, the plan was changed to build the S6 for their entire run until Friedberg own two tracks for a scheduled operation independent of long-distance, regional and freight traffic.After 24 years of planning and resolution of legal challenges, construction of the first phase between Frankfurt-West and Bad Vilbel started in December 2017.[1] The S6 will receive a new station between Frankfurt-West and Eschersheim to serve Frankfurt-Ginnheim. Commissioning of the expanded line is planned for December 2022.A further application of such two-system metropolitan railway vehicles is provided in the west of Frankfurt: Starting in Bad Homburg and the Frankfurt Northwest Center so-called Regional Tangent West (RTW) on Eschborn South, Sulzbach (Taunus), Frankfurt-Sossenheim, Frankfurt-Höchst, Frankfurt Airport and Frankfurt Stadium to the Isenburg center in Neu-Isenburg or after Dreieich-Buchschlag run. The Regional Tangent West is to operate as a mixed operation of two-system metropolitan railway car on mostly existing light rail and railway / S-Bahn routes, which makes their realization - despite the great track length - quite reasonably priced. Their primary task is to strengthen the tangential traffic, to spare the passengers tiresome and time-consuming detours via the Frankfurt city center and to reduce the congestion of the Frankfurt City Tunnel. The realization is planned for the end of 2023.Other projects under consideration include an extension of the S1 from Rödermark-Ober-Roden to Dieburg, an extension of the S7 from Riedstadt-Goddelau to Biblis, and a branch of the S7 to Groß-Gerau.The Frankfurt district of Oberrad has seen a campaign to reactivate its rail station that was mothballed in the 1980s as an S-Bahn station.In the mid-90s was also a rapid-transit railway line in planning, which should be led from Frankfurt over Rüsselsheim to Darmstadt. The train should come from Darmstadt coming before Bischofsheim in a curve yet to be built (Schindberg curve) to Frankfurt. This would have given the Darmstadt the long desired direct connection to the Frankfurt airport. Furthermore, such a fast connection between Darmstadt and Rüsselsheim would have been created, which would have brought a significant time savings for the many commuters. This project failed at the community Bischofsheim, which refused to build a bend in their district. There they pointed out that a change of direction in Bischofsheim station was possible.According to the Darmstadt-Dieburg local transport organization, the realization of this route is dependent on the expansion of the Main-Rhine-Bahn and a compression of the clock on this route. However, this should be done in the form of an extended to Frankfurt S-Bahn line S -Bahn RheinNeckar.The S5 is planned to be extended via Friedrichsdorf to Usingen, requiring electrification of the Taunusbahn line. The green light for the project was given in May 2015, with a scheduled completion date of the end of 2019. A further extension to Grävenwiesbach (Hochtaunuskreis) and Brandoberndorf has been requested by local politicians in Hochtaunuskreis, but no action is expected until 2027 as RMV funds are already committed to the purchase of rolling stock.","title":"The future"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC06522_LINT_41_RB_12_ULB_Verladegleis.jpg"},{"link_name":"LINT 41 railcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstom_Coradia_LINT"},{"link_name":"Königstein Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigstein_Railway"},{"link_name":"Unterliederbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unterliederbach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC09509_LINT_41_Sodener_Bahn_im_Sulzbacher_Feld.jpg"},{"link_name":"Soden Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soden_Railway"},{"link_name":"Sulzbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulzbach,_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Sossenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sossenheim"},{"link_name":"Königstein Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigstein_Railway"},{"link_name":"Soden Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soden_Railway"},{"link_name":"Taunus Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunus_Railway_(High_Taunus)"},{"link_name":"Bad Vilbel–Glauburg-Stockheim railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vilbel%E2%80%93Glauburg-Stockheim_railway"},{"link_name":"Dreieich Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreieich_Railway"}],"text":"LINT 41 railcar of Königstein Railway near UnterliederbachLINT 41 at Soden Railway passing the fields between Sulzbach and SossenheimOn several regional routes without overhead contact line, S-Bahn-like traffic was already partially introduced at the time of the Frankfurter Verkehrsverbund, i.e. high density of traffic, continuous weekend traffic as well as trains bound through Frankfurt during the daytime and Frankfurt main station. The operators were and are the DB Regio and the Hessian State Railways (HLB), formerly the Frankfurt-Königsteiner Eisenbahn (FKE). The FVV led these lines with their own line letter (K, T and N) or as S-Bahn line (S9, S11). This affected the following routes (sorted by today's RMV line number):Königstein Railway or Königsteiner Bahn (12): Frankfurt central station - Frankfurt-Höchst - KönigsteinFrom the highest source line of the FKE. Here, starting in 1987, first as line K, with the new procurement of vehicles and adjustment of route and signaling technology dense traffic was introduced. Since 2003, all trains run continuously to Frankfurt Central Station.\nSoden Railway or Sodener Bahn (13): Frankfurt-Höchst - Bad SodenFrom 1979 to 1997, the Sodener Bahn was part of the S-Bahn line S3. For this purpose, the route was electrified. Due to insufficient capacity, the S-Bahn service was abandoned and the line was taken over by the FKE. It only operates as a connecting line.\nTaunus Railway or Taunusbahn (15): (Frankfurt central station -) Bad Homburg - Friedrichsdorf - Usingen - Grävenwiesbach (- Brandoberndorf)The Friedrichsdorf-Grävenwiesbach line, which was about to be shut down, was bought by the Verkehrsverband Hochtaunus, modernized and handed over to the FKE in 1992 for operation. Until the founding of the RMV, the line was called T. From 1999, the decommissioned part was reactivated to Brandoberndorf. The stations have S-Bahn-like standards such as high platforms (since 1992) or Zugzielanzeiger (since 2007). In rush hour, additional trains go to Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof.\nBad Vilbel–Glauburg-Stockheim railway or Niddertalbahn (34): (Frankfurt central station -) Bad Vilbel - Nidderau - Glauburg-StockheimSince the completion of the modernization work in May 2008, almost all work on weekdays and about one third of the trains to the main station on Saturdays, only a few were previously connected. in the FVV the route bore the line letter N.\nDreieich Railway or Dreieichbahn (61): (Frankfurt central station -) Dreieich-Buchschlag - Rödermark-Ober-Roden (- Dieburg)The operated by the DB Regio Dreieichbahn was referred to in the network of Frankfurt traffic network as S-Bahn line 11. The Dreieichbahn has been running every hour since summer 2016 to the main station.On other lines such as the Horlofftalbahn (48, HLB) or the Odenwaldbahn (82/85, Vias) also in the rush hour additional trains to and from Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof; but they have a weaker clock density. While now all services are also provided on the aforementioned lines of railcars, drive only individual pairs of trains on the line 34 at rush hour and because of the operational link in Bad Vilbel two of the three bound train pairs on the line 48 as a wagon train with double-decker and a locomotive Class 245.","title":"Similar suburban railways"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Problems and accidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Punktförmige Zugbeeinflussung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punktf%C3%B6rmige_Zugbeeinflussung"},{"link_name":"Linienzugbeeinflussung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linienzugbeeinflussung"},{"link_name":"Munich S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Punctuality","text":"The biggest problem experienced on the Rhine-Main S-Bahn is frequent unpunctuality, one reason for which is the shortage of capacity in the Citytunnel. Capacity of the tunnel was increased from 22 trains per hour (in each direction) to 24 trains per hour in 2010 by optimising the Punktförmige Zugbeeinflussung signalling system, rather than upgrading the system to the more modern Linienzugbeeinflussung (LZB) system, as used on the Munich S-Bahn to achieve a throughput of 30 trains per hour in each direction in the Munich core city tunnel.A further cause of delays is that many of the S-Bahn lines share track with freight trains, regional trains and inter-city trains. Longer distance passenger trains take priority over the S-Bahn, which frequently has to stand for up to 10 minutes to allow the other service to overtake. Mixed services are particularly found along the S6, S7, S8 and S9 routes. The operators recognise the need to separate S-Bahn services from other services along these routes. The first stage towards this was originally scheduled to start in 2007, doubling the number of tracks from two to four on the S6 line between Westbahnhof and Bad Vilbel, but in October 2011 Deutsche Bahn stated that it expected work to start in 2014 and the extra tracks to go into service in 2018.[2]","title":"Problems and accidents"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"165 S-Bahn trains are in operation. On December 31, 2012, the breakdown was as follows: 65 units of class 420 (of which 55 plantations and 10 reserves) and 100 units of class 423 (including 93 plantations and 7 reserves).Until autumn 2014, the class 420 were replaced by modern vehicles of the DB 430 series. This is part of the contract that RMV signed with Deutsche Bahn in November 2011 following the tendering of transport services. Since the completion of the delivery, 100 vehicles of the class 423 and 91 vehicles of the class 430 are in use, the latter vehicles on the lines S1, S7, S8 and S9.","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Class 420","text":"In the early years trains of the second and third series of electric locomotive class 420 in the color pure orange / Kieselgrau (contrary to original plans, the proposed paint carmine / kieselgrau was not used) were used in Frankfurt, although occasionally lent to 1990 due to lack of vehicles also from Munich blue white 420s were used, for example, the opening of the trunk line extension to Frankfurt South. The cars of the 2nd construction series were delivered completely to the S-Bahn Munich until the beginning of the 2000s. Due to the ever-increasing vehicle demand at that time were between 1980 and 2004 at irregular intervals all railcars of the third and fourth series and numerous cars of the fifth and sixth series from the S-Bahn Stuttgart delivered to Frankfurt.In 2003 began the delivery of new class 423 railcars in Frankfurt, in parallel, in August 2003, the first ET 420 were retired. As of 2004, Frankfurt ET 420 no longer received any main examinations; this was only in 2007 with 420 271 started when it became clear that the delivery of the last railcar due to registration problems would have to be postponed indefinitely. All Frankfurt vehicles were also from 2007 to 2008 for three million euros, a modernization in the interior, which included light gray instead of striped partitions and new upholstery in the current design. At the same time, the already quite advanced phasing-out was severely curtailed and henceforth focused on the railcars of the third construction series in order to be able to take at least the oldest vehicles out of service. Two railcars received the test LED headlights, but these could not prevail in Frankfurt.The rapid-transit railway Rhine Main had the first completely traffic-red vehicle park of the German course AG. This status was maintained until the end of 2003, when the S-Bahn Stuttgart handed over the orange-white and orange-pebble-gray units to Frankfurt. After just over a year, the S-Bahn were completely painted red by the z-position of the last orange-pebble-gray unit 420 376 early 2005. Until 2005, there was also the last pebble gray orange 420 (apart from 420 001) in Frankfurt, but this train was scrapped in the spring of 2005 in Trier-Ehrang.In 2009, when the use of the class 420 at the S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr was completed, the Essen depot delivered several ET 420 of the fifth and sixth series to Frankfurt. Although the Frankfurt plant made great efforts to align the railcars to the Frankfurt units (for example, most railcars were still redesigned in 2007), they were in such poor condition by the end of years of poor maintenance in North Rhine-Westphalia that From then on, they were usually taken out of service directly at the end of the investigation period.In parallel, four Stuttgart trains of the seventh series were relocated to Frankfurt in July 2009. After the main inspection, three of them were initially deployed from mid-June, primarily on the S7 and the airport short-commuter (S8 / S9), later normal in mixed operation with older units on all ET 420 rides. In the spring of 2014, another train of the seventh series and four trains of the eighth series were relocated from Stuttgart to Frankfurt in order to absorb a shortage of vehicles resulting from deadlines in older 420s. This was also the only period in which the eighth series in Frankfurt was in use.After an early deployment was already foreseeable at that time, no great efforts were made to adapt the car to the Frankfurt railcar - some of them were in the interior until the withdrawal with Stuttgarter advertising stickers.The 65 remaining trains of the 420 series were still in operation until November 2014. Since the conversion of the S7 and some of the S1 (which had previously been performed by 420s since the autumn of 2013) to the new 430 series in May 2014 made numerous 420s redundant, the phasing out progressed sharply. Another reason for this was the expiry of the examination period of many vehicles, while at the same time main examinations were no longer worthwhile due to the manageable remaining service life.In the last months of operation, trains of the 420 series were still in service on the S8 and S9 lines. In exceptional cases or in case of vehicle shortage a use of the series 420 in the entire network was possible, so that in very rare cases even to use z. B. came on the lines S5 and S6, which were converted in 2005 on the trains of the series 423.The use of the 420 series in the network of the S-Bahn Rhein-Main ended in the night of November 3, 2014. A sale and other options - depending on the condition of the remaining units - according to the media checked, but has been since the end of the already most of the remaining railcars have been scrapped.An official museum train was not kept by the S-Bahn Rhein-Main. However, a private association of railway friends in Gießen was able to take over the unit 420 298 on a permanent loan and undertake regular special services in the Frankfurt area with this railcar, which they also work up (initially in their last operational condition).","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Class 423","text":"While Stuttgart and Cologne were already supplied in 1999 with the successor series 423 and Munich between 2000 and 2004, the entire vehicle fleet exchanged, Frankfurt began in 2003 with the partial renewal, after 2002 for testing purposes, a few railcars of the S-Bahn Munich in the S-Bahn Rhine-Main were used.Since October 2010, 100 series 423 multiple units have been running in Frankfurt am Main (third series: 301–305, 325–334, fourth / fifth series: 372–456). Since June 2006, the lines S1 (with the exception of single roundabouts), S4, S5 and S6 are complete with 423. Since the timetable change on December 9, 2006, the S2 line is also driving with the new railcars. The short commuter trains S8 and S9 from the main station to Frankfurt Airport are partially driven by 423. The line S3 is served since March 28, 2010 exclusively with 423. Initially, the new units were primarily used, which were only approved in early 2010.In the second half of 2014, the trains of the 423 series were also on weekdays in regular operation on the entire route of the S8 / S9 on the way to accelerate the shutdown of the 420 series. Since the end of 2014, the new 430 series has been in use here.A total of 100 units were ordered, which should be delivered by mid-2007. However, the last tranche of 13 units arrived in Frankfurt in 2010. The last class 423 railcar (423 456) was delivered at the end of October 2010. Short-term rental vehicles were also used by S-Bahn Stuttgart. The reason for the delay was the photocell problem.Between 2013 and 2016, all of the Frankfurt 423 series railcars were modernized to take them to the level of the successor 430 series, after six years in service. This includes:the replacement of all LCD displays with larger LED displays\na modernization of the interior with new seat cushion design\nthe retrofitting of video surveillance cameras\nAn adaptation of the passenger information through the installation of progress monitors and alignment of the announcement system to that of the ET430 (this step has not been completed to date [as of: August 2016])\nthe refurbishment of the car bodies with new paint\nthe retrofitting of microphone units for wheelchair users\nas well as the installation of new door closing signals.The last point brought the modernized railcar and the RMV as the initiator of the modernization in the early days of severe criticism, as many passengers and train employees the new door signals (which also include a signal when the doors are open) as annoying, even annoying. The RMV referred to existing EU directives, which oblige the installation of such signals, admitted, however, that there had been a manufacturer-design error in the installation of the new signals, which could have increased the intensity of the beep unintentionally.","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Class 430","text":"The DB class 430 completely replaced the class 420 in 2014. In normal operation, only the class 423 and 430 are now in service. 91 430 series kits were supplied, which is 29 units more than needed for a mere replacement. The fleet was increased from 162 vehicles to 191 traction units. On 5 May 2014 took place on the S1 (Wiesbaden - Rödermark-Ober-Roden) and the amplifier courses of the S8 between Frankfurt Hbf and Kelsterbach the first passenger service of the class 430 in the Rhine-Main area. Almost three weeks later, on May 23, 2014, the S7 (Frankfurt Hbf - Riedstadt-Goddelau) was completely converted to the 430 series. At the end of October, the operations began on the \"long\" S8 and S9, since November 3, 2014, these lines have been completely reorganized.The introduction of the new railcars was, as with the S-Bahn Stuttgart, accompanied by several problems:Following the conversion of the S7 in May 2014, a design error in the wheelchair ramp caused an accident in which a ramp slipped out of the train due to the lack of barbs during use, severely injuring a wheelchair user. Further use of the ramps was subsequently banned until further notice. However, as many platforms in the network are not high enough to disembark a wheelchair user without a ramp and handlers are not allowed to pick them up by hand, the DB Station & Service transport line had to be alerted to a mobile Ramp to bring the scene, which sometimes took several hours.\nIn contrast to the 423 series, where only the ramp request buttons are directly behind the driver's cab used, all the request buttons were always active in the 430 series and were often groundless, resulting in each of the multi-purpose areas of the engine being challenged by the driver Train (depending on train length up to six pieces) on wheelchair users with exit request had to control, so that the trains quickly large delays collected and prematurely reversed, failed completely or were replaced on the way by older vehicles. This problem was particularly frequent after the S1 was converted to the new railcars, which drastically reduced line reliability in the early weeks. The fact that the wheelchair pushbuttons were now also attached to all doors and could easily be actuated accidentally further compounded the problem. After no other solutions led to success, starting in September 2014, all wheelchair push-buttons located in the door frame were removed.\nIn the first winter of operations, there were other problems: As a result of inadequate heating of driver's cabs and particularly loud noise-related annoyance reports in enormous frequency in January 2015 so many train drivers were sick leave that the line S4 had to be set for several days.","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"With the official start of operation of the S-Bahn Rhein-Main in 1978, the lines on which still \"normal\" trains reversed were marked in the traffic plan of the FVV as S-Bahn, so that there the lines S7, S9 and S11 to S14 were recorded. These trains also run at regular intervals as far as the intercommunication with the long-distance traffic. Excluded was only the route to Dietzenbach, which was designated as R10 and was shut down a few years later; this is reactivated today as part of the S2. With the transition to RMV, the marking of these routes as S-Bahn was omitted, which had become largely obsolete because of the network extensions. From the source network until today only the north-Maine route from Frankfurt to Hanau was not integrated into the rapid-transit railway enterprise (at that time S7, today RMV-Linie 55).","title":"Further S-Bahn"}]
[{"image_text":"DB class 423 as S2 heading for Niedernhausen passing Hofheim-Lorsbach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/DSC02057_Lorsbach_vom_Turm_am_Ringwall.jpg/220px-DSC02057_Lorsbach_vom_Turm_am_Ringwall.jpg"},{"image_text":"S-Bahn- and U-Bahn lines in 1980","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/DSC09620_FVV_Schnellbahnplan_1980_ed.jpg/220px-DSC09620_FVV_Schnellbahnplan_1980_ed.jpg"},{"image_text":"City-Tunnel Offenbach am Main","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/S-Bahnhof_Offenbach_Marktplatz.jpg/220px-S-Bahnhof_Offenbach_Marktplatz.jpg"},{"image_text":"DBAG Class 423 approaching the elevated section of Frankfurt Westbahnhof","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Westbahnhof_Hochbahnsteig.jpg/220px-Westbahnhof_Hochbahnsteig.jpg"},{"image_text":"DBAG Class 423 at station Schwalbach (Limes)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/DSC09438_S-Bahn-Station_Schwalbach_Limes.jpg/220px-DSC09438_S-Bahn-Station_Schwalbach_Limes.jpg"},{"image_text":"LINT 41 railcar of Königstein Railway near Unterliederbach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/DSC06522_LINT_41_RB_12_ULB_Verladegleis.jpg/220px-DSC06522_LINT_41_RB_12_ULB_Verladegleis.jpg"},{"image_text":"LINT 41 at Soden Railway passing the fields between Sulzbach and Sossenheim","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/DSC09509_LINT_41_Sodener_Bahn_im_Sulzbacher_Feld.jpg/220px-DSC09509_LINT_41_Sodener_Bahn_im_Sulzbacher_Feld.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Offizieller Start der Baumaßnahmen\". s6-frankfurt-friedberg.de (in German). DB Netz AG. 19 December 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.s6-frankfurt-friedberg.de/nachrichtenleser/offizieller-start-der-baumassnahmen.html","url_text":"\"Offizieller Start der Baumaßnahmen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hintergrund: 380-Millionen-Investition\". Frankfurter Neue Presse. Frankfurter Societäts-Medien GmbH. Retrieved 24 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fnp.de/ndp/region/lokales/rmn01.c.8254818.de/hintergrund-380millioneninvestition_rmn01.c.9310558.de.html","url_text":"\"Hintergrund: 380-Millionen-Investition\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Loaf_Dam
Sugar Loaf Dam
["1 Climate","2 References"]
Coordinates: 39°15′12″N 106°22′17″W / 39.25339°N 106.37137°W / 39.25339; -106.37137The dam in October, with drawn-down water levels from summer irrigation Turquoise Lake, looking towards the dam and Mount Massive Sugar Loaf Dam is a dam in Lake County of mid-Colorado, 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Leadville. It has a height of 135 feet (41 m) feet and is over 2,000 feet (610 m) long at its crest, impounding the Lake Fork of the Arkansas River near its headwaters. The earthen dam was one of five reservoir dams completed from 1965 to 1968 by the United States Bureau of Reclamation as part of the larger water diversion project named the Fryingpan-Arkansas Project. The project was authorized in 1962 by President Kennedy and was completed in 1981. The Fry-Ark diverts water across the continental divide from the Colorado River basin. This water is delivered to the more arid plains east of the Rocky Mountains. Although the predominant use is agricultural, some water is available to several cities east of the continental divide, including: Colorado Springs, Pueblo, La Junta, Lamar. Water is diverted from the West Slope's Fryingpan River basin through a series of interconnected tunnels and small diversion dams into the Charles H. Boustead Tunnel. The Boustead runs water underneath the Continental Divide 5.5 miles (8.9 km) before discharging it into Turquoise Lake. Water then leaves Turquoise Lake via the Mt. Elbert Conduit, which runs nearly 11 miles (18 km) to the Mt. Elbert Forebay, then dropped down over 0.5 miles (0.80 km) in elevation to the hydro-electric Mt. Elbert Power Plant. Turquoise Lake is the reservoir created by the dam. It has a surface area of 1,780 acres (720 ha) and a capacity of 129,440 acre-feet (159,660,000 cubic meters). The lake and its surrounding land provide various recreational activities for visitors in both the summer and winter. Climate Sugar Loaf Dam has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc). Climate data for Sugar Loaf Reservoir, Colorado, 1991–2020 normals, 1900-2020 extremes: 9738ft (2968m) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 59(15) 55(13) 60(16) 74(23) 78(26) 90(32) 95(35) 97(36) 88(31) 78(26) 68(20) 60(16) 97(36) Mean maximum °F (°C) 48(9) 48(9) 53(12) 59(15) 69(21) 78(26) 81(27) 78(26) 74(23) 66(19) 55(13) 48(9) 82(28) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 31.5(−0.3) 32.7(0.4) 39.2(4.0) 44.3(6.8) 55.2(12.9) 68.0(20.0) 72.7(22.6) 69.6(20.9) 61.9(16.6) 51.0(10.6) 39.3(4.1) 30.9(−0.6) 49.7(9.8) Daily mean °F (°C) 17.5(−8.1) 18.0(−7.8) 24.3(−4.3) 31.1(−0.5) 41.0(5.0) 51.1(10.6) 56.1(13.4) 53.9(12.2) 46.7(8.2) 37.2(2.9) 26.6(−3.0) 18.4(−7.6) 35.2(1.8) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 3.4(−15.9) 3.4(−15.9) 9.3(−12.6) 17.9(−7.8) 26.8(−2.9) 34.3(1.3) 39.5(4.2) 38.2(3.4) 31.4(−0.3) 23.5(−4.7) 13.9(−10.1) 5.9(−14.5) 20.6(−6.3) Mean minimum °F (°C) −14(−26) −15(−26) −10(−23) 2(−17) 15(−9) 26(−3) 33(1) 31(−1) 21(−6) 9(−13) −5(−21) −13(−25) −19(−28) Record low °F (°C) −55(−48) −49(−45) −44(−42) −22(−30) −11(−24) 17(−8) 25(−4) 23(−5) 4(−16) −9(−23) −32(−36) −38(−39) −55(−48) Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.97(25) 1.43(36) 1.34(34) 1.71(43) 1.40(36) 0.93(24) 1.86(47) 2.10(53) 1.42(36) 1.05(27) 1.30(33) 1.06(27) 16.57(421) Average snowfall inches (cm) 16.0(41) 16.7(42) 14.8(38) 13.6(35) 5.5(14) 0.2(0.51) trace trace 0.3(0.76) 4.5(11) 12.2(31) 13.6(35) 97.4(248.27) Source 1: NOAA Source 2: XMACIS (snowfall, records & monthly max/mins) References ^ "Sugar Loaf Dam". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ "Project details - Fryingpan-Arkansas Project - Bureau of Reclamation". Archived from the original on 2012-08-23. Retrieved 2012-05-18. ^ "Turquoise Lake". ^ "Colorado Water Science Center". ^ "Turquoise Lake: Leadville's Sparkling Gem". 31 December 2016. ^ "Sugar Loaf Reservoir, Colorado 1991-2020 Monthly Normals". Retrieved November 3, 2023. ^ "xmACIS". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 3, 2023. 39°15′12″N 106°22′17″W / 39.25339°N 106.37137°W / 39.25339; -106.37137
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sugar_Loaf_Dam.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turquoise_Lake_(Colorado).JPG"},{"link_name":"Mount Massive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Massive"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lake County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Leadville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Lake Fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Fork_(Arkansas_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Arkansas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_River"},{"link_name":"United States Bureau of Reclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation"},{"link_name":"Fryingpan-Arkansas Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryingpan-Arkansas_Project"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"La Junta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Junta"},{"link_name":"Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Fryingpan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryingpan_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The dam in October, with drawn-down water levels from summer irrigationTurquoise Lake, looking towards the dam and Mount MassiveSugar Loaf Dam[1] is a dam in Lake County of mid-Colorado, 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Leadville.It has a height of 135 feet (41 m) feet and is over 2,000 feet (610 m) long at its crest, impounding the Lake Fork of the Arkansas River near its headwaters. The earthen dam was one of five reservoir dams completed from 1965 to 1968 by the United States Bureau of Reclamation as part of the larger water diversion project named the Fryingpan-Arkansas Project. The project was authorized in 1962 by President Kennedy and was completed in 1981.The Fry-Ark diverts water across the continental divide from the Colorado River basin. This water is delivered to the more arid plains east of the Rocky Mountains. Although the predominant use is agricultural, some water is available to several cities east of the continental divide, including: Colorado Springs, Pueblo, La Junta, Lamar. Water is diverted from the West Slope's Fryingpan River basin through a series of interconnected tunnels and small diversion dams into the Charles H. Boustead Tunnel. The Boustead runs water underneath the Continental Divide 5.5 miles (8.9 km) before discharging it into Turquoise Lake. Water then leaves Turquoise Lake via the Mt. Elbert Conduit, which runs nearly 11 miles (18 km) to the Mt. Elbert Forebay, then dropped down over 0.5 miles (0.80 km) in elevation to the hydro-electric Mt. Elbert Power Plant.[2]Turquoise Lake is the reservoir created by the dam.[3] It has a surface area of 1,780 acres (720 ha) and a capacity of 129,440 acre-feet (159,660,000 cubic meters).[4] The lake and its surrounding land provide various recreational activities for visitors in both the summer and winter.[5]","title":"Sugar Loaf Dam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subarctic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XMACIS-7"}],"text":"Sugar Loaf Dam has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc).Climate data for Sugar Loaf Reservoir, Colorado, 1991–2020 normals, 1900-2020 extremes: 9738ft (2968m)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n59(15)\n\n55(13)\n\n60(16)\n\n74(23)\n\n78(26)\n\n90(32)\n\n95(35)\n\n97(36)\n\n88(31)\n\n78(26)\n\n68(20)\n\n60(16)\n\n97(36)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n48(9)\n\n48(9)\n\n53(12)\n\n59(15)\n\n69(21)\n\n78(26)\n\n81(27)\n\n78(26)\n\n74(23)\n\n66(19)\n\n55(13)\n\n48(9)\n\n82(28)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n31.5(−0.3)\n\n32.7(0.4)\n\n39.2(4.0)\n\n44.3(6.8)\n\n55.2(12.9)\n\n68.0(20.0)\n\n72.7(22.6)\n\n69.6(20.9)\n\n61.9(16.6)\n\n51.0(10.6)\n\n39.3(4.1)\n\n30.9(−0.6)\n\n49.7(9.8)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n17.5(−8.1)\n\n18.0(−7.8)\n\n24.3(−4.3)\n\n31.1(−0.5)\n\n41.0(5.0)\n\n51.1(10.6)\n\n56.1(13.4)\n\n53.9(12.2)\n\n46.7(8.2)\n\n37.2(2.9)\n\n26.6(−3.0)\n\n18.4(−7.6)\n\n35.2(1.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n3.4(−15.9)\n\n3.4(−15.9)\n\n9.3(−12.6)\n\n17.9(−7.8)\n\n26.8(−2.9)\n\n34.3(1.3)\n\n39.5(4.2)\n\n38.2(3.4)\n\n31.4(−0.3)\n\n23.5(−4.7)\n\n13.9(−10.1)\n\n5.9(−14.5)\n\n20.6(−6.3)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n−14(−26)\n\n−15(−26)\n\n−10(−23)\n\n2(−17)\n\n15(−9)\n\n26(−3)\n\n33(1)\n\n31(−1)\n\n21(−6)\n\n9(−13)\n\n−5(−21)\n\n−13(−25)\n\n−19(−28)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−55(−48)\n\n−49(−45)\n\n−44(−42)\n\n−22(−30)\n\n−11(−24)\n\n17(−8)\n\n25(−4)\n\n23(−5)\n\n4(−16)\n\n−9(−23)\n\n−32(−36)\n\n−38(−39)\n\n−55(−48)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n0.97(25)\n\n1.43(36)\n\n1.34(34)\n\n1.71(43)\n\n1.40(36)\n\n0.93(24)\n\n1.86(47)\n\n2.10(53)\n\n1.42(36)\n\n1.05(27)\n\n1.30(33)\n\n1.06(27)\n\n16.57(421)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n16.0(41)\n\n16.7(42)\n\n14.8(38)\n\n13.6(35)\n\n5.5(14)\n\n0.2(0.51)\n\ntrace\n\ntrace\n\n0.3(0.76)\n\n4.5(11)\n\n12.2(31)\n\n13.6(35)\n\n97.4(248.27)\n\n\nSource 1: NOAA[6]\n\n\nSource 2: XMACIS (snowfall, records & monthly max/mins)[7]","title":"Climate"}]
[{"image_text":"The dam in October, with drawn-down water levels from summer irrigation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sugar_Loaf_Dam.JPG/250px-Sugar_Loaf_Dam.JPG"},{"image_text":"Turquoise Lake, looking towards the dam and Mount Massive","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Turquoise_Lake_%28Colorado%29.JPG/250px-Turquoise_Lake_%28Colorado%29.JPG"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_in_music
1871 in music
["1 Events","2 Published popular music","3 Classical music","4 Opera","5 Musical theatre","6 Births","7 Deaths","8 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1871 in music" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Overview of the events of 1871 in music List of years in music (table) … 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 … Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... This article is about music-related events in 1871. Aida première set design Events March 29 – The Royal Albert Hall is opened in London incorporating a grand organ by Henry Willis & Sons, the world's largest at this time, on which Anton Bruckner gives a series of recitals. Autumn – Charles Gounod begins a stay with soprano Georgina Weldon and her husband in London. December 24 – Giuseppe Verdi's opera Aida premières at the Khedivial Opera House in Cairo. December 26 – The Victorian burlesque Thespis, first of the Gilbert and Sullivan light opera collaborations, premières at the Gaiety Theatre, London. It does modestly well, but the two composers will not again work together until 1875. Asger Hamerik becomes musical director of the Peabody Institute in Baltimore, Maryland. Published popular music "The Blue and the Gray" by James W. Long "Good Bye, Liza Jane" (anon) "The Little Church Around The Corner"     w.m. Charles A. White "The Little Old Log Cabin In The Lane" w.m. William S. Hays "Mollie Darling" w.m. William S. Hays "Oh aint I got the Blues!" by A.A. Chapman "Onward, Christian Soldiers"      w. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould m. Sir Arthur Sullivan "Reuben and Rachel" w. Harry Birch m. William Gooch "Susan Jane" w.m. William S. Hays "The angels are calling me, Mother," words by Samuel N. Mitchell, music by William A. Huntley Classical music Georges Bizet – Jeux d'enfants Dudley Buck – Variations on a Scotch Air, Op.51 Hans von Bülow – Il Carnevale di Milano, Op.21 Peter Cornelius – Chorgesänge Charles Gounod – Boléro, CG 354 Stephen Heller – Freischütz Studien, Op.127 Adolf Jensen – 12 Lieder aus Joseph Victor Scheffels Gaudeamus, Op.40 Jules Massenet Dialogue nocturne Le roman d'Arlequin Rêvons, c'est l'heure Scènes hongroises, premiered November 26 in Paris Karl Matys – 4 Solostücke, Op.15 Olivier Metra Espérance Waltz La vague Johann Rufinatscha 6 Charakterstücke, Op.14 Fantasie in B major for piano, Op.15 Camille Saint-Saëns – Romance, Op. 37 Eduard Strauss – Fesche Geister, Op.75 Johann Strauss, Jr. Indigo-Quadrille, Op.344 Tausend und eine Nacht, Op.346 Arthur Sullivan – The Merchant of Venice, premiered November 19 in Manchester Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – String Quartet No. 1 (Tchaikovsky) Robert Volkmann – Overture to Shakespeare's Richard III, Op.68 Opera Giovanni Bottesini – Ali Baba premiered 18 January at the Lyceum in London Johann Strauss Jr. – Indigo und die vierzig Räuber, premiered February 10 in Vienna Jacques Offenbach – Boule-de-Neige premiered December 14 in Paris Giuseppe Verdi – Aida 24 December 1871 in Cairo Musical theatre Geneviève de Brabant, London production The Mascot, London production La Mascotte, Vienna production Le Roi Carotte, London production Thespis, London production Births March 1 – Ben Harney, American composer and ragtime pianist (d. 1938) March 4 – Henri Delépine, composer (died 1956) March 8 – Gaston Borch, composer (died 1926) March 12 – Helene Wiet, Austrian opera singer (d. 1939) April 21 – Leo Blech, German conductor and composer (d. 1958) May 7 – Paolo Litta, Italian composer (d. 1931) May 30 – Harry Macdonough, Canadian-American singer and music executive (d. 1931) June 17 – James Weldon Johnson, African American songwriter, author, diplomat and educator (d. 1938) June 29 – Luisa Tetrazzini, Italian soprano (d. 1940) July 10 – Franz Evers, lyricist and music publisher (died 1947) August 1 – Oskar Fried, composer (died 1941) August 16 – Zacharia Paliashvili, Georgian composer (d. 1933) December 20 – Henry Kimball Hadley, American composer (d. 1937) Deaths January 4 – Vincent Adler, pianist and composer (b. 1826) February 1 – Alexander Serov, composer and music critic (b. 1820) February 7 – Henry E. Steinway, German-American piano manufacturer (b. 1797) February 11 – Filippo Taglioni, dancer and choreographer (b. 1777) March 26 – François-Joseph Fétis, composer and musicologist (b. 1784) April 27 – Sigismond Thalberg, pianist and composer (b. 1812) May 12 – Daniel Auber, composer (born 1782) May 26 – Aimé Maillart, composer (b. 1817) July 17 – Karl Tausig, pianist and composer (b. 1841) (typhoid) July 20 – François Delsarte, singer and music teacher (b. 1811) August 12 – Tiyo Soga, composer of hymns (b. 1829) September 3 – Václav Emanuel Horák, church musician and composer (b. 1800) September 26 – Cipriani Potter, pianist and composer (b. 1792) December 12 – Henrik Rung, composer (b. 1807) date unknown John Edward Pigot, music collector (b. 1822) Fernando Quijano, songwriter, composer of the Uruguayan national anthem (b. 1805) References ^ Huntley, William A. (1871). "The angels are calling me, Mother". loc.gov. Boston: G. D. Russell & Co.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act1_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica_-_Restored.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida"}],"text":"Overview of the events of 1871 in musicThis article is about music-related events in 1871.Aida première set design","title":"1871 in music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"March 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_29"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall"},{"link_name":"grand organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall_Organ"},{"link_name":"Henry Willis & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Willis_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"Anton Bruckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner"},{"link_name":"Charles Gounod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gounod"},{"link_name":"Georgina Weldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina_Weldon"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"December 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_24"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Verdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi"},{"link_name":"Aida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida"},{"link_name":"Khedivial Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivial_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"December 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_26"},{"link_name":"Victorian burlesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_burlesque"},{"link_name":"Thespis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thespis_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Gilbert and Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Gaiety Theatre, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_London"},{"link_name":"1875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_in_music"},{"link_name":"Asger Hamerik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asger_Hamerik"},{"link_name":"Peabody Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Institute"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"}],"text":"March 29 – The Royal Albert Hall is opened in London incorporating a grand organ by Henry Willis & Sons, the world's largest at this time, on which Anton Bruckner gives a series of recitals.\nAutumn – Charles Gounod begins a stay with soprano Georgina Weldon and her husband in London.\nDecember 24 – Giuseppe Verdi's opera Aida premières at the Khedivial Opera House in Cairo.\nDecember 26 – The Victorian burlesque Thespis, first of the Gilbert and Sullivan light opera collaborations, premières at the Gaiety Theatre, London. It does modestly well, but the two composers will not again work together until 1875.\nAsger Hamerik becomes musical director of the Peabody Institute in Baltimore, Maryland.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Little Old Log Cabin In The Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Old_Log_Cabin_In_The_Lane"},{"link_name":"William S. Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare_Hays"},{"link_name":"Oh aint I got the Blues!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_aint_I_got_the_Blues!"},{"link_name":"Onward, Christian Soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onward,_Christian_Soldiers"},{"link_name":"Sabine Baring-Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Baring-Gould"},{"link_name":"Arthur Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Reuben and Rachel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_and_Rachel"},{"link_name":"Samuel N. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_N._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"William A. Huntley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Huntley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"The Blue and the Gray\" by James W. Long\n\"Good Bye, Liza Jane\" (anon)\n\"The Little Church Around The Corner\"     w.m. Charles A. White\n\"The Little Old Log Cabin In The Lane\" w.m. William S. Hays\n\"Mollie Darling\" w.m. William S. Hays\n\"Oh aint I got the Blues!\" by A.A. Chapman\n\"Onward, Christian Soldiers\"      w. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould m. Sir Arthur Sullivan\n\"Reuben and Rachel\" w. Harry Birch m. William Gooch\n\"Susan Jane\" w.m. William S. Hays\n\"The angels are calling me, Mother,\" words by Samuel N. Mitchell, music by William A. Huntley[1]","title":"Published popular music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georges Bizet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet"},{"link_name":"Jeux d'enfants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeux_d%27enfants_(Bizet)"},{"link_name":"Dudley Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Buck"},{"link_name":"Hans von Bülow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow"},{"link_name":"Peter Cornelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cornelius"},{"link_name":"Charles Gounod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gounod"},{"link_name":"Stephen Heller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Heller"},{"link_name":"Adolf Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Jules Massenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet"},{"link_name":"Karl Matys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Matys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olivier Metra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_M%C3%A9tra"},{"link_name":"Johann Rufinatscha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Rufinatscha"},{"link_name":"Camille Saint-Saëns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns"},{"link_name":"Romance, Op. 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance,_Op._37_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)"},{"link_name":"Eduard Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Strauss"},{"link_name":"Johann Strauss, Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II"},{"link_name":"Arthur Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky"},{"link_name":"String Quartet No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_Quartet_No._1_(Tchaikovsky)"},{"link_name":"Robert Volkmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Volkmann"}],"text":"Georges Bizet – Jeux d'enfants\nDudley Buck – Variations on a Scotch Air, Op.51\nHans von Bülow – Il Carnevale di Milano, Op.21\nPeter Cornelius – Chorgesänge\nCharles Gounod – Boléro, CG 354\nStephen Heller – Freischütz Studien, Op.127\nAdolf Jensen – 12 Lieder aus Joseph Victor Scheffels Gaudeamus, Op.40\nJules Massenet\nDialogue nocturne\nLe roman d'Arlequin\nRêvons, c'est l'heure\nScènes hongroises, premiered November 26 in Paris\nKarl Matys – 4 Solostücke, Op.15\nOlivier Metra\nEspérance Waltz\nLa vague\nJohann Rufinatscha\n6 Charakterstücke, Op.14\nFantasie in B major for piano, Op.15\nCamille Saint-Saëns – Romance, Op. 37\nEduard Strauss – Fesche Geister, Op.75\nJohann Strauss, Jr.\nIndigo-Quadrille, Op.344\nTausend und eine Nacht, Op.346\nArthur Sullivan – The Merchant of Venice, premiered November 19 in Manchester\nPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – String Quartet No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)\nRobert Volkmann – Overture to Shakespeare's Richard III, Op.68","title":"Classical music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giovanni Bottesini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bottesini"},{"link_name":"Johann Strauss Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II"},{"link_name":"Indigo und die vierzig Räuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_und_die_vierzig_R%C3%A4uber"},{"link_name":"Jacques Offenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach"},{"link_name":"Boule-de-Neige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boule-de-Neige"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Verdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi"},{"link_name":"Aida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida"}],"text":"Giovanni Bottesini – Ali Baba premiered 18 January at the Lyceum in London\nJohann Strauss Jr. – Indigo und die vierzig Räuber, premiered February 10 in Vienna\nJacques Offenbach – Boule-de-Neige premiered December 14 in Paris\nGiuseppe Verdi – Aida 24 December 1871 in Cairo","title":"Opera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geneviève de Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_de_Brabant"},{"link_name":"The Mascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mascotte"},{"link_name":"La Mascotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mascotte"},{"link_name":"Le Roi Carotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Roi_Carotte"},{"link_name":"Thespis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thespis_(opera)"}],"text":"Geneviève de Brabant, London production\nThe Mascot, London production\nLa Mascotte, Vienna production\nLe Roi Carotte, London production\nThespis, London production","title":"Musical theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"March 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1"},{"link_name":"Ben Harney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Harney"},{"link_name":"March 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_4"},{"link_name":"Henri Delépine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Del%C3%A9pine"},{"link_name":"March 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_8"},{"link_name":"Gaston Borch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Borch"},{"link_name":"March 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_12"},{"link_name":"Helene Wiet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Wiet"},{"link_name":"April 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_21"},{"link_name":"Leo Blech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Blech"},{"link_name":"May 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_7"},{"link_name":"Paolo Litta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Litta"},{"link_name":"May 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_30"},{"link_name":"Harry Macdonough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Macdonough"},{"link_name":"June 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_17"},{"link_name":"James Weldon Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson"},{"link_name":"June 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_29"},{"link_name":"Luisa Tetrazzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Tetrazzini"},{"link_name":"July 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_10"},{"link_name":"Franz Evers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Evers"},{"link_name":"August 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_1"},{"link_name":"Oskar Fried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Fried"},{"link_name":"August 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_16"},{"link_name":"Zacharia Paliashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacharia_Paliashvili"},{"link_name":"December 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_20"},{"link_name":"Henry Kimball Hadley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kimball_Hadley"}],"text":"March 1 – Ben Harney, American composer and ragtime pianist (d. 1938)\nMarch 4 – Henri Delépine, composer (died 1956)\nMarch 8 – Gaston Borch, composer (died 1926)\nMarch 12 – Helene Wiet, Austrian opera singer (d. 1939)\nApril 21 – Leo Blech, German conductor and composer (d. 1958)\nMay 7 – Paolo Litta, Italian composer (d. 1931)\nMay 30 – Harry Macdonough, Canadian-American singer and music executive (d. 1931)\nJune 17 – James Weldon Johnson, African American songwriter, author, diplomat and educator (d. 1938)\nJune 29 – Luisa Tetrazzini, Italian soprano (d. 1940)\nJuly 10 – Franz Evers, lyricist and music publisher (died 1947)\nAugust 1 – Oskar Fried, composer (died 1941)\nAugust 16 – Zacharia Paliashvili, Georgian composer (d. 1933)\nDecember 20 – Henry Kimball Hadley, American composer (d. 1937)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_4"},{"link_name":"Vincent Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Adler"},{"link_name":"February 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1"},{"link_name":"Alexander Serov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Serov"},{"link_name":"February 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_7"},{"link_name":"Henry E. Steinway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_E._Steinway"},{"link_name":"February 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_11"},{"link_name":"Filippo Taglioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Taglioni"},{"link_name":"March 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_26"},{"link_name":"François-Joseph Fétis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_F%C3%A9tis"},{"link_name":"April 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_27"},{"link_name":"Sigismond Thalberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg"},{"link_name":"May 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_12"},{"link_name":"Daniel Auber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Auber"},{"link_name":"May 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_26"},{"link_name":"Aimé Maillart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Maillart"},{"link_name":"July 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_17"},{"link_name":"Karl Tausig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Tausig"},{"link_name":"July 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_20"},{"link_name":"François Delsarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Delsarte"},{"link_name":"August 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_12"},{"link_name":"Tiyo Soga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiyo_Soga"},{"link_name":"September 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_3"},{"link_name":"Václav Emanuel Horák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Emanuel_Hor%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"September 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_26"},{"link_name":"Cipriani Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriani_Potter"},{"link_name":"December 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_12"},{"link_name":"Henrik Rung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Rung"},{"link_name":"John Edward Pigot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edward_Pigot"},{"link_name":"Fernando Quijano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Quijano"},{"link_name":"Uruguayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan"}],"text":"January 4 – Vincent Adler, pianist and composer (b. 1826)\nFebruary 1 – Alexander Serov, composer and music critic (b. 1820)\nFebruary 7 – Henry E. Steinway, German-American piano manufacturer (b. 1797)\nFebruary 11 – Filippo Taglioni, dancer and choreographer (b. 1777)\nMarch 26 – François-Joseph Fétis, composer and musicologist (b. 1784)\nApril 27 – Sigismond Thalberg, pianist and composer (b. 1812)\nMay 12 – Daniel Auber, composer (born 1782)\nMay 26 – Aimé Maillart, composer (b. 1817)\nJuly 17 – Karl Tausig, pianist and composer (b. 1841) (typhoid)\nJuly 20 – François Delsarte, singer and music teacher (b. 1811)\nAugust 12 – Tiyo Soga, composer of hymns (b. 1829)\nSeptember 3 – Václav Emanuel Horák, church musician and composer (b. 1800)\nSeptember 26 – Cipriani Potter, pianist and composer (b. 1792)\nDecember 12 – Henrik Rung, composer (b. 1807)\ndate unknown\nJohn Edward Pigot, music collector (b. 1822)\nFernando Quijano, songwriter, composer of the Uruguayan national anthem (b. 1805)","title":"Deaths"}]
[{"image_text":"Aida première set design","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act1_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica_-_Restored.jpg/220px-Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act1_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica_-_Restored.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Huntley, William A. (1871). \"The angels are calling me, Mother\". loc.gov. Boston: G. D. Russell & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/item/sm1871.04946/","url_text":"\"The angels are calling me, Mother\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinner_Reserve
Skinner Reserve
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 37°47′14″S 144°51′19″E / 37.78722°S 144.85528°E / -37.78722; 144.85528 Skinner ReserveSkinner Reserve in 2014, prior to the demolition of the Chigwidden StandLocationBraybrook, VictoriaCoordinates37°47′14″S 144°51′19″E / 37.78722°S 144.85528°E / -37.78722; 144.85528OwnerCity of MaribyrnongField size175m × 155mSurfaceGrassOpened1966TenantsSunshine Football Club (1966–1989) Skinner Reserve is an Australian rules football stadium located on Churchill Avenue, Braybrook, Victoria. It is most notable as the former home ground of the Sunshine Football Club in the Victorian Football Association (VFA). Prior to Skinner Reserve being developed as a football ground, the primary sports venue in the City of Sunshine was Selwyn Park, Albion. In 1964, the Sunshine Council agreed to lease Selwyn Park to the George Cross soccer club, which was playing in Victoria's top level soccer league at the time; but, the Sunshine Football Club, as well as the local baseball and sub-district cricket clubs, still had three years to run on their lease. To secure agreement from the Sunshine Football Club to end the lease, the Sunshine Council committed to developing a new VFA-standard venue at Skinner Reserve. The venue was built during the 1965 season, with the football club signing a seven-year lease to begin from 1966. The venue had a very wide playing surface, high grassed embankments for spectators, and a grandstand – narrow, but quite tall by suburban standards – named the J. A. Chigwidden Stand after long-serving Sunshine Football Club committeeman Jack Chigwidden. During 1965, before the venue was finished, the Victorian Football League's Footscray Football Club made an application to the Sunshine Council to permanently move its playing and administrative base to the venue, and to develop it further to a VFL-standard venue; this came at a time when fellow VFL clubs St Kilda and North Melbourne had just moved their bases to VFA venues (Moorabbin Oval and Coburg City Oval respectively). The council ultimately honoured its existing agreement with the Sunshine Football Club, and rejected Footscray's application, and Sunshine began playing at the venue in 1966. Sunshine used the ground from 1966 until it folded in 1989. The venue also hosted several VFA seconds/reserves finals matches, including Grand Finals. Additionally, through much of its history it was not used for cricket, which made it an attractive venue for VFL clubs to play pre-season practice matches while the cricket season was still going. Floodlights were installed in 1987 to enable games to be played at night, although the only such VFA premiership match ever to be scheduled was cancelled due to the forfeiture of Sunshine's opponent, Caulfield, for unrelated reasons. A large crowd of 8,000 saw a fundraising match between former Footscray and Collingwood players on the ground in October 1989, as part of efforts by Footscray supporters to save their club from merging with Fitzroy. The ground is today used primarily for local football, soccer and cricket. The Chigwidden Stand, having reached the end of its life and utility, was demolished in late 2015; its function as a pavilion, but not as a grandstand, was taken over by the Braybrook Community Hub, located in the wider Skinner Reserve area. References ^ "Sunshine likely to move in 1966". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. 7 July 1964. p. 10. ^ a b "Oval for Sunshine". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne, VIC. 28 September 1965. ^ Meike Ruotsalainen (7 March 2014). "Skinner Reserve, Braybrook (Sunshine VFA) Victoria". Retrieved 9 March 2014. ^ Santo Caruso; Marc Fiddian; Jim Main (2002), Football Grounds of Melbourne, Essendon North, VIC: Pennon Publishing, p. 146 ^ Paul Cunningham (18 August 1987). "Caulfield faces ban over levy". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne, VIC. p. 70. ^ Tony de Bolfo (23 October 1989). "A timely Bulldog victory". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne, VIC. p. 78. ^ "Tell your story about Braybrook's iconic Skinner Pavilion and J A Chigwidden Grandstand". City of Maribyrnong. Retrieved 14 November 2015. This article about a sports venue in Australia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a building or structure in Victoria (state) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium"},{"link_name":"Braybrook, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braybrook,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Football_Club_(VFA)"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"City of Sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Sunshine"},{"link_name":"Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"George Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_George_Cross_FC"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Football_Club_(VFA)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-footscray-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Footscray Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footscray_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"St Kilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Moorabbin Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorabbin_Oval"},{"link_name":"Coburg City Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coburg_City_Oval"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-footscray-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfm-4"},{"link_name":"Caulfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulfield_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Footscray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"merging with Fitzroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Skinner Reserve is an Australian rules football stadium located on Churchill Avenue, Braybrook, Victoria. It is most notable as the former home ground of the Sunshine Football Club in the Victorian Football Association (VFA).Prior to Skinner Reserve being developed as a football ground, the primary sports venue in the City of Sunshine was Selwyn Park, Albion. In 1964, the Sunshine Council agreed to lease Selwyn Park to the George Cross soccer club, which was playing in Victoria's top level soccer league at the time; but, the Sunshine Football Club, as well as the local baseball and sub-district cricket clubs, still had three years to run on their lease. To secure agreement from the Sunshine Football Club to end the lease, the Sunshine Council committed to developing a new VFA-standard venue at Skinner Reserve.[1] The venue was built during the 1965 season, with the football club signing a seven-year lease to begin from 1966.[2] The venue had a very wide playing surface, high grassed embankments for spectators, and a grandstand – narrow, but quite tall by suburban standards – named the J. A. Chigwidden Stand after long-serving Sunshine Football Club committeeman Jack Chigwidden.[3]During 1965, before the venue was finished, the Victorian Football League's Footscray Football Club made an application to the Sunshine Council to permanently move its playing and administrative base to the venue, and to develop it further to a VFL-standard venue; this came at a time when fellow VFL clubs St Kilda and North Melbourne had just moved their bases to VFA venues (Moorabbin Oval and Coburg City Oval respectively). The council ultimately honoured its existing agreement with the Sunshine Football Club, and rejected Footscray's application,[2] and Sunshine began playing at the venue in 1966.Sunshine used the ground from 1966 until it folded in 1989. The venue also hosted several VFA seconds/reserves finals matches, including Grand Finals. Additionally, through much of its history it was not used for cricket, which made it an attractive venue for VFL clubs to play pre-season practice matches while the cricket season was still going.[4] Floodlights were installed in 1987 to enable games to be played at night, although the only such VFA premiership match ever to be scheduled was cancelled due to the forfeiture of Sunshine's opponent, Caulfield, for unrelated reasons.[5] A large crowd of 8,000 saw a fundraising match between former Footscray and Collingwood players on the ground in October 1989, as part of efforts by Footscray supporters to save their club from merging with Fitzroy.[6]The ground is today used primarily for local football, soccer and cricket. The Chigwidden Stand, having reached the end of its life and utility, was demolished in late 2015; its function as a pavilion, but not as a grandstand, was taken over by the Braybrook Community Hub, located in the wider Skinner Reserve area.[7]","title":"Skinner Reserve"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainsborough,_Suffolk
Gainsborough, Ipswich
["1 History","2 Gainsborough Lane","3 Gainsborough Estate","4 Gainsborough Library","4.1 The library under construction","5 Gainsborough Ward","6 Gainsborough Sports Centre","7 See also","8 References"]
Coordinates: 52°02′00″N 1°10′45″E / 52.0332°N 1.1792°E / 52.0332; 1.1792Human settlement in Ipswich Human settlement in EnglandGainsboroughThe Golden Hind, one of the Tolly Follies, built in the 1930s to serve the people of GainsboroughGainsboroughLocation within SuffolkDistrictIpswichShire countySuffolkRegionEastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPostcode districtIP3 List of places UK England Suffolk 52°02′00″N 1°10′45″E / 52.0332°N 1.1792°E / 52.0332; 1.1792 Gainsborough is an area of Ipswich, in the Ipswich district, in the county of Suffolk, England. It was named after the artist Thomas Gainsborough of Sudbury, who lived in Ipswich for several years. He was noted for visiting the banks of the Orwell in this area. History The construction of Gainsborough, Ipswich, started in 1926. It continued through the 1930s. Once completed, Gainsborough was home to two story detached and semi detached homes, as well as Ipswich Power Station and Orwell Country Park. In 2008–9, Suffolk County Council built a library on Clapgate Lane, Ipswich. Gainsborough Lane Main article: Gainsborough Lane Gainsborough Lane is a rural road in Gainsborough. It is noted for its stunning scenery and its use in art. It was used by Thomas Gainsborough for a magnificent art piece. Gainsborough Estate The estate was a public housing development whose construction was started in 1926 and continued into the 1930s. It comprises largely of two storey terraced and semi-detached dwellings. The road layout is a hybrid of both grids and spoke and wheel plan. Gainsborough Library In 2008-9 Suffolk County Council built a new library on the site of the previous library located in Clapgate Lane. This is a steel frame structure with decorative stainless steel circular cladding around an atrium entrance. The building won the RIBA East 'Spirit of Ingenuity' award. The library under construction 30 December 2008 2 February 2009 19 April 2009 7 May 2009 Gainsborough Ward Main article: Gainsborough Ward, Ipswich Gainsborough Ward is one of the sixteen wards which compose Ipswich Borough. It elects three councillors. The ward also includes the neighbouring area of Greenwich. Gainsborough Sports Centre Gainsborough Sports Centre is a Sports Centre in Gainsborough, Ipswich, England. It is home to many gym facilities and a COVID-19 vaccination centre. It is located on Braziers Wood Rood. See also Leighton Road Evangelical Church, Ipswich References ^ a b "Ipswich, England". Planet Ipswich : A bridge between the Ipswiches of the world. Stefrapes Productions. Retrieved 6 October 2019. ^ "Joe and Phyl in Ipswich". www.simonknott.co.uk. Simon Knott. Retrieved 1 October 2019. ^ Agenda Document for Planning & Development Committee, 13/12/2017 (PDF). Ipswich: Ipswich Borough Council. 2017. ^ South East Character Area (PDF). Ipswich: Ipswich Borough Council. 2019. ^ a b "Gainsborough Library, Clapgate Lane, Ipswich, Suffolk-Sectors-Education - Barnes Construction". www.barnesconstruction.co.uk. Barnes Construction. Retrieved 1 October 2019. ^ "Your Councillors". democracy.ipswich.gov.uk. Ipswich Borough Council. 8 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019. ^ "Ipswich: Seat, Ward and Prediction Details". www.electoralcalculus.co.uk. Electoral Calculus Ltd. Retrieved 8 October 2019. This Suffolk location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Leighton Road Evangelical Church, Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_Road_Evangelical_Church,_Ipswich"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death,_Where_is_Thy_Sting-a-ling-ling%3F
Death, Where is Thy Sting-a-ling-ling?
["1 Premise","2 Cast","3 Background","4 References","5 Notes"]
1969 American film Death, Where is Thy Sting-a-ling-ling?Directed byDavid MillerWritten byRoald DahlBased onstory by Robert AltmanProduced byWalter MirischStarringGregory PeckProductioncompanyThe Mirisch CompanyDistributed byUnited ArtistsRelease datenever releasedCountryUSALanguageEnglish Death, Where is Thy Sting-a-ling-ling? is an incomplete 1969 American film. It was also known as The Bells of Hell Go Ting-a-Ling-Ling or The Bells of Hell. Premise During World War I a plane has to be taken apart and transported through Switzerland so as to not violate neutrality. The plane is needed for a mission. Cast Gregory Peck Ian McKellen Maria Grazia Buccella Background The film was based on a story by Robert Altman called The Chicken and the Hawk which he tried to sell as a pilot for a TV series. Brian McKay did some work on it. They met Roald Dahl in Honolulu where Dahl's wife Patricia Neal was making a film and asked him to write the script. Dahl agreed. United Artists liked the script but did not want Altman to direct. By this stage Neal had a stroke and Dahl needed the money. He sold the script to UA for $150,000 having to pay Altman $75,000. Walter Mirisch was the producer. Cary Grant had been interested in starring. Eventually Gregory Peck agreed to star and David Miller signed to direct. Filming started in Switzerland in 1966 but was held up through poor weather. Eventually head of UA David Picker abandoned the project. Dahl said $2 million had been spent. Walter Mirisch said it "is the only picture in which I have been involved that was started and never finished." After the success of MASH, Mirisch approached Altman about reactivating the project, but he refused. References ^ Mirisch p 264 ^ Altman, Robert (2006). Altman on Altman. Faber and Faber. p. 35-36. ^ a b Gould, Gordon (5 September 1971). "His fables for children give 'Mr Patricia Neal' edge in Dahl house". The Los Angeles Times. p. 12. ^ Mirsch p 264 ^ "The Bells of Hell Go Ding-a-ling-a-ling (1966) | BFI". Ftvdb.bfi.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2014-08-21. ^ Mirisch p 265 ^ McGilligan, Patrick (1989). Robert Altman : jumping off the cliff : a biography of the great American director. St Martins' Press. p. 338. Notes Mirisch, Walter (2008). I thought we were making movies, not history. University of Wisconsin Press.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Death, Where is Thy Sting-a-ling-ling? is an incomplete 1969 American film. It was also known as The Bells of Hell Go Ting-a-Ling-Ling or The Bells of Hell.[1]","title":"Death, Where is Thy Sting-a-ling-ling?"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"During World War I a plane has to be taken apart and transported through Switzerland so as to not violate neutrality. The plane is needed for a mission.","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregory Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Peck"},{"link_name":"Ian McKellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McKellen"},{"link_name":"Maria Grazia Buccella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Grazia_Buccella"}],"text":"Gregory Peck\nIan McKellen\nMaria Grazia Buccella","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Altman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Altman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Roald Dahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Dahl"},{"link_name":"United Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-los-3"},{"link_name":"Walter Mirisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mirisch"},{"link_name":"Cary Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary_Grant"},{"link_name":"Gregory Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Peck"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-los-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The film was based on a story by Robert Altman called The Chicken and the Hawk which he tried to sell as a pilot for a TV series.[2] Brian McKay did some work on it. They met Roald Dahl in Honolulu where Dahl's wife Patricia Neal was making a film and asked him to write the script. Dahl agreed. United Artists liked the script but did not want Altman to direct. By this stage Neal had a stroke and Dahl needed the money. He sold the script to UA for $150,000 having to pay Altman $75,000.[3]Walter Mirisch was the producer. Cary Grant had been interested in starring. Eventually Gregory Peck agreed to star and David Miller signed to direct. Filming started in Switzerland in 1966 but was held up through poor weather. Eventually head of UA David Picker abandoned the project. Dahl said $2 million had been spent.[3][4][5]Walter Mirisch said it \"is the only picture in which I have been involved that was started and never finished.\"[6]After the success of MASH, Mirisch approached Altman about reactivating the project, but he refused.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I thought we were making movies, not history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ithoughtwewerema0000miri/page/264/mode/1up?q=%22gregory+peck%22+%22roald+dahl%22+%22death+where+is+thy%22"}],"text":"Mirisch, Walter (2008). I thought we were making movies, not history. University of Wisconsin Press.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartansburg,_Pennsylvania
Spartansburg, Pennsylvania
["1 Geography","1.1 Natural Features","2 Demographics","3 Education","4 Notable person","5 In popular culture","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°49′26″N 79°41′1″W / 41.82389°N 79.68361°W / 41.82389; -79.68361Borough in Pennsylvania, United StatesSpartansburg, PennsylvaniaBoroughMethodist church on Main StreetLocation of Spartansburg in Crawford County, Pennsylvania.SpartansburgLocation of Spartansburg in PennsylvaniaCoordinates: 41°49′26″N 79°41′1″W / 41.82389°N 79.68361°W / 41.82389; -79.68361CountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyCrawford CountyFounded1830Government • MayorAnn Louise WagnerArea • Total0.69 sq mi (1.80 km2) • Land0.66 sq mi (1.72 km2) • Water0.03 sq mi (0.08 km2)Elevation (middle of borough)1,450 ft (440 m)Highest elevation (southeast corner of borough)1,640 ft (500 m)Lowest elevation (East Branch Oil Creek)1,430 ft (440 m)Population (2020) • Total277 • Estimate (2022)274 • Density423.83/sq mi (163.62/km2)Time zoneUTC-4 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (EDT)Area code814 Spartansburg is a borough in Crawford County, in northwestern Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 277 at the 2020 census, down from 305 at the 2010 census. Geography Spartansburg is located near the northeast corner of Crawford County at 41°49′19″N 79°41′9″W / 41.82194°N 79.68583°W / 41.82194; -79.68583 (41.821980, -79.685957). It is surrounded by Sparta Township, a separate municipality. Route 77 passes through the center of the borough, leading northeast 8 miles (13 km) to Corry and southwest 28 miles (45 km) to Meadville, the Crawford County seat. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.71 square miles (1.83 km2), of which 0.68 square miles (1.76 km2) is land and 0.03 square miles (0.08 km2), or 4.23%, is water. Natural Features Spartansburg Borough is located on the glaciated plateau of northwestern Pennsylvania. The borough is drained by East Branch Oil Creek, which begins at the outlet of Clear Lake, an impoundment of Patrick Run and Stranahan Run. The lowest elevation in Spartansburg is 1,430 ft (440 m) where East Branch Oil Creek flows south out of the borough. The highest elevation is 1,640 ft (500 m) at the southeastern corner of the borough. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1860235—187045794.5%18804866.3%18905166.2%1900488−5.4%1910460−5.7%1920450−2.2%1930374−16.9%194042313.1%195048213.9%19605003.7%1970464−7.2%1980403−13.1%19904030.0%2000333−17.4%2010305−8.4%2020277−9.2%2022 (est.)274−1.1%U.S. Decennial Census U.S. Marine Sgt. B.D. Boyant of Spartansburg (on the left), from the 4th Marine Division, sets up a post office on Iwo Jima in 1945. As of the census of 2000, there were 333 people, 130 households, and 93 families residing in the borough. The population density was 499.1 inhabitants per square mile (192.7/km2). There were 140 housing units at an average density of 209.8 per square mile (81.0/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 100.00% White. There were 130 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.7% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.06. In the borough the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $26,731, and the median income for a family was $34,063. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $27,656 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $16,035. About 14.7% of families and 13.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.2% of those under age 18 and 26.0% of those age 65 or over. Education Spartansburg is served by the Corry Area School District. Schools include Corry Area Middle & High School. Notable person Ray Harroun, winner of the inaugural Indianapolis 500 in 1911. In popular culture Spartansburg appeared in the Discovery Channel show Dirty Jobs. References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 16, 2022. ^ a b c d "Get Maps". USGS Topoview. US Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Oct 12, 2022. ^ a b c Bureau, US Census. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved August 24, 2023. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Spartansburg borough, Pennsylvania". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. ^ "Dirty Jobs - Season 2, Episode 16: Viewer's Choice". Retrieved 31 July 2012. External links Spartansburg community website Corry Area School District vteMunicipalities and communities of Crawford County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: MeadvilleCities Meadville Titusville Boroughs Blooming Valley Cambridge Springs Centerville Cochranton Conneaut Lake Conneautville Hydetown Linesville Saegertown Spartansburg Springboro Townville Venango Woodcock Townships Athens Beaver Bloomfield Cambridge Conneaut Cussewago East Fairfield East Fallowfield East Mead Fairfield Greenwood Hayfield North Shenango Oil Creek Pine Randolph Richmond Rockdale Rome Sadsbury South Shenango Sparta Spring Steuben Summerhill Summit Troy Union Venango Vernon Wayne West Fallowfield West Mead West Shenango Woodcock CDPs Adamsville Atlantic Canadohta Lake Conneaut Lakeshore Fredericksburg Geneva Guys Mills Harmonsburg Hartstown Kerrtown Lincolnville Pymatuning Central Pymatuning North Pymatuning South Riceville Rockdale Acres Unincorporatedcommunities Buells Corners Custards Espyville Fauncetown Frenchtown Pennsylvania portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Crawford County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensusEst2020-2022-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"}],"text":"Borough in Pennsylvania, United StatesSpartansburg is a borough in Crawford County, in northwestern Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 277 at the 2020 census,[4] down from 305 at the 2010 census.[5]","title":"Spartansburg, Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"41°49′19″N 79°41′9″W / 41.82194°N 79.68583°W / 41.82194; -79.68583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spartansburg,_Pennsylvania&params=41_49_19_N_79_41_9_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"Sparta Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Route 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_77"},{"link_name":"Corry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corry,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Meadville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"}],"text":"Spartansburg is located near the northeast corner of Crawford County at 41°49′19″N 79°41′9″W / 41.82194°N 79.68583°W / 41.82194; -79.68583 (41.821980, -79.685957).[6] It is surrounded by Sparta Township, a separate municipality.Route 77 passes through the center of the borough, leading northeast 8 miles (13 km) to Corry and southwest 28 miles (45 km) to Meadville, the Crawford County seat.According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.71 square miles (1.83 km2), of which 0.68 square miles (1.76 km2) is land and 0.03 square miles (0.08 km2), or 4.23%, is water.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Branch Oil Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Branch_Oil_Creek_(Oil_Creek_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Patrick Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Run_(East_Branch_Oil_Creek_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Stranahan Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranahan_Run_(East_Branch_Oil_Creek_tributary)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGSTopoview-2"}],"sub_title":"Natural Features","text":"Spartansburg Borough is located on the glaciated plateau of northwestern Pennsylvania. The borough is drained by East Branch Oil Creek, which begins at the outlet of Clear Lake, an impoundment of Patrick Run and Stranahan Run. The lowest elevation in Spartansburg is 1,430 ft (440 m) where East Branch Oil Creek flows south out of the borough. The highest elevation is 1,640 ft (500 m) at the southeastern corner of the borough.[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fourth_Division_Post_Office_on_Iwo_Jima.jpg"},{"link_name":"4th Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Iwo Jima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-8"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"U.S. Marine Sgt. B.D. Boyant of Spartansburg (on the left), from the 4th Marine Division, sets up a post office on Iwo Jima in 1945.As of the census[8] of 2000, there were 333 people, 130 households, and 93 families residing in the borough. The population density was 499.1 inhabitants per square mile (192.7/km2). There were 140 housing units at an average density of 209.8 per square mile (81.0/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 100.00% White.There were 130 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.7% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.06.In the borough the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males.The median income for a household in the borough was $26,731, and the median income for a family was $34,063. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $27,656 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $16,035. About 14.7% of families and 13.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.2% of those under age 18 and 26.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Spartansburg is served by the Corry Area School District. Schools include Corry Area Middle & High School.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray Harroun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Harroun"},{"link_name":"inaugural Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500"}],"text":"Ray Harroun, winner of the inaugural Indianapolis 500 in 1911.","title":"Notable person"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Discovery Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel"},{"link_name":"Dirty Jobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Jobs"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Spartansburg appeared in the Discovery Channel show Dirty Jobs.[9]","title":"In popular culture"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2742%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Get Maps\". USGS Topoview. US Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/topoview/viewer/#15/41.8232/-79.6932","url_text":"\"Get Maps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Population API\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Oct 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:42&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","url_text":"\"Census Population API\""}]},{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022\". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved August 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","url_text":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Spartansburg borough, Pennsylvania\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213090007/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4272704","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Spartansburg borough, Pennsylvania\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4272704","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Dirty Jobs - Season 2, Episode 16: Viewer's Choice\". Retrieved 31 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tv.com/shows/dirty-jobs/viewers-choice-638312/","url_text":"\"Dirty Jobs - Season 2, Episode 16: Viewer's Choice\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_1st_Baron_Monteagle
Edward Stanley, 1st Baron Monteagle
["1 Life","2 Family","3 References"]
English nobleman Arms of Sir Edward Stanley, 1st Baron Monteagle, KG Edward Stanley, 1st Baron Monteagle KG (1460?–1523) was an English soldier who became a peer and Knight of the Garter. He is known for his deeds at the Battle of Flodden. Life Born about 1460, he was fifth son of Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby, by his first wife Eleanor, daughter of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury. He was knighted during the reign of Edward IV by Richard, Duke of Gloucester on 24 August 1482 at the capture of Berwick upon Tweed. On 17 April 1483 he was one of the pall-bearers at Edward IV's funeral. His father's marriage with Henry of Richmond's mother and services at the battle of Bosworth gained Henry's favour for the family, when he became King Henry VII. Edward became High Sheriff of Lancashire for life in the autumn of 1485; on 15 October he was directed to provide against Scottish attacks, and on 1 December he was granted the office of keeper of New Park, Langley; he also became knight of the body to the king. On 4 March 1488–9 he was granted the manors of Farleton in Lonsdale, Farleton in Westmoreland, and Brierley in Yorkshire. In 1511 he served as commissioner of array in Yorkshire and Westmoreland, and in 1513 was prominent in the battle of Flodden. Edward was paid £4220 for bringing his retinue and their wages during the Flodden campaign. Popular ballads represent the English army as begging the Earl of Surrey to put Stanley in command of the van; Surrey, out of jealousy, placed him in the rear, where nevertheless he distinguished himself, forcing the Scots to evacuate their position of vantage on the hill, and killing James IV of Scotland with his own hand (his name occurs in a line of Walter Scott's Marmion: 'Charge, Chester, charge—on, Stanley, on'). These details receive no confirmation from the official version; but Thomas Ruthall, bishop of Durham, reported that Stanley behaved well, and recommended his elevation to the peerage for his services. On 8 May 1514 he was installed Knight of the Garter. Six days later he is said to have landed at Calais with Sir Thomas Lovell, and fought the French. On 23 November 1514 he was summoned to the House of Lords as Baron Monteagle. He was present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in June 1520. He died on 6 April 1523, and was buried at Hornby, Lancashire where the family owned Hornby Castle. There he had set up a religious foundation in commemoration of his success at Flodden. Family Monteagle firstly married Anne Harrington, daughter of Sir John Harrington, by whom he had no issue He married secondly, Elizabeth Vaughan, daughter of Sir Thomas Vaughan of Tretower, Brecknockshire, and widow of John Grey, 8th Baron Grey de Wilton, by whom he had: Thomas Stanley, 2nd Baron Monteagle, who succeeded to the peerage and died in 1560 William Stanley, 3rd Baron Monteagle, died without male issue in 1581, leaving a daughter Elizabeth who married Edward Parker, 12th Baron Morley, and was the mother of William Parker, who succeeded as 4th Baron Monteagle and 13th Baron Morley. Thomas Stanley, Bishop of Sodor and Mann during the English Reformation claimed he was Edward's bastard son. He probably died in office in 1568. References ^ Metcalfe, Walter Charles, ed., Book of Knights Banneret, Knights of the Bath etc., IV Henry VI to 1660, London (1885), p.7 ^ J. Mackie, 'The English Army at Flodden', Miscellany of the Scottish History Society, VIII (Edinburgh 1951), 79 ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 2004. "Stanley, Edward (1460?-1523)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Attribution  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Stanley, Edward (1460?-1523)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Peerage of England New creation Baron Monteagle 1514–1523 Succeeded byThomas Stanley
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sir_Edward_Stanley,_1st_Baron_Monteagle,_KG.png"},{"link_name":"KG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"Battle of Flodden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden"}],"text":"Arms of Sir Edward Stanley, 1st Baron Monteagle, KGEdward Stanley, 1st Baron Monteagle KG (1460?–1523) was an English soldier who became a peer and Knight of the Garter. He is known for his deeds at the Battle of Flodden.","title":"Edward Stanley, 1st Baron Monteagle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Richard, Duke of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"capture of Berwick upon Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Berwick_(1482)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Henry of Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Richmond"},{"link_name":"battle of Bosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langley,_Lancashire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"knight of the body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_body"},{"link_name":"Lonsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lonsdale,_Farleton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Westmoreland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmorland"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"commissioner of array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_array"},{"link_name":"battle of Flodden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Earl of Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"James IV of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"Marmion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmion_(poem)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Ruthall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ruthall"},{"link_name":"bishop of Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Lovell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Lovell"},{"link_name":"Field of the Cloth of Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold"},{"link_name":"Hornby, Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornby,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Hornby Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornby_Castle,_Lancashire"}],"text":"Born about 1460, he was fifth son of Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby, by his first wife Eleanor, daughter of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury. He was knighted during the reign of Edward IV by Richard, Duke of Gloucester on 24 August 1482 at the capture of Berwick upon Tweed.[1] On 17 April 1483 he was one of the pall-bearers at Edward IV's funeral. His father's marriage with Henry of Richmond's mother and services at the battle of Bosworth gained Henry's favour for the family, when he became King Henry VII.Edward became High Sheriff of Lancashire for life in the autumn of 1485; on 15 October he was directed to provide against Scottish attacks, and on 1 December he was granted the office of keeper of New Park, Langley; he also became knight of the body to the king. On 4 March 1488–9 he was granted the manors of Farleton in Lonsdale, Farleton in Westmoreland, and Brierley in Yorkshire.In 1511 he served as commissioner of array in Yorkshire and Westmoreland, and in 1513 was prominent in the battle of Flodden. Edward was paid £4220 for bringing his retinue and their wages during the Flodden campaign.[2] Popular ballads represent the English army as begging the Earl of Surrey to put Stanley in command of the van; Surrey, out of jealousy, placed him in the rear, where nevertheless he distinguished himself, forcing the Scots to evacuate their position of vantage on the hill, and killing James IV of Scotland with his own hand (his name occurs in a line of Walter Scott's Marmion: 'Charge, Chester, charge—on, Stanley, on'). These details receive no confirmation from the official version; but Thomas Ruthall, bishop of Durham, reported that Stanley behaved well, and recommended his elevation to the peerage for his services. On 8 May 1514 he was installed Knight of the Garter.Six days later he is said to have landed at Calais with Sir Thomas Lovell, and fought the French. On 23 November 1514 he was summoned to the House of Lords as Baron Monteagle. He was present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in June 1520. He died on 6 April 1523, and was buried at Hornby, Lancashire where the family owned Hornby Castle. There he had set up a religious foundation in commemoration of his success at Flodden.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tretower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretower"},{"link_name":"Brecknockshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecknockshire"},{"link_name":"John Grey, 8th Baron Grey de Wilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Grey,_8th_Baron_Grey_de_Wilton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Stanley, 2nd Baron Monteagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Stanley,_2nd_Baron_Monteagle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Stanley, 3rd Baron Monteagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley,_3rd_Baron_Monteagle"},{"link_name":"Edward Parker, 12th Baron Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Parker,_12th_Baron_Morley"},{"link_name":"William Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parker,_4th_Baron_Monteagle"},{"link_name":"Thomas Stanley, Bishop of Sodor and Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stanley_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"English Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxford-3"}],"text":"Monteagle firstly married Anne Harrington, daughter of Sir John Harrington, by whom he had no issueHe married secondly, Elizabeth Vaughan, daughter of Sir Thomas Vaughan of Tretower, Brecknockshire, and widow of John Grey, 8th Baron Grey de Wilton, by whom he had:Thomas Stanley, 2nd Baron Monteagle, who succeeded to the peerage and died in 1560\nWilliam Stanley, 3rd Baron Monteagle, died without male issue in 1581, leaving a daughter Elizabeth who married Edward Parker, 12th Baron Morley, and was the mother of William Parker, who succeeded as 4th Baron Monteagle and 13th Baron Morley.Thomas Stanley, Bishop of Sodor and Mann during the English Reformation claimed he was Edward's bastard son. He probably died in office in 1568.[3]","title":"Family"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments,_Fine_Arts_and_Archives_section
Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program
["1 Formation","2 War operations","3 Art repositories","4 Restitution","4.1 Central Collecting Points","5 Occupation of Japan","6 MFAA personnel","7 Awards","8 2014 film","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
Allied program to help protect cultural property (1943-1946) "Monuments Men" redirects here. For the 2014 film, see The Monuments Men. Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives programThe Ghent Altarpiece during recovery from the art depot in the Altaussee salt mine, 1945Formation1943Dissolved1946Parent organizationCivil Affairs and Military Government Sections of the Allied armies The Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives Section Unit (MFAA) was a program established by the Allies in 1943 to help protect cultural property in war areas during and after World War II. The group of about 400 service members and civilians worked with military forces to protect historic and cultural monuments from war damage, and as the conflict came to a close, to find and return works of art and other items of cultural importance that had been stolen by the Nazis or hidden for safekeeping. Spurred by the Roberts Commission, MFAA branches were established within the Civil Affairs and Military Government Sections of Allied armies. Some of them are portrayed and honored in the 2014 film The Monuments Men. Many of the men and women of the MFAA, also known as "Monuments Men", went on to have prolific careers. Largely art historians and museum personnel, many of the American members of the group had formative roles in the growth of the United States’ most prominent cultural institutions, including the National Gallery of Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum and the New York City Ballet. Members from other allied powers, such as the United Kingdom and France, also found post-war success in museums and other institutions across the world. Monuments Men Foundation for the Preservation of Art, a US non-profit founded by American author and philanthropist Robert M. Edsel was created with the stated mission of preserving the legacy of those who served in the MFAA. The Foundation seeks to further the mission of the MFAA by recovering Nazi looted artworks, documents, and other cultural objects and returning them to their rightful owners. Monuments men and women have worked directly with the Foundation, including Harry L. Ettlinger and Motoko Fujishiro Huthwaite. Formation Even before the U.S. entered World War II, art professionals and organizations such as the American Defense Harvard Group and the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) were working to identify and protect European art and monuments in harm’s way or in danger of Nazi plundering. The groups sought a national organization affiliated with the military which would have the same goal. Francis Henry Taylor, director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, took their concerns to Washington, D.C. Their efforts ultimately led to the establishment by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the "American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas" on June 23, 1943. What began as a brain trust of the art world’s finest during the war became a group of 345 men and women from 13 countries that comprised the Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives Section unit. They spent 1945 seeking out more than 1,000 troves containing an estimated 5 million pieces of artwork and cultural items stolen from wealthy Jews, museums, universities, and religious institutions. For six years after the surrender, a smaller group of about 60 Monuments Men continued scouring Europe as art detectives. Commonly referred to as the Roberts Commission after its chairman, Supreme Court Justice Owen J. Roberts, the group was charged with promoting the preservation of cultural properties in war areas, including the European, Mediterranean, and Far Eastern Theaters of Operations, providing that this mission did not interfere with military operations. Headquartered at the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C., the Commission drew up lists of and reports on European cultural treasures and provided them to military units, in hopes that these monuments would be protected whenever possible. The Commission helped establish the MFAA branch within the Civil Affairs and Military Government Sections of the Allied armies, led by Major L. Bancel LaFarge. After the war, the Roberts Commission helped the MFAA and Allied Forces return Nazi-confiscated artworks to rightful owners. It also promoted public awareness of looted cultural works. The group was dissolved in June 1946, when the State Department took over its duties and functions. General Dwight D. Eisenhower facilitated the work of the MFAA by forbidding looting, destruction, and billeting in structures of cultural significance. He also repeatedly ordered his forces to assist the MFAA as much as possible. This was the first time in history an army attempted to fight a war and at the same time reduce damage to cultural monuments and property: Prior to this war, no army had thought of protecting the monuments of the country in which and with which it was at war, and there were no precedents to follow.... All this was changed by a general order issued by Supreme Commander-in-Chief just before he left Algiers, an order accompanied by a personal letter to all Commanders...the good name of the Army depended in great measure on the respect which it showed to the art heritage of the modern world.— Lt. Col. Sir Leonard Woolley, Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives Officer War operations As Allied Forces made their way through Europe, liberating Nazi-occupied territories, Monuments Men were present in very small numbers at the front lines. Lacking handbooks, resources, or supervision – even precedent for their work – this initial handful of officers relied on their museum training and overall resourcefulness to perform their tasks. They worked in the field under the Operations Branch of SHAEF (Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, Europe, commanded by Eisenhower), and were actively involved in battle preparations. In preparing to take Florence, which was used by the Nazis as a supply distribution center due to its central location in Italy, Allied troops relied on aerial photographs provided by the MFAA which were marked with monuments of cultural importance so that pilots could avoid damaging such sites during bombings. When damage to monuments did occur, MFAA personnel worked to assess it and buy time for the eventual restoration work that would follow. Monuments officer Deane Keller had a prominent role in saving the Campo Santo in Pisa after a mortar round started a fire that melted the lead roof, which then bled down the iconic 14th century fresco-covered walls. Keller led a team of Italian and American troops and restorers in recovering the remaining fragments of the frescoes and in building a temporary roof to protect the structure from further damage. Restoration of the frescoes continues even today. Countless other monuments, churches, and works of art were saved or protected by personnel of the MFAA section, whose dedication to their work would frequently draw them ahead of battle lines. Entering liberated towns and cities ahead of ground troops, Monuments Men worked quickly to assess damage and make temporary repairs before moving on with Allied Armies as they conquered Nazi territory. Two monuments officers were killed in Europe, both near the front lines of the Allied advance into Germany. Captain Walter Huchthausen, an American scholar and architect attached to the U.S. 9th Army, fell to small arms fire in April 1945 somewhere north of Essen and east of Aachen, Germany. Major Ronald Edmond Balfour, a British scholar attached to the Canadian First Army, died from a shell-burst in March 1945 while operating beyond the Allied front line in Cleves, Germany. Art repositories American and allied forces in Europe discovered hidden caches of priceless treasures. While many were the product of looting by Adolf Hitler and the Nazis, others had been legitimately evacuated from museums, churches, public buildings, and elsewhere for safekeeping. Monuments Men oversaw the safeguarding, cataloguing, removal and packing of all works from all these repositories. In Italy, museum officials had sent their holdings to various countryside locations such as the Tuscan villa of Montegufoni, which housed some of the Florentine collections. As Allied forces advanced through Italy, the German army retreated north, stealing paintings and sculptures from these repositories as they fled. As German forces neared the Austrian border, they were forced to store most of their loot in various hiding places, such as a castle at Sand in Taufers and a jail cell in San Leonardo. Beginning in late March 1945, Allied forces began discovering these hidden repositories in what became the "greatest treasure hunt in history". In Germany alone, U.S. forces found about 1,500 repositories of art and cultural objects looted from institutions and individuals across Europe, as well as German and Austrian museum collections that had been evacuated for safekeeping. Soviet forces also made discoveries, such as treasures from the extraordinary Dresden Transport Museum. Hundreds of the artifacts were surrendered by, or had their locations reported by, SS General Karl Wolff as part of Operation Sunrise, his secret negotiation with the Office of Strategic Services. These included the contents of the Uffizi and Pitti palaces and paintings by Titian and Botticelli. Some of the repositories discovered by Monuments Men in Germany, Austria, and Italy were: Berchtesgaden, Germany: The 101st Airborne Division, known as the "Screaming Eagles", found more than 1,000 paintings and sculptures stolen by German Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring. The cache had been transferred from his country estate, Carinhall, and moved to Berchtesgaden in April 1945. Bernterode, Germany: Americans found four coffins containing the remains of Germany’s greatest leaders, including those of Frederick the Great (Frederick II of Prussia) and field marshal Paul Von Hindenburg. Also found in the mine were 271 paintings, including court portraits from the Prussian Sanssouci palace in Potsdam, Germany, which had been hidden behind a locked door and a brick wall nearly five feet thick. The site was originally used as an ammunition and military supply complex manned by hundreds of slave laborers. Merkers, Germany: The Kaiserode mine at Merkers was discovered by the U.S. 3rd Army under General George S. Patton in April 1945. Reichsbank gold, along with 400 paintings from the Berlin museums and numerous other crates of treasures were also discovered. Discoveries also included gold and personal belongings from Nazi concentration camp victims. Neuschwanstein Castle, Germany: Over 6,000 items stolen by the ERR (Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg, Alfred Rosenberg’s task force that handled the "legalized" looting of Jews) from private collectors in France were found here, including furniture, jewelry (see Nazi gold), paintings and other belongings. Monuments Man Capt. James Rorimer oversaw the evacuation of the repository, which also held ERR documents. Altaussee, Austria: This extensive complex of salt mines served as a huge repository for art stolen by the Nazis, but it also contained holdings from Austrian collections. More than 6,500 paintings alone were discovered at Altaussee. The contents included: Belgian-owned treasures such as Michelangelo’s Madonna of Bruges stolen from the Church of Our Lady in Bruges, and Jan van Eyck’s Ghent Altarpiece stolen from Saint Bavo Cathedral in Ghent; Vermeer’s The Astronomer and The Art of Painting which were to be focal points of Hitler’s Führermuseum in Linz, Austria; and paintings from the Capodimonte Museum in Naples, Italy that had been stolen by the Hermann Göring Tank Division (Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring) at Monte Cassino in Italy. San Leonardo, Italy: In the jail cell of this far northern town, Allied officials discovered paintings from the Uffizi that had been hurriedly unloaded by retreating German troops. Among the masterpieces were paintings by Sandro Botticelli, Filippo Lippi and Giovanni Bellini. Restitution In addition to preserving and cataloguing stolen and displaced treasures, MFAA efforts established pathways for restitution; initially, this took place in the form of return to a rightful owner, when identified. Central Collecting Points Centralized collection depots began being established in the immediate aftermath of the war. In early May 1945, Lt. Col. Geoffrey Webb, British MFAA chief at Eisenhower’s headquarters, proposed that U.S. forces quickly prepare buildings in Germany so that they might receive large shipments of artworks and other cultural property found in the numerous repositories. Eisenhower directed his subordinates to immediately begin preparing such buildings, ordering that art objects were to be handled only by MFAA personnel. Suitable locations with little damage and adequate storage space were difficult to find. The first Central Collecting Point (CCP), the Marburg Central Collecting Point, opened in the wake of Germany's unconditional surrender. Shortly after U.S. forces established two other CCP within the U.S. Zone in Germany: Munich Central Collecting Point and Wiesbaden. Secondary collecting points were also established in various German towns, including: Bad Wildungen, Bamberg, Bremen, Goslar, Heilbronn, Nuremberg, Oberammergau, Vornbach, and Würzburg. One of the more critical of these secondary collecting points was the Offenbach Archival Depot, where officials processed millions of Nazi-looted books, archives, manuscripts, Jewish objects such as Torah scrolls, and property seized from Masonic lodges. In summer 1945, Capt. Walter Farmer became the Wiesbaden Collecting Point's first director. When his superiors ordered that he send to the U.S. 202 German-owned paintings in his custody, Farmer and 35 others who were in charge of the Wiesbaden collection point gathered to draw up what has become known as the Wiesbaden manifesto on 7 November 1945, declaring "We wish to state that, from our own knowledge, no historical grievance will rankle so long or be the cause of so much justified bitterness as the removal for any reason of a part of the heritage of any nation even if that heritage may be interpreted as a prize of war." Among the co-signers was Lt. Charles Percy Parkhurst of the U.S. Navy. Once an object arrived at a collecting point, it was recorded, photographed, studied, and sometimes conserved so that it could be returned to its country of origin as soon as possible. Some objects were easily identifiable and could be quickly returned, such as the Veit Stoss Altar of Veit Stoss from St. Mary's Basilica in Kraków, which had been discovered in the Nuremberg Castle. Others, such as unmarked paintings or library collections, were much more difficult to process. Among the facilities were: Marburg Central Collecting Point: Monuments officer Walker Hancock established at the end of World War II the first Collecting Point for art depots in central Germany with the help of German institutions. After one year, in the middle of August 1946, the institution was dissolved and the remaining objects were moved to Wiesbaden. Munich Central Collecting Point: Monuments officer Lt. Craig Hugh Smyth established the Munich CCP in July 1945. He converted the former Führerbau, which housed Hitler’s office, into a functional art depot complete with photography studios and conservation labs. This facility primarily housed art stolen by the ERR from private collections and Hitler’s collection found at Altaussee. Wiesbaden Central Collecting Point: Monuments officer Capt. Walter Farmer helped establish this facility in July 1945. Art from the Berlin museums and other items found in the mines at Merkers were processed here. Museum collections stored at Siegen and Grasleben also were sent to Wiesbaden. Offenbach Archival Depot: Established in July 1945 in the I.G. Farben building on the Main River just outside Frankfurt, Offenbach primarily served as an archival depot. Because the OCP housed the largest collection of Jewish cultural property in the world, including the entire holdings of the Rothschild Library in Frankfurt and cultural objects from Masonic lodges, restitutions were complicated. Identification of the millions of books, religious objects and other materials was tedious. Many of the owners had become victims of the Holocaust leaving no one alive to pursue claims. The facility was closed in 1948 and its remaining unclaimed items were transferred to Wiesbaden. Occupation of Japan As the war neared its end in Japan in 1945, Monuments Men George Stout and Major Laurence Sickman recommended creating an MFAA division there. Consequently, the Arts and Monuments Division of the Civil Information and Education Section of GHQ of the Supreme Command of the Allied Powers in Tokyo was established. Stout was the Chief of the Division from about August 1945 until the middle of 1946. Langdon Warner, archaeologist and curator of Oriental art at Harvard’s Fogg Museum, advised the MFAA Section in Japan from April to September 1946. Other members included Howard Hollis, Lt. Col. Harold Gould Henderson, Lt. Sherman Lee, and Lt. Patrick Lennox Tierney. MFAA personnel For a list of MFAA personnel, see List of Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives (MFAA) personnel The American museum establishment led the efforts to create the MFAA section. Its members included museum directors, curators, and art historians, as well as those who aspired to join their ranks. Many major museums employed one or more MFAA officers before or after the war, including the National Gallery of Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art, the Toledo Museum of Art, and the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. Many other Monuments Men were or became professors at esteemed universities such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, New York University, Williams College, and Columbia University, among others. Paul J. Sachs’ famous "Museum Course" at Harvard had educated dozens of future museum personnel in the decades preceding World War II. S. Lane Faison's passion for art history was passed on to hundreds of students and future museum leaders at Williams College in the 1960s and 1970s, some of whom are currently directors at major United States museums. Upon returning home from service overseas, many former MFAA personnel led the creation or improvement of some of the leading cultural institutions in the United States. MFAA personnel became founders, presidents, and members of cultural institutions such as the New York City Ballet, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, the American Association of Museums, the American Association of Museum Directors, the Archaeological Institute of America, the Society of Architectural Historians, the American Society of Landscape Architects, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the National Endowment for the Arts, as well as respected artists, architects, musicians, and archivists. Several portraits of British Monuments Men and Women are in the permanent collection of National Portrait Gallery, London. Awards Surviving members receiving the Congressional Gold Medal in 2015 Monuments Men Congressional Gold Medal, presented 9 June 2014.Reverse2007 National Humanities Medal, was awarded to the Monuments Men Foundation for the Preservation of Art on behalf of the US. 2009 honorary Doctor of Fine Arts, by MassArt On May 19, 2014, the United States House of Representatives voted to pass the Monuments Men Recognition Act of 2013, a bill that would award the Monuments Men a Congressional Gold Medal "in recognition of their heroic role in the preservation, protection, and restitution of monuments, works of art, and artifacts of cultural importance during and following" World War II. Representatives praised the Monuments Men for preserving cultural heritage. The award was given after several years of tireless work on the part of the Monuments Men Foundation for the Preservation of Art, and its founder Robert M. Edsel. 2014 film Main article: The Monuments Men The Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program is the subject of the 2014 Sony Pictures and 20th Century Fox film The Monuments Men. The film, which stars George Clooney, Matt Damon, Jean Dujardin, Cate Blanchett, and John Goodman, is based on Robert M. Edsel's New York Times best-selling 2007 book Monuments Men: Allied Heroes, Nazi Thieves and the Greatest Treasure Hunt in History. See also Art repatriation Art theft and looting during World War II Counterintelligence Corps References Notes ^ "Monuments Men Foundation for the Preservation of Art". National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. ^ "Monuments Men Foundation I World War II I Art Preservation I Art". MonumentsMenFdn. Archived from the original on August 8, 2023. ^ Strochlic, Nina (February 8, 2014). "Where the Nazis Hid Their Art: The Castle Behind 'Monuments Men'". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2015. ^ Lambourne, Nicola (2001). War Damage in Western Europe: The Destruction of Historic Monuments During the Second World War. Edinburgh University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7486-1285-7. Retrieved 24 April 2015. Prior to this war, no army had thought of protecting the monuments of the country. ^ Edsel, Robert M. (2009). The Monuments Men: Allied Heroes, Nazi Thieves, and the Greatest Treasure Hunt in History. New York: Center Street. pp. 284-6. ^ Edsel, (2009), pp. 242-5. ^ "When Montegufoni Sheltered Uffizi Masterpieces During The War". www.posarellivillas.com. January 20, 2017. Archived from the original on September 11, 2023. ^ a b Brey, Ilaria Dagnini (January 2014). "How the Monuments Men Saved Italy's Treasures". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. ^ Toland, John (2014-11-26). The Last 100 Days: The Tumultuous and Controversial Story of the Final Days of World War II in Europe. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 9780804180948. ^ Rasch, Marco (2021). Das Marburger Staatsarchiv als Central Collecting Point. Mit Beiträgen von Tanja Bernsau, Susanne Dörler, Sonja Feßel, Iris Lauterbach und Katrin Marx-Jaskulski. Begleitband zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung im Hessischen Staatsarchiv, Marburg, Schriften des Hessischen Staatsarchivs 39, pp. 53-56. ISBN 978-3-88964-224-0 ^ Farmer, Walter I. (2000). The Safekeepers: A Memoir of the Arts at the End of World War II. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-016897-6. ^ Howe Jr., Thomas C. (1946). Salt mines and castles: The discovery and restitution of looted European art. Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill Co. ^ a b Ueno, Rihoko (October 29, 2012). "Monuments Men in Japan: Discoveries in the George Leslie Stout papers". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2013. ^ Weber, Bruce (July 11, 2008). "Sherman Lee, Who Led Cleveland Museum, Dies at 90". The New York Times. ^ Kappes, John (July 9, 2008). "Sherman Lee, who led the Cleveland Museum of Art to global renown, dead at 90". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland. ^ Kinzer, Stephen (March 31, 2004). "LEGACY; One College's Long Shadow: Looking Back at the 'Williams Mafia'". New York Times. Section G Page 10. Retrieved 19 January 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ "War & Art: A Tribute to The Monuments Men". MassArt Library Blog. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2015. ^ "H.R. 3658 - Summary". United States Congress. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2014. ^ Marcos, Cristina (May 19, 2014). "House votes to award medals to 'Monuments Men,' Jack Nicklaus". The Hill. Archived from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2014. ^ "Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony for Monuments Men | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org. ^ Shaw, Lucas (October 24, 2012). "Sony to Split George Clooney Drama 'Monuments Men' With Fox". TheWrap. Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2015. Bibliography Albergoni, Attilio. La Guerra dell'Arte Edited by Navarra editore - Soprintendenza ai Beni Culturali e Ambientali Regione Siciliana Palermo - Palermo 2017 Bell, H. E. and Jenkinson, Hilary. Italian Archives During the War and at Its Close. Edited by the British Committee on the Preservation and Restitution of Works of Art, Archives and Other Material in Enemy Hands. London: HMSO 1947. Boi, Marta M. Guerra e beni culturali, Giardini editore (Pisa,1986) Coccoli, Carlotta. "Repertorio dei fondi dell’Archivio Centrale dello Stato relativi alla tutela dei monumenti italiani dalle offese belliche nella seconda guerra mondiale" in Treccani, Gian Paolo (a cura di), Monumenti alla guerra. Città, danni bellici e ricostruzione nel secondo dopoguerra, Milano, Franco Angeli Storia Urbana, pp. 303–329. Coccoli, Carlotta. "Il destino del patrimonio artistico bresciano durante la seconda guerra mondiale", in Civiltà Bresciana, anno XIX, n. 2, giugno 2010, pp. 127–148. Coccoli, Carlotta. "'First Aid and Repairs' il ruolo degli Alleati nella salvaguardia dei monumenti italiani", in ‘ANATKH n. 62/2011, pp. 13–23. Coccoli, Carlotta. "Danni bellici e restauro dei monumenti italiani: orientamenti di lettura", in Coccoli, Carlotta and Venezia, Marsilio (eds.) Guerra, monumenti, ricostruzione. Architetture e centri storici italiani nel secondo conflitto mondiale, a cura di Lorenzo de Stefani(2011_, pp. 685–688 Edsel, Robert M. Rescuing Da Vinci: Hitler and the Nazis Stole Europe’s Great Art, America and her Allies Recovered It (Dallas, 2006) Edsel, Robert M. Monuments Men: Allied Heroes, Nazi Thieves and the Greatest Treasure Hunt in History. Preface Publishing, 2009. Edsel, Robert M. Saving Italy: The Race to Rescue a Nation's Treasures from the Nazis. W. W. Norton & Company, 2013. Edsel, Robert M. The Greatest Treasure Hunt in History: the Story of the Monuments Men Scholastic Inc, 2019. "Fifty war-damaged monuments of Italy", Istituto poligrafico dello Stato, (Roma, 1946) Jelusić, Marko. "Ein Zufluchtsort für weltbekannte Kunst. Bad Wildungen als Bergungsdepot für das Landesmuseum und das Kestner-Museum Hannover während des Zweiten Weltkrieges". Hannoversche Geschichtsblätter 65 (2011). 111-134. ISBN 3775259651 Kurtz, Michael J. America and the Return of Nazi Contraband (Cambridge, 2006) O'Connor, Anne-Marie. (2012). The Lady in Gold, The Extraordinary Tale of Gustav Klimt's Masterpiece, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, ISBN 0-307-26564-1. Paolucci, Stefano. I Monuments Men ai Colli Albani. La protezione dei beni culturali in tempo di guerra. Vicende e documenti (1943-1948). Passamonti Editore, 2020. ISBN 978-1657013162. Paolucci, Stefano. I "Monuments Men" ai Colli Albani: la protezione dei beni culturali in tempo di guerra. Vicende e documenti (1943-1948), in "Bollettino della Unione Storia ed Arte", s. III, n. 11, gennaio-dicembre 2016, pp. 35-74. Paolucci, Stefano. Il capitano Deane Keller: un "Monuments Man" ai Castelli Romani, in "Castelli Romani", LVI, n. 3, maggio-giugno 2016, pp. 79-85. Rasch, Marco (2021). Das Marburger Staatsarchiv als Central Collecting Point. Mit Beiträgen von Tanja Bernsau, Susanne Dörler, Sonja Feßel, Iris Lauterbach und Katrin Marx-Jaskulski. Begleitband zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung im Hessischen Staatsarchiv, Marburg, Schriften des Hessischen Staatsarchivs 39. ISBN 978-3-88964-224-0 Roberts Commission, Report on the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas (Washington, 1946) Simpson, Elizabeth (ed.) The Spoils of War. World War II and its Aftermath: The Loss, Reappearance, and Recovery of Cultural Property (New York, 1997). United States War Department. "Civil Affairs Information Guide: Field Protection of Objects of Art and Archives". War Department Pamphlet Nr. 31-103. United States War Department. "Preservation and Use of Key Records in Germany". War Department Pamphlet Nr. 31-123. Further reading Coccoli, Carlotta (2017) Monumenti violati. Danni bellici e riparazioni in Italia nel 1943-1945: il ruolo degli Alleati, Nardini ISBN 978-88-404-4453-6 Dagnini Brey, Ilaria (2010) The Venus Fixers: The Remarkable Story of the Allied Soldiers Who Saved Italy's Art During World War II, Picador ISBN 9780312429904 Eckert, Astrid M. (2012). The Struggle for the Files: The Western Allies and the Return of German Archives after the Second World War. New York, Cambridge University Press, ch. I. ISBN 978-0521880183 Flanner, Janet (1947) Men and Monuments. New York: Harper. (Reissued as paperback 1990: ISBN 978-0306804175).; Nicholas, Lynn H. (May 1995) . The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe's Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War. New York City: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-40069-1. OCLC 32531154. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program. Roberts Commission Records, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration Records Concerning the Central Collecting Points, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration Monuments Men Foundation for the Preservation of Art Offenbach Archival Depot, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Nazi-era Provenance Internet Portal, American Alliance of Museums The Rape of Europa, 2006 PBS film, aired November 24, 2008 PBS (Oregon Public Broadcasting) World War II "Monuments Men" Archival Collections at the Archives of American Art, Online exhibition, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution "Monuments and the NGA". National Gallery of Art. Voices of the Monuments Men: oral history interviews. Webcast presentation about Saving Italy on May 9, 2013, at the Pritzker Military Library vteArt and World War IIIn Nazi Germany, before and during World War II Art in Nazi Germany (paintings by Adolf Hitler) Führermuseum Reich Chamber of Culture Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce Degenerate art (Entartete Kunst) Degenerate Art Exhibition (1937) Nazi plunder Art theft and looting during World War II Looting of Poland Nazi storage sites stolen paintings Art recovery Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program ("Monuments Men") – personnel The Spoils of War (symposium) (1995) Washington Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art Gurlitt Collection In popular culture The Train (1964 film) The Rape of Europa (1994 book, 2006 documentary) Rescuing Da Vinci (2006 book) Stealing Klimt (2007 documentary) The Monuments Men (2014 film) Woman in Gold (2015 film) Related Menzel v. List (1966) Republic of Austria v. Altmann (2004) Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel Czech Republic Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Monuments Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monuments_Men"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"stolen by the Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_plunder"},{"link_name":"Roberts Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Commission"},{"link_name":"The Monuments Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monuments_Men"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum"},{"link_name":"New York City Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Monuments Men Foundation for the Preservation of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_Men_Foundation_for_the_Preservation_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Edsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Edsel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Harry L. Ettlinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_L._Ettlinger"},{"link_name":"Motoko Fujishiro Huthwaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motoko_Fujishiro_Huthwaite"}],"text":"\"Monuments Men\" redirects here. For the 2014 film, see The Monuments Men.The Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives Section Unit (MFAA) was a program established by the Allies in 1943 to help protect cultural property in war areas during and after World War II. The group of about 400 service members and civilians worked with military forces to protect historic and cultural monuments from war damage, and as the conflict came to a close, to find and return works of art and other items of cultural importance that had been stolen by the Nazis or hidden for safekeeping. Spurred by the Roberts Commission, MFAA branches were established within the Civil Affairs and Military Government Sections of Allied armies.Some of them are portrayed and honored in the 2014 film The Monuments Men.Many of the men and women of the MFAA, also known as \"Monuments Men\", went on to have prolific careers. Largely art historians and museum personnel, many of the American members of the group had formative roles in the growth of the United States’ most prominent cultural institutions, including the National Gallery of Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum and the New York City Ballet. Members from other allied powers, such as the United Kingdom and France, also found post-war success in museums and other institutions across the world.Monuments Men Foundation for the Preservation of Art, a US non-profit founded by American author and philanthropist Robert M. Edsel was created with the stated mission of preserving the legacy of those who served in the MFAA.[1] The Foundation seeks to further the mission of the MFAA by recovering Nazi looted artworks, documents, and other cultural objects and returning them to their rightful owners.[2] Monuments men and women have worked directly with the Foundation, including Harry L. Ettlinger and Motoko Fujishiro Huthwaite.","title":"Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Council of Learned Societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Council_of_Learned_Societies"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"Francis Henry Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Henry_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._President"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Roberts Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Commission"},{"link_name":"Owen J. Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_J._Roberts"},{"link_name":"L. Bancel LaFarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Bancel_LaFarge"},{"link_name":"State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Leonard Woolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Woolley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Even before the U.S. entered World War II, art professionals and organizations such as the American Defense Harvard Group and the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) were working to identify and protect European art and monuments in harm’s way or in danger of Nazi plundering. The groups sought a national organization affiliated with the military which would have the same goal. Francis Henry Taylor, director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, took their concerns to Washington, D.C. Their efforts ultimately led to the establishment by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the \"American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas\" on June 23, 1943.What began as a brain trust of the art world’s finest during the war became a group of 345 men and women from 13 countries that comprised the Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives Section unit. They spent 1945 seeking out more than 1,000 troves containing an estimated 5 million pieces of artwork and cultural items stolen from wealthy Jews, museums, universities, and religious institutions. For six years after the surrender, a smaller group of about 60 Monuments Men continued scouring Europe as art detectives.[3]Commonly referred to as the Roberts Commission after its chairman, Supreme Court Justice Owen J. Roberts, the group was charged with promoting the preservation of cultural properties in war areas, including the European, Mediterranean, and Far Eastern Theaters of Operations, providing that this mission did not interfere with military operations. Headquartered at the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C., the Commission drew up lists of and reports on European cultural treasures and provided them to military units, in hopes that these monuments would be protected whenever possible.The Commission helped establish the MFAA branch within the Civil Affairs and Military Government Sections of the Allied armies, led by Major L. Bancel LaFarge. After the war, the Roberts Commission helped the MFAA and Allied Forces return Nazi-confiscated artworks to rightful owners. It also promoted public awareness of looted cultural works. The group was dissolved in June 1946, when the State Department took over its duties and functions.General Dwight D. Eisenhower facilitated the work of the MFAA by forbidding looting, destruction, and billeting in structures of cultural significance. He also repeatedly ordered his forces to assist the MFAA as much as possible. This was the first time in history an army attempted to fight a war and at the same time reduce damage to cultural monuments and property:Prior to this war, no army had thought of protecting the monuments of the country in which and with which it was at war, and there were no precedents to follow.... All this was changed by a general order issued by Supreme Commander-in-Chief [General Eisenhower] just before he left Algiers, an order accompanied by a personal letter to all Commanders...the good name of the Army depended in great measure on the respect which it showed to the art heritage of the modern world.— Lt. Col. Sir Leonard Woolley, Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives Officer[4]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazi-occupied territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi-occupied_territories"},{"link_name":"Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Deane Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deane_Keller_(portraitist)"},{"link_name":"Campo Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camposanto_Monumentale"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa"},{"link_name":"fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"U.S. 9th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_9th_Army"},{"link_name":"small arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_arms"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Ronald Edmond Balfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Edmond_Balfour"},{"link_name":"Canadian First Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_First_Army"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"As Allied Forces made their way through Europe, liberating Nazi-occupied territories, Monuments Men were present in very small numbers at the front lines. Lacking handbooks, resources, or supervision – even precedent for their work – this initial handful of officers relied on their museum training and overall resourcefulness to perform their tasks. They worked in the field under the Operations Branch of SHAEF (Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, Europe, commanded by Eisenhower), and were actively involved in battle preparations. In preparing to take Florence, which was used by the Nazis as a supply distribution center due to its central location in Italy, Allied troops relied on aerial photographs provided by the MFAA which were marked with monuments of cultural importance so that pilots could avoid damaging such sites during bombings.When damage to monuments did occur, MFAA personnel worked to assess it and buy time for the eventual restoration work that would follow. Monuments officer Deane Keller had a prominent role in saving the Campo Santo in Pisa after a mortar round started a fire that melted the lead roof, which then bled down the iconic 14th century fresco-covered walls. Keller led a team of Italian and American troops and restorers in recovering the remaining fragments of the frescoes and in building a temporary roof to protect the structure from further damage. Restoration of the frescoes continues even today.Countless other monuments, churches, and works of art were saved or protected by personnel of the MFAA section, whose dedication to their work would frequently draw them ahead of battle lines. Entering liberated towns and cities ahead of ground troops, Monuments Men worked quickly to assess damage and make temporary repairs before moving on with Allied Armies as they conquered Nazi territory.Two monuments officers were killed in Europe, both near the front lines of the Allied advance into Germany. Captain Walter Huchthausen, an American scholar and architect attached to the U.S. 9th Army, fell to small arms fire in April 1945 somewhere north of Essen and east of Aachen, Germany.[5] Major Ronald Edmond Balfour, a British scholar attached to the Canadian First Army, died from a shell-burst in March 1945 while operating beyond the Allied front line in Cleves, Germany.[6]","title":"War operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Tuscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Montegufoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montegufoni"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ilaria-8"},{"link_name":"Sand in Taufers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_in_Taufers"},{"link_name":"San Leonardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Leonardo,_Friuli"},{"link_name":"Dresden Transport Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_Transport_Museum"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS"},{"link_name":"Karl Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wolff"},{"link_name":"Operation Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sunrise_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Office of Strategic Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services"},{"link_name":"Uffizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi_Palace"},{"link_name":"Pitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitti_Palace"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ilaria-8"},{"link_name":"Berchtesgaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchtesgaden"},{"link_name":"101st Airborne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division"},{"link_name":"Reichsmarschall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsmarschall"},{"link_name":"Hermann Göring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"Carinhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinhall"},{"link_name":"Bernterode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breitenworbis"},{"link_name":"Frederick II of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"field marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall"},{"link_name":"Paul Von Hindenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Von_Hindenburg"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Sanssouci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanssouci"},{"link_name":"Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam"},{"link_name":"Merkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkers"},{"link_name":"George S. Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Patton"},{"link_name":"Reichsbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsbank"},{"link_name":"Nazi concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Neuschwanstein Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuschwanstein_Castle"},{"link_name":"Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzstab_Reichsleiter_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Alfred Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Nazi gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_gold"},{"link_name":"Capt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"James Rorimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rorimer"},{"link_name":"Altaussee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaussee#Nazi_repository_for_stolen_art"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo"},{"link_name":"Madonna of Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_Bruges"},{"link_name":"Church of Our Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_(Bruges)"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"Jan van Eyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck"},{"link_name":"Ghent Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Saint Bavo Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Bavo_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"Vermeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermeer"},{"link_name":"The Astronomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Astronomer_(Vermeer)"},{"link_name":"The Art of Painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Painting"},{"link_name":"Führermuseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrermuseum"},{"link_name":"Linz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz"},{"link_name":"Capodimonte Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capodimonte_Museum"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallschirm-Panzer_Division_1_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"Monte Cassino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino"},{"link_name":"San Leonardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Leonardo,_Italy"},{"link_name":"Uffizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi"},{"link_name":"Sandro Botticelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli"},{"link_name":"Filippo Lippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Lippi"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Bellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini"}],"text":"American and allied forces in Europe discovered hidden caches of priceless treasures. While many were the product of looting by Adolf Hitler and the Nazis, others had been legitimately evacuated from museums, churches, public buildings, and elsewhere for safekeeping. Monuments Men oversaw the safeguarding, cataloguing, removal and packing of all works from all these repositories.In Italy, museum officials had sent their holdings to various countryside locations such as the Tuscan villa of Montegufoni, which housed some of the Florentine collections.[7] As Allied forces advanced through Italy, the German army retreated north, stealing paintings and sculptures from these repositories as they fled.[8] As German forces neared the Austrian border, they were forced to store most of their loot in various hiding places, such as a castle at Sand in Taufers and a jail cell in San Leonardo.Beginning in late March 1945, Allied forces began discovering these hidden repositories in what became the \"greatest treasure hunt in history\". In Germany alone, U.S. forces found about 1,500 repositories of art and cultural objects looted from institutions and individuals across Europe, as well as German and Austrian museum collections that had been evacuated for safekeeping. Soviet forces also made discoveries, such as treasures from the extraordinary Dresden Transport Museum. Hundreds of the artifacts were surrendered by, or had their locations reported by, SS General Karl Wolff as part of Operation Sunrise, his secret negotiation with the Office of Strategic Services. These included the contents of the Uffizi and Pitti palaces and paintings by Titian and Botticelli.[9][8]Some of the repositories discovered by Monuments Men in Germany, Austria, and Italy were:Berchtesgaden, Germany: The 101st Airborne Division, known as the \"Screaming Eagles\", found more than 1,000 paintings and sculptures stolen by German Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring. The cache had been transferred from his country estate, Carinhall, and moved to Berchtesgaden in April 1945.\nBernterode, Germany: Americans found four coffins containing the remains of Germany’s greatest leaders, including those of Frederick the Great (Frederick II of Prussia) and field marshal Paul Von Hindenburg. Also found in the mine were 271 paintings, including court portraits from the Prussian Sanssouci palace in Potsdam, Germany, which had been hidden behind a locked door and a brick wall nearly five feet thick. The site was originally used as an ammunition and military supply complex manned by hundreds of slave laborers.\nMerkers, Germany: The Kaiserode mine at Merkers was discovered by the U.S. 3rd Army under General George S. Patton in April 1945. Reichsbank gold, along with 400 paintings from the Berlin museums and numerous other crates of treasures were also discovered. Discoveries also included gold and personal belongings from Nazi concentration camp victims.\nNeuschwanstein Castle, Germany: Over 6,000 items stolen by the ERR (Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg, Alfred Rosenberg’s task force that handled the \"legalized\" looting of Jews) from private collectors in France were found here, including furniture, jewelry (see Nazi gold), paintings and other belongings. Monuments Man Capt. James Rorimer oversaw the evacuation of the repository, which also held ERR documents.\nAltaussee, Austria: This extensive complex of salt mines served as a huge repository for art stolen by the Nazis, but it also contained holdings from Austrian collections. More than 6,500 paintings alone were discovered at Altaussee. The contents included: Belgian-owned treasures such as Michelangelo’s Madonna of Bruges stolen from the Church of Our Lady in Bruges, and Jan van Eyck’s Ghent Altarpiece stolen from Saint Bavo Cathedral in Ghent; Vermeer’s The Astronomer and The Art of Painting which were to be focal points of Hitler’s Führermuseum in Linz, Austria; and paintings from the Capodimonte Museum in Naples, Italy that had been stolen by the Hermann Göring Tank Division (Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring) at Monte Cassino in Italy.\nSan Leonardo, Italy: In the jail cell of this far northern town, Allied officials discovered paintings from the Uffizi that had been hurriedly unloaded by retreating German troops. Among the masterpieces were paintings by Sandro Botticelli, Filippo Lippi and Giovanni Bellini.","title":"Art repositories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"restitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution"}],"text":"In addition to preserving and cataloguing stolen and displaced treasures, MFAA efforts established pathways for restitution; initially, this took place in the form of return to a rightful owner, when identified.","title":"Restitution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lt. Col","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Webb"},{"link_name":"Marburg Central Collecting Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg_Central_Collecting_Point"},{"link_name":"U.S. Zone in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany#American_Zone_of_Occupation"},{"link_name":"Munich Central Collecting Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Central_Collecting_Point"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden"},{"link_name":"Bad Wildungen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Wildungen"},{"link_name":"Bamberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberg"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"Goslar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goslar"},{"link_name":"Heilbronn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilbronn"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Oberammergau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberammergau"},{"link_name":"Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Offenbach Archival Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offenbach_Archival_Depot"},{"link_name":"Torah scrolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_scroll"},{"link_name":"Masonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonic"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden_manifesto"},{"link_name":"Lt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Charles Percy Parkhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Percy_Parkhurst"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Veit Stoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veit_Stoss"},{"link_name":"Altar of Veit Stoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar_of_Veit_Stoss"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Basilica,_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Castle"},{"link_name":"Marburg Central Collecting Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg_Central_Collecting_Point"},{"link_name":"Walker Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Hancock"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"central Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Germany_(geography)"},{"link_name":"Munich Central Collecting Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Central_Collecting_Point"},{"link_name":"Craig Hugh Smyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Hugh_Smyth"},{"link_name":"Walter Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Siegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegen"},{"link_name":"Grasleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasleben"},{"link_name":"Offenbach Archival Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offenbach_Archival_Depot"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Offenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"}],"sub_title":"Central Collecting Points","text":"Centralized collection depots began being established in the immediate aftermath of the war. In early May 1945, Lt. Col. Geoffrey Webb, British MFAA chief at Eisenhower’s headquarters, proposed that U.S. forces quickly prepare buildings in Germany so that they might receive large shipments of artworks and other cultural property found in the numerous repositories. Eisenhower directed his subordinates to immediately begin preparing such buildings, ordering that art objects were to be handled only by MFAA personnel. Suitable locations with little damage and adequate storage space were difficult to find.The first Central Collecting Point (CCP), the Marburg Central Collecting Point, opened in the wake of Germany's unconditional surrender. Shortly after U.S. forces established two other CCP within the U.S. Zone in Germany: Munich Central Collecting Point and Wiesbaden. Secondary collecting points were also established in various German towns, including: Bad Wildungen, Bamberg, Bremen, Goslar, Heilbronn, Nuremberg, Oberammergau, Vornbach, and Würzburg.[10] One of the more critical of these secondary collecting points was the Offenbach Archival Depot, where officials processed millions of Nazi-looted books, archives, manuscripts, Jewish objects such as Torah scrolls, and property seized from Masonic lodges.In summer 1945, Capt. Walter Farmer became the Wiesbaden Collecting Point's first director. When his superiors ordered that he send to the U.S. 202 German-owned paintings in his custody, Farmer and 35 others who were in charge of the Wiesbaden collection point gathered to draw up what has become known as the Wiesbaden manifesto on 7 November 1945, declaring \"We wish to state that, from our own knowledge, no historical grievance will rankle so long or be the cause of so much justified bitterness as the removal for any reason of a part of the heritage of any nation even if that heritage may be interpreted as a prize of war.\" Among the co-signers was Lt. Charles Percy Parkhurst of the U.S. Navy.[11][12]Once an object arrived at a collecting point, it was recorded, photographed, studied, and sometimes conserved so that it could be returned to its country of origin as soon as possible. Some objects were easily identifiable and could be quickly returned, such as the Veit Stoss Altar of Veit Stoss from St. Mary's Basilica in Kraków, which had been discovered in the Nuremberg Castle. Others, such as unmarked paintings or library collections, were much more difficult to process.\nAmong the facilities were:Marburg Central Collecting Point: Monuments officer Walker Hancock established at the end of World War II the first Collecting Point for art depots in central Germany with the help of German institutions. After one year, in the middle of August 1946, the institution was dissolved and the remaining objects were moved to Wiesbaden.\nMunich Central Collecting Point: Monuments officer Lt. Craig Hugh Smyth established the Munich CCP in July 1945. He converted the former Führerbau, which housed Hitler’s office, into a functional art depot complete with photography studios and conservation labs. This facility primarily housed art stolen by the ERR from private collections and Hitler’s collection found at Altaussee.\nWiesbaden Central Collecting Point: Monuments officer Capt. Walter Farmer helped establish this facility in July 1945. Art from the Berlin museums and other items found in the mines at Merkers were processed here. Museum collections stored at Siegen and Grasleben also were sent to Wiesbaden.\nOffenbach Archival Depot: Established in July 1945 in the I.G. Farben building on the Main River just outside Frankfurt, Offenbach primarily served as an archival depot. Because the OCP housed the largest collection of Jewish cultural property in the world, including the entire holdings of the Rothschild Library in Frankfurt and cultural objects from Masonic lodges, restitutions were complicated. Identification of the millions of books, religious objects and other materials was tedious. Many of the owners had become victims of the Holocaust leaving no one alive to pursue claims. The facility was closed in 1948 and its remaining unclaimed items were transferred to Wiesbaden.","title":"Restitution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Stout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_L._Stout"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Laurence Sickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Sickman"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ueno-13"},{"link_name":"Langdon Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langdon_Warner"},{"link_name":"Lt. Col.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Harold Gould Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Gould_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Sherman Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Lee"},{"link_name":"Patrick Lennox Tierney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Lennox_Tierney"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ueno-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weber-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"As the war neared its end in Japan in 1945, Monuments Men George Stout and Major Laurence Sickman recommended creating an MFAA division there. Consequently, the Arts and Monuments Division of the Civil Information and Education Section of GHQ of the Supreme Command of the Allied Powers in Tokyo was established. Stout was the Chief of the Division from about August 1945 until the middle of 1946.[13]Langdon Warner, archaeologist and curator of Oriental art at Harvard’s Fogg Museum, advised the MFAA Section in Japan from April to September 1946. Other members included Howard Hollis, Lt. Col. Harold Gould Henderson, Lt. Sherman Lee, and Lt. Patrick Lennox Tierney.[13][14][15]","title":"Occupation of Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives (MFAA) personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Monuments,_Fine_Arts,_and_Archives_(MFAA)_personnel"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"Toledo Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale"},{"link_name":"Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Paul J. Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._Sachs"},{"link_name":"S. Lane Faison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Lane_Faison"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"New York City Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet"},{"link_name":"New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission"},{"link_name":"American Association of Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Alliance_of_Museums"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Institute of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America"},{"link_name":"Society of Architectural Historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Architectural_Historians"},{"link_name":"American Society of Landscape Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Landscape_Architects"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"archivists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivist"},{"link_name":"National Portrait Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London"}],"text":"For a list of MFAA personnel, see List of Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives (MFAA) personnelThe American museum establishment led the efforts to create the MFAA section. Its members included museum directors, curators, and art historians, as well as those who aspired to join their ranks. Many major museums employed one or more MFAA officers before or after the war, including the National Gallery of Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art, the Toledo Museum of Art, and the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art.Many other Monuments Men were or became professors at esteemed universities such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, New York University, Williams College, and Columbia University, among others. Paul J. Sachs’ famous \"Museum Course\" at Harvard had educated dozens of future museum personnel in the decades preceding World War II. S. Lane Faison's passion for art history was passed on to hundreds of students and future museum leaders at Williams College in the 1960s and 1970s, some of whom are currently directors at major United States museums.[16]Upon returning home from service overseas, many former MFAA personnel led the creation or improvement of some of the leading cultural institutions in the United States. MFAA personnel became founders, presidents, and members of cultural institutions such as the New York City Ballet, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, the American Association of Museums, the American Association of Museum Directors, the Archaeological Institute of America, the Society of Architectural Historians, the American Society of Landscape Architects, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the National Endowment for the Arts, as well as respected artists, architects, musicians, and archivists.Several portraits of British Monuments Men and Women are in the permanent collection of National Portrait Gallery, London.","title":"MFAA personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monuments_Men_Honored_-_Heroes_protected_art_work_in_WWII-(2015).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monuments_Men_Congressional_Gold_Medal_(front).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monuments_Men_Congressional_Gold_Medal_(reverse).jpg"},{"link_name":"National Humanities Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal"},{"link_name":"Monuments Men Foundation for the Preservation of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_Men_Foundation_for_the_Preservation_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Congressional Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3658sum-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarcosAwardsCGM-19"},{"link_name":"Monuments Men Foundation for the Preservation of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_Men_Foundation_for_the_Preservation_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Edsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Edsel"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Surviving members receiving the Congressional Gold Medal in 2015Monuments Men Congressional Gold Medal, presented 9 June 2014.Reverse2007 National Humanities Medal, was awarded to the Monuments Men Foundation for the Preservation of Art on behalf of the US.\n2009 honorary Doctor of Fine Arts, by MassArt [17]\nOn May 19, 2014, the United States House of Representatives voted to pass the Monuments Men Recognition Act of 2013, a bill that would award the Monuments Men a Congressional Gold Medal \"in recognition of their heroic role in the preservation, protection, and restitution of monuments, works of art, and artifacts of cultural importance during and following\" World War II.[18] Representatives praised the Monuments Men for preserving cultural heritage.[19] The award was given after several years of tireless work on the part of the Monuments Men Foundation for the Preservation of Art, and its founder Robert M. Edsel.[20]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"The Monuments Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monuments_Men"},{"link_name":"George Clooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clooney"},{"link_name":"Matt Damon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Damon"},{"link_name":"Jean Dujardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dujardin"},{"link_name":"Cate Blanchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cate_Blanchett"},{"link_name":"John Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Edsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Edsel"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program is the subject of the 2014 Sony Pictures and 20th Century Fox film The Monuments Men. The film, which stars George Clooney, Matt Damon, Jean Dujardin, Cate Blanchett, and John Goodman, is based on Robert M. Edsel's New York Times best-selling 2007 book Monuments Men: Allied Heroes, Nazi Thieves and the Greatest Treasure Hunt in History.[21]","title":"2014 film"}]
[{"image_text":"Surviving members receiving the Congressional Gold Medal in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Monuments_Men_Honored_-_Heroes_protected_art_work_in_WWII-%282015%29.jpg/220px-Monuments_Men_Honored_-_Heroes_protected_art_work_in_WWII-%282015%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Art repatriation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_repatriation"},{"title":"Art theft and looting during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_theft_and_looting_during_World_War_II"},{"title":"Counterintelligence Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterintelligence_Corps"}]
[{"reference":"\"Monuments Men Foundation for the Preservation of Art\". National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). Archived from the original on July 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neh.gov/about/awards/national-humanities-medals/monuments-men-foundation-the-preservation-art","url_text":"\"Monuments Men Foundation for the Preservation of Art\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230719221921/https://www.neh.gov/about/awards/national-humanities-medals/monuments-men-foundation-the-preservation-art","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Monuments Men Foundation I World War II I Art Preservation I Art\". MonumentsMenFdn. Archived from the original on August 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monumentsmenfoundation.org/about","url_text":"\"Monuments Men Foundation I World War II I Art Preservation I Art\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230808005255/https://www.monumentsmenandwomenfnd.org/about","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Strochlic, Nina (February 8, 2014). \"Where the Nazis Hid Their Art: The Castle Behind 'Monuments Men'\". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/08/where-the-nazis-hid-their-art-the-castle-behind-monument-men.html","url_text":"\"Where the Nazis Hid Their Art: The Castle Behind 'Monuments Men'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230603101027/https://www.thedailybeast.com/where-the-nazis-hid-their-art-the-castle-behind-monuments-men","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lambourne, Nicola (2001). War Damage in Western Europe: The Destruction of Historic Monuments During the Second World War. Edinburgh University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7486-1285-7. Retrieved 24 April 2015. Prior to this war, no army had thought of protecting the monuments of the country.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wardamageinweste0000lamb","url_text":"War Damage in Western Europe: The Destruction of Historic Monuments During the Second World War"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wardamageinweste0000lamb/page/124","url_text":"124"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1285-7","url_text":"978-0-7486-1285-7"}]},{"reference":"Edsel, Robert M. (2009). The Monuments Men: Allied Heroes, Nazi Thieves, and the Greatest Treasure Hunt in History. New York: Center Street. pp. 284-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/monumentsmen00robe","url_text":"The Monuments Men: Allied Heroes, Nazi Thieves, and the Greatest Treasure Hunt in History"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/monumentsmen00robe/page/284","url_text":"284-6"}]},{"reference":"\"When Montegufoni Sheltered Uffizi Masterpieces During The War\". www.posarellivillas.com. January 20, 2017. Archived from the original on September 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.posarellivillas.com/best-of-italy/2017/history/the-masterpieces-in-montegufoni-during-the-war","url_text":"\"When Montegufoni Sheltered Uffizi Masterpieces During The War\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230911050243/https://www.posarellivillas.com/best-of-italy/2017/culture/the-masterpieces-in-montegufoni-during-the-war","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brey, Ilaria Dagnini (January 2014). \"How the Monuments Men Saved Italy's Treasures\". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230708095345/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-monuments-men-saved-italys-treasures-180948005/","url_text":"\"How the Monuments Men Saved Italy's Treasures\""},{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-monuments-men-saved-italys-treasures-180948005/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Toland, John (2014-11-26). The Last 100 Days: The Tumultuous and Controversial Story of the Final Days of World War II in Europe. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 9780804180948.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XHYkBQAAQBAJ&q=Pitti+and+Uffizi.+wolff&pg=PT381","url_text":"The Last 100 Days: The Tumultuous and Controversial Story of the Final Days of World War II in Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804180948","url_text":"9780804180948"}]},{"reference":"Farmer, Walter I. (2000). The Safekeepers: A Memoir of the Arts at the End of World War II. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-016897-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016897-6","url_text":"978-3-11-016897-6"}]},{"reference":"Howe Jr., Thomas C. (1946). Salt mines and castles: The discovery and restitution of looted European art. Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ueno, Rihoko (October 29, 2012). \"Monuments Men in Japan: Discoveries in the George Leslie Stout papers\". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121109045148/http://blog.aaa.si.edu/2012/10/monuments-men-in-japan-discoveries-in-the-george-leslie-stout-papers.html","url_text":"\"Monuments Men in Japan: Discoveries in the George Leslie Stout papers\""},{"url":"http://blog.aaa.si.edu/2012/10/monuments-men-in-japan-discoveries-in-the-george-leslie-stout-papers.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weber, Bruce (July 11, 2008). \"Sherman Lee, Who Led Cleveland Museum, Dies at 90\". The New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kappes, John (July 9, 2008). \"Sherman Lee, who led the Cleveland Museum of Art to global renown, dead at 90\". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kinzer, Stephen (March 31, 2004). \"LEGACY; One College's Long Shadow: Looking Back at the 'Williams Mafia'\". New York Times. Section G Page 10. Retrieved 19 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/31/arts/legacy-one-college-s-long-shadow-looking-back-at-the-williams-mafia.html","url_text":"\"LEGACY; One College's Long Shadow: Looking Back at the 'Williams Mafia'\""}]},{"reference":"\"War & Art: A Tribute to The Monuments Men\". MassArt Library Blog. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://massartlibrary.wordpress.com/2009/05/05/art-war-atribute-to-the-monuments-men/","url_text":"\"War & Art: A Tribute to The Monuments Men\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220701203810/https://massartlibrary.wordpress.com/2009/05/05/art-war-atribute-to-the-monuments-men/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"H.R. 3658 - Summary\". United States Congress. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201111230318/https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3658","url_text":"\"H.R. 3658 - Summary\""},{"url":"http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3658","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marcos, Cristina (May 19, 2014). \"House votes to award medals to 'Monuments Men,' Jack Nicklaus\". The Hill. Archived from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/206578-house-votes-to-award-medals-to-monuments-men-jack-nicklaus","url_text":"\"House votes to award medals to 'Monuments Men,' Jack Nicklaus\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230425192552/https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/206578-house-votes-to-award-medals-to-monuments-men-jack-nicklaus/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony for Monuments Men | C-SPAN.org\". www.c-span.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?328891-1/congressional-gold-medal-ceremony-monuments-men","url_text":"\"Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony for Monuments Men | C-SPAN.org\""}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Lucas (October 24, 2012). \"Sony to Split George Clooney Drama 'Monuments Men' With Fox\". TheWrap. Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121027030803/https://www.thewrap.com/movies/article/fox-split-george-clooney-drama-monuments-men-sony-62086","url_text":"\"Sony to Split George Clooney Drama 'Monuments Men' With Fox\""},{"url":"http://www.thewrap.com/movies/article/fox-split-george-clooney-drama-monuments-men-sony-62086","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nicholas, Lynn H. (May 1995) [1994]. The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe's Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War. New York City: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-40069-1. OCLC 32531154.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_Europa_(book)","url_text":"The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe's Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books","url_text":"Vintage Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40069-1","url_text":"978-0-679-40069-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32531154","url_text":"32531154"}]},{"reference":"\"Monuments and the NGA\". National Gallery of Art.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/about/monuments-officers-national-gallery-art.html","url_text":"\"Monuments and the NGA\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(Provost_of_King%27s_College,_Cambridge)
John Adams (Provost of King's College, Cambridge)
["1 Life","2 Sources"]
English churchman John Adams D.D. (1662–1720) was an English churchman, and provost of King's College, Cambridge. Life John Adams was born in London, and educated at Eton College and Cambridge, where he was admitted to King's College in 1678, took the degree of B.A. in 1682, and M.A. in 1686. He afterwards travelled into Spain, Italy, France, and Ireland; and in 1687 was presented by the Lord Chancellor George Jeffries to the living of Higham in Leicestershire. In London, he was lecturer of St Clement Danes; rector of St. Alban's Woodstreet, in the gift of Eton College; and Rector of St. Bartholomew, presented by Lord Harcourt, the chancellor. He was also a prebendary of Canterbury, chaplain in ordinary to Queen Anne, and in 1708, canon of Windsor. In 1711 he was presented to the living of Hornsey, by Henry Compton, Bishop of London; and in the following year elected Provost of King's College, a position he held until his death in 1719. He published in 1700 "An Essay on Self-Murther," a reply to John Donne's "Biathanatos," demonstrating that suicide was in no way natural to the human psyche or Divine law. He was considered as an eloquent preacher, and often employed on public occasions. Fifteen of his sermons were printed from 1695 to 1712. Sources ^ "Adams, John (ADMS678J)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ Chalmers, Alexander. The General Biographical Dictionary: Containing an Historical and Critical Account of the Lives and Writings of the most Eminent Persons in Every Nation; Particularly the British and Irish; from the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time. new ed. rev. and enl. London: Nichols , 1812-1817. 32 vols. Academic offices Preceded byCharles Roderick Provost of King's College, Cambridge 1712-1720 Succeeded byAndrew Snape Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Netherlands People Trove This biographical article about an English academic administrator is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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(1662–1720) was an English churchman, and provost of King's College, Cambridge.","title":"John Adams (Provost of King's College, Cambridge)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"B.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"M.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"George Jeffries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jeffries"},{"link_name":"Higham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higham_on_the_Hill"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"St Clement Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Clement_Danes"},{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"St. Bartholomew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bartholomew"},{"link_name":"Lord Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"prebendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebendary"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"chaplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain"},{"link_name":"ordinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_(officer)"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Henry Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Compton_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_London"},{"link_name":"sermons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chalmers-2"}],"text":"John Adams was born in London, and educated at Eton College and Cambridge, where he was admitted to King's College in 1678, took the degree of B.A. in 1682, and M.A. in 1686.[1] He afterwards travelled into Spain, Italy, France, and Ireland; and in 1687 was presented by the Lord Chancellor George Jeffries to the living of Higham in Leicestershire.In London, he was lecturer of St Clement Danes; rector of St. Alban's Woodstreet, in the gift of Eton College; and Rector of St. Bartholomew, presented by Lord Harcourt, the chancellor. He was also a prebendary of Canterbury, chaplain in ordinary to Queen Anne, and in 1708, canon of Windsor. In 1711 he was presented to the living of Hornsey, by Henry Compton, Bishop of London; and in the following year elected Provost of King's College, a position he held until his death in 1719. He published in 1700 \"An Essay on Self-Murther,\" a reply to John Donne's \"Biathanatos,\" demonstrating that suicide was in no way natural to the human psyche or Divine law.He was considered as an eloquent preacher, and often employed on public occasions. Fifteen of his sermons were printed from 1695 to 1712.[2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Adams, John (ADMS678J)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=ADMS678J&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chalmers_2-0"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6218195#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000063171406"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/13153639"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/121039811"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n84213410"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p326382011"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1114857"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Education_-_Grad_Hat.svg"},{"link_name":"academic administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_administration"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Adams_(Provost_of_King%27s_College,_Cambridge)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:England-academic-administrator-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:England-academic-administrator-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England-academic-administrator-stub"}],"text":"^ \"Adams, John (ADMS678J)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.\n\n^ Chalmers, Alexander. The General Biographical Dictionary: Containing an Historical and Critical Account of the Lives and Writings of the most Eminent Persons in Every Nation; Particularly the British and Irish; from the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time. new ed. rev. and enl. London: Nichols [et al.], 1812-1817. 32 vols.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nPeople\nTroveThis biographical article about an English academic administrator is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minions,_Cornwall
Minions, Cornwall
["1 Geography","1.1 Climate","2 Community facilities","3 Popular culture","4 Gallery","5 References"]
Coordinates: 50°30′50″N 4°27′14″W / 50.514°N 4.454°W / 50.514; -4.454 Human settlement in EnglandMinionsCornish: MenyonMinionsMinionsLocation within CornwallOS grid referenceSX2671Civil parishLinkinhorneUnitary authorityCornwallCeremonial countyCornwallRegionSouth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLISKEARDPostcode districtPL14Dialling code01579PoliceDevon and CornwallFireCornwallAmbulanceSouth Western UK ParliamentSouth East Cornwall List of places UK England Cornwall 50°30′50″N 4°27′14″W / 50.514°N 4.454°W / 50.514; -4.454 Minions (Cornish: Menyon) is a village in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated on the eastern flank of Bodmin Moor northwest of Caradon Hill approximately four miles (6 km) north of Liskeard. Minions is first recorded in 1613 and its meaning is unknown. A stone circle known as the Hurlers is located on the west side of the village. Several other tumuli are also in the area, including Rillaton round barrow, where a Bronze Age gold beaker was discovered. The Cheesewring, a distinctive rock formation, is a mile northwest. The village has embraced the coincidence that its name is now shared with the characters from the Despicable Me franchise. Geography Minions is in the former Caradon administrative district and in the parish of Linkinhorne. At 300 metres (980 ft) it is said to be the highest village in Cornwall. The village is dominated by Caradon Hill, standing at 371 metres (1,217 ft) high, on which there is a TV transmission mast on the summit. As a result, there is a road leading up to the summit from Minions. On the western flank of the hill, a quarry recently started up again, cutting granite boulders. As well as this working quarry, there are many other disused quarries and mine buildings in the area due to the village's mining heritage, including the Phoenix United Mine that closed in 1914. Unlike in the west of Cornwall, there are no plans to reopen the tin and copper mines in the area. Climate The climate of Minions is Oceanic but, like the rest of Bodmin Moor, due to its higher altitude, it is often cooler, windier and wetter. However, there is a good balance of fair days too, which can get warm in the summer. In winter frosts are common and even though it snows most years, it is never prolonged or severe. Community facilities The village has two main car parks, located on the western and eastern edges of the village. A museum dedicated to the mining history of the local area is located to the north of the village in a disused engine house. Minions Shop and Tea Room There are two tearooms and a general store which also holds a post office. There was a pub, The Cheesewring, that suffered a fire in 2021 which caused substantial damage. Popular culture The bespoke 2015 sign The original sign with stickers, seen in 2022 In May 2015, a road sign was erected outside the village in tribute to the then-forthcoming Minions movie. This sign was removed later the same year for safety reasons, due to families stopping on the narrow road to take photographs. Local residents fought for the "tourism-boosting" sign to stay, stating that it had "put Minions on the map." Calls for the colourful sign to be reinstated received strong support, with an anonymous member of the public placing stickers of the popular characters on the original sign. Filming for Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children took place in 2015. Gallery Engine house of a disused mine Disused granite quarry on the moor References Cornwall portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minions, Cornwall. ^ a b Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 201 Plymouth & Launceston ISBN 978-0-319-23146-3 ^ Weatherhill, Craig (2009) A Concise Dictionary of Cornish Place-names. Westport, Mayo: Evertype; p. 49 ^ "Crow's Nest" (PDF). Natural England. 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2012. ^ "Cheesewring Hotel in Cornwall damaged in fire". Retrieved 17 April 2023. ^ "Cornwall village Minions sign removed". BBC News. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ "Minions sees popular cartoon characters return to its sign in the form of stickers". Cornish Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Gone For A Burton". Cornwall Independent. 2 October 2016. p. 25. vte Ceremonial county of CornwallCornwall PortalUnitary authorities Cornwall Council Council of the Isles of Scilly Major settlements(cities in italics) Bodmin Bude Callington Camborne Camelford Falmouth Fowey Hayle Helston Hugh Town Launceston Liskeard Looe Lostwithiel Marazion Newlyn Newquay Padstow Penryn Penzance Porthleven Redruth St Austell St Blazey St Columb Major St Ives St Just in Penwith Saltash Stratton Torpoint Truro WadebridgeSee also: List of civil parishes in Cornwall Rivers Allen Camel Carnon Cober De Lank Fal Fowey Gannel Gover Hayle Helford Inny Kensey Lerryn Looe Lynher Menalhyl Ottery Par Pont Pill Port Navas Red St Austell Seaton Tamar Tiddy Truro Valency full list... Topics History (Civil War) Status debate Flag Culture Economy Fishing Flora and fauna Places List of farms Population of major settlements Demography Notable people The Duchy Diocese Politics Schools Hundreds/shires Places of interest Outline of Cornwall Index of Cornwall-related articles Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data
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It is situated on the eastern flank of Bodmin Moor northwest of Caradon Hill approximately four miles (6 km) north of Liskeard.[1] Minions is first recorded in 1613 and its meaning is unknown.[2]A stone circle known as the Hurlers is located on the west side of the village. Several other tumuli are also in the area, including Rillaton round barrow, where a Bronze Age gold beaker was discovered. The Cheesewring, a distinctive rock formation, is a mile northwest.The village has embraced the coincidence that its name is now shared with the characters from the Despicable Me franchise.","title":"Minions, Cornwall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caradon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caradon"},{"link_name":"Linkinhorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkinhorne"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"TV transmission mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caradon_Hill_transmitting_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OS-1"},{"link_name":"quarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarry"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Phoenix United Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_United_Mine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Minions is in the former Caradon administrative district and in the parish of Linkinhorne. At 300 metres (980 ft) it is said to be the highest village in Cornwall.[citation needed]The village is dominated by Caradon Hill, standing at 371 metres (1,217 ft) high, on which there is a TV transmission mast on the summit. As a result, there is a road leading up to the summit from Minions.[1] On the western flank of the hill, a quarry recently started up again, cutting granite boulders.[citation needed]As well as this working quarry, there are many other disused quarries and mine buildings in the area due to the village's mining heritage, including the Phoenix United Mine that closed in 1914.[3] Unlike in the west of Cornwall, there are no plans to reopen the tin and copper mines in the area.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oceanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The climate of Minions is Oceanic but, like the rest of Bodmin Moor, due to its higher altitude, it is often cooler, windier and wetter. However, there is a good balance of fair days too, which can get warm in the summer. In winter frosts are common and even though it snows most years, it is never prolonged or severe.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mining history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Cornwall_and_Devon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Village_shop_and_post_office,_Minions,_Cornwall_-_August_2021.jpg"},{"link_name":"general store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_store"},{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"pub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_house"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The village has two main car parks, located on the western and eastern edges of the village. A museum dedicated to the mining history of the local area is located to the north of the village in a disused engine house.Minions Shop and Tea RoomThere are two tearooms and a general store which also holds a post office.There was a pub, The Cheesewring, that suffered a fire in 2021 which caused substantial damage.[4]","title":"Community facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panneau_minions_cornouailles.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minions_in_Minions.jpg"},{"link_name":"Minions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minions_(film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Peregrine%27s_Home_for_Peculiar_Children_(film)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The bespoke 2015 signThe original sign with stickers, seen in 2022In May 2015, a road sign was erected outside the village in tribute to the then-forthcoming Minions movie. This sign was removed later the same year for safety reasons, due to families stopping on the narrow road to take photographs. Local residents fought for the \"tourism-boosting\" sign to stay, stating that it had \"put Minions on the map.\"[5] Calls for the colourful sign to be reinstated received strong support, with an anonymous member of the public placing stickers of the popular characters on the original sign.[6]Filming for Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children took place in 2015.[7]","title":"Popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Engine_House,_Minions_-_geograph.org.uk_-_232957.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodmin_Moor_Quarry_01.jpg"}],"text":"Engine house of a disused mine\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDisused granite quarry on the moor","title":"Gallery"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2-diiodoethane
1,2-Diiodoethane
["1 Preparation and reactions","2 Spectral properties","3 References"]
1,2-Diiodoethane Skeletal formula of 1,2-diiodoethane Stick and Balls model of 1,2-diiodoethane Tube model of 1,2-diiodoethane Space Filling model of 1,2-diiodoethane Names Preferred IUPAC name 1,2-Diiodoethane Other names Ethylene iodide Identifiers CAS Number 624-73-7 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 11723 ECHA InfoCard 100.009.872 PubChem CID 12224 UNII 9YH8PPH966 Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID8060791 InChI InChI=1S/C2H4I2/c3-1-2-4/h1-2H2Key: GBBZLMLLFVFKJM-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/C2H4I2/c3-1-2-4/h1-2H2Key: GBBZLMLLFVFKJM-UHFFFAOYAR SMILES ICCI Properties Chemical formula C2H4I2 Molar mass 281.863 g·mol−1 Density 2.13 g/cm3 Melting point 80 to 82 °C (176 to 180 °F; 353 to 355 K) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound 1,2-Diiodoethane is an organoiodine compound. Preparation and reactions 1,2-Diiodoethane can be prepared by the reaction of ethylene with iodine (I2): C2H4 + I2 ⇌ C2H4I2 1,2-Diiodoethane is most commonly used in organic synthesis in the preparation of samarium(II) iodide or ytterbium(II) iodide in an inert solvent such as THF. Sm + ICH2CH2I → SmI2 + H2C=CH2 Spectral properties In mass spectroscopy, 1,2-diiodoethane exhibits 5 major peaks, with the base peak showing at 155 m/z, which is the loss of one iodine atom (127 m/z). References ^ Buckingham, John (1990). Dictionary of Organic Compounds. Vol. 7. CRC Press. p. 2495. ISBN 9780412540905. Retrieved 5 January 2014. ^ Cutherbertson, G.R.; Kistiakowsky, G.B. (1935). "The thermal equilibrium between ethylene iodide, ethylene and iodine". J. Chem. Phys. 3 (10): 631–634. Bibcode:1935JChPh...3..631C. doi:10.1063/1.1749566. ^ Girard, P.; Namy, J. L.; Kagan, H. B. (1980). "Divalent lanthanide derivatives in organic synthesis. 1. Mild preparation of samarium iodide and ytterbium iodide and their use as reducing or coupling agents". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 102 (8): 2693–2698. doi:10.1021/ja00528a029.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organoiodine compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organoiodine_compound"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CRC_Press_-_Dictionary_of_Organic_Compounds-1"}],"text":"Chemical compound1,2-Diiodoethane is an organoiodine compound.[1]","title":"1,2-Diiodoethane"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"samarium(II) iodide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium(II)_iodide"},{"link_name":"ytterbium(II) iodide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium(II)_iodide"},{"link_name":"THF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrofuran"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"1,2-Diiodoethane can be prepared by the reaction of ethylene with iodine (I2):[2]C2H4 + I2 ⇌ C2H4I21,2-Diiodoethane is most commonly used in organic synthesis in the preparation of samarium(II) iodide or ytterbium(II) iodide in an inert solvent such as THF.[3]Sm + ICH2CH2I → SmI2 + H2C=CH2","title":"Preparation and reactions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In mass spectroscopy, 1,2-diiodoethane exhibits 5 major peaks, with the base peak showing at 155 m/z, which is the loss of one iodine atom (127 m/z).","title":"Spectral properties"}]
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[{"reference":"Buckingham, John (1990). Dictionary of Organic Compounds. Vol. 7. CRC Press. p. 2495. ISBN 9780412540905. Retrieved 5 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C3Uo1co4Wv0C&dq=%22diiodoethane%22&pg=PA2495","url_text":"Dictionary of Organic Compounds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780412540905","url_text":"9780412540905"}]},{"reference":"Cutherbertson, G.R.; Kistiakowsky, G.B. (1935). \"The thermal equilibrium between ethylene iodide, ethylene and iodine\". J. Chem. Phys. 3 (10): 631–634. Bibcode:1935JChPh...3..631C. doi:10.1063/1.1749566.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935JChPh...3..631C","url_text":"1935JChPh...3..631C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1749566","url_text":"10.1063/1.1749566"}]},{"reference":"Girard, P.; Namy, J. L.; Kagan, H. B. (1980). \"Divalent lanthanide derivatives in organic synthesis. 1. Mild preparation of samarium iodide and ytterbium iodide and their use as reducing or coupling agents\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 102 (8): 2693–2698. doi:10.1021/ja00528a029.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00528a029","url_text":"10.1021/ja00528a029"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Orange_Township,_Sioux_County,_Iowa
East Orange Township, Sioux County, Iowa
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 42°57′N 95°55′W / 42.950°N 95.917°W / 42.950; -95.917Township in Iowa, USA East Orange Township is a township in Sioux County, Iowa, USA. References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: East Orange Township, Sioux County, Iowa vteMunicipalities and communities of Sioux County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: Orange CityCities Alton Boyden Chatsworth Granville Hawarden Hospers Hull Ireton Matlock Maurice Orange City Rock Valley Sheldon‡ Sioux Center Map of Iowa highlighting Sioux CountyUnincorporatedcommunities Carnes Middleburg Perkins Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Iowa portal United States portal 42°57′N 95°55′W / 42.950°N 95.917°W / 42.950; -95.917 This article about the geography of Sioux County, Iowa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Sioux County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Township in Iowa, USAEast Orange Township is a township in Sioux County, Iowa, USA.[1]","title":"East Orange Township, Sioux County, Iowa"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Sioux County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Sioux_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Sioux_County.svg.png"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Freedom,_WI
North Freedom, Wisconsin
["1 Etymology","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Education","5 Notable residents","6 Attractions","7 See also","8 Footnotes","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 43°27′39″N 89°51′57″W / 43.46083°N 89.86583°W / 43.46083; -89.86583"North Freedom" redirects here. For the community in Pennsylvania, see North Freedom, Pennsylvania. Village in Wisconsin, United StatesNorth Freedom, WisconsinVillageDowntown North FreedomLocation of North Freedom in Sauk County, Wisconsin.Coordinates: 43°27′39″N 89°51′57″W / 43.46083°N 89.86583°W / 43.46083; -89.86583Country United StatesState WisconsinCountySaukArea • Total0.89 sq mi (2.31 km2) • Land0.84 sq mi (2.17 km2) • Water0.06 sq mi (0.14 km2)Elevation879 ft (268 m)Population (2010) • Total701 • Estimate (2019)697 • Density831.74/sq mi (321.13/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code608FIPS code55-58025GNIS feature ID1570440 North Freedom is a village along the Baraboo River in Sauk County, Wisconsin, United States. Population was 701 as reported by the 2010 census. Etymology North Freedom's name is rooted in ideal of freedom alongside its position north of Baraboo River. Geography North Freedom is located at 43°27′39″N 89°51′57″W / 43.46083°N 89.86583°W / 43.46083; -89.86583 (43.460843, -89.865862). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.87 square miles (2.25 km2); of which 0.81 square miles (2.10 km2) is land and 0.06 square miles (0.16 km2) water. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1890316—190048553.5%191064733.4%1920621−4.0%1930554−10.8%1940547−1.3%195061111.7%1960579−5.2%19705962.9%19806163.4%1990591−4.1%20006499.8%20107018.0%2019 (est.)697−0.6%U.S. Decennial Census 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 701 people, 271 households, and 176 families living in the village. The population density was 865.4 inhabitants per square mile (334.1/km2). There were 293 housing units at an average density of 361.7 per square mile (139.7/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.1% White, 0.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.9% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population. There were 271 households, of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.5% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.1% were non-families. 24.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.03. The median age in the village was 35.9 years. 29.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31.2% were from 25 to 44; 24.4% were from 45 to 64; and 9.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 53.2% male and 46.8% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 649 people, 238 households, and 164 families living in the village. The population density was 745.9 people per square mile (288.0/km2). There were 252 housing units at an average density of 289.6 per square mile (111.8/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.31% White, 0.77% Native American, and 0.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.08% of the population. There were 238 households, out of which 39.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.4% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.7% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.28. In the village, the population was spread out, with 30.7% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.1 males. The median income for a household in the village was $37,273, and the median income for a family was $41,818. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,354. About 5.4% of families and 11.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.5% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over. Education North Freedom is within the Baraboo School District, which operates North Freedom Elementary School, Young Middle School in Baraboo, Baraboo High School. North Freedom Elementary School opened in 1902. In 1976 it had the value of $147,000 and was the only elementary school that the district was using that had not been built within 30 years prior. A new elementary school building began use in 1991. The Baraboo School District absorbed other school districts in 1961–1962. Prior to that time, people outside of the City of Baraboo had to pay tuition to send children to Baraboo High. Notable residents Samuel Northrup (1801–1860), Wisconsin State Representative, resided in nearby Dellona, is buried in North Freedom. Algie Martin Simons (1870–1950), Socialist journalist and editor, born and raised on a farm near North Freedom. Chester D. Seftenberg (1904-1970), Wisconsin State Representative, was born in North Freedom. Attractions Forevertron Mid-Continent Railway Museum See also Badger Army Ammunition Plant List of villages in Wisconsin Footnotes ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020. ^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 18, 2012. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways. p. 108. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2012. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP (2010 CENSUS): Sauk County, WI." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on November 16, 2018. ^ "Volume VI..."Baraboo Wisconsin 1850 to 2010"...Section I" (PDF). Baraboo Public Library. p. 23. Retrieved November 15, 2018. ^ "North Freedom Elementary". ^ "Volume VI..."Baraboo Wisconsin 1850 to 2010"...Section I" (PDF). Baraboo Public Library. p. 23. Retrieved November 15, 2018. ^ "Samuel Northrup". Political Graveyard. Retrieved December 30, 2011. ^ Kreuter, Kent; Kreuter, Gretchen (January 13, 2015). An American Dissenter: The Life of Algie Martin Simons 1870--1950. University Press of Kentucky. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8131-6370-3. ^ 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1970,' Biographical Sketch of Chester D. Seftenberg, pg. 726 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Freedom, Wisconsin. Mid-Continent Railroad Museum North Freedom Public Library vteMunicipalities and communities of Sauk County, Wisconsin, United StatesCounty seat: BarabooCities Baraboo Reedsburg Wisconsin Dells‡ Villages Cazenovia‡ Ironton La Valle Lake Delton Lime Ridge Loganville Merrimac North Freedom Plain Prairie du Sac Rock Springs Sauk City Spring Green West Baraboo Towns Baraboo Bear Creek Dellona Delton Excelsior Fairfield Franklin Freedom Greenfield Honey Creek Ironton La Valle Merrimac Prairie du Sac Reedsburg Spring Green Sumpter Troy Washington Westfield Winfield Woodland CDPs Bluffview Lake Wisconsin‡ Unincorporatedcommunities Black Hawk Cassell Dellwood Denzer Greens Corners Hill Point La Rue Leland Loddes Mill Loreta Moon Valley Sandusky Valton Witwen Indianreservation Ho-Chunk Indian Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Wisconsin portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Freedom, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Freedom,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Baraboo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraboo_River"},{"link_name":"Sauk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"}],"text":"\"North Freedom\" redirects here. For the community in Pennsylvania, see North Freedom, Pennsylvania.Village in Wisconsin, United StatesNorth Freedom is a village along the Baraboo River in Sauk County, Wisconsin, United States. Population was 701 as reported by the 2010 census.","title":"North Freedom, Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Baraboo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraboo_River"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"North Freedom's name is rooted in ideal of freedom[6] alongside its position north of Baraboo River.[citation needed]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"43°27′39″N 89°51′57″W / 43.46083°N 89.86583°W / 43.46083; -89.86583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Freedom,_Wisconsin&params=43_27_39_N_89_51_57_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-7"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-8"}],"text":"North Freedom is located at 43°27′39″N 89°51′57″W / 43.46083°N 89.86583°W / 43.46083; -89.86583 (43.460843, -89.865862).[7]According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.87 square miles (2.25 km2); of which 0.81 square miles (2.10 km2) is land and 0.06 square miles (0.16 km2) water.[8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-3"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2010, there were 701 people, 271 households, and 176 families living in the village. The population density was 865.4 inhabitants per square mile (334.1/km2). There were 293 housing units at an average density of 361.7 per square mile (139.7/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.1% White, 0.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.9% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population.There were 271 households, of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.5% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.1% were non-families. 24.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.03.The median age in the village was 35.9 years. 29.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31.2% were from 25 to 44; 24.4% were from 45 to 64; and 9.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 53.2% male and 46.8% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 649 people, 238 households, and 164 families living in the village. The population density was 745.9 people per square mile (288.0/km2). There were 252 housing units at an average density of 289.6 per square mile (111.8/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.31% White, 0.77% Native American, and 0.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.08% of the population.There were 238 households, out of which 39.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.4% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.7% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.28.In the village, the population was spread out, with 30.7% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.1 males.The median income for a household in the village was $37,273, and the median income for a family was $41,818. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,354. About 5.4% of families and 11.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.5% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baraboo School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraboo_School_District"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Baraboo High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraboo_High_School"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BarabooLibraryp23-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"North Freedom is within the Baraboo School District,[10] which operates North Freedom Elementary School, Young Middle School in Baraboo, Baraboo High School.North Freedom Elementary School opened in 1902. In 1976 it had the value of $147,000 and was the only elementary school that the district was using that had not been built within 30 years prior.[11]\nA new elementary school building began use in 1991.[12]The Baraboo School District absorbed other[which?] school districts in 1961–1962. Prior to that time, people outside of the City of Baraboo had to pay tuition to send children to Baraboo High.[13]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Northrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Northrup"},{"link_name":"Dellona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dellona,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Algie Martin Simons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algie_Martin_Simons"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Chester D. Seftenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_D._Seftenberg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Samuel Northrup (1801–1860), Wisconsin State Representative, resided in nearby Dellona, is buried in North Freedom.[14]\nAlgie Martin Simons (1870–1950), Socialist journalist and editor, born and raised on a farm near North Freedom.[15]\nChester D. Seftenberg (1904-1970), Wisconsin State Representative, was born in North Freedom.[16]","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forevertron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forevertron"},{"link_name":"Mid-Continent Railway Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Continent_Railway_Museum"}],"text":"Forevertron\nMid-Continent Railway Museum","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2019_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_55.txt"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GR3_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GR3_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geonames.usgs.gov"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wwwcensusgov_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wwwcensusgov_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"U.S. Census website\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.census.gov"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-USCensusEst2019CenPopScriptOnlyDirtyFixDoNotUse_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-USCensusEst2019CenPopScriptOnlyDirtyFixDoNotUse_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GR2_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GR2_5-1"},{"link_name":"\"U.S. Census website\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.census.gov"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OspBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA108"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GR1_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gazetteer_files_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110220065340/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP (2010 CENSUS): Sauk County, WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10map/sch_dist/st55_wi/c55111_sauk/DC10SD_C55111_001.pdf"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BarabooLibraryp23_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"Volume VI...\"Baraboo Wisconsin 1850 to 2010\"...Section I\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baraboopubliclibrary.org/files/local/wardvol6/03%20Section%201.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"North Freedom Elementary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baraboo.k12.wi.us/o/northfreedom/page/our-school"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Volume VI...\"Baraboo Wisconsin 1850 to 2010\"...Section I\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baraboopubliclibrary.org/files/local/wardvol6/03%20Section%201.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Samuel Northrup\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//politicalgraveyard.com/bio/norrish-northway.html#722.44.29"},{"link_name":"Political Graveyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Graveyard"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"An American Dissenter: The Life of Algie Martin Simons 1870--1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yeIeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8131-6370-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-6370-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"}],"text":"^ \"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.\n\n^ a b \"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.\n\n^ a b \"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 18, 2012.\n\n^ a b \"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.\n\n^ a b \"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.\n\n^ Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways. p. 108.\n\n^ \"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.\n\n^ \"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2012.\n\n^ \"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.\n\n^ \"SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP (2010 CENSUS): Sauk County, WI.\" U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on November 16, 2018.\n\n^ \"Volume VI...\"Baraboo Wisconsin 1850 to 2010\"...Section I\" (PDF). Baraboo Public Library. p. 23. Retrieved November 15, 2018.\n\n^ \"North Freedom Elementary\".\n\n^ \"Volume VI...\"Baraboo Wisconsin 1850 to 2010\"...Section I\" (PDF). Baraboo Public Library. p. 23. Retrieved November 15, 2018.\n\n^ \"Samuel Northrup\". Political Graveyard. Retrieved December 30, 2011.\n\n^ Kreuter, Kent; Kreuter, Gretchen (January 13, 2015). An American Dissenter: The Life of Algie Martin Simons 1870--1950. University Press of Kentucky. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8131-6370-3.\n\n^ 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1970,' Biographical Sketch of Chester D. Seftenberg, pg. 726","title":"Footnotes"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Sauk_County.svg/70px-Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Sauk_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Badger Army Ammunition Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badger_Army_Ammunition_Plant"},{"title":"List of villages in Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Wisconsin"}]
[{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_55.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways. p. 108.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OspBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA108","url_text":"A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110220065340/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volume VI...\"Baraboo Wisconsin 1850 to 2010\"...Section I\" (PDF). Baraboo Public Library. p. 23. Retrieved November 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baraboopubliclibrary.org/files/local/wardvol6/03%20Section%201.pdf","url_text":"\"Volume VI...\"Baraboo Wisconsin 1850 to 2010\"...Section I\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Freedom Elementary\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baraboo.k12.wi.us/o/northfreedom/page/our-school","url_text":"\"North Freedom Elementary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volume VI...\"Baraboo Wisconsin 1850 to 2010\"...Section I\" (PDF). Baraboo Public Library. p. 23. Retrieved November 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baraboopubliclibrary.org/files/local/wardvol6/03%20Section%201.pdf","url_text":"\"Volume VI...\"Baraboo Wisconsin 1850 to 2010\"...Section I\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samuel Northrup\". Political Graveyard. Retrieved December 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/norrish-northway.html#722.44.29","url_text":"\"Samuel Northrup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Graveyard","url_text":"Political Graveyard"}]},{"reference":"Kreuter, Kent; Kreuter, Gretchen (January 13, 2015). An American Dissenter: The Life of Algie Martin Simons 1870--1950. University Press of Kentucky. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8131-6370-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yeIeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2","url_text":"An American Dissenter: The Life of Algie Martin Simons 1870--1950"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-6370-3","url_text":"978-0-8131-6370-3"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mesnil,_Manche
Le Mesnil, Manche
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 49°22′12″N 1°41′37″W / 49.37°N 1.6936°W / 49.37; -1.6936 Commune in Normandy, FranceLe MesnilCommuneThe church of Saint-MartinLocation of Le Mesnil Le MesnilShow map of FranceLe MesnilShow map of NormandyCoordinates: 49°22′12″N 1°41′37″W / 49.37°N 1.6936°W / 49.37; -1.6936CountryFranceRegionNormandyDepartmentMancheArrondissementCherbourgCantonLes PieuxIntercommunalityCA CotentinGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Jean-Paul VasselinArea13.45 km2 (1.33 sq mi)Population (2021)220 • Density64/km2 (170/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code50299 /50580Elevation20–76 m (66–249 ft) (avg. 40 m or 130 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Le Mesnil (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. It consists of a three property hamlet 1 km to the west of Barenton. The existing traditional stone properties are believed to have been built around 1830-1840 and became the centre of the cider making exploits of the nearby farms. In some decay, there is also a round capped bread oven in which, there is living memory of it being used after the Second World War (1949). See also Communes of the Manche department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Le Mesnil. vte Communes of the Manche department Agneaux Agon-Coutainville Airel Amigny Anctoville-sur-Boscq Anneville-en-Saire Appeville Aucey-la-Plaine Audouville-la-Hubert Aumeville-Lestre Auvers Auxais Avranchessubpr Azeville Bacilly La Baleine Barenton Barfleur Barneville-Carteret La Barre-de-Semilly Baubigny Baudre Baupte Beauchamps Beaucoudray Beauficel Beauvoir Belval Benoîtville Bérigny Beslon Besneville Beuvrigny Beuzeville-la-Bastille Biéville Biniville Blainville-sur-Mer Blosville La Bloutière Boisyvon La Bonneville Bourguenolles Bourgvallées Boutteville Brainville Brécey Bréhal Bretteville Bretteville-sur-Ay Breuville Bréville-sur-Mer Bricquebec-en-Cotentin Bricquebosq Bricqueville-la-Blouette Bricqueville-sur-Mer Brillevast Brix Brouains Buais-les-Monts Cambernon Cametours Camprond Canisy Canteloup Canville-la-Rocque Carantilly Carentan-les-Marais Carneville Carolles Catteville Cavigny Céaux Cérences Cerisy-la-Forêt Cerisy-la-Salle La Chaise-Baudouin Champeaux Champrepus Chanteloup La Chapelle-Cécelin La Chapelle-Urée Chaulieu Chavoy Cherbourg-en-Cotentinsubpr Chérencé-le-Héron Clitourps La Colombe Colomby Condé-sur-Vire Coudeville-sur-Mer Coulouvray-Boisbenâtre Courcy Courtils Coutancessubpr Couvains Couville Crasville Créances Les Cresnays Crollon Crosville-sur-Douve Cuves Dangy Le Dézert Digosville Domjean Donville-les-Bains Doville Dragey-Ronthon Ducey-Les Chéris Écausseville Émondeville Équilly Éroudeville L'Étang-Bertrand Étienville La Feuillie Fermanville Feugères Fierville-les-Mines Flamanville Fleury Flottemanville Folligny Fontenay-sur-Mer Fourneaux Le Fresne-Poret Fresville Gathemo Gatteville-le-Phare Gavray-sur-Sienne Geffosses Genêts Ger La Godefroy Golleville Gonfreville Gonneville-le-Theil Gorges Gouvets Gouville-sur-Mer Graignes-Mesnil-Angot Le Grand-Celland Grandparigny Granville Gratot Grimesnil Le Grippon Grosville Le Guislain La Hague Le Ham Hambye Hamelin Hardinvast Hauteville-la-Guichard Hauteville-sur-Mer Hautteville-Bocage La Haye La Haye-Bellefond La Haye-d'Ectot La Haye-Pesnel Héauville Helleville Hémevez Heugueville-sur-Sienne Hiesville Hocquigny Huberville Hudimesnil Huisnes-sur-Mer Isigny-le-Buat Joganville Juilley Jullouville Juvigny les Vallées Lamberville La Lande-d'Airou Lapenty Laulne Lengronne Lessay Lestre Liesville-sur-Douve Lieusaint Lingeard Les Loges-Marchis Les Loges-sur-Brécey Lolif Longueville Le Loreur Le Lorey La Lucerne-d'Outremer Le Luot La Luzerne Magneville Marcey-les-Grèves Marchésieux Marcilly Margueray Marigny-le-Lozon Martinvast Maupertuis Maupertus-sur-Mer La Meauffe Méautis Le Mesnil Le Mesnil-Adelée Le Mesnil-Amey Le Mesnil-Aubert Le Mesnil-au-Val Le Mesnil-Eury Le Mesnil-Garnier Le Mesnil-Gilbert Le Mesnillard Le Mesnil-Ozenne Le Mesnil-Rouxelin Le Mesnil-Véneron Le Mesnil-Villeman La Meurdraquière Millières Les Moitiers-d'Allonne Montabot Montaigu-la-Brisette Montaigu-les-Bois Montbray Montcuit Montebourg Montfarville Monthuchon Montjoie-Saint-Martin Montmartin-sur-Mer Montpinchon Montrabot Montreuil-sur-Lozon Mont-Saint-Michel Montsenelle Moon-sur-Elle Morigny Mortain-Bocage Morville La Mouche Moulines Moyon Villages Muneville-le-Bingard Muneville-sur-Mer Nay Négreville Néhou Le Neufbourg Neufmesnil Neuville-au-Plain Neuville-en-Beaumont Nicorps Notre-Dame-de-Cenilly Notre-Dame-de-Livoye Nouainville Octeville-l'Avenel Orglandes Orval-sur-Sienne Ouville Ozeville Le Parc Percy-en-Normandie Périers La Pernelle Perriers-en-Beauficel Le Perron Le Petit-Celland Picauville Pierreville Les Pieux Pirou Le Plessis-Lastelle Poilley Pontaubault Pont-Hébert Pontorson Ponts Port-Bail-sur-Mer Précey Quettehou Quettreville-sur-Sienne Quibou Quinéville Raids Rampan Rauville-la-Bigot Rauville-la-Place Reffuveille Regnéville-sur-Mer Reigneville-Bocage Remilly Les Marais Réville Rocheville Romagny-Fontenay Roncey Le Rozel Sacey Saint-Amand-Villages Saint-André-de-Bohon Saint-André-de-l'Épine Saint-Aubin-de-Terregatte Saint-Aubin-des-Préaux Saint-Barthélemy Saint-Brice Saint-Brice-de-Landelles Saint-Christophe-du-Foc Saint-Clair-sur-l'Elle Saint-Clément-Rancoudray Saint-Cyr Saint-Cyr-du-Bailleul Saint-Denis-le-Gast Saint-Denis-le-Vêtu Sainte-Cécile Sainte-Colombe Sainte-Geneviève Sainte-Marie-du-Mont Sainte-Mère-Église Sainte-Suzanne-sur-Vire Saint-Floxel Saint-Fromond Saint-Georges-d'Elle Saint-Georges-de-la-Rivière Saint-Georges-de-Livoye Saint-Georges-de-Rouelley Saint-Georges-Montcocq Saint-Germain-d'Elle Saint-Germain-de-Tournebut Saint-Germain-de-Varreville Saint-Germain-le-Gaillard Saint-Germain-sur-Ay Saint-Germain-sur-Sèves Saint-Gilles Saint-Hilaire-du-Harcouët Saint-Jacques-de-Néhou Saint-James Saint-Jean-de-Daye Saint-Jean-de-la-Haize Saint-Jean-de-la-Rivière Saint-Jean-d'Elle Saint-Jean-de-Savigny Saint-Jean-des-Champs Saint-Jean-du-Corail-des-Bois Saint-Jean-le-Thomas Saint-Joseph Saint-Laurent-de-Cuves Saint-Laurent-de-Terregatte Saint-Lôpref Saint-Louet-sur-Vire Saint-Loup Saint-Malo-de-la-Lande Saint-Marcouf Saint-Martin-d'Aubigny Saint-Martin-d'Audouville Saint-Martin-de-Bonfossé Saint-Martin-de-Cenilly Saint-Martin-de-Varreville Saint-Martin-le-Bouillant Saint-Martin-le-Gréard Saint-Maur-des-Bois Saint-Maurice-en-Cotentin Saint-Michel-de-Montjoie Saint-Nicolas-de-Pierrepont Saint-Nicolas-des-Bois Saint-Ovin Saint-Pair-sur-Mer Saint-Patrice-de-Claids Saint-Pierre-d'Arthéglise Saint-Pierre-de-Coutances Saint-Pierre-de-Semilly Saint-Pierre-Église Saint-Pierre-Langers Saint-Planchers Saint-Pois Saint-Quentin-sur-le-Homme Saint-Sauveur-de-Pierrepont Saint-Sauveur-la-Pommeraye Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte Saint-Sauveur-Villages Saint-Sébastien-de-Raids Saint-Senier-de-Beuvron Saint-Senier-sous-Avranches Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue Saint-Vigor-des-Monts Sartilly-Baie-Bocage Saussemesnil Saussey Savigny Savigny-le-Vieux Sébeville Sénoville Servon Sideville Siouville-Hague Sortosville Sortosville-en-Beaumont Sottevast Sotteville Sourdeval Subligny Surtainville Taillepied Tamerville Tanis Le Tanu Le Teilleul Terre-et-Marais Tessy-Bocage Teurthéville-Bocage Teurthéville-Hague Thèreval Théville Tirepied-sur-Sée Tocqueville Tollevast Torigny-les-Villes Tourneville-sur-Mer Tourville-sur-Sienne Tréauville Tribehou La Trinité Turqueville Urville Vains Valcanville Valognes Le Val-Saint-Père Varenguebec Varouville Le Vast Vaudreville La Vendelée Ver Vernix Vesly Le Vicel Vicq-sur-Mer Videcosville Villebaudon Villedieu-les-Poêles-Rouffigny Villiers-Fossard Virandeville Yquelon Yvetot-Bocage pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Manche geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[lə mɛnil]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Manche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Barenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barenton"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Commune in Normandy, FranceLe Mesnil (French pronunciation: [lə mɛnil]) is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France.It consists of a three property hamlet 1 km to the west of Barenton. The existing traditional stone properties are believed to have been built around 1830-1840 and became the centre of the cider making exploits of the nearby farms[citation needed]. In some decay, there is also a round capped bread oven in which, there is living memory of it being used after the Second World War (1949)[citation needed].","title":"Le Mesnil, Manche"}]
[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Manche department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Manche_department"}]
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-50299","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Le_Mesnil,_Manche&params=49.37_N_1.6936_W_type:city(220)_region:FR-NOR","external_links_name":"49°22′12″N 1°41′37″W / 49.37°N 1.6936°W / 49.37; -1.6936"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Le_Mesnil,_Manche&params=49.37_N_1.6936_W_type:city(220)_region:FR-NOR","external_links_name":"49°22′12″N 1°41′37″W / 49.37°N 1.6936°W / 49.37; -1.6936"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-50299","external_links_name":"50299"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-50299","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152622741","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152622741","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Mesnil,_Manche&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria
Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria
["1 Biography","2 Marriage and children","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"]
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Stephen I. (March 14, 1271 – December 10, 1310) was the duke of Lower Bavaria from 1290 until 1310 as co-regnant of his older brothers Otto III († 1312) and Louis III († 1296). Biography Stephen was born in Landshut, the son of Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria and Elizabeth of Hungary. His maternal grandparents were Béla IV of Hungary and Maria Laskarina. His mother introduced the name Stephen onto the Wittelsbach dynasty with her youngest son. She was a sister of Stephen V of Hungary, and may have named her son after him. To reduce the influence of the Wittelsbach, Pope Nicholas IV refused his spiritual career in Salzburg and Stephen became a co-regnant of his brothers. During the absence of Otto III in Hungary 1305-1308, Stephen was the only governing duke of Lower Bavaria. Stephen was an enemy of the Habsburgs and died in 1310 during a war against Frederick I of Austria. Marriage and children In 1299, Stephen married Jutta of Schweidnitz. She was a daughter of Bolko I, Duke of Jawor and Świdnica and Beatrix of Brandenburg. Her maternal grandparents were Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel and Jutta of Hennenberg. They had eight children: Agnes of Wittelsbach (1301 - 7 December 1316). Joined the Cistercian Monastery at Seligenthal as a nun. Beatrix of Wittelsbach (1302 - 29 April 1360). Married Henry III of Gorizia. Regent for their son John Henry IV of Gorizia. Friedrich of Wittelsbach (c. 1303). Considered to have died young. Judith of Wittelsbach (c. 1304). Considered to have died young. Henry XIV, Duke of Bavaria (29 September 1305 - 1 September 1339). Elizabeth of Wittelsbach (1306 - 25 March 1330). Married Otto, Duke of Austria. Otto IV, Duke of Lower Bavaria (3 January 1307 - 14 December 1334). Ludwig of Wittelsbach (c. 1308). Considered to have died young. References ^ Kersken 2021, p. 218. Sources Kersken, Norbert (2021). "Poland and the Polish People in Late Medieval German Historiography". In Pleszczynski, Andrzej; Vercamer, Grischa (eds.). Germans and Poles in the Middle Ages. Brill. External links Marek, Miroslav. "A listing of descendants of Otto I, Count of Scheyern, including Henry XIII and his children". Genealogy.EU. Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria House of WittelsbachBorn: 1271 Died: 1310 German royalty Regnal titles Preceded byHenry XIII Duke of Lower Bavaria 1290–1310 Succeeded byHenry XIV with Otto IV vteDukes of Bavaria Duchy of Bavaria Upper Bavaria Lower Bavaria Bavaria-Ingolstadt Bavaria-Landshut Bavaria-Munich Bavaria-Straubing Garibald I (555–591) Tassilo I (591–610) Garibald II (610–625) Theodo (c.680–716) Theodbert (c.716–c.719) Theobald (c.716–c.719) Tassilo II (c.716–c.719) Grimoald (715–725) Hugbert (725–736) Odilo (736–748) Grifo (748) Tassilo III (748–788) Louis II the German (King: 817–843) Carloman (King: 876–880) Louis III the Younger (King: 880–882) Charles the Fat (King: 882–887) Engeldeo (Margrave: 890–895) Luitpold (Margrave: 895–907) Arnulf (907–937) Eberhard (937–938) Berthold (938–947) Henry I (947–955) Henry II the Quarrelsome (955–976, 985–995) Otto I (976–982) Henry III the Younger (983–985) Henry IV (995–1004, 1009–1017) Henry V (1004–1009, 1017–1026) Henry VI (1026–1042) Henry VII (1042–1047) Conrad I (1049–1053) Henry VIII (1053–1054, 1055–1061) Conrad II (1054–1055) Otto of Nordheim (1061–1070) Welf I (1070–1077, 1096–1101) Henry VIII (1077–1096) Welf II (1101–1120) Henry IX the Black (1120–1126) Henry X (1126–1138) Leopold I (1139–1141) Henry XI Jasomirgott (1143–1156) Henry XII the Lion (1156–1180) Otto the Redhead (1180–1183) Agnes of Loon (Regent: 1183–1191) Louis I (1183–1231) Otto the Illustrious (1231–1253) Louis II the Strict (1253–1255; Upper: 1255–1294) Henry XIII (Lower: 1253–1290) Louis III (Lower: 1290–1296) Stephen I (Lower: 1290–1310) Otto III (Lower: 1290–1312) Matilda (Upper: Regent: 1294–1302) Rudolph I (Upper: 1294–1317) Henry XV the Natternberger (Lower: 1312–1333) Otto VI (Lower: 1310–1334) Henry XIV (Lower: 1310–1339) John I the Child (Lower: 1339–1340) Louis IV (Upper: 1301–1340; 1340–1347) Otto V, (1347–1349; Upper: 1349–1351; Landshut: 1373–1379) Louis V the Brandenburger, (1347–1349; Upper: 1349–1361) Meinhard I (Upper: 1361–1363) Louis VI, (1347–1365) Stephen II, (1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Landshut: 1353–1375; Upper: 1363) William I, (1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Straubing: 1353–1388) Albert I, (1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Straubing: 1353–1404) Albert II (Straubing: 1389–1397) William II (Straubing: 1404–1417) Jacqueline (Straubing: 1417-1429) John III the Pitiless (Straubing: 1417-1425) William III (Munich: 1397–1435; Straubing: 1429–1435) Ernest (Munich: 1397–1438; Straubing: 1429–1438) Frederick I the Wise (1375–1392; Landshut: 1392–1393) John II (1375–1392; Munich: 1392–1397) Stephen III the Magnificent (1375–1392; Ingolstadt: 1392–1413) Louis VII the Bearded (Ingolstadt: 1413–1443) Louis VIII the Hunchback (Ingolstadt: 1443–1445) Henry XVI the Rich (Landshut: 1393–1450; Ingolstadt: 1447–1450) Albert III (Munich: 1438–1460) John IV (Munich: 1460–1463) Sigismund (Munich: 1460–1467; Dachau: 1467–1501) Louis IX the Rich (Landshut: 1450–1479) George I the Rich (Landshut: 1479–1503) Albert IV the Wise (Munich: 1465–1505; 1505–1508) William IV the Steadfast (Munich: 1460–1508; Landshut: 1503–1508; 1508–1550) Louis X, Duke (1516–1545) Albert V the Magnanimous (1550–1579) William V the Pious (1579–1597) Maximilian I (1597–1623) Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Kersken, Norbert (2021). \"Poland and the Polish People in Late Medieval German Historiography\". In Pleszczynski, Andrzej; Vercamer, Grischa (eds.). Germans and Poles in the Middle Ages. Brill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Marek, Miroslav. \"A listing of descendants of Otto I, Count of Scheyern, including Henry XIII and his children\". Genealogy.EU.","urls":[{"url":"http://genealogy.euweb.cz/wittel/wittel1.html#H1","url_text":"\"A listing of descendants of Otto I, Count of Scheyern, including Henry XIII and his children\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://genealogy.euweb.cz/wittel/wittel1.html#H1","external_links_name":"\"A listing of descendants of Otto I, Count of Scheyern, including Henry XIII and his children\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/80581857","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/136195091","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd136195091.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Charles,_Maryland
St. Charles, Maryland
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Nearby communities","4 Demographics","5 Education","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°36′20″N 76°54′57″W / 38.60556°N 76.91583°W / 38.60556; -76.91583Former CDP in Maryland, United StatesSt. Charles, MarylandFormer CDPLocation of Saint Charles, MarylandCoordinates: 38°36′20″N 76°54′57″W / 38.60556°N 76.91583°W / 38.60556; -76.91583CountryUnited StatesStateMarylandCountyCharlesArea • Total11.9 sq mi (30.8 km2) • Land11.8 sq mi (30.6 km2) • Water0.1 sq mi (0.3 km2)Elevation200 ft (61 m)Population (2000) • Total33,379 • Density2,829.3/sq mi (1,092.4/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)FIPS code24-69350GNIS feature ID0591211 St. Charles is a planned community in Charles County, Maryland, United States. It is 22 miles (35 km) south-southeast of Washington, D.C., 24 miles (39 km) from northern Virginia and immediately south of Waldorf, which is the mailing address. (St. Charles comprises nearly all the population of Waldorf's zip code 20602, and much of 20603). At the 2000 census, it was delineated as a census-designated place (CDP), with a population of 33,379. It was included in the Waldorf CDP for the 2010 census. History Planning for St. Charles was started in 1965 by St. Charles City, Inc. That developer sold the undeveloped land in 1968 to Interstate General Co. (now known as American Community Properties Trust). According to the developer, it is halfway through completion as outlined in its master plan. When completed, St. Charles will comprise five villages — Smallwood and Westlake, which have been completed; Fairway, which is under development; and Piney Reach and Wooded Glen, which remain undeveloped. Each village has three to four neighborhoods. Residents in St. Charles have access to a variety of community amenities, including walking paths, swimming pools, scenic lakes, playgrounds and neighborhood centers. Many residents commute out of the county to work, including military residents who are stationed at Andrews Air Force Base, Bolling AFB, Patuxent River NAS, or the Pentagon. Many civilian residents are federal employees. St. Charles Towne Center is a 1,200,000-square-foot (110,000 m2) 2-level regional shopping mall serving residents of a large four-county area. It opened in 1988 and was remodeled in 2007. Many sections of St. Charles are still in development, including a retirement community for persons 60 years and older, and several themed restaurants west of U.S. Route 301. Hampshire, Lancaster, Dorchester, Sheffield, Heritage, Bannister, Wakefield, Huntington and Carrington are the already existing neighborhoods of St. Charles. In 2008, St. Charles Parkway was connected with Rosewick Road, providing a new alternative route to the county seat La Plata. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 11.9 square miles (31 km2), of which 11.8 square miles (31 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) (1.09%) is water. Nearby communities Waldorf (north), Bennsville (west), La Plata (south, but not adjacent) Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 33,379 people, 11,567 households, and 8,628 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,829.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,092.4/km2). There were 12,064 housing units at an average density of 1,022.6 per square mile (394.8/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP is in flux. As of the 2000 census, the racial makeup was 64.27% White, 28.67% African American, 0.70% Native American, 2.41% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.05% from other races, and 2.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.34% of the population. There were 11,567 households, out of which 46.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.2% were married couples living together, 19.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.4% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.25. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 31.7% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 36.1% from 25 to 44, 18.1% from 45 to 64, and 5.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.8 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $56,992, and the median income for a family was $60,434. Males had a median income of $41,210 versus $32,024 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,669. About 4.4% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.8% of those under age 18 and 15.6% of those age 65 or over. Education This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2018) The Beddow School's Waldorf Montessori School is in the area that once made up St. Charles CDP. St. Charles High School, known as the home of the Spartans, is located in St. Charles Maryland at 5305 Piney Church Road Waldorf, MD 20602. The school opened in August 2014 and features a 6 lane swimming pool, a 'Science Sphere' and digital classrooms. References ^ "Report: Washington Center for Metropolitan Studies, January 1965". The Evening Star. 1965-01-22. hdl:1920/877. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help) ^ "Plat Book 10, pp. 10-13, St. Charles, Section 1". Maryland State Archives. 1965-09-30. Retrieved 2008-04-19. ^ Christian, Michelle Brosco (December 2006). "St. Charles: History in a Flash". Southern Maryland This is Living. Retrieved 2008-04-19. ^ "Master Plan". American Community Properties Trust. Archived from the original on 2008-03-24. Retrieved 2008-04-18. ^ "St. Charles Towne Center". American Community Properties Trust. Archived from the original on 2008-03-22. Retrieved 2008-04-19. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. ^ Home. The Beddow School. May 26, 2000. Retrieved on September 9, 2018. "The Beddow Montessori School 6008 Hampshire Circle Waldorf, Maryland 20603" ^ "CENSUS 2000 BLOCK MAP: ST. CHARLES CDP." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on September 9, 2018. The school's land is on page 1. The 1990 Census Map for Charles County (index map) has St. Charles on page 6. ^ "Our School". www.ccboe.com. Retrieved 2021-02-02. External links St. Charles Community website vteMunicipalities and communities of Charles County, Maryland, United StatesCounty seat: La PlataTowns Indian Head La Plata Port Tobacco Village CDPs Benedict Bensville Bryans Road Bryantown Cobb Island Hughesville Pomfret Potomac Heights Rock Point Waldorf Othercommunities Bel Alton Chicamuxen Dentsville Doncaster Faulkner Glymont Ironsides Issue Malcolm Marbury Mason Springs Masons Morgantown Mount Victoria Nanjemoy Newburg Newport Patuxent Pisgah Pomonkey Popes Creek Port Tobacco Ripley Rison Riverside St. Charles Swan Point Welcome White Plains Maryland portal United States portal vteWashington metropolitan areaPrincipal cities (and city-like entities)Maryland Silver Spring Frederick Rockville Bethesda Gaithersburg Germantown Bowie Virginia Arlington Alexandria Reston District of Columbia Washington Counties (and county equivalents)Maryland Calvert Charles Frederick Montgomery Prince George's Virginia Arlington Alexandria, City of Clarke Culpeper Fairfax Fairfax, City of Falls Church, City of Fauquier Loudoun Prince William Manassas, City of Manassas Park, City of Rappahannock Spotsylvania Fredericksburg, City of Stafford Warren District of Columbia Washington, D.C. itself Other outlying areas Jefferson County, West Virginia See also Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area (CSA) Northeast megalopolis The District of Columbia itself, and Virginia's incorporated cities, are county equivalents. Virginia's incorporated cities are listed under their surrounding county. The incorporated cities bordering more than one county (Alexandria, Falls Church and Fredericksburg) are listed under the county they were part of before incorporation as a city. Some unincorporated areas and census-designated places like Silver Spring and Bethesda in Maryland, Reston in Virginia, as well as the County of Arlington in Virginia are also treated as city-like entities (or principal cities) even though they have not been legally incorporated as such.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"planned community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_community"},{"link_name":"Charles County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"south-southeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-southeast"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Waldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"zip code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_code"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"}],"text":"Former CDP in Maryland, United StatesSt. Charles is a planned community in Charles County, Maryland, United States. It is 22 miles (35 km) south-southeast of Washington, D.C., 24 miles (39 km) from northern Virginia and immediately south of Waldorf, which is the mailing address. (St. Charles comprises nearly all the population of Waldorf's zip code 20602, and much of 20603).[citation needed] At the 2000 census, it was delineated as a census-designated place (CDP), with a population of 33,379. It was included in the Waldorf CDP for the 2010 census.","title":"St. Charles, Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Andrews Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Bolling AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolling_AFB"},{"link_name":"Patuxent River NAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patuxent_River_NAS"},{"link_name":"Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"St. Charles Towne Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Charles_Towne_Center"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_301_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"La Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Plata,_MD"}],"text":"Planning for St. Charles was started in 1965 by St. Charles City, Inc.[1][2] That developer sold the undeveloped land in 1968 to Interstate General Co. (now known as American Community Properties Trust).[3][4] According to the developer, it is halfway through completion as outlined in its master plan.When completed, St. Charles will comprise five villages — Smallwood and Westlake, which have been completed; Fairway, which is under development; and Piney Reach and Wooded Glen, which remain undeveloped. Each village has three to four neighborhoods. Residents in St. Charles have access to a variety of community amenities, including walking paths, swimming pools, scenic lakes, playgrounds and neighborhood centers. Many residents commute out of the county to work, including military residents who are stationed at Andrews Air Force Base, Bolling AFB, Patuxent River NAS, or the Pentagon. Many civilian residents are federal employees. St. Charles Towne Center is a 1,200,000-square-foot (110,000 m2) 2-level regional shopping mall serving residents of a large four-county area.[5][full citation needed] It opened in 1988 and was remodeled in 2007.[citation needed]Many sections of St. Charles are still in development, including a retirement community for persons 60 years and older, and several themed restaurants west of U.S. Route 301. Hampshire, Lancaster, Dorchester, Sheffield, Heritage, Bannister, Wakefield, Huntington and Carrington are the already existing neighborhoods of St. Charles. In 2008, St. Charles Parkway was connected with Rosewick Road, providing a new alternative route to the county seat La Plata.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:St._Charles,_Maryland#land_area"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 11.9 square miles (31 km2), of which 11.8 square miles (31 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) (1.09%) is water.[dubious – discuss]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Bennsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennsville,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"La Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Plata,_Maryland"}],"text":"Waldorf (north), Bennsville (west), La Plata (south, but not adjacent)","title":"Nearby communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[6] of 2000, there were 33,379 people, 11,567 households, and 8,628 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,829.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,092.4/km2). There were 12,064 housing units at an average density of 1,022.6 per square mile (394.8/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP is in flux. As of the 2000 census, the racial makeup was 64.27% White, 28.67% African American, 0.70% Native American, 2.41% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.05% from other races, and 2.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.34% of the population.There were 11,567 households, out of which 46.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.2% were married couples living together, 19.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.4% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.25.In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 31.7% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 36.1% from 25 to 44, 18.1% from 45 to 64, and 5.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.8 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $56,992, and the median income for a family was $60,434. Males had a median income of $41,210 versus $32,024 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,669. About 4.4% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.8% of those under age 18 and 15.6% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Beddow School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beddow_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"St. Charles High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ccboe.com/"},{"link_name":"5305 Piney Church Road Waldorf, MD 20602.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/maps/place/St.+Charles+High+School/@38.5671564,-76.9109828,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b70a198f6e15b3:0x50d79ac87eb9e6ab!8m2!3d38.5671564!4d-76.9087888?hl=en"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Beddow School's Waldorf Montessori School is in the area that once made up St. Charles CDP.[7][8]St. Charles High School, known as the home of the Spartans, is located in St. Charles Maryland at 5305 Piney Church Road Waldorf, MD 20602. The school opened in August 2014 and features a 6 lane swimming pool, a 'Science Sphere' and digital classrooms.[9]","title":"Education"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Map_of_Maryland_highlighting_Charles_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Maryland_highlighting_Charles_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Report: Washington Center for Metropolitan Studies, January 1965\". The Evening Star. 1965-01-22. hdl:1920/877.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1920%2F877","url_text":"1920/877"}]},{"reference":"\"Plat Book 10, pp. 10-13, St. Charles, Section 1\". Maryland State Archives. 1965-09-30. Retrieved 2008-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://plato.mdarchives.state.md.us/msa/stagser/s1500/s1529/cfm/dsp_unitlist.cfm?county=ch&qualifier=s&series=1242&vref=10&vlabel=Plat%20Book&vtype=B","url_text":"\"Plat Book 10, pp. 10-13, St. Charles, Section 1\""}]},{"reference":"Christian, Michelle Brosco (December 2006). \"St. Charles: History in a Flash\". Southern Maryland This is Living. Retrieved 2008-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://somdthisisliving.somd.com/vol8num4/st-charles-history.html","url_text":"\"St. Charles: History in a Flash\""}]},{"reference":"\"Master Plan\". American Community Properties Trust. Archived from the original on 2008-03-24. Retrieved 2008-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080324015004/http://www.stcharlesmd.com/html/master_plan_.html","url_text":"\"Master Plan\""},{"url":"http://www.stcharlesmd.com/html/master_plan_.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Charles Towne Center\". American Community Properties Trust. Archived from the original on 2008-03-22. Retrieved 2008-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080322060103/http://www.stcharlesmd.com/html/st__charles_towne_center.html","url_text":"\"St. Charles Towne Center\""},{"url":"http://www.stcharlesmd.com/html/st__charles_towne_center.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Our School\". www.ccboe.com. Retrieved 2021-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ccboe.com/schools/stcharles/index.php/site-map/school-information","url_text":"\"Our School\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Worcester_County,_Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Worcester County, Massachusetts
[]
Location of Worcester County in Massachusetts This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) designated in Worcester County, Massachusetts. The locations of NRHP properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. Contents: Counties in Massachusetts Barnstable | Berkshire | Bristol | Dukes | Essex | Franklin | Hampden | Hampshire | Middlesex | Nantucket | Norfolk | Plymouth | Suffolk | Worcester           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024. Cities and towns listed separately The following Worcester County cities and towns have large numbers of sites listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Lists of their sites are on separate pages, linked below. Community Image First date listed Last date listed Count Northern Worcester County December 30, 1970 December 1, 2022 74 Southbridge September 7, 1979 May 3, 2023 85 Uxbridge November 23, 1971 January 20, 1984 53 Eastern Worcester April 7, 1971 July 3, 2017 98 Northwestern Worcester November 24, 1968 May 27, 2022 111 Southwestern Worcester March 5, 1980 December 1, 2022 82 Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Other cities and towns in central and southern Worcester County Name on the Register Image Date listed Location City or town Description 1 1767 Milestones 1767 Milestones April 7, 1971(#71000084) Between Boston and Springfield along the old Upper Boston Post Road. 42°17′35″N 71°44′58″W / 42.2931°N 71.7494°W / 42.2931; -71.7494 (1767 Milestones) Brookfield, East Brookfield, Leicester, Northborough, Shrewsbury, Spencer, Warren, and West Brookfield Also includes markers located in Worcester, as well as Hampden, Middlesex, Norfolk, and Suffolk Counties. 2 Nathan C. Aldrich House and Resthaven Chapel Nathan C. Aldrich House and Resthaven Chapel May 17, 2006(#06000399) 111 Providence St. 42°05′13″N 71°31′57″W / 42.0869°N 71.5325°W / 42.0869; -71.5325 (Nathan C. Aldrich House and Resthaven Chapel) Mendon 3 Ethan Allen House and Gun Shop Ethan Allen House and Gun Shop More images October 12, 1995(#95001167) 37 Waterville St. 42°14′14″N 71°42′23″W / 42.2372°N 71.7064°W / 42.2372; -71.7064 (Ethan Allen House and Gun Shop) Grafton 4 Bancroft Memorial Library Bancroft Memorial Library February 12, 1999(#99000188) 50 Hopedale St. 42°07′49″N 71°32′30″W / 42.130278°N 71.541667°W / 42.130278; -71.541667 (Bancroft Memorial Library) Hopedale 5 Barlin Acres Barlin Acres November 26, 1982(#82000487) 284 School St. 42°20′04″N 71°43′22″W / 42.3344°N 71.7228°W / 42.3344; -71.7228 (Barlin Acres) Boylston Now occupied by a golf course. 6 Barnes-Hill House Barnes-Hill House January 26, 2016(#15001007) 12 N. Brookfield Rd. 42°15′41″N 72°00′50″W / 42.2613°N 72.0139°W / 42.2613; -72.0139 (Barnes-Hill House) Spencer 7 Barre Common District Barre Common District May 4, 1976(#76000298) Bounded roughly by South, Exchange, Main, Pleasant, Broad, School and Grove Sts. 42°25′20″N 72°06′20″W / 42.4222°N 72.1056°W / 42.4222; -72.1056 (Barre Common District) Barre 8 Bartlett's Bridge Bartlett's Bridge February 10, 2000(#00000077) Clara Barton Rd. over the French River 42°09′17″N 71°52′59″W / 42.1547°N 71.8831°W / 42.1547; -71.8831 (Bartlett's Bridge) Oxford 9 Clara Barton Homestead Clara Barton Homestead More images September 22, 1977(#77000202) 3 mi (4.8 km) west of Oxford on Clara Barton Rd. 42°09′12″N 71°53′45″W / 42.1533°N 71.8958°W / 42.1533; -71.8958 (Clara Barton Homestead) Oxford 10 Beaman Memorial Public Library Beaman Memorial Public Library May 16, 2016(#16000251) 8 Newton St. 42°21′54″N 71°46′59″W / 42.365057°N 71.783178°W / 42.365057; -71.783178 (Beaman Memorial Public Library) West Boylston 11 Berlin Town Hall Berlin Town Hall More images September 15, 2011(#11000663) 12 Woodward Ave. 42°22′55″N 71°38′13″W / 42.3819°N 71.6369°W / 42.3819; -71.6369 (Berlin Town Hall) Berlin 12 Bigelow Carpet Company Woolen Mills Bigelow Carpet Company Woolen Mills October 6, 1983(#83004107) Main St. 42°25′01″N 71°41′26″W / 42.4169°N 71.6906°W / 42.4169; -71.6906 (Bigelow Carpet Company Woolen Mills) Clinton 13 Bigelow Carpet Mill Bigelow Carpet Mill December 22, 1978(#78000467) Union and High Sts. 42°24′55″N 71°41′10″W / 42.4153°N 71.6861°W / 42.4153; -71.6861 (Bigelow Carpet Mill) Clinton 14 Bigelow Tavern Historic District Bigelow Tavern Historic District September 24, 1992(#92000043) 60, 64 and 65 Worcester St. 42°21′55″N 71°46′55″W / 42.3653°N 71.7819°W / 42.3653; -71.7819 (Bigelow Tavern Historic District) West Boylston 15 Black Tavern Black Tavern May 9, 1985(#85000981) 140, 142 Dudley Center Rd. 42°02′45″N 71°55′47″W / 42.0458°N 71.9297°W / 42.0458; -71.9297 (Black Tavern) Dudley 16 Blackstone Canal Historic District Blackstone Canal Historic District More images August 15, 1995(#73000328) Blackstone to Worcester, Massachusetts 41°56′30″N 71°27′50″W / 41.9417°N 71.464°W / 41.9417; -71.464 (Blackstone Canal Historic District) Blackstone, Grafton, Millbury, Millville, Northbridge, and Sutton Initial listing was for 3.5 mile section of canal in Northbridge and Uxbridge; expanded to include entire length in Massachusetts in 1995 (#95001004). 17 Blackstone Manufacturing Company Historic District Blackstone Manufacturing Company Historic District More images August 25, 1995(#95001038) Roughly the area surrounding Butler, Canal, Church, County, Ives, Main, Mendon, Old Mendon, and School Sts. 42°00′58″N 71°32′41″W / 42.0161°N 71.5447°W / 42.0161; -71.5447 (Blackstone Manufacturing Company Historic District) Blackstone 18 Blackstone Viaduct Blackstone Viaduct More images February 5, 2002(#01001558) Canal, Farnum and Mill Sts. 42°00′55″N 71°32′00″W / 42.015278°N 71.533333°W / 42.015278; -71.533333 (Blackstone Viaduct) Blackstone 19 Bolton Center Historic District Bolton Center Historic District November 17, 1997(#97001296) Roughly along Main St. between Harvard Rd. and Interstate 495 42°26′07″N 71°36′35″W / 42.435278°N 71.609722°W / 42.435278; -71.609722 (Bolton Center Historic District) Bolton 20 Bowers School Bowers School November 10, 1983(#83004108) 411 Water St. 42°25′09″N 71°40′18″W / 42.419167°N 71.671667°W / 42.419167; -71.671667 (Bowers School) Clinton 21 J.D.C. Bradley House J.D.C. Bradley House February 26, 1999(#99000260) 5 Sadie Hutt Lane 42°18′59″N 71°32′34″W / 42.3164°N 71.5428°W / 42.3164; -71.5428 (J.D.C. Bradley House) Southborough Register listing is at 60 Sears Rd. 22 Brookfield Cemetery Brookfield Cemetery More images May 9, 2003(#03000384) Main St. 42°13′02″N 72°06′49″W / 42.217222°N 72.113611°W / 42.217222; -72.113611 (Brookfield Cemetery) Brookfield 23 Brookfield Common Historic District Brookfield Common Historic District More images February 23, 1990(#90000161) Roughly Howard, Sherman, Prouty, W. Main, Main, and Upper River Sts. 42°12′51″N 72°06′09″W / 42.214167°N 72.1025°W / 42.214167; -72.1025 (Brookfield Common Historic District) Brookfield 24 Brown-Davis-Frost Farm Brown-Davis-Frost Farm December 13, 1995(#95001444) 17 Whitney St. 42°22′29″N 71°53′19″W / 42.3747°N 71.8886°W / 42.3747; -71.8886 (Brown-Davis-Frost Farm) Jefferson 25 Bullard House Bullard House September 15, 2011(#11000664) 4 Woodward Ave. 42°22′54″N 71°38′14″W / 42.381667°N 71.637222°W / 42.381667; -71.637222 (Bullard House) Berlin 26 Camp Atwater Camp Atwater April 15, 1982(#82004477) Shore Rd. 42°14′22″N 72°03′00″W / 42.2394°N 72.05°W / 42.2394; -72.05 (Camp Atwater) North Brookfield 27 Cedar Swamp Archeological District Cedar Swamp Archeological District May 23, 1988(#88000587) Along the border with Hopkinton in Middlesex County 42°15′36″N 71°35′06″W / 42.26°N 71.585°W / 42.26; -71.585 (Cedar Swamp Archeological District) Westborough Extends into Hopkinton, Middlesex County 28 Central Street Historic District Central Street Historic District June 20, 2003(#03000550) Roughly bounded by Central, Quaker, West, Chesley, Bow, Prospect, and Fletcher Sts. 42°01′29″N 71°34′57″W / 42.02467°N 71.582623°W / 42.02467; -71.582623 (Central Street Historic District) Millville 29 Charlton Center Historic District Charlton Center Historic District October 20, 1995(#95001227) Roughly Main St. from Mugget Hill Rd. to Masonic Home Rd. and adjacent roads 42°08′02″N 71°58′09″W / 42.133889°N 71.969167°W / 42.133889; -71.969167 (Charlton Center Historic District) Charlton 30 Chestnut Hill Meetinghouse Chestnut Hill Meetinghouse More images November 13, 1984(#84000434) Chestnut and Thayer Sts. 42°02′27″N 71°34′58″W / 42.040833°N 71.582778°W / 42.040833; -71.582778 (Chestnut Hill Meetinghouse) Millville 31 George Clapp House George Clapp House More images August 21, 1997(#97000919) 44 North St. 42°12′43″N 71°40′51″W / 42.211944°N 71.680833°W / 42.211944; -71.680833 (George Clapp House) Grafton 32 Olney Cook Artisan Shop Olney Cook Artisan Shop December 2, 2019(#100004699) 54 Hartford Ave. E. 42°05′41″N 71°31′24″W / 42.0947°N 71.5233°W / 42.0947; -71.5233 (Olney Cook Artisan Shop) Mendon 33 Corcoran School Corcoran School More images February 4, 2000(#00000039) 40 Walnut St. 42°25′00″N 71°41′03″W / 42.416667°N 71.684167°W / 42.416667; -71.684167 (Corcoran School) Clinton 34 Crossman Bridge Crossman Bridge December 27, 2010(#10001065) Gilbert Rd. over Quaboag River 42°12′37″N 72°14′44″W / 42.210278°N 72.245556°W / 42.210278; -72.245556 (Crossman Bridge) Warren 35 Dana Common Historic and Archaeological District Dana Common Historic and Archaeological District More images March 4, 2013(#13000052) Gate 40 off Hardwick Rd. 42°26′57″N 72°12′24″W / 42.449048°N 72.206619°W / 42.449048; -72.206619 (Dana Common Historic and Archaeological District) Petersham 36 District Five Schoolhouse District Five Schoolhouse June 5, 1991(#91000697) School St. between Boyden and 1st Sts. 42°02′34″N 71°52′58″W / 42.0428°N 71.8828°W / 42.0428; -71.8828 (District Five Schoolhouse) Webster Now houses the Dudley-Webster Historical Society. 37 District No. 4 School District No. 4 School October 11, 2016(#16000713) 191 East St. 42°29′18″N 72°09′10″W / 42.488405°N 72.152903°W / 42.488405; -72.152903 (District No. 4 School) Petersham 38 District No. 5 School District No. 5 School July 18, 2016(#16000455) 311 East St. 42°29′06″N 72°07′59″W / 42.485047°N 72.132921°W / 42.485047; -72.132921 (District No. 5 School) Petersham 39 District No. 5 School District No. 5 School August 27, 2013(#13000622) 2 Old Mill Rd. 42°17′29″N 71°44′29″W / 42.291342°N 71.741323°W / 42.291342; -71.741323 (District No. 5 School) Shrewsbury 40 Downtown Clinton Historic District Downtown Clinton Historic District February 21, 1985(#85000319) Roughly bounded by Union and Prospects Sts. on High and Church Sts. 42°25′02″N 71°40′59″W / 42.417222°N 71.683056°W / 42.417222; -71.683056 (Downtown Clinton Historic District) Clinton 41 Dudley Hill Historic District Dudley Hill Historic District December 2, 2019(#100004707) Center, Dudley Oxford Rd., Dudley Southbridge, Ramshorn & Tanyard Rds. 42°02′49″N 71°55′45″W / 42.0469°N 71.9292°W / 42.0469; -71.9292 (Dudley Hill Historic District) Dudley 42 Eagleville Historic District Eagleville Historic District September 24, 2010(#10000786) Main St., Princeton St., High St 42°21′35″N 71°52′55″W / 42.3597°N 71.8819°W / 42.3597; -71.8819 (Eagleville Historic District) Holden 43 East Blackstone Friends Meetinghouse East Blackstone Friends Meetinghouse August 22, 1995(#95001035) 197 Elm St. 42°03′09″N 71°31′23″W / 42.0525°N 71.523056°W / 42.0525; -71.523056 (East Blackstone Friends Meetinghouse) Blackstone 44 East Blackstone Village Historic District East Blackstone Village Historic District September 6, 1995(#95001040) Roughly the area along Elm St. at the junction with Summer St. 42°02′39″N 71°30′57″W / 42.044167°N 71.515833°W / 42.044167; -71.515833 (East Blackstone Village Historic District) Blackstone 45 East Princeton Village Historic District East Princeton Village Historic District March 18, 2004(#04000188) Roughly Main St. and Leominster Rd. 42°28′23″N 71°50′14″W / 42.473056°N 71.837222°W / 42.473056; -71.837222 (East Princeton Village Historic District) Princeton 46 Eddy Block Eddy Block December 3, 1980(#80000470) 119-131 Main St. and 4 Davis St. 42°02′56″N 71°53′05″W / 42.048889°N 71.884722°W / 42.048889; -71.884722 (Eddy Block) Webster 47 Elm Hill Farm Historic District Elm Hill Farm Historic District May 16, 1991(#91000600) E. Main St. east of its junction with Brookfield Rd. 42°13′16″N 72°05′10″W / 42.221111°N 72.086111°W / 42.221111; -72.086111 (Elm Hill Farm Historic District) Brookfield 48 Farnum's Gate Historic District Farnum's Gate Historic District August 25, 1995(#95001039) Roughly the area surrounding the junction of Main and Blackstone Sts. 42°01′08″N 71°31′56″W / 42.018889°N 71.532222°W / 42.018889; -71.532222 (Farnum's Gate Historic District) Blackstone 49 Farnumsville Historic District Farnumsville Historic District February 16, 1996(#96000052) Roughly bounded by Providence Rd., Cross, Main, Harding and Depot Sts. and Maple Ave. 42°10′28″N 71°41′03″W / 42.174444°N 71.684167°W / 42.174444; -71.684167 (Farnumsville Historic District) Grafton 50 Fernside-Vacation House for Working Girls Fernside-Vacation House for Working Girls June 27, 2002(#02000695) 162 Mountain Rd. 42°28′06″N 71°53′04″W / 42.468333°N 71.884444°W / 42.468333; -71.884444 (Fernside-Vacation House for Working Girls) Princeton 51 First Baptist Church of Northborough First Baptist Church of Northborough April 12, 2016(#16000157) 52 Main St. 42°19′11″N 71°38′19″W / 42.319607°N 71.638721°W / 42.319607; -71.638721 (First Baptist Church of Northborough) Northborough 52 First Methodist Church First Methodist Church November 2, 1990(#90001720) 75 Walnut St. 42°25′00″N 71°41′03″W / 42.416667°N 71.684167°W / 42.416667; -71.684167 (First Methodist Church) Clinton 53 First Presbyterian Society Meeting House First Presbyterian Society Meeting House September 9, 2010(#10000722) 20 Main St. 42°11′32″N 71°45′37″W / 42.192222°N 71.760278°W / 42.192222; -71.760278 (First Presbyterian Society Meeting House) Millbury 54 Nathan Fisher House Nathan Fisher House March 25, 1980(#80001679) 34 West Main St. 42°17′03″N 71°37′30″W / 42.284167°N 71.625°W / 42.284167; -71.625 (Nathan Fisher House) Westborough 55 Fisherville Historic District Fisherville Historic District February 16, 1996(#96000056) Roughly bounded by Main, Elmwood, Ferry and Sampson Sts. 42°10′37″N 71°41′40″W / 42.1769°N 71.6944°W / 42.1769; -71.6944 (Fisherville Historic District) Grafton 56 Fobes-O'Donnell House Fobes-O'Donnell House March 7, 2018(#100002197) 1221 Old Turnpike Rd., 42°22′03″N 72°04′08″W / 42.367425°N 72.068914°W / 42.367425; -72.068914 (Fobes-O'Donnell House) Oakham 57 Jedediah Foster Homesite Jedediah Foster Homesite August 27, 2013(#13000623) Foster Hill Rd., 42°13′55″N 72°07′40″W / 42.232°N 72.1278°W / 42.232; -72.1278 (Jedediah Foster Homesite) West Brookfield 58 Four Corners-Goodnow Farm Historic District Four Corners-Goodnow Farm Historic District More images August 10, 2015(#15000510) Gates, Goodnow, Old Colony, Rhodes & Thompson Rds. 42°27′43″N 71°55′47″W / 42.4619°N 71.9297°W / 42.4619; -71.9297 (Four Corners-Goodnow Farm Historic District) Princeton 59 Freegrace Marble Farm Historic District Freegrace Marble Farm Historic District November 13, 1989(#89001967) 80 Burbank Rd. 42°09′44″N 71°45′02″W / 42.1622°N 71.7506°W / 42.1622; -71.7506 (Freegrace Marble Farm Historic District) Sutton 60 Gay Farm Gay Farm September 22, 1977(#77000201) South of Petersham off Nichewaug Rd. 42°27′50″N 72°11′06″W / 42.4639°N 72.185°W / 42.4639; -72.185 (Gay Farm) Petersham 61 Rev. Samuel Gay House Rev. Samuel Gay House November 24, 1997(#97001450) 10 Williamsville Rd. 42°28′44″N 72°00′55″W / 42.4789°N 72.0153°W / 42.4789; -72.0153 (Rev. Samuel Gay House) Hubbardston 62 Gilbertville Historic District Gilbertville Historic District December 26, 1991(#91001848) Roughly Main, Church, High, North, Broad and Bridge Sts. 42°18′24″N 72°12′32″W / 42.306667°N 72.208889°W / 42.306667; -72.208889 (Gilbertville Historic District) Hardwick 63 Gillon Block Gillon Block October 21, 1982(#82000488) 189 Main St. 42°08′26″N 71°31′15″W / 42.140556°N 71.520833°W / 42.140556; -71.520833 (Gillon Block) Milford 64 Goddard Rocket Launching Site Goddard Rocket Launching Site More images November 13, 1966(#66000654) Ninth fairway, Pakachoag Golf Course, Pakachoag Rd. 42°13′06″N 71°48′46″W / 42.218333°N 71.812778°W / 42.218333; -71.812778 (Goddard Rocket Launching Site) Auburn National Historic Landmark 65 John B. Gough House John B. Gough House March 19, 1974(#74001763) 215 Main St. 42°19′42″N 71°45′22″W / 42.328333°N 71.756111°W / 42.328333; -71.756111 (John B. Gough House) Boylston National Historic Landmark 66 Grafton Common Historic District Grafton Common Historic District June 22, 1988(#88000707) Roughly Worcester, Oak, Millbury, Church, South, Upton, and North Sts. 42°12′22″N 71°41′10″W / 42.206111°N 71.686111°W / 42.206111; -71.686111 (Grafton Common Historic District) Grafton 67 Grafton Inn Grafton Inn More images June 16, 1980(#80001675) 25 Central Sq. 42°12′23″N 71°41′08″W / 42.206389°N 71.685556°W / 42.206389; -71.685556 (Grafton Inn) Grafton 68 Grove Street School Grove Street School July 5, 1996(#96000737) 23 Grove St. 42°14′48″N 71°59′34″W / 42.246667°N 71.992778°W / 42.246667; -71.992778 (Grove Street School) Spencer 69 Hardwick Village Historic District Hardwick Village Historic District December 19, 1991(#91001849) Petersham, Barre, Greenwich, Ruggles Hill and Gilbertville Rds. 42°20′54″N 72°11′49″W / 42.348333°N 72.196944°W / 42.348333; -72.196944 (Hardwick Village Historic District) Hardwick 70 Hassanamisco Reservation Hassanamisco Reservation September 6, 2011(#11000615) 80 Brigham Hill Rd. 42°12′39″N 71°42′18″W / 42.210833°N 71.705°W / 42.210833; -71.705 (Hassanamisco Reservation) Grafton 71 Stephen Hastings House Stephen Hastings House December 6, 2005(#05001363) 20 Squareshire Rd. 42°24′29″N 71°44′26″W / 42.4081°N 71.7406°W / 42.4081; -71.7406 (Stephen Hastings House) Sterling 72 Hayward Mill Hayward Mill June 17, 1991(#91000695) Junction of North and Cook Sts., on the Mumford River 42°04′30″N 71°42′43″W / 42.075°N 71.7119°W / 42.075; -71.7119 (Hayward Mill) Douglas 73 Holden Center Historic District Holden Center Historic District More images December 22, 1977(#77000194) Main, Maple, Highland, and Reservoir Sts. 42°21′03″N 71°51′47″W / 42.3508°N 71.8631°W / 42.3508; -71.8631 (Holden Center Historic District) Holden 74 Holland-Towne House Holland-Towne House August 13, 1990(#89002327) North Street 42°30′01″N 72°11′06″W / 42.5003°N 72.185°W / 42.5003; -72.185 (Holland-Towne House) Petersham 75 Hopedale Village Historic District Hopedale Village Historic District June 12, 2002(#02000635) Roughly bounded by Milford Town Line, Malquin Dr., Mendon Town Line and Upton Town Line 42°07′35″N 71°32′12″W / 42.1264°N 71.5368°W / 42.1264; -71.5368 (Hopedale Village Historic District) Hopedale 76 Hubbard-Dawson House Hubbard-Dawson House December 13, 1995(#95001443) 925 Main St. 42°20′37″N 71°51′08″W / 42.3436°N 71.8522°W / 42.3436; -71.8522 (Hubbard-Dawson House) Holden 77 Hubbardston Public Library Hubbardston Public Library August 19, 1998(#98000989) 7 Main St. 42°28′30″N 72°00′28″W / 42.475°N 72.0078°W / 42.475; -72.0078 (Hubbardston Public Library) Hubbardston 78 Hubbardston Town Common Historic District Hubbardston Town Common Historic District November 22, 2000(#00001396) Main and Brigham Sts. 42°28′30″N 72°00′22″W / 42.475°N 72.006111°W / 42.475; -72.006111 (Hubbardston Town Common Historic District) Hubbardston 79 Hudson House Hudson House February 8, 1978(#78000480) Northeast of Oxford on Hudson Rd. 42°08′32″N 71°50′12″W / 42.142222°N 71.836667°W / 42.142222; -71.836667 (Hudson House) Oxford 80 Huguenot Fort Huguenot Fort More images April 27, 1988(#88000424) Fort Hill Rd. 42°05′55″N 71°50′50″W / 42.098611°N 71.847222°W / 42.098611; -71.847222 (Huguenot Fort) Oxford 81 E. N. Jenckes Store E. N. Jenckes Store More images January 28, 1988(#87002558) Main St. 42°04′18″N 71°42′51″W / 42.071667°N 71.714167°W / 42.071667; -71.714167 (E. N. Jenckes Store) Douglas 82 Knowlton Hat Factory Knowlton Hat Factory June 1, 1982(#82004467) 134 Main St. 42°10′10″N 71°37′27″W / 42.169444°N 71.624167°W / 42.169444; -71.624167 (Knowlton Hat Factory) Upton 83 Lancaster Mills Lancaster Mills More images January 29, 2010(#10000005) 1-55, 75, 99, 1-R Green St., 20 Cameron St. 42°24′42″N 71°40′48″W / 42.411561°N 71.680131°W / 42.411561; -71.680131 (Lancaster Mills) Clinton 84 Linwood Historic District Linwood Historic District June 16, 1989(#88002753) Roughly Linwood Ave., Maple Ct., and Pine Ct. 42°05′54″N 71°38′49″W / 42.098333°N 71.646944°W / 42.098333; -71.646944 (Linwood Historic District) Northbridge 85 Joseph Lothrop House Joseph Lothrop House March 27, 1980(#80001680) 208 Turnpike Rd. 42°17′01″N 71°37′34″W / 42.283611°N 71.626111°W / 42.283611; -71.626111 (Joseph Lothrop House) Westborough Listed in the "Shrewsbury vicinity". 86 Lyman School for Boys Lyman School for Boys More images July 25, 1994(#94000693) Junction of Oak and South Sts. 42°17′24″N 71°37′50″W / 42.29°N 71.630556°W / 42.29; -71.630556 (Lyman School for Boys) Westborough 87 Main Street Historic District Main Street Historic District May 10, 2006(#06000360) Main, Lincoln, Preston, Walnut Sts., Chestnut Hill Rd., Burns Ave. 42°01′40″N 71°34′44″W / 42.027778°N 71.578889°W / 42.027778; -71.578889 (Main Street Historic District) Millville 88 Main Street Historic District Main Street Historic District April 6, 1982(#82004484) 175-299 and 228-274 Main St. 42°02′57″N 71°52′56″W / 42.049167°N 71.882222°W / 42.049167; -71.882222 (Main Street Historic District) Webster 89 Manchaug Village Historic District Manchaug Village Historic District January 26, 2018(#100002026) Roughly bounded by Putnam Hill, Whitins, Morse, Mumford & Manchaug Rds. Ledge, Main, 3rd & Maple Sts., Stevens Pond 42°05′39″N 71°44′50″W / 42.094047°N 71.747176°W / 42.094047; -71.747176 (Manchaug Village Historic District) Sutton 90 Manning-Ball House Manning-Ball House December 13, 1995(#95001442) 370 Manning St. 42°23′10″N 71°50′08″W / 42.3861°N 71.8356°W / 42.3861; -71.8356 (Manning-Ball House) Jefferson 91 Maples Cottage Maples Cottage March 25, 1980(#80001681) East of Shrewsbury on Oak St. 42°17′08″N 71°37′38″W / 42.285556°N 71.627222°W / 42.285556; -71.627222 (Maples Cottage) Westborough 92 Marlborough Brook Filter Beds Marlborough Brook Filter Beds January 18, 1990(#89002286) Framingham Rd. 42°19′47″N 71°32′09″W / 42.3297°N 71.5358°W / 42.3297; -71.5358 (Marlborough Brook Filter Beds) Southborough Extends into Marlborough, Middlesex County 93 Matthews Fulling Mill Site Matthews Fulling Mill Site November 12, 1975(#75000302) Address restricted North Brookfield 1749 mill site near New Braintree line 94 Memorial Hall Memorial Hall May 9, 1985(#85000983) 30 School St. 42°08′32″N 71°31′10″W / 42.14223°N 71.519322°W / 42.14223; -71.519322 (Memorial Hall) Milford 95 Mendon Center Historic District Mendon Center Historic District June 19, 2003(#03000552) Roughly bounded by Main, Hastings, Maple, North, Washington, and George Sts. 42°06′28″N 71°33′13″W / 42.107838°N 71.553569°W / 42.107838; -71.553569 (Mendon Center Historic District) Mendon 96 Milford Town Hall Milford Town Hall September 22, 1977(#77000200) 52 Main St. 42°08′33″N 71°31′02″W / 42.1425°N 71.517222°W / 42.1425; -71.517222 (Milford Town Hall) Milford 97 Moore State Park Historic District Moore State Park Historic District More images May 21, 2004(#04000535) off Massachusetts Route 31 42°19′06″N 71°57′26″W / 42.3182°N 71.9572°W / 42.3182; -71.9572 (Moore State Park Historic District) Paxton 98 Mount Vernon Cemetery Mount Vernon Cemetery May 29, 2008(#08000465) Church St. 42°21′52″N 71°46′52″W / 42.364569°N 71.781106°W / 42.364569; -71.781106 (Mount Vernon Cemetery) West Boylston 99 Azariah Newton House Azariah Newton House October 14, 1999(#99001252) 44 Silver Hill Rd. 42°10′02″N 71°32′08″W / 42.167222°N 71.535556°W / 42.167222; -71.535556 (Azariah Newton House) Milford 100 No. 4 Schoolhouse No. 4 Schoolhouse June 22, 1988(#88000711) Farrington Rd. 42°26′43″N 72°05′05″W / 42.4453°N 72.0847°W / 42.4453; -72.0847 (No. 4 Schoolhouse) Barre 101 North Avenue Rural Historic District North Avenue Rural Historic District July 25, 2003(#03000683) 85-147 North Ave., 6-8 Trask Rd., 4-16 Hopedale St. 42°07′34″N 71°34′01″W / 42.1261°N 71.5669°W / 42.1261; -71.5669 (North Avenue Rural Historic District) Mendon 102 North Brookfield Town House North Brookfield Town House October 28, 2001(#01001185) 185 N. Main St. 42°16′07″N 72°05′06″W / 42.2687°N 72.0851°W / 42.2687; -72.0851 (North Brookfield Town House) North Brookfield 103 Northside Village Historic District Northside Village Historic District October 5, 1977(#77000195) Stafford St., Northside and Cemetery Rds. 42°09′53″N 71°57′24″W / 42.1647°N 71.9567°W / 42.1647; -71.9567 (Northside Village Historic District) Charlton 104 Oakdale Village Historic District Oakdale Village Historic District July 5, 1996(#96000738) 11-68 N. Main, 8–24 May, 6-10 Green, 12-23 High, 4-68 Laurel, 14-34 Waushacum, and park at Thomas and N. Main 42°23′20″N 71°47′48″W / 42.3889°N 71.7967°W / 42.3889; -71.7967 (Oakdale Village Historic District) West Boylston 105 Oakham Center Historic District Oakham Center Historic District February 6, 2020(#100004337) Roughly bounded by Coldbrook Rd., Maple St., Barre Rd., & Deacon Allen Dr. 42°21′13″N 72°02′34″W / 42.3535°N 72.0427°W / 42.3535; -72.0427 (Oakham Center Historic District) Oakham 106 Old Douglas Center Historic District Old Douglas Center Historic District October 28, 2001(#01001186) Roughly bounded by Church, Common, Main, NW. Main, SW. Main, and Webster Sts. 42°03′14″N 71°44′23″W / 42.0538°N 71.7397°W / 42.0538; -71.7397 (Old Douglas Center Historic District) Douglas 107 Old Indian Cemetery Old Indian Cemetery May 17, 2006(#06000400) 50 Cottage St. 42°14′12″N 72°08′47″W / 42.2367°N 72.1464°W / 42.2367; -72.1464 (Old Indian Cemetery) West Brookfield 108 Old Stone Church Old Stone Church More images April 13, 1973(#73000329) Off MA 140 42°22′29″N 71°46′59″W / 42.3747°N 71.7831°W / 42.3747; -71.7831 (Old Stone Church) West Boylston 109 Oxford Main Street Historic District Oxford Main Street Historic District August 24, 2011(#11000586) Barton, Charlton, Church, E. Main, Elm, Fremont, & Main Sts., Quobaug Ave., Sigourney St., Sutton Ave., West St. Jackson 42°07′01″N 71°51′53″W / 42.1169°N 71.8647°W / 42.1169; -71.8647 (Oxford Main Street Historic District) Oxford 110 Paddock Farm Paddock Farm February 23, 1996(#96000143) 259 Salisbury St. 42°20′02″N 71°50′57″W / 42.3339°N 71.8492°W / 42.3339; -71.8492 (Paddock Farm) Holden 111 Pan Burying Ground Pan Burying Ground More images July 11, 2007(#07000682) 477 Main St. 42°25′50″N 71°35′24″W / 42.4306°N 71.59°W / 42.4306; -71.59 (Pan Burying Ground) Bolton 112 Pan Historic District Pan Historic District More images August 16, 2018(#100002783) Main St., Annie Moore, Burnham, Hudson & Long Hill Rds. 42°25′45″N 71°34′33″W / 42.4293°N 71.5757°W / 42.4293; -71.5757 (Pan Historic District) Bolton 113 Petersham Common Historic District Petersham Common Historic District May 11, 1982(#82004481) MA 32/122 42°29′25″N 72°11′08″W / 42.4903°N 72.1856°W / 42.4903; -72.1856 (Petersham Common Historic District) Petersham 114 Pleasant Street School Pleasant Street School July 5, 1996(#96000736) 54 Pleasant St. 42°14′54″N 71°59′51″W / 42.2483°N 71.9975°W / 42.2483; -71.9975 (Pleasant Street School) Spencer 115 Prescott Town House Prescott Town House February 21, 1989(#89000043) MA 32 42°29′56″N 72°11′01″W / 42.4989°N 72.1836°W / 42.4989; -72.1836 (Prescott Town House) Petersham Former town hall of Prescott, Massachusetts. 116 Princeton Center Historic District Princeton Center Historic District February 26, 1999(#99000259) Junction of Hubbardston and Mountain Rds. 42°26′57″N 71°52′43″W / 42.4492°N 71.8786°W / 42.4492; -71.8786 (Princeton Center Historic District) Princeton Boundary increase (added 2006-03-10): Princeton, MA 117 Prospect Heights Historic District Prospect Heights Historic District September 5, 1990(#90001344) Roughly bounded by Prospect Heights, Prospect, and Water Sts. 42°08′10″N 71°31′55″W / 42.1361°N 71.5319°W / 42.1361; -71.5319 (Prospect Heights Historic District) Milford 118 Gen. Rufus Putnam House Gen. Rufus Putnam House More images November 28, 1972(#72001330) 344 Main St. 42°22′29″N 71°58′15″W / 42.3747°N 71.9708°W / 42.3747; -71.9708 (Gen. Rufus Putnam House) Rutland National Historic Landmark 119 Quinapoxet River Bridge Quinapoxet River Bridge More images April 8, 1990(#89002292) Thomas St. over the Quinapoxet River at the Wachusett Reservoir 42°23′06″N 71°47′52″W / 42.385°N 71.7978°W / 42.385; -71.7978 (Quinapoxet River Bridge) West Boylston 120 Rider Tavern Rider Tavern May 19, 1976(#76000292) Stafford St. at Northside Rd. 42°09′52″N 71°57′14″W / 42.1644°N 71.9539°W / 42.1644; -71.9539 (Rider Tavern) Charlton 121 Rock Castle School Rock Castle School June 7, 1989(#89000437) Prospect St. 42°03′13″N 71°52′41″W / 42.0536°N 71.8781°W / 42.0536; -71.8781 (Rock Castle School) Webster Converted to residential use. 122 Rockdale Common Housing District Rockdale Common Housing District March 31, 1983(#83000611) 4-20 McBride, 46-58 Plantation, and 37-42 Taft Sts. 42°09′09″N 71°38′50″W / 42.1525°N 71.6472°W / 42.1525; -71.6472 (Rockdale Common Housing District) Northbridge 123 Rogers House Rogers House June 1, 1982(#82004471) 28 Boyden Rd. 42°20′59″N 71°51′29″W / 42.3497°N 71.8581°W / 42.3497; -71.8581 (Rogers House) Holden 124 Rural Glen Cemetery Rural Glen Cemetery More images September 4, 2020(#100005076) Worcester Rd. 42°27′55″N 71°59′54″W / 42.4653°N 71.9984°W / 42.4653; -71.9984 (Rural Glen Cemetery) Hubbardston 125 Russell Corner Historic District Russell Corner Historic District February 22, 2006(#06000060) Merriam, Gregory Hill, East Princeton and Sterling Rds. and Bullock Lane 42°27′14″N 71°52′06″W / 42.4539°N 71.8683°W / 42.4539; -71.8683 (Russell Corner Historic District) Princeton 126 Sawyer Homestead Sawyer Homestead September 13, 2000(#00001036) 108 Maple St. 42°25′59″N 71°43′49″W / 42.4331°N 71.7303°W / 42.4331; -71.7303 (Sawyer Homestead) Sterling 127 Shrewsbury Historic District Shrewsbury Historic District October 8, 1976(#76000309) Church Rd., Main, Prospect, Boylston, and Grafton Sts. 42°17′53″N 71°42′50″W / 42.2981°N 71.7139°W / 42.2981; -71.7139 (Shrewsbury Historic District) Shrewsbury 128 Shumway Block Shumway Block December 3, 1980(#80000468) 112-116 Main St. 42°02′55″N 71°53′07″W / 42.0486°N 71.8853°W / 42.0486; -71.8853 (Shumway Block) Webster 129 South Union School South Union School February 18, 2011(#11000021) 21 Highland St. 42°16′05″N 71°31′49″W / 42.2681°N 71.5303°W / 42.2681; -71.5303 (South Union School) Southborough 130 Southborough Center Historic District Southborough Center Historic District December 29, 2021(#100007264) Main and Common Sts., Middle, Cordaville, and Latisquama Rds. 42°18′22″N 71°31′43″W / 42.3060°N 71.5286°W / 42.3060; -71.5286 (Southborough Center Historic District) Southborough 131 Southwick-Daniels Farm Southwick-Daniels Farm August 22, 1995(#95001030) 286 Mendon St. 42°03′26″N 71°32′54″W / 42.0572°N 71.5483°W / 42.0572; -71.5483 (Southwick-Daniels Farm) Blackstone 132 Spaulding Block Spaulding Block December 3, 1980(#80000466) 141-143 Main St. 42°02′56″N 71°53′05″W / 42.0489°N 71.8847°W / 42.0489; -71.8847 (Spaulding Block) Webster 133 Spencer Town Center Historic District Spencer Town Center Historic District June 26, 1986(#86001399) Main between High and North Sts.; also 215-270 and 35-73 Main, 2-16 Linden, 3-24 Ash, 26-73 Cherry, 6–19 May, and 8 Park Sts.; also 10-29 Grove, 1-51 High, 9-85 Mechanic, 13-72 Pleasant, 5-62 Wall Sts., and parts of Prouty, Lincoln, Cherry and Jones Sts.; also Luther Hill Park 42°14′42″N 71°59′33″W / 42.245°N 71.9925°W / 42.245; -71.9925 (Spencer Town Center Historic District) Spencer District has been enlarged three times; each set of addresses represents an increase. 134 John Spurr House John Spurr House April 26, 1976(#76000293) Main St. 42°08′06″N 71°58′10″W / 42.135°N 71.9694°W / 42.135; -71.9694 (John Spurr House) Charlton 135 Sterling Center Historic District Sterling Center Historic District April 14, 1988(#88000425) Roughly bounded by Meetinghouse Hill and Main, Maple and Kendall Hill, Boulding, Worcester and Princeton 42°26′10″N 71°45′41″W / 42.4361°N 71.7614°W / 42.4361; -71.7614 (Sterling Center Historic District) Sterling 136 Stevens Linen Works Historic District Stevens Linen Works Historic District September 17, 2010(#10000751) 8–10 Mill St., 2 W. Main St., 2 Curfew Ln., Ardlock Pl. 42°03′01″N 71°53′24″W / 42.0503°N 71.89°W / 42.0503; -71.89 (Stevens Linen Works Historic District) Dudley Includes the main factory, related industrial buildings, and worker housing. 137 Joseph Stone House Joseph Stone House January 9, 1986(#86000028) 35 Stone St. 42°11′07″N 71°49′51″W / 42.1853°N 71.8308°W / 42.1853; -71.8308 (Joseph Stone House) Auburn 138 Lucy Stone Home Site Lucy Stone Home Site February 8, 2021(#100006122) 69 Coy Hill Rd. 42°15′23″N 72°11′32″W / 42.2565°N 72.1923°W / 42.2565; -72.1923 (Lucy Stone Home Site) West Brookfield 139 Stony Farm Stony Farm December 13, 1995(#95001441) 428 Salisbury St. 42°19′37″N 71°51′04″W / 42.3269°N 71.8511°W / 42.3269; -71.8511 (Stony Farm) Holden 140 Sturbridge Common Historic District Sturbridge Common Historic District November 9, 1977(#77000656) Main St. between Hall Rd. and Interstate 84 42°06′25″N 72°04′44″W / 42.1069°N 72.0789°W / 42.1069; -72.0789 (Sturbridge Common Historic District) Sturbridge 141 Sudbury Dam Historic District Sudbury Dam Historic District More images January 18, 1990(#89002265) Southeastern end of Sudbury Reservoir off MA 30 42°18′21″N 71°29′30″W / 42.3058°N 71.4917°W / 42.3058; -71.4917 (Sudbury Dam Historic District) Southborough Extends into Framingham, Middlesex County 142 Sutton Center Historic District Sutton Center Historic District May 25, 2001(#01000541) Roughly Boston Rd., Singletary Ave., and Uxbridge Rd. 42°09′05″N 71°45′54″W / 42.1514°N 71.765°W / 42.1514; -71.765 (Sutton Center Historic District) Sutton 143 Tantiusques Reservation Tantiusques Reservation More images October 6, 1983(#83004141) Leadmine Rd. 42°03′26″N 72°07′52″W / 42.0572°N 72.1311°W / 42.0572; -72.1311 (Tantiusques Reservation) Sturbridge 144 Ted's Diner Upload image November 29, 2000(#00001395) 67 Main St. 42°08′34″N 71°31′05″W / 42.1428°N 71.5181°W / 42.1428; -71.5181 (Ted's Diner) Milford Demolished in 2002. 145 Benjamin Thayer House Benjamin Thayer House December 30, 2009(#09001174) 200 Farm St. 42°02′49″N 71°31′47″W / 42.047°N 71.5297°W / 42.047; -71.5297 (Benjamin Thayer House) Blackstone 146 Thom Block Thom Block June 23, 1983(#83003435) 83-89 Main St. 42°08′32″N 71°31′07″W / 42.1422°N 71.5186°W / 42.1422; -71.5186 (Thom Block) Milford 147 Thompson School Thompson School June 7, 1989(#89000436) Prospect St. 42°03′02″N 71°52′42″W / 42.0506°N 71.8783°W / 42.0506; -71.8783 (Thompson School) Webster Converted to residential use. 148 Tobin's Beach Site Tobin's Beach Site More images July 22, 1986(#86003808) Address restricted Brookfield Boundary increase approved December 17, 2018 149 Tuttle Square School Tuttle Square School March 8, 2002(#02000129) 41 South St. 42°11′29″N 71°50′06″W / 42.1914°N 71.835°W / 42.1914; -71.835 (Tuttle Square School) Auburn 150 Upton State Forest-Civilian Conservation Corps Resources Historic District Upton State Forest-Civilian Conservation Corps Resources Historic District More images October 8, 2014(#14000841) 205 Westborough Rd. 42°12′33″N 71°36′29″W / 42.2091°N 71.6081°W / 42.2091; -71.6081 (Upton State Forest-Civilian Conservation Corps Resources Historic District) Upton 151 Upton Center Historic District Upton Center Historic District More images January 14, 2015(#14001150) Church, Main, Milford, Nelson, N. Main, Plain, Pleasant, School & Warren Sts. 42°10′26″N 71°36′11″W / 42.1739°N 71.6031°W / 42.1739; -71.6031 (Upton Center Historic District) Upton 152 Upton Town Hall Upton Town Hall More images February 12, 1999(#99000185) 1 Main St. 42°10′26″N 71°35′32″W / 42.1739°N 71.5922°W / 42.1739; -71.5922 (Upton Town Hall) Upton 153 US Post Office-Millbury Main US Post Office-Millbury Main October 15, 1987(#87001764) 119 Elm St. 42°11′27″N 71°44′59″W / 42.1908°N 71.7497°W / 42.1908; -71.7497 (US Post Office-Millbury Main) Millbury 154 US Post Office-Whitinsville Main US Post Office-Whitinsville Main October 15, 1987(#86003433) 58 Church St. 42°06′38″N 71°39′47″W / 42.1106°N 71.6631°W / 42.1106; -71.6631 (US Post Office-Whitinsville Main) Northbridge 155 Vintonville Historic District Vintonville Historic District August 23, 2006(#06000717) Roughly bounded by Cottage, Green, Pine, Brigham, Beach Sts., and rear of properties along the east side of South St. 42°15′59″N 71°36′33″W / 42.2664°N 71.6092°W / 42.2664; -71.6092 (Vintonville Historic District) Westborough 156 Wachusett Aqueduct Linear District Wachusett Aqueduct Linear District More images January 18, 1990(#89002276) Along Wachusett Aqueduct from Wachusett Reservoir to Sudbury Reservoir 42°20′01″N 71°35′27″W / 42.3336°N 71.5908°W / 42.3336; -71.5908 (Wachusett Aqueduct Linear District) Berlin, Clinton, and Northborough, Southborough Extends into Marlborough, Middlesex County 157 Wachusett Dam Historic District Wachusett Dam Historic District More images January 18, 1990(#89002269) Northern end of Wachusett Reservoir at Lancaster Millpond 42°24′17″N 71°41′17″W / 42.4047°N 71.6881°W / 42.4047; -71.6881 (Wachusett Dam Historic District) Clinton 158 Gen. Artemas Ward Homestead Gen. Artemas Ward Homestead May 4, 1976(#76000308) Main St., opposite Dean Park 42°17′42″N 71°41′50″W / 42.295°N 71.6972°W / 42.295; -71.6972 (Gen. Artemas Ward Homestead) Shrewsbury 159 Ware-Hardwick Covered Bridge Ware-Hardwick Covered Bridge More images May 8, 1986(#86001006) Old Gilbertville Rd. and Bridge St. 42°18′37″N 72°12′45″W / 42.3103°N 72.2125°W / 42.3103; -72.2125 (Ware-Hardwick Covered Bridge) Hardwick 160 Warren First Congregational Church-Federated Church Warren First Congregational Church-Federated Church More images November 27, 2004(#04001258) 25 Winthrop Terrace 42°12′49″N 72°11′31″W / 42.2136°N 72.1919°W / 42.2136; -72.1919 (Warren First Congregational Church-Federated Church) Warren 161 Warren Public Library Warren Public Library More images March 13, 2000(#00000146) Main St. at Bacon St. 42°12′48″N 72°11′35″W / 42.2132°N 72.1931°W / 42.2132; -72.1931 (Warren Public Library) Warren 162 Warren Town Hall Warren Town Hall More images June 14, 2001(#01000650) 1 Main St. 42°12′46″N 72°11′43″W / 42.2128°N 72.1953°W / 42.2128; -72.1953 (Warren Town Hall) Warren 163 Jonah Warren House Jonah Warren House November 5, 1998(#98001331) 64 Warren St. 42°14′54″N 71°36′12″W / 42.2483°N 71.6033°W / 42.2483; -71.6033 (Jonah Warren House) Westborough 164 Washburn Square-Leicester Common Historic District Washburn Square-Leicester Common Historic District February 22, 2006(#06000062) Main St., Washburn Sq., 3 Paxton St. 42°14′46″N 71°54′13″W / 42.2461°N 71.9036°W / 42.2461; -71.9036 (Washburn Square-Leicester Common Historic District) Leicester 165 Waters Farm Waters Farm April 4, 1985(#85000695) 53 Waters Rd. 42°06′21″N 71°47′02″W / 42.1058°N 71.7839°W / 42.1058; -71.7839 (Waters Farm) Sutton 166 Asa Waters Mansion Asa Waters Mansion More images February 14, 1978(#78000479) 123 Elm St. 42°11′24″N 71°45′46″W / 42.19°N 71.7628°W / 42.19; -71.7628 (Asa Waters Mansion) Millbury 167 Webster Municipal Buildings Historic District Webster Municipal Buildings Historic District March 27, 2012(#12000152) 350 Main, 29 Negus, & 2 Lake Sts. 42°02′59″N 71°52′48″W / 42.0496°N 71.880°W / 42.0496; -71.880 (Webster Municipal Buildings Historic District) Webster 168 West Brick School West Brick School March 1, 2011(#11000070) 1592 Old Turnpike Rd. 42°21′44″N 72°04′54″W / 42.3622°N 72.0817°W / 42.3622; -72.0817 (West Brick School) Oakham 169 West Brookfield Center Historic District West Brookfield Center Historic District More images June 28, 1990(#90000885) Roughly Central and Cottage Sts. from Sherman St. to Lake St. and west, N. and S. Main Sts. from Chapman Ave. to Maple St. 42°14′04″N 72°08′30″W / 42.2344°N 72.1417°W / 42.2344; -72.1417 (West Brookfield Center Historic District) West Brookfield 170 West Main Street Historic District West Main Street Historic District June 16, 1987(#87000884) Roughly bounded by Milk, Main, Blake, and Fay Sts.; also 83-118 W. Main St.; also roughly bounded by Charles, Forbes, South and Cross Sts.; also portions of E. Main St., High St., Lincoln St., Milk St., Prospect and Spring Sts. 42°16′07″N 71°37′04″W / 42.2686°N 71.6178°W / 42.2686; -71.6178 (West Main Street Historic District) Westborough Second, third, and fourth sets of boundaries represent boundary increases of December 6, 1990, June 16, 1987, and May 29, 2009 respectively 171 West Sutton Historic District West Sutton Historic District August 8, 2001(#01000871) Central Turnpike and Douglas, Town Farm, and West Sutton Rds. 42°07′02″N 71°48′11″W / 42.1172°N 71.8031°W / 42.1172; -71.8031 (West Sutton Historic District) Sutton 172 West Village Historic District West Village Historic District October 16, 2009(#09000827) Allen Hill, Goodnow, Hubbardston, and Radford Rds. 42°27′06″N 71°53′05″W / 42.4518°N 71.8847°W / 42.4518; -71.8847 (West Village Historic District) Princeton 173 Westborough State Hospital Westborough State Hospital More images January 21, 1994(#93001488) Along Lyman St. north of Chauncy Lake, and the junction of South St. and MA 9 42°18′04″N 71°36′37″W / 42.3011°N 71.6103°W / 42.3011; -71.6103 (Westborough State Hospital) Westborough 174 Weston Aqueduct Linear District Weston Aqueduct Linear District More images January 18, 1990(#89002274) Along Weston Aqueduct from Sudbury Reservoir to Weston Reservoir 42°20′00″N 71°22′32″W / 42.3333°N 71.3756°W / 42.3333; -71.3756 (Weston Aqueduct Linear District) Southborough Extends into Middlesex County 175 White Homestead-Salem Cross Inn White Homestead-Salem Cross Inn April 14, 1975(#09000619) 260 West Main Street 42°14′41″N 72°10′25″W / 42.2446°N 72.1735°W / 42.2446; -72.1735 (White Homestead-Salem Cross Inn) West Brookfield 176 Whitcomb Inn and Farm Whitcomb Inn and Farm May 2, 2002(#02000431) 43 Old Sugar Rd. 42°26′44″N 71°34′54″W / 42.4456°N 71.5817°W / 42.4456; -71.5817 (Whitcomb Inn and Farm) Bolton 177 Whitinsville Historic District Whitinsville Historic District More images April 7, 1983(#83000613) Church, East, Fletcher, Hill, Woodland, Lake, and Water Sts., Castle Hill Rd., and Linwood Ave. 42°06′28″N 71°40′00″W / 42.1078°N 71.6667°W / 42.1078; -71.6667 (Whitinsville Historic District) Northbridge 178 Wickaboag Valley Historic District Wickaboag Valley Historic District October 27, 2000(#00001201) Roughly bounded by the Wickaboag Pond, Mill Stone Rd., Madden Rd., and the New Braintree border 42°15′11″N 72°09′14″W / 42.2530°N 72.154°W / 42.2530; -72.154 (Wickaboag Valley Historic District) West Brookfield 179 Oliver Wight House Oliver Wight House More images June 1, 1982(#82004483) Main St. 42°06′41″N 72°05′22″W / 42.1114°N 72.0894°W / 42.1114; -72.0894 (Oliver Wight House) Sturbridge 180 Willard House and Clock Museum Willard House and Clock Museum More images June 1, 1982(#82004470) 11 Willard St. 42°14′20″N 71°40′25″W / 42.2389°N 71.6736°W / 42.2389; -71.6736 (Willard House and Clock Museum) Grafton 181 Willard-Fisk House Willard-Fisk House February 23, 1996(#96000163) 121 Whitney St. 42°22′44″N 71°53′11″W / 42.3789°N 71.8864°W / 42.3789; -71.8864 (Willard-Fisk House) Holden 182 Woodlawn Cemetery Woodlawn Cemetery More images July 23, 2013(#13000535) 2 Woodlawn St. 42°25′09″N 71°41′29″W / 42.4193°N 71.6913°W / 42.4193; -71.6913 (Woodlawn Cemetery) Clinton Former listing Name on the Register Image Date listedDate removed Location City or town Description 1 Northborough Town Hall Upload image February 23, 1972(#72000151)May 5, 2000 NE corner of W. Main and Blake St. Northborough Destroyed by fire September 18, 1985. References ^ The latitude and longitude information provided in this table was derived originally from the National Register Information System, which has been found to be fairly accurate for about 99% of listings. Some locations in this table may have been corrected to current GPS standards. ^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved February 16, 2024. ^ a b Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 24, 2008. ^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number. ^ Coordinates derived from the location of Cedar Swamp along the county line on USGS topographical maps; the NRIS lists the site as "Address Restricted." ^ "Weekly list of actions taken on properties: 2/25/13 through 3/01/13". National Park Service. March 8, 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2013. ^ a b Federal and state laws and practices restrict general public access to information regarding the specific location of this resource. In some cases, this is to protect archeological sites from vandalism, while in other cases it is restricted at the request of the owner. See: Knoerl, John; Miller, Diane; Shrimpton, Rebecca H. (1990), Guidelines for Restricting Information about Historic and Prehistoric Resources, National Register Bulletin, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, OCLC 20706997. ^ "MACRIS Inventory Record for Ted's Diner". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved 2013-01-10. ^ "Old town hall levelled". The Boston Globe. September 19, 1985. p. 45. Retrieved July 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Town Hall, Town Common, Town Mistake? - Northborough, MA Patch". Archived from the original on 2012-04-14. Retrieved 2012-04-04. Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Register of Historic Places in Worcester County, Massachusetts. vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in MassachusettsTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Barnstable Berkshire Bristol Dukes Essex Franklin Hampden Hampshire Middlesex Nantucket Norfolk Plymouth Suffolk Worcester (northern) Lists by cityBarnstable County Barnstable Harwich Bristol County Fall River New Bedford Taunton Essex County Andover Gloucester Ipswich Lawrence Lynn Methuen Salem Hampden County Springfield Middlesex County Arlington Cambridge Concord Framingham Lexington Lowell Marlborough Medford Newton Reading Sherborn Somerville Stoneham Wakefield Waltham Weston Winchester Norfolk County Brookline Milton Quincy Suffolk County Boston northern southern Worcester County Southbridge Uxbridge Worcester eastern northwestern southwestern Other lists Bridges Cape Cod National Seashore National Historic Landmarks Boston Category  National Register of Historic Places portal  United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Worcester_County.svg"},{"link_name":"Worcester County, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"NPS recent listings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Location of Worcester County in MassachusettsThis is a list of the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) designated in Worcester County, Massachusetts. The locations of NRHP properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.[1]This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024.[2]","title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Worcester County, Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}],"text":"The following Worcester County cities and towns have large numbers of sites listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Lists of their sites are on separate pages, linked below.","title":"Cities and towns listed separately"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other cities and towns in central and southern Worcester County"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former listing"}]
[{"image_text":"Location of Worcester County in Massachusetts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Worcester_County.svg/220px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Worcester_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"1767 Milestones","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ShrewsburyMA_Milestone43.jpg/100px-ShrewsburyMA_Milestone43.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nathan C. Aldrich House and Resthaven Chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MilfordMA_AldrichHouse.jpg/100px-MilfordMA_AldrichHouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ethan Allen House and Gun Shop","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ethan_Allen_House_and_Gun_Shop.jpg/100px-Ethan_Allen_House_and_Gun_Shop.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bancroft Memorial Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bancroft_Memorial_Library.jpg/100px-Bancroft_Memorial_Library.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barlin Acres","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/BoylstonMA_BarlinAcres.jpg/100px-BoylstonMA_BarlinAcres.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barnes-Hill House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Barneshillhouse.jpg/100px-Barneshillhouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barre Common District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Old_Town_Hall%2C_Barre_MA.jpg/100px-Old_Town_Hall%2C_Barre_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bartlett's Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bartlett%27s_Bridge%2C_Spanning_French_River_on_Clara_Barton_Road%2C_Oxford_%28Worcester_County%2C_Massachusetts%29.jpg/100px-Bartlett%27s_Bridge%2C_Spanning_French_River_on_Clara_Barton_Road%2C_Oxford_%28Worcester_County%2C_Massachusetts%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clara Barton Homestead","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Clara_Barton_birthplace.jpg/100px-Clara_Barton_birthplace.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beaman Memorial Public Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Beaman_Memorial_Public_Library%2C_West_Boylston_MA.jpg/100px-Beaman_Memorial_Public_Library%2C_West_Boylston_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Berlin Town Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Town_Hall%2C_Berlin_MA.jpg/100px-Town_Hall%2C_Berlin_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bigelow Carpet Company Woolen Mills","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bigelow_Carpet_Mills_Clinton.jpg/100px-Bigelow_Carpet_Mills_Clinton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bigelow Carpet Mill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bigelow_Clinton.jpg/100px-Bigelow_Clinton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bigelow Tavern Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/WB_Historical_Soc.jpg/100px-WB_Historical_Soc.jpg"},{"image_text":"Black Tavern","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/DudleyMA_BlackTavern.jpg/100px-DudleyMA_BlackTavern.jpg"},{"image_text":"Blackstone Canal Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Millville_Lock_MA.jpg/100px-Millville_Lock_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Blackstone Manufacturing Company Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Blackstone_Block%2C_built_1849%2C_Bllackstone_MA.JPG/100px-Blackstone_Block%2C_built_1849%2C_Bllackstone_MA.JPG"},{"image_text":"Blackstone Viaduct","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Blackstone_Viaduct_2.jpg/100px-Blackstone_Viaduct_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bolton Center Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/First_Parish%2C_Bolton_MA.jpg/100px-First_Parish%2C_Bolton_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bowers School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bowers_School_Clinton_MA.jpg/100px-Bowers_School_Clinton_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"J.D.C. Bradley House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/SouthboroughMA_JDCBradleyHouse.jpg/100px-SouthboroughMA_JDCBradleyHouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brookfield Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Brookfield_Cemetery%2C_June_2012%2C_Brookfield_MA.jpg/100px-Brookfield_Cemetery%2C_June_2012%2C_Brookfield_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brookfield Common Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Congregational_Church%2C_Brookfield_MA.jpg/100px-Congregational_Church%2C_Brookfield_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brown-Davis-Frost Farm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/HoldenMA_BrownDavisFrostFarm.jpg/100px-HoldenMA_BrownDavisFrostFarm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bullard House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bullard_House.jpg/100px-Bullard_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Camp Atwater","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/NorthBrookfieldMA_CampAtwater_3.jpg/100px-NorthBrookfieldMA_CampAtwater_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cedar Swamp Archeological District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/WestboroughMA_CedarSwampWinter.jpg/100px-WestboroughMA_CedarSwampWinter.jpg"},{"image_text":"Central Street Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Udor_Tower_Millville.jpg/100px-Udor_Tower_Millville.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charlton Center Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charlton_Common.jpg/100px-Charlton_Common.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chestnut Hill Meetinghouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Chestnut_Hill_Meetinghouse%2C_Millville_MA.jpg/100px-Chestnut_Hill_Meetinghouse%2C_Millville_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"George Clapp House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/George_Clapp_House_Front_View_-_on_North_Street.jpg/100px-George_Clapp_House_Front_View_-_on_North_Street.jpg"},{"image_text":"Olney Cook Artisan Shop","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Olney_Cook_Artisan_Shop_a_historic_industrial_building_at_54_Hartford_Avenue_East_in_Mendon%2C_Massachusetts_MA_built_before_1839.jpg/100px-Olney_Cook_Artisan_Shop_a_historic_industrial_building_at_54_Hartford_Avenue_East_in_Mendon%2C_Massachusetts_MA_built_before_1839.jpg"},{"image_text":"Corcoran School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Corcoran_School_front_Clinton_MA.jpg/100px-Corcoran_School_front_Clinton_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crossman Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/WarrenMA_CrossmanBridge.jpg/100px-WarrenMA_CrossmanBridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dana Common Historic and Archaeological District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Commemorative_Marker%2C_Dana_MA.jpg/100px-Commemorative_Marker%2C_Dana_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"District Five Schoolhouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/WebsterMA_DudleyWebsterHistoricalSociety.jpg/100px-WebsterMA_DudleyWebsterHistoricalSociety.jpg"},{"image_text":"District No. 4 School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PetershamMA_DistrictFourSchool.jpg/100px-PetershamMA_DistrictFourSchool.jpg"},{"image_text":"District No. 5 School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/District_No_5_School%2C_Petersham_MA.jpg/100px-District_No_5_School%2C_Petersham_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"District No. 5 School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/District_No._5_School.jpg/100px-District_No._5_School.jpg"},{"image_text":"Downtown Clinton Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/High-Union_Clinton_MA.jpg/100px-High-Union_Clinton_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dudley Hill Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nichols_College%2C_Dudley_Massachusetts_%28May_2007%29.jpg/100px-Nichols_College%2C_Dudley_Massachusetts_%28May_2007%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eagleville Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/HoldenMA_Eagleville_3.jpg/100px-HoldenMA_Eagleville_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"East Blackstone Friends Meetinghouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/East_Blackstone_Friends_Meetinghouse%2C_East_Blackstone_MA.jpg/100px-East_Blackstone_Friends_Meetinghouse%2C_East_Blackstone_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"East Blackstone Village Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Elm_Street%2C_East_Blackstone_MA.jpg/100px-Elm_Street%2C_East_Blackstone_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"East Princeton Village Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/East_Princeton%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/100px-East_Princeton%2C_Massachusetts.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eddy Block","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Eddy_Block_Webster.jpg/100px-Eddy_Block_Webster.jpg"},{"image_text":"Elm Hill Farm Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Elm_Hill_Farm%2C_Brookfield_MA.jpg/100px-Elm_Hill_Farm%2C_Brookfield_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Farnum's Gate Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Farnum_Professional_Building%2C_Blackstone_MA.jpg/100px-Farnum_Professional_Building%2C_Blackstone_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Farnumsville Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Polish_National_Home.JPG/100px-Polish_National_Home.JPG"},{"image_text":"Fernside-Vacation House for Working Girls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Fernside-Vacation_House_for_Working_Girls.jpg/100px-Fernside-Vacation_House_for_Working_Girls.jpg"},{"image_text":"First Baptist Church of Northborough","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Northborough_Historical_Society_in_former_First_Baptist_Church_%282013%29.jpg/100px-Northborough_Historical_Society_in_former_First_Baptist_Church_%282013%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"First Methodist Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/First_Methodist_Church_Clinton_Massachusetts.jpg/100px-First_Methodist_Church_Clinton_Massachusetts.jpg"},{"image_text":"First Presbyterian Society Meeting House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/First_Presbyterian_Society_Meeting_House.jpg/100px-First_Presbyterian_Society_Meeting_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nathan Fisher House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nathan_Fisher_House%2C_Westborough%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/100px-Nathan_Fisher_House%2C_Westborough%2C_Massachusetts.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fisherville Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ferry_Street_home_in_Fisherville.JPG/100px-Ferry_Street_home_in_Fisherville.JPG"},{"image_text":"Fobes-O'Donnell House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/OakhamMA_FobesODonnellHouse.jpg/100px-OakhamMA_FobesODonnellHouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jedediah Foster Homesite","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WestBrookfieldMA_FosterHomesite.jpg/100px-WestBrookfieldMA_FosterHomesite.jpg"},{"image_text":"Four Corners-Goodnow Farm Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PrincetonMA_FourCornersHD_4.jpg/100px-PrincetonMA_FourCornersHD_4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Freegrace Marble Farm Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Freegrace_Marble_Farm%2C_Sutton_MA.jpg/100px-Freegrace_Marble_Farm%2C_Sutton_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gay Farm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/PetershamMA_GayFarm.jpg/100px-PetershamMA_GayFarm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rev. Samuel Gay House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/HubbardstonMA_RevSamuelGayHouse.jpg/100px-HubbardstonMA_RevSamuelGayHouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gilbertville Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/HardwickMA-Gilbertville-mill.jpg/100px-HardwickMA-Gilbertville-mill.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gillon Block","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PGillon_block.jpg/100px-PGillon_block.jpg"},{"image_text":"Goddard Rocket Launching Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Goddard_and_Rocket.jpg/100px-Goddard_and_Rocket.jpg"},{"image_text":"John B. Gough House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/John_B._Gough_House.jpg/100px-John_B._Gough_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grafton Common Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Grafton_Common.jpg/100px-Grafton_Common.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grafton Inn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Grafton_Inn_-_Grafton%2C_MA_-_DSC04548.JPG/100px-Grafton_Inn_-_Grafton%2C_MA_-_DSC04548.JPG"},{"image_text":"Grove Street School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Grove_Street_School%2C_Spencer_MA.jpg/100px-Grove_Street_School%2C_Spencer_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hardwick Village Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/First_Universalist_Church%2C_Hardwick_MA.jpg/100px-First_Universalist_Church%2C_Hardwick_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hassanamisco Reservation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hassanamisco_Nipmuc_Indian_Building_on_Property.jpg/100px-Hassanamisco_Nipmuc_Indian_Building_on_Property.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stephen Hastings House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SterlingMA_StephenHastingsHouse.jpg/100px-SterlingMA_StephenHastingsHouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hayward Mill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hayward_Landing_Douglas.jpg/100px-Hayward_Landing_Douglas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Holden Center Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Holden_Center.jpg/100px-Holden_Center.jpg"},{"image_text":"Holland-Towne House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/PetershamMA_HollandTowneHouse.jpg/100px-PetershamMA_HollandTowneHouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hopedale Village Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hopedale_Unitarian_Parish%2C_MA.jpg/100px-Hopedale_Unitarian_Parish%2C_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hubbard-Dawson House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/HoldenMA_HubbardDawsonHouse.jpg/100px-HoldenMA_HubbardDawsonHouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hubbardston Public Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hubbardston_Library.jpg/100px-Hubbardston_Library.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hubbardston Town Common Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/First_Parish_Unitarian_Church%2C_Hubbardston_MA.jpg/100px-First_Parish_Unitarian_Church%2C_Hubbardston_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hudson House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hudson_House%2C_Oxford_MA.jpg/100px-Hudson_House%2C_Oxford_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Huguenot Fort","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/OxfordMA_HuguenotFortPark.jpg/100px-OxfordMA_HuguenotFortPark.jpg"},{"image_text":"E. N. Jenckes Store","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/E_N_Jenckes_Store%2C_East_Douglas_MA.jpg/100px-E_N_Jenckes_Store%2C_East_Douglas_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Knowlton Hat Factory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Knowlton_Hat_Factory.jpg/100px-Knowlton_Hat_Factory.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lancaster Mills","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lancaster_Mills_Clinton_Mass.jpg/100px-Lancaster_Mills_Clinton_Mass.jpg"},{"image_text":"Linwood Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Linwood_Mill_2005.jpg/100px-Linwood_Mill_2005.jpg"},{"image_text":"Joseph Lothrop House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/WestboroughMA_JosephLothropHouse.jpg/100px-WestboroughMA_JosephLothropHouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lyman School for Boys","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lyman-hall-old.jpg/100px-Lyman-hall-old.jpg"},{"image_text":"Main Street Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Old_Cemetery%2C_Millville_MA.jpg/100px-Old_Cemetery%2C_Millville_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Main Street Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Downtown_Webster_Mass.jpg/100px-Downtown_Webster_Mass.jpg"},{"image_text":"Manchaug Village Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Manchaug_Mill.jpg/100px-Manchaug_Mill.jpg"},{"image_text":"Manning-Ball House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/HoldenMA_ManningBallHouse.jpg/100px-HoldenMA_ManningBallHouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maples Cottage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/WestboroughMA_MaplesCottage.jpg/100px-WestboroughMA_MaplesCottage.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marlborough Brook Filter Beds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/MarlboroughMA_MarlboroughBrookFilterBeds.jpg/100px-MarlboroughMA_MarlboroughBrookFilterBeds.jpg"},{"image_text":"Matthews Fulling Mill Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/NorthBrookfieldMA_SuckerBrook.jpg/100px-NorthBrookfieldMA_SuckerBrook.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Memorial_Hall_in_Milford%2C_MA.jpg/100px-Memorial_Hall_in_Milford%2C_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mendon Center Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/First_Church_Mendon.JPG/100px-First_Church_Mendon.JPG"},{"image_text":"Milford Town 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District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/First_Congregational_Church_of_Douglas_MA.jpg/100px-First_Congregational_Church_of_Douglas_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Old Indian Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/WestBrookfieldMA_IndianCemetary.jpg/100px-WestBrookfieldMA_IndianCemetary.jpg"},{"image_text":"Old Stone Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/WachusettOldStoneChurch.jpg/100px-WachusettOldStoneChurch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oxford Main Street Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/OxfordMA_MainStreet.jpg/100px-OxfordMA_MainStreet.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paddock Farm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/HoldenMA_PaddockFarm.jpg/100px-HoldenMA_PaddockFarm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pan Burying Ground","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pan_Burying_Ground.jpg/100px-Pan_Burying_Ground.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pan Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BoltonMA_PanHD_4.jpg/100px-BoltonMA_PanHD_4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Petersham Common Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/First_Congregational_Parish%2C_Unitarian%2C_Petersham%2C_MA.jpg/100px-First_Congregational_Parish%2C_Unitarian%2C_Petersham%2C_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pleasant Street School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pleasant_Street_School%2C_Spencer_MA.jpg/100px-Pleasant_Street_School%2C_Spencer_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prescott Town House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/PetershamMA_PrescottTownHouse.jpg/100px-PetershamMA_PrescottTownHouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Princeton Center Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Princeton_Public_Library%2C_MA.jpg/100px-Princeton_Public_Library%2C_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prospect Heights Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Prospect_Heights_homes--across_from_Prospect_Park.JPG/100px-Prospect_Heights_homes--across_from_Prospect_Park.JPG"},{"image_text":"Gen. Rufus Putnam House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/General_Rufus_Putnam_House%2C_Main_Street%2C_Rutland_%28Worcester_County%2C_Massachusetts%29.jpg/100px-General_Rufus_Putnam_House%2C_Main_Street%2C_Rutland_%28Worcester_County%2C_Massachusetts%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Quinapoxet River Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Quinepoxet_River_Bridge.jpg/100px-Quinepoxet_River_Bridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rider Tavern","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rider_Tavern%2C_Charlton_MA.jpg/100px-Rider_Tavern%2C_Charlton_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rock Castle School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/WebsterMA_RockCastleSchool.jpg/100px-WebsterMA_RockCastleSchool.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rockdale Common Housing District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/18-20_McBride_Street_housing.JPG/100px-18-20_McBride_Street_housing.JPG"},{"image_text":"Rogers House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/HoldenMA_RogersHouse.jpg/100px-HoldenMA_RogersHouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rural Glen Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/HubbardstonMA_RuralGlenCemetery2.jpg/100px-HubbardstonMA_RuralGlenCemetery2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Russell Corner Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Abijah_Moore_Tavern%2C_c_1748%2C_Princeton_MA.jpg/100px-Abijah_Moore_Tavern%2C_c_1748%2C_Princeton_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sawyer Homestead","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_reconstruction_of_the_Sawyer_Homestead%2C_Sterling_MA.jpg/100px-A_reconstruction_of_the_Sawyer_Homestead%2C_Sterling_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shrewsbury Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/First_Congregational_Church%2C_Shrewsbury_MA.jpg/100px-First_Congregational_Church%2C_Shrewsbury_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shumway Block","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/WebsterMA_ShumwayBlock.jpg/100px-WebsterMA_ShumwayBlock.jpg"},{"image_text":"South Union School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/SouthboroughMA_SouthUnionSchool.jpg/100px-SouthboroughMA_SouthUnionSchool.jpg"},{"image_text":"Southborough Center Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Southborough_Town_House_-_Southborough%2C_MA_-_IMG_0678.JPG/100px-Southborough_Town_House_-_Southborough%2C_MA_-_IMG_0678.JPG"},{"image_text":"Southwick-Daniels Farm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/BlackstoneMA_SouthwickDanielsFarm.jpg/100px-BlackstoneMA_SouthwickDanielsFarm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spaulding Block","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/WebsterMA_SpauldingBlock.jpg/100px-WebsterMA_SpauldingBlock.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spencer Town Center Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Spencer_Center.jpg/100px-Spencer_Center.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Spurr House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/John_Spurr_House%2C_September_2016%2C_Charlton_MA.jpg/100px-John_Spurr_House%2C_September_2016%2C_Charlton_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sterling Center Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sterling_Center.jpg/100px-Sterling_Center.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stevens Linen Works Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/DudleyMA_StevensLinenFactory.jpg/100px-DudleyMA_StevensLinenFactory.jpg"},{"image_text":"Joseph Stone House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Joseph_Stone_House%2C_Auburn_MA.jpg/100px-Joseph_Stone_House%2C_Auburn_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lucy Stone Home Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/WestBrookfieldMA_LucyStoneBirthplace_Foundation.jpg/100px-WestBrookfieldMA_LucyStoneBirthplace_Foundation.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stony Farm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/HoldenMA_StonyFarm.jpg/100px-HoldenMA_StonyFarm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sturbridge Common Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sturbridge_Federated_Church%2C_MA.jpg/100px-Sturbridge_Federated_Church%2C_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sudbury Dam Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/FraminghamMA_SudburyDamGatehouse.jpg/100px-FraminghamMA_SudburyDamGatehouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sutton Center Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sutton_Common.jpg/100px-Sutton_Common.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tantiusques Reservation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tantiusques_-_IMG_7327.jpg/100px-Tantiusques_-_IMG_7327.jpg"},{"image_text":"Benjamin Thayer House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BlackstoneMA_BenjaminThayerEstate.jpg/100px-BlackstoneMA_BenjaminThayerEstate.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thom Block","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Thom_Block.jpg/100px-Thom_Block.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thompson School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/WebsterMA_ThompsonSchool.jpg/100px-WebsterMA_ThompsonSchool.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tobin's Beach Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/BrookfieldMA_TobinsBeachSite2.jpg/100px-BrookfieldMA_TobinsBeachSite2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tuttle Square School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tuttle_Square_School%2C_Auburn_MA.jpg/100px-Tuttle_Square_School%2C_Auburn_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Upton State Forest-Civilian Conservation Corps Resources Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/UptonMA_UptonSF_CCC_2.jpg/100px-UptonMA_UptonSF_CCC_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Upton Center Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/UptonMA_UnitedParishChurch.jpg/100px-UptonMA_UnitedParishChurch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Upton Town Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Upton_Town_Hall.JPG/100px-Upton_Town_Hall.JPG"},{"image_text":"US Post Office-Millbury Main","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/US_Post_Office%2C_Millbury_MA.jpg/100px-US_Post_Office%2C_Millbury_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"US Post Office-Whitinsville Main","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Post_Office%2C_Whitinsville_MA.jpg/100px-Post_Office%2C_Whitinsville_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vintonville Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cottage_Street%2C_Westborough_MA.jpg/100px-Cottage_Street%2C_Westborough_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wachusett Aqueduct Linear District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wachusett_Aqueduct_Southborough.jpg/100px-Wachusett_Aqueduct_Southborough.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wachusett Dam Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wachusett-dam.jpg/100px-Wachusett-dam.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gen. 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null
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 24, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Weekly list of actions taken on properties: 2/25/13 through 3/01/13\". National Park Service. March 8, 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20130308.htm","url_text":"\"Weekly list of actions taken on properties: 2/25/13 through 3/01/13\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Knoerl, John; Miller, Diane; Shrimpton, Rebecca H. (1990), Guidelines for Restricting Information about Historic and Prehistoric Resources, National Register Bulletin, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, OCLC 20706997","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/guidelinesforres00knoe","url_text":"Guidelines for Restricting Information about Historic and Prehistoric Resources"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"U.S. Department of the Interior"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20706997","url_text":"20706997"}]},{"reference":"\"MACRIS Inventory Record for Ted's Diner\". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved 2013-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://mhc-macris.net/Details.aspx?MhcId=MIL.660","url_text":"\"MACRIS Inventory Record for Ted's Diner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Old town hall levelled\". The Boston Globe. September 19, 1985. p. 45. Retrieved July 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105121119/","url_text":"\"Old town hall levelled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Town Hall, Town Common, Town Mistake? - Northborough, MA Patch\". Archived from the original on 2012-04-14. Retrieved 2012-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120414183007/http://northborough.patch.com/blog_posts/town-hall-town-common-town-mistake","url_text":"\"Town Hall, Town Common, Town Mistake? - Northborough, MA Patch\""},{"url":"http://northborough.patch.com/blog_posts/town-hall-town-common-town-mistake","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_FitzGerald-de_Ros,_23rd_Baron_de_Ros
William FitzGerald-de Ros, 22nd Baron de Ros
["1 Background","2 Military career","3 Political career","4 Family","5 References","6 External links"]
British Army general General The Right HonourableThe Lord de RosPC DLWilliam Lord De RosCaptain of the Yeomen of the GuardIn office27 February 1852 – 17 December 1852MonarchQueen VictoriaPrime MinisterThe Earl of DerbyPreceded byThe Marquess of DonegallSucceeded byThe Viscount SydneyIn office17 March 1858 – 11 June 1859MonarchQueen VictoriaPrime MinisterThe Earl of DerbyPreceded byThe Viscount SydneySucceeded byThe Earl of Ducie Personal detailsBorn1 September 1797Thames Ditton, SurreyDied6 January 1874 (1874-01-07) (aged 76)Old Court, Strangford, County DownNationalityBritishPolitical partyConservativeSpouse(s)Lady Georgiana Lennox (1795–1891) William Lennox Lascelles FitzGerald-de Ros, 22nd Baron de Ros of Helmsley, PC, DL (1 September 1797 – 6 January 1874), was a British soldier and Conservative politician. A general in the Army, he also held political office as Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard in 1852 and between 1858 and 1859. Background FitzGerald-de Ros was born into an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family at Thames Ditton, Surrey, the third son of Lord Henry FitzGerald, fourth son of The 1st Duke of Leinster and Lady Emily Lennox. His paternal uncle was Lord Edward FitzGerald, the Irish revolutionary. His mother was Charlotte FitzGerald-de Ros, 20th Baroness de Ros, while Henry FitzGerald-de Ros, 21st Baron de Ros, was his elder brother. He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford in 1815, graduating B.A. in 1819 and M.A. in 1822. Military career As a younger son, de Ros embarked upon a military career, joining the Life Guards as a cornet on 29 March 1819. He subsequently became a lieutenant on 24 August 1821, a captain on 23 October 1824, a major on 5 June 1827 and a lieutenant-colonel on 8 September 1831. In July 1835, de Ros and the Earl of Durham travelled to the Black Sea for half a year to investigate Russian military preparations. He was appointed a Gentleman Usher Quarter Waiter to Queen Victoria in 1836, but had surrendered the post by 1839, when he inherited the barony of de Ros on the death of his eldest brother (a middle brother, Arthur, had predeceased them). He became a colonel on 9 November 1846, and was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of the Tower of London on 13 February 1852. Lord de Ros served as Quartermaster-General for the British Army in Turkey during the Crimean War between April and July 1854, being promoted major-general on 20 June 1854. Due to a severe attack of fever in July, he was forced to return home as the army embarked for the Crimea. He was promoted lieutenant-general on 12 March 1861, appointed colonel of the 4th (Queen's Own) Hussars on 6 February 1865, and promoted general on 10 November 1868. Political career In February 1852 Lord de Ros was appointed Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard in the Earl of Derby's first administration, and sworn of the Privy Council. The government fell in December 1852, but when Derby returned to office in February 1858, de Ros was once again made Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard. He continued in this post until Derby resigned in June 1859. Family Lord de Ros married his second cousin Lady Georgiana Lennox (Molecombe, Sussex, 30 September 1795 – London, 15 December 1891), daughter of Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond, his father's first cousin, in London on 7 June 1824. They had three children: Hon. Frances Charlotte FitzGerald-de Ros (1825– 21 February 1851), unmarried and without issue. Dudley FitzGerald-de Ros, 23rd Baron de Ros (1827–1907). Hon. Blanche Arthur Georgina FitzGerald-de Ros (1832 – 10 March 1910), married on 11 July 1865 James Rannie Swinton (see Clan Swinton) (died December 1888, also without issue). Lord de Ros died at Old Court, Strangford, County Down, in January 1874, aged 76, and was succeeded in the barony by his only son, Dudley. Lady de Ros died in London in December 1891, aged 96. References ^ Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). "Ros, William Lennox Lascelles Fitzgerald de" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource. ^ "No. 17748". The London Gazette. 22 September 1821. p. 1899. ^ "No. 18073". The London Gazette. 23 October 1824. p. 1741. ^ "No. 18367". The London Gazette. 5 June 1827. p. 1219. ^ "No. 18853". The London Gazette. 23 September 1831. p. 1947. ^ "No. 20660". The London Gazette. 10 November 1846. p. 3989. ^ "No. 21303". The London Gazette. 23 March 1852. p. 870. ^ "No. 21535". The London Gazette. 28 March 1854. p. 977. ^ "No. 21564". The London Gazette. 22 June 1854. p. 1933. ^ "No. 22497". The London Gazette. 29 March 1861. p. 1375. ^ "No. 22939". The London Gazette. 14 February 1865. p. 695. ^ "No. 23446". The London Gazette. 1 December 1868. p. 6405. ^ "No. 21297". The London Gazette. 2 March 1852. p. 670. ^ "No. 21296". The London Gazette. 27 February 1852. p. 633. ^ "No. 21397". The London Gazette. 31 December 1852. p. 3939. ^ "No. 22115". The London Gazette. 19 March 1858. p. 1492. ^ "No. 22281". The London Gazette. 1 July 1859. p. 2550. External links Introduction De Ros Papers, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland Military offices Preceded bySir James Hope Grant Colonel of the 4th (Queen's Own) Hussars 1865–1874 Succeeded byLord George Paget Political offices Preceded byThe Marquess of Donegall Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard 1852 Succeeded byThe Viscount Sydney Preceded byThe Viscount Sydney Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard 1858–1859 Succeeded byThe Earl of Ducie Peerage of England Preceded byHenry FitzGerald-de Ros Baron de Ros 1839–1874 Succeeded byDudley FitzGerald-de Ros Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Vatican
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A general in the Army, he also held political office as Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard in 1852 and between 1858 and 1859.","title":"William FitzGerald-de Ros, 22nd Baron de Ros"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people"},{"link_name":"Thames Ditton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Ditton"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"Lord Henry FitzGerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Henry_FitzGerald"},{"link_name":"The 1st Duke of Leinster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_FitzGerald,_1st_Duke_of_Leinster"},{"link_name":"Lady Emily Lennox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_FitzGerald,_Duchess_of_Leinster"},{"link_name":"Lord Edward FitzGerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Edward_FitzGerald"},{"link_name":"Charlotte FitzGerald-de Ros, 20th Baroness de Ros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_FitzGerald-de_Ros,_20th_Baroness_de_Ros"},{"link_name":"Henry FitzGerald-de Ros, 21st Baron de Ros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_FitzGerald-de_Ros,_21st_Baron_de_Ros"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"FitzGerald-de Ros was born into an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family at Thames Ditton, Surrey, the third son of Lord Henry FitzGerald, fourth son of The 1st Duke of Leinster and Lady Emily Lennox. His paternal uncle was Lord Edward FitzGerald, the Irish revolutionary. His mother was Charlotte FitzGerald-de Ros, 20th Baroness de Ros, while Henry FitzGerald-de Ros, 21st Baron de Ros, was his elder brother. He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford in 1815, graduating B.A. in 1819 and M.A. in 1822.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Life Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Guards_(British_Army)"},{"link_name":"cornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"lieutenant-colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-colonel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Earl of Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lambton,_1st_Earl_of_Durham"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Gentleman Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Usher"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"barony of de Ros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_de_Ros"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Deputy Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Quartermaster-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster-General"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"major-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-general"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"lieutenant-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-general"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"4th (Queen's Own) Hussars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Queen%27s_Own_Hussars"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"As a younger son, de Ros embarked upon a military career, joining the Life Guards as a cornet on 29 March 1819. He subsequently became a lieutenant on 24 August 1821,[2] a captain on 23 October 1824,[3] a major on 5 June 1827[4] and a lieutenant-colonel on 8 September 1831.[5] In July 1835, de Ros and the Earl of Durham travelled to the Black Sea for half a year to investigate Russian military preparations. He was appointed a Gentleman Usher Quarter Waiter to Queen Victoria in 1836, but had surrendered the post by 1839,[citation needed] when he inherited the barony of de Ros on the death of his eldest brother (a middle brother, Arthur, had predeceased them).[citation needed] He became a colonel on 9 November 1846,[6] and was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of the Tower of London on 13 February 1852.[7]Lord de Ros served as Quartermaster-General for the British Army in Turkey during the Crimean War between April and July 1854,[8] being promoted major-general on 20 June 1854.[9] Due to a severe attack of fever in July, he was forced to return home as the army embarked for the Crimea.[citation needed] He was promoted lieutenant-general on 12 March 1861,[10] appointed colonel of the 4th (Queen's Own) Hussars on 6 February 1865,[11] and promoted general on 10 November 1868.[12]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_of_the_Yeomen_of_the_Guard"},{"link_name":"Earl of Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"first administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Government_1852"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In February 1852 Lord de Ros was appointed Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard in the Earl of Derby's first administration,[13] and sworn of the Privy Council.[14] The government fell in December 1852,[15] but when Derby returned to office in February 1858, de Ros was once again made Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard.[16] He continued in this post until Derby resigned in June 1859.[17]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Molecombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molecombe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_4th_Duke_of_Richmond"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Dudley FitzGerald-de Ros, 23rd Baron de Ros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_FitzGerald-de_Ros,_23rd_Baron_de_Ros"},{"link_name":"James Rannie Swinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rannie_Swinton"},{"link_name":"Clan Swinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Swinton"},{"link_name":"Strangford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangford"},{"link_name":"County Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Down"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Lord de Ros married his second cousin Lady Georgiana Lennox (Molecombe, Sussex, 30 September 1795 – London, 15 December 1891), daughter of Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond, his father's first cousin, in London on 7 June 1824. They had three children:Hon. Frances Charlotte FitzGerald-de Ros (1825– 21 February 1851), unmarried and without issue.\nDudley FitzGerald-de Ros, 23rd Baron de Ros (1827–1907).\nHon. Blanche Arthur Georgina FitzGerald-de Ros (1832 – 10 March 1910), married on 11 July 1865 James Rannie Swinton (see Clan Swinton) (died December 1888, also without issue).Lord de Ros died at Old Court, Strangford, County Down, in January 1874, aged 76, and was succeeded in the barony by his only son, Dudley. Lady de Ros died in London in December 1891, aged 96.[citation needed]","title":"Family"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). \"Ros, William Lennox Lascelles Fitzgerald de\" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Foster_(genealogist)","url_text":"Foster, Joseph"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715-1886/Ros,_William_Lennox_Lascelles_Fitzgerald_de","url_text":"\"Ros, William Lennox Lascelles Fitzgerald de\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715%E2%80%931886","url_text":"Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 17748\". The London Gazette. 22 September 1821. p. 1899.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17748/page/1899","url_text":"\"No. 17748\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 18073\". The London Gazette. 23 October 1824. p. 1741.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18073/page/1741","url_text":"\"No. 18073\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 18367\". The London Gazette. 5 June 1827. p. 1219.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18367/page/1219","url_text":"\"No. 18367\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 18853\". The London Gazette. 23 September 1831. p. 1947.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18853/page/1947","url_text":"\"No. 18853\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20660\". The London Gazette. 10 November 1846. p. 3989.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20660/page/3989","url_text":"\"No. 20660\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21303\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1852. p. 870.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21303/page/870","url_text":"\"No. 21303\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21535\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1854. p. 977.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21535/page/977","url_text":"\"No. 21535\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21564\". The London Gazette. 22 June 1854. p. 1933.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21564/page/1933","url_text":"\"No. 21564\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22497\". The London Gazette. 29 March 1861. p. 1375.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22497/page/1375","url_text":"\"No. 22497\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22939\". The London Gazette. 14 February 1865. p. 695.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22939/page/695","url_text":"\"No. 22939\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23446\". The London Gazette. 1 December 1868. p. 6405.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23446/page/6405","url_text":"\"No. 23446\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21297\". The London Gazette. 2 March 1852. p. 670.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21297/page/670","url_text":"\"No. 21297\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21296\". The London Gazette. 27 February 1852. p. 633.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21296/page/633","url_text":"\"No. 21296\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21397\". The London Gazette. 31 December 1852. p. 3939.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21397/page/3939","url_text":"\"No. 21397\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22115\". The London Gazette. 19 March 1858. p. 1492.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22115/page/1492","url_text":"\"No. 22115\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22281\". The London Gazette. 1 July 1859. p. 2550.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22281/page/2550","url_text":"\"No. 22281\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Dublin
Church of the Immaculate Conception, Dublin
["1 History","2 Organ","3 Literary references","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°20′41″N 6°16′22″W / 53.3446°N 6.2728°W / 53.3446; -6.2728 Church in Dublin, IrelandAdam and Eve'sChurch of the Immaculate ConceptionMainistir na bProinsiasach, Ádhamh agus ÉabhaThe Merchants Quay entranceAdam and Eve's53°20′41″N 6°16′22″W / 53.3446°N 6.2728°W / 53.3446; -6.2728Location4 Merchant's Quay, DublinCountryIrelandLanguage(s)EnglishDenominationCatholicTraditionRoman RiteWebsitewww.franciscans.ie/friaries/dublin-adam-and-eves/HistoryFounded1834DedicationImmaculate ConceptionDedicated1889ArchitectureArchitect(s)1834 Patrick Byrne1912 Doolin, Butler and DonnellyCompleted1938AdministrationArchdioceseDublinDeanerySouth City CentreParishMerchant's Quay The Church of the Immaculate Conception, also known as Adam and Eve's, is a Roman Catholic church run by the Franciscans and it is located on Merchants Quay, Dublin. History The dome visible from Cook StreetDecoration on the exterior of the west wall. During the Dissolution reign of King Henry VIII around 1540 the Friary at Francis Street, the site of the current church of St. Nicholas of Myra (Without), Francis Street, was confiscated and the community was dispersed. In 1615 a new friary was built on Cook Street. A chapel on the site was destroyed in 1619 and later rebuilt. The Franciscans secretly said Mass in the Adam and Eve Tavern, where the popular name of the present church comes from. In 1759 a newer church was built, which was later replaced by the current church. After the Catholic Emancipation in 1829, they set about building a church and laid the foundation stone of the current church in 1834. The original design was by the architect Patrick Byrne who planned a tower on the Merchant's Quay entrance. However, due to financial problems, the church was built without a nave or tower. The church was originally dedicated to Saint Francis but in 1889 it was rededicated to the Immaculate Conception of Our Lady. After 1900, the church was reorganised with the moving of the altar to the left wall and the original sanctuary was changed into a transept and entrance from Cook Street. A small nave was added to the right and a dome was built over the sanctuary. In 1912 a shrine to Saint Anthony was built in 1912 to designs by the architects Doolin, Butler and Donnelly. In 1926 to celebrate the seventh centenary of Saint Francis, the friars built a circular apse, remodelled the transepts and extended the nave with an entrance to Skippers Alley. The consecration of the high altar took place on 21 September 1928 by Dr. Paschal Robinson, titular Archbishop of Tyana (1870–1948). Organ The organ of Adam and Eve's was built by T.W. Magahy in 1936 using pipework from the old Telford organ there. It was rebuilt in 1996 by Trevor Crowe Ltd. There are around 3,000 pipes in the organ, seventy of which are gilded and incorporated into the casework. It is claimed to be the largest pipe organ in a Catholic church in Dublin and is very highly regarded. Eoin Tierney M.A., B.A. (Mus) was the first organ scholar of Adam and Eve’s Church Dublin. Literary references Adam and Eve's is mentioned several times in James Joyce's novel Ulysses: —But they are afraid the pillar will fall, Stephen went on. They see the roofs and argue about where the different churches are: Rathmines’ blue dome, Adam and Eve’s, saint Laurence O’Toole’s. But it makes them giddy to look so they pull up their skirts...— "Aeolus" episode And calling himself a Frenchy for the shawls, Joseph Manuo, and talking against the Catholic religion, and he serving mass in Adam and Eve’s when he was young with his eyes shut, who wrote the new testament, and the old testament, and hugging and smugging.— "Cyclops" episode What points of contact existed between these languages and between the peoples who spoke them? The presence of guttural sounds, diacritic aspirations, epenthetic and servile letters in both languages: their antiquity, both having been taught on the plain of Shinar 242 years after the deluge in the seminary instituted by Fenius Farsaigh, descendant of Noah, progenitor of Israel, and ascendant of Heber and Heremon, progenitors of Ireland: their archaeological, genealogical, hagiographical, exegetical, homiletic, toponomastic, historical and religious literatures comprising the works of rabbis and culdees, Torah, Talmud (Mischna and Ghemara), Massor, Pentateuch, Book of the Dun Cow, Book of Ballymote, Garland of Howth, Book of Kells: their dispersal, persecution, survival and revival: the isolation of their synagogical and ecclesiastical rites in ghetto (S. Mary’s Abbey) and masshouse (Adam and Eve’s tavern): the proscription of their national costumes in penal laws and jewish dress acts: the restoration in Chanah David of Zion and the possibility of Irish political autonomy or devolution.— "Ithaca" episode It is also briefly mentioned in "The Dead" from Dubliners: "Miss Julia, though she was quite gray, was still the leading soprano in Adam and Eve's..." And the church's site by the River Liffey gave the famous opening lines of Finnegans Wake (1939): riverrun, past Eve and Adam’s, from swerve of shore to bend of bay, brings us by a commodius vicus of recirculation back to Howth Castle and Environs. References ^ a b "Franciscans in Merchants Quay". Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. ^ "Merchants Quay Ireland | MQI | Homeless & Drugs Service Ireland". MQI. ^ a b c d e Conlan, Patrick, (2004). "Guide to the Church of the Immaculate Conception and Friary of Adam and Eve, Dublin", Church leaflet ^ "Pipe Organ Page". Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2011. ^ "Kylemore College – Building on Success, Aiming for Excellence". ^ a b c "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ulysses, by James Joyce". www.gutenberg.org. ^ "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Dubliners, by James Joyce". The Project Gutenberg eBook of Dubliners, by James Joyce. Retrieved 29 January 2023. ^ Tindall, William York (1 March 1995). A Reader's Guide to James Joyce. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815603207 – via Google Books. ^ Smalheiser, Neil (5 September 2017). Data Literacy: How to Make Your Experiments Robust and Reproducible. Academic Press. ISBN 9780128113073 – via Google Books. External links Irish Franciscans Dublin Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Franciscans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscans"},{"link_name":"Merchants Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_Quay"}],"text":"Church in Dublin, IrelandThe Church of the Immaculate Conception, also known as Adam and Eve's, is a Roman Catholic church run by the Franciscans and it is located on Merchants Quay, Dublin.","title":"Church of the Immaculate Conception, Dublin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Francis_friary2_(8111337898).jpg"},{"link_name":"dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Francis_friary6_(8198051101).jpg"},{"link_name":"Dissolution reign of King Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries,_England_and_Wales#Ireland"},{"link_name":"St. Nicholas of Myra (Without), Francis Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas_of_Myra_(Without),_Francis_Street"},{"link_name":"Cook Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Street,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fie-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mqi-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fie-1"},{"link_name":"Catholic Emancipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation"},{"link_name":"Patrick Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Byrne_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gttcoic-3"},{"link_name":"Saint Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Conception of Our Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_of_Our_Lady"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gttcoic-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gttcoic-3"},{"link_name":"Saint Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gttcoic-3"},{"link_name":"Dr. Paschal Robinson, titular Archbishop of Tyana (1870–1948)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gttcoic-3"}],"text":"The dome visible from Cook StreetDecoration on the exterior of the west wall.During the Dissolution reign of King Henry VIII around 1540 the Friary at Francis Street, the site of the current church of St. Nicholas of Myra (Without), Francis Street, was confiscated and the community was dispersed. In 1615 a new friary was built on Cook Street. A chapel on the site was destroyed in 1619 and later rebuilt.[1] The Franciscans secretly said Mass in the Adam and Eve Tavern, where the popular name of the present church comes from.[2] In 1759 a newer church was built, which was later replaced by the current church.[1]After the Catholic Emancipation in 1829, they set about building a church and laid the foundation stone of the current church in 1834. The original design was by the architect Patrick Byrne who planned a tower on the Merchant's Quay entrance. However, due to financial problems, the church was built without a nave or tower.[3]The church was originally dedicated to Saint Francis but in 1889 it was rededicated to the Immaculate Conception of Our Lady.[3]After 1900, the church was reorganised with the moving of the altar to the left wall and the original sanctuary was changed into a transept and entrance from Cook Street. A small nave was added to the right and a dome was built over the sanctuary.[3]In 1912 a shrine to Saint Anthony was built in 1912 to designs by the architects Doolin, Butler and Donnelly.[3]In 1926 to celebrate the seventh centenary of Saint Francis, the friars built a circular apse, remodelled the transepts and extended the nave with an entrance to Skippers Alley. The consecration of the high altar took place on 21 September 1928 by Dr. Paschal Robinson, titular Archbishop of Tyana (1870–1948).[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The organ of Adam and Eve's was built by T.W. Magahy in 1936 using pipework from the old Telford organ there. It was rebuilt in 1996 by Trevor Crowe Ltd. There are around 3,000 pipes in the organ, seventy of which are gilded and incorporated into the casework. It is claimed to be the largest pipe organ in a Catholic church in Dublin[4] and is very highly regarded. Eoin Tierney M.A., B.A. (Mus) was the first organ scholar of Adam and Eve’s Church Dublin.[5]","title":"Organ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Ulysses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)"},{"link_name":"the pillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%27s_Pillar"},{"link_name":"Rathmines’ blue dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Immaculate,_Refuge_of_Sinners_Church"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"serving mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar_server"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"guttural sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guttural"},{"link_name":"diacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic"},{"link_name":"aspirations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonant"},{"link_name":"epenthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthesis"},{"link_name":"Shinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinar"},{"link_name":"the deluge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_deluge"},{"link_name":"Fenius Farsaigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9nius_Farsaid"},{"link_name":"Noah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah"},{"link_name":"Heber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eber_Finn"},{"link_name":"Heremon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rim%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"toponomastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymy"},{"link_name":"rabbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"culdees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culdees"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"Mischna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah"},{"link_name":"Ghemara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemara"},{"link_name":"Massor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic_Text"},{"link_name":"Pentateuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentateuch"},{"link_name":"Book of the Dun Cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Dun_Cow"},{"link_name":"Book of Ballymote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ballymote"},{"link_name":"Garland of Howth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_of_Howth"},{"link_name":"Book of Kells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Kells"},{"link_name":"S. Mary’s Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Abbey,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"masshouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshouse"},{"link_name":"national costumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_costumes"},{"link_name":"penal laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_Laws_against_Irish_Catholics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"The Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dead_(Joyce_short_story)"},{"link_name":"Dubliners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubliners"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"River Liffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Liffey"},{"link_name":"Finnegans Wake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnegans_Wake"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Adam and Eve's is mentioned several times in James Joyce's novel Ulysses:—But they are afraid the pillar will fall, Stephen went on. They see the roofs and argue about where the different churches are: Rathmines’ blue dome, Adam and Eve’s, saint Laurence O’Toole’s. But it makes them giddy to look so they pull up their skirts...[6]— \"Aeolus\" episodeAnd calling himself a Frenchy for the shawls, Joseph Manuo, and talking against the Catholic religion, and he serving mass in Adam and Eve’s when he was young with his eyes shut, who wrote the new testament, and the old testament, and hugging and smugging.[6]— \"Cyclops\" episodeWhat points of contact existed between these languages and between the peoples who spoke them?\nThe presence of guttural sounds, diacritic aspirations, epenthetic and servile letters in both languages: their antiquity, both having been taught on the plain of Shinar 242 years after the deluge in the seminary instituted by Fenius Farsaigh, descendant of Noah, progenitor of Israel, and ascendant of Heber and Heremon, progenitors of Ireland: their archaeological, genealogical, hagiographical, exegetical, homiletic, toponomastic, historical and religious literatures comprising the works of rabbis and culdees, Torah, Talmud (Mischna and Ghemara), Massor, Pentateuch, Book of the Dun Cow, Book of Ballymote, Garland of Howth, Book of Kells: their dispersal, persecution, survival and revival: the isolation of their synagogical and ecclesiastical rites in ghetto (S. Mary’s Abbey) and masshouse (Adam and Eve’s tavern): the proscription of their national costumes in penal laws and jewish dress acts: the restoration in Chanah David of Zion and the possibility of Irish political autonomy or devolution.[6]— \"Ithaca\" episodeIt is also briefly mentioned in \"The Dead\" from Dubliners:\n\"Miss Julia, though she was quite gray, was still the leading soprano in Adam and Eve's...\"[7]And the church's site by the River Liffey gave the famous opening lines of Finnegans Wake (1939): riverrun, past Eve and Adam’s, from swerve of shore to bend of bay, brings us by a commodius vicus of recirculation back to Howth Castle and Environs.[8][9]","title":"Literary references"}]
[{"image_text":"The dome visible from Cook Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/St._Francis_friary2_%288111337898%29.jpg/220px-St._Francis_friary2_%288111337898%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Decoration on the exterior of the west wall.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/St._Francis_friary6_%288198051101%29.jpg/220px-St._Francis_friary6_%288198051101%29.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Louis,_Prince_of_Anhalt-K%C3%B6then
Augustus Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen
["1 Life","2 Marriages and Issue","3 References"]
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 18th-century German prince Augustus LouisPrince of Anhalt-KöthenReign19 November 1728 – 6 August 1755PredecessorLeopoldSuccessorKarl George LebrechtBorn9 June 1697Köthen, Anhalt-KöthenHoly Roman EmpireDied6 August 1755(1755-08-06) (aged 58)SpousesAgnes Wilhelmine von WuthenauEmilie of Promnitz-PlessAnna Friederike of Promnitz-PlessIssueKarl George Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-KöthenFrederick Erdmann, Prince of Anhalt-PlessHouseAscaniaFatherEmmanuel Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-KöthenMotherGisela Agnes of Rath Augustus Louis of Anhalt-Köthen (9 June 1697 in Köthen – 6 August 1755 in Köthen), was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Köthen. He was the third (second surviving) son of Emmanuel Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, by his wife Gisela Agnes of Rath. Life In 1702, Augustus' father instituted primogeniture in his lands so that on his death in 1704 only the eldest surviving son, Leopold, inherited his father's titles and powers. When Leopold was declared of age in 1715, Augustus Louis tried to claim his rights under the old system, but finally Leopold forced him to renounce them. In exchange, Augustus Louis received the enclave of Güsten with its old Schloss built in 1547 by Prince George III and the town of Warmsdorf with all its revenues, as well as other concessions. After the death from smallpox of Leopold and his two sons in 1728, Augustus Louis inherited Anhalt-Köthen, however he soon faced disputes with his sister-in-law, the Dowager Princess Charlotte Fredericka (who sought the payment of her widow dowry), and his niece Gisela Agnes (who made claims to her father's inheritance). In 1730 Charlotte Fredericka married Albert Wolfgang, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe, but until her death in 1785 she received the sum of 200,000 Thalers annually from Anhalt-Köthen. For Gisela Agnes, the income from her inheritance rose to 335,000 Thalers a year. These payments left Anhalt-Köthen deeply in debt. Augustus Louis tried to address the fiscal problems created by obligations to his brother's family members, but without success. Marriages and Issue About 1720, Augustus Louis fell in love with Agnes Wilhelmine von Wuthenau (b. Plötzkau, 4 December 1700 - d. Köthen, 14 January 1725), of the old nobility of Anhalt and lady-in-waiting to his mother, the Dowager Princess Gisela Agnes. They were engaged on 18 November 1721 and she was created Countess of Warmsdorf (German: Gräfin von Warmsdorf) by the Emperor. The couple finally married in Dresden on 23 January 1722; this morganatic union produced only two daughters, who were recognized as princesses of Anhalt with all appertaining rights: Gisela Henriette (b. Warmsdorf, 16 December 1722 - d. Warmsdorf, 16 December 1728). Agnes Leopoldine (b. Köthen, 31 May 1724 - d. Köthen, 28 July 1766). In Sorau on 14 January 1726, a year after the death of his first wife, Augustus Louis married again to Christine Johanna Emilie (b. Sorau, 15 September 1708 - d. Köthen, 20 February 1732), daughter of Erdmann II, Count of Promnitz-Pless. They had five children: Christiane Anna Agnes (b. Köthen, 5 December 1726 - d. Wernigerode, 2 October 1790), married on 12 July 1742 to Henry Ernest, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode. Frederick Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt-Köthen (b. Köthen, 1 November 1727 - d. Schloss Warmsdorf, 26 January 1729). Johanna Wilhelmine (b. Warmsdorf, 4 November 1728 - d. Carolath, 17 January 1786), married on 17 December 1749 to Frederick, Prince of Carolath-Beuthen. Karl George Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen (b. Köthen, 15 August 1730 - d. Semlin, 17 October 1789). Frederick Erdmann, Prince of Anhalt(-Köthen)-Pless (b. Köthen, 27 October 1731 - d. Pless, 12 December 1797). In Sorau on 21 November 1732 Augustus Louis married Anna Fredericka (b. Sorau, 30 May 1711 - d. Köthen, 31 March 1750), also a daughter of Erdmann II, and the younger sister of his second wife, just nine months after the latter's death. They had two daughters: Charlotte Sophie (b. Köthen, 25 August 1733 - d. Köthen, 6 September 1770). Marie Magdalene Benedikte (b. Köthen, 22 March 1735 - d. Massenheim, 7 November 1783). References Unequal and Morganatic Marriages in German Law Marek, Miroslav. "Complete Genealogy of the House of Ascania". Genealogy.EU. August Ludwig Fürst v.Anhalt-Köthen Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan Augustus Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen House of AscaniaBorn: 9 June 1697 Died: 6 August 1755 Preceded byLeopold Prince of Anhalt-Köthen 1728–1755 Succeeded byKarl George Lebrecht Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Poland People Deutsche Biographie
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6then"},{"link_name":"Köthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6then"},{"link_name":"House of Ascania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Ascania"},{"link_name":"Anhalt-Köthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Lebrecht,_Prince_of_Anhalt-K%C3%B6then"},{"link_name":"Gisela Agnes of Rath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisela_Agnes_of_Rath"}],"text":"18th-century German princeAugustus Louis of Anhalt-Köthen (9 June 1697 in Köthen – 6 August 1755 in Köthen), was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Köthen.He was the third (second surviving) son of Emmanuel Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, by his wife Gisela Agnes of Rath.","title":"Augustus Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primogeniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primogeniture"},{"link_name":"Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold,_Prince_of_Anhalt-K%C3%B6then"},{"link_name":"Güsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCsten"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Dessau"},{"link_name":"Warmsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesdorf"},{"link_name":"Albert Wolfgang, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Wolfgang,_Count_of_Schaumburg-Lippe"},{"link_name":"Thalers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaler"}],"text":"In 1702, Augustus' father instituted primogeniture in his lands so that on his death in 1704 only the eldest surviving son, Leopold, inherited his father's titles and powers.When Leopold was declared of age in 1715, Augustus Louis tried to claim his rights under the old system, but finally Leopold forced him to renounce them. In exchange, Augustus Louis received the enclave of Güsten with its old Schloss built in 1547 by Prince George III and the town of Warmsdorf with all its revenues, as well as other concessions.After the death from smallpox of Leopold and his two sons in 1728, Augustus Louis inherited Anhalt-Köthen, however he soon faced disputes with his sister-in-law, the Dowager Princess Charlotte Fredericka (who sought the payment of her widow dowry), and his niece Gisela Agnes (who made claims to her father's inheritance).In 1730 Charlotte Fredericka married Albert Wolfgang, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe, but until her death in 1785 she received the sum of 200,000 Thalers annually from Anhalt-Köthen. For Gisela Agnes, the income from her inheritance rose to 335,000 Thalers a year. These payments left Anhalt-Köthen deeply in debt. Augustus Louis tried to address the fiscal problems created by obligations to his brother's family members, but without success.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agnes Wilhelmine von Wuthenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Wilhelmine_von_Wuthenau"},{"link_name":"Plötzkau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%B6tzkau"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"morganatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganatic"},{"link_name":"Warmsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warmsdorf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sorau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorau"},{"link_name":"Christine Johanna Emilie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_of_Promnitz-Pless"},{"link_name":"Erdmann II, Count of Promnitz-Pless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdmann_II_of_Promnitz"},{"link_name":"Christiane Anna Agnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_Christiane_Anna_of_Anhalt-K%C3%B6then&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wernigerode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernigerode"},{"link_name":"Henry Ernest, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ernest_of_Stolberg-Wernigerode"},{"link_name":"Johanna Wilhelmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_Johanna_Wilhelmine_of_Anhalt-K%C3%B6then&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frederick, Prince of Carolath-Beuthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick,_Prince_of_Carolath-Beuthen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karl George Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_George_Lebrecht,_Prince_of_Anhalt-K%C3%B6then"},{"link_name":"Semlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemun"},{"link_name":"Frederick Erdmann, Prince of Anhalt(-Köthen)-Pless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Erdmann,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Pless"},{"link_name":"Pless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pszczyna"},{"link_name":"Anna Fredericka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Friederike_of_Promnitz-Pless"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Sophie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_Charlotte_Sophie_of_Anhalt-K%C3%B6then&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marie Magdalene Benedikte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_Marie_Magdalene_of_Anhalt-K%C3%B6then&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Massenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massenheim&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"About 1720, Augustus Louis fell in love with Agnes Wilhelmine von Wuthenau (b. Plötzkau, 4 December 1700 - d. Köthen, 14 January 1725), of the old nobility of Anhalt and lady-in-waiting to his mother, the Dowager Princess Gisela Agnes. They were engaged on 18 November 1721 and she was created Countess of Warmsdorf (German: Gräfin von Warmsdorf) by the Emperor. The couple finally married in Dresden on 23 January 1722; this morganatic union produced only two daughters, who were recognized as princesses of Anhalt with all appertaining rights:Gisela Henriette (b. Warmsdorf, 16 December 1722 - d. Warmsdorf, 16 December 1728).\nAgnes Leopoldine (b. Köthen, 31 May 1724 - d. Köthen, 28 July 1766).In Sorau on 14 January 1726, a year after the death of his first wife, Augustus Louis married again to Christine Johanna Emilie (b. Sorau, 15 September 1708 - d. Köthen, 20 February 1732), daughter of Erdmann II, Count of Promnitz-Pless. They had five children:Christiane Anna Agnes (b. Köthen, 5 December 1726 - d. Wernigerode, 2 October 1790), married on 12 July 1742 to Henry Ernest, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode.\nFrederick Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt-Köthen (b. Köthen, 1 November 1727 - d. Schloss Warmsdorf, 26 January 1729).\nJohanna Wilhelmine (b. Warmsdorf, 4 November 1728 - d. Carolath, 17 January 1786), married on 17 December 1749 to Frederick, Prince of Carolath-Beuthen.\nKarl George Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen (b. Köthen, 15 August 1730 - d. Semlin, 17 October 1789).\nFrederick Erdmann, Prince of Anhalt(-Köthen)-Pless (b. Köthen, 27 October 1731 - d. Pless, 12 December 1797).In Sorau on 21 November 1732 Augustus Louis married Anna Fredericka (b. Sorau, 30 May 1711 - d. Köthen, 31 March 1750), also a daughter of Erdmann II, and the younger sister of his second wife, just nine months after the latter's death. They had two daughters:Charlotte Sophie (b. Köthen, 25 August 1733 - d. Köthen, 6 September 1770).\nMarie Magdalene Benedikte (b. Köthen, 22 March 1735 - d. Massenheim, 7 November 1783).","title":"Marriages and Issue"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Marek, Miroslav. \"Complete Genealogy of the House of Ascania\". Genealogy.EU.","urls":[{"url":"http://genealogy.euweb.cz/ascania/ascan9.html","url_text":"\"Complete Genealogy of the House of Ascania\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.heraldica.org/topics/royalty/g_morganat.htm#Anhalt","external_links_name":"Unequal and Morganatic Marriages in German Law"},{"Link":"http://genealogy.euweb.cz/ascania/ascan9.html","external_links_name":"\"Complete Genealogy of the House of Ascania\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121217223738/http://wwperson.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/cgi-bin/l3/LANG=engl/F=August@Ludwig/N=v.Anhalt-K%C3%B6then/Q=D:6.8.1755","external_links_name":"August Ludwig Fürst v.Anhalt-Köthen"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/47548130","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117764787","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811496356405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117764787.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlison,_TN
Burlison, Tennessee
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Community","4 References"]
Coordinates: 35°33′26″N 89°47′13″W / 35.557142°N 89.78701°W / 35.557142; -89.78701 Town in Tennessee, United StatesBurlison, TennesseeTownLocation of Burlison in Tipton County, Tennessee.Coordinates: 35°33′26″N 89°47′13″W / 35.55722°N 89.78694°W / 35.55722; -89.78694CountryUnited StatesStateTennesseeCountyTiptonArea • Total1.05 sq mi (2.72 km2) • Land1.05 sq mi (2.72 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation410 ft (125 m)Population (2020) • Total367 • Density349.52/sq mi (134.92/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code38015Area code901FIPS code47-09860GNIS feature ID1279062 Burlison is a town in Tipton County, Tennessee. The population was 425 at the 2010 census. Geography Burlison is located at 35°33′26″N 89°47′13″W / 35.55722°N 89.78694°W / 35.55722; -89.78694 (35.557142, -89.787010). The town lies along State Route 59 between Gilt Edge and Covington. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.0 square mile (2.6 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1970397—1980386−2.8%19903942.1%200045315.0%2010425−6.2%2020367−13.6%Sources: As of the census of 2000, there were 453 people, 180 households, and 133 families residing in the town. The population density was 432.2 inhabitants per square mile (166.9/km2). There were 190 housing units at an average density of 181.3 per square mile (70.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.12% White, 0.44% African American, 0.22% Native American, and 0.22% from two or more races. There were 180 households, out of which 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.1% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.6% were non-families. 20.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.90. In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18, 11.3% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 123.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.0 males. The median income for a household in the town was $38,056, and the median income for a family was $42,813. Males had a median income of $35,250 versus $23,929 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,685. About 4.3% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.5% of those under age 18 and 16.0% of those age 65 or over. Community Burlison has a post office, cotton gin, and a community center. The Burlison Community Center can be used by anyone for a rental fee of $125.00. Burlison also has a park, located behind the community center. It is equipped with a basketball court, a playground, and picnic tables. There are no stop lights, only flashing lights and a few stop signs. The mayor is Jim Kenny. Town Council meetings are held on the second Tuesday of each month at the Burlison Community Center and are open to the public. References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Burlison, Tennessee ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development, Certified Population of Tennessee Incorporated Municipalities and Counties Archived 2014-06-30 at the Wayback Machine, State of Tennessee official website, 14 July 2011. Retrieved: 6 December 2013. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 4, 2012. ^ "Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013. 35°33′26″N 89°47′13″W / 35.557142°N 89.78701°W / 35.557142; -89.78701 vteMunicipalities and communities of Tipton County, Tennessee, United StatesCounty seat: CovingtonCities Covington Gilt Edge Munford Tipton County mapTowns Atoka Brighton Burlison Garland Mason CDP Randolph Othercommunities Corona Drummonds Hopewell Peckerwood Point Reverie Tipton Tennessee portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tipton County, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipton_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Town in Tennessee, United StatesBurlison is a town in Tipton County, Tennessee. The population was 425 at the 2010 census.[5]","title":"Burlison, Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"35°33′26″N 89°47′13″W / 35.55722°N 89.78694°W / 35.55722; -89.78694","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burlison,_Tennessee&params=35_33_26_N_89_47_13_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"State Route 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_59"},{"link_name":"Gilt Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilt_Edge,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Covington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covington,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Burlison is located at 35°33′26″N 89°47′13″W / 35.55722°N 89.78694°W / 35.55722; -89.78694 (35.557142, -89.787010).[6] The town lies along State Route 59 between Gilt Edge and Covington.According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.0 square mile (2.6 km2), all land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-4"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 453 people, 180 households, and 133 families residing in the town. The population density was 432.2 inhabitants per square mile (166.9/km2). There were 190 housing units at an average density of 181.3 per square mile (70.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.12% White, 0.44% African American, 0.22% Native American, and 0.22% from two or more races.There were 180 households, out of which 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.1% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.6% were non-families. 20.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.90.In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18, 11.3% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 123.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.0 males.The median income for a household in the town was $38,056, and the median income for a family was $42,813. Males had a median income of $35,250 versus $23,929 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,685. About 4.3% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.5% of those under age 18 and 16.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Burlison has a post office, cotton gin, and a community center. The Burlison Community Center can be used by anyone for a rental fee of $125.00. Burlison also has a park, located behind the community center. It is equipped with a basketball court, a playground, and picnic tables. There are no stop lights, only flashing lights and a few stop signs. The mayor is Jim Kenny. Town Council meetings are held on the second Tuesday of each month at the Burlison Community Center and are open to the public.","title":"Community"}]
[{"image_text":"Tipton County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Map_of_Tennessee_highlighting_Tipton_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Tennessee_highlighting_Tipton_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2747%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Population API\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:47&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","url_text":"\"Census Population API\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\". Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130611010502/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html","url_text":"\"Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_On,_Tarzan
Come On, Tarzan
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
1932 film Come On, Tarzan is a 1932 American pre-Code western film starring Ken Maynard, Merna Kennedy, and Niles Welch. First released on September 11, 1932, it was filmed in California in Hidden Valley, Ventura County and in Kernville, Kern County. It was produced by K.B.S. Productions Inc. Plot A ranch foreman at odds with his female boss, fights outlaws who are killing horses for dog food. Cast Ken Maynard as Ken Benson Merna Kennedy as Pat Riley Niles Welch as Steve Frazier Roy Stewart as Butch - Henchman Kate Campbell as Aunt Martha Bob Kortman as Spike - Henchman Nelson McDowell as Slim - Cowhand Jack Rockwell as Sheriff References ^ Pitts, Michael R. (2012). Western Movies: A Guide to 5,105 Feature Films, 2d ed. McFarland, p. 825; ISBN 9780786463725 ^ Taliaferro, John (2002). Tarzan Forever: The Life of Edgar Rice Burroughs the Creator of Tarzan. Simon and Schuster, p. 259; ISBN 9780743236508 External links Come On, Tarzan at IMDb This 1930s Western film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pre-Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Code"},{"link_name":"western film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_film"},{"link_name":"Ken Maynard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Maynard"},{"link_name":"Merna Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merna_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Niles Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niles_Welch"},{"link_name":"Hidden Valley, Ventura County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Valley,_Ventura_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Kernville, Kern County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernville,_CA"}],"text":"Come On, Tarzan is a 1932 American pre-Code western film starring Ken Maynard, Merna Kennedy, and Niles Welch.First released on September 11, 1932, it was filmed in California in Hidden Valley, Ventura County and in Kernville, Kern County. It was produced by K.B.S. Productions Inc.","title":"Come On, Tarzan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A ranch foreman at odds with his female boss, fights outlaws who are killing horses for dog food.[1][2]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ken Maynard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Maynard"},{"link_name":"Merna Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merna_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Niles Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niles_Welch"},{"link_name":"Roy Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Stewart_(silent_film_actor)"},{"link_name":"Bob Kortman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kortman"},{"link_name":"Nelson McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_McDowell"},{"link_name":"Jack Rockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Rockwell"}],"text":"Ken Maynard as Ken Benson\nMerna Kennedy as Pat Riley\nNiles Welch as Steve Frazier\nRoy Stewart as Butch - Henchman\nKate Campbell as Aunt Martha\nBob Kortman as Spike - Henchman\nNelson McDowell as Slim - Cowhand\nJack Rockwell as Sheriff","title":"Cast"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Sanskrit_College,_Thiruvananthapuram
Government Sanskrit College, Thiruvananthapuram
["1 Accreditation","2 References"]
Government Sanskrit College, ThiruvananthapuramTypePublicEstablished1889; 135 years ago (1889)LocationTrivandrum, Kerala, IndiaCampusUrbanAffiliationsUniversity of Kerala Government Sanskrit College, Thiruvananthapuram, is one of the oldest undergraduate and postgraduate, coeducational college located in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. It was established in the year 1889. The college is affiliated with Kerala University. This college offers different courses in Sanskrit literature. Accreditation The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC). References ^ "Affiliated College of Kerala University". This article about a university or college in Kerala, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thiruvananthapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Kerala University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Government Sanskrit College, Thiruvananthapuram, is one of the oldest undergraduate and postgraduate, coeducational college located in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. It was established in the year 1889. The college is affiliated with Kerala University.[1] This college offers different courses in Sanskrit literature.","title":"Government Sanskrit College, Thiruvananthapuram"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University Grants Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)"}],"text":"The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).","title":"Accreditation"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Affiliated College of Kerala University\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/college-list","url_text":"\"Affiliated College of Kerala University\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/college-list","external_links_name":"\"Affiliated College of Kerala University\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_Sanskrit_College,_Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japanese_Garden,_Aberdeen
Duthie Park
["1 History","2 Winter Gardens","3 Art in Duthie Park","4 Images","5 See also","6 References"]
Park in Aberdeen, Scotland, UK Duthie ParkTemperate House in the Winter GardensTypePublic ParkLocationFerryhill, Aberdeen, ScotlandCoordinates57°7′49″N 2°6′14″W / 57.13028°N 2.10389°W / 57.13028; -2.10389Area44 acres (18 ha)Created1881FounderElizabeth DuthieDesignerWilliam R McKelvieOperated byAberdeen City CouncilOpenAll year Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in ScotlandDesignated2006 Duthie Park is a public park in the Ferryhill area of Aberdeen, Scotland located near the River Dee. It comprises 44 acres (180,000 m2) of land given to the council in 1881 by Miss Elizabeth Crombie Duthie of Ruthrieston, in memory of her uncle and of her brother. She purchased the land for £30,000 from the estate of Arthurseat. The former Deeside Railway ran along the northern edge of the park. The park is now the starting point for the Deeside Way, a long-distance path which uses the trackbed of the railway. History Duthie Park was opened in 1883 after it was gifted to the city by Miss Elizabeth Crombie Duthie in 1880 for the 'wellbeing and recreation of Aberdeen residents'. During the 1970s Duthie Park played host to several television programmes. A round of It's A Knockout, featuring a team from Aberdeen against a team from Arbroath, was staged in Duthie Park on 10 May 1970 and transmitted on BBC1 on 13 May 1970. An episode of the children's programme Play School, transmitted Monday 3rd May 1976, visited Duthie Park in 1976. In 2013 paddle boats were reintroduced to the park. Kayaks are regularly offered in the boating pond.Duthie Park from the AirThe park has undergone a £5 million pound refurbishment with funding provided by the Heritage Lottery Fund and Aberdeen City Council. The original 1883 plans were consulted in order to restore some of the long-lost features. Work was completed in 2013 and the official reopening was on 30 June 2013. The refurbished park cafe was reopened in 2017 and is operated by the same company as the cafe at Hazlehead Park. Winter Gardens The park is noted for the David Welch Winter Gardens with tropical and arid houses which contain the second largest collections of bromeliads and of giant cacti respectively in Great Britain (second to the Eden Project in Cornwall, England). Originally opened in 1899, the greenhouses had to be demolished and rebuilt after suffering storm damage in 1969. The gardens contain a range of plants including tree ferns, Spanish moss, anthuria, and banana trees. Within the gardens are railings salvaged from the south side of the major bridge in the middle of the city's Union Street. These feature unusual metal cats, derived from the city coat of arms, and were saved when the side of the bridge was developed for retail units in the mid-20th century. The Japanese Garden is an outdoor area of the Winter Gardens, opened in 1987 to commemorate the dead of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The gardens closed to the public due to the COVID-19 pandemic and reopened in October 2021. Art in Duthie Park An interactive musical art installation, called Hornchestra, was installed in 1975. It consisted of a set of horns mounted on a 39ft. pole activated to play different notes by standing on underground foot pads and was donated by the Electrical Association for Women's Aberdeen branch. The installation was later referred to as the Honking Horns. Images Ferns in the Winter Gardens Cacti in the Arid house of the Winter Gardens Bananas in the Winter Gardens The park cafe Entrance to the Winter Gardens See also Gardens portal Green spaces and walkways in Aberdeen References ^ "History of the Duthie Park". ^ "Duthie Park | Aberdeen City Council". www.aberdeencity.gov.uk. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022. ^ "Series Guide: 1970". www.jsf.hiddentigerbooks.co.uk. Retrieved 19 February 2022. ^ "BBC Programme Index". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 19 February 2022. ^ "Duthie Park café to reopen this week". Duthie Park café to reopen this week. Retrieved 2 January 2021. ^ "Treasures of Britain". ^ Walsh, Stephen. "Designer of Aberdeen's Duthie Park peace garden returns to site". Aberdeen Press and Journal. Retrieved 3 February 2021. ^ Gossip, Alastair (2 August 2021). "Importance of Duthie Park's Winter Gardens made clear as Aberdeen City Council pressed to consider reopening". Aberdeen Evening Express. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021. ^ Gossip, Alastair. "Duthie Park's winter gardens to reopen a week on Monday but visitors will have to book". Aberdeen Press and Journal. Retrieved 19 February 2022. ^ a b "'Hornchestra' attracts in Aberdeen park". Aberdeen Press and Journal. 16 September 1975. p. 7. ^ "Spike's garden initiative is talk of the town". Aberdeen Evening Express. 12 May 1988. p. 9. vtePublic parks and gardens in Aberdeen See also: Green spaces and walkways in Aberdeen. Aberdeen Beach and Queens Links Cruickshank Botanic Gardens Duthie Park and Winter Gardens Hazlehead Park Johnston Gardens Rubislaw and Queens Terrace Gardens Scotstown Moor Seaton Park Stewart Park Union Terrace Gardens Victoria Park Westburn Park
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferryhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferryhill,_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"River Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dee,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Deeside Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeside_Railway"},{"link_name":"Deeside Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeside_Way"}],"text":"Duthie Park is a public park in the Ferryhill area of Aberdeen, Scotland located near the River Dee. It comprises 44 acres (180,000 m2) of land given to the council in 1881 by Miss Elizabeth Crombie Duthie of Ruthrieston, in memory of her uncle and of her brother. She purchased the land for £30,000 from the estate of Arthurseat.[1]The former Deeside Railway ran along the northern edge of the park. The park is now the starting point for the Deeside Way, a long-distance path which uses the trackbed of the railway.","title":"Duthie Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"It's A Knockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Knockout"},{"link_name":"Arbroath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbroath"},{"link_name":"BBC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Play School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_School_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duthie_Park_from_the_Air,_Ferryhill,_Aberdeen,_Scotland,_UK.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heritage Lottery Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lottery_Heritage_Fund"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Hazlehead Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazlehead_Park"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Duthie Park was opened in 1883 after it was gifted to the city by Miss Elizabeth Crombie Duthie in 1880 for the 'wellbeing and recreation of Aberdeen residents'.[2]During the 1970s Duthie Park played host to several television programmes. A round of It's A Knockout, featuring a team from Aberdeen against a team from Arbroath, was staged in Duthie Park on 10 May 1970 and transmitted on BBC1 on 13 May 1970.[3] An episode of the children's programme Play School, transmitted Monday 3rd May 1976, visited Duthie Park in 1976.[4]In 2013 paddle boats were reintroduced to the park. Kayaks are regularly offered in the boating pond.Duthie Park from the AirThe park has undergone a £5 million pound refurbishment with funding provided by the Heritage Lottery Fund and Aberdeen City Council. The original 1883 plans were consulted in order to restore some of the long-lost features. Work was completed in 2013 and the official reopening was on 30 June 2013. The refurbished park cafe was reopened in 2017 and is operated by the same company as the cafe at Hazlehead Park.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bromeliads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromeliad"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Eden Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Project"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The park is noted for the David Welch Winter Gardens with tropical and arid houses which contain the second largest collections of bromeliads and of giant cacti respectively in Great Britain[6] (second to the Eden Project in Cornwall, England). Originally opened in 1899, the greenhouses had to be demolished and rebuilt after suffering storm damage in 1969.[citation needed] The gardens contain a range of plants including tree ferns, Spanish moss, anthuria, and banana trees.[citation needed]Within the gardens are railings salvaged from the south side of the major bridge in the middle of the city's Union Street. These feature unusual metal cats, derived from the city coat of arms, and were saved when the side of the bridge was developed for retail units in the mid-20th century.The Japanese Garden is an outdoor area of the Winter Gardens, opened in 1987 to commemorate the dead of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[7]The gardens closed to the public due to the COVID-19 pandemic[8] and reopened in October 2021.[9]","title":"Winter Gardens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Electrical Association for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_Association_for_Women"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"An interactive musical art installation, called Hornchestra, was installed in 1975.[10] It consisted of a set of horns mounted on a 39ft. pole activated to play different notes by standing on underground foot pads and was donated by the Electrical Association for Women's Aberdeen branch.[10] The installation was later referred to as the Honking Horns.[11]","title":"Art in Duthie Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duthie_Park_-_ferns.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duthie_Park_-_cacti.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cacti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacti"},{"link_name":"Arid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arid"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duthie_Park_-_bananas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bananas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duthie_Park_cafe.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duthie_Park_Winter_Gardens.jpg"}],"text":"Ferns in the Winter Gardens\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCacti in the Arid house of the Winter Gardens\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBananas in the Winter Gardens\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe park cafe\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrance to the Winter Gardens","title":"Images"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_People%27s_Party_(Norway,_1992)
Liberal People's Party (Norway)
["1 History","2 Objectives","3 Party leaders","4 References","5 External links"]
This article is about the party founded in 1992. For the party in existence from 1972 to 1988, see Liberal People's Party (Norway, 1972). Political party in Norway Liberal People's Party Det Liberale FolkepartietLeaderVegard MartinsenFounded1992Dissolved2017Succeeded byCapitalist PartyHeadquartersOsloYouth wingLiberalistisk UngdomIdeologyClassical liberalism Laissez-faire ObjectivismColoursPurpleWebsitewww.stemdlf.noPolitics of NorwayPolitical partiesElections Campaign booth ahead of the 2009 election. Politics of Norway Constitution Monarchy King Harald V Crown Prince Haakon Government Council of State (current cabinet) Prime Minister (list) Jonas Gahr Støre List of governments Parliament Storting President: Masud Gharahkhani Norwegian Parliamentary Ombudsman Political parties Politicians Recent elections Parliamentary: 2021201720132009 Local: 2023201920152011 Local government Administrative divisions Counties (Fylker) Municipalities (Kommuner) Sámi Parliament Foreign relations European Union relations Membership of International organizations  Norway portal Other countries vte The Liberal People's Party (Norwegian: Det Liberale Folkepartiet, DLF) was a classical liberal Norwegian political party created in 1992 by some of the members of the old Liberal People's Party. History During the 1990s, some of the Progress Party's members considered the party to have become less liberal than it had been in its earlier days. These members of the Progress Party then decided to join the DLF. The DLF then took increasingly more classically liberal viewpoints on most issues, emerging as a promoter of economic liberalism and laissez-faire capitalism. The party's politics states that the state should only protect individuals' rights through police, courts of law and a military service. parliament election In 1993 the party won 725 votes 0.03% in 1997 the party won 258 votes 0.01% in 2001 the party won 166 votes 0.01% in 2005 the party won 213 votes 0.01% in 2009 the party won 350 votes 0.01% in 2013 the party won 909 votes 0.03% the best results in the party’s history in 2017 the party did not run because of the decision to dissolve the party in the end of 2017 local election in 1995 the party did not run In 1999 the party did not run in 2003 the party got 113 votes 0.01% In 2007 the party got 127 votes 0.01% In 2011 the party got 247 votes 0.01% all in Oslo In 2015 the party did not run In 2014 the youth wing Liberalistisk Ungdom (Liberal Youth) seceded from the DLF and joined the Capitalist Party as their youth wing. In 2017 the party congress decided to shut down the party by the end of the year. Followers were recommended to join the Union for the Study of Objectivism and the Capitalist Party. Objectives DLF wanted to: Replace the parliamentary system and the monarchy with a constitutional republic. Abolish coercive taxes. Abolish all current restrictions regarding trade between Norway and other nations. Viewing the EU as a social democratic, redistributive and protectionist organization, they opposed Norwegian membership. Simplify laws, end bureaucracy, decriminalize victimless crimes, and so forth. Privatize roads, highways, railroads and other infrastructure, leaving their construction and upkeep to the free market. Abolish state financing of: special interest groups, business and industry, the agricultural and fishing sectors, the unemployed, and so forth. Abolish restrictions on immigration, provided that the above is accomplished beforehand. Abolish mandatory military service, instead relying on a fully professional defence force. Complete the separation of church and state. Party leaders 1992–1995 Tor Ingar Østerud 1995–1997 Runar Henriksen 1997–2001 Trond Johansen 2001–2003 Arne Lidwin 2003–2017 Vegard Martinsen References ^ Det Liberale Folkepartiet. "DLFs historie" (in Norwegian). ^ "Liberalistisk Ungdom" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015. ^ Det Liberale Folkepartiet. "DLF legges ned" (in Norwegian). ^ Det Liberale Folkepartiet. "Program Stortingsvalget 2009" (in Norwegian). External links (in Norwegian) Det Liberale Folkepartiet (Liberal People's Party) official site (in Norwegian) Liberalistisk Ungdom (Liberal Youth) official site of the youth party Portals: Liberalism Libertarianism Norway Politics vtePolitical parties in NorwayBracketed numbers indicate current numbers of seats in parliament for the 2021-2025 term.Storting Labour (48) Conservative (36) Centre (28) Progress (21) Socialist Left (13) Red (8) Liberal (8) Green (3) Christian Democratic (3) Patient Focus (1) Minor parties1 Norway Democrats Pensioners' Conservative Industry and Business Center Capitalist People's Party FNB Alliance Innovation and Technology Communist Feminist Initiative Coastal 1 registered national parties, by order of popular vote in most recent general election Portal:Politics List of political parties Politics of Norway Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberal People's Party (Norway, 1972)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_People%27s_Party_(Norway,_1972)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valg_2009_034.jpg"},{"link_name":"2009 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Norwegian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"classical liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberalism"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"old Liberal People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_People%27s_Party_(Norway,_1972)"}],"text":"This article is about the party founded in 1992. For the party in existence from 1972 to 1988, see Liberal People's Party (Norway, 1972).Political party in NorwayCampaign booth ahead of the 2009 election.The Liberal People's Party (Norwegian: Det Liberale Folkepartiet, DLF) was a classical liberal Norwegian political party created in 1992 by some of the members of the old Liberal People's Party.","title":"Liberal People's Party (Norway)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Progress Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"economic liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalism"},{"link_name":"laissez-faire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Capitalist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist_Party"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Capitalist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist_Party"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"During the 1990s, some of the Progress Party's members considered the party to have become less liberal than it had been in its earlier days. These members of the Progress Party then decided to join the DLF.[1] The DLF then took increasingly more classically liberal viewpoints on most issues, emerging as a promoter of economic liberalism and laissez-faire capitalism. The party's politics states that the state should only protect individuals' rights through police, courts of law and a military service.parliament electionIn 1993 the party won 725 votes 0.03%in 1997 the party won 258 votes 0.01%in 2001 the party won 166 votes 0.01%in 2005 the party won 213 votes 0.01%in 2009 the party won 350 votes 0.01%in 2013 the party won 909 votes 0.03% the best results in the party’s historyin 2017 the party did not run because of the decision to dissolve the party in the end of 2017local electionin 1995 the party did not runIn 1999 the party did not runin 2003 the party got 113 votes 0.01%In 2007 the party got 127 votes 0.01%In 2011 the party got 247 votes 0.01% all in OsloIn 2015 the party did not runIn 2014 the youth wing Liberalistisk Ungdom (Liberal Youth) seceded from the DLF and joined the Capitalist Party as their youth wing.[2]In 2017 the party congress decided to shut down the party by the end of the year. Followers were recommended to join the Union for the Study of Objectivism and the Capitalist Party.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"parliamentary system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system"},{"link_name":"monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"redistributive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_(economics)"},{"link_name":"protectionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism"},{"link_name":"victimless crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victimless_crime"},{"link_name":"mandatory military service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"separation of church and state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state"}],"text":"DLF wanted to:[4]Replace the parliamentary system and the monarchy with a constitutional republic.\nAbolish coercive taxes.\nAbolish all current restrictions regarding trade between Norway and other nations. Viewing the EU as a social democratic, redistributive and protectionist organization, they opposed Norwegian membership.\nSimplify laws, end bureaucracy, decriminalize victimless crimes, and so forth.\nPrivatize roads, highways, railroads and other infrastructure, leaving their construction and upkeep to the free market.\nAbolish state financing of: special interest groups, business and industry, the agricultural and fishing sectors, the unemployed, and so forth.\nAbolish restrictions on immigration, provided that the above is accomplished beforehand.\nAbolish mandatory military service, instead relying on a fully professional defence force.\nComplete the separation of church and state.","title":"Objectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tor Ingar Østerud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tor_Ingar_%C3%98sterud&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Runar Henriksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Runar_Henriksen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trond Johansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trond_Johansen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arne Lidwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arne_Lidwin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vegard Martinsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegard_Martinsen&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"1992–1995 Tor Ingar Østerud\n1995–1997 Runar Henriksen\n1997–2001 Trond Johansen\n2001–2003 Arne Lidwin\n2003–2017 Vegard Martinsen","title":"Party leaders"}]
[{"image_text":"Campaign booth ahead of the 2009 election.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Valg_2009_034.jpg/220px-Valg_2009_034.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newaygo,_Michigan
Newaygo, Michigan
["1 Geography","1.1 Geographic features","1.2 Major highways","2 History","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Climate","5 Notable people","6 Notes","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 43°25′11″N 85°48′00″W / 43.41972°N 85.80000°W / 43.41972; -85.80000"Newaygo" redirects here. For other uses, see Newaygo (disambiguation). City in Michigan, United StatesNewaygo, MichiganCityLocation of Newaygo, MichiganCoordinates: 43°25′1″N 85°47′55″W / 43.41694°N 85.79861°W / 43.41694; -85.79861CountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountyNewaygoArea • Total3.92 sq mi (10.16 km2) • Land3.77 sq mi (9.75 km2) • Water0.15 sq mi (0.40 km2)Elevation692 ft (211 m)Population (2020) • Total2,471 • Density656.13/sq mi (253.35/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code49337Area code231FIPS code26-57080GNIS feature ID1621003Websitewww.newaygocity.org Newaygo (/nəweɪɡoʊ/ nə-WAY-goh) is a rural city in Newaygo County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,471 at the 2020 census. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.90 square miles (10.10 km2), of which 3.74 square miles (9.69 km2) is land and 0.16 square miles (0.41 km2) is water. including the Muskegon River, which runs through the town and is often used for canoe trips, tubing, and fishing. The county is considered part of West Michigan. Newaygo is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Rapids. Geographic features The Muskegon River flows through the north side of the town. Major highways M-37 M-82 History Newaygo's recorded history goes back to the 1600s and the French coureur des bois (independent trappers) and, later, fur company voyageurs that travelled by canoe via the Muskegon River. It was ostensibly named after Chief Nuwagon, an Ojibwe leader who signed the Treaty of Saginaw in 1819, or for an Algonquian word meaning "much water". John Brooks came to harvest lumber in 1836, and was the town's first postmaster in 1847. Proximity to the river made it a center for floating logs to the mills in Muskegon during the lumber boom of the late 1800s. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1870703—18801,09756.0%18901,33021.2%19001,172−11.9%19101,2073.0%19201,160−3.9%19301,2275.8%19401,2824.5%19501,3858.0%19601,4474.5%19701,381−4.6%19801,271−8.0%19901,3365.1%20001,67025.0%20101,97618.3%20202,47125.1%U.S. Decennial Census 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 1,976 people, 786 households, and 502 families living in the city. The population density was 528.3 inhabitants per square mile (204.0/km2). There were 892 housing units at an average density of 238.5 per square mile (92.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.6% White, 0.9% African American, 1.2% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.6% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.3% of the population. There were 786 households, of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.7% were married couples living together, 20.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.1% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.10. The median age in the city was 32.4 years. 29.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.7% were from 25 to 44; 21.3% were from 45 to 64; and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.1% male and 53.9% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 1,670 people, 620 households, and 450 families living in the city. The population density was 501.2 inhabitants per square mile (193.5/km2). There were 707 housing units at an average density of 212.2 per square mile (81.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.87% White, 0.24% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 2.34% from other races, and 1.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.79% of the population. There were 620 households, out of which 41.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.8% were married couples living together, 17.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.4% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.16. In the city, the population was spread out, with 33.1% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $32,273, and the median income for a family was $36,023. Males had a median income of $32,763 versus $21,385 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,643. About 15.2% of families and 16.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.5% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over. Climate The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfb". (Warm Summer Continental Climate). Notable people Ella H. Brockway Avann (born 1853), educator Roy Bargy, composer and pianist Joe Berger, lineman with the Minnesota Vikings of the NFL Jack Nitzsche, musician and arranger Bertha Yerex Whitman, architect Notes ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Newaygo, Michigan ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2012-11-25. ^ Diocese of Grand Rapids, Michigan. Archived 2008-03-03 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Bibliography on Newaygo County". Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University. Retrieved January 20, 2013. ^ Michigan government on county names ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-11-25. ^ Climate Summary External links Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article "Newaygo". City of Newaygo Newaygo Area Chamber of Commerce vteMunicipalities and communities of Newaygo County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: White CloudCities Fremont Grant Newaygo White Cloud Map of Michigan highlighting Newaygo CountyVillage Hesperia‡ Chartertownship Sheridan Civiltownships Ashland Barton Beaver Big Prairie Bridgeton Brooks Croton Dayton Denver Ensley Everett Garfield Goodwell Grant Home Lilley Lincoln Merrill Monroe Norwich Sherman Troy Wilcox Unincorporatedcommunities Aetna Big Prairie Bitely Brohman Brunswick‡ Croton Ensley Center Lilley Riverview Woodland Park Woodville Wooster Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Michigan portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States 43°25′11″N 85°48′00″W / 43.41972°N 85.80000°W / 43.41972; -85.80000
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newaygo (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newaygo_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/nəweɪɡoʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"nə-WAY-goh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"rural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural"},{"link_name":"Newaygo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newaygo_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census,_2020"}],"text":"\"Newaygo\" redirects here. For other uses, see Newaygo (disambiguation).City in Michigan, United StatesNewaygo (/nəweɪɡoʊ/ nə-WAY-goh) is a rural city in Newaygo County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,471 at the 2020 census.","title":"Newaygo, Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-4"},{"link_name":"Muskegon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon_River"},{"link_name":"canoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoe"},{"link_name":"tubing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubing_(recreation)"},{"link_name":"fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"West Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Grand_Rapids"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.90 square miles (10.10 km2), of which 3.74 square miles (9.69 km2) is land and 0.16 square miles (0.41 km2) is water.[4] including the Muskegon River, which runs through the town and is often used for canoe trips, tubing, and fishing. The county is considered part of West Michigan.\nNewaygo is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Rapids.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muskegon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon_River"}],"sub_title":"Geographic features","text":"The Muskegon River flows through the north side of the town.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M-37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-37_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"M-82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-82_(Michigan_highway)"}],"sub_title":"Major highways","text":"M-37\n M-82","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coureur des bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coureur_des_bois"},{"link_name":"voyageurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyageurs"},{"link_name":"Muskegon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon_River"},{"link_name":"Ojibwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Saginaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saginaw"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-6"},{"link_name":"Algonquian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian_languages"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Muskegon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon"}],"text":"Newaygo's recorded history goes back to the 1600s and the French coureur des bois (independent trappers) and, later, fur company voyageurs that travelled by canoe via the Muskegon River. It was ostensibly named after Chief Nuwagon, an Ojibwe leader who signed the Treaty of Saginaw in 1819,[6] or for an Algonquian word meaning \"much water\".[7] John Brooks came to harvest lumber in 1836, and was the town's first postmaster in 1847. Proximity to the river made it a center for floating logs to the mills in Muskegon during the lumber boom of the late 1800s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-9"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[9] of 2010, there were 1,976 people, 786 households, and 502 families living in the city. The population density was 528.3 inhabitants per square mile (204.0/km2). There were 892 housing units at an average density of 238.5 per square mile (92.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.6% White, 0.9% African American, 1.2% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.6% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.3% of the population.There were 786 households, of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.7% were married couples living together, 20.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.1% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.10.The median age in the city was 32.4 years. 29.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.7% were from 25 to 44; 21.3% were from 45 to 64; and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.1% male and 53.9% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 1,670 people, 620 households, and 450 families living in the city. The population density was 501.2 inhabitants per square mile (193.5/km2). There were 707 housing units at an average density of 212.2 per square mile (81.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.87% White, 0.24% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 2.34% from other races, and 1.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.79% of the population.There were 620 households, out of which 41.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.8% were married couples living together, 17.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.4% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.16.In the city, the population was spread out, with 33.1% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.9 males.The median income for a household in the city was $32,273, and the median income for a family was $36,023. Males had a median income of $32,763 versus $21,385 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,643. About 15.2% of families and 16.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.5% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"Dfb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is \"Dfb\". (Warm Summer Continental Climate).[10]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ella H. Brockway Avann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_H._Brockway_Avann"},{"link_name":"Roy Bargy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Bargy"},{"link_name":"Joe Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Berger"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Jack Nitzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nitzsche"},{"link_name":"Bertha Yerex Whitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_Yerex_Whitman"}],"text":"Ella H. Brockway Avann (born 1853), educator\nRoy Bargy, composer and pianist\nJoe Berger, lineman with the Minnesota Vikings of the NFL\nJack Nitzsche, musician and arranger\nBertha Yerex Whitman, architect","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2020_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_26.txt"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gnis_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gnis_2-1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Newaygo, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1621003"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GR2_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GR2_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"U.S. Census website\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.census.gov"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gazetteer_files_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Grand Rapids, Michigan.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dioceseofgrandrapids.org/socialjustice/cathsocserv.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080303131529/http://www.dioceseofgrandrapids.org/socialjustice/cathsocserv.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clarke_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bibliography on Newaygo County\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cmich.edu/library/clarke/AccessMaterials/Bibliographies/MichiganLocalHistory/Pages/newaygo.aspx"},{"link_name":"Clarke Historical Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke_Historical_Library"},{"link_name":"Central Michigan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Michigan_University"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Michigan government on county names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.michigan.gov/hal/0,1607,7-160-15481_20826_20829-54126--,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wwwcensusgov_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"U.S. Census website\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.census.gov"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Climate Summary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=308502&cityname=Newaygo%2C+Michigan%2C+United+States+of+America&units="}],"text":"^ \"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.\n\n^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Newaygo, Michigan\n\n^ a b \"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.\n\n^ \"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2012-11-25.\n\n^ Diocese of Grand Rapids, Michigan. Archived 2008-03-03 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"Bibliography on Newaygo County\". Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University. Retrieved January 20, 2013.\n\n^ Michigan government on county names\n\n^ \"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.\n\n^ \"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-11-25.\n\n^ Climate Summary","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Michigan highlighting Newaygo County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Newaygo_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Newaygo_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_26.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2012-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bibliography on Newaygo County\". Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University. Retrieved January 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cmich.edu/library/clarke/AccessMaterials/Bibliographies/MichiganLocalHistory/Pages/newaygo.aspx","url_text":"\"Bibliography on Newaygo County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke_Historical_Library","url_text":"Clarke Historical Library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Michigan_University","url_text":"Central Michigan University"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelloggsville,_New_York
Kelloggsville, New York
["1 Notes"]
Coordinates: 42°47′13″N 76°21′56″W / 42.78694°N 76.36556°W / 42.78694; -76.36556 Hamlet in New York, United StatesKelloggsville, New YorkHamletKelloggsvilleCoordinates: 42°47′13″N 76°21′56″W / 42.78694°N 76.36556°W / 42.78694; -76.36556CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyCayugaTownNilesElevation1,407 ft (429 m)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)Area code315GNIS feature ID954460 Kelloggsville is a hamlet in the town of Niles, Cayuga County, New York, United States. Notes ^ a b "Kelloggsville, New York". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. vteMunicipalities and communities of Cayuga County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: AuburnCity Auburn Towns Aurelius Brutus Cato Conquest Fleming Genoa Ira Ledyard Locke Mentz Montezuma Moravia Niles Owasco Scipio Sempronius Sennett Springport Sterling Summerhill Throop Venice Victory Villages Aurora Cato Cayuga Fair Haven Meridian Moravia Port Byron Union Springs Weedsport CDP Melrose Park Otherhamlets Kelloggsville King Ferry Poplar Ridge Scipio Center Sherwood Venice Center Westbury‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties New York portal United States portal This article about a location in Cayuga County, New York is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Niles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niles,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Cayuga County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuga_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"}],"text":"Hamlet in New York, United StatesKelloggsville is a hamlet in the town of Niles, Cayuga County, New York, United States.[1]","title":"Kelloggsville, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gnis_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gnis_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Kelloggsville, New York\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/954460"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information 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seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn,_New_York"},{"link_name":"City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#City"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Town"},{"link_name":"Aurelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelius,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutus,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Cato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ledyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledyard,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locke,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Mentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentz,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Montezuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montezuma,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Niles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niles,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Owasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owasco,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Scipio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipio,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sempronius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sempronius,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennett,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Springport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springport,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Summerhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Throop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throop,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory,_Cayuga_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Village"},{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Cayuga_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Cato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Cayuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuga,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Fair Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Haven,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Meridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Port Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Byron,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Union Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Springs,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Weedsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weedsport,_New_York"},{"link_name":"CDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Melrose Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose_Park,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Otherhamlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Hamlet"},{"link_name":"Kelloggsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"King Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Ferry,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Poplar Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar_Ridge,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Scipio Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipio_Center,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Venice Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Center,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Westbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbury,_Cayuga_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Cayuga_County.svg"},{"link_name":"Cayuga County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuga_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelloggsville,_New_York&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:CayugaCountyNY-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:CayugaCountyNY-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CayugaCountyNY-geo-stub"}],"text":"^ a b \"Kelloggsville, New York\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.vteMunicipalities and communities of Cayuga County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: AuburnCity\nAuburn\nTowns\nAurelius\nBrutus\nCato\nConquest\nFleming\nGenoa\nIra\nLedyard\nLocke\nMentz\nMontezuma\nMoravia\nNiles\nOwasco\nScipio\nSempronius\nSennett\nSpringport\nSterling\nSummerhill\nThroop\nVenice\nVictory\nVillages\nAurora\nCato\nCayuga\nFair Haven\nMeridian\nMoravia\nPort Byron\nUnion Springs\nWeedsport\nCDP\nMelrose Park\nOtherhamlets\nKelloggsville\nKing Ferry\nPoplar Ridge\nScipio Center\nSherwood\nVenice Center\nWestbury‡\nFootnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties\nNew York portal\nUnited States portalThis article about a location in Cayuga County, New York is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Kelloggsville, New York\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/954460","url_text":"\"Kelloggsville, New York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kelloggsville,_New_York&params=42_47_13_N_76_21_56_W_region:US-NY_type:city","external_links_name":"42°47′13″N 76°21′56″W / 42.78694°N 76.36556°W / 42.78694; -76.36556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kelloggsville,_New_York&params=42_47_13_N_76_21_56_W_region:US-NY_type:city","external_links_name":"42°47′13″N 76°21′56″W / 42.78694°N 76.36556°W / 42.78694; -76.36556"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/954460","external_links_name":"\"Kelloggsville, New York\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelloggsville,_New_York&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire,_Kentucky
Lincolnshire, Kentucky
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°13′26″N 85°37′18″W / 38.22389°N 85.62167°W / 38.22389; -85.62167 City in Kentucky, United StatesLincolnshire, KentuckyCityLocation of Lincolnshire in Jefferson County, KentuckyLincolnshireLocation within the state of KentuckyShow map of KentuckyLincolnshireLincolnshire (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 38°13′26″N 85°37′18″W / 38.22389°N 85.62167°W / 38.22389; -85.62167CountryUnited StatesStateKentuckyCountyJeffersonIncorporated1953Area • Total0.05 sq mi (0.12 km2) • Land0.05 sq mi (0.12 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation564 ft (172 m)Population (2020) • Total137 • Density2,854.17/sq mi (1,110.49/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP Code40220FIPS code21-46540GNIS feature ID2404931Websitewww.cityoflincolnshire.com Lincolnshire is a home rule-class city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 148 at the 2010 census. Geography Lincolnshire is located in east-central Jefferson County. It is bordered to the northeast by St. Regis Park, to the southeast by Cambridge, and otherwise by consolidated Louisville/Jefferson County. Downtown Louisville is 8 miles (13 km) to the northwest. According to the United States Census Bureau, Lincolnshire has a total area of 0.05 square miles (0.12 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1960223—1970222−0.4%1980139−37.4%1990125−10.1%200015423.2%2010148−3.9%2020137−7.4%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 154 people, 61 households, and 43 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,455.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,334.3/km2). There were 63 housing units at an average density of 1,413.7 per square mile (545.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.75% White, and 3.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.95% of the population. There were 61 households, out of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.6% were married couples living together, 3.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.9% were non-families. 23.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.00. In the city, the population was spread out, with 18.2% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 21.4% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 20.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.2 males. The median income for a household in the city was $66,667, and the median income for a family was $66,250. Males had a median income of $51,250 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $29,200. About 3.9% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.8% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over. References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 18, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lincolnshire, Kentucky ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Lincolnshire city, Kentucky". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2018. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. External links City of Lincolnshire official website vteNeighborhoods, suburbs, districts and areas in Louisville MetroEast Side(Old City) Audubon Avondale-Melbourne Heights Bashford Manor Bon Air Bradley Brownsboro-Zorn Butchertown Camp Taylor Cherokee Gardens Cherokee-Seneca Clifton Clifton Heights Crescent Hill East Market District (NuLu) Gardiner Lane Germantown Hawthorne Hayfield Dundee The Highlands Belknap Bonnycastle Cherokee Triangle Deer Park Highlands-Douglass Irish Hill Original Highlands Phoenix Hill (portion) Tyler Park Hikes Point Klondike Meriwether Phoenix Hill Poplar Level Prestonia Rockcreek-Lexington Road St. Joseph Schnitzelburg East Side(Suburbs and rural hamlets) Anchorage Ashville-Glenmary Audubon Park Avoca Bancroft Barbourmeade Beckley Station Beechwood Village Bellemeade Bellewood Berrytown Blue Ridge Manor Boston Buechel Briarwood Broeck Pointe Brownsboro Farm Brownsboro Village Cambridge Clark Station Coldstream Creekside Crossgate Douglass Hills Druid Hills Eastwood English Station Fairmount Fern Creek Fincastle Fisherville Forest Hills Freys Hill Glenview Glenview Hills Glenview Manor Goose Creek Griffytown Graymoor-Devondale Green Spring Harrods Creek Hickory Hill Highview Hills and Dales Houston Acres Hurstbourne Acres Hurstbourne Indian Hills Jeffersontown Kingsley Langdon Place Lake Louisvilla Lakeland Lincolnshire Long Run Longview Lyndon Keeneland Lynnview Manor Creek Maryhill Estates Meadow Vale Meadowview Estates Meadowbrook Farm Middletown Mockingbird Valley Moorland Murray Hill Newburg Norbourne Estates Northfield Norwood O'Bannon Old Brownsboro Place Parkway Village Plantation Plainview The Point Poplar Hills Prospect Richlawn Riverwood Rolling Fields Rolling Hills St. Matthews Broad Fields Cherrywood Village Fairmeade Plymouth Village Springlee Warwick Village St. Regis Park Seatonville Seneca Gardens Smyrna Springdale Springhurst Spring Mill Spring Valley Strathmoor Manor Strathmoor Village Sycamore Ten Broeck Thixton Thornhill Tucker Station Watterson Park Wellington West Buechel Westwood Whipps Millgate Whitner Wildwood Windy Hills Wolf Creek Woodland Hills Woodlawn Park Worthington Worthington Hills South Side(Old City) Auburndale Beechmont Cloverleaf Edgewood Hazelwood Highland Park Iroquois Jacobs Kenwood Hill Parkwood South Louisville Southland Park Southside Standiford Taylor-Berry Wilder Park Wyandotte South Side(Suburbs and rural hamlets) Bethany Fairdale Greenwood Heritage Creek Hollyvilla Hollow Creek Johnsontown Kosmosdale Lake Dreamland Lynnview Medora Okolona Orell Penile Pleasure Ridge Park Prairie Village Riverside Gardens St. Dennis Shively Sylvania Valley Downs Valley Gardens Valley Station Valley Village Waverly Hills West Side Algonquin California Chickasaw Hallmark Park DuValle Park Hill Parkland Portland Shawnee Rubbertown Russell Downtown Downtown West Main District Limerick Old Louisville Shelby Park Smoketown vteMunicipalities and communities of Jefferson County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: LouisvilleCities Anchorage Audubon Park Bancroft Barbourmeade Beechwood Village Bellemeade Bellewood Blue Ridge Manor Briarwood Broeck Pointe Brownsboro Farm Brownsboro Village Cambridge Coldstream Creekside Crossgate Douglass Hills Druid Hills Fincastle Forest Hills Glenview Glenview Hills Glenview Manor Goose Creek Graymoor-Devondale Green Spring Heritage Creek Hickory Hill Hills and Dales Hollow Creek Hollyvilla Houston Acres Hurstbourne Hurstbourne Acres Indian Hills Jeffersontown Kingsley Langdon Place Lincolnshire Louisville (balance) Lyndon Lynnview Manor Creek Maryhill Estates Meadow Vale Meadowbrook Farm Meadowview Estates Middletown Mockingbird Valley Moorland Murray Hill Norbourne Estates Northfield Norwood Old Brownsboro Place Parkway Village Plantation Poplar Hills Prospect‡ Richlawn Riverwood Rolling Fields Rolling Hills St. Matthews St. Regis Park Seneca Gardens Shively South Park View Spring Mill Spring Valley Strathmoor Manor Strathmoor Village Sycamore Ten Broeck Thornhill Watterson Park Wellington West Buechel Westwood Wildwood Windy Hills Woodland Hills Woodlawn Park Worthington Hills Location of Jefferson County, KentuckyFormer CDPs Buechel Fairdale Fern Creek Highview Newburg Okolona Pleasure Ridge Park St. Dennis Valley Station Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Kentucky portal United States portal vteCity of Louisville and metro areaHistory Timeline George Rogers Clark–founder Civil War Bloody Monday religious riots in 1855 Historic places Geography Downtown Cityscape Climate Local landmarks Neighborhoods Parks Preservation districts (Old Louisville) Government Mayor (Craig Greenberg) Metro Council (President: Markus Winkler) Transportation Bowman Field Louisville International Airport Louisville Union Station McAlpine Locks and Dam Roads TARC Other subjectareas Attractions and events Cuisine Economy Education Media People Performing arts Public art Religion Sports Top subjects Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali Center Cave Hill Cemetery Falls of the Ohio Farmington Kentucky Derby (Festival) KFC History Colonel Sanders L&N Louisville Slugger Speed Art Museum University of Louisville (Cardinals) National HistoricLandmarks Belle of Louisville Churchill Downs Historic Locust Grove Mayor Andrew Broaddus Old Bank Zachary Taylor House United States Marine Hospital Water Tower Prominent suburbs(over 10K pop.) Clarksville Jeffersontown Jeffersonville Lyndon Mount Washington New Albany St. Matthews Shelbyville Shepherdsville Shively Category (city) Category (metro area) WikiProject Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"home rule-class city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Jefferson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"}],"text":"City in Kentucky, United StatesLincolnshire is a home rule-class city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 148 at the 2010 census.[3]","title":"Lincolnshire, Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Regis Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Regis_Park,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Downtown Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Louisville"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"}],"text":"Lincolnshire is located in east-central Jefferson County. It is bordered to the northeast by St. Regis Park, to the southeast by Cambridge, and otherwise by consolidated Louisville/Jefferson County. Downtown Louisville is 8 miles (13 km) to the northwest.According to the United States Census Bureau, Lincolnshire has a total area of 0.05 square miles (0.12 km2), all land.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 154 people, 61 households, and 43 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,455.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,334.3/km2). There were 63 housing units at an average density of 1,413.7 per square mile (545.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.75% White, and 3.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.95% of the population.There were 61 households, out of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.6% were married couples living together, 3.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.9% were non-families. 23.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.00.In the city, the population was spread out, with 18.2% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 21.4% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 20.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.2 males.The median income for a household in the city was $66,667, and the median income for a family was $66,250. Males had a median income of $51,250 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $29,200. About 3.9% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.8% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]
[{"image_text":"Location of Jefferson County, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_21.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Lincolnshire city, Kentucky\". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213105755/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US2146540","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Lincolnshire city, Kentucky\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US2146540","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawfordsville,_Oregon
Crawfordsville, Oregon
["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Education","4 Points of interest","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 44°21′25″N 122°52′28″W / 44.35694°N 122.87444°W / 44.35694; -122.87444 Unincorporated community in the state of Oregon, United States Census-designated place in Oregon, United StatesCrawfordsville, OregonCensus-designated placeThe Crawfordsville BridgeCrawfordsvilleShow map of OregonCrawfordsvilleShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 44°21′25″N 122°52′28″W / 44.35694°N 122.87444°W / 44.35694; -122.87444CountryUnited StatesStateOregonCountyLinnFounded1870Area • Total1.92 sq mi (4.98 km2) • Land1.92 sq mi (4.98 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation446 ft (136 m)Population (2020) • Total315 • Density163.89/sq mi (63.28/km2)Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)ZIP code97336FIPS code41-16650GNIS feature ID2584413 Crawfordsville is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Linn County, Oregon, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 332. It is located about 7 miles (11 km) southeast of Brownsville and 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Sweet Home on Oregon Route 228, near the Calapooia River. It has a post office with a ZIP code of 97336. History Crawfordsville was founded on the land of Philemon Vawter Crawford in 1870 by Crawford and Robert Glass. When the post office was established in 1870, it was named for Crawford. Crawford was born in Madison, Indiana, in 1814 and he arrived in Oregon via the Oregon Trail in 1851. His son, Jasper V. Crawford, was the first postmaster. Philemon Crawford had previously helped establish the Boston Flour Mill near Shedd. In 1915 Crawfordsville had a population of 300, two sawmills, a flouring mill, a high school, an elementary school, and three churches. In the early 20th century, Crawfordsville had a population of Sikhs from Pakistan and India who worked for the Calapooya Lumber Company. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 2020315—U.S. Decennial Census Education Crawfordsville Elementary School, part of the Sweet Home School District, closed in 2011, 158 years after its founding in 1853. Area elementary students now attend Holley Elementary School in Holley. Points of interest The Crawfordsville Bridge over the Calapooia River is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Crawfordsville, Oregon ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022. ^ "Crawfordsville". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. November 28, 1980. Retrieved February 19, 2012. ^ "Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Crawfordsville CDP, Oregon". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 24, 2020. ^ Oregon Atlas & Gazetteer (7th ed.). Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. 2008. ISBN 0-89933-347-8. ^ "USPS ZIP Code Lookup". Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2012. ^ a b c d McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) . Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0875952772. ^ Flora, Stephenie. "Emigrants to Oregon in 1851". oregonpioneers.com. ^ "The Boston/Thompson Mill". Boston Mill Society. Retrieved February 19, 2012. ^ Friedman, Ralph (1990). In Search of Western Oregon (2nd ed.). Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd. pp. 509–510. ISBN 0-87004-332-3. ^ Williamson, Stephen. "Sikhs and Hindus from India Working as Loggers & Millworkers for the Calapooya Lumber Company". ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. ^ "Celebration to mark school's closure". The Register-Guard. May 30, 2011. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012. ^ Moody, Jennifer (February 15, 2011). "Board to close Crawfordsville school". Albany Democrat-Herald. Retrieved February 19, 2012. External links Historic images of Crawfordsville from Salem Public Library Images of Crawfordsville from Flickr History of Crawfordsville from Linn County Roots History of the Finley Mill in Crawfordsville from Linn Genealogical Society vteMunicipalities and communities of Linn County, Oregon, United StatesCounty seat: AlbanyCities Albany‡ Brownsville Gates‡ Halsey Harrisburg Idanha‡ Lebanon Lyons Mill City‡ Millersburg Scio Sodaville Sweet Home Tangent Waterloo Linn County mapCDPs Cascadia Crabtree Crawfordsville Holley Lacomb Peoria Shedd South Lebanon West Scio Othercommunities Foster Jordan Kingston Marion Forks Riverside Santiam Junction Ghost towns Burlington Orleans Rowland Shelburn Tallman Thomas Indian reservation Warm Springs Indian Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Oregon portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Linn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GNIS-4"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"},{"link_name":"Brownsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Sweet Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Home,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon Route 228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Route_228"},{"link_name":"Calapooia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calapooia_River"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlas-6"},{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"ZIP code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_code"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zip-7"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in the state of Oregon, United StatesCensus-designated place in Oregon, United StatesCrawfordsville is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Linn County, Oregon, United States.[4] As of the 2010 census it had a population of 332.[5] It is located about 7 miles (11 km) southeast of Brownsville and 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Sweet Home on Oregon Route 228, near the Calapooia River.[6] It has a post office with a ZIP code of 97336.[7]","title":"Crawfordsville, Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGN-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGN-8"},{"link_name":"Madison, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Oregon Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Trail"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGN-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGN-8"},{"link_name":"Boston Flour Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Flour_Mill"},{"link_name":"Shedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shedd,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"sawmills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill"},{"link_name":"flouring mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gristmill"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friedman-11"},{"link_name":"Sikhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sikhs-12"}],"text":"Crawfordsville was founded on the land of Philemon Vawter Crawford in 1870 by Crawford and Robert Glass.[8] When the post office was established in 1870, it was named for Crawford.[8] Crawford was born in Madison, Indiana, in 1814 and he arrived in Oregon via the Oregon Trail in 1851.[8][9] His son, Jasper V. Crawford, was the first postmaster.[8] Philemon Crawford had previously helped establish the Boston Flour Mill near Shedd.[10]In 1915 Crawfordsville had a population of 300, two sawmills, a flouring mill, a high school, an elementary school, and three churches.[11]In the early 20th century, Crawfordsville had a population of Sikhs from Pakistan and India who worked for the Calapooya Lumber Company.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweet Home School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Home_School_District"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Holley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holley,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Crawfordsville Elementary School, part of the Sweet Home School District, closed in 2011, 158 years after its founding in 1853.[14] Area elementary students now attend Holley Elementary School in Holley.[15]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crawfordsville Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawfordsville_Bridge"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}],"text":"The Crawfordsville Bridge over the Calapooia River is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.","title":"Points of interest"}]
[{"image_text":"Linn County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Linn_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Linn_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2741%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Population API\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:41&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","url_text":"\"Census Population API\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crawfordsville\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. November 28, 1980. Retrieved February 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1119522","url_text":"\"Crawfordsville\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Crawfordsville CDP, Oregon\". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4116650&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1","url_text":"\"Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Crawfordsville CDP, Oregon\""}]},{"reference":"Oregon Atlas & Gazetteer (7th ed.). Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. 2008. ISBN 0-89933-347-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmouth,_Maine","url_text":"Yarmouth, Maine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLorme","url_text":"DeLorme"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89933-347-8","url_text":"0-89933-347-8"}]},{"reference":"\"USPS ZIP Code Lookup\". Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101122200027/http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp","url_text":"\"USPS ZIP Code Lookup\""},{"url":"http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) [1928]. Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0875952772.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_A._McArthur","url_text":"McArthur, Lewis A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_L._McArthur","url_text":"McArthur, Lewis L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Geographic_Names","url_text":"Oregon Geographic Names"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Society","url_text":"Oregon Historical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875952772","url_text":"978-0875952772"}]},{"reference":"Flora, Stephenie. \"Emigrants to Oregon in 1851\". oregonpioneers.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonpioneers.com/1851.htm","url_text":"\"Emigrants to Oregon in 1851\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Boston/Thompson Mill\". Boston Mill Society. Retrieved February 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonmill.org/Mills.html","url_text":"\"The Boston/Thompson Mill\""}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Ralph (1990). In Search of Western Oregon (2nd ed.). Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd. pp. 509–510. ISBN 0-87004-332-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Friedman","url_text":"Friedman, Ralph"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4i1grNoMcWgC","url_text":"In Search of Western Oregon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxton_Press_(United_States)","url_text":"The Caxton Printers, Ltd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87004-332-3","url_text":"0-87004-332-3"}]},{"reference":"Williamson, Stephen. \"Sikhs and Hindus from India Working as Loggers & Millworkers for the Calapooya Lumber Company\".","urls":[{"url":"http://members.efn.org/~opal/indiamen.htm","url_text":"\"Sikhs and Hindus from India Working as Loggers & Millworkers for the Calapooya Lumber Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celebration to mark school's closure\". The Register-Guard. May 30, 2011. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120729094815/http://special.registerguard.com/web/newslocalnews/26273425-41/hold-carnival-charter-coburg-com.html.csp","url_text":"\"Celebration to mark school's closure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register-Guard","url_text":"The Register-Guard"},{"url":"http://special.registerguard.com/web/newslocalnews/26273425-41/hold-carnival-charter-coburg-com.html.csp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moody, Jennifer (February 15, 2011). \"Board to close Crawfordsville school\". Albany Democrat-Herald. Retrieved February 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://democratherald.com/news/local/article_7a5220f6-38cf-11e0-9400-001cc4c002e0.html","url_text":"\"Board to close Crawfordsville school\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Democrat-Herald","url_text":"Albany Democrat-Herald"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crawfordsville,_Oregon&params=44_21_25_N_122_52_28_W_type:city_region:US-OR_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"44°21′25″N 122°52′28″W / 44.35694°N 122.87444°W / 44.35694; -122.87444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crawfordsville,_Oregon&params=44_21_25_N_122_52_28_W_type:city_region:US-OR_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"44°21′25″N 122°52′28″W / 44.35694°N 122.87444°W / 44.35694; -122.87444"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2741%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2584413","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Crawfordsville, Oregon"},{"Link":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:41&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","external_links_name":"\"Census Population API\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1119522","external_links_name":"\"Crawfordsville\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4116650&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1","external_links_name":"\"Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Crawfordsville CDP, Oregon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101122200027/http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp","external_links_name":"\"USPS ZIP Code Lookup\""},{"Link":"http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonpioneers.com/1851.htm","external_links_name":"\"Emigrants to Oregon in 1851\""},{"Link":"http://www.bostonmill.org/Mills.html","external_links_name":"\"The Boston/Thompson Mill\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4i1grNoMcWgC","external_links_name":"In Search of Western Oregon"},{"Link":"http://members.efn.org/~opal/indiamen.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sikhs and Hindus from India Working as Loggers & Millworkers for the Calapooya Lumber Company\""},{"Link":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120729094815/http://special.registerguard.com/web/newslocalnews/26273425-41/hold-carnival-charter-coburg-com.html.csp","external_links_name":"\"Celebration to mark school's closure\""},{"Link":"http://special.registerguard.com/web/newslocalnews/26273425-41/hold-carnival-charter-coburg-com.html.csp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://democratherald.com/news/local/article_7a5220f6-38cf-11e0-9400-001cc4c002e0.html","external_links_name":"\"Board to close Crawfordsville school\""},{"Link":"http://photos.salemhistory.net/cdm/search/searchterm/Crawfordsville/order/date","external_links_name":"Historic images of Crawfordsville"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/places/United+States/Oregon/Crawfordsville","external_links_name":"Images of Crawfordsville"},{"Link":"http://www.linncountyroots.com/Towns2/Crawfordsville.htm","external_links_name":"History of Crawfordsville"},{"Link":"http://www.lgsoregon.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25:finley-mill&catid=16&Itemid=31","external_links_name":"History of the Finley Mill in Crawfordsville"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jones_Jenkins,_1st_Baron_Glantawe
John Jones Jenkins, 1st Baron Glantawe
["1 Background","2 Business career","3 Political career","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]
Welsh businessman and politician Sir John Jones Jenkins Lord Glantawe caricatured by WHO for Vanity Fair, 16 November 1910 John Jones Jenkins, 1st Baron Glantawe (10 May 1835 – 27 July 1915) was a Welsh tin-plate manufacturer and Liberal politician. Having commenced working at the Upper Forest Tinplate Works in Morriston, at the age of fifteen, he ended his life as one of the wealthiest men in Glamorgan. Background Jenkins was the son of Jenkin Jenkins of Morriston, Glamorgan, and his wife, Sarah Jones. Business career Jenkins was co-founder and manager of the Beaufort Tinplate Works at Morriston in 1859, where he was chief manager and partner until 1869. Political career Jenkins was a Justice of the Peace for Swansea and Carmarthenshire and Mayor of Swansea three times, in 1869, 1879 and 1880. He was knighted on 17 May 1882. He stood unsuccessfully for parliament at Carmarthen in 1880, but was elected Member of Parliament for the constituency in a by-election in 1882. Jenkins held the seat until 1886 when he joined the Liberal Unionist party in opposition to Home Rule for Ireland but lost against an official Liberal Party candidate. In 1889, he was High Sheriff of Glamorgan. Jenkins was invited by J. F. Morris to stand as the Liberal Unionist candidate for Carmarthen in 1895 and subsequently held the seat until 1900. On 18 July 1906 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Glantawe, of Swansea in the County of Glamorgan. Personal life Lord Glantawe married, firstly, Margaret Rees, daughter of Josiah Rees, on 20 January 1854. She died after 9 years of marriage. He married, secondly, Catherine Prudence Daniel, daughter of Edward Daniel, on 10 May 1864 at Llansamlet, Glamorgan. Jenkins had two daughters by his second wife -- Olga Violet Jenkins, Mrs Daniell (b. 1878) and Alina Kate Elaine Jenkins, Lady Bledisloe (b. 1880) -- but had no male heir. (Alina married Lord Bledisloe in 1928 and died in 1956.) Glantawe died, aged 80, at The Grange, West Cross in Swansea, now the site of the Territorial Army base, and was buried at Oystermouth Cemetery. The peerage died with him as he had left no male heir. References ^ "Death of Lord Glantawe. Venerable Baron Expires in His Eightieth Year. From the Tinworks to Leadership of Trade". Cambria Daily Leader. 27 July 1915. p. 6. Retrieved 28 March 2017. ^ "No. 25110". The London Gazette. 23 May 1882. p. 2409. ^ Debretts Guide to the House of Commons 1886. Accessed 25 January 2023. ^ "Leigh Rayment". Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "CARMARTHEN BOROUGHS: THE UNIONIST CANDIDATE". South Wales Daily News. 2 July 1895. Retrieved 5 August 2023 – via National Library of Wales. ^ "No. 27933". The London Gazette. 20 July 1906. p. 4973. ^ Marshall, Russell (1998). "Bledisloe, Charles Bathurst". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 24 January 2023. ^ Wilson, James. "BLEDISLOE, Charles Bathurst, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.B.E., First Viscount". An encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, 1966. Retrieved 24 January 2023. ^ "Lady Bledisloe". Birmingham Daily Post. 8 February 1956. p. 18 – via British Newspaper Archive. External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Sir John Jenkins Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byBenjamin Thomas Williams Member of Parliament for Carmarthen 1882 – 1886 Succeeded bySir Arthur Cowell-Stepney, Bt Preceded byEvan Rowland Jones Member of Parliament for Carmarthen 1895 – 1900 Succeeded byAlfred Davies Honorary titles Preceded by High Sheriff of Glamorgan 1889–1890 Succeeded by Peerage of the United Kingdom New creation Baron Glantawe 1906–1915 Extinct
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babada%C4%9F_(mountain,_Mu%C4%9Fla)
Babadağ (mountain, Muğla)
["1 Babadağ, Mount Cragus and Anticragus","2 Cycling","3 See also","4 References","5 Other sources"]
Coordinates: 36°31′42″N 29°11′06″E / 36.52833°N 29.18500°E / 36.52833; 29.18500For the 2308 m peak in Denizli Province, see Babadağ (mountain, Denizli). BabadağHighest pointElevation1,969 m (6,460 ft)Prominence1,763 m (5,784 ft)ListingUltraCoordinates36°31′42″N 29°11′06″E / 36.52833°N 29.18500°E / 36.52833; 29.18500GeographyBabadağLocation in Turkey LocationFethiye, Muğla Province, Turkey Babadağ (ancient Mount Anticragus, Ancient Greek: Ἀντίκραγος) is a mountain near Fethiye, in Muğla Province, southwest Turkey. The mountain has a principal summit at an elevation of 1,969 metres (6,460 ft) and a second one called "Karatepe" at an elevation of 1,400 metres (4,593 ft). These two summits face each other and are separated by a flood valley, which led to the term "mountain range" to be used in some sources in association with Babadağ. The mass is composed mainly of limestone. It is noted for its rich flora, including the endemic Acer undulatum, and forests of Lebanon Cedar (Cedrus libani). It is also notable for the proximity of its summit to the sea (less than 5 km) which is one of the factors that make it particularly suitable and popular for paragliding. Babadağ, Mount Cragus and Anticragus In ancient times, Mount Cragus (also spelled Mount Cragos or Mount Kragus) was a principal mountain of ancient Lycia, although ancient names are sometimes difficult to match with the features observed today. Strabo (p. 665), whose description proceeds from west to east, after the promontory Telmissus, mentions "Anticragus", on which is Carmylessus, and then Cragus, which has eight "summits" (or he may have meant "capes"), and a city of the same name; Cragus (Lycia). Another city, Pinara, in the interior, was at the base of Cragus. There are coins of the town Cragus of the Roman imperial period, with the epigraph Λυκιων Κρ. or Κρα. or Κραγ. The range of Anticragus and Cragus is represented in the map in Spratt and Forbes as running south from the neighbourhood of Telmissus, and forming the western boundary of the lower basin of the river Xanthus. The southern part is Cragus. The direction of the range shows that it must abut on the sea in bold headlands. In Francis Beaufort's map of the coast of Karamania, the Anticragus is marked 6000 feet high. Beaufort's examination of this coast began at Yediburun, which means "the Seven Capes", a knot of high and rugged mountains that appear to have been the ancient Mount Cragus of Lycia. The ruins of Pinara are where Strabo describes them, on the east side of this range, about halfway between Telmissus and the termination of the range on the south coast. There is a pass leading between the summits of Cragus and Anticragus. Between the two chief peaks is a plain 4000 feet above the sea; and above it rises the highest peak of Cragus, more than 2500 feet above this elevated plain. The first half of the ascent from the plain is through a thick forest, and the remainder over bare rock. From the summit there is a view of the whole plain of Xanthus, and of the gorges of the Massicytus, which lies east of it. The side towards the sea is so steep, that from this lofty summit the waves are seen breaking white against the base of this precipitous mountain mass. It appears that Strabo is right when he describes a valley or depression as separating Anticragus and Cragus; and the highest part, which towers above the sea at the Seven Capes, seems to be the eight summits that Strabo speaks of. There was a promontory Cragus, according to Scylax and Pliny the Elder (v. 27), which must be the Seven Capes. The Hiera Acra of the Stadiasmus seems also to be the Seven Capes. The position of the Cragus between Xanthus and Telmissus is mentioned by Pomponius Mela (i. 15), and he also probably means the same striking part of the range. Map of Lycia showing significant major cities, mountains and rivers. Red dots are mountain peaks, white dots are ancient cities. The rocks and forests of Cragus were embellished by poetic fictions as the occasional residence of Diana. Here, according to the authority quoted by Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v. Κράγος), were the so-called θεῶν ἀγρίων ἄντρα. Cycling Stage three of the 2023 Presidential Cycling Tour of Türkiye took a 104.1 kilometre route from Fethiye to the highest point on the road up Babadağ. It was described as "one of the hardest climbs ever featured in a professional bike race" The stage was won by Alexey Lutsenko, and the final 18.12 km of the route took 1:12:32. See also Mount Cragus Cragus (Lycia) Telmissus Pinara Patara (Lycia) List of Ultras of West Asia Butterfly Valley, Fethiye Paragliding References ^ a b c Turkey - Ultra page peaklist.org. Retrieved 14 October 2011. ^ "Babadag, Turkey" on Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 14 October 2011. ^ Richard Talbert, ed. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. p. 65, and directory notes accompanying. ^ Lund University. Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire. ^ Lycia, vol. ii. ^ Karamania, p. 1. ^ Lycia, op. cit., vol. ii. p. 301. ^ Horace, Carm. i. 21.) ^ Davidson, Tom. "Tour of Turkey monster climb tougher than Mont Ventoux, Angliru and Zoncolan". CyclingWeekly.com. Future plc. Retrieved 11 October 2023. Other sources Hiking Babadağ: Index  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Cragus". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. vteMountains of Turkey Mountain ranges Anti-Taurus Binboğa Canik Ilgaz Küre Pontic Taurus Tmolus Yunt Mountains Acıgöl Ahır Akdağ Aktaş Ağrı (Ararat) Babadağ Beşparmak (Latmus) Davraz Demirkazık Dilek (Mycale) Erciyes Erek Göllü Hasan Honaz Judi Kaçkar Karacadağ Karadağ Karagöl Kaz (Ida) Kula Küçük Ağrı Madur Mahya Medetsiz Nemrut Nemrut (volcano) Nif Palandöken Spil Sultan Süphan Şaphane Tahtalı Tendürek Topçambaba Uludağ Yamanlar Zurbahan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babadağ (mountain, Denizli)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babada%C4%9F_(mountain,_Denizli)"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"Fethiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethiye"},{"link_name":"Muğla Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Acer undulatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_undulatum"},{"link_name":"Cedrus libani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrus_libani"},{"link_name":"paragliding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragliding"}],"text":"For the 2308 m peak in Denizli Province, see Babadağ (mountain, Denizli).Babadağ (ancient Mount Anticragus, Ancient Greek: Ἀντίκραγος) is a mountain near Fethiye, in Muğla Province, southwest Turkey.[3][4]The mountain has a principal summit at an elevation of 1,969 metres (6,460 ft) and a second one called \"Karatepe\" at an elevation of 1,400 metres (4,593 ft). These two summits face each other and are separated by a flood valley, which led to the term \"mountain range\" to be used in some sources in association with Babadağ. The mass is composed mainly of limestone. It is noted for its rich flora, including the endemic Acer undulatum, and forests of Lebanon Cedar (Cedrus libani).It is also notable for the proximity of its summit to the sea (less than 5 km) which is one of the factors that make it particularly suitable and popular for paragliding.","title":"Babadağ (mountain, Muğla)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Cragus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Cragus"},{"link_name":"ancient Lycia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Lycia"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"Telmissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telmissus"},{"link_name":"Carmylessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmylessus"},{"link_name":"Cragus (Lycia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cragus_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Pinara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinara"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Xanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthos"},{"link_name":"Francis Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Beaufort"},{"link_name":"Karamania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamania"},{"link_name":"Yediburun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yediburun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Massicytus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massicytus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Scylax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scylax"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Stadiasmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadiasmus"},{"link_name":"Pomponius Mela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomponius_Mela"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lycia-turkey-ancient.jpg"},{"link_name":"Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Stephanus of Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium"}],"text":"In ancient times, Mount Cragus (also spelled Mount Cragos or Mount Kragus) was a principal mountain of ancient Lycia, although ancient names are sometimes difficult to match with the features observed today.Strabo (p. 665), whose description proceeds from west to east, after the promontory Telmissus, mentions \"Anticragus\", on which is Carmylessus, and then Cragus, which has eight \"summits\" (or he may have meant \"capes\"), and a city of the same name; Cragus (Lycia). Another city, Pinara, in the interior, was at the base of Cragus.There are coins of the town Cragus of the Roman imperial period, with the epigraph Λυκιων Κρ. or Κρα. or Κραγ. The range of Anticragus and Cragus is represented in the map in Spratt and Forbes[5] as running south from the neighbourhood of Telmissus, and forming the western boundary of the lower basin of the river Xanthus. The southern part is Cragus. The direction of the range shows that it must abut on the sea in bold headlands. In Francis Beaufort's map of the coast of Karamania, the Anticragus is marked 6000 feet high. Beaufort's examination of this coast began at Yediburun, which means \"the Seven Capes\", a knot of high and rugged mountains that appear to have been the ancient Mount Cragus of Lycia.[6] The ruins of Pinara are where Strabo describes them, on the east side of this range, about halfway between Telmissus and the termination of the range on the south coast. There is a pass leading between the summits of Cragus and Anticragus. Between the two chief peaks is a plain 4000 feet above the sea; and above it rises the highest peak of Cragus, more than 2500 feet above this elevated plain. The first half of the ascent from the plain is through a thick forest, and the remainder over bare rock. From the summit there is a view of the whole plain of Xanthus, and of the gorges of the Massicytus, which lies east of it. The side towards the sea is so steep, that from this lofty summit the waves are seen breaking white against the base of this precipitous mountain mass.[7] It appears that Strabo is right when he describes a valley or depression as separating Anticragus and Cragus; and the highest part, which towers above the sea at the Seven Capes, seems to be the eight summits that Strabo speaks of. There was a promontory Cragus, according to Scylax and Pliny the Elder (v. 27), which must be the Seven Capes. The Hiera Acra of the Stadiasmus seems also to be the Seven Capes. The position of the Cragus between Xanthus and Telmissus is mentioned by Pomponius Mela (i. 15), and he also probably means the same striking part of the range.Map of Lycia showing significant major cities, mountains and rivers. Red dots are mountain peaks, white dots are ancient cities.The rocks and forests of Cragus were embellished by poetic fictions as the occasional residence of Diana.[8] Here, according to the authority quoted by Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v. Κράγος), were the so-called θεῶν ἀγρίων ἄντρα.","title":"Babadağ, Mount Cragus and Anticragus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 Presidential Cycling Tour of Türkiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Presidential_Tour_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Alexey Lutsenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Lutsenko"}],"text":"Stage three of the 2023 Presidential Cycling Tour of Türkiye took a 104.1 kilometre route from Fethiye to the highest point on the road up Babadağ. It was described as \"one of the hardest climbs ever featured in a professional bike race\"[9] The stage was won by Alexey Lutsenko, and the final 18.12 km of the route took 1:12:32.","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20020422164921/http://www.geocities.com/hikingbabadag/index.htm"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Smith, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mountains_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mountains_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mountains_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Mountains of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Anti-Taurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Taurus_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Binboğa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binbo%C4%9Fa_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Canik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canik_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Ilgaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilgaz_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Küre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCre_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Pontic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Taurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Tmolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tmolus"},{"link_name":"Yunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunt_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Acıgöl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C4%B1g%C3%B6l-Nev%C5%9Fehir"},{"link_name":"Ahır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ah%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"Akdağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akda%C4%9F"},{"link_name":"Aktaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktas_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Ağrı (Ararat)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ararat"},{"link_name":"Babadağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Beşparmak (Latmus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Fparmak_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Davraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Davraz"},{"link_name":"Demirkazık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demirkaz%C4%B1k_Peak"},{"link_name":"Dilek (Mycale)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycale"},{"link_name":"Erciyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erciyes"},{"link_name":"Erek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erek"},{"link_name":"Göllü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ll%C3%BC_Da%C4%9F"},{"link_name":"Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Honaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Honaz"},{"link_name":"Judi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Judi"},{"link_name":"Kaçkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C3%A7kar_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Karacadağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaca_Da%C4%9F"},{"link_name":"Karadağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karada%C4%9F_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Karagöl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karag%C3%B6l,_Giresun"},{"link_name":"Kaz (Ida)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ida"},{"link_name":"Kula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_(volcano)"},{"link_name":"Küçük Ağrı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ararat"},{"link_name":"Madur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madur"},{"link_name":"Mahya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahya_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Medetsiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medetsiz_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Nemrut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nemrut"},{"link_name":"Nemrut (volcano)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemrut_(volcano)"},{"link_name":"Nif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nif"},{"link_name":"Palandöken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paland%C3%B6ken_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Spil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sipylus"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Süphan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_S%C3%BCphan"},{"link_name":"Şaphane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eaphane_mountain"},{"link_name":"Tahtalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahtal%C4%B1_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Tendürek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tend%C3%BCrek"},{"link_name":"Topçambaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top%C3%A7ambaba_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Uludağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluda%C4%9F"},{"link_name":"Yamanlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanlar"},{"link_name":"Zurbahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurbahan"}],"text":"Hiking Babadağ: IndexThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). \"Cragus\". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.vteMountains of Turkey Mountain ranges\nAnti-Taurus\nBinboğa\nCanik\nIlgaz\nKüre\nPontic\nTaurus\nTmolus\nYunt\nMountains\nAcıgöl\nAhır\nAkdağ\nAktaş\nAğrı (Ararat)\nBabadağ\nBeşparmak (Latmus)\nDavraz\nDemirkazık\nDilek (Mycale)\nErciyes\nErek\nGöllü\nHasan\nHonaz\nJudi\nKaçkar\nKaracadağ\nKaradağ\nKaragöl\nKaz (Ida)\nKula\nKüçük Ağrı\nMadur\nMahya\nMedetsiz\nNemrut\nNemrut (volcano)\nNif\nPalandöken\nSpil\nSultan\nSüphan\nŞaphane\nTahtalı\nTendürek\nTopçambaba\nUludağ\nYamanlar\nZurbahan","title":"Other sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Lycia showing significant major cities, mountains and rivers. Red dots are mountain peaks, white dots are ancient cities.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lycia-turkey-ancient.jpg/300px-Lycia-turkey-ancient.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Park,_West_Midlands
Sutton Park, West Midlands
["1 History","1.1 Royal Forest","1.2 Wyndley Pool","1.3 Railway station","1.4 Sutton Miniature Railway","1.5 Wartime camps","1.6 Scouting","1.7 Radio 1 Roadshow","1.8 Lido","2 Sports","3 Wildlife","4 Hydrology","5 Current status","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°33′42″N 1°51′14″W / 52.56174°N 1.85392°W / 52.56174; -1.85392Park in Birmingham, England This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Sutton ParkLongmoor PoolLocationBirmingham, EnglandCoordinates52°33′42″N 1°51′14″W / 52.56174°N 1.85392°W / 52.56174; -1.85392Area971.25 hectares (2,400.0 acres)Operated byBirmingham City CouncilWebsitewww.birmingham.gov.uk/suttonpark class=notpageimage| Sutton Park shown within the West Midlands (grid reference SP1096) Sutton Park is a large urban park located in Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, West Midlands, England. Most of the park is a national nature reserve; large parts are also a scheduled monument. Sutton Park is one of the largest urban parks in the United Kingdom. The park covers more than 2,400 acres (970 ha) according to one source, or 2,200 acres (900 ha) according to another. It consists of a mix of heathland, wetlands and marshes, seven lakes, extensive ancient woodlands (covering approximately a quarter of the park), several restaurants, a private 18-hole golf course on its western edge and a municipal golf course to the south, a donkey sanctuary, children's playgrounds and a visitors' centre. There is no entrance charge to the Park, however there is a parking charge for cars on Saturdays and Sundays during the summer. A wide range of leisure activities are undertaken in the park including dog walking, pony trekking, bike riding and kite flying and there are areas to fly model aeroplanes and helicopters. Additionally, a railway line runs through the park. History Cattle grazing wartime fields, 2007 Peat-cutting, near Rowton's Well during World War II, recovered flint arrowheads at the base of the peat. There are some unassuming prehistoric burnt mounds, and an ancient well. The park contains a preserved section of the Icknield Street, a Roman road; the noticeably cambered road enters the Park near the Royal Oak Gate and exits towards the aptly named Streetly, the "meadow by the paved street"; it is still possible to walk the road. In 1909, two Roman coins were discovered in the park. The Queen's Coppice, planted in 1953, now covers the site of an ancient tumulus, from which a stone 'coffin' was dug out by antiquarians in 1808. Near Blackroot Pool are the earthworks of an ancient encampment, the origin of this is not known – possibly it was a hunting lodge and it may have been Roman, Mercian or Norman (or even all three, over time). Royal Forest The park was established as a Royal Forest by the Anglo Saxon kings of Mercia, from their seat at Tamworth at around the 9th century. By the early 12th century, it was in use as a Norman medieval deer park. The land was given to the people of Sutton Coldfield by King Henry VIII in 1528 after Bishop John Vesey, a friend of the King, asked for it as a present to the people of Sutton Coldfield. The charcoal burning that took place in the Park is thought to have given Sutton Coldfield the second part of its name. Wyndley Pool Heathland area in Sutton Park Wyndley Pool is the oldest in the Park, perhaps dating from the 12th century or even earlier. The house of the Royal Steward sat on the bluff overlooking Wyndley Pool. Keeper's Pool and Bracebridge Pool date from the 15th century. Powell's Pool, Longmoor Pool, and Blackroot date from the 18th century, and were created to run watermills. There was another pool at Boldmere, now outside the park, but this has since vanished. Most of the Park has been undisturbed since then. The area of Ladywood, at Four Oaks, was taken for housing, but in exchange the Meadow Platt area near the town was added to the Park, thus allowing the construction of a new Park Road access from the town. Railway station A railway line, the Sutton Park Line, was built through the Park in 1879 and the Park had its own station. The advent of the railway, and the new town entrance, greatly increased the number of visitors to the Park. The Park's own dedicated station was closed in 1964, and the line now only serves goods trains. Sutton Miniature Railway Postcard showing Locomotive 'Nipper' and train, on the miniature railway. The Sutton Miniature Railway ran near to the present-day Wyndley Leisure Centre, from circa 1905 until the 1960s, when it was dismantled and the equipment put into store. The stock and engine shed are now at the Vintage Trains Depot at Tyseley, Birmingham. Wartime camps During World War I, convalescent camps were built in the Park. During World War II further camps were built; these were first used for enemy aliens, then for U.S. forces prior to D-Day, and finally for Nazi German and Italian prisoners of war. Scouting In 1957, the 50th anniversary of Scouting was celebrated when the 9th World Scout Jamboree, held concurrently with the 6th World Rover Moot and the 2nd World Scout Indaba, was held in the park, with participants from all over the world. The event is commemorated by a short stone pillar in the centre of the park. Radio 1 Roadshow On Sunday 30 August 1992, 100,000 fans attended the BBC Radio 1 biggest ever Roadshow to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Radio 1 with live performances from bands including Del Amitri, Aswad, The Farm and Status Quo. Free buses were provided by Travel West Midlands and a large Radio 1 Air ship floated above the park. Lido There was a rare 1887 lido, for open-air all-weather swimming, at Keepers Pool but the lido closed in 2003 after arson, and was burned down entirely in 2004. The Lido area has now been purposely reverted to woodland and wetland. Sports Woodland near Bracebridge Pool The park is popular for a number of sports. These include mountain biking, with the "Skeleton Hill" being popular with downhill bikers. Secondly sailing and canoeing, which take place mainly on Powell's Pool and finally kayaking and canoeing club on Blackroot Pool with Royal Sutton Coldfield Canoe Club. Runners and walkers also make the most of the park and its extensive pathways and trails. A number of running events are staged in the park. These include: Seven Pools Run (March) Midland Counties men's 12-stage and women's 6-stage relays (March) ERRA National men's 12-stage and women's 6-stage relays (April) National Masters (BMAF) Open Road Relays (May) Royal Mail 5k / 10k Fun Run (May) Hill West 10k (May) Great Midlands Fun Run (June) Race for Life (June) City of Birmingham 10k / 5k Fun Run (September) Midland Counties men's 6-stage and women's 4-stage relays (September) Birmingham Insurance Institute 5k / 10k Fun Run (September) Teach First's Run 10k + kids' 2k (September) ERRA National men's 6-stage and women's 4-stage relays (October) There is a free 5 km parkrun event in the park at 9:00am every Saturday, starting at Banners Gate. The City of Birmingham triathlon event in held in July with the open water swim stage taking place in Powell's Pool. Sutton Park has played host the triathlon events for the Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games. The swimming occurred in Powell's Pool near. Boldmere gate. While the cycling took to the streets of Boldmere before transitioning to running in the park itself. Be Military Fit hold fitness classes up to six days a week in the park close to the Boldmere Gate. There are countless cycling routes throughout the park for all different capabilities. Gopro videos of different routes can be found on YouTube. There is an 18-hole golf course near to the Streetly Gate entrance to the park. There is a section of grass sectioned off for the usage of model aeroplanes and helicopters. This is between Boldmere Gate and the Jamboree Stone and can be accessed at most times by car from Boldmere Gate. Sutton Park has also been used for motor rallying, and was a popular spectator stage on the Lombard RAC Rally in the 1970s and 1980s. Also there are many watersports in the park, including fishing, rowing and sailing on the park's Powell's Pool, where the Sutton Sailing Club(SSC) sails regularly throughout the year. They sail on Wednesday evenings and Sunday afternoons throughout the summer and on Sunday mornings during the winter. The Sailing club is situated near the Boldmere gate. Bishop Vesey Grammar School row on Powell's Pool. Wildlife Nightjars formerly bred in the park; the last recorded being in 1957, the year of the Scout Jamboree. Since then, there have only been two sightings, in 1974 and 2005. Both red grouse and black grouse were in the park until 1868 and 1897 respectively. Hydrology Two streams rise in the park, Plants Brook (also known as the Ebrook or East Brook) and its tributary Longmoor Brook, as well as several of their smaller tributaries and man-made drainage channels. These feed a number of man-made pools and reservoirs. Their outflow, outside the park is into the River Tame, and ultimately via the River Trent and the Humber, into the North Sea. Following heavy rainfall, water is fed into the streams from outside the park via storm drains known as "Combined Sewer Overflows". Current status Exmoor ponies running free at Sutton Park In 1997, English Nature designated most of Sutton Park a national nature reserve and it features on English Heritage's list of recognised historic parks and gardens. In July 2005, a 20-year 'Keepers of Time' scheme was announced, which will eliminate alien species from ancient woodlands and restore native varieties like oak, ash and beech. Open field at Sutton Park The park is currently managed by Birmingham City Council; but in July 2004 it was announced that control would be devolved to the local councillors for Sutton Coldfield. A 'path' through the woods The roads have reverted to their previous 'heavily restricted' status. There is still considerable car traffic into and out of the park, mainly of families with children, dog walkers, kite/model aeroplane fliers and other recreational use. However, cross-park 'through traffic' is now completely blocked by sturdy gates across the main link roads, similar to the existing gates at all road entrances and exits, that open and close with dusk and dawn. This measure has significantly reduced the use of the park as a rush-hour short-cut (notably between Boldmere and Streetly), with some noticeable impact on congestion of local routes around the Park. The benefit of traffic restriction is improvement in the enjoyability of the park; with cleaner air, safer roads for walkers and cyclists, and much reduced visual and noise pollution, plus reduced wear and tear on the poorly maintained, decaying road surfaces. Road speed limits through the park have been reduced twice, from 30 mph to 20 mph in the 1980s, and to 5 mph in 2004. Also, on the pedestrianised areas (areas that used to be roads for cars, but are now closed to vehicles, except for emergency/ranger traffic), many speed bumps have been removed. The commercial funfair for small children beside Powell's Pool continues to operate, attracting significant business. It offers rides such as a daisy-chained go-kart track ride (with 'spooky' tunnels), and a two-person manually operated bell-rope pirate ship swings. There is a Sea Cadets dry-dock training vessel ("the Concrete Corvette") at Boldmere Gate along with the headquarters of the 1st Sutton Coldfield Sea Scouts, and at the other side of the park the 9th Sutton Coldfield Scouts. There are now a larger number of police officers in the park, especially at the main gate, Town Gate. This has helped to stop vandalism and arson attacks on the park, however, some incidents still happen. In December 2007, the National Cycle Network won £50-million in a public vote. The effect on Sutton Park will be to build the Plants Brook route that will create a free off-road bicycle path from east Erdington to Sutton Park. Part of the golf course in winter In February 2008, a City Council feasibility study examined the possibility of once again running passenger trains through the park. In September 2012, an outbreak of E. coli O157 was confirmed by the Health Protection Agency. Seven people were infected during the months of July and August. The park remained open but Birmingham City Council advised children under 10 to avoid visiting Sutton Park and for visitors to avoid contact with animals and wash hands thoroughly. Due to the outbreak, the autumn Midlands Counties and English National Road Relays running events in 2012 were cancelled. During the COVID-19 pandemic, outdoor exercise was encouraged as people struggled with the physical effects of lockdown and restrictions. Sutton Park remained busy even as the Wyndley Leisure Centre facilities were shut. References ^ Introduction To Sutton Park Birmingham City Council ^ Bodnar, Stefan (December 2001). Sutton Park Management Plan 2002–2007. Birmingham City Council. p. 3. ^ W. Midgley, A Short History of the Town and Chase of Sutton Coldfield 1904:6ff. ^ Midgley 1904:1. ^ "BBC Radio 1 England – 30 August 1992 – BBC Genome". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2018. ^ "Radio Rewind – Radio 1 Shows – Roadshow; the later years". www.radiorewind.co.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2018. ^ "7 Pools Run". Retrieved 7 September 2018. ^ "Sutton Park parkrun - Weekly Free 5km Timed Run". Retrieved 7 September 2018. ^ a b c Harrison, Graham (2005). The New Birds of the West Midlands. West Midland Bird Club. ISBN 0-9507881-2-0. ^ "County Lists 2008". West Midland Bird Club. 1 January 2011. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b c Ian Trueman; Mike Poulton; Mike Hodder; Lukas Large; Shirley Hancock; Simon Phipps (March 2023). The Flora of Sutton Park National Nature Reserve. ISBN 978-1-913994-09-9. Wikidata Q116952061. ^ "Birmingham Post politics news plus reports council and Government issues affecting Birmingham, the Black Country and the West Midlands". Birminghampost.net. Retrieved 31 October 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sutton Park. Birmingham City Council pages Friends of Sutton Park Association SCNHS Sutton Park pages Natural History of Sutton Park Sutton Sea Scouts Photos of Sutton Park and surrounding area on geograph Sutton Coldfield Sailing Club vte Parks and open spaces in Birmingham, EnglandParks & gardens Adderley Park Billesley Common Bleak Hill Park Brookvale Park Calthorpe Park Cannon Hill Park Cofton Park Cotteridge Park Eastside City Park Grove Park Handsworth Park Highbury Park Highgate Park Kingfisher Country Park Kings Heath Park Lickey Hills Country Park Lightwoods Park New Hall Valley Country Park Moseley Park Perry Hall Park Perry Park Pype Hayes Park Queens Park Selly Oak Park Senneleys Park Sheldon Country Park Shire Country Park Short Heath Park Sutton Park Swanshurst Park Walkers Heath Park Ward End Park Woodgate Valley Country Park Gardens Botanical Gardens Martineau Gardens St Thomas' Peace Garden Winterbourne Botanic Garden Nature reserves (not listed above) Edgbaston Pool Harborne Reserve Moseley Bog Plantsbrook Local Nature Reserve Sandwell Valley (part) Cemeteries Brandwood End Handsworth Key Hill Lodge Hill Perry Barr Crematorium Warstone Lane Witton Reservoirs Aston Bartley Brookvale Park Lake Edgbaston Frankley Lifford Perry Barr (covered) Perry Witton Lakes Related Birmingham Parks Police Category vteVenues of the 2022 Commonwealth Games (Birmingham)Birmingham and the West Midlands Alexander Stadium Arena Birmingham Birmingham City Centre Cannock Chase Coventry Arena Edgbaston Cricket Ground Myton Fields National Exhibition Centre Arena Sandwell Aquatics Centre Sutton Park University of Birmingham Victoria Park Outside West Midlands Lee Valley VeloPark
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_Midlands_UK_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_Midlands_UK_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)"},{"link_name":"grid reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid"},{"link_name":"SP1096","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sutton_Park,_West_Midlands&params=52.561744_N_1.853917_W_region:GB_scale:25000"},{"link_name":"Sutton Coldfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"national nature reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_nature_reserve_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"scheduled monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_monument"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bodn01-2"},{"link_name":"heathland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathland"},{"link_name":"wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland"},{"link_name":"marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh"},{"link_name":"lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake"},{"link_name":"ancient woodlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_woodland"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"donkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey"},{"link_name":"railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Park_Line"}],"text":"Park in Birmingham, Englandclass=notpageimage| Sutton Park shown within the West Midlands (grid reference SP1096)Sutton Park is a large urban park located in Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, West Midlands, England. Most of the park is a national nature reserve; large parts are also a scheduled monument. Sutton Park is one of the largest urban parks in the United Kingdom. The park covers more than 2,400 acres (970 ha) according to one source,[1] or 2,200 acres (900 ha) according to another.[2] It consists of a mix of heathland, wetlands and marshes, seven lakes, extensive ancient woodlands (covering approximately a quarter of the park), several restaurants, a private 18-hole golf course on its western edge and a municipal golf course to the south, a donkey sanctuary, children's playgrounds and a visitors' centre. There is no entrance charge to the Park, however there is a parking charge for cars on Saturdays and Sundays during the summer. A wide range of leisure activities are undertaken in the park including dog walking, pony trekking, bike riding and kite flying and there are areas to fly model aeroplanes and helicopters. Additionally, a railway line runs through the park.","title":"Sutton Park, West Midlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sutton_Park_Walk_807_(N595).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle"},{"link_name":"Peat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint"},{"link_name":"arrowheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead"},{"link_name":"prehistoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric"},{"link_name":"burnt mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnt_mound"},{"link_name":"well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well"},{"link_name":"Icknield Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icknield_Street"},{"link_name":"Roman road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road"},{"link_name":"Streetly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin"},{"link_name":"Coppice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppice"},{"link_name":"tumulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus"},{"link_name":"antiquarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian"},{"link_name":"earthworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"Mercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"}],"text":"Cattle grazing wartime fields, 2007Peat-cutting, near Rowton's Well during World War II, recovered flint arrowheads at the base of the peat. There are some unassuming prehistoric burnt mounds, and an ancient well. The park contains a preserved section of the Icknield Street, a Roman road; the noticeably cambered road enters the Park near the Royal Oak Gate and exits towards the aptly named Streetly, the \"meadow by the paved street\";[3] it is still possible to walk the road. In 1909, two Roman coins were discovered in the park. The Queen's Coppice, planted in 1953, now covers the site of an ancient tumulus, from which a stone 'coffin' was dug out by antiquarians in 1808. Near Blackroot Pool are the earthworks of an ancient encampment, the origin of this is not known – possibly it was a hunting lodge and it may have been Roman, Mercian or Norman (or even all three, over time).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Forest"},{"link_name":"Anglo Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo_Saxon"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"Tamworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamworth,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_dynasty"},{"link_name":"medieval deer park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_deer_park"},{"link_name":"King Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"Bishop John Vesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_John_Vesey"},{"link_name":"Sutton Coldfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield"},{"link_name":"charcoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal"}],"sub_title":"Royal Forest","text":"The park was established as a Royal Forest by the Anglo Saxon kings of Mercia, from their seat at Tamworth[4] at around the 9th century. By the early 12th century, it was in use as a Norman medieval deer park. The land was given to the people of Sutton Coldfield by King Henry VIII in 1528 after Bishop John Vesey, a friend of the King, asked for it as a present to the people of Sutton Coldfield. The charcoal burning that took place in the Park is thought to have given Sutton Coldfield the second part of its name.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heathland_I.jpg"},{"link_name":"watermills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermills"},{"link_name":"Boldmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boldmere"}],"sub_title":"Wyndley Pool","text":"Heathland area in Sutton ParkWyndley Pool is the oldest in the Park, perhaps dating from the 12th century or even earlier. The house of the Royal Steward sat on the bluff overlooking Wyndley Pool. Keeper's Pool and Bracebridge Pool date from the 15th century. Powell's Pool, Longmoor Pool, and Blackroot date from the 18th century, and were created to run watermills. There was another pool at Boldmere, now outside the park, but this has since vanished. Most of the Park has been undisturbed since then. The area of Ladywood, at Four Oaks, was taken for housing, but in exchange the Meadow Platt area near the town was added to the Park, thus allowing the construction of a new Park Road access from the town.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sutton Park Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Park_Line"}],"sub_title":"Railway station","text":"A railway line, the Sutton Park Line, was built through the Park in 1879 and the Park had its own station. The advent of the railway, and the new town entrance, greatly increased the number of visitors to the Park. The Park's own dedicated station was closed in 1964, and the line now only serves goods trains.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nipper_-_Sutton_Park_Miniature_Railway.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Sutton Miniature Railway","text":"Postcard showing Locomotive 'Nipper' and train, on the miniature railway.The Sutton Miniature Railway ran near to the present-day Wyndley Leisure Centre, from circa 1905 until the 1960s, when it was dismantled and the equipment put into store. The stock and engine shed are now at the Vintage Trains Depot at Tyseley, Birmingham.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day"},{"link_name":"Nazi German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_German"}],"sub_title":"Wartime camps","text":"During World War I, convalescent camps were built in the Park. During World War II further camps were built; these were first used for enemy aliens, then for U.S. forces prior to D-Day, and finally for Nazi German and Italian prisoners of war.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scouting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting"},{"link_name":"9th World Scout Jamboree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_World_Scout_Jamboree"},{"link_name":"World Rover Moot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rover_Moot"},{"link_name":"World Scout Indaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scout_Indaba"}],"sub_title":"Scouting","text":"In 1957, the 50th anniversary of Scouting was celebrated when the 9th World Scout Jamboree, held concurrently with the 6th World Rover Moot and the 2nd World Scout Indaba, was held in the park, with participants from all over the world. The event is commemorated by a short stone pillar in the centre of the park.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"Roadshow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_1_Roadshow"},{"link_name":"Del Amitri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Amitri"},{"link_name":"Aswad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswad_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Farm_(British_band)"},{"link_name":"Status Quo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_Quo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Travel West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Express_West_Midlands"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Radio 1 Roadshow","text":"On Sunday 30 August 1992, 100,000 fans attended the BBC Radio 1 biggest ever Roadshow to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Radio 1 with live performances from bands including Del Amitri, Aswad, The Farm and Status Quo. Free buses were provided by Travel West Midlands and a large Radio 1 Air ship floated above the park.[5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lido_(swimming_pool)"},{"link_name":"wetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland"}],"sub_title":"Lido","text":"There was a rare 1887 lido, for open-air all-weather swimming, at Keepers Pool but the lido closed in 2003 after arson, and was burned down entirely in 2004. The Lido area has now been purposely reverted to woodland and wetland.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sutton_Park_Walk_407.jpg"},{"link_name":"mountain biking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_biking"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Great Midlands Fun Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Midlands_Fun_Run"},{"link_name":"Race for Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_for_Life"},{"link_name":"parkrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkrun"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Birmingham 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_2022"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Boldmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boldmere"},{"link_name":"Be Military Fit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Military_Fit"},{"link_name":"Lombard RAC Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_RAC_Rally"}],"text":"Woodland near Bracebridge PoolThe park is popular for a number of sports. These include mountain biking, with the \"Skeleton Hill\" being popular with downhill bikers. Secondly sailing and canoeing, which take place mainly on Powell's Pool and finally kayaking and canoeing club on Blackroot Pool with Royal Sutton Coldfield Canoe Club.Runners and walkers also make the most of the park and its extensive pathways and trails.A number of running events are staged in the park. These include:Seven Pools Run (March) [7]\nMidland Counties men's 12-stage and women's 6-stage relays (March)\nERRA National men's 12-stage and women's 6-stage relays (April)\nNational Masters (BMAF) Open Road Relays (May)\nRoyal Mail 5k / 10k Fun Run (May)\nHill West 10k (May)\nGreat Midlands Fun Run (June)\nRace for Life (June)\nCity of Birmingham 10k / 5k Fun Run (September)\nMidland Counties men's 6-stage and women's 4-stage relays (September)\nBirmingham Insurance Institute 5k / 10k Fun Run (September)\nTeach First's Run 10k + kids' 2k (September)\nERRA National men's 6-stage and women's 4-stage relays (October)There is a free 5 km parkrun event in the park at 9:00am every Saturday, starting at Banners Gate.[8]The City of Birmingham triathlon event in held in July with the open water swim stage taking place in Powell's Pool.Sutton Park has played host the triathlon events for the Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games. The swimming occurred in Powell's Pool near. Boldmere gate. While the cycling took to the streets of Boldmere before transitioning to running in the park itself.Be Military Fit hold fitness classes up to six days a week in the park close to the Boldmere Gate.There are countless cycling routes throughout the park for all different capabilities.\nGopro videos of different routes can be found on YouTube.\nThere is an 18-hole golf course near to the Streetly Gate entrance to the park.There is a section of grass sectioned off for the usage of model aeroplanes and helicopters. This is between Boldmere Gate and the Jamboree Stone and can be accessed at most times by car from Boldmere Gate.Sutton Park has also been used for motor rallying, and was a popular spectator stage on the Lombard RAC Rally in the 1970s and 1980s.Also there are many watersports in the park, including fishing, rowing and sailing on the park's Powell's Pool, where the Sutton Sailing Club(SSC) sails regularly throughout the year. They sail on Wednesday evenings and Sunday afternoons throughout the summer and on Sunday mornings during the winter. The Sailing club is situated near the Boldmere gate. Bishop Vesey Grammar School row on Powell's Pool.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nightjars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_nightjar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMBC-lists-10"},{"link_name":"red grouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_grouse"},{"link_name":"black grouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_grouse"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-9"}],"text":"Nightjars formerly bred in the park; the last recorded being in 1957,[9] the year of the Scout Jamboree. Since then, there have only been two sightings, in 1974[9] and 2005.[10] Both red grouse and black grouse were in the park until 1868 and 1897 respectively.[9]","title":"Wildlife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plants Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_Brook"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flora-2023-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flora-2023-11"},{"link_name":"River Tame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tame_(West_Midlands)"},{"link_name":"River Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Trent"},{"link_name":"Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flora-2023-11"}],"text":"Two streams rise in the park, Plants Brook (also known as the Ebrook or East Brook) and its tributary Longmoor Brook, as well as several of their smaller tributaries and man-made drainage channels.[11] These feed a number of man-made pools and reservoirs.[11] Their outflow, outside the park is into the River Tame, and ultimately via the River Trent and the Humber, into the North Sea. Following heavy rainfall, water is fed into the streams from outside the park via storm drains known as \"Combined Sewer Overflows\".[11]","title":"Hydrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heathland_V_Ponies.jpg"},{"link_name":"Exmoor ponies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmoor_Pony"},{"link_name":"English Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Nature"},{"link_name":"national nature reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_nature_reserve_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"ancient woodlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_woodland"},{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_tree"},{"link_name":"beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Field_Sutton_Park_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Sutton Coldfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sutton_Park_Path.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boldmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boldmere"},{"link_name":"Streetly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetly"},{"link_name":"noise pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution"},{"link_name":"road surfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_surface"},{"link_name":"go-kart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-kart"},{"link_name":"pirate ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_ship"},{"link_name":"Sea Cadets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Cadet_Corps"},{"link_name":"National Cycle Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cycle_Network"},{"link_name":"the Plants Brook route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sustransconnect2.org.uk/schemes/project_detail.php?id=121"},{"link_name":"Erdington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowy_Sutton_Park_-_Dec_28th_2000.jpg"},{"link_name":"feasibility study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feasibility_study"},{"link_name":"E. coli O157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"Health Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"}],"text":"Exmoor ponies running free at Sutton ParkIn 1997, English Nature designated most of Sutton Park a national nature reserve and it features on English Heritage's list of recognised historic parks and gardens. In July 2005, a 20-year 'Keepers of Time' scheme was announced, which will eliminate alien species from ancient woodlands and restore native varieties like oak, ash and beech.Open field at Sutton ParkThe park is currently managed by Birmingham City Council; but in July 2004 it was announced that control would be devolved to the local councillors for Sutton Coldfield.A 'path' through the woodsThe roads have reverted to their previous 'heavily restricted' status. There is still considerable car traffic into and out of the park, mainly of families with children, dog walkers, kite/model aeroplane fliers and other recreational use. However, cross-park 'through traffic' is now completely blocked by sturdy gates across the main link roads, similar to the existing gates at all road entrances and exits, that open and close with dusk and dawn. This measure has significantly reduced the use of the park as a rush-hour short-cut (notably between Boldmere and Streetly), with some noticeable impact on congestion of local routes around the Park. The benefit of traffic restriction is improvement in the enjoyability of the park; with cleaner air, safer roads for walkers and cyclists, and much reduced visual and noise pollution, plus reduced wear and tear on the poorly maintained, decaying road surfaces.Road speed limits through the park have been reduced twice, from 30 mph to 20 mph in the 1980s, and to 5 mph in 2004. Also, on the pedestrianised areas (areas that used to be roads for cars, but are now closed to vehicles, except for emergency/ranger traffic), many speed bumps have been removed.The commercial funfair for small children beside Powell's Pool continues to operate, attracting significant business. It offers rides such as a daisy-chained go-kart track ride (with 'spooky' tunnels), and a two-person manually operated bell-rope pirate ship swings.There is a Sea Cadets dry-dock training vessel (\"the Concrete Corvette\") at Boldmere Gate along with the headquarters of the 1st Sutton Coldfield Sea Scouts, and at the other side of the park the 9th Sutton Coldfield Scouts.There are now a larger number of police officers in the park, especially at the main gate, Town Gate. This has helped to stop vandalism and arson attacks on the park, however, some incidents still happen.In December 2007, the National Cycle Network won £50-million in a public vote. The effect on Sutton Park will be to build the Plants Brook route that will create a free off-road bicycle path from east Erdington to Sutton Park.Part of the golf course in winterIn February 2008, a City Council feasibility study examined the possibility of once again running passenger trains through the park.In September 2012, an outbreak of E. coli O157 was confirmed by the Health Protection Agency. Seven people were infected during the months of July and August. The park remained open but Birmingham City Council advised children under 10 to avoid visiting Sutton Park and for visitors to avoid contact with animals and wash hands thoroughly.[12] Due to the outbreak, the autumn Midlands Counties and English National Road Relays running events in 2012 were cancelled.During the COVID-19 pandemic, outdoor exercise was encouraged as people struggled with the physical effects of lockdown and restrictions. Sutton Park remained busy even as the Wyndley Leisure Centre facilities were shut.","title":"Current status"}]
[{"image_text":"Cattle grazing wartime fields, 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sutton_Park_Walk_807_%28N595%29.jpg/220px-Sutton_Park_Walk_807_%28N595%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heathland area in Sutton Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Heathland_I.jpg/220px-Heathland_I.jpg"},{"image_text":"Postcard showing Locomotive 'Nipper' and train, on the miniature railway.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Nipper_-_Sutton_Park_Miniature_Railway.jpg/220px-Nipper_-_Sutton_Park_Miniature_Railway.jpg"},{"image_text":"Woodland near Bracebridge Pool","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sutton_Park_Walk_407.jpg/220px-Sutton_Park_Walk_407.jpg"},{"image_text":"Exmoor ponies running free at Sutton Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Heathland_V_Ponies.jpg/220px-Heathland_V_Ponies.jpg"},{"image_text":"Open field at Sutton Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Open_Field_Sutton_Park_2.jpg/220px-Open_Field_Sutton_Park_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 'path' through the woods","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sutton_Park_Path.jpg/220px-Sutton_Park_Path.jpg"},{"image_text":"Part of the golf course in winter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Snowy_Sutton_Park_-_Dec_28th_2000.jpg/220px-Snowy_Sutton_Park_-_Dec_28th_2000.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Bodnar, Stefan (December 2001). Sutton Park Management Plan 2002–2007. Birmingham City Council. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 1 England – 30 August 1992 – BBC Genome\". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/schedules/radio1/england/1992-08-30","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 1 England – 30 August 1992 – BBC Genome\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radio Rewind – Radio 1 Shows – Roadshow; the later years\". www.radiorewind.co.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiorewind.co.uk/radio1/roadshow_later.htm","url_text":"\"Radio Rewind – Radio 1 Shows – Roadshow; the later years\""}]},{"reference":"\"7 Pools Run\". Retrieved 7 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.7poolsrun.org.uk/","url_text":"\"7 Pools Run\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sutton Park parkrun - Weekly Free 5km Timed Run\". Retrieved 7 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parkrun.org.uk/suttonpark/","url_text":"\"Sutton Park parkrun - Weekly Free 5km Timed Run\""}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Graham (2005). The New Birds of the West Midlands. West Midland Bird Club. ISBN 0-9507881-2-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midland_Bird_Club","url_text":"West Midland Bird Club"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9507881-2-0","url_text":"0-9507881-2-0"}]},{"reference":"\"County Lists 2008\". West Midland Bird Club. 1 January 2011. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111201073133/http://www.westmidlandbirdclub.com/records/lists","url_text":"\"County Lists 2008\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midland_Bird_Club","url_text":"West Midland Bird Club"}]},{"reference":"Ian Trueman; Mike Poulton; Mike Hodder; Lukas Large; Shirley Hancock; Simon Phipps (March 2023). The Flora of Sutton Park National Nature Reserve. ISBN 978-1-913994-09-9. Wikidata Q116952061.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-913994-09-9","url_text":"978-1-913994-09-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116952061","url_text":"Q116952061"}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham Post politics news plus reports council and Government issues affecting Birmingham, the Black Country and the West Midlands\". Birminghampost.net. Retrieved 31 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birminghampost.net/news/west-midlands-news/2012/09/20/e-coli-outbreak-parents-told-to-keep-children-out-of-sutton-park-65233-31869487/","url_text":"\"Birmingham Post politics news plus reports council and Government issues affecting Birmingham, the Black Country and the West Midlands\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut,_Jr
Kurt Vonnegut
["1 Biography","1.1 Family and early life","1.2 High school and Cornell University","1.3 World War II","1.4 Marriage, University of Chicago, and early employment","1.5 First novel","1.6 Struggling writer","1.7 Slaughterhouse-Five","1.8 Later career and life","1.9 Death and legacy","2 Views","2.1 War","2.2 Religion","2.3 Politics","2.4 Technology","3 Writing","3.1 Influences","3.2 Style and technique","3.3 Themes","3.4 Awards and nominations","4 Works","4.1 Novels","4.2 Short fiction collections","4.3 Plays","4.4 Nonfiction","4.5 Interviews","4.6 Children's books","4.7 Art","5 See also","6 Explanatory notes","7 Citations","8 General and cited sources","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
American author (1922–2007) "Vonnegut" redirects here. For other uses, see Vonnegut (disambiguation). Kurt VonnegutVonnegut in 1965BornKurt Vonnegut Jr.(1922-11-11)November 11, 1922Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.DiedApril 11, 2007(2007-04-11) (aged 84)New York City, U.S.OccupationAuthorEducationCornell UniversityCarnegie Mellon UniversityUniversity of TennesseeUniversity of Chicago (MA)GenreSatiregallows humorscience fictionLiterary movementPostmodernismYears active1951–2007Notable worksSlaughterhouse-FiveSpouse Jane Marie Cox ​ ​(m. 1945; div. 1971)​ Jill Krementz ​(m. 1979)​Children3 biological, including Mark and Edith4 adopted, including Steve AdamsSignature Kurt Vonnegut (/ˈvɒnəɡət/; November 11, 1922 – April 11, 2007) was an American writer and humorist known for his satirical and darkly humorous novels. In a career spanning over 50 years, he published fourteen novels, three short-story collections, five plays, and five nonfiction works; further collections have been published after his death. Born and raised in Indianapolis, Vonnegut attended Cornell University but withdrew in January 1943 and enlisted in the US Army. As part of his training, he studied mechanical engineering at the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) and the University of Tennessee. He was then deployed to Europe to fight in World War II and was captured by the Germans during the Battle of the Bulge. He was interned in Dresden, where he survived the Allied bombing of the city in a meat locker of the slaughterhouse where he was imprisoned. After the war, he married Jane Marie Cox, with whom he had three children. Vonnegut adopted three of his sister's sons after she died of cancer and her husband was killed in a train accident. He and his wife both attended the University of Chicago, while he worked as a night reporter for the City News Bureau. Vonnegut published his first novel, Player Piano, in 1952. The novel received positive reviews but was not commercially successful at the time. In the nearly 20 years that followed, he published several novels that were well regarded, two of which—The Sirens of Titan (1959) and Cat's Cradle (1963)—were nominated for the Hugo Award for best science fiction or fantasy novel of the year. He published a short-story collection titled Welcome to the Monkey House in 1968. His breakthrough was his commercially and critically successful sixth novel, Slaughterhouse-Five (1969). The book's anti-war sentiment resonated with its readers amidst the ongoing Vietnam War, and its reviews were generally positive. Slaughterhouse-Five rose to the top of The New York Times Best Seller list and made Vonnegut famous. He gave speeches, lectures, and commencement addresses; he received awards and honors. Later in his career, Vonnegut published autobiographical essays and short-story collections, such as Fates Worse Than Death (1991) and A Man Without a Country (2005). After his death, he was hailed as one of the most important contemporary writers and a dark humor commentator on American society. His son Mark published a compilation of his unpublished works, Armageddon in Retrospect, in 2008. In 2017, Seven Stories Press published Complete Stories, a collection of Vonnegut's short fiction, including five previously unpublished stories. Complete Stories was collected and introduced by Vonnegut friends and scholars Jerome Klinkowitz and Dan Wakefield. Scholarly works have examined Vonnegut's writing and humor. Biography Family and early life Kurt Vonnegut Jr. was born in Indianapolis on November 11, 1922, the youngest of three children of Kurt Vonnegut Sr. and his wife Edith (née Lieber). His older siblings were Bernard (born 1914) and Alice (born 1917). He had descended from German immigrants who settled in the United States in the mid-19th century; his paternal great-grandfather, Clemens Vonnegut, settled in Indianapolis and founded the Vonnegut Hardware Company. His father and grandfather Bernard were architects; the architecture firm under Kurt Sr. designed such buildings as Das Deutsche Haus (now called "The Athenæum"), the Indiana headquarters of the Bell Telephone Company, and the Fletcher Trust Building. Vonnegut's mother was born into Indianapolis high society, as her family, the Liebers, were among the wealthiest in the city with their fortune deriving from ownership of a successful brewery. Both of Vonnegut's parents were fluent German speakers, but the ill feeling toward Germany during and after World War I caused them to abandon German culture in order to show their American patriotism. Thus, they did not teach Vonnegut to speak German or introduce him to German literature and traditions, leaving him feeling "ignorant and rootless". Vonnegut later credited Ida Young, his family's African-American cook and housekeeper during the first decade of his life, for raising him and giving him values; he said, "she gave me decent moral instruction and was exceedingly nice to me", and "was as great an influence on me as anybody". He described her as "humane and wise" and added that "the compassionate, forgiving aspects of beliefs" came from her. The financial security and social prosperity that the Vonneguts had once enjoyed were destroyed in a matter of years. The Liebers' brewery was closed in 1921 after the advent of prohibition. When the Great Depression hit, few people could afford to build, causing clients at Kurt Sr.'s architectural firm to become scarce. Vonnegut's brother and sister had finished their primary and secondary educations in private schools, but Vonnegut was placed in a public school called Public School No. 43 (now the James Whitcomb Riley School). He was bothered by the Great Depression, and both his parents were affected deeply by their economic misfortune. His father withdrew from normal life and became what Vonnegut called a "dreamy artist". His mother became depressed, withdrawn, bitter, and abusive. She labored to regain the family's wealth and status, and Vonnegut said that she expressed hatred for her husband that was "as corrosive as hydrochloric acid". She unsuccessfully tried to sell short stories she had written to Collier's, The Saturday Evening Post, and other magazines. High school and Cornell University Vonnegut as a teenager, from the Shortridge High School 1940 yearbook Vonnegut enrolled at Shortridge High School in Indianapolis in 1936. While there, he played clarinet in the school band and became a co-editor (along with Madelyn Pugh) for the Tuesday edition of the school newspaper, The Shortridge Echo. Vonnegut said that his tenure with the Echo allowed him to write for a large audience—his fellow students—rather than for a teacher, an experience, he said, was "fun and easy". "It just turned out that I could write better than a lot of other people", Vonnegut observed. "Each person has something he can do easily and can't imagine why everybody else has so much trouble doing it." After graduating from Shortridge in 1940, Vonnegut enrolled at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. He wanted to study the humanities and had aspirations of becoming an architect like his father, but his father and brother Bernard, an atmospheric scientist, urged him to study a "useful" discipline. As a result, Vonnegut majored in biochemistry, but he had little proficiency in the area and was indifferent towards his studies. As his father had been a member at MIT, Vonnegut was entitled to join the Delta Upsilon fraternity, and did. He overcame stiff competition for a place at the university's independent newspaper, The Cornell Daily Sun, first serving as a staff writer, then as an editor. By the end of his first year, he was writing a column titled "Innocents Abroad", which reused jokes from other publications. He later penned a piece "Well All Right" focusing on pacifism, a cause he strongly supported, arguing against US intervention in World War II. World War II Vonnegut in army uniform during World War II The attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into WWII. Vonnegut was a member of Reserve Officers' Training Corps, but poor grades and a satirical article in Cornell's newspaper cost him his place there. He was placed on academic probation in May 1942 and dropped out the following January. No longer eligible for a deferment as a member of ROTC, he faced likely conscription into the United States Army. Instead of waiting to be drafted, he enlisted in the Army and in March 1943 reported to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, for basic training. Vonnegut was trained to fire and maintain howitzers and later received instruction in mechanical engineering at the Carnegie Institute of Technology and the University of Tennessee as part of the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP). In early 1944, the ASTP was canceled due to the Army's need for soldiers to support the D-Day invasion, and Vonnegut was ordered to an infantry battalion at Camp Atterbury, south of Indianapolis in Edinburgh, Indiana, where he trained as a scout. He lived so close to his home that he was "able to sleep in own bedroom and use the family car on weekends". On May 14, 1944, Vonnegut returned home on leave for Mother's Day weekend to discover that his mother had committed suicide the previous night by overdosing on sleeping pills. Possible factors that contributed to Edith Vonnegut's suicide include the family's loss of wealth and status, Vonnegut's forthcoming deployment overseas, and her own lack of success as a writer. She was inebriated at the time and under the influence of prescription drugs. Three months after his mother's suicide, Vonnegut was sent to Europe as an intelligence scout with the 106th Infantry Division. In December 1944, he fought in the Battle of the Bulge, the final German offensive of the war. During the battle, the 106th Infantry Division, which had only recently reached the front and was assigned to a "quiet" sector due to its inexperience, was overrun by advancing German armored forces. Over 500 members of the division were killed, and over 6,000 were captured. On December 22, Vonnegut was captured with about 50 other American soldiers. Vonnegut was taken by boxcar to a prison camp south of Dresden, in the German province of Saxony. During the journey, the Royal Air Force mistakenly attacked the trains carrying Vonnegut and his fellow prisoners of war, killing about 150 of them. Vonnegut was sent to Dresden, the "first fancy city ever seen". He lived in a slaughterhouse when he got to the city, and worked in a factory that made malt syrup for pregnant women. Vonnegut recalled the sirens going off whenever another city was bombed. The Germans did not expect Dresden to be bombed, Vonnegut said. "There were very few air-raid shelters in town and no war industries, just cigarette factories, hospitals, clarinet factories." Dresden in 1945. More than 90% of the city's center was destroyed. On February 13, 1945, Dresden became the target of Allied forces. In the hours and days that followed, the Allies engaged in a firebombing of the city. The offensive subsided on February 15, with about 25,000 civilians killed in the bombing. Vonnegut marveled at the level of both the destruction in Dresden and the secrecy that attended it. He had survived by taking refuge in a meat locker three stories underground. "It was cool there, with cadavers hanging all around", Vonnegut said. "When we came up the city was gone ... They burnt the whole damn town down." Vonnegut and other American prisoners were put to work immediately after the bombing, excavating bodies from the rubble. He described the activity as a "terribly elaborate Easter-egg hunt". The American POWs were evacuated on foot to the border of Saxony and Czechoslovakia after US General George S. Patton captured Leipzig. With the captives abandoned by their guards, Vonnegut reached a prisoner-of-war repatriation camp in Le Havre, France, before the end of May 1945, with the aid of the Soviets. He returned to the United States and continued to serve in the Army, stationed at Fort Riley, Kansas, typing discharge papers for other soldiers. Soon after he was awarded a Purple Heart, about which he remarked: "I myself was awarded my country's second-lowest decoration, a Purple Heart for frost-bite." He was discharged from the US Army and returned to Indianapolis. Marriage, University of Chicago, and early employment After he returned to the United States, 22-year-old Vonnegut married Jane Marie Cox, his high-school girlfriend and classmate since kindergarten, on September 1, 1945. The pair relocated to Chicago; there, Vonnegut enrolled in the University of Chicago on the G.I. Bill, as an anthropology student in an unusual five-year joint undergraduate/graduate program that conferred a master's degree. There, he studied under anthropologist Robert Redfield, his "most famous professor". He augmented his income by working as a reporter for the City News Bureau of Chicago at night. Jane, who had graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Swarthmore, accepted a scholarship from the university to study Russian literature as a graduate student. Jane dropped out of the program after becoming pregnant with the couple's first child, Mark (born May 1947), while Kurt also left the university without any degree (despite having completed his undergraduate education). Vonnegut failed to write a dissertation, as his ideas had all been rejected. One abandoned topic was about the Ghost Dance and Cubist movements. A later topic, rejected "unanimously", had to do with the shapes of stories. Vonnegut received his graduate degree in anthropology 25 years after he left, when the university accepted his novel Cat's Cradle in lieu of his master's thesis. Shortly thereafter, General Electric (GE) hired Vonnegut as a technical writer, then publicist, for the company's Schenectady, New York, News Bureau, a publicity department that operated like a newsroom. His brother Bernard had worked at GE since 1945, focusing mainly on a silver-iodide-based cloud seeding project that quickly became a joint GE-US Army Signal Corps program, Project Cirrus. In The Brothers Vonnegut Ginger Strand draws connections between many real events at General Electric, including Bernard's work, and Vonnegut's early stories, which were regularly being rejected everywhere he sent them. Throughout this period, Jane Vonnegut encouraged him, editing his stories, strategizing about submissions, and buoying his spirits. In 1949, Kurt and Jane had a daughter named Edith. Still working for GE, Vonnegut had his first piece, titled "Report on the Barnhouse Effect", published in the February 11, 1950, issue of Collier's, for which he received $750. The story concerned a scientist who fears that his invention will be used as a weapon, much as Bernard was fearing at the time about his cloudseeding work. Vonnegut wrote another story, after being coached by the fiction editor at Collier's, Knox Burger, and again sold it to the magazine, this time for $950. While Burger supported Vonnegut's writing, he was shocked when Vonnegut quit GE as of January 1, 1951, later stating: "I never said he should give up his job and devote himself to fiction. I don't trust the freelancer's life, it's tough." Nevertheless, in early 1951 Vonnegut moved with his family to Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to write full time, leaving GE behind. He initially moved to Osterville, but he ended up purchasing a home in Barnstable. First novel In 1952, Vonnegut's first novel, Player Piano, was published by Scribner's. The novel has a post-Third World War setting, in which factory workers have been replaced by machines. Player Piano draws upon Vonnegut's experience as an employee at GE. The novel is set at a General Electric-like company and includes many scenes based on things Vonnegut saw there. He satirizes the drive to climb the corporate ladder, one that in Player Piano is rapidly disappearing as automation increases, putting even executives out of work. His central character, Paul Proteus, has an ambitious wife, a backstabbing assistant, and a feeling of empathy for the poor. Sent by his boss, Kroner, as a double agent among the poor (who have all the material goods they want, but little sense of purpose), he leads them in a machine-smashing, museum-burning revolution. Player Piano expresses Vonnegut's opposition to McCarthyism, something made clear when the Ghost Shirts, the revolutionary organization Paul penetrates and eventually leads, is referred to by one character as "fellow travelers". In Player Piano, Vonnegut originates many of the techniques he would use in his later works. The comic, heavy-drinking Shah of Bratpuhr, an outsider to this dystopian corporate United States, is able to ask many questions that an insider would not think to ask, or would cause offense by doing so. For example, when taken to see the artificially intelligent supercomputer EPICAC, the Shah asks it "what are people for?" and receives no answer. Speaking for Vonnegut, he dismisses it as a "false god". This type of alien visitor would recur throughout Vonnegut's literature. The New York Times writer and critic Granville Hicks gave Player Piano a positive review, favorably comparing it to Aldous Huxley's Brave New World. Hicks called Vonnegut a "sharp-eyed satirist". None of the reviewers considered the novel particularly important. Several editions were printed—one by Bantam with the title Utopia 14, and another by the Doubleday Science Fiction Book Club—whereby Vonnegut gained the repute of a science fiction writer, a genre held in disdain by writers at that time. He defended the genre and deplored a perceived sentiment that "no one can simultaneously be a respectable writer and understand how a refrigerator works". Struggling writer Vonnegut with his wife Jane and children (from left to right): Mark, Edith and Nanette, in 1955 After Player Piano, Vonnegut continued to sell short stories to various magazines. Contracted to produce a second novel (which eventually became Cat's Cradle), he struggled to complete it, and the work languished for years. In 1954, the couple had a third child, Nanette. With a growing family and no financially successful novels yet, Vonnegut's short stories helped to sustain the family, though he frequently needed to find additional sources of income as well. In 1957, he and a partner opened a Saab automobile dealership on Cape Cod, but it went bankrupt by the end of the year. In 1958, his sister, Alice, died of cancer two days after her husband, James Carmalt Adams, was killed in a train accident. The Vonneguts took in three of the Adams' young sons—James, Steven, and Kurt, aged 14, 11, and 9, respectively. A fourth Adams son, Peter (2), also stayed with the Vonneguts for about a year before being given to the care of a paternal relative in Georgia. Grappling with family challenges, Vonnegut continued to write, publishing novels vastly dissimilar in terms of plot. The Sirens of Titan (1959) features a Martian invasion of Earth, as experienced by a bored billionaire Malachi Constant. He meets Winston Niles Rumfoord, an aristocratic space traveler, who is virtually omniscient but stuck in a time warp that causes him to appear on Earth every 59 days. The billionaire learns that his actions and the events of all of history are determined by a race of robotic aliens from the planet Tralfamadore, who need a replacement part that can only be produced by an advanced civilization in order to repair their spaceship and return home—human history has been manipulated to produce it. Some human structures, such as the Kremlin, are coded signals from the aliens to their ship as to how long it may expect to wait for the repair to take place. Reviewers were uncertain what to think of the book, with one comparing it to Offenbach's opera The Tales of Hoffmann. Rumfoord, who is based on Franklin D. Roosevelt, also physically resembles the former president. Rumfoord is described this way: he "put a cigarette in a long, bone cigarette holder, lighted it. He thrust out his jaw. The cigarette holder pointed straight up." William Rodney Allen, in his guide to Vonnegut's works, stated that Rumfoord foreshadowed the fictional political figures who would play major roles in God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater and Jailbird. Mother Night, published in 1961, received little attention at the time of its publication. Howard W. Campbell Jr., Vonnegut's protagonist, is an American who is raised in Germany from age 11 and joins the Nazi party during the war as a double agent for the US Office of Strategic Services, rising to the regime's highest ranks as a radio propagandist. After the war, the spy agency refuses to clear his name, and he is eventually imprisoned by the Israelis in the same cell block as Adolf Eichmann. Vonnegut wrote in a foreword to a later edition: "we are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful about what we pretend to be". Literary critic Lawrence Berkove considered the novel, like Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, to illustrate the tendency for "impersonators to get carried away by their impersonations, to become what they impersonate and therefore to live in a world of illusion". Also published in 1961 was Vonnegut's short story "Harrison Bergeron", set in a dystopic future where all are equal, even if that means disfiguring beautiful people and forcing the strong or intelligent to wear devices that negate their advantages. Fourteen-year-old Harrison is a genius and athlete forced to wear record-level "handicaps" and imprisoned for attempting to overthrow the government. He escapes to a television studio, tears away his handicaps, and frees a ballerina from her lead weights. As they dance, they are killed by the Handicapper General, Diana Moon Glampers. Vonnegut, in a later letter, suggested that "Harrison Bergeron" might have sprung from his envy and self-pity as a high-school misfit. In his 1976 biography of Vonnegut, Stanley Schatt suggested that the short story shows "in any leveling process, what really is lost, according to Vonnegut, is beauty, grace, and wisdom". Darryl Hattenhauer, in his 1998 journal article on "Harrison Bergeron", theorized that the story was a satire on American Cold War understandings of communism and socialism. With Cat's Cradle (1963), Allen wrote, "Vonnegut hit full stride for the first time". The narrator, John, intends to write of Dr. Felix Hoenikker, one of the fictional fathers of the atomic bomb, seeking to cover the scientist's human side. Hoenikker, in addition to the bomb, has developed another threat to mankind, "ice-nine", solid water stable at room temperature, but more dense than liquid water. If a particle of ice-nine is dropped in water, all of the surrounding water becomes ice-nine. Felix Hoenikker is based on Bernard Vonnegut's boss at the GE Research Lab, Irving Langmuir, and the way ice-nine is described in the novel is reminiscent of how Bernard Vonnegut explained his own invention, silver-iodide cloudseeding, to Kurt. Much of the second half of the book is spent on the fictional Caribbean island of San Lorenzo, where John explores a religion called Bokononism, whose holy books (excerpts from which are quoted) give the novel the moral core science does not supply. After the oceans are converted to ice-nine, wiping out most of humankind, John wanders the frozen surface, seeking to save himself and to make sure that his story survives. Vonnegut based the title character of God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater (1964), on an accountant he knew on Cape Cod, who specialized in clients in trouble and often had to comfort them. Eliot Rosewater, the wealthy son of a Republican senator, seeks to atone for his wartime killing of noncombatant firefighters by serving in a volunteer fire department and by giving away money to those in trouble or need. Stress from a battle for control of his charitable foundation pushes him over the edge, and he is placed in a mental hospital. He recovers and ends the financial battle by declaring the children of his county to be his heirs. Allen deemed God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater more "a cry from the heart than a novel under its author's full intellectual control", that reflected family and emotional stresses Vonnegut was going through at the time. In the mid-1960s, Vonnegut contemplated abandoning his writing career. In 1999, he wrote in The New York Times: "I had gone broke, was out of print and had a lot of kids..." But then, on the recommendation of an admirer, he received a surprise offer of a teaching job at the Iowa Writers' Workshop, employment that he likened to the rescue of a drowning man. Slaughterhouse-Five Main article: Slaughterhouse-Five Vonnegut in 1972 After spending almost two years at the writer's workshop at the University of Iowa, teaching one course each term, Vonnegut was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for research in Germany. By the time he won it, in March 1967, he was becoming a well-known writer. He used the funds to travel in Eastern Europe, including to Dresden, where he found many prominent buildings still in ruins. At the time of the bombing, Vonnegut had not appreciated the sheer scale of destruction in Dresden; his enlightenment came only slowly as information dribbled out, and based on early figures, he came to believe that 135,000 had died there. Vonnegut had been writing about his war experiences at Dresden ever since he returned from the war, but had never been able to write anything acceptable to himself or his publishers—chapter 1 of Slaughterhouse-Five tells of his difficulties. Released in 1969, the novel rocketed Vonnegut to fame. It tells of the life of Billy Pilgrim, who like Vonnegut was born in 1922 and survives the bombing of Dresden. The story is told in a non-linear fashion, with many of the story's climaxes—Billy's death in 1976, his kidnapping by aliens from the planet Tralfamadore nine years earlier, and the execution of Billy's friend Edgar Derby in the ashes of Dresden for stealing a teapot—disclosed in the story's first pages. In 1970, Vonnegut was also a correspondent in Biafra during the Nigerian Civil War. Slaughterhouse-Five received generally positive reviews, with Michael Crichton writing in The New Republic: "he writes about the most excruciatingly painful things. His novels have attacked our deepest fears of automation and the bomb, our deepest political guilts, our fiercest hatreds and loves. No one else writes books on these subjects; they are inaccessible to normal novelists." The book went immediately to the top of The New York Times Best Seller list. Vonnegut's earlier works had appealed strongly to many college students, and the antiwar message of Slaughterhouse-Five resonated with a generation marked by the Vietnam War. He later stated that the loss of confidence in government that Vietnam caused finally allowed an honest conversation regarding events like Dresden. Later career and life New York, 228 East 48th Street (center), Kurt Vonnegut's house from 1973 to 2007 After Slaughterhouse-Five was published, Vonnegut embraced the fame and financial security that attended its release. He was hailed as a hero of the burgeoning anti-war movement in the United States, was invited to speak at numerous rallies, and gave college commencement addresses around the country. In addition to briefly teaching at Harvard University as a lecturer in creative writing in 1970, Vonnegut taught at the City College of New York as a distinguished professor during the 1973–1974 academic year. He was later elected vice president of the National Institute of Arts and Letters and given honorary degrees by, among others, Indiana University and Bennington College. Vonnegut also wrote a play called Happy Birthday, Wanda June, which opened on October 7, 1970, at New York's Theatre de Lys. Receiving mixed reviews, it closed on March 14, 1971. In 1972, Universal Pictures adapted Slaughterhouse-Five into a film, which the author said was "flawless". Meanwhile, Vonnegut's personal life was disintegrating. His wife Jane had embraced Christianity, which was contrary to Vonnegut's atheistic beliefs, and with five of their six children having left home, Vonnegut said that the two were forced to find "other sorts of seemingly important work to do". The couple battled over their differing beliefs until Vonnegut moved from their Cape Cod home to New York in 1971. Vonnegut called the disagreements "painful" and said that the resulting split was a "terrible, unavoidable accident that we were ill-equipped to understand". The couple divorced but remained friends until Jane's death in late 1986. Beyond his marriage, he was deeply affected when his son Mark suffered a mental breakdown in 1972, which exacerbated Vonnegut's chronic depression and led him to take Ritalin. When he stopped taking the drug in the mid-1970s, he began to see a psychologist weekly. Requiem (ending) When the last living thing has died on account of us, how poetical it would be if Earth could say, in a voice floating up perhaps from the floor of the Grand Canyon, "It is done." People did not like it here. Kurt Vonnegut, A Man Without a Country, 2005 Vonnegut's difficulties materialized in numerous ways, including the painfully slow progress made on his next novel, the darkly comical Breakfast of Champions. In 1971, he stopped writing the novel altogether. When it was finally released in 1973, it was panned critically. In Thomas S. Hischak's book American Literature on Stage and Screen, Breakfast of Champions was called "funny and outlandish", but reviewers noted that it "lacks substance and seems to be an exercise in literary playfulness". Vonnegut's 1976 novel Slapstick, which meditates on the relationship between him and his sister (Alice), met a similar fate. In The New York Times's review of Slapstick, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt said that Vonnegut "seems to be putting less effort into than ever before" and that "it still seems as if he has given up storytelling after all". At times, Vonnegut was disgruntled by the personal nature of his detractors' complaints. In 1979, Vonnegut married Jill Krementz, a photographer whom he met while she was working on a series about writers in the early 1970s. With Jill, he adopted a daughter, Lily, when the baby was three days old. In subsequent years, his popularity resurged as he published several satirical books, including Jailbird (1979), Deadeye Dick (1982), Galápagos (1985), Bluebeard (1987), and Hocus Pocus (1990). Although he remained a prolific writer in the 1980s, Vonnegut struggled with depression and attempted suicide in 1984. Two years later, Vonnegut was seen by a younger generation when he played himself in Rodney Dangerfield's film Back to School. The last of Vonnegut's fourteen novels, Timequake (1997), was, as University of Detroit history professor and Vonnegut biographer Gregory Sumner said, "a reflection of an aging man facing mortality and testimony to an embattled faith in the resilience of human awareness and agency". Vonnegut's final book, a collection of essays entitled A Man Without a Country (2005), became a bestseller. Death and legacy Kurt Vonnegut Museum and Library in 2022 Vonnegut's sincerity, his willingness to scoff at received wisdom, is such that reading his work for the first time gives one the sense that everything else is rank hypocrisy. His opinion of human nature was low, and that low opinion applied to his heroes and his villains alike—he was endlessly disappointed in humanity and in himself, and he expressed that disappointment in a mixture of tar-black humor and deep despair. He could easily have become a crank, but he was too smart; he could have become a cynic, but there was something tender in his nature that he could never quite suppress; he could have become a bore, but even at his most despairing he had an endless willingness to entertain his readers: with drawings, jokes, sex, bizarre plot twists, science fiction, whatever it took. Lev Grossman, Time, 2007 In a 2006 Rolling Stone interview, Vonnegut sardonically stated that he would sue the Brown & Williamson tobacco company, the maker of the Pall Mall-branded cigarettes he had been smoking since he was around 12 or 14 years old, for false advertising: "And do you know why? Because I'm 83 years old. The lying bastards! On the package Brown & Williamson promised to kill me." Vonnegut died in Manhattan on the night of April 11, 2007, as a result of brain injuries incurred several weeks prior, from a fall at his brownstone home. His death was reported by his wife Jill. He was 84 years old. At the time of his death, he had written fourteen novels, three short-story collections, five plays, and five nonfiction books. A book composed of his unpublished pieces, Armageddon in Retrospect, was compiled and posthumously published by his son Mark in 2008. When asked about the impact Vonnegut had on his work, author Josip Novakovich stated that he has "much to learn from Vonnegut—how to compress things and yet not compromise them, how to digress into history, quote from various historical accounts, and not stifle the narrative. The ease with which he writes is sheerly masterly, Mozartian." Los Angeles Times columnist Gregory Rodriguez said that the author will "rightly be remembered as a darkly humorous social critic and the premier novelist of the counterculture", and Dinitia Smith of The New York Times dubbed Vonnegut the "counterculture's novelist". External videos Tour of the Kurt Vonnegut Memorial Library, December 17, 2010, C-SPAN Presentation by Charles Shields on And So It Goes – Kurt Vonnegut: A Life, December 17, 2011, C-SPAN Vonnegut has inspired numerous posthumous tributes and works. In 2008, the Kurt Vonnegut Society was established, and in November 2010, the Kurt Vonnegut Museum and Library was opened in Vonnegut's hometown of Indianapolis. The Library of America published a compendium of Vonnegut's compositions between 1963 and 1973 the following April, and another compendium of his earlier works in 2012. Late 2011 saw the release of two Vonnegut biographies: Gregory Sumner's Unstuck in Time and Charles J. Shields's And So It Goes. Shields's biography of Vonnegut created some controversy. According to The Guardian, the book portrays Vonnegut as distant, cruel and nasty. "Cruel, nasty and scary are the adjectives commonly used to describe him by the friends, colleagues, and relatives Shields quotes", said The Daily Beast's Wendy Smith. "Towards the end he was very feeble, very depressed and almost morose", said Jerome Klinkowitz of the University of Northern Iowa, who has examined Vonnegut in depth. Like Mark Twain, Mr. Vonnegut used humor to tackle the basic questions of human existence: Why are we in this world? Is there a presiding figure to make sense of all this, a god who in the end, despite making people suffer, wishes them well? Dinitia Smith, The New York Times, 2007 Vonnegut's works have evoked ire on several occasions. His most prominent novel, Slaughterhouse-Five, has been objected to or removed at various institutions in at least 18 instances. In the case of Island Trees School District v. Pico, the United States Supreme Court ruled that a school district's ban on Slaughterhouse-Five—which the board had called "anti-American, anti-Christian, anti-Semitic, and just plain filthy"—and eight other novels was unconstitutional. When a school board in Republic, Missouri, decided to withdraw Vonnegut's novel from its libraries, the Kurt Vonnegut Memorial Library offered a free copy to all the students of the district. Tally, writing in 2013, suggests that Vonnegut has only recently become the subject of serious study rather than fan adulation, and much is yet to be written about him. "The time for scholars to say 'Here's why Vonnegut is worth reading' has definitively ended, thank goodness. We know he's worth reading. Now tell us things we don't know." Todd F. Davis notes that Vonnegut's work is kept alive by his loyal readers, who have "significant influence as they continue to purchase Vonnegut's work, passing it on to subsequent generations and keeping his entire canon in print—an impressive list of more than twenty books that has continued to refurbish and hawk with new cover designs." Donald E. Morse notes that Vonnegut "is now firmly, if somewhat controversially, ensconced in the American and world literary canon as well as in high school, college and graduate curricula". Tally writes of Vonnegut's work: Vonnegut's 14 novels, while each does its own thing, together are nevertheless experiments in the same overall project. Experimenting with the form of the American novel itself, Vonnegut engages in a broadly modernist attempt to apprehend and depict the fragmented, unstable, and distressing bizarreries of postmodern American experience ... That he does not actually succeed in representing the shifting multiplicities of that social experience is beside the point. What matters is the attempt, and the recognition that ... we must try to map this unstable and perilous terrain, even if we know in advance that our efforts are doomed. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Vonnegut posthumously in 2015. The asteroid 25399 Vonnegut is named in his honor. A crater on the planet Mercury has also been named in his honor. In 2021, the Kurt Vonnegut Museum and Library in Indianapolis was designated a Literary Landmark by the Literary Landmarks Association. In 1986, the University of Evansville library located in Evansville, Indiana was named after Vonnegut, where he spoke during the dedication ceremony. Views The beliefs I have to defend are so soft and complicated, actually, and, when vivisected, turn into bowls of undifferentiated mush. I am a pacifist, I am an anarchist, I am a planetary citizen, and so on.— Kurt Vonnegut War In the introduction to Slaughterhouse-Five, Vonnegut recounts meeting the film producer Harrison Starr at a party, who asked him whether his forthcoming book was an anti-war novel—"Yes, I guess", replied Vonnegut. Starr responded: "Why don't you write an anti-glacier novel?" In the novel, Vonnegut's character continues: "What he meant, of course, is that there would always be wars, that they were as easy to stop as glaciers. I believe that, too. And even if wars didn't keep coming like glaciers, there would still be plain old death". Vonnegut was a pacifist. A large painting of Vonnegut on Massachusetts Avenue, Indianapolis, blocks away from the Kurt Vonnegut Museum and the Rathskeller, which was designed by his family's architecture firm In 2011, NPR wrote: "Kurt Vonnegut's blend of anti-war sentiment and satire made him one of the most popular writers of the 1960s." Vonnegut stated in a 1987 interview: "my own feeling is that civilization ended in World War I, and we're still trying to recover from that", and that he wanted to write war-focused works without glamorizing war itself. Vonnegut had not intended to publish again, but his anger against the George W. Bush administration led him to write A Man Without a Country. Slaughterhouse-Five is the Vonnegut novel best known for its antiwar themes, but the author expressed his beliefs in ways beyond the depiction of the destruction of Dresden. One character, Mary O'Hare, opines that "wars were partly encouraged by books and movies", starring "Frank Sinatra or John Wayne or some of those other glamorous, war-loving, dirty old men". Vonnegut made a number of comparisons between Dresden and the bombing of Hiroshima in Slaughterhouse-Five and wrote in Palm Sunday (1991): "I learned how vile that religion of mine could be when the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima". Nuclear war, or at least deployed nuclear arms, is mentioned in almost all of Vonnegut's novels. In Player Piano, the computer EPICAC is given control of the nuclear arsenal and is charged with deciding whether to use high-explosive or nuclear arms. In Cat's Cradle, John's original purpose in setting pen to paper was to write an account of what prominent Americans had been doing as Hiroshima was bombed. Religion Some of you may know that I am neither Christian nor Jewish nor Buddhist, nor a conventionally religious person of any sort. I am a humanist, which means, in part, that I have tried to behave decently without any expectation of rewards or punishments after I'm dead. ... I myself have written, "If it weren't for the message of mercy and pity in Jesus' Sermon on the Mount, I wouldn't want to be a human being. I would just as soon be a rattlesnake." Kurt Vonnegut, God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian, 1999 Vonnegut was an atheist, a humanist and a freethinker, serving as the honorary president of the American Humanist Association. In an interview for Playboy, he stated that his forebears who came to the United States did not believe in God, and he learned his atheism from his parents. Vonnegut did not, however, disdain those who seek the comfort of religion, hailing church associations as a type of extended family. He occasionally attended a Unitarian church, but with little consistency. In his autobiographical work Palm Sunday, Vonnegut says that he is a "Christ-worshipping agnostic". During a speech to the Unitarian Universalist Association, he called himself a "Christ-loving atheist". However, he was keen to stress that he was not a Christian. Vonnegut was an admirer of Jesus' Sermon on the Mount, particularly the Beatitudes, and incorporated it into his own doctrines. He also referred to it in many of his works. In his 1991 book Fates Worse than Death, Vonnegut suggests that during the Reagan administration, "anything that sounded like the Sermon on the Mount was socialistic or communistic, and therefore anti-American". In Palm Sunday, he wrote that "the Sermon on the Mount suggests a mercifulness that can never waver or fade". However, Vonnegut had a deep dislike for certain aspects of Christianity, often reminding his readers of the bloody history of the Crusades and other religion-inspired violence. He despised the televangelists of the late 20th century, feeling that their thinking was narrow-minded. Religion features frequently in Vonnegut's work, both in his novels and elsewhere. He laced a number of his speeches with religion-focused rhetoric and was prone to using such expressions as "God forbid" and "thank God". He once wrote his own version of the Requiem Mass, which he then had translated into Latin and set to music. In God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian, Vonnegut goes to heaven after he is euthanized by Dr. Jack Kevorkian. Once in heaven, he interviews 21 deceased celebrities, including Isaac Asimov, William Shakespeare, and Kilgore Trout—the last a fictional character from several of his novels. Vonnegut's works are filled with characters founding new faiths, and religion often serves as a major plot device, for example, in Player Piano, The Sirens of Titan and Cat's Cradle. In The Sirens of Titan, Rumfoord proclaims The Church of God the Utterly Indifferent. Slaughterhouse-Five sees Billy Pilgrim, lacking religion himself, nevertheless become a chaplain's assistant in the military and display a large crucifix on his bedroom wall. In Cat's Cradle, Vonnegut invented the religion of Bokononism. Politics Vonnegut's thoughts on politics were shaped in large part by Robert Redfield, an anthropologist at the University of Chicago, co-founder of the Committee on Social Thought, and one of Vonnegut's professors during his time at the university. In a commencement address, Vonnegut remarked that "Dr. Redfield's theory of the Folk Society ... has been the starting point for my politics, such as they are". Vonnegut did not particularly sympathize with liberalism or conservatism and mused on the specious simplicity of American politics, saying facetiously: "If you want to take my guns away from me, and you're all for murdering fetuses, and love it when homosexuals marry each other ... you're a liberal. If you are against those perversions and for the rich, you're a conservative. What could be simpler?" Regarding political parties, Vonnegut said: "The two real political parties in America are the Winners and the Losers. The people don't acknowledge this. They claim membership in two imaginary parties, the Republicans and the Democrats, instead." Vonnegut disregarded more mainstream American political ideologies in favor of socialism, which he thought could provide a valuable substitute for what he saw as social Darwinism and a spirit of "survival of the fittest" in American society, believing that "socialism would be a good for the common man". Vonnegut would often return to a quote by socialist and five-time presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs: "As long as there is a lower class, I am in it. As long as there is a criminal element, I'm of it. As long as there is a soul in prison, I am not free." Vonnegut expressed disappointment that communism and socialism seemed to be unsavory topics to the average American and believed that they offered beneficial substitutes to contemporary social and economic systems. Technology In A Man Without a Country, Vonnegut quipped "I have been called a Luddite. I welcome it. Do you know what a Luddite is? A person who hates newfangled contraptions." The negative effects of the progress of technology is a constant theme throughout Vonnegut's works, from Player Piano to his final essay collection A Man Without a Country. Vonnegut described Player Piano some years after its publication as "a novel about people and machines, and machines frequently got the best of it, as machines will." Loss of jobs due to machine innovation, and thus loss of meaning or purpose in life, is a key plot point in the novel. The "newfangled contraptions" Vonnegut hated included the television, which he critiqued often throughout his non-fiction and fiction. In Timequake, for example, Vonnegut tells the story of "Booboolings," human analogs who develop morally through their imaginative formation. However, one evil sister on the planet of the Booboolings learns to build televisions from lunatics. He writes: When the bad sister was a young woman, she and the nuts worked up designs for television cameras and transmitters and receivers. Then she got money from her very rich mom to manufacture these satanic devices, which made imaginations redundant. They were instantly popular because the shows were so attractive and no thinking was involved... Generations of Booboolings grew up without imaginations. . . . Without imaginations, though, they couldn’t do what their ancestors had done, which was read interesting, heartwarming stories in the faces of one another. So . . . Booboolings became among the most merciless creatures in the local family of galaxies.Against imagination-killing devices like televisions, and against electronic substitutes for embodied community, Vonnegut argued that "Electronic communities build nothing. You wind up with nothing. We are dancing animals. How beautiful it is to get up and go out and do something." Writing Influences Vonnegut's writing was inspired by an eclectic mix of sources. When he was younger, Vonnegut stated that he read works of pulp fiction, science fiction, fantasy, and action-adventure. He also read the classics, such as the plays of Aristophanes—like Vonnegut's works, humorous critiques of contemporary society. Vonnegut's life and work also share similarities with that of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn writer Mark Twain. Both shared pessimistic outlooks on humanity and a skeptical take on religion and, as Vonnegut put it, were both "associated with the enemy in a major war", as Twain briefly enlisted in the South's cause during the American Civil War, and Vonnegut's German name and ancestry connected him with the United States' enemy in both world wars. He also cited Ambrose Bierce as an influence, calling "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" the greatest American short story and deeming any who disagreed or had not read the story "twerps". Vonnegut called George Orwell his favorite writer and admitted that he tried to emulate Orwell. "I like his concern for the poor, I like his socialism, I like his simplicity", Vonnegut said. Vonnegut also said that Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four and Brave New World by Aldous Huxley heavily influenced his debut novel, Player Piano, in 1952. The novel also included ideas from mathematician Norbert Wiener's book Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Vonnegut commented that Robert Louis Stevenson's stories were emblems of thoughtfully put together works that he tried to mimic in his own compositions. Vonnegut also hailed playwright and socialist George Bernard Shaw as "a hero of " and an "enormous influence". Within his own family, Vonnegut stated that his mother, Edith, had the greatest influence on him. " mother thought she might make a new fortune by writing for the slick magazines. She took short-story courses at night. She studied writers the way gamblers study horses." Early on in his career, Vonnegut decided to model his style after Henry David Thoreau, who wrote as if from the perspective of a child, allowing Thoreau's works to be more widely comprehensible. Using a youthful narrative voice allowed Vonnegut to deliver concepts in a modest and straightforward way. Other influences on Vonnegut include The War of the Worlds author H. G. Wells and satirist Jonathan Swift. Vonnegut credited American journalist and critic H. L. Mencken for inspiring him to become a journalist. Style and technique The book Pity the Reader: On Writing with Style by Kurt Vonnegut and his longtime friend and former student Suzanne McConnell, published posthumously by Rosetta Books and Seven Stories Press in 2019, delves into the style, humor, and methodologies Vonnegut employed, including his belief that one should "Write like a human being. Write like a writer." I've heard the Vonnegut voice described as "manic depressive", and there's certainly something to this. It has an incredible amount of energy married to a very deep and dark sense of despair. It's frequently over-the-top, and scathingly satirical, but it never strays too far from pathos—from an immense sympathy for society's vulnerable, oppressed and powerless. But, then, it also contains a huge allotment of warmth. Most of the time, reading Kurt Vonnegut feels more like being spoken to by a very close friend. There's an inclusiveness to his writing that draws you in, and his narrative voice is seldom absent from the story for any length of time. Usually, it's right there in the foreground—direct, involving and extremely idiosyncratic. Gavin Extence, The Huffington Post, 2013 In his book Popular Contemporary Writers, Michael D. Sharp describes Vonnegut's linguistic style as straightforward, his sentences concise, his language simple, his paragraphs brief, and his ordinary tone conversational. Vonnegut uses this style to convey normally complex subject matter in a way that is intelligible to a large audience. He credited his time as a journalist for his ability and pointed to his work with the Chicago City News Bureau, which required him to convey stories in telephone conversations. Vonnegut's compositions include distinct references to his own life, notably in Slaughterhouse-Five and Slapstick. Vonnegut believed that ideas, and the convincing communication of those ideas to the reader, were vital to literary art. He did not always sugarcoat his points: much of Player Piano leads to the moment when Paul, on trial and hooked to a lie detector, is asked to tell a falsehood. Paul states: "every new piece of scientific knowledge is a good thing for humanity". Robert T. Tally Jr., in his volume on Vonnegut's novels, wrote: "rather than tearing down and destroying the icons of twentieth-century, middle-class American life, Vonnegut gently reveals their basic flimsiness". Vonnegut did not simply propose utopian solutions to the ills of American society but showed how such schemes would not allow ordinary people to live lives free from want and anxiety. The large, artificial U.S. families in Slapstick soon serve as an excuse for tribalism. People give no help to those not part of their group; the extended family's place in the social hierarchy becomes vital. In the introduction to their essay "Kurt Vonnegut and Humor", Tally and Peter C. Kunze suggest that Vonnegut was not a "black humorist", but a "frustrated idealist" who used "comic parables" to teach the reader absurd, bitter or hopeless truths, with his grim witticisms serving to make the reader laugh rather than cry. "Vonnegut makes sense through humor, which is, in the author's view, as valid a means of mapping this crazy world as any other strategies." Vonnegut resented being called a black humorist, feeling that, as with many literary labels, it allows readers to disregard aspects of a writer's work that do not fit the label. Vonnegut's works have been labeled science fiction, satire and postmodern. He resisted such labels, but his works do contain common tropes in those genres. In his books, Vonnegut imagines alien societies and civilizations, as is common in science fiction. Vonnegut emphasizes or exaggerates absurdities and idiosyncrasies. Furthermore, Vonnegut makes fun of problems, as satire does. However, literary theorist Robert Scholes noted in Fabulation and Metafiction that Vonnegut "reject the traditional satirist's faith in the efficacy of satire as a reforming instrument. a more subtle faith in the humanizing value of laughter." Postmodernism entails a response to the theory that science will reveal truths. Postmodernists contend that truth is subjective, rather than objective. Truth includes bias toward individual beliefs and outlooks on the world. Postmodernist writers use unreliable, first-person narration, and narrative fragmentation. One critic has argued that Vonnegut's most famous novel, Slaughterhouse-Five, features a metafictional, Janus-headed outlook and seeks to represent historical events while doubting the ability to represent history. Doubt is evident in the opening lines of the novel: "All this happened, more or less. The war parts, anyway, are pretty much true." The bombastic opening—"All this happened"—"reads like a declaration of complete mimesis," which is radically called into question in the rest of the quote and "his creates an integrated perspective that seeks out extratextual themes while thematizing the novel's textuality and inherent constructedness at one and the same time." Although Vonnegut does use fragmentation and metafiction in some of his works, he more distinctly focuses on the peril of individuals who find subjective truths, mistake them for objective truths, and proceed to impose these truths on other people. Themes Vonnegut was a vocal critic of American society, and this was reflected in his writings. Several key social themes recur in Vonnegut's works, such as wealth, the lack of it, and its unequal distribution among a society. In The Sirens of Titan, the novel's protagonist, Malachi Constant, is exiled to Saturn's moon Titan as a result of his vast wealth, which has made him arrogant and wayward. In God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater, readers may find it difficult to determine whether the rich or the poor are in worse circumstances, as the lives of both groups' members are ruled by their wealth or their poverty. Further, in Hocus Pocus, the protagonist is named Eugene Debs Hartke, a homage to the famed socialist Eugene V. Debs and Vonnegut's socialist views. In Kurt Vonnegut: A Critical Companion, Thomas F. Marvin states: "Vonnegut points out that, left unchecked, capitalism will erode the democratic foundations of the United States." Marvin suggests that Vonnegut's works demonstrate what happens when a "hereditary aristocracy" develops, where wealth is inherited along familial lines: the ability of poor Americans to overcome their situations is greatly or completely diminished. Vonnegut also often laments social Darwinism and a "survival of the fittest" view of society. He points out that social Darwinism leads to a society that condemns its poor for their own misfortune and fails to help them out of their poverty because "they deserve their fate". Science and the ethical obligations of scientists are also a common theme in Vonnegut's works. His first published story, "Report on the Barnhouse Effect", like many of his early stories, centered on a scientist concerned about the uses of his own invention. Player Piano and Cat's Cradle explore the effects on humans of scientific advances. In 1969, Vonnegut gave a speech to the American Association of Physics Teachers called "The Virtuous Physicist". Asked afterwards what a virtuous scientist was, Vonnegut replied, "one who declines to work on weapons." Vonnegut also confronts the idea of free will in a number of his pieces. In Slaughterhouse-Five and Timequake the characters have no choice in what they do; in Breakfast of Champions, characters are very obviously stripped of their free will and even receive it as a gift; and in Cat's Cradle, Bokononism views free will as heretical. The majority of Vonnegut's characters are estranged from their actual families and seek to build replacement or extended families. For example, the engineers in Player Piano called their manager's spouse "Mom". In Cat's Cradle, Vonnegut devises two separate methods for loneliness to be combated: A "karass", which is a group of individuals appointed by God to do his will, and a "granfalloon", defined by Marvin as a "meaningless association of people, such as a fraternal group or a nation". Similarly, in Slapstick, the US government codifies that all Americans are a part of large extended families. Fear of the loss of one's purpose in life is a theme in Vonnegut's works. The Great Depression forced Vonnegut to witness the devastation many people felt when they lost their jobs, and while at General Electric, Vonnegut witnessed machines being built to take the place of human labor. He confronts these things in his works through references to the growing use of automation and its effects on human society. This is most starkly represented in his first novel, Player Piano, where many Americans are left purposeless and unable to find work, as machines replace human workers. Loss of purpose is also depicted in Galápagos, where a florist rages at her spouse for creating a robot able to do her job, and in Timequake, where an architect kills himself when replaced by computer software. Suicide by fire is another common theme in Vonnegut's works; the author often returns to the theory that "many people are not fond of life". He uses this as an explanation for why humans have so severely damaged their environments and made devices such as nuclear weapons that can make their creators extinct. In Deadeye Dick, Vonnegut features the neutron bomb, which he claims is designed to kill people, but leave buildings and structures untouched. He also uses this theme to demonstrate the recklessness of those who put powerful, apocalypse-inducing devices at the disposal of politicians. "What is the point of life?" is a question Vonnegut often pondered in his works. When one of Vonnegut's characters, Kilgore Trout, finds the question "What is the purpose of life?" written in a bathroom, his response is: "To be the eyes and ears and conscience of the Creator of the Universe, you fool." Marvin finds Trout's theory curious, given that Vonnegut was an atheist, and thus for him, there is no Creator to report back to, and comments that, " Trout chronicles one meaningless life after another, readers are left to wonder how a compassionate creator could stand by and do nothing while such reports come in". In the epigraph to Bluebeard, Vonnegut quotes his son Mark and gives an answer to what he believes is the meaning of life: "We are here to help each other get through this thing, whatever it is." Awards and nominations 1953 International Fantasy Award nomination: Player Piano 1960 Writers Guild of America Award: "Auf Wiedersehen" 1960 Hugo Award for Best Novel finalist: The Sirens of Titan 1964 Hugo Award for Best Novel finalist: Cat's Cradle 1970 Nebula Award nomination: Slaughterhouse-Five 1970 Hugo Award for Best Novel finalist: Slaughterhouse-Five 1971 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding New Play: Happy Birthday, Wanda June 1973 Seiun Award winner for foreign novel: The Sirens of Titan 1973 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation winner: Slaughterhouse-Five 1986 John W. Campbell Award second place: Galapagos 2009 Audie Award for Short Stories/Collections: Armageddon in Retrospect 2015 Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame from the Science Fiction Museum 2019 Prometheus Hall of Fame award for "Harrison Bergeron" from the Libertarian Futurist Society Works Main article: Kurt Vonnegut bibliography Unless otherwise cited, items in this list are taken from Thomas F. Marvin's 2002 book Kurt Vonnegut: A Critical Companion, and the date in parentheses is the date the work was published: Novels Player Piano (1952) The Sirens of Titan (1959) Mother Night (1962) Cat's Cradle (1963) God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater (1965) Slaughterhouse-Five (1969) Breakfast of Champions (1973) Slapstick (1976) Jailbird (1979) Deadeye Dick (1982) Galápagos (1985) Bluebeard (1987) Hocus Pocus (1990) Timequake (1997) Short fiction collections Canary in a Cat House (1961) Welcome to the Monkey House (1968) Bagombo Snuff Box (1997) God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian (1999) Armageddon in Retrospect (2008) – short stories and essays Look at the Birdie (2009) While Mortals Sleep (2011) We Are What We Pretend to Be (2012) Sucker's Portfolio (2013) Complete Stories (2017) Plays The First Christmas Morning (1962) Fortitude (1968) Happy Birthday, Wanda June (1970) Between Time and Timbuktu (1972) Stones, Time and Elements (A Humanist Requiem) (1987) Make Up Your Mind (1993) L'Histoire du Soldat (1997) Nonfiction Wampeters, Foma and Granfalloons (1974) Palm Sunday (1981) Nothing Is Lost Save Honor: Two Essays (1984) Fates Worse Than Death (1991) A Man Without a Country (2005) Kurt Vonnegut: The Cornell Sun Years 1941–1943 (2012) If This Isn't Nice, What Is?: Advice to the Young (2013) Vonnegut by the Dozen (2013) Kurt Vonnegut: Letters (2014) Pity the Reader: On Writing With Style (2019) with Suzanne McConnell Love, Kurt: The Vonnegut Love Letters, 1941–1945 (2020) Editor Edith Vonnegut Interviews Conversations with Kurt Vonnegut (1988) with William Rodney Allen Like Shaking Hands with God: A Conversation About Writing (1999) with Lee Stringer Kurt Vonnegut: The Last Interview: And Other Conversations (2011) Children's books Sun Moon Star (1980) Art Kurt Vonnegut Drawings (2014) See also List of peace activists Explanatory notes ^ In fact, Vonnegut often described himself as a "child of the Great Depression". He also stated the Depression and its effects incited pessimism about the validity of the American Dream. ^ Kurt Sr. was embittered by his own lack of work as an architect during the Great Depression and feared a similar fate for his son. He dismissed his son's desired areas of study as "junk jewellery" and persuaded his son against following in his footsteps. ^ A 2010 report commissioned by the German government estimated the toll at up to 25,000. Citations ^ "Kurt Vonnegut". Britannica. Retrieved April 26, 2022. ^ a b c Boomhower 1999; Farrell 2009, pp. 4–5. ^ Marvin 2002, p. 2. ^ a b Sharp 2006, p. 1360. ^ Marvin 2002, p. 2; Farrell 2009, pp. 3–4. ^ Marvin 2002, p. 4. ^ Sharp 2006, p. 1360. ^ a b c d Boomhower 1999. ^ Sumner 2014. ^ Sharp 2006, p. 1360; Marvin 2002, pp. 2–3. ^ Marvin 2002, pp. 2–3. ^ a b Farrell 2009, p. 5; Boomhower 1999. ^ Sumner 2014; Farrell 2009, p. 5. ^ Shields 2011, p. 41. ^ Lowery 2007. ^ Farrell 2009, p. 5. ^ Shields 2011, pp. 41–42. ^ Shields 2011, pp. 44–45. ^ Shields 2011, pp. 45–49. ^ Shields 2011, pp. 50–51. ^ Farrell 2009, p. 6. ^ a b c d Farrell 2009, p. 6; Marvin 2002, p. 3. ^ Sharp 2006, p. 1363; Farrell 2009, p. 6. ^ a b Vonnegut 2008. ^ a b c d Hayman et al. 1977. ^ Boomhower 1999; Farrell 2009, pp. 6–7. ^ Vonnegut, Kurt (April 6, 2006). "Kurt Vonnegut". Bookworm (Interview). Interviewed by Michael Silverblatt. Santa Monica, California: KCRW. Retrieved October 6, 2015. ^ Dalton 2011. ^ Thomas 2006, p. 7; Shields 2011, pp. 80–82. ^ Vonnegut, Kurt (1991). Fates worse than death: an autobiographical collage of the 1980s. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-399-13633-7. OCLC 23253474. ^ Strand 2015, p. 26 ^ "Excerpt from Kurt Vonnegut". Penguin Random House Canada. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ electricliterature (April 7, 2015). "Kurt Vonnegut's Graduation Speech: What the "Ghost Dance" of the Native Americans and the French..." Electric Literature. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ "Of Ghost Shirts and Gizmos". May 18, 2017. Archived from the original on May 18, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ Klinkowitz, Jerome (June 5, 2012). The Vonnegut Effect. Univ of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-61117-114-3. ^ "Kurt Vonnegut, Counterculture's Novelist, Dies". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ Vonnegut 2009, p. 285. ^ Marvin 2002, p. 7. ^ Noble 2017, p. 166: "In the early 1950s novelist Kurt Vonnegut was a technical writer and publicist at GE headquarters in Schenectady.". ^ Strand 2015, p. 81 ^ Strand 2015, p. 87 ^ Strand 2015, p. 89 ^ Boomhower 1999; Sumner 2014; Farrell 2009, pp. 7–8. ^ Strand 2015, p. 117 ^ Shields 2011, p. 115. ^ Boomhower 1999; Hayman et al. 1977; Farrell 2009, p. 8. ^ Sidman, Dan. "Cape ties to writer Kurt Vonnegut celebrated". Cape Cod Times. Retrieved April 4, 2023. ^ a b Boomhower 1999; Farrell 2009, pp. 8–9; Marvin 2002, p. 25. ^ Strand 2015, pp. 202–212 ^ a b Allen 1991, pp. 20–30. ^ Allen 1991, p. 32. ^ Shields 2011, p. 142. ^ Farrell 2009, p. 9. ^ Shields 2011, p. 164. ^ Shields 2011, pp. 159–161. ^ Allen 1991, p. 39. ^ Allen 1991, p. 40. ^ Shields 2011, pp. 171–173. ^ Morse 2003, p. 19. ^ Leeds 1995, p. 46. ^ a b Hattenhauer 1998, p. 387. ^ Allen 1991, p. 53. ^ Strand 2015, pp. 236–237 ^ Allen 1991, pp. 54–65. ^ Morse 2003, pp. 62–63. ^ Shields 2011, pp. 182–183. ^ Allen 1991, p. 75. ^ Vonnegut, Kurt (May 24, 1999). "Writers on Writing: Despite Tough Guys, Life is Not the Only School for Real Novelists". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2020. ^ Shields 2011, pp. 219–228. ^ BBC 2010. ^ a b Allen, pp. 82–85. ^ Strand 2015, pp. 49–50. ^ a b Shields 2011, pp. 248–249. ^ Bloom, Harold (2007). Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five. Bloom's Guides. Infobase Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-438-1270-95. ^ Klinkowitz, Jerome (2009). Kurt Vonnegut's America. University of South Carolina Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-570-0382-66. ^ Shields 2011, p. 254. ^ a b c Marvin 2002, p. 10. ^ "Marquis Biographies Online". Marquis Biographies Online. Retrieved December 2, 2017. ^ a b c d Marvin 2002, p. 11. ^ Wolff 1987. ^ a b c d e f g Smith 2007. ^ Hischak 2012, p. 31. ^ Lehmann-Haupt 1976. ^ Farrell 2009, p. 451. ^ a b Sumner 2014. ^ "Kurt Vonnegut". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 24, 2018. ^ Marvin 2002, p. 12. ^ a b c Grossman 2007. ^ Allen. ^ Blount 2008. ^ Banach 2013. ^ Rodriguez 2007. ^ "The Kurt Vonnegut Society – Promoting the Scholarly Study of Kurt Vonnegut, his Life, and Works". Blogs.cofc.edu. Retrieved December 2, 2017. ^ Kunze & Tally 2012, p. 7. ^ Harris 2011. ^ a b Morais 2011. ^ Tally 2013, pp. 14–15. ^ Davis 2006, p. 2. ^ Morse 2013, p. 56. ^ Tally 2011, p. 158. ^ "2015 SF&F Hall of Fame Inductees & James Gunn Fundraiser". June 12, 2015. Locus Publications. Retrieved July 17, 2015. ^ "Kurt Vonnegut: American author who combined satiric social commentary with surrealist and science fictional elements" (Archived September 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine). Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame. EMP Museum (empmuseum.org). Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ Haley, Guy (2014). Sci-Fi Chronicles: A Visual History of the Galaxy's Greatest Science Fiction. London: Aurum Press (Quarto Group). p. 135. ISBN 978-1-78131-359-6. The asteroid 25399 Vonnegut is named in his honor. ^ "Kurt Vonnegut". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. ^ "Indianapolis' Kurt Vonnegut museum named Literary Landmark". AP News. September 26, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021. ^ LinC 1987 Yearbook. University of Evansville. 1987. p. 34. ^ a b Baker, Phil (April 13, 2007). "Kurt Vonnegut". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 21, 2023. ^ NPR 2011. ^ Daily Telegraph 2007. ^ Freese 2013, p. 101. ^ Leeds 1995, p. 2. ^ Leeds 1995, p. 68. ^ Leeds 1995, pp. 1–2. ^ a b Vonnegut 1999, introduction. ^ a b Vonnegut 2009, pp. 177, 185, 191. ^ a b Niose 2007. ^ Leeds 1995, p. 480. ^ a b c d Sharp 2006, p. 1366. ^ Vonnegut 1982, p. 327. ^ a b Wakefield, Dan (2014). "Kurt Vonnegut, Christ-Loving Atheist". Image (82): 67–75. Retrieved October 13, 2017. ^ Davis 2006, p. 142. ^ Vonnegut 2006b. ^ a b Leeds 1995, p. 525. ^ a b Farrell 2009, p. 141. ^ Vonnegut 2009, p. 191. ^ Kohn 2001. ^ Leeds 1995, pp. 477–479. ^ Marvin 2002, p. 78. ^ Vonnegut, Kurt (2014). If This Isn't Nice, What Is?. Seven Stories Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-60980-591-3. ^ Zinn & Arnove 2009, p. 620. ^ Vonnegut 2006a, "In a Manner that Must Shame God Himself". ^ a b Sharp 2006, pp. 1364–1365. ^ Gannon & Taylor 2013. ^ a b c d Sharp 2006, p. 1364. ^ Zinn & Arnove 2009, p. 618. ^ a b c Sharp 2006, p. 1365. ^ Vonnegut, Kurt (2007). A Man Without a Country. Seven Stories Press. p. 55. ^ Vonnegut, Kurt (1974). Wampeters, Foma, and Granfalloons (Opinions). Dell. p. 1. ^ Vonnegut, Kurt (1999b). Timequake. Putnam. p. 501. ^ Vonnegut, Kurt (2007). A Man Without a Country. Seven Stories Press. pp. 61–62. ^ Marvin 2002, pp. 17–18. ^ a b Marvin 2002, p. 18. ^ "A quote by Kurt Vonnegut". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved December 8, 2019. ^ a b c Marvin 2002, p. 19. ^ Strand 2015, pp. 155–156. ^ Barsamian 2004, p. 15. ^ Hayman et al. 1977. ^ Marvin 2002, pp. 18–19. ^ Kurt Vonnegut; Suzanne McConnell (2019). Pity The Reader: On Writing With Style. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-60980-962-1. ^ "Kurt Vonnegut on Writing and Talent". Poets & Writers. October 12, 2019. Retrieved July 1, 2022. ^ a b Extence 2013. ^ Sharp 2006, pp. 1363–1364. ^ Davis 2006, pp. 45–46. ^ Tally 2011, p. 157. ^ Tally 2011, pp. 103–105. ^ Kunze & Tally 2012, introduction. ^ a b Marvin 2002, p. 16. ^ Marvin 2002, p. 13. ^ Marvin 2002, pp. 14–15. ^ Marvin 2002, p. 15. ^ Jensen 2016, pp. 8–11. ^ Marvin 2002, pp. 16–17. ^ Marvin 2002, pp. 19, 44–45. ^ Strand 2015, pp. 147–157. ^ Strand 2015, p. 245. ^ a b Marvin 2002, p. 20. ^ Sharp 2006, pp. 1365–1366. ^ Marvin 2002, p. 21. ^ Marvin 2002, pp. 157–158. General and cited sources Allen, William R. "A Brief Biography of Kurt Vonnegut". Kurt Vonnegut Memorial Library. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Allen, William R. (1991). Understanding Kurt Vonnegut. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-87249-722-1. Banach, Je (April 11, 2013). "Laughing in the Face of Death: A Vonnegut Roundtable". The Paris Review. Retrieved August 13, 2015. Barsamian, David (2004). Louder Than Bombs: Interviews from the Progressive Magazine. South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-725-5. Blount, Roy Jr. (May 4, 2008). "So It Goes". Sunday Book Review. The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Boomhower, Ray E. (1999). "Slaughterhouse-Five: Kurt Vonnegut Jr". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. 11 (2): 42–47. ISSN 1040-788X. "Obituary of Kurt Vonnegut: Guru of the counterculture whose science fiction novel Slaughterhouse-Five, inspired by his survival of the Dresden bombings, became an anti-war classic". The Daily Telegraph. May 13, 2007. p. 25. Dalton, Corey M. (October 24, 2011). "Treasures of the Kurt Vonnegut Memorial Library". The Saturday Evening Post. Archived from the original on December 9, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Davis, Todd F. (2006). Kurt Vonnegut's Crusade. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6675-9. Extence, Gavin (June 25, 2013). "Most of What I Know about Writing, I Learned from Kurt Vonnegut". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Farrell, Susan E. (2009). Critical Companion to Kurt Vonnegut: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0023-4. Freese, Peter (2013). "'Instructions for use': the opening chapter of Slaughterhouse-Five and the reader of historiographical metafictions". In Tally, Robert T. Jr. (ed.). Kurt Vonnegut. Critical Insights. Salem Press. pp. 95–117. ISBN 978-1-4298-3848-1. Gannon, Matthew; Taylor, Wilson (September 4, 2013). "The working class needs its next Kurt Vonnegut". Jacobin. Salon.com. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Grossman, Lev (April 12, 2007). "Kurt Vonnegut, 1922–2007". Time. Harris, Paul (December 3, 2011). "Kurt Vonnegut's dark, sad, cruel side is laid bare". The Guardian. Hattenhauer, Darryl (1998). "The Politics of Kurt Vonnegut's 'Harrison Bergeron'". Studies in Short Fiction. 35 (4): 387–392. ISSN 0039-3789. Hayman, David; Michaelis, David; et al. (1977). "Kurt Vonnegut, The Art of Fiction No. 64". The Paris Review. 69: 55–103. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015. Hischak, Thomas S. (2012). American Literature on Stage and Screen: 525 Works and Their Adaptations. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-9279-4. Jensen, Mikkel (2016). "Janus-Headed Postmodernism: The Opening Lines of Slaughterhouse-Five". The Explicator. 74 (1): 8–11. doi:10.1080/00144940.2015.1133546. ISSN 1939-926X. S2CID 162509316. Kohn, Martin (March 28, 2001). "God Bless You Dr. Kevorkian listing". New York University School of Medicine. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Kunze, Peter C.; Tally, Robert T. Jr. (2012). "Vonnegut's sense of humor". Studies in American Humor. 3 (26): 7–11. doi:10.5325/studamerhumor.26.2012.0007. S2CID 246645063. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Leeds, Marc (1995). The Vonnegut Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29230-9. Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (September 24, 1976). "Books of The Times". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Lowery, George (April 12, 2007). "Kurt Vonnegut Jr., novelist, counterculture icon and Cornellian, dies at 84". Cornell Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Marvin, Thomas F. (2002). Kurt Vonnegut: A Critical Companion. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-29230-9. Morais, Betsy (August 12, 2011). "The Neverending Campaign to Ban 'Slaughterhouse Five'". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Morse, Donald E. (2013). "The curious reception of Kurt Vonnegut". In Tally, Robert T. Jr. (ed.). Kurt Vonnegut. Critical Insights. Salem Press. pp. 42–59. ISBN 978-1-4298-3848-1. Morse, Donald E. (2003). The Novels of Kurt Vonnegut: Imagining Being an American. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-29230-9. Niose, David A. (July 1, 2007). "Kurt Vonnegut saw humanism as a way to build a better world". The Humanist. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Noble, David (2017). "Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation". New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-52364-7. OCLC 1015814093. Rodriguez, Gregory (April 16, 2007). "The kindness of Kurt Vonnegut". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Sharp, Michael D. (2006). Popular Contemporary Writers. Vol. 10. Marshall Cavendish Reference. ISBN 978-0-7614-7601-6. Shields, Charles J. (2011). And So It Goes: Kurt Vonnegut, a Life. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-8693-5. Smith, Dinitia (April 13, 2007). "Kurt Vonnegut, Counterculture's Novelist, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Strand, Ginger (2015). The Brothers Vonnegut: Science and Fiction in the House of Magic. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-11701-6. Sumner, Gregory (2014). "Vonnegut, Kurt Jr". American National Biography Online. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Tally, Robert T. Jr. (2011). Kurt Vonnegut and the American Novel: A Postmodern Iconography. Continuum Books. ISBN 978-1-4411-6445-2. Tally, Robert T. Jr. (2013). "On Kurt Vonnegut". In Tally, Robert T. Jr. (ed.). Kurt Vonnegut. Critical Insights. Salem Press. pp. 3–17. ISBN 978-1-4298-3848-1. Thomas, Peter L. (2006). Reading, Learning, Teaching Kurt Vonnegut. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-6337-7. "Up to 25,000 died in Dresden's WWII bombing – report". BBC. March 18, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Vitale, Tom (May 31, 2011). "Kurt Vonnegut: Still Speaking To The War Weary". NPR. Retrieved August 13, 2015. Vonnegut, Kurt (January 21, 2006). "A Man Without A Country, "Custodians of chaos"". The Guardian. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Vonnegut, Kurt (1999). God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-58322-020-7. Vonnegut, Kurt (June 28, 2008). "Kurt Vonnegut on His Time as a POW". Newsweek. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Vonnegut, Kurt (1982). Palm Sunday: An Autobiographical Collage. Dell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-440-57163-6. Vonnegut, Kurt (2009). Palm Sunday: An Autobiographical Collage. Random House Publishing. ISBN 978-0-307-56806-9. Vonnegut, Kurt (2006). Wampeters, Foma & Granfalloons. Dial Press. ISBN 978-0-385-33381-8. Wolff, Gregory (October 25, 1987). "A Wildly Improbable Gang of Nine". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Zinn, Howard; Arnove, Anthony (2009). Voices of A People's History of the United States. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-58322-916-3. Further reading Library resources about Kurt Vonnegut Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Kurt Vonnegut Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Craig, Cairns (1983), "An Interview with Kurt Vonnegut", in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), Cencrastus No. 13, Summer 1983, pp. 29–32, ISSN 0264-0856. Oltean-Cîmpean, A. A. (2016). "Kurt Vonnegut's Humanism: An Author's Journey Towards Preaching for Peace". Studii De Ştiintă Şi Cultură, 12(2), 259–266. Párraga, J. J. (2013). "Kurt Vonnegut's Quest for Identity". Revista Futhark, 8185–8199. External links Kurt Vonnegut Memorial Library Works by Kurt Vonnegut at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Kurt Vonnegut at Internet Archive Works by Kurt Vonnegut at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Kurt Vonnegut Jr. at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Kurt Vonnegut at IMDb Appearances on C-SPAN Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. at the Science Fiction Awards Database Great Lives – Kurt Vonnegut vteKurt VonnegutBibliographyNovels Player Piano (1952) The Sirens of Titan (1959) Mother Night (1961) Cat's Cradle (1963) God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater (1965) Slaughterhouse-Five (1969) Breakfast of Champions (1973) Slapstick (1976) Jailbird (1979) Deadeye Dick (1982) Galápagos (1985) Bluebeard (1987) Hocus Pocus (1990) Timequake (1997) Novellas Sun Moon Star (1980) God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian (1999) We Are What We Pretend to Be: The First and Last Works (2013) Collected short fiction Canary in a Cat House (1961) Welcome to the Monkey House (1968) Bagombo Snuff Box (1999) Armageddon in Retrospect (2008) Look at the Birdie (2009) While Mortals Sleep (2011) Sucker's Portfolio (2013) Complete Stories (2017) Collected non-fiction Wampeters, Foma and Granfalloons (1974) Palm Sunday (1981) Fates Worse Than Death (1991) A Man Without a Country (2005) Armageddon in Retrospect (2008) If This Isn't Nice, What Is?: Advice to the Young (2013) Kurt Vonnegut: Letters (2014) Vonnegut by the Dozen (2015) Plays/screenplays Fortitude (1968) Happy Birthday, Wanda June (1970) Between Time and Timbuktu (1972) Interviews Like Shaking Hands with God (1999) Conversations with Kurt Vonnegut (1999) Kurt Vonnegut: The Last Interview (1999) Adaptations Happy Birthday, Wanda June (1971) Slaughterhouse-Five (1972) Between Time and Timbuktu (1972) Next Door (1975) Kurt Vonnegut's God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater (1979) Slapstick of Another Kind (1982) Who Am I This Time? (1982) Displaced Person (1985) Kurt Vonnegut's Monkey House (1991) Harrison Bergeron (1995) Mother Night (1996) Breakfast of Champions (1999) 2081 (2009) 2BR02B: To Be or Naught to Be (2016) Charactersand concepts Kilgore Trout Eliot Rosewater Rabo Karabekian RAMJAC Ilium Granfalloon Tralfamadore Ice-nine Related Kurt Vonnegut Museum and Library Vonnegut (Mercury crater) Family Jill Krementz (second wife) Mark Vonnegut (son) Edith Vonnegut (daughter) Kurt Vonnegut Sr. (father) Bernard Vonnegut (brother) Bernard Vonnegut Sr. (grandfather) Clemens Vonnegut (great-grandfather) Portals: Biography Comedy LiteratureKurt Vonnegut at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceData from Wikidata Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz RKD Artists People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vonnegut (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonnegut_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈvɒnəɡət/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"satirical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"University of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Bulge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Allied bombing of the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"City News Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_News_Bureau_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Player Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_Piano_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Sirens of Titan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sirens_of_Titan"},{"link_name":"Cat's Cradle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%27s_Cradle"},{"link_name":"Hugo Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award"},{"link_name":"Welcome to the Monkey House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Monkey_House"},{"link_name":"Slaughterhouse-Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Best Seller list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list"},{"link_name":"Fates Worse Than Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fates_Worse_Than_Death"},{"link_name":"A Man Without a Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_Without_a_Country"},{"link_name":"dark humor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_comedy"},{"link_name":"Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Vonnegut"},{"link_name":"Armageddon in Retrospect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armageddon_in_Retrospect"},{"link_name":"Seven Stories Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Stories_Press"},{"link_name":"Complete Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Stories_(Vonnegut)"},{"link_name":"Dan Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Wakefield"}],"text":"American author (1922–2007)\"Vonnegut\" redirects here. For other uses, see Vonnegut (disambiguation).Kurt Vonnegut (/ˈvɒnəɡət/; November 11, 1922 – April 11, 2007) was an American writer and humorist known for his satirical and darkly humorous novels.[1] In a career spanning over 50 years, he published fourteen novels, three short-story collections, five plays, and five nonfiction works; further collections have been published after his death.Born and raised in Indianapolis, Vonnegut attended Cornell University but withdrew in January 1943 and enlisted in the US Army. As part of his training, he studied mechanical engineering at the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) and the University of Tennessee. He was then deployed to Europe to fight in World War II and was captured by the Germans during the Battle of the Bulge. He was interned in Dresden, where he survived the Allied bombing of the city in a meat locker of the slaughterhouse where he was imprisoned. After the war, he married Jane Marie Cox, with whom he had three children. Vonnegut adopted three of his sister's sons after she died of cancer and her husband was killed in a train accident. He and his wife both attended the University of Chicago, while he worked as a night reporter for the City News Bureau.Vonnegut published his first novel, Player Piano, in 1952. The novel received positive reviews but was not commercially successful at the time. In the nearly 20 years that followed, he published several novels that were well regarded, two of which—The Sirens of Titan (1959) and Cat's Cradle (1963)—were nominated for the Hugo Award for best science fiction or fantasy novel of the year. He published a short-story collection titled Welcome to the Monkey House in 1968. His breakthrough was his commercially and critically successful sixth novel, Slaughterhouse-Five (1969). The book's anti-war sentiment resonated with its readers amidst the ongoing Vietnam War, and its reviews were generally positive. Slaughterhouse-Five rose to the top of The New York Times Best Seller list and made Vonnegut famous. He gave speeches, lectures, and commencement addresses; he received awards and honors.Later in his career, Vonnegut published autobiographical essays and short-story collections, such as Fates Worse Than Death (1991) and A Man Without a Country (2005). After his death, he was hailed as one of the most important contemporary writers and a dark humor commentator on American society. His son Mark published a compilation of his unpublished works, Armageddon in Retrospect, in 2008. In 2017, Seven Stories Press published Complete Stories, a collection of Vonnegut's short fiction, including five previously unpublished stories. Complete Stories was collected and introduced by Vonnegut friends and scholars Jerome Klinkowitz and Dan Wakefield. Scholarly works have examined Vonnegut's writing and humor.","title":"Kurt Vonnegut"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Kurt Vonnegut Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut_Sr."},{"link_name":"Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Vonnegut"},{"link_name":"Clemens Vonnegut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Vonnegut"},{"link_name":"Vonnegut Hardware Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonnegut_Hardware_Company"},{"link_name":"Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Vonnegut_I"},{"link_name":"Das Deutsche Haus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athen%C3%A6um_(Das_Deutsche_Haus)"},{"link_name":"Bell Telephone Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company"},{"link_name":"Fletcher Trust Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Trust_Building"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoomhowerFarrell4-5-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin20022-3"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharp1360-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marvin2Farrell3-4-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marvin4-6"},{"link_name":"prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp20061360-7"},{"link_name":"private schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school"},{"link_name":"public school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"James Whitcomb Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whitcomb_Riley"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boomhower-8"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharp1360Marvin2-3-11"},{"link_name":"hydrochloric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marvin2-3-12"},{"link_name":"Collier's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%27s"},{"link_name":"The Saturday Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharp1360-4"}],"sub_title":"Family and early life","text":"Kurt Vonnegut Jr. was born in Indianapolis on November 11, 1922, the youngest of three children of Kurt Vonnegut Sr. and his wife Edith (née Lieber). His older siblings were Bernard (born 1914) and Alice (born 1917). He had descended from German immigrants who settled in the United States in the mid-19th century; his paternal great-grandfather, Clemens Vonnegut, settled in Indianapolis and founded the Vonnegut Hardware Company. His father and grandfather Bernard were architects; the architecture firm under Kurt Sr. designed such buildings as Das Deutsche Haus (now called \"The Athenæum\"), the Indiana headquarters of the Bell Telephone Company, and the Fletcher Trust Building.[2] Vonnegut's mother was born into Indianapolis high society, as her family, the Liebers, were among the wealthiest in the city with their fortune deriving from ownership of a successful brewery.[3]Both of Vonnegut's parents were fluent German speakers, but the ill feeling toward Germany during and after World War I caused them to abandon German culture in order to show their American patriotism. Thus, they did not teach Vonnegut to speak German or introduce him to German literature and traditions, leaving him feeling \"ignorant and rootless\".[4][5] Vonnegut later credited Ida Young, his family's African-American cook and housekeeper during the first decade of his life, for raising him and giving him values; he said, \"she gave me decent moral instruction and was exceedingly nice to me\", and \"was as great an influence on me as anybody\". He described her as \"humane and wise\" and added that \"the compassionate, forgiving aspects of [his] beliefs\" came from her.[6]The financial security and social prosperity that the Vonneguts had once enjoyed were destroyed in a matter of years. The Liebers' brewery was closed in 1921 after the advent of prohibition. When the Great Depression hit, few people could afford to build, causing clients at Kurt Sr.'s architectural firm to become scarce.[7] Vonnegut's brother and sister had finished their primary and secondary educations in private schools, but Vonnegut was placed in a public school called Public School No. 43 (now the James Whitcomb Riley School).[8] He was bothered by the Great Depression,[a] and both his parents were affected deeply by their economic misfortune. His father withdrew from normal life and became what Vonnegut called a \"dreamy artist\".[10] His mother became depressed, withdrawn, bitter, and abusive. She labored to regain the family's wealth and status, and Vonnegut said that she expressed hatred for her husband that was \"as corrosive as hydrochloric acid\".[11] She unsuccessfully tried to sell short stories she had written to Collier's, The Saturday Evening Post, and other magazines.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kurt_Vonnegut_-_High_School_Yearbook.PNG"},{"link_name":"Shortridge High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortridge_High_School"},{"link_name":"Shortridge High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortridge_High_School"},{"link_name":"clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"Madelyn Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelyn_Pugh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoomhowerFarrell4-5-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boomhower-8"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Ithaca, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York"},{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoomhowerFarrell4-5-2"},{"link_name":"biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Delta Upsilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Upsilon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lowery2007-17"},{"link_name":"The Cornell Daily Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cornell_Daily_Sun"},{"link_name":"staff writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_writer"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farrell5-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"pacifism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boomhower-8"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"High school and Cornell University","text":"Vonnegut as a teenager, from the Shortridge High School 1940 yearbookVonnegut enrolled at Shortridge High School in Indianapolis in 1936. While there, he played clarinet in the school band and became a co-editor (along with Madelyn Pugh) for the Tuesday edition of the school newspaper, The Shortridge Echo. Vonnegut said that his tenure with the Echo allowed him to write for a large audience—his fellow students—rather than for a teacher, an experience, he said, was \"fun and easy\".[2] \"It just turned out that I could write better than a lot of other people\", Vonnegut observed. \"Each person has something he can do easily and can't imagine why everybody else has so much trouble doing it.\"[8]After graduating from Shortridge in 1940, Vonnegut enrolled at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. He wanted to study the humanities and had aspirations of becoming an architect like his father, but his father[b] and brother Bernard, an atmospheric scientist, urged him to study a \"useful\" discipline.[2] As a result, Vonnegut majored in biochemistry, but he had little proficiency in the area and was indifferent towards his studies.[13] As his father had been a member at MIT,[14] Vonnegut was entitled to join the Delta Upsilon fraternity, and did.[15] He overcame stiff competition for a place at the university's independent newspaper, The Cornell Daily Sun, first serving as a staff writer, then as an editor.[16][17] By the end of his first year, he was writing a column titled \"Innocents Abroad\", which reused jokes from other publications. He later penned a piece \"Well All Right\" focusing on pacifism, a cause he strongly supported,[8] arguing against US intervention in World War II.[18]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kurt-Vonnegut-US-Army-portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Reserve Officers' Training Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps"},{"link_name":"academic probation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_probation"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Fort 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Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell20096-23"},{"link_name":"Mother's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"overdosing on sleeping pills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_overdose"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farrell6-24"},{"link_name":"inebriated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farrell6-24"},{"link_name":"106th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/106th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Bulge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farrell6-24"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharp1363Farrell6-25"},{"link_name":"boxcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxcar"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"prisoners of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-26"},{"link_name":"malt syrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malt_syrup"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheParisReview-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z0309-310,_Zerst%C3%B6rtes_Dresden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Allied forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"firebombing of the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farrell6-24"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boomhower-8"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheParisReview-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheParisReview-27"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"George S. Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Patton"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-26"},{"link_name":"Fort Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Riley"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Purple Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart"},{"link_name":"frost-bite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost-bite"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DaltonSEP-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Vonnegut in army uniform during World War IIThe attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into WWII. Vonnegut was a member of Reserve Officers' Training Corps, but poor grades and a satirical article in Cornell's newspaper cost him his place there. He was placed on academic probation in May 1942 and dropped out the following January. No longer eligible for a deferment as a member of ROTC, he faced likely conscription into the United States Army. Instead of waiting to be drafted, he enlisted in the Army and in March 1943 reported to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, for basic training.[19] Vonnegut was trained to fire and maintain howitzers and later received instruction in mechanical engineering at the Carnegie Institute of Technology and the University of Tennessee as part of the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP).[12]In early 1944, the ASTP was canceled due to the Army's need for soldiers to support the D-Day invasion, and Vonnegut was ordered to an infantry battalion at Camp Atterbury, south of Indianapolis in Edinburgh, Indiana, where he trained as a scout.[20] He lived so close to his home that he was \"able to sleep in [his] own bedroom and use the family car on weekends\".[21]On May 14, 1944, Vonnegut returned home on leave for Mother's Day weekend to discover that his mother had committed suicide the previous night by overdosing on sleeping pills.[22] Possible factors that contributed to Edith Vonnegut's suicide include the family's loss of wealth and status, Vonnegut's forthcoming deployment overseas, and her own lack of success as a writer. She was inebriated at the time and under the influence of prescription drugs.[22]Three months after his mother's suicide, Vonnegut was sent to Europe as an intelligence scout with the 106th Infantry Division. In December 1944, he fought in the Battle of the Bulge, the final German offensive of the war.[22] During the battle, the 106th Infantry Division, which had only recently reached the front and was assigned to a \"quiet\" sector due to its inexperience, was overrun by advancing German armored forces. Over 500 members of the division were killed, and over 6,000 were captured.[citation needed]On December 22, Vonnegut was captured with about 50 other American soldiers.[23] Vonnegut was taken by boxcar to a prison camp south of Dresden, in the German province of Saxony. During the journey, the Royal Air Force mistakenly attacked the trains carrying Vonnegut and his fellow prisoners of war, killing about 150 of them.[24] Vonnegut was sent to Dresden, the \"first fancy city [he had] ever seen\". He lived in a slaughterhouse when he got to the city, and worked in a factory that made malt syrup for pregnant women. Vonnegut recalled the sirens going off whenever another city was bombed. The Germans did not expect Dresden to be bombed, Vonnegut said. \"There were very few air-raid shelters in town and no war industries, just cigarette factories, hospitals, clarinet factories.\"[25]Dresden in 1945. More than 90% of the city's center was destroyed.On February 13, 1945, Dresden became the target of Allied forces. In the hours and days that followed, the Allies engaged in a firebombing of the city.[22] The offensive subsided on February 15, with about 25,000 civilians killed in the bombing. Vonnegut marveled at the level of both the destruction in Dresden and the secrecy that attended it. He had survived by taking refuge in a meat locker three stories underground.[8] \"It was cool there, with cadavers hanging all around\", Vonnegut said. \"When we came up the city was gone ... They burnt the whole damn town down.\"[25] Vonnegut and other American prisoners were put to work immediately after the bombing, excavating bodies from the rubble.[26] He described the activity as a \"terribly elaborate Easter-egg hunt\".[25]The American POWs were evacuated on foot to the border of Saxony and Czechoslovakia after US General George S. Patton captured Leipzig. With the captives abandoned by their guards, Vonnegut reached a prisoner-of-war repatriation camp in Le Havre, France, before the end of May 1945, with the aid of the Soviets.[24] He returned to the United States and continued to serve in the Army, stationed at Fort Riley, Kansas, typing discharge papers for other soldiers.[27] Soon after he was awarded a Purple Heart, about which he remarked: \"I myself was awarded my country's second-lowest decoration, a Purple Heart for frost-bite.\"[28] He was discharged from the US Army and returned to Indianapolis.[29]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"G.I. Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Bill"},{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Robert Redfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Redfield"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"City News Bureau of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_News_Bureau_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Russian literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_literature"},{"link_name":"Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Vonnegut"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheParisReview-27"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVonnegut2009285-39"},{"link_name":"Cat's Cradle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%27s_Cradle"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin20027-40"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble2017p._166:_%22In_the_early_1950s_novelist_Kurt_Vonnegut_was_a_technical_writer_and_publicist_at_GE_headquarters_in_Schenectady.%22-41"},{"link_name":"Schenectady, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"cloud seeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_seeding"},{"link_name":"US Army Signal Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army_Signal_Corps"},{"link_name":"Ginger Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Strand"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Edith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Vonnegut"},{"link_name":"Report on the Barnhouse Effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Report_on_the_Barnhouse_Effect"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Osterville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osterville,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Barnstable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Marriage, University of Chicago, and early employment","text":"After he returned to the United States, 22-year-old Vonnegut married Jane Marie Cox, his high-school girlfriend and classmate since kindergarten, on September 1, 1945. The pair relocated to Chicago; there, Vonnegut enrolled in the University of Chicago on the G.I. Bill, as an anthropology student in an unusual five-year joint undergraduate/graduate program that conferred a master's degree. There, he studied under anthropologist Robert Redfield, his \"most famous professor\".[30] He augmented his income by working as a reporter for the City News Bureau of Chicago at night.[citation needed]Jane, who had graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Swarthmore,[31] accepted a scholarship from the university to study Russian literature as a graduate student. Jane dropped out of the program after becoming pregnant with the couple's first child, Mark (born May 1947), while Kurt also left the university without any degree (despite having completed his undergraduate education). Vonnegut failed to write a dissertation, as his ideas had all been rejected.[25] One abandoned topic was about the Ghost Dance and Cubist movements.[32][33][34] A later topic, rejected \"unanimously\", had to do with the shapes of stories.[35][36][37] Vonnegut received his graduate degree in anthropology 25 years after he left, when the university accepted his novel Cat's Cradle in lieu of his master's thesis.[38]Shortly thereafter, General Electric (GE) hired Vonnegut as a technical writer, then publicist,[39] for the company's Schenectady, New York, News Bureau, a publicity department that operated like a newsroom.[40] His brother Bernard had worked at GE since 1945, focusing mainly on a silver-iodide-based cloud seeding project that quickly became a joint GE-US Army Signal Corps program, Project Cirrus. In The Brothers Vonnegut Ginger Strand draws connections between many real events at General Electric, including Bernard's work, and Vonnegut's early stories, which were regularly being rejected everywhere he sent them. [41] Throughout this period, Jane Vonnegut encouraged him, editing his stories, strategizing about submissions, and buoying his spirits. [42]In 1949, Kurt and Jane had a daughter named Edith. Still working for GE, Vonnegut had his first piece, titled \"Report on the Barnhouse Effect\", published in the February 11, 1950, issue of Collier's, for which he received $750.[43] The story concerned a scientist who fears that his invention will be used as a weapon, much as Bernard was fearing at the time about his cloudseeding work.[44] Vonnegut wrote another story, after being coached by the fiction editor at Collier's, Knox Burger, and again sold it to the magazine, this time for $950. While Burger supported Vonnegut's writing, he was shocked when Vonnegut quit GE as of January 1, 1951, later stating: \"I never said he should give up his job and devote himself to fiction. I don't trust the freelancer's life, it's tough.\"[45] Nevertheless, in early 1951 Vonnegut moved with his family to Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to write full time, leaving GE behind.[46] He initially moved to Osterville, but he ended up purchasing a home in Barnstable.[47]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Player Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_Piano_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Scribner's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-player-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-playerp-52"},{"link_name":"McCarthyism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism"},{"link_name":"fellow travelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_travelers"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-playerp-52"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Granville Hicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville_Hicks"},{"link_name":"Aldous Huxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxley"},{"link_name":"Brave New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World"},{"link_name":"Bantam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_Books"},{"link_name":"Doubleday Science Fiction Book Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_Science_Fiction_Book_Club"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-player-50"}],"sub_title":"First novel","text":"In 1952, Vonnegut's first novel, Player Piano, was published by Scribner's. The novel has a post-Third World War setting, in which factory workers have been replaced by machines.[48] Player Piano draws upon Vonnegut's experience as an employee at GE. The novel is set at a General Electric-like company and includes many scenes based on things Vonnegut saw there.[49] He satirizes the drive to climb the corporate ladder, one that in Player Piano is rapidly disappearing as automation increases, putting even executives out of work. His central character, Paul Proteus, has an ambitious wife, a backstabbing assistant, and a feeling of empathy for the poor. Sent by his boss, Kroner, as a double agent among the poor (who have all the material goods they want, but little sense of purpose), he leads them in a machine-smashing, museum-burning revolution.[50] Player Piano expresses Vonnegut's opposition to McCarthyism, something made clear when the Ghost Shirts, the revolutionary organization Paul penetrates and eventually leads, is referred to by one character as \"fellow travelers\".[51]In Player Piano, Vonnegut originates many of the techniques he would use in his later works. The comic, heavy-drinking Shah of Bratpuhr, an outsider to this dystopian corporate United States, is able to ask many questions that an insider would not think to ask, or would cause offense by doing so. For example, when taken to see the artificially intelligent supercomputer EPICAC, the Shah asks it \"what are people for?\" and receives no answer. Speaking for Vonnegut, he dismisses it as a \"false god\". This type of alien visitor would recur throughout Vonnegut's literature.[50]The New York Times writer and critic Granville Hicks gave Player Piano a positive review, favorably comparing it to Aldous Huxley's Brave New World. Hicks called Vonnegut a \"sharp-eyed satirist\". None of the reviewers considered the novel particularly important. Several editions were printed—one by Bantam with the title Utopia 14, and another by the Doubleday Science Fiction Book Club—whereby Vonnegut gained the repute of a science fiction writer, a genre held in disdain by writers at that time. He defended the genre and deplored a perceived sentiment that \"no one can simultaneously be a respectable writer and understand how a refrigerator works\".[48]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vonnegut_and_family_large.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saab automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_automobile"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"a train accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Bay_rail_accident"},{"link_name":"Steven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Adams_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farrell9-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"The Sirens of Titan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sirens_of_Titan"},{"link_name":"Tralfamadore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tralfamadore"},{"link_name":"the Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kremlin"},{"link_name":"Offenbach's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach"},{"link_name":"The Tales of Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tales_of_Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"William Rodney Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rodney_Allen"},{"link_name":"God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Bless_You,_Mr._Rosewater"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Mother Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Night"},{"link_name":"Office of Strategic Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services"},{"link_name":"Adolf Eichmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Harrison Bergeron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Bergeron"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeds199546-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattenhauer1998387-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattenhauer1998387-63"},{"link_name":"Cat's Cradle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%27s_Cradle"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Irving Langmuir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Bokononism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokononism"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"volunteer fire department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_fire_department"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Iowa Writers' Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Writers%27_Workshop"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Struggling writer","text":"Vonnegut with his wife Jane and children (from left to right): Mark, Edith and Nanette, in 1955After Player Piano, Vonnegut continued to sell short stories to various magazines. Contracted to produce a second novel (which eventually became Cat's Cradle), he struggled to complete it, and the work languished for years. In 1954, the couple had a third child, Nanette. With a growing family and no financially successful novels yet, Vonnegut's short stories helped to sustain the family, though he frequently needed to find additional sources of income as well. In 1957, he and a partner opened a Saab automobile dealership on Cape Cod, but it went bankrupt by the end of the year.[52]In 1958, his sister, Alice, died of cancer two days after her husband, James Carmalt Adams, was killed in a train accident. The Vonneguts took in three of the Adams' young sons—James, Steven, and Kurt, aged 14, 11, and 9, respectively.[53] A fourth Adams son, Peter (2), also stayed with the Vonneguts for about a year before being given to the care of a paternal relative in Georgia.[54]Grappling with family challenges, Vonnegut continued to write, publishing novels vastly dissimilar in terms of plot. The Sirens of Titan (1959) features a Martian invasion of Earth, as experienced by a bored billionaire Malachi Constant. He meets Winston Niles Rumfoord, an aristocratic space traveler, who is virtually omniscient but stuck in a time warp that causes him to appear on Earth every 59 days. The billionaire learns that his actions and the events of all of history are determined by a race of robotic aliens from the planet Tralfamadore, who need a replacement part that can only be produced by an advanced civilization in order to repair their spaceship and return home—human history has been manipulated to produce it. Some human structures, such as the Kremlin, are coded signals from the aliens to their ship as to how long it may expect to wait for the repair to take place. Reviewers were uncertain what to think of the book, with one comparing it to Offenbach's opera The Tales of Hoffmann.[55]Rumfoord, who is based on Franklin D. Roosevelt, also physically resembles the former president. Rumfoord is described this way: he \"put a cigarette in a long, bone cigarette holder, lighted it. He thrust out his jaw. The cigarette holder pointed straight up.\"[56] William Rodney Allen, in his guide to Vonnegut's works, stated that Rumfoord foreshadowed the fictional political figures who would play major roles in God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater and Jailbird.[57]Mother Night, published in 1961, received little attention at the time of its publication. Howard W. Campbell Jr., Vonnegut's protagonist, is an American who is raised in Germany from age 11 and joins the Nazi party during the war as a double agent for the US Office of Strategic Services, rising to the regime's highest ranks as a radio propagandist. After the war, the spy agency refuses to clear his name, and he is eventually imprisoned by the Israelis in the same cell block as Adolf Eichmann. Vonnegut wrote in a foreword to a later edition: \"we are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful about what we pretend to be\".[58] Literary critic Lawrence Berkove considered the novel, like Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, to illustrate the tendency for \"impersonators to get carried away by their impersonations, to become what they impersonate and therefore to live in a world of illusion\".[59]Also published in 1961 was Vonnegut's short story \"Harrison Bergeron\", set in a dystopic future where all are equal, even if that means disfiguring beautiful people and forcing the strong or intelligent to wear devices that negate their advantages. Fourteen-year-old Harrison is a genius and athlete forced to wear record-level \"handicaps\" and imprisoned for attempting to overthrow the government. He escapes to a television studio, tears away his handicaps, and frees a ballerina from her lead weights. As they dance, they are killed by the Handicapper General, Diana Moon Glampers.[60] Vonnegut, in a later letter, suggested that \"Harrison Bergeron\" might have sprung from his envy and self-pity as a high-school misfit. In his 1976 biography of Vonnegut, Stanley Schatt suggested that the short story shows \"in any leveling process, what really is lost, according to Vonnegut, is beauty, grace, and wisdom\".[61] Darryl Hattenhauer, in his 1998 journal article on \"Harrison Bergeron\", theorized that the story was a satire on American Cold War understandings of communism and socialism.[61]With Cat's Cradle (1963), Allen wrote, \"Vonnegut hit full stride for the first time\".[62] The narrator, John, intends to write of Dr. Felix Hoenikker, one of the fictional fathers of the atomic bomb, seeking to cover the scientist's human side. Hoenikker, in addition to the bomb, has developed another threat to mankind, \"ice-nine\", solid water stable at room temperature, but more dense than liquid water. If a particle of ice-nine is dropped in water, all of the surrounding water becomes ice-nine. Felix Hoenikker is based on Bernard Vonnegut's boss at the GE Research Lab, Irving Langmuir, and the way ice-nine is described in the novel is reminiscent of how Bernard Vonnegut explained his own invention, silver-iodide cloudseeding, to Kurt.[63] Much of the second half of the book is spent on the fictional Caribbean island of San Lorenzo, where John explores a religion called Bokononism, whose holy books (excerpts from which are quoted) give the novel the moral core science does not supply. After the oceans are converted to ice-nine, wiping out most of humankind, John wanders the frozen surface, seeking to save himself and to make sure that his story survives.[64][65]Vonnegut based the title character of God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater (1964), on an accountant he knew on Cape Cod, who specialized in clients in trouble and often had to comfort them. Eliot Rosewater, the wealthy son of a Republican senator, seeks to atone for his wartime killing of noncombatant firefighters by serving in a volunteer fire department and by giving away money to those in trouble or need. Stress from a battle for control of his charitable foundation pushes him over the edge, and he is placed in a mental hospital. He recovers and ends the financial battle by declaring the children of his county to be his heirs.[66] Allen deemed God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater more \"a cry from the heart than a novel under its author's full intellectual control\", that reflected family and emotional stresses Vonnegut was going through at the time.[67]In the mid-1960s, Vonnegut contemplated abandoning his writing career. In 1999, he wrote in The New York Times: \"I had gone broke, was out of print and had a lot of kids...\" But then, on the recommendation of an admirer, he received a surprise offer of a teaching job at the Iowa Writers' Workshop, employment that he likened to the rescue of a drowning man.[68]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kurt_Vonnegut_1972.jpg"},{"link_name":"the writer's workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Writers%27_Workshop"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2011219%E2%80%93228-71"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Slaughterhouse-Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen82%E2%80%9385-74"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrand201549%E2%80%9350-75"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2011248%E2%80%93249-76"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen82%E2%80%9385-74"},{"link_name":"Biafra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Michael Crichton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crichton"},{"link_name":"The New Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2011254-79"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Best Seller list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2011248%E2%80%93249-76"}],"sub_title":"Slaughterhouse-Five","text":"Vonnegut in 1972After spending almost two years at the writer's workshop at the University of Iowa, teaching one course each term, Vonnegut was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for research in Germany. By the time he won it, in March 1967, he was becoming a well-known writer. He used the funds to travel in Eastern Europe, including to Dresden, where he found many prominent buildings still in ruins. At the time of the bombing, Vonnegut had not appreciated the sheer scale of destruction in Dresden; his enlightenment came only slowly as information dribbled out, and based on early figures, he came to believe that 135,000 had died there.[69][c]Vonnegut had been writing about his war experiences at Dresden ever since he returned from the war, but had never been able to write anything acceptable to himself or his publishers—chapter 1 of Slaughterhouse-Five tells of his difficulties.[71][72] Released in 1969, the novel rocketed Vonnegut to fame.[73] It tells of the life of Billy Pilgrim, who like Vonnegut was born in 1922 and survives the bombing of Dresden. The story is told in a non-linear fashion, with many of the story's climaxes—Billy's death in 1976, his kidnapping by aliens from the planet Tralfamadore nine years earlier, and the execution of Billy's friend Edgar Derby in the ashes of Dresden for stealing a teapot—disclosed in the story's first pages.[71] In 1970, Vonnegut was also a correspondent in Biafra during the Nigerian Civil War.[74][75]Slaughterhouse-Five received generally positive reviews, with Michael Crichton writing in The New Republic:\"he writes about the most excruciatingly painful things. His novels have attacked our deepest fears of automation and the bomb, our deepest political guilts, our fiercest hatreds and loves. No one else writes books on these subjects; they are inaccessible to normal novelists.\"[76]The book went immediately to the top of The New York Times Best Seller list. Vonnegut's earlier works had appealed strongly to many college students, and the antiwar message of Slaughterhouse-Five resonated with a generation marked by the Vietnam War. He later stated that the loss of confidence in government that Vietnam caused finally allowed an honest conversation regarding events like Dresden.[73]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_York,_228_East_48th_Street.JPG"},{"link_name":"commencement addresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commencement_address"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200210-80"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"creative writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_writing"},{"link_name":"City College of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Arts and Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Arts_and_Letters"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University"},{"link_name":"Bennington College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennington_College"},{"link_name":"Happy Birthday, Wanda June","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Wanda_June"},{"link_name":"Theatre de Lys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_de_Lys"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"a film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five_(film)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200211-82"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200210-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1987-83"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200210-80"},{"link_name":"mental breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_breakdown"},{"link_name":"Ritalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritalin"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200211-82"},{"link_name":"A Man Without a Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_Without_a_Country"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2007-84"},{"link_name":"Breakfast of Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_of_Champions"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200211-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHischak201231-85"},{"link_name":"Slapstick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapstick_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Lehmann-Haupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lehmann-Haupt"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann-Haupt1976-86"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200211-82"},{"link_name":"Jill Krementz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Krementz"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell2009451-87"},{"link_name":"Jailbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jailbird_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Deadeye Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadeye_Dick"},{"link_name":"Galápagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Bluebeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebeard_(Vonnegut_novel)"},{"link_name":"Hocus Pocus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hocus_Pocus_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner2014-88"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Rodney Dangerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Dangerfield"},{"link_name":"Back to School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_School"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200212-90"},{"link_name":"Timequake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timequake"},{"link_name":"University of Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Detroit"},{"link_name":"Gregory Sumner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Sumner"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner2014-88"},{"link_name":"A Man Without a Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_Without_a_Country"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2007-84"}],"sub_title":"Later career and life","text":"New York, 228 East 48th Street (center), Kurt Vonnegut's house from 1973 to 2007After Slaughterhouse-Five was published, Vonnegut embraced the fame and financial security that attended its release. He was hailed as a hero of the burgeoning anti-war movement in the United States, was invited to speak at numerous rallies, and gave college commencement addresses around the country.[77] In addition to briefly teaching at Harvard University as a lecturer in creative writing in 1970, Vonnegut taught at the City College of New York as a distinguished professor during the 1973–1974 academic year.[78] He was later elected vice president of the National Institute of Arts and Letters and given honorary degrees by, among others, Indiana University and Bennington College. Vonnegut also wrote a play called Happy Birthday, Wanda June, which opened on October 7, 1970, at New York's Theatre de Lys. Receiving mixed reviews, it closed on March 14, 1971. In 1972, Universal Pictures adapted Slaughterhouse-Five into a film, which the author said was \"flawless\".[79]Meanwhile, Vonnegut's personal life was disintegrating. His wife Jane had embraced Christianity, which was contrary to Vonnegut's atheistic beliefs, and with five of their six children having left home, Vonnegut said that the two were forced to find \"other sorts of seemingly important work to do\". The couple battled over their differing beliefs until Vonnegut moved from their Cape Cod home to New York in 1971. Vonnegut called the disagreements \"painful\" and said that the resulting split was a \"terrible, unavoidable accident that we were ill-equipped to understand\".[77] The couple divorced but remained friends until Jane's death in late 1986.[80][77] Beyond his marriage, he was deeply affected when his son Mark suffered a mental breakdown in 1972, which exacerbated Vonnegut's chronic depression and led him to take Ritalin. When he stopped taking the drug in the mid-1970s, he began to see a psychologist weekly.[79]Requiem (ending)\n\n\nWhen the last living thing\nhas died on account of us,\nhow poetical it would be\nif Earth could say,\nin a voice floating up\nperhaps\nfrom the floor\nof the Grand Canyon,\n\"It is done.\"\nPeople did not like it here.\n\n\n\nKurt Vonnegut, A Man Without a Country, 2005[81]Vonnegut's difficulties materialized in numerous ways, including the painfully slow progress made on his next novel, the darkly comical Breakfast of Champions. In 1971, he stopped writing the novel altogether.[79] When it was finally released in 1973, it was panned critically. In Thomas S. Hischak's book American Literature on Stage and Screen, Breakfast of Champions was called \"funny and outlandish\", but reviewers noted that it \"lacks substance and seems to be an exercise in literary playfulness\".[82] Vonnegut's 1976 novel Slapstick, which meditates on the relationship between him and his sister (Alice), met a similar fate. In The New York Times's review of Slapstick, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt said that Vonnegut \"seems to be putting less effort into [storytelling] than ever before\" and that \"it still seems as if he has given up storytelling after all\".[83] At times, Vonnegut was disgruntled by the personal nature of his detractors' complaints.[79]In 1979, Vonnegut married Jill Krementz, a photographer whom he met while she was working on a series about writers in the early 1970s. With Jill, he adopted a daughter, Lily, when the baby was three days old.[84] In subsequent years, his popularity resurged as he published several satirical books, including Jailbird (1979), Deadeye Dick (1982), Galápagos (1985), Bluebeard (1987), and Hocus Pocus (1990).[85] Although he remained a prolific writer in the 1980s, Vonnegut struggled with depression and attempted suicide in 1984.[86] Two years later, Vonnegut was seen by a younger generation when he played himself in Rodney Dangerfield's film Back to School.[87] The last of Vonnegut's fourteen novels, Timequake (1997), was, as University of Detroit history professor and Vonnegut biographer Gregory Sumner said, \"a reflection of an aging man facing mortality and testimony to an embattled faith in the resilience of human awareness and agency\".[85] Vonnegut's final book, a collection of essays entitled A Man Without a Country (2005), became a bestseller.[81]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kurt_Vonnegut_Museum_and_Library_Indianapolis_July_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kurt Vonnegut Museum and Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut_Museum_and_Library"},{"link_name":"Lev Grossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Grossman"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman2007-91"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Brown & Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_%26_Williamson"},{"link_name":"Pall Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pall_Mall_(cigarette)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman2007-91"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"brownstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownstone"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2007-84"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen-92"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2007-84"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman2007-91"},{"link_name":"Armageddon in Retrospect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armageddon_in_Retrospect"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlount2008-93"},{"link_name":"Josip Novakovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Novakovich"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanach2013-94"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"counterculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2007-95"},{"link_name":"Dinitia Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinitia_Smith"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2007-84"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Kurt Vonnegut Museum and Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut_Museum_and_Library"},{"link_name":"Library of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_America"},{"link_name":"Charles J. Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Shields"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunzeTally20127-97"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"The Daily Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast"},{"link_name":"University of Northern Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Northern_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2011-98"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2007-84"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorais2011-99"},{"link_name":"Island Trees School District v. Pico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Trees_School_District_v._Pico"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"a school district's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Trees_Union_Free_School_District"},{"link_name":"Republic, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorais2011-99"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETally201314%E2%80%9315-100"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis20062-101"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse201356-102"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETally2011158-103"},{"link_name":"Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfhof2015-104"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sffhof-105"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonnegut_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet)"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Kurt Vonnegut Museum and Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut_Museum_and_Library"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-20210926-108"},{"link_name":"University of Evansville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Evansville"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"Death and legacy","text":"Kurt Vonnegut Museum and Library in 2022Vonnegut's sincerity, his willingness to scoff at received wisdom, is such that reading his work for the first time gives one the sense that everything else is rank hypocrisy. His opinion of human nature was low, and that low opinion applied to his heroes and his villains alike—he was endlessly disappointed in humanity and in himself, and he expressed that disappointment in a mixture of tar-black humor and deep despair. He could easily have become a crank, but he was too smart; he could have become a cynic, but there was something tender in his nature that he could never quite suppress; he could have become a bore, but even at his most despairing he had an endless willingness to entertain his readers: with drawings, jokes, sex, bizarre plot twists, science fiction, whatever it took.\n\n\nLev Grossman, Time, 2007[88]In a 2006 Rolling Stone interview, Vonnegut sardonically stated that he would sue the Brown & Williamson tobacco company, the maker of the Pall Mall-branded cigarettes he had been smoking since he was around 12 or 14 years old, for false advertising: \"And do you know why? Because I'm 83 years old. The lying bastards! On the package Brown & Williamson promised to kill me.\"[88]Vonnegut died in Manhattan on the night of April 11, 2007, as a result of brain injuries incurred several weeks prior, from a fall at his brownstone home.[81][89] His death was reported by his wife Jill. He was 84 years old.[81] At the time of his death, he had written fourteen novels, three short-story collections, five plays, and five nonfiction books.[88] A book composed of his unpublished pieces, Armageddon in Retrospect, was compiled and posthumously published by his son Mark in 2008.[90]When asked about the impact Vonnegut had on his work, author Josip Novakovich stated that he has \"much to learn from Vonnegut—how to compress things and yet not compromise them, how to digress into history, quote from various historical accounts, and not stifle the narrative. The ease with which he writes is sheerly masterly, Mozartian.\"[91] Los Angeles Times columnist Gregory Rodriguez said that the author will \"rightly be remembered as a darkly humorous social critic and the premier novelist of the counterculture\",[92] and Dinitia Smith of The New York Times dubbed Vonnegut the \"counterculture's novelist\".[81]Vonnegut has inspired numerous posthumous tributes and works. In 2008, the Kurt Vonnegut Society[93] was established, and in November 2010, the Kurt Vonnegut Museum and Library was opened in Vonnegut's hometown of Indianapolis. The Library of America published a compendium of Vonnegut's compositions between 1963 and 1973 the following April, and another compendium of his earlier works in 2012. Late 2011 saw the release of two Vonnegut biographies: Gregory Sumner's Unstuck in Time and Charles J. Shields's And So It Goes.[94] Shields's biography of Vonnegut created some controversy. According to The Guardian, the book portrays Vonnegut as distant, cruel and nasty. \"Cruel, nasty and scary are the adjectives commonly used to describe him by the friends, colleagues, and relatives Shields quotes\", said The Daily Beast's Wendy Smith. \"Towards the end he was very feeble, very depressed and almost morose\", said Jerome Klinkowitz of the University of Northern Iowa, who has examined Vonnegut in depth.[95]Like Mark Twain, Mr. Vonnegut used humor to tackle the basic questions of human existence: Why are we in this world? Is there a presiding figure to make sense of all this, a god who in the end, despite making people suffer, wishes them well?\n\n\nDinitia Smith, The New York Times, 2007[81]Vonnegut's works have evoked ire on several occasions. His most prominent novel, Slaughterhouse-Five, has been objected to or removed at various institutions in at least 18 instances.[96] In the case of Island Trees School District v. Pico, the United States Supreme Court ruled that a school district's ban on Slaughterhouse-Five—which the board had called \"anti-American, anti-Christian, anti-Semitic, and just plain filthy\"—and eight other novels was unconstitutional. When a school board in Republic, Missouri, decided to withdraw Vonnegut's novel from its libraries, the Kurt Vonnegut Memorial Library offered a free copy to all the students of the district.[96]Tally, writing in 2013, suggests that Vonnegut has only recently become the subject of serious study rather than fan adulation, and much is yet to be written about him. \"The time for scholars to say 'Here's why Vonnegut is worth reading' has definitively ended, thank goodness. We know he's worth reading. Now tell us things we don't know.\"[97] Todd F. Davis notes that Vonnegut's work is kept alive by his loyal readers, who have \"significant influence as they continue to purchase Vonnegut's work, passing it on to subsequent generations and keeping his entire canon in print—an impressive list of more than twenty books that [Dell Publishing] has continued to refurbish and hawk with new cover designs.\"[98] Donald E. Morse notes that Vonnegut \"is now firmly, if somewhat controversially, ensconced in the American and world literary canon as well as in high school, college and graduate curricula\".[99] Tally writes of Vonnegut's work:[100]Vonnegut's 14 novels, while each does its own thing, together are nevertheless experiments in the same overall project. Experimenting with the form of the American novel itself, Vonnegut engages in a broadly modernist attempt to apprehend and depict the fragmented, unstable, and distressing bizarreries of postmodern American experience ... That he does not actually succeed in representing the shifting multiplicities of that social experience is beside the point. What matters is the attempt, and the recognition that ... we must try to map this unstable and perilous terrain, even if we know in advance that our efforts are doomed.The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Vonnegut posthumously in 2015.[101][102] The asteroid 25399 Vonnegut is named in his honor.[103] A crater on the planet Mercury has also been named in his honor.[104] In 2021, the Kurt Vonnegut Museum and Library in Indianapolis was designated a Literary Landmark by the Literary Landmarks Association.[105] In 1986, the University of Evansville library located in Evansville, Indiana was named after Vonnegut, where he spoke during the dedication ceremony.[106]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardianObit-110"}],"text":"The beliefs I have to defend are so soft and complicated, actually, and, when vivisected, turn into bowls of undifferentiated mush. I am a pacifist, I am an anarchist, I am a planetary citizen, and so on.[107]— Kurt Vonnegut","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slaughterhouse-Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardianObit-110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mass_Ave.jpg"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Avenue, Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue,_Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENPR2011-111"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaily_Telegraph_2007-112"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"John Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreese2013101-113"},{"link_name":"bombing of Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeds19952-114"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeds199568-115"},{"link_name":"Nuclear war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_war"},{"link_name":"nuclear arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_arms"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeds19951%E2%80%932-116"}],"sub_title":"War","text":"In the introduction to Slaughterhouse-Five, Vonnegut recounts meeting the film producer Harrison Starr at a party, who asked him whether his forthcoming book was an anti-war novel—\"Yes, I guess\", replied Vonnegut. Starr responded: \"Why don't you write an anti-glacier novel?\" In the novel, Vonnegut's character continues: \"What he meant, of course, is that there would always be wars, that they were as easy to stop as glaciers. I believe that, too. And even if wars didn't keep coming like glaciers, there would still be plain old death\". Vonnegut was a pacifist.[107]A large painting of Vonnegut on Massachusetts Avenue, Indianapolis, blocks away from the Kurt Vonnegut Museum and the Rathskeller, which was designed by his family's architecture firmIn 2011, NPR wrote: \"Kurt Vonnegut's blend of anti-war sentiment and satire made him one of the most popular writers of the 1960s.\" Vonnegut stated in a 1987 interview: \"my own feeling is that civilization ended in World War I, and we're still trying to recover from that\", and that he wanted to write war-focused works without glamorizing war itself.[108] Vonnegut had not intended to publish again, but his anger against the George W. Bush administration led him to write A Man Without a Country.[109]Slaughterhouse-Five is the Vonnegut novel best known for its antiwar themes, but the author expressed his beliefs in ways beyond the depiction of the destruction of Dresden. One character, Mary O'Hare, opines that \"wars were partly encouraged by books and movies\", starring \"Frank Sinatra or John Wayne or some of those other glamorous, war-loving, dirty old men\".[110] Vonnegut made a number of comparisons between Dresden and the bombing of Hiroshima in Slaughterhouse-Five[111] and wrote in Palm Sunday (1991): \"I learned how vile that religion of mine could be when the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima\".[112]Nuclear war, or at least deployed nuclear arms, is mentioned in almost all of Vonnegut's novels. In Player Piano, the computer EPICAC is given control of the nuclear arsenal and is charged with deciding whether to use high-explosive or nuclear arms. In Cat's Cradle, John's original purpose in setting pen to paper was to write an account of what prominent Americans had been doing as Hiroshima was bombed.[113]","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Bless_You,_Dr._Kevorkian"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVonnegut1999introduction-117"},{"link_name":"atheist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist"},{"link_name":"humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"},{"link_name":"freethinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freethought"},{"link_name":"American Humanist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVonnegut2009177,_185,_191-118"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiose2007-119"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeds1995480-120"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp20061366-121"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVonnegut1982327-122"},{"link_name":"Unitarian Universalist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-image-123"},{"link_name":"Sermon on the Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount"},{"link_name":"Beatitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatitudes"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006142-124"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVonnegut2006b-125"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeds1995525-126"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeds1995525-126"},{"link_name":"televangelists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televangelist"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell2009141-127"},{"link_name":"rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVonnegut1999introduction-117"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVonnegut2009177,_185,_191-118"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiose2007-119"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVonnegut2009191-128"},{"link_name":"Requiem Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_Mass"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-image-123"},{"link_name":"God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Bless_You,_Dr._Kevorkian"},{"link_name":"euthanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia"},{"link_name":"Jack Kevorkian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kevorkian"},{"link_name":"Isaac Asimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Kilgore Trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilgore_Trout"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2001-129"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell2009141-127"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeds1995477%E2%80%93479-130"},{"link_name":"Bokononism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokononism"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200278-131"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Some of you may know that I am neither Christian nor Jewish nor Buddhist, nor a conventionally religious person of any sort. I am a humanist, which means, in part, that I have tried to behave decently without any expectation of rewards or punishments after I'm dead. ... I myself have written, \"If it weren't for the message of mercy and pity in Jesus' Sermon on the Mount, I wouldn't want to be a human being. I would just as soon be a rattlesnake.\"\n\n\nKurt Vonnegut, God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian, 1999[114]Vonnegut was an atheist, a humanist and a freethinker, serving as the honorary president of the American Humanist Association.[115][116] In an interview for Playboy, he stated that his forebears who came to the United States did not believe in God, and he learned his atheism from his parents.[117] Vonnegut did not, however, disdain those who seek the comfort of religion, hailing church associations as a type of extended family.[118] He occasionally attended a Unitarian church, but with little consistency. In his autobiographical work Palm Sunday, Vonnegut says that he is a \"Christ-worshipping agnostic\".[119] During a speech to the Unitarian Universalist Association, he called himself a \"Christ-loving atheist\". However, he was keen to stress that he was not a Christian.[120]Vonnegut was an admirer of Jesus' Sermon on the Mount, particularly the Beatitudes, and incorporated it into his own doctrines.[121] He also referred to it in many of his works.[122] In his 1991 book Fates Worse than Death, Vonnegut suggests that during the Reagan administration, \"anything that sounded like the Sermon on the Mount was socialistic or communistic, and therefore anti-American\".[123] In Palm Sunday, he wrote that \"the Sermon on the Mount suggests a mercifulness that can never waver or fade\".[123] However, Vonnegut had a deep dislike for certain aspects of Christianity, often reminding his readers of the bloody history of the Crusades and other religion-inspired violence. He despised the televangelists of the late 20th century, feeling that their thinking was narrow-minded.[124]Religion features frequently in Vonnegut's work, both in his novels and elsewhere. He laced a number of his speeches with religion-focused rhetoric[114][115] and was prone to using such expressions as \"God forbid\" and \"thank God\".[116][125] He once wrote his own version of the Requiem Mass, which he then had translated into Latin and set to music.[120] In God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian, Vonnegut goes to heaven after he is euthanized by Dr. Jack Kevorkian. Once in heaven, he interviews 21 deceased celebrities, including Isaac Asimov, William Shakespeare, and Kilgore Trout—the last a fictional character from several of his novels.[126] Vonnegut's works are filled with characters founding new faiths,[124] and religion often serves as a major plot device, for example, in Player Piano, The Sirens of Titan and Cat's Cradle. In The Sirens of Titan, Rumfoord proclaims The Church of God the Utterly Indifferent. Slaughterhouse-Five sees Billy Pilgrim, lacking religion himself, nevertheless become a chaplain's assistant in the military and display a large crucifix on his bedroom wall.[127] In Cat's Cradle, Vonnegut invented the religion of Bokononism.[128]","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Redfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Redfield"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Committee on Social Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Social_Thought"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"conservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"American politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_politics"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinnArnove2009620-133"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVonnegut2006a%22In_a_Manner_that_Must_Shame_God_Himself%22-134"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"social Darwinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism"},{"link_name":"survival of the fittest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp20061364%E2%80%931365-135"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGannonTaylor2013-136"},{"link_name":"Eugene V. Debs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp20061364-137"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinnArnove2009618-138"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp20061365-139"}],"sub_title":"Politics","text":"Vonnegut's thoughts on politics were shaped in large part by Robert Redfield, an anthropologist at the University of Chicago, co-founder of the Committee on Social Thought, and one of Vonnegut's professors during his time at the university. In a commencement address, Vonnegut remarked that \"Dr. Redfield's theory of the Folk Society ... has been the starting point for my politics, such as they are\".[129] Vonnegut did not particularly sympathize with liberalism or conservatism and mused on the specious simplicity of American politics, saying facetiously: \"If you want to take my guns away from me, and you're all for murdering fetuses, and love it when homosexuals marry each other ... you're a liberal. If you are against those perversions and for the rich, you're a conservative. What could be simpler?\"[130] Regarding political parties, Vonnegut said: \"The two real political parties in America are the Winners and the Losers. The people don't acknowledge this. They claim membership in two imaginary parties, the Republicans and the Democrats, instead.\"[131]Vonnegut disregarded more mainstream American political ideologies in favor of socialism, which he thought could provide a valuable substitute for what he saw as social Darwinism and a spirit of \"survival of the fittest\" in American society,[132] believing that \"socialism would be a good for the common man\".[133] Vonnegut would often return to a quote by socialist and five-time presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs: \"As long as there is a lower class, I am in it. As long as there is a criminal element, I'm of it. As long as there is a soul in prison, I am not free.\"[134][135] Vonnegut expressed disappointment that communism and socialism seemed to be unsavory topics to the average American and believed that they offered beneficial substitutes to contemporary social and economic systems.[136]","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Man Without a Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_Without_a_Country"},{"link_name":"Luddite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddite"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Player Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_Piano_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Timequake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timequake"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"}],"sub_title":"Technology","text":"In A Man Without a Country, Vonnegut quipped \"I have been called a Luddite. I welcome it. Do you know what a Luddite is? A person who hates newfangled contraptions.\"[137] The negative effects of the progress of technology is a constant theme throughout Vonnegut's works, from Player Piano to his final essay collection A Man Without a Country. Vonnegut described Player Piano some years after its publication as \"a novel about people and machines, and machines frequently got the best of it, as machines will.\"[138] Loss of jobs due to machine innovation, and thus loss of meaning or purpose in life, is a key plot point in the novel. The \"newfangled contraptions\" Vonnegut hated included the television, which he critiqued often throughout his non-fiction and fiction. In Timequake, for example, Vonnegut tells the story of \"Booboolings,\" human analogs who develop morally through their imaginative formation. However, one evil sister on the planet of the Booboolings learns to build televisions from lunatics. He writes:When the bad sister was a young woman, she and the nuts worked up designs for television cameras and transmitters and receivers. Then she got money from her very rich mom to manufacture these satanic devices, which made imaginations redundant. They were instantly popular because the shows were so attractive and no thinking was involved... Generations of Booboolings grew up without imaginations. . . . Without imaginations, though, they couldn’t do what their ancestors had done, which was read interesting, heartwarming stories in the faces of one another. So . . . Booboolings became among the most merciless creatures in the local family of galaxies.[139]Against imagination-killing devices like televisions, and against electronic substitutes for embodied community, Vonnegut argued that \"Electronic communities build nothing. You wind up with nothing. We are dancing animals. How beautiful it is to get up and go out and do something.\"[140]","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pulp fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_magazine"},{"link_name":"classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics"},{"link_name":"Aristophanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristophanes"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200217%E2%80%9318-144"},{"link_name":"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200218-145"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Bierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce"},{"link_name":"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Occurrence_at_Owl_Creek_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"George Orwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200219-147"},{"link_name":"Nineteen Eighty-Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four"},{"link_name":"debut novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debut_novel"},{"link_name":"Norbert Wiener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener"},{"link_name":"Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics_(book)"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrand2015155%E2%80%93156-148"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp20061366-121"},{"link_name":"George Bernard Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsamian200415-149"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaymanMichaelisPlimptonRhodes1977-150"},{"link_name":"Henry David Thoreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200218-145"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200218%E2%80%9319-151"},{"link_name":"The War of the Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds"},{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift"},{"link_name":"H. L. Mencken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Mencken"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp20061366-121"}],"sub_title":"Influences","text":"Vonnegut's writing was inspired by an eclectic mix of sources. When he was younger, Vonnegut stated that he read works of pulp fiction, science fiction, fantasy, and action-adventure. He also read the classics, such as the plays of Aristophanes—like Vonnegut's works, humorous critiques of contemporary society.[141] Vonnegut's life and work also share similarities with that of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn writer Mark Twain. Both shared pessimistic outlooks on humanity and a skeptical take on religion and, as Vonnegut put it, were both \"associated with the enemy in a major war\", as Twain briefly enlisted in the South's cause during the American Civil War, and Vonnegut's German name and ancestry connected him with the United States' enemy in both world wars.[142] He also cited Ambrose Bierce as an influence, calling \"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge\" the greatest American short story and deeming any who disagreed or had not read the story \"twerps\".[143]Vonnegut called George Orwell his favorite writer and admitted that he tried to emulate Orwell. \"I like his concern for the poor, I like his socialism, I like his simplicity\", Vonnegut said.[144] Vonnegut also said that Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four and Brave New World by Aldous Huxley heavily influenced his debut novel, Player Piano, in 1952. The novel also included ideas from mathematician Norbert Wiener's book Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine.[145] Vonnegut commented that Robert Louis Stevenson's stories were emblems of thoughtfully put together works that he tried to mimic in his own compositions.[118] Vonnegut also hailed playwright and socialist George Bernard Shaw as \"a hero of [his]\" and an \"enormous influence\".[146] Within his own family, Vonnegut stated that his mother, Edith, had the greatest influence on him. \"[My] mother thought she might make a new fortune by writing for the slick magazines. She took short-story courses at night. She studied writers the way gamblers study horses.\"[147]Early on in his career, Vonnegut decided to model his style after Henry David Thoreau, who wrote as if from the perspective of a child, allowing Thoreau's works to be more widely comprehensible.[142] Using a youthful narrative voice allowed Vonnegut to deliver concepts in a modest and straightforward way.[148] Other influences on Vonnegut include The War of the Worlds author H. G. Wells and satirist Jonathan Swift. Vonnegut credited American journalist and critic H. L. Mencken for inspiring him to become a journalist.[118]","title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Gavin Extence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Extence"},{"link_name":"The Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEExtence2013-154"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp20061364-137"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEExtence2013-154"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp20061364-137"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp20061363%E2%80%931364-155"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200645%E2%80%9346-156"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETally2011157-157"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETally2011103%E2%80%93105-158"},{"link_name":"black humorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_comedy"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunzeTally2012introduction-159"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200216-160"},{"link_name":"satire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire"},{"link_name":"postmodern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_literature"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200213-161"},{"link_name":"tropes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trope_(literature)"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200214%E2%80%9315-162"},{"link_name":"Robert Scholes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Scholes"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200215-163"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200216-160"},{"link_name":"unreliable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreliable_narrator"},{"link_name":"first-person narration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_narration"},{"link_name":"fragmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_literature#Fragmentation"},{"link_name":"Slaughterhouse-Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five"},{"link_name":"metafictional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiction"},{"link_name":"Janus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen20168%E2%80%9311-164"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200216%E2%80%9317-165"}],"sub_title":"Style and technique","text":"The book Pity the Reader: On Writing with Style by Kurt Vonnegut and his longtime friend and former student Suzanne McConnell, published posthumously by Rosetta Books and Seven Stories Press in 2019, delves into the style, humor, and methodologies Vonnegut employed, including his belief that one should \"Write like a human being. Write like a writer.\"[149][150]I've heard the Vonnegut voice described as \"manic depressive\", and there's certainly something to this. It has an incredible amount of energy married to a very deep and dark sense of despair. It's frequently over-the-top, and scathingly satirical, but it never strays too far from pathos—from an immense sympathy for society's vulnerable, oppressed and powerless. But, then, it also contains a huge allotment of warmth. Most of the time, reading Kurt Vonnegut feels more like being spoken to by a very close friend. There's an inclusiveness to his writing that draws you in, and his narrative voice is seldom absent from the story for any length of time. Usually, it's right there in the foreground—direct, involving and extremely idiosyncratic.\n\n\nGavin Extence, The Huffington Post, 2013[151]In his book Popular Contemporary Writers, Michael D. Sharp describes Vonnegut's linguistic style as straightforward, his sentences concise, his language simple, his paragraphs brief, and his ordinary tone conversational.[134] Vonnegut uses this style to convey normally complex subject matter in a way that is intelligible to a large audience. He credited his time as a journalist for his ability and pointed to his work with the Chicago City News Bureau, which required him to convey stories in telephone conversations.[151][134] Vonnegut's compositions include distinct references to his own life, notably in Slaughterhouse-Five and Slapstick.[152]Vonnegut believed that ideas, and the convincing communication of those ideas to the reader, were vital to literary art. He did not always sugarcoat his points: much of Player Piano leads to the moment when Paul, on trial and hooked to a lie detector, is asked to tell a falsehood. Paul states: \"every new piece of scientific knowledge is a good thing for humanity\".[153] Robert T. Tally Jr., in his volume on Vonnegut's novels, wrote: \"rather than tearing down and destroying the icons of twentieth-century, middle-class American life, Vonnegut gently reveals their basic flimsiness\".[154] Vonnegut did not simply propose utopian solutions to the ills of American society but showed how such schemes would not allow ordinary people to live lives free from want and anxiety. The large, artificial U.S. families in Slapstick soon serve as an excuse for tribalism. People give no help to those not part of their group; the extended family's place in the social hierarchy becomes vital.[155]In the introduction to their essay \"Kurt Vonnegut and Humor\", Tally and Peter C. Kunze suggest that Vonnegut was not a \"black humorist\", but a \"frustrated idealist\" who used \"comic parables\" to teach the reader absurd, bitter or hopeless truths, with his grim witticisms serving to make the reader laugh rather than cry. \"Vonnegut makes sense through humor, which is, in the author's view, as valid a means of mapping this crazy world as any other strategies.\"[156] Vonnegut resented being called a black humorist, feeling that, as with many literary labels, it allows readers to disregard aspects of a writer's work that do not fit the label.[157]Vonnegut's works have been labeled science fiction, satire and postmodern.[158] He resisted such labels, but his works do contain common tropes in those genres. In his books, Vonnegut imagines alien societies and civilizations, as is common in science fiction. Vonnegut emphasizes or exaggerates absurdities and idiosyncrasies.[159] Furthermore, Vonnegut makes fun of problems, as satire does. However, literary theorist Robert Scholes noted in Fabulation and Metafiction that Vonnegut \"reject[s] the traditional satirist's faith in the efficacy of satire as a reforming instrument. [He has] a more subtle faith in the humanizing value of laughter.\"[160]Postmodernism entails a response to the theory that science will reveal truths.[157] Postmodernists contend that truth is subjective, rather than objective. Truth includes bias toward individual beliefs and outlooks on the world. Postmodernist writers use unreliable, first-person narration, and narrative fragmentation. One critic has argued that Vonnegut's most famous novel, Slaughterhouse-Five, features a metafictional, Janus-headed outlook and seeks to represent historical events while doubting the ability to represent history. Doubt is evident in the opening lines of the novel: \"All this happened, more or less. The war parts, anyway, are pretty much true.\" The bombastic opening—\"All this happened\"—\"reads like a declaration of complete mimesis,\" which is radically called into question in the rest of the quote and \"[t]his creates an integrated perspective that seeks out extratextual themes [like war and trauma] while thematizing the novel's textuality and inherent constructedness at one and the same time.\"[161] Although Vonnegut does use fragmentation and metafiction in some of his works, he more distinctly focuses on the peril of individuals who find subjective truths, mistake them for objective truths, and proceed to impose these truths on other people.[162]","title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn"},{"link_name":"Titan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(moon)"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200219,_44%E2%80%9345-166"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200219-147"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp20061364-137"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200219-147"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp20061364%E2%80%931365-135"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrand2015147%E2%80%93157-167"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrand2015245-168"},{"link_name":"free will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will"},{"link_name":"heretical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp20061366-121"},{"link_name":"granfalloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granfalloon"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200220-169"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp20061365-139"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp20061365%E2%80%931366-170"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp20061365-139"},{"link_name":"neutron bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_bomb"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200221-171"},{"link_name":"conscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscience"},{"link_name":"epigraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200220-169"}],"sub_title":"Themes","text":"Vonnegut was a vocal critic of American society, and this was reflected in his writings. Several key social themes recur in Vonnegut's works, such as wealth, the lack of it, and its unequal distribution among a society. In The Sirens of Titan, the novel's protagonist, Malachi Constant, is exiled to Saturn's moon Titan as a result of his vast wealth, which has made him arrogant and wayward.[163] In God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater, readers may find it difficult to determine whether the rich or the poor are in worse circumstances, as the lives of both groups' members are ruled by their wealth or their poverty.[144] Further, in Hocus Pocus, the protagonist is named Eugene Debs Hartke, a homage to the famed socialist Eugene V. Debs and Vonnegut's socialist views.[134]In Kurt Vonnegut: A Critical Companion, Thomas F. Marvin states: \"Vonnegut points out that, left unchecked, capitalism will erode the democratic foundations of the United States.\" Marvin suggests that Vonnegut's works demonstrate what happens when a \"hereditary aristocracy\" develops, where wealth is inherited along familial lines: the ability of poor Americans to overcome their situations is greatly or completely diminished.[144] Vonnegut also often laments social Darwinism and a \"survival of the fittest\" view of society. He points out that social Darwinism leads to a society that condemns its poor for their own misfortune and fails to help them out of their poverty because \"they deserve their fate\".[132]Science and the ethical obligations of scientists are also a common theme in Vonnegut's works. His first published story, \"Report on the Barnhouse Effect\", like many of his early stories, centered on a scientist concerned about the uses of his own invention.[164] Player Piano and Cat's Cradle explore the effects on humans of scientific advances. In 1969, Vonnegut gave a speech to the American Association of Physics Teachers called \"The Virtuous Physicist\". Asked afterwards what a virtuous scientist was, Vonnegut replied, \"one who declines to work on weapons.\"[165]Vonnegut also confronts the idea of free will in a number of his pieces. In Slaughterhouse-Five and Timequake the characters have no choice in what they do; in Breakfast of Champions, characters are very obviously stripped of their free will and even receive it as a gift; and in Cat's Cradle, Bokononism views free will as heretical.[118]The majority of Vonnegut's characters are estranged from their actual families and seek to build replacement or extended families. For example, the engineers in Player Piano called their manager's spouse \"Mom\". In Cat's Cradle, Vonnegut devises two separate methods for loneliness to be combated: A \"karass\", which is a group of individuals appointed by God to do his will, and a \"granfalloon\", defined by Marvin as a \"meaningless association of people, such as a fraternal group or a nation\".[166] Similarly, in Slapstick, the US government codifies that all Americans are a part of large extended families.[136]Fear of the loss of one's purpose in life is a theme in Vonnegut's works. The Great Depression forced Vonnegut to witness the devastation many people felt when they lost their jobs, and while at General Electric, Vonnegut witnessed machines being built to take the place of human labor. He confronts these things in his works through references to the growing use of automation and its effects on human society. This is most starkly represented in his first novel, Player Piano, where many Americans are left purposeless and unable to find work, as machines replace human workers. Loss of purpose is also depicted in Galápagos, where a florist rages at her spouse for creating a robot able to do her job, and in Timequake, where an architect kills himself when replaced by computer software.[167]Suicide by fire is another common theme in Vonnegut's works; the author often returns to the theory that \"many people are not fond of life\". He uses this as an explanation for why humans have so severely damaged their environments and made devices such as nuclear weapons that can make their creators extinct.[136] In Deadeye Dick, Vonnegut features the neutron bomb, which he claims is designed to kill people, but leave buildings and structures untouched. He also uses this theme to demonstrate the recklessness of those who put powerful, apocalypse-inducing devices at the disposal of politicians.[168]\"What is the point of life?\" is a question Vonnegut often pondered in his works. When one of Vonnegut's characters, Kilgore Trout, finds the question \"What is the purpose of life?\" written in a bathroom, his response is: \"To be the eyes and ears and conscience of the Creator of the Universe, you fool.\" Marvin finds Trout's theory curious, given that Vonnegut was an atheist, and thus for him, there is no Creator to report back to, and comments that, \"[as] Trout chronicles one meaningless life after another, readers are left to wonder how a compassionate creator could stand by and do nothing while such reports come in\". In the epigraph to Bluebeard, Vonnegut quotes his son Mark and gives an answer to what he believes is the meaning of life: \"We are here to help each other get through this thing, whatever it is.\"[166]","title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Fantasy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award"},{"link_name":"Player Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_Piano_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Writers Guild of America Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Award"},{"link_name":"Hugo Award for Best Novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novel"},{"link_name":"The Sirens of Titan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sirens_of_Titan"},{"link_name":"Hugo Award for Best Novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novel"},{"link_name":"Cat's Cradle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%27s_Cradle"},{"link_name":"Nebula Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Award"},{"link_name":"Slaughterhouse-Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five"},{"link_name":"Hugo Award for Best Novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novel"},{"link_name":"Slaughterhouse-Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five"},{"link_name":"Drama Desk Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award"},{"link_name":"Happy Birthday, Wanda June","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Wanda_June"},{"link_name":"Seiun Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiun_Award"},{"link_name":"The Sirens of Titan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sirens_of_Titan"},{"link_name":"Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation"},{"link_name":"Slaughterhouse-Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five_(film)"},{"link_name":"John W. Campbell Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel"},{"link_name":"Galapagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Audie Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audie_Award"},{"link_name":"Armageddon in Retrospect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armageddon_in_Retrospect"},{"link_name":"Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Harrison Bergeron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Bergeron"},{"link_name":"Libertarian Futurist Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Futurist_Society"}],"sub_title":"Awards and nominations","text":"1953 International Fantasy Award nomination: Player Piano\n1960 Writers Guild of America Award: \"Auf Wiedersehen\"\n1960 Hugo Award for Best Novel finalist: The Sirens of Titan\n1964 Hugo Award for Best Novel finalist: Cat's Cradle\n1970 Nebula Award nomination: Slaughterhouse-Five\n1970 Hugo Award for Best Novel finalist: Slaughterhouse-Five\n1971 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding New Play: Happy Birthday, Wanda June\n1973 Seiun Award winner for foreign novel: The Sirens of Titan \n1973 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation winner: Slaughterhouse-Five\n1986 John W. Campbell Award second place: Galapagos\n2009 Audie Award for Short Stories/Collections: Armageddon in Retrospect\n2015 Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame from the Science Fiction Museum\n2019 Prometheus Hall of Fame award for \"Harrison Bergeron\" from the Libertarian Futurist Society","title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin2002157%E2%80%93158-172"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Vonnegut&action=edit&section=22"},{"link_name":"Player Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_Piano_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Sirens of Titan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sirens_of_Titan"},{"link_name":"Mother Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Night"},{"link_name":"Cat's Cradle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%27s_Cradle"},{"link_name":"God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Bless_You,_Mr._Rosewater"},{"link_name":"Slaughterhouse-Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five"},{"link_name":"Breakfast of Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_of_Champions"},{"link_name":"Slapstick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapstick_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Jailbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jailbird_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Deadeye Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadeye_Dick"},{"link_name":"Galápagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Bluebeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebeard_(Vonnegut_novel)"},{"link_name":"Hocus Pocus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hocus_Pocus_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Timequake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timequake"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Vonnegut&action=edit&section=23"},{"link_name":"Canary in a Cat House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_in_a_Cat_House"},{"link_name":"Welcome to the Monkey House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Monkey_House"},{"link_name":"Bagombo Snuff Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagombo_Snuff_Box"},{"link_name":"God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Bless_You,_Dr._Kevorkian"},{"link_name":"Armageddon in Retrospect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armageddon_in_Retrospect"},{"link_name":"Look at the Birdie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_at_the_Birdie"},{"link_name":"While Mortals Sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/While_Mortals_Sleep_(book)"},{"link_name":"We Are What We Pretend to Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_What_We_Pretend_To_Be:_The_First_and_Last_Works"},{"link_name":"Sucker's Portfolio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucker%27s_Portfolio"},{"link_name":"Complete Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Stories_(Vonnegut)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Vonnegut&action=edit&section=24"},{"link_name":"Fortitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortitude_(play)"},{"link_name":"Happy Birthday, Wanda June","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Wanda_June"},{"link_name":"Between Time and Timbuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_Time_and_Timbuktu"},{"link_name":"L'Histoire du Soldat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Histoire_du_Soldat"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Vonnegut&action=edit&section=25"},{"link_name":"Wampeters, Foma and Granfalloons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampeters,_Foma_and_Granfalloons"},{"link_name":"Palm Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Sunday_(book)"},{"link_name":"Fates Worse Than Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fates_Worse_Than_Death"},{"link_name":"A Man Without a Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_Without_a_Country"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2007-84"},{"link_name":"If This Isn't Nice, What Is?: Advice to the Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_This_Isn%27t_Nice,_What_Is%3F:_Advice_to_the_Young"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Vonnegut&action=edit&section=26"},{"link_name":"William Rodney Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rodney_Allen"},{"link_name":"Like Shaking Hands with God: A Conversation About Writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_Shaking_Hands_with_God:_A_Conversation_About_Writing"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Vonnegut&action=edit&section=27"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Vonnegut&action=edit&section=28"}],"text":"Unless otherwise cited, items in this list are taken from Thomas F. Marvin's 2002 book Kurt Vonnegut: A Critical Companion, and the date in parentheses is the date the work was published:[169]Novels[edit]\nPlayer Piano (1952)\nThe Sirens of Titan (1959)\nMother Night (1962)\nCat's Cradle (1963)\nGod Bless You, Mr. Rosewater (1965)\nSlaughterhouse-Five (1969)\nBreakfast of Champions (1973)\nSlapstick (1976)\nJailbird (1979)\nDeadeye Dick (1982)\nGalápagos (1985)\nBluebeard (1987)\nHocus Pocus (1990)\nTimequake (1997)\nShort fiction collections[edit]\nCanary in a Cat House (1961)\nWelcome to the Monkey House (1968)\nBagombo Snuff Box (1997)\nGod Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian (1999)\nArmageddon in Retrospect (2008) – short stories and essays\nLook at the Birdie (2009)\nWhile Mortals Sleep (2011)\nWe Are What We Pretend to Be (2012)\nSucker's Portfolio (2013)\nComplete Stories (2017)\nPlays[edit]\nThe First Christmas Morning (1962)\nFortitude (1968)\nHappy Birthday, Wanda June (1970)\nBetween Time and Timbuktu (1972)\nStones, Time and Elements (A Humanist Requiem) (1987)\nMake Up Your Mind (1993)\nL'Histoire du Soldat (1997)\nNonfiction[edit]\nWampeters, Foma and Granfalloons (1974)\nPalm Sunday (1981)\nNothing Is Lost Save Honor: Two Essays (1984)\nFates Worse Than Death (1991)\nA Man Without a Country (2005)[81]\nKurt Vonnegut: The Cornell Sun Years 1941–1943 (2012)\nIf This Isn't Nice, What Is?: Advice to the Young (2013)\nVonnegut by the Dozen (2013)\nKurt Vonnegut: Letters (2014)\nPity the Reader: On Writing With Style (2019) with Suzanne McConnell\nLove, Kurt: The Vonnegut Love Letters, 1941–1945 (2020) Editor Edith Vonnegut\nInterviews[edit]\nConversations with Kurt Vonnegut (1988) with William Rodney Allen\nLike Shaking Hands with God: A Conversation About Writing (1999) with Lee Stringer\nKurt Vonnegut: The Last Interview: And Other Conversations (2011)\nChildren's books[edit]\nSun Moon Star (1980)\nArt[edit]\nKurt Vonnegut Drawings (2014)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"American Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dream"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sumner-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farrell5Boomhower-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2010-72"}],"text":"^ In fact, Vonnegut often described himself as a \"child of the Great Depression\". He also stated the Depression and its effects incited pessimism about the validity of the American Dream.[9]\n\n^ Kurt Sr. was embittered by his own lack of work as an architect during the Great Depression and feared a similar fate for his son. He dismissed his son's desired areas of study as \"junk jewellery\" and persuaded his son against following in his footsteps.[12]\n\n^ A 2010 report commissioned by the German government estimated the toll at up to 25,000.[70]","title":"Explanatory notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Kurt Vonnegut\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/biography/Kurt-Vonnegut"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BoomhowerFarrell4-5_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BoomhowerFarrell4-5_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BoomhowerFarrell4-5_2-2"},{"link_name":"Boomhower 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoomhower1999"},{"link_name":"Farrell 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFarrell2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvin20022_3-0"},{"link_name":"Marvin 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMarvin2002"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sharp1360_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sharp1360_4-1"},{"link_name":"Sharp 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSharp2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Marvin2Farrell3-4_5-0"},{"link_name":"Marvin 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMarvin2002"},{"link_name":"Farrell 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFarrell2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Marvin4_6-0"},{"link_name":"Marvin 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMarvin2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp20061360_7-0"},{"link_name":"Sharp 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2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSharp2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvin200221_171-0"},{"link_name":"Marvin 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMarvin2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvin2002157%E2%80%93158_172-0"},{"link_name":"Marvin 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMarvin2002"}],"text":"^ \"Kurt Vonnegut\". Britannica. Retrieved April 26, 2022.\n\n^ a b c Boomhower 1999; Farrell 2009, pp. 4–5.\n\n^ Marvin 2002, p. 2.\n\n^ a b Sharp 2006, p. 1360.\n\n^ Marvin 2002, p. 2; Farrell 2009, pp. 3–4.\n\n^ Marvin 2002, p. 4.\n\n^ Sharp 2006, p. 1360.\n\n^ a b c d Boomhower 1999.\n\n^ Sumner 2014.\n\n^ Sharp 2006, p. 1360; Marvin 2002, pp. 2–3.\n\n^ Marvin 2002, pp. 2–3.\n\n^ a b Farrell 2009, p. 5; Boomhower 1999.\n\n^ Sumner 2014; Farrell 2009, p. 5.\n\n^ Shields 2011, p. 41.\n\n^ Lowery 2007.\n\n^ Farrell 2009, p. 5.\n\n^ Shields 2011, pp. 41–42.\n\n^ Shields 2011, pp. 44–45.\n\n^ Shields 2011, pp. 45–49.\n\n^ Shields 2011, pp. 50–51.\n\n^ Farrell 2009, p. 6.\n\n^ a b c d Farrell 2009, p. 6; Marvin 2002, p. 3.\n\n^ Sharp 2006, p. 1363; Farrell 2009, p. 6.\n\n^ a b Vonnegut 2008.\n\n^ a b c d Hayman et al. 1977.\n\n^ Boomhower 1999; Farrell 2009, pp. 6–7.\n\n^ Vonnegut, Kurt (April 6, 2006). \"Kurt Vonnegut\". Bookworm (Interview). Interviewed by Michael Silverblatt. Santa Monica, California: KCRW. Retrieved October 6, 2015.\n\n^ Dalton 2011.\n\n^ Thomas 2006, p. 7; Shields 2011, pp. 80–82.\n\n^ Vonnegut, Kurt (1991). Fates worse than death: an autobiographical collage of the 1980s. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-399-13633-7. OCLC 23253474.\n\n^ Strand 2015, p. 26\n\n^ \"Excerpt from Kurt Vonnegut\". Penguin Random House Canada. Retrieved March 24, 2023.\n\n^ electricliterature (April 7, 2015). \"Kurt Vonnegut's Graduation Speech: What the \"Ghost Dance\" of the Native Americans and the French...\" Electric Literature. Retrieved March 24, 2023.\n\n^ \"Of Ghost Shirts and Gizmos\". May 18, 2017. Archived from the original on May 18, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2023.\n\n^ Klinkowitz, Jerome (June 5, 2012). The Vonnegut Effect. Univ of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-61117-114-3.\n\n^ \"Kurt Vonnegut, Counterculture's Novelist, Dies\". archive.nytimes.com. 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Retrieved December 2, 2017.\n\n^ Kunze & Tally 2012, p. 7.\n\n^ Harris 2011.\n\n^ a b Morais 2011.\n\n^ Tally 2013, pp. 14–15.\n\n^ Davis 2006, p. 2.\n\n^ Morse 2013, p. 56.\n\n^ Tally 2011, p. 158.\n\n^ \"2015 SF&F Hall of Fame Inductees & James Gunn Fundraiser\". June 12, 2015. Locus Publications. Retrieved July 17, 2015.\n\n^ \"Kurt Vonnegut: American author who combined satiric social commentary with surrealist and science fictional elements\" (Archived September 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine). Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame. EMP Museum (empmuseum.org). Retrieved September 10, 2015.\n\n^ Haley, Guy (2014). Sci-Fi Chronicles: A Visual History of the Galaxy's Greatest Science Fiction. London: Aurum Press (Quarto Group). p. 135. ISBN 978-1-78131-359-6. The asteroid 25399 Vonnegut is named in his honor.\n\n^ \"Kurt Vonnegut\". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.\n\n^ \"Indianapolis' Kurt Vonnegut museum named Literary Landmark\". AP News. September 26, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.\n\n^ LinC 1987 Yearbook. University of Evansville. 1987. p. 34.\n\n^ a b Baker, Phil (April 13, 2007). \"Kurt Vonnegut\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 21, 2023.\n\n^ NPR 2011.\n\n^ Daily Telegraph 2007.\n\n^ Freese 2013, p. 101.\n\n^ Leeds 1995, p. 2.\n\n^ Leeds 1995, p. 68.\n\n^ Leeds 1995, pp. 1–2.\n\n^ a b Vonnegut 1999, introduction.\n\n^ a b Vonnegut 2009, pp. 177, 185, 191.\n\n^ a b Niose 2007.\n\n^ Leeds 1995, p. 480.\n\n^ a b c d Sharp 2006, p. 1366.\n\n^ Vonnegut 1982, p. 327.\n\n^ a b Wakefield, Dan (2014). \"Kurt Vonnegut, Christ-Loving Atheist\". Image (82): 67–75. Retrieved October 13, 2017.\n\n^ Davis 2006, p. 142.\n\n^ Vonnegut 2006b.\n\n^ a b Leeds 1995, p. 525.\n\n^ a b Farrell 2009, p. 141.\n\n^ Vonnegut 2009, p. 191.\n\n^ Kohn 2001.\n\n^ Leeds 1995, pp. 477–479.\n\n^ Marvin 2002, p. 78.\n\n^ Vonnegut, Kurt (2014). If This Isn't Nice, What Is?. Seven Stories Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-60980-591-3.\n\n^ Zinn & Arnove 2009, p. 620.\n\n^ Vonnegut 2006a, \"In a Manner that Must Shame God Himself\".\n\n^ a b Sharp 2006, pp. 1364–1365.\n\n^ Gannon & Taylor 2013.\n\n^ a b c d Sharp 2006, p. 1364.\n\n^ Zinn & Arnove 2009, p. 618.\n\n^ a b c Sharp 2006, p. 1365.\n\n^ Vonnegut, Kurt (2007). A Man Without a Country. Seven Stories Press. p. 55.\n\n^ Vonnegut, Kurt (1974). Wampeters, Foma, and Granfalloons (Opinions). Dell. p. 1.\n\n^ Vonnegut, Kurt (1999b). Timequake. Putnam. p. 501.\n\n^ Vonnegut, Kurt (2007). A Man Without a Country. Seven Stories Press. pp. 61–62.\n\n^ Marvin 2002, pp. 17–18.\n\n^ a b Marvin 2002, p. 18.\n\n^ \"A quote by Kurt Vonnegut\". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved December 8, 2019.\n\n^ a b c Marvin 2002, p. 19.\n\n^ Strand 2015, pp. 155–156.\n\n^ Barsamian 2004, p. 15.\n\n^ Hayman et al. 1977.\n\n^ Marvin 2002, pp. 18–19.\n\n^ Kurt Vonnegut; Suzanne McConnell (2019). Pity The Reader: On Writing With Style. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-60980-962-1.\n\n^ \"Kurt Vonnegut on Writing and Talent\". Poets & Writers. October 12, 2019. Retrieved July 1, 2022.\n\n^ a b Extence 2013.\n\n^ Sharp 2006, pp. 1363–1364.\n\n^ Davis 2006, pp. 45–46.\n\n^ Tally 2011, p. 157.\n\n^ Tally 2011, pp. 103–105.\n\n^ Kunze & Tally 2012, introduction.\n\n^ a b Marvin 2002, p. 16.\n\n^ Marvin 2002, p. 13.\n\n^ Marvin 2002, pp. 14–15.\n\n^ Marvin 2002, p. 15.\n\n^ Jensen 2016, pp. 8–11.\n\n^ Marvin 2002, pp. 16–17.\n\n^ Marvin 2002, pp. 19, 44–45.\n\n^ Strand 2015, pp. 147–157.\n\n^ Strand 2015, p. 245.\n\n^ a b Marvin 2002, p. 20.\n\n^ Sharp 2006, pp. 1365–1366.\n\n^ Marvin 2002, p. 21.\n\n^ Marvin 2002, pp. 157–158.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allen, William R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rodney_Allen"},{"link_name":"\"A Brief Biography of Kurt Vonnegut\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150118200315/http://www.vonnegutlibrary.org/about/"},{"link_name":"Kurt Vonnegut Memorial 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Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58322-916-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-916-3"}],"text":"Allen, William R. \"A Brief Biography of Kurt Vonnegut\". Kurt Vonnegut Memorial Library. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nAllen, William R. (1991). Understanding Kurt Vonnegut. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-87249-722-1.\nBanach, Je (April 11, 2013). \"Laughing in the Face of Death: A Vonnegut Roundtable\". The Paris Review. Retrieved August 13, 2015.\nBarsamian, David (2004). Louder Than Bombs: Interviews from the Progressive Magazine. South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-725-5.\nBlount, Roy Jr. (May 4, 2008). \"So It Goes\". Sunday Book Review. The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nBoomhower, Ray E. (1999). \"Slaughterhouse-Five: Kurt Vonnegut Jr\". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. 11 (2): 42–47. ISSN 1040-788X.\n\"Obituary of Kurt Vonnegut: Guru of the counterculture whose science fiction novel Slaughterhouse-Five, inspired by his survival of the Dresden bombings, became an anti-war classic\". The Daily Telegraph. May 13, 2007. p. 25.\nDalton, Corey M. (October 24, 2011). \"Treasures of the Kurt Vonnegut Memorial Library\". The Saturday Evening Post. Archived from the original on December 9, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nDavis, Todd F. (2006). Kurt Vonnegut's Crusade. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6675-9.\nExtence, Gavin (June 25, 2013). \"Most of What I Know about Writing, I Learned from Kurt Vonnegut\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nFarrell, Susan E. (2009). Critical Companion to Kurt Vonnegut: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0023-4.\nFreese, Peter (2013). \"'Instructions for use': the opening chapter of Slaughterhouse-Five and the reader of historiographical metafictions\". In Tally, Robert T. Jr. (ed.). Kurt Vonnegut. Critical Insights. Salem Press. pp. 95–117. ISBN 978-1-4298-3848-1.\nGannon, Matthew; Taylor, Wilson (September 4, 2013). \"The working class needs its next Kurt Vonnegut\". Jacobin. Salon.com. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nGrossman, Lev (April 12, 2007). \"Kurt Vonnegut, 1922–2007\". Time.\nHarris, Paul (December 3, 2011). \"Kurt Vonnegut's dark, sad, cruel side is laid bare\". The Guardian.\nHattenhauer, Darryl (1998). \"The Politics of Kurt Vonnegut's 'Harrison Bergeron'\". Studies in Short Fiction. 35 (4): 387–392. ISSN 0039-3789.\nHayman, David; Michaelis, David; et al. (1977). \"Kurt Vonnegut, The Art of Fiction No. 64\". The Paris Review. 69: 55–103. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015.\nHischak, Thomas S. (2012). American Literature on Stage and Screen: 525 Works and Their Adaptations. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-9279-4.\nJensen, Mikkel (2016). \"Janus-Headed Postmodernism: The Opening Lines of Slaughterhouse-Five\". The Explicator. 74 (1): 8–11. doi:10.1080/00144940.2015.1133546. ISSN 1939-926X. S2CID 162509316.\nKohn, Martin (March 28, 2001). \"God Bless You Dr. Kevorkian listing\". New York University School of Medicine. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nKunze, Peter C.; Tally, Robert T. Jr. (2012). \"Vonnegut's sense of humor\". Studies in American Humor. 3 (26): 7–11. doi:10.5325/studamerhumor.26.2012.0007. S2CID 246645063. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nLeeds, Marc (1995). The Vonnegut Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29230-9.\nLehmann-Haupt, Christopher (September 24, 1976). \"Books of The Times\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nLowery, George (April 12, 2007). \"Kurt Vonnegut Jr., novelist, counterculture icon and Cornellian, dies at 84\". Cornell Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nMarvin, Thomas F. (2002). Kurt Vonnegut: A Critical Companion. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-29230-9.\nMorais, Betsy (August 12, 2011). \"The Neverending Campaign to Ban 'Slaughterhouse Five'\". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nMorse, Donald E. (2013). \"The curious reception of Kurt Vonnegut\". In Tally, Robert T. Jr. (ed.). Kurt Vonnegut. Critical Insights. Salem Press. pp. 42–59. ISBN 978-1-4298-3848-1.\nMorse, Donald E. (2003). The Novels of Kurt Vonnegut: Imagining Being an American. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-29230-9.\nNiose, David A. (July 1, 2007). \"Kurt Vonnegut saw humanism as a way to build a better world\". The Humanist. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nNoble, David (2017). \"Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation\". New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-52364-7. OCLC 1015814093.\nRodriguez, Gregory (April 16, 2007). \"The kindness of Kurt Vonnegut\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nSharp, Michael D. (2006). Popular Contemporary Writers. Vol. 10. Marshall Cavendish Reference. ISBN 978-0-7614-7601-6.\nShields, Charles J. (2011). And So It Goes: Kurt Vonnegut, a Life. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-8693-5.\nSmith, Dinitia (April 13, 2007). \"Kurt Vonnegut, Counterculture's Novelist, Dies\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nStrand, Ginger (2015). The Brothers Vonnegut: Science and Fiction in the House of Magic. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-11701-6.\nSumner, Gregory (2014). \"Vonnegut, Kurt Jr\". American National Biography Online. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nTally, Robert T. Jr. (2011). Kurt Vonnegut and the American Novel: A Postmodern Iconography. Continuum Books. ISBN 978-1-4411-6445-2.\nTally, Robert T. Jr. (2013). \"On Kurt Vonnegut\". In Tally, Robert T. Jr. (ed.). Kurt Vonnegut. Critical Insights. Salem Press. pp. 3–17. ISBN 978-1-4298-3848-1.\nThomas, Peter L. (2006). Reading, Learning, Teaching Kurt Vonnegut. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-6337-7.\n\"Up to 25,000 died in Dresden's WWII bombing – report\". BBC. March 18, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nVitale, Tom (May 31, 2011). \"Kurt Vonnegut: Still Speaking To The War Weary\". NPR. Retrieved August 13, 2015.\nVonnegut, Kurt (January 21, 2006). \"A Man Without A Country, \"Custodians of chaos\"\". The Guardian. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nVonnegut, Kurt (1999). God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-58322-020-7.\nVonnegut, Kurt (June 28, 2008). \"Kurt Vonnegut on His Time as a POW\". Newsweek. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nVonnegut, Kurt (1982). Palm Sunday: An Autobiographical Collage. Dell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-440-57163-6.\nVonnegut, Kurt (2009). Palm Sunday: An Autobiographical Collage. Random House Publishing. ISBN 978-0-307-56806-9.\nVonnegut, Kurt (2006). Wampeters, Foma & Granfalloons. Dial Press. ISBN 978-0-385-33381-8.\nWolff, Gregory (October 25, 1987). \"A Wildly Improbable Gang of Nine\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2015.\nZinn, Howard; Arnove, Anthony (2009). Voices of A People's History of the United States. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-58322-916-3.","title":"General and cited sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Craig, Cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairns_Craig"},{"link_name":"Cencrastus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cencrastus"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0264-0856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0264-0856"},{"link_name":"\"Kurt Vonnegut's Quest for Identity\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/futhark/article/view/16024"}],"text":"Craig, Cairns (1983), \"An Interview with Kurt Vonnegut\", in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), Cencrastus No. 13, Summer 1983, pp. 29–32, ISSN 0264-0856.\nOltean-Cîmpean, A. A. (2016). \"Kurt Vonnegut's Humanism: An Author's Journey Towards Preaching for Peace\". Studii De Ştiintă Şi Cultură, 12(2), 259–266.\nPárraga, J. J. (2013). \"Kurt Vonnegut's Quest for Identity\". Revista Futhark, 8185–8199.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Vonnegut as a teenager, from the Shortridge High School 1940 yearbook","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kurt_Vonnegut_-_High_School_Yearbook.PNG/170px-Kurt_Vonnegut_-_High_School_Yearbook.PNG"},{"image_text":"Vonnegut in army uniform during World War II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kurt-Vonnegut-US-Army-portrait.jpg/170px-Kurt-Vonnegut-US-Army-portrait.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dresden in 1945. More than 90% of the city's center was destroyed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z0309-310%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rtes_Dresden.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z0309-310%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rtes_Dresden.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vonnegut with his wife Jane and children (from left to right): Mark, Edith and Nanette, in 1955","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Vonnegut_and_family_large.jpg/300px-Vonnegut_and_family_large.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vonnegut in 1972","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kurt_Vonnegut_1972.jpg/220px-Kurt_Vonnegut_1972.jpg"},{"image_text":"New York, 228 East 48th Street (center), Kurt Vonnegut's house from 1973 to 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/New_York%2C_228_East_48th_Street.JPG/300px-New_York%2C_228_East_48th_Street.JPG"},{"image_text":"Kurt Vonnegut Museum and Library in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kurt_Vonnegut_Museum_and_Library_Indianapolis_July_2022.jpg/220px-Kurt_Vonnegut_Museum_and_Library_Indianapolis_July_2022.jpg"},{"image_text":"A large painting of Vonnegut on Massachusetts Avenue, Indianapolis, blocks away from the Kurt Vonnegut Museum and the Rathskeller, which was designed by his family's architecture firm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mass_Ave.jpg/220px-Mass_Ave.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of peace activists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peace_activists"}]
[{"reference":"\"Kurt Vonnegut\". Britannica. Retrieved April 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kurt-Vonnegut","url_text":"\"Kurt Vonnegut\""}]},{"reference":"Vonnegut, Kurt (April 6, 2006). \"Kurt Vonnegut\". Bookworm (Interview). Interviewed by Michael Silverblatt. Santa Monica, California: KCRW. Retrieved October 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=538&v=4bclBnx4cpk","url_text":"\"Kurt Vonnegut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Silverblatt","url_text":"Michael Silverblatt"}]},{"reference":"Vonnegut, Kurt (1991). Fates worse than death: an autobiographical collage of the 1980s. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-399-13633-7. OCLC 23253474.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23253474","url_text":"Fates worse than death: an autobiographical collage of the 1980s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-13633-7","url_text":"978-0-399-13633-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23253474","url_text":"23253474"}]},{"reference":"\"Excerpt from Kurt Vonnegut\". Penguin Random House Canada. Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/184338/kurt-vonnegut-by-kurt-vonnegut/9780385343763/excerpt","url_text":"\"Excerpt from Kurt Vonnegut\""}]},{"reference":"electricliterature (April 7, 2015). \"Kurt Vonnegut's Graduation Speech: What the \"Ghost Dance\" of the Native Americans and the French...\" Electric Literature. Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://electricliterature.com/kurt-vonneguts-graduation-speech-what-the-ghost-dance-of-the-native-americans-and-the-french/","url_text":"\"Kurt Vonnegut's Graduation Speech: What the \"Ghost Dance\" of the Native Americans and the French...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Of Ghost Shirts and Gizmos\". May 18, 2017. Archived from the original on May 18, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170518201902/https://salo.iu.edu/index.php/of-ghost-shirts-and-gizmos-phillips-on-player-piano/","url_text":"\"Of Ghost Shirts and Gizmos\""},{"url":"https://salo.iu.edu/index.php/of-ghost-shirts-and-gizmos-phillips-on-player-piano/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Klinkowitz, Jerome (June 5, 2012). The Vonnegut Effect. Univ of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-61117-114-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3nwMCAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Vonnegut Effect"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-114-3","url_text":"978-1-61117-114-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurt Vonnegut, Counterculture's Novelist, Dies\". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/teachers/featured_articles/20070413friday.html","url_text":"\"Kurt Vonnegut, Counterculture's Novelist, Dies\""}]},{"reference":"Sidman, Dan. \"Cape ties to writer Kurt Vonnegut celebrated\". Cape Cod Times. Retrieved April 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.capecodtimes.com/story/entertainment/books/2014/10/09/cape-ties-to-writer-kurt/36022438007/","url_text":"\"Cape ties to writer Kurt Vonnegut celebrated\""}]},{"reference":"Vonnegut, Kurt (May 24, 1999). \"Writers on Writing: Despite Tough Guys, Life is Not the Only School for Real Novelists\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://movies2.nytimes.com/library/books/052499vonnegut-writing.html","url_text":"\"Writers on Writing: Despite Tough Guys, Life is Not the Only School for Real Novelists\""}]},{"reference":"Bloom, Harold (2007). Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five. Bloom's Guides. Infobase Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-438-1270-95.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Bloom","url_text":"Bloom, Harold"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WKdcCgk_FowC&pg=PA12","url_text":"Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-438-1270-95","url_text":"978-1-438-1270-95"}]},{"reference":"Klinkowitz, Jerome (2009). Kurt Vonnegut's America. University of South Carolina Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-570-0382-66.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L_T6j421tM4C&pg=PA55","url_text":"Kurt Vonnegut's America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-570-0382-66","url_text":"978-1-570-0382-66"}]},{"reference":"\"Marquis Biographies Online\". Marquis Biographies Online. Retrieved December 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.marquiswhoswho.com/profile/100002675801","url_text":"\"Marquis Biographies Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kurt Vonnegut\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kurt-Vonnegut","url_text":"\"Kurt Vonnegut\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Kurt Vonnegut Society – Promoting the Scholarly Study of Kurt Vonnegut, his Life, and Works\". Blogs.cofc.edu. Retrieved December 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.cofc.edu/vonnegut/","url_text":"\"The Kurt Vonnegut Society – Promoting the Scholarly Study of Kurt Vonnegut, his Life, and Works\""}]},{"reference":"Haley, Guy (2014). Sci-Fi Chronicles: A Visual History of the Galaxy's Greatest Science Fiction. London: Aurum Press (Quarto Group). p. 135. ISBN 978-1-78131-359-6. The asteroid 25399 Vonnegut is named in his honor.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78131-359-6","url_text":"978-1-78131-359-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurt Vonnegut\". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.","urls":[{"url":"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/15623","url_text":"\"Kurt Vonnegut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indianapolis' Kurt Vonnegut museum named Literary Landmark\". AP News. September 26, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/business-arts-and-entertainment-education-indiana-indianapolis-a6cac8becb415142b9c43494016e53b8","url_text":"\"Indianapolis' Kurt Vonnegut museum named Literary Landmark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News","url_text":"AP News"}]},{"reference":"LinC 1987 Yearbook. University of Evansville. 1987. p. 34.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/linc1987univ/page/34/mode/2up","url_text":"LinC 1987 Yearbook"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Phil (April 13, 2007). \"Kurt Vonnegut\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/apr/13/usa.kurtvonnegut","url_text":"\"Kurt Vonnegut\""}]},{"reference":"Wakefield, Dan (2014). \"Kurt Vonnegut, Christ-Loving Atheist\". Image (82): 67–75. Retrieved October 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Wakefield","url_text":"Wakefield, Dan"},{"url":"https://www.imagejournal.org/article/kurt-vonnegut/","url_text":"\"Kurt Vonnegut, Christ-Loving Atheist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_(journal)","url_text":"Image"}]},{"reference":"Vonnegut, Kurt (2014). If This Isn't Nice, What Is?. Seven Stories Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-60980-591-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-591-3","url_text":"978-1-60980-591-3"}]},{"reference":"Vonnegut, Kurt (2007). A Man Without a Country. Seven Stories Press. p. 55.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vonnegut, Kurt (1974). Wampeters, Foma, and Granfalloons (Opinions). Dell. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vonnegut, Kurt (1999b). Timequake. Putnam. p. 501.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vonnegut, Kurt (2007). A Man Without a Country. Seven Stories Press. pp. 61–62.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A quote by Kurt Vonnegut\". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved December 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/43797-i-consider-anybody-a-twerp-who-hasn-t-read-the-greatest","url_text":"\"A quote by Kurt Vonnegut\""}]},{"reference":"Kurt Vonnegut; Suzanne McConnell (2019). Pity The Reader: On Writing With Style. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-60980-962-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-962-1","url_text":"978-1-60980-962-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurt Vonnegut on Writing and Talent\". Poets & Writers. October 12, 2019. Retrieved July 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pw.org/content/kurt_vonnegut_on_writing_and_talent","url_text":"\"Kurt Vonnegut on Writing and Talent\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, William R. \"A Brief Biography of Kurt Vonnegut\". Kurt Vonnegut Memorial Library. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rodney_Allen","url_text":"Allen, William R."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150118200315/http://www.vonnegutlibrary.org/about/","url_text":"\"A Brief Biography of Kurt Vonnegut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut_Memorial_Library","url_text":"Kurt Vonnegut Memorial Library"},{"url":"http://www.vonnegutlibrary.org/about/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Allen, William R. (1991). Understanding Kurt Vonnegut. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-87249-722-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/understandingkur0000alle","url_text":"Understanding Kurt Vonnegut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-722-1","url_text":"978-0-87249-722-1"}]},{"reference":"Banach, Je (April 11, 2013). \"Laughing in the Face of Death: A Vonnegut Roundtable\". The Paris Review. Retrieved August 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2013/04/11/laughing-in-the-face-of-death-a-vonnegut-roundtable/","url_text":"\"Laughing in the Face of Death: A Vonnegut Roundtable\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paris_Review","url_text":"The Paris Review"}]},{"reference":"Barsamian, David (2004). Louder Than Bombs: Interviews from the Progressive Magazine. South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-725-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Barsamian","url_text":"Barsamian, David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zWQkIPrIAAsC","url_text":"Louder Than Bombs: Interviews from the Progressive Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-725-5","url_text":"978-0-89608-725-5"}]},{"reference":"Blount, Roy Jr. (May 4, 2008). \"So It Goes\". Sunday Book Review. The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Blount_Jr.","url_text":"Blount, Roy Jr."},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/04/books/review/Blount-t.html","url_text":"\"So It Goes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Boomhower, Ray E. (1999). \"Slaughterhouse-Five: Kurt Vonnegut Jr\". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. 11 (2): 42–47. ISSN 1040-788X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1040-788X","url_text":"1040-788X"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary of Kurt Vonnegut: Guru of the counterculture whose science fiction novel Slaughterhouse-Five, inspired by his survival of the Dresden bombings, became an anti-war classic\". The Daily Telegraph. May 13, 2007. p. 25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Dalton, Corey M. (October 24, 2011). \"Treasures of the Kurt Vonnegut Memorial Library\". The Saturday Evening Post. Archived from the original on December 9, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141209204701/http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2011/10/24/culture/vonnegut-library.html","url_text":"\"Treasures of the Kurt Vonnegut Memorial Library\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post","url_text":"The Saturday Evening Post"},{"url":"http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2011/10/24/culture/vonnegut-library.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Todd F. (2006). Kurt Vonnegut's Crusade. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6675-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6675-9","url_text":"978-0-7914-6675-9"}]},{"reference":"Extence, Gavin (June 25, 2013). \"Most of What I Know about Writing, I Learned from Kurt Vonnegut\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gavin-extence-/most-of-what-i-know-about_b_3497050.html","url_text":"\"Most of What I Know about Writing, I Learned from Kurt Vonnegut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post","url_text":"The Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Farrell, Susan E. (2009). Critical Companion to Kurt Vonnegut: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0023-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0023-4","url_text":"978-1-4381-0023-4"}]},{"reference":"Freese, Peter (2013). \"'Instructions for use': the opening chapter of Slaughterhouse-Five and the reader of historiographical metafictions\". In Tally, Robert T. Jr. (ed.). Kurt Vonnegut. Critical Insights. Salem Press. pp. 95–117. ISBN 978-1-4298-3848-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4298-3848-1","url_text":"978-1-4298-3848-1"}]},{"reference":"Gannon, Matthew; Taylor, Wilson (September 4, 2013). \"The working class needs its next Kurt Vonnegut\". Jacobin. Salon.com. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.salon.com/2013/09/04/kurt_vonneguts_pro_labor_leanings_partner/","url_text":"\"The working class needs its next Kurt Vonnegut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)","url_text":"Jacobin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com","url_text":"Salon.com"}]},{"reference":"Grossman, Lev (April 12, 2007). \"Kurt Vonnegut, 1922–2007\". Time.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Grossman","url_text":"Grossman, Lev"},{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1609650,00.html","url_text":"\"Kurt Vonnegut, 1922–2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Paul (December 3, 2011). \"Kurt Vonnegut's dark, sad, cruel side is laid bare\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/03/kurt-vonnegut-biography","url_text":"\"Kurt Vonnegut's dark, sad, cruel side is laid bare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Hattenhauer, Darryl (1998). \"The Politics of Kurt Vonnegut's 'Harrison Bergeron'\". Studies in Short Fiction. 35 (4): 387–392. ISSN 0039-3789.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=d8b269e3-574e-4ab2-be7e-ba8ab948310c%40sessionmgr112&vid=9&hid=128","url_text":"\"The Politics of Kurt Vonnegut's 'Harrison Bergeron'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3789","url_text":"0039-3789"}]},{"reference":"Hayman, David; Michaelis, David; et al. (1977). \"Kurt Vonnegut, The Art of Fiction No. 64\". The Paris Review. 69: 55–103. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150205190212/http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/3605/the-art-of-fiction-no-64-kurt-vonnegut","url_text":"\"Kurt Vonnegut, The Art of Fiction No. 64\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paris_Review","url_text":"The Paris Review"},{"url":"http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/3605/the-art-of-fiction-no-64-kurt-vonnegut","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hischak, Thomas S. (2012). American Literature on Stage and Screen: 525 Works and Their Adaptations. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-9279-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9279-4","url_text":"978-0-7864-9279-4"}]},{"reference":"Jensen, Mikkel (2016). \"Janus-Headed Postmodernism: The Opening Lines of Slaughterhouse-Five\". The Explicator. 74 (1): 8–11. doi:10.1080/00144940.2015.1133546. ISSN 1939-926X. S2CID 162509316.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Explicator","url_text":"The Explicator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00144940.2015.1133546","url_text":"10.1080/00144940.2015.1133546"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1939-926X","url_text":"1939-926X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162509316","url_text":"162509316"}]},{"reference":"Kohn, Martin (March 28, 2001). \"God Bless You Dr. Kevorkian listing\". New York University School of Medicine. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://medhum.med.nyu.edu/view/11834","url_text":"\"God Bless You Dr. Kevorkian listing\""}]},{"reference":"Kunze, Peter C.; Tally, Robert T. Jr. (2012). \"Vonnegut's sense of humor\". Studies in American Humor. 3 (26): 7–11. doi:10.5325/studamerhumor.26.2012.0007. S2CID 246645063. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/4949547","url_text":"\"Vonnegut's sense of humor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fstudamerhumor.26.2012.0007","url_text":"10.5325/studamerhumor.26.2012.0007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246645063","url_text":"246645063"}]},{"reference":"Leeds, Marc (1995). The Vonnegut Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29230-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29230-9","url_text":"978-0-313-29230-9"}]},{"reference":"Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (September 24, 1976). \"Books of The Times\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/28/lifetimes/vonnegut-slapstick.html","url_text":"\"Books of The Times\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Lowery, George (April 12, 2007). \"Kurt Vonnegut Jr., novelist, counterculture icon and Cornellian, dies at 84\". Cornell Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141108074722/http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2007/04/kurt-vonnegut-jr-dies-84","url_text":"\"Kurt Vonnegut Jr., novelist, counterculture icon and Cornellian, dies at 84\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Chronicle","url_text":"Cornell Chronicle"},{"url":"http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2007/04/kurt-vonnegut-jr-dies-84","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marvin, Thomas F. (2002). Kurt Vonnegut: A Critical Companion. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-29230-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29230-9","url_text":"978-0-313-29230-9"}]},{"reference":"Morais, Betsy (August 12, 2011). \"The Neverending Campaign to Ban 'Slaughterhouse Five'\". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/08/the-neverending-campaign-to-ban-slaughterhouse-five/243525/","url_text":"\"The Neverending Campaign to Ban 'Slaughterhouse Five'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic","url_text":"The Atlantic"}]},{"reference":"Morse, Donald E. (2013). \"The curious reception of Kurt Vonnegut\". In Tally, Robert T. Jr. (ed.). Kurt Vonnegut. Critical Insights. Salem Press. pp. 42–59. ISBN 978-1-4298-3848-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4298-3848-1","url_text":"978-1-4298-3848-1"}]},{"reference":"Morse, Donald E. (2003). The Novels of Kurt Vonnegut: Imagining Being an American. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-29230-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29230-9","url_text":"978-0-313-29230-9"}]},{"reference":"Niose, David A. (July 1, 2007). \"Kurt Vonnegut saw humanism as a way to build a better world\". The Humanist. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143603/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-166051077.html","url_text":"\"Kurt Vonnegut saw humanism as a way to build a better world\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-166051077.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Noble, David (2017). \"Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation\". New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-52364-7. OCLC 1015814093.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-52364-7","url_text":"978-1-138-52364-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1015814093","url_text":"1015814093"}]},{"reference":"Rodriguez, Gregory (April 16, 2007). \"The kindness of Kurt Vonnegut\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/la-oe-rodriguez16apr16-column.html","url_text":"\"The kindness of Kurt Vonnegut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Sharp, Michael D. (2006). Popular Contemporary Writers. Vol. 10. Marshall Cavendish Reference. ISBN 978-0-7614-7601-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7601-6","url_text":"978-0-7614-7601-6"}]},{"reference":"Shields, Charles J. (2011). And So It Goes: Kurt Vonnegut, a Life. Henry Holt and Company. 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Retrieved August 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2011/05/31/136823289/kurt-vonnegut-still-speaking-to-the-war-weary","url_text":"\"Kurt Vonnegut: Still Speaking To The War Weary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"Vonnegut, Kurt (January 21, 2006). \"A Man Without A Country, \"Custodians of chaos\"\". The Guardian. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/jan/21/kurtvonnegut","url_text":"\"A Man Without A Country, \"Custodians of chaos\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Vonnegut, Kurt (1999). God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-58322-020-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-020-7","url_text":"978-1-58322-020-7"}]},{"reference":"Vonnegut, Kurt (June 28, 2008). \"Kurt Vonnegut on His Time as a POW\". Newsweek. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150301212654/http://www.newsweek.com/kurt-vonnegut-his-time-pow-91061","url_text":"\"Kurt Vonnegut on His Time as a POW\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek","url_text":"Newsweek"},{"url":"http://www.newsweek.com/kurt-vonnegut-his-time-pow-91061","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vonnegut, Kurt (1982). Palm Sunday: An Autobiographical Collage. Dell Publishing. 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Retrieved August 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/25/books/a-wildly-improbable-gang-of-nine.html","url_text":"\"A Wildly Improbable Gang of Nine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Zinn, Howard; Arnove, Anthony (2009). Voices of A People's History of the United States. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-58322-916-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-916-3","url_text":"978-1-58322-916-3"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_Chunibyo_%26_Other_Delusions
Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions
["1 Plot","2 Characters","3 Media","3.1 Light novels","3.2 Anime","4 Notes","5 Works cited","6 References","7 External links"]
Japanese light novel series Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions!Cover of the first light novel volume featuring Yūta (left) and Rikka (right)中二病でも恋がしたい!(Chūnibyō demo Koi ga Shitai!)GenreRomantic comedy Light novelWritten byTorakoIllustrated byNozomi ŌsakaPublished byKyoto AnimationImprintKA Esuma BunkoDemographicMaleOriginal runJune 1, 2011 – December 4, 2017Volumes4 Anime Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions (2012–2014) Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions!: Rikka Version (2013) Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! Take on Me (2018) Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! (Japanese: 中二病でも恋がしたい!, Hepburn: Chūnibyō demo Koi ga Shitai!, "Even with Eighth Grader Syndrome, I Want to Be in Love"), also known as Chū-2 for short, is a Japanese light novel series written by Torako, with illustrations provided by Nozomi Ōsaka. The work won an honorable mention in the Kyoto Animation Award competition in 2010, leading the company to assume its publication starting in June 2011. The series follows a high school boy named Yūta Togashi, who tries to discard his embarrassing past grandiose delusions, until he meets a girl named Rikka Takanashi, who exhibits her own signs of chūnibyō syndrome. As their relationship progresses, Yūta and Rikka form a club called the Far East Magical Napping Society Summer Thereof with classmates Shinka Nibutani, Kumin Tsuyuri, and Sanae Dekomori, who each have their own unique delusional behaviors. A 12-episode anime adaptation by Kyoto Animation aired in Japan between October 4 and December 19, 2012, with six six-minute Lite episodes streamed on YouTube. The anime is licensed by Sentai Filmworks for release in North America. An animated film was released in September 2013, and a second anime season, Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions -Heart Throb-, aired between January and March 2014. A second animated film featuring a new story, Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! Take on Me was released in 2018. Plot The former Kyu Kaikage Elementary School in Hino, Shiga, used as a model for Icho Private High School Yūta Togashi is a boy who, during junior high school, suffered from "chūnibyō", believing that he possessed supernatural powers and calling himself the "Dark Flame Master", therefore alienating himself from his classmates. Finding his past embarrassing, Yūta attempts to start off high school where he does not know anyone, free from his old delusions. This proves to be difficult, however, as a delusional girl in his class, Rikka Takanashi, learns of Yūta's past and becomes interested in him. As the plot progresses, Rikka becomes more attached to Yūta, who, despite finding her delusions irritating and embarrassing, accepts her. He helps Rikka with a number of things, including founding and maintaining her club and tutoring her. The club in question, the "Far-East Magical Napping Society – Summer Thereof", also includes current chūnibyō Sanae Dekomori; former chūnibyō Shinka Nibutani; and the constantly sleeping Kumin Tsuyuri. When Yūta joins Rikka on her summer vacation, Yūta learns that two years prior, Rikka's father, to whom she was very close, died unexpectedly due to a terminal illness, causing her to fall into her delusions. After Yūta agrees to help Rikka search for the "Ethereal Horizon" (不可視境界線, Fukashi Kyōkaisen), which she believes will lead her to her father, she becomes romantically interested in Yūta and vice versa. Characters Yūta Togashi (富樫 勇太, Togashi Yūta) Voiced by: Jun Fukuyama (Japanese); Leraldo Anzaldua (English) The narrator of the light novels, Yūta is a first-year high school student who used to be delusional, calling himself the "Dark Flame Master" while in junior high and becoming alienated from everyone as a result. He attempts to bury his past by enrolling in a high school far away from his junior high classmates. However, after encountering Rikka, his past delusions come back to haunt him. He ends up joining Rikka's club and becomes friends with Rikka's cohorts as well as school beauty Shinka Nibutani.LN 1 He and Rikka eventually become closer and start dating. In the anime film, Yūta gives Rikka a ring to show "proof" that he will stay by her side. He and Satone Shichimiya were also classmates in junior high and she was the one who inspired him to become the "Dark Flame Master".LN 2 Rikka Takanashi (小鳥遊 六花, Takanashi Rikka) Voiced by: Maaya Uchida (Japanese); Margaret McDonald (English) Rikka is Yūta's classmate and neighbor residing above Yūta's apartment. She is an intensely delusional girl who believes herself to possess a "Wicked Eye" (邪王真眼, Jaō Shingan, lit. Tyrant's Eye of Truth), and as such always wears a medical patch over her right eye and wrapped bandages around her left arm, though she has no injuries to either. Despite being quite attached to Yūta, she is cautious of strangers and adopts a battle pose whenever she meets someone for the first time. Her fantasy weapon of choice is a frilly parasol which she wields as a sword. For her delusional operations, she often dresses in a mostly-black gothic dress. At school, she wears a uniform with a frilly skirt, long black knee socks, and shoes that sometimes function as roller shoes. She is also rather clumsy, often tripping over and forgetting things.LN 1 The origin of her delusions come from her father's death three years prior, where she was forced to live with her father's family until she moved in with her sister.Ep. 7–8 They also come from Yūta himself, when she saw Yūta in his delusional phase at the balcony above Yūta's apartment. They eventually become close and develop feelings for one another and start dating, but Rikka's delusions appear to keep their relationship from progressing. A running gag in the series is that she visits Yūta by climbing down a balcony with a rope.LN 1 Shinka Nibutani (丹生谷 森夏, Nibutani Shinka) Voiced by: Chinatsu Akasaki (Japanese); Maggie Flecknoe (English) Shinka is Yūta's classmate who is one of the most popular girls in the class. She is the class representative and a member of the cheerleading club. She wears a hairclip on her bangs. Although she is generally thought of a kind and gentle girl, Shinka is later revealed to be a former chūnibyō by the name of Morisummer (モリサマー, Morisamā) and had also chosen a different high school from her previous classmates to escape her past. In the anime series, when she learns Sanae is in possession of the Mabinogion, a blog penned by Shinka during her chūnibyō phase, she joins Rikka's school club in order to try and retrieve it, but gives up when she learns that Sanae has kept multiple backup copies.Ep. 4 When out of the public eye, Shinka shows her true nature to be bit more bitter and easily irritable, particularly when dealing with Sanae,Ep. 5 but they eventually care for each otherS1 Ep. 11, OVA and she's genuinely a kind-hearted person who loves and cares about her friends, and she will help them if needed.S1 Ep. 9-12, S2 She later quits the cheerleading club to focus more on making herself popular.Ep. 9 Kumin Tsuyuri (五月七日 くみん, Tsuyuri Kumin) Voiced by: Azumi Asakura (Japanese); Emily Neves (English) An anime original character, Kumin is a carefree girl who is a year above Yūta and the others. She loves sleeping and often carrying around a pillow (or many) with her wherever she goes. In one extreme case, she is even shown sleeping in a full futon on school grounds.Ep. 2-3 Having been home-schooled before high school, she is very sheltered and conservative, lending her an old-fashioned ladylike demeanor which Makoto finds attractive.Ep. 7 Her own "Nap Club" is integrated into Rikka's social group for lack of members.Ep. 3 She earnestly attempts to understand Rikka and Sanae's delusional fantasies. She has a tendency to sleep-talk. She is also quite fond of cats and often naps curled up like a cat.Ep. 5 Sanae Dekomori (凸守 早苗, Dekomori Sanae) Voiced by: Sumire Uesaka (Japanese); Brittney Karbowski (English) An anime original character, Sanae is Rikka's best friend. She is a third-year junior high student who has very long blonde elastic twintails that often prove to be more of a hindrance than a help. Like Rikka, she is extremely delusional and often indulges in fantasy with her.Ep. 3 However, unlike Rikka, she is a superb student who is at the top of her class and has already completed the entire junior-high mathematics curriculum.Ep. 5 She owns several copies of a spell book which is the remaining evidence of Shinka's delusional days. She is often at odds with Shinka, whom she does not believe to be the real Morisummer.Ep. 4 In the Japanese dub, she often ends her sentences with 'desu', emphasizing it to make it sound more like 'death'.Ep. 3 She dislikes milk and dairy products, even though she will attempt to drink it in order to grow taller.Ep. 5-7 She is aware that her delusions are nothing more than delusions.Ep. 11 She comes from a very rich family and tends to behave normally around her classmates. She later promotes to the high school where Yūta and friends are studying. Makoto Isshiki (一色 誠, Isshiki Makoto) Voiced by: Sōichirō Hoshi (Japanese); Greg Ayres (English) Makoto is Yūta's classmate who sits behind him and often analyzes the other girls in the class.LN 1 He joins the Light Music Club so he could be with girls and attract their attention by carrying about his guitar, though he does not seem to have learned how to play it.LN 1 Fond of his thick hair after being forced to wear it short for sports activities for the last three years, he is forced to have his head shaved once more when his notebook containing the "Cutie Poll" of the girls in his class is discovered.Ep. 6 In the anime, he develops a crush on Kumin after she becomes fond of petting his buzz cut hair.Ep. 6-7 Kuzuha Togashi (富樫 樟葉, Togashi Kuzuha) Voiced by: Kaori Fukuhara (Japanese); Monica Rial (English) Kuzuha is Yūta's younger sister who is in the first year of junior high school.LN 1 She is mature for her age. Yumeha Togashi (富樫 夢葉, Togashi Yumeha) Voiced by: Mami Shitara (Japanese); Ashley Miller (season 1) (English), Emily Neves (season 2) (English) Yumeha is Yūta's youngest sister, aged five. She finds Yūta's prior fantasy antics intriguing, often refers to them as "cool" and admires or idolizes Rikka.LN 1 Nanase Tsukumo (九十九 七瀬, Tsukumo Nanase) Voiced by: Kikuko Inoue (Japanese); Carli Mosier (English) Yūta and Rikka's homeroom teacher, who is often kind, if sometimes a little sadistic in teasing her students, particularly Rikka. She is called Nana-chan by Yūta and Rikka.LN 1 Satone Shichimiya (七宮 智音, Shichimiya Satone) Voiced by: Juri Nagatsuma (Japanese); Christina Kelly (English) Satone was Yūta's junior high school classmate, first appearing in the second light novel and the anime's second season.LN 2 She is depicted as having a cheerful, fun-loving personality.Ep. 16 Although she considers Yūta to be her best friend, she ended up transferring schools without saying goodbye during their second junior high school year. She transferred to Shinka Nibutani's junior high school where they became close. She suffers from delusions and calls herself "Sophia Ring SP Saturn VII" (ソフィアリング・SP・サターン7世) and addresses Yūta with the nickname "Yūsha" (勇者, lit. "Hero"). Yūta and Shinka's delusions began with their admiration and mimicry of Satone's behavior. During her time with Yūta in junior high school, she developed feelings for him, but chose to stay as "Sophia Ring SP Saturn VII" and the "Magical Devil Girl" forever.LN 2 Hideri Amaniji (天虹 旱, Amaniji Hideri) Hideri is an upperclassman of Rikka and Yūta; she is a main character starting with the third light novel. She heads the Eccentric Drama Club.LN 3, 4 Tōka Takanashi (小鳥遊 十花, Takanashi Tōka) Voiced by: Eri Sendai (Japanese); Genevieve Simmons (English) An anime original character, Tōka is Rikka's older sister who supports her by working as a chef at a fine restaurant. She often has to put up with her younger sister's delusional antics, often punishing her by whacking her with a ladle.Ep. 2 She is also seen to be extremely acrobatic and flexible, which she attributes to being a rhythmic gymnast when she herself was in high school.Ep. 9 Rikka depicts her sister as a high priestess of evil and accuses Tōka of restraining her from her quest to reach the "Invisible Boundary Line".Ep. 2 In one instance, she was playing house with Yūta's youngest sister Yumeha, but had a negative outlook where they divorced.Ep. 5 Kazari Kannagi (巫部 風鈴, Kannagi Kazari) Voiced by: Manami Shirakawa (Japanese); Molly Searcy (English) Kazari is Yūta's classmate from the novels, and the class idol. She was in second place in Makoto's ranking of the most beautiful girls in his school, although still remains the centre of attention. She had a close relationship with Shinka in junior high school. Media Light novels The series began as a light novel series written by Torako, with illustrations by Nozomi Ōsaka. Torako entered the first novel in the series into the first Kyoto Animation Award contest in 2010, and it won an honorable mention in the novel category. Kyoto Animation published four volumes under their KA Esuma Bunko imprint from June 2011 to December 2017. No. Release date ISBN 1 June 1, 2011978-4-9905812-0-6 2 December 28, 2011978-4-9905812-2-0 3 March 14, 2014978-4-907064-14-3 4 December 4, 2017978-4-907064-76-1 Anime Main article: Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions (TV series) See also: List of Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions episodes A 12-episode anime television series adaptation, directed by Tatsuya Ishihara and produced by Kyoto Animation, aired in Japan between October 4 and December 19, 2012. Starting before the TV series' airing, a series of six original net animation shorts titled Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions Lite were streamed weekly on YouTube between September 27 and November 1, 2012. The television series were released on six BD/DVD compilation volumes between December 19, 2012, and May 15, 2013. The volumes also contained bonus shorts titled Depth of Field: Ai to Nikushimi Gekijō (Depth of Field ～ 愛と憎しみ劇場, Depth of Field: Love and Hate Theater). A seventh volume, containing an original video animation episode, another Depth of Field short and the Lite shorts, was released on June 19, 2013. The series has been licensed in North America by Sentai Filmworks and was streamed on Anime Network and currently airs on Hidive. Sentai Filmworks released the series on subtitled DVD in North America on May 27, 2014, followed by an English dubbed release on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on February 24, 2015. In Southeast Asia, it was broadcast through Animax Asia and premiered on June 2, 2014. The opening theme is "Sparkling Daydream" by Zaq, and the ending theme is "Inside Identity" by Black Raison d'être (Maaya Uchida, Chinatsu Akasaki, Azumi Asakura and Sumire Uesaka). There are also three insert songs: "Hajimari no Tane" (始まりの種, The Seed of Start) by Zaq in episode eight, "Kimi no Tonari ni" (君のとなりに, Next to You) by Zaq in episode ten and "Miagete Goran Yoru no Hoshi o" (見上げてごらん夜の星を, Look Up at the Stars in the Night) by Maaya Uchida in episode ten. The single for "Sparkling Daydream" was released on October 24, 2012 and the single for "Inside Identity" on November 21, 2012. For the Lite episodes, the opening theme is "Kimi e" (君へ, To You) and the ending theme is "Shikkoku ni Odoru Haōbushi" (漆黒に躍る弧濁覇王節, The Melody of Conqueror Dancing in Jet Black); both are sung by Zaq. An anime film titled Takanashi Rikka Kai: Gekijō-ban Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! (小鳥遊六花・改 ～劇場版 中二病でも恋がしたい!～, "Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions the Movie: Rikka Takanashi Revision"), which retells the events of the first anime season from Rikka's perspective, was released in Japanese theaters on September 14, 2013, and was later released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on February 19, 2014. Sentai Filmworks has licensed the film in North America. A second anime television season, titled Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions -Heart Throb- (中二病でも恋がしたい！戀, Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! Ren), aired in Japan from January 8 to March 26, 2014, and was simulcast by Crunchyroll. Madman Entertainment started streaming the series on January 7, 2014 on Madman's Screening Room in Australia and New Zealand. The opening theme is "Voice" by Zaq and the ending theme is "Van!shment Th!s World" by Black Raison d'être. The first of a second series of Lite episodes was released on YouTube on December 26, 2013. The ending theme for the Lite episodes is "Shin'en ni Mau Senritsu Shanikusai" (深淵に舞う戦慄謝肉祭, A Hair-Raising Carnival Dancing in the Abyss) by Zaq. Animax Asia and Animax UK added the second season in early 2014. The second season has also been licensed by Sentai Filmworks, under the title Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions -Heart Throb-. Sentai Filmworks released the second season on August 25, 2015. A Blu-ray set featuring the dubbed and subbed versions of both seasons was released on November 7, 2017. The second season has been licensed by Animatsu Entertainment in the United Kingdom. A second anime film, titled Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! Take on Me (映画 中二病でも恋がしたい! -Take on Me-, Eiga Chūnibyō demo Koi ga Shitai! Take on Me), continuing from the second season of the anime, premiered on January 6, 2018, as the finale of the series. The staff and cast from the original anime series returned to reprise their respective roles in the second film. Following the acquisition of Crunchyroll by Sony Pictures Television, the parent company of Funimation in 2021, Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions!, among several Sentai titles, was dropped from the service on March 31, 2022. Notes Works cited ^ "LN" is shortened form for light novel and refers to a volume number of the Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions light novels. ^ "Ch." and "Vol." is shortened form for chapter and volume, and refers to a chapter or volume number of the Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions manga. ^ "Ep." and "S" is shortened form for episode and season, and refers to an episode number of the Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions anime television series. References ^ a b "Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! REN now streaming in Australia". Anime News Network. January 13, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Official Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! English Dub Cast List". Sentai Filmworks (Press release). January 27, 2015. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2015. ^ a b c "トップページ". ^ "Official Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! -Heart Throb- English Cast List". Sentai Filmworks. July 24, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2015. ^ "No Grand Prizes Given for 1st Kyoto Animation Award". Anime News Network. April 22, 2010. Retrieved August 22, 2012. ^ "Books | 『中二病でも恋がしたい!』公式サイト" (in Japanese). Kyoto Animation. Retrieved April 2, 2014. ^ 『中二病でも恋がしたい!』『夕焼け灯台の秘密』の販売に関するお知らせ (in Japanese). Kyoto Animation. June 1, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2013. ^ "Books | 『中二病でも恋がしたい!』公式サイト" (in Japanese). Kyoto Animation. Retrieved December 4, 2017. ^ "Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! Slated for October 3". Anime News Network. September 1, 2012. Retrieved September 26, 2012. ^ "KyoAni Streams Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! 'Lite' #1". Anime News Network. September 27, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2012. ^ a b "7th Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! BD/DVD Adds Unaired Anime". Anime News Network. November 1, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2012. ^ "中二病でも恋がしたい! (1) (2012)" (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ "中二病でも恋がしたい! (6) " (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. 15 May 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ "Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! BDs/DVDs to Have Unaired Shorts". Anime News Network. October 3, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2012. ^ "Sentai Filmworks Adds KyoAni's Chūnibyō Demo Koi Ga Shitai". Anime News Network. September 30, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2012. ^ "The Anime Network to Stream Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai!, Busou Shinki Anime". Anime News Network. October 2, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2012. ^ "Sentai Filmworks Announces English Dub for Love Chunibyo & Other Delusions!". Anime News Network. April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2014. ^ Melegrito, JM (June 2, 2014). "ANIMAX Asia presents a "Jumbo" anime line-up this June". Anime Pilipinas. Retrieved November 7, 2021. ^ "音楽CD" (in Japanese). Kyoto Animation. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2012. ^ ボーカルミニアルバム・オリジナルサウンドトラック発売決定! (in Japanese). Kyoto Animation. 19 October 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2013. ^ "Chūnibyō demo Koi ga Shitai! Gets Film in September". Anime News Network. June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013. ^ "Sentai Filmworks Licenses Tamako Market, Chunibyō, Beyond the Boundary Anime Films". Anime News Network. March 31, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017. ^ "Crunchyroll to Stream Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions REN Sequel Anime". Anime News Network. January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2014. ^ "1st Chūnibyō demo Koi ga Shitai! Ren Episode Leaked Before Premiere". Anime News Network. January 7, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2020. ^ "Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions Lite II Short's 1st Episode Stars Nibutani, Kumin". Anime News Network. December 26, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2013. ^ "Animax Adds Chunibyo S2, Hamatora, Nisekoi,World Conquest Zvezda Plot". Anime News Network. January 14, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2020. ^ "Animax UK Adds Four New Free Simulcasts For January". The Fandom Post. January 15, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ "Sentai Filmworks Acquires Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions License". The Fandom Post. February 4, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014. ^ "August 2015 releases". Sentai Filmworks. Retrieved May 8, 2015. ^ "Love, Chunibyo, and Other Delusions! Seasons 1 & 2 Complete Collection". Sentai Filmworks. Retrieved July 25, 2017. ^ "Manga UK Updates from London MCM Comic Con". Anime News Network. May 28, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2016. ^ "Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! Gets New Anime Film on January 6". Anime News Network. May 19, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2017. ^ "Food Wars, Is It Wrong to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon? and More Are Leaving Crunchyroll". Crunchyroll. March 24, 2022. Retrieved April 15, 2022. External links Light novel official website (in Japanese) Anime official website (in Japanese) Kyoto Animation page: LC&OD, LC&ODRV, LC&ODHT, LC&ODTOM′ Sentai Filmworks page: LC&OD, LC&OD OVA, LC&ODRV, LC&ODHT, LC&ODHT OVA, LC&ODTOM Madman Entertainment page: LC&ODCBR. LC&ODCDVD Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteKyoto AnimationHideaki Hatta (president), Yoko Hatta (vice-president)Series directors Taichi Ishidate Tatsuya Ishihara Eisaku Kawanami Yoshiji Kigami Yasuhiro Takemoto Hiroko Utsumi Naoko Yamada Takuya Yamamura Television series2000s Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu (2003) Air (2005) Full Metal Panic! The Second Raid (2005) The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya (2006–2009) Kanon (2006–2007) Lucky Star (2007) Clannad (2007–2008) Clannad After Story (2008–2009) Sora o Miageru Shōjo no Hitomi ni Utsuru Sekai (2009) K-On! (2009) 2010s K-On!! (2010) Nichijou (2011) Hyouka (2012) Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions (2012) Tamako Market (2013) Free! (2013) Beyond the Boundary (2013) Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions -Heart Throb- (2014) Free! Eternal Summer (2014) Amagi Brilliant Park (2014) Sound! Euphonium (2015) Myriad Colors Phantom World (2016) Sound! Euphonium 2 (2016) Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid (2017) Violet Evergarden (2018) Free! Dive to the Future (2018) Tsurune (2018–2019) 2020s Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid S (2021) Tsurune: The Linking Shot (2023) Sound! Euphonium 3 (2024) 20 Seiki Denki Mokuroku (TBA) Films Tenjōbito to Akutobito Saigo no Tatakai (2009) The Disappearance of Haruhi Suzumiya (2010) K-On! Movie (2011) Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions: Rikka Version (2013) Deara-chan of the Southern Islands (2014) Tamako Love Story (2014) Beyond the Boundary: I'll Be Here (2015) High Speed! Free! Starting Days (2015) Sound! Euphonium: The Movie – Welcome to the Kitauji High School Concert Band (2016) A Silent Voice (2016) Free! Timeless Medley (2017) Sound! Euphonium: The Movie – May the Melody Reach You! (2017) Free! Take Your Marks (2017) Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! Take on Me (2018) Liz and the Blue Bird (2018) Sound! Euphonium: The Movie – Our Promise: A Brand New Day (2019) Free! -Road to the World- Dream (2019) Violet Evergarden: Eternity and the Auto Memory Doll (2019) Violet Evergarden: The Movie (2020) Free! The Final Stroke (2021–2022) Tsurune: The Movie – The First Shot (2022) OVAs Nurse Witch Komugi (2002–2003) Munto (2003) Munto 2: Beyond the Walls of Time (2005) Full Metal Panic! The Second Raid (2006) Another World: Tomoyo Chapter (2008) Lucky Star: Original na Visual to Animation (2008) Another World: Kyou Chapter (2009) Live House! (2010) Nichijou Episode 0 (2011) Plan! (2011) Hyouka (2013) Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions (2013) Daybreak (2014) Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions -Heart Throb- (2014) Free! Eternal Summer (2015) Amagi Brilliant Park (2015) Sound! Euphonium: Ready, Set, Monaka (2015) Myriad Colors Phantom World (2016) Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid (2017) Violet Evergarden (2018) Free! Dive to the Future (2018) Tsurune (2019) Sound! Euphonium: Ensemble Contest (2023) ONAs The Melancholy of Haruhi-chan Suzumiya (2009) Nyorōn Churuya-san (2009) Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions Lite (2012) Beyond the Boundary Idol Trial! (2013–2014) Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions -Heart Throb- Lite (2013–2014) Other productions Jikkyō Powerful Pro Yakyū (2001–2004) Related Arson attack Category vteTatsuya Ishihara filmographyTelevision series Air (Air in Summer) (2005) Kanon (2006) The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya (2006, 2009) Nichijou (2011) Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions (2012) Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions -Heart Throb- (2014) Sound! Euphonium (2015, 2016, 2024) Myriad Colors Phantom World (2016) Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid S (2021) Feature films The Disappearance of Haruhi Suzumiya (as chief director, with Yasuhiro Takemoto, 2010) Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions: Rikka Version (2013) Sound! Euphonium: The Movie – Welcome to the Kitauji High School Concert Band (2016) Sound! Euphonium: The Movie – May the Melody Reach You! (with Taichi Ogawa, 2017) Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! Take on Me (2018) Sound! Euphonium: The Movie – Our Promise: A Brand New Day (2019) OVAs Shiawasette Naani (1991) Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions: Depth of Field - Love and Hate Theater (2012–2013) Sound! Euphonium: Ensemble Contest (2023) ONAs Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! Lite (2012) Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! Ren Lite (2013–2014) Short film Dera-chan of the Southern Islands (2014) vteAnimation works by screenwriter Jukki Hanada A Place Further than the Universe Aki Sora Atri: My Dear Moments Beyond the Boundary Campione! Girls Band Cry Granbelm H2O: Footprints in the Sand Hanaukyo Maid Team La Verite Idolmaster: Xenoglossia Kantai Collection Kashimashi: Girl Meets Girl Level E Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions Love Live! School Idol Project Love Live! Sunshine!! Love Live! Superstar!! Mahoromatic: Something More Beautiful Medalist Nichijou No Game No Life Petite Princess Yucie Popotan Princess Jellyfish Robotics;Notes Rozen Maiden Sengoku Youko Sound! Euphonium Student Council's Discretion S · A: Special A Sola Steins;Gate Steins;Gate 0 The Dangers in My Heart The Girl Who Leapt Through Space Wakaba Girl Yozakura Quartet vteKyoto Animation AwardGrand Prize Violet Evergarden (2014) Honorable Mention Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions (2010) Beyond the Boundary (2011) High Speed! (2011) 20 Seiki Denki Mokuroku (2017)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"Eighth Grader Syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABniby%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"light novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_novel"},{"link_name":"Nozomi Ōsaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozomi_%C5%8Csaka"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Animation"},{"link_name":"grandiose delusions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandiose_delusions"},{"link_name":"chūnibyō syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABniby%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"anime adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_Chunibyo_%26_Other_Delusions_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Sentai Filmworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentai_Filmworks"},{"link_name":"Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! Take on Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_Chunibyo_%26_Other_Delusions!_Take_on_Me"}],"text":"Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! (Japanese: 中二病でも恋がしたい!, Hepburn: Chūnibyō demo Koi ga Shitai!, \"Even with Eighth Grader Syndrome, I Want to Be in Love\"), also known as Chū-2 for short, is a Japanese light novel series written by Torako, with illustrations provided by Nozomi Ōsaka. The work won an honorable mention in the Kyoto Animation Award competition in 2010, leading the company to assume its publication starting in June 2011. The series follows a high school boy named Yūta Togashi, who tries to discard his embarrassing past grandiose delusions, until he meets a girl named Rikka Takanashi, who exhibits her own signs of chūnibyō syndrome. As their relationship progresses, Yūta and Rikka form a club called the Far East Magical Napping Society Summer Thereof with classmates Shinka Nibutani, Kumin Tsuyuri, and Sanae Dekomori, who each have their own unique delusional behaviors.A 12-episode anime adaptation by Kyoto Animation aired in Japan between October 4 and December 19, 2012, with six six-minute Lite episodes streamed on YouTube. The anime is licensed by Sentai Filmworks for release in North America. An animated film was released in September 2013, and a second anime season, Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions -Heart Throb-, aired between January and March 2014. A second animated film featuring a new story, Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! Take on Me was released in 2018.","title":"Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Kaigake_Elementary_School_ac_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hino, Shiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hino,_Shiga"},{"link_name":"chūnibyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABniby%C5%8D"}],"text":"The former Kyu Kaikage Elementary School in Hino, Shiga, used as a model for Icho Private High SchoolYūta Togashi is a boy who, during junior high school, suffered from \"chūnibyō\", believing that he possessed supernatural powers and calling himself the \"Dark Flame Master\", therefore alienating himself from his classmates. Finding his past embarrassing, Yūta attempts to start off high school where he does not know anyone, free from his old delusions. This proves to be difficult, however, as a delusional girl in his class, Rikka Takanashi, learns of Yūta's past and becomes interested in him.As the plot progresses, Rikka becomes more attached to Yūta, who, despite finding her delusions irritating and embarrassing, accepts her. He helps Rikka with a number of things, including founding and maintaining her club and tutoring her. The club in question, the \"Far-East Magical Napping Society – Summer Thereof\", also includes current chūnibyō Sanae Dekomori; former chūnibyō Shinka Nibutani; and the constantly sleeping Kumin Tsuyuri. When Yūta joins Rikka on her summer vacation, Yūta learns that two years prior, Rikka's father, to whom she was very close, died unexpectedly due to a terminal illness, causing her to fall into her delusions. After Yūta agrees to help Rikka search for the \"Ethereal Horizon\" (不可視境界線, Fukashi Kyōkaisen), which she believes will lead her to her father, she becomes romantically interested in Yūta and vice versa.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jun Fukuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_Fukuyama"},{"link_name":"Leraldo Anzaldua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leraldo_Anzaldua"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eng_cast-2"},{"link_name":"LN 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_LN"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"LN 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_LN"},{"link_name":"Maaya Uchida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maaya_Uchida"},{"link_name":"Margaret McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_McDonald_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eng_cast-2"},{"link_name":"medical patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyepatch"},{"link_name":"roller shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_shoes"},{"link_name":"LN 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_LN"},{"link_name":"Ep. 7–8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"running gag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_gag"},{"link_name":"LN 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_LN"},{"link_name":"Chinatsu Akasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatsu_Akasaki"},{"link_name":"Maggie Flecknoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Flecknoe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eng_cast-2"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Ep. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"Ep. 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"S1 Ep. 11, OVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"S1 Ep. 9-12, S2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"Ep. 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"Azumi Asakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azumi_Asakura"},{"link_name":"Emily Neves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Neves"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eng_cast-2"},{"link_name":"Ep. 2-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"Ep. 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"Ep. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"sleep-talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somniloquy"},{"link_name":"Ep. 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"Sumire Uesaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumire_Uesaka"},{"link_name":"Brittney Karbowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittney_Karbowski"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eng_cast-2"},{"link_name":"twintails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunches"},{"link_name":"Ep. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"Ep. 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"Ep. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"Ep. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"Ep. 5-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"Ep. 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"episode needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"episode needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Sōichirō Hoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D_Hoshi"},{"link_name":"Greg Ayres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Ayres"},{"link_name":"LN 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_LN"},{"link_name":"LN 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_LN"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Ep. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"buzz cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_cut"},{"link_name":"Ep. 6-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"Kaori Fukuhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaori_Fukuhara"},{"link_name":"Monica Rial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Rial"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eng_cast-2"},{"link_name":"LN 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_LN"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eng_cast-2"},{"link_name":"Emily Neves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Neves"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-char-3"},{"link_name":"LN 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_LN"},{"link_name":"Kikuko Inoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikuko_Inoue"},{"link_name":"Carli Mosier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carli_Mosier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eng_cast-2"},{"link_name":"LN 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_LN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-char-3"},{"link_name":"Juri Nagatsuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juri_Nagatsuma"},{"link_name":"Christina Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Kelly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"LN 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_LN"},{"link_name":"episode needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Ep. 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"LN 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_LN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-char-3"},{"link_name":"LN 3, 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_LN"},{"link_name":"Eri Sendai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eri_Sendai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eng_cast-2"},{"link_name":"ladle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladle_(spoon)"},{"link_name":"Ep. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"Ep. 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"Ep. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"Ep. 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Episode"},{"link_name":"episode needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"episode needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Yūta Togashi (富樫 勇太, Togashi Yūta)\nVoiced by: Jun Fukuyama (Japanese); Leraldo Anzaldua[2] (English)\nThe narrator of the light novels, Yūta is a first-year high school student who used to be delusional, calling himself the \"Dark Flame Master\" while in junior high and becoming alienated from everyone as a result. He attempts to bury his past by enrolling in a high school far away from his junior high classmates. However, after encountering Rikka, his past delusions come back to haunt him. He ends up joining Rikka's club and becomes friends with Rikka's cohorts as well as school beauty Shinka Nibutani.LN 1 He and Rikka eventually become closer and start dating.[volume & issue needed] In the anime film, Yūta gives Rikka a ring to show \"proof\" that he will stay by her side. He and Satone Shichimiya were also classmates in junior high and she was the one who inspired him to become the \"Dark Flame Master\".LN 2\nRikka Takanashi (小鳥遊 六花, Takanashi Rikka)\nVoiced by: Maaya Uchida (Japanese); Margaret McDonald[2] (English)\nRikka is Yūta's classmate and neighbor residing above Yūta's apartment. She is an intensely delusional girl who believes herself to possess a \"Wicked Eye\" (邪王真眼, Jaō Shingan, lit. Tyrant's Eye of Truth), and as such always wears a medical patch over her right eye and wrapped bandages around her left arm, though she has no injuries to either. Despite being quite attached to Yūta, she is cautious of strangers and adopts a battle pose whenever she meets someone for the first time. Her fantasy weapon of choice is a frilly parasol which she wields as a sword. For her delusional operations, she often dresses in a mostly-black gothic dress. At school, she wears a uniform with a frilly skirt, long black knee socks, and shoes that sometimes function as roller shoes. She is also rather clumsy, often tripping over and forgetting things.LN 1 The origin of her delusions come from her father's death three years prior, where she was forced to live with her father's family until she moved in with her sister.Ep. 7–8[volume & issue needed] They also come from Yūta himself, when she saw Yūta in his delusional phase at the balcony above Yūta's apartment.[volume & issue needed][clarification needed] They eventually become close and develop feelings for one another and start dating, but Rikka's delusions appear to keep their relationship from progressing.[volume & issue needed] A running gag in the series is that she visits Yūta by climbing down a balcony with a rope.LN 1\nShinka Nibutani (丹生谷 森夏, Nibutani Shinka)\nVoiced by: Chinatsu Akasaki (Japanese); Maggie Flecknoe[2] (English)\nShinka is Yūta's classmate who is one of the most popular girls in the class. She is the class representative and a member of the cheerleading club. She wears a hairclip on her bangs. Although she is generally thought of a kind and gentle girl, Shinka is later revealed to be a former chūnibyō by the name of Morisummer (モリサマー, Morisamā) and had also chosen a different high school from her previous classmates to escape her past.[volume & issue needed] In the anime series, when she learns Sanae is in possession of the Mabinogion, a blog penned by Shinka during her chūnibyō phase, she joins Rikka's school club in order to try and retrieve it, but gives up when she learns that Sanae has kept multiple backup copies.Ep. 4 When out of the public eye, Shinka shows her true nature to be bit more bitter and easily irritable, particularly when dealing with Sanae,Ep. 5 but they eventually care for each otherS1 Ep. 11, OVA and she's genuinely a kind-hearted person who loves and cares about her friends, and she will help them if needed.S1 Ep. 9-12, S2 She later quits the cheerleading club to focus more on making herself popular.Ep. 9\nKumin Tsuyuri (五月七日 くみん, Tsuyuri Kumin)\nVoiced by: Azumi Asakura (Japanese); Emily Neves[2] (English)\nAn anime original character, Kumin is a carefree girl who is a year above Yūta and the others. She loves sleeping and often carrying around a pillow (or many) with her wherever she goes. In one extreme case, she is even shown sleeping in a full futon on school grounds.Ep. 2-3 Having been home-schooled before high school, she is very sheltered and conservative, lending her an old-fashioned ladylike demeanor which Makoto finds attractive.Ep. 7 Her own \"Nap Club\" is integrated into Rikka's social group for lack of members.Ep. 3 She earnestly attempts to understand Rikka and Sanae's delusional fantasies. She has a tendency to sleep-talk. She is also quite fond of cats and often naps curled up like a cat.Ep. 5\nSanae Dekomori (凸守 早苗, Dekomori Sanae)\nVoiced by: Sumire Uesaka (Japanese); Brittney Karbowski[2] (English)\nAn anime original character, Sanae is Rikka's best friend. She is a third-year junior high student who has very long blonde elastic twintails that often prove to be more of a hindrance than a help. Like Rikka, she is extremely delusional and often indulges in fantasy with her.Ep. 3 However, unlike Rikka, she is a superb student who is at the top of her class and has already completed the entire junior-high mathematics curriculum.Ep. 5 She owns several copies of a spell book which is the remaining evidence of Shinka's delusional days. She is often at odds with Shinka, whom she does not believe to be the real Morisummer.Ep. 4 In the Japanese dub, she often ends her sentences with 'desu', emphasizing it to make it sound more like 'death'.Ep. 3 She dislikes milk and dairy products, even though she will attempt to drink it in order to grow taller.Ep. 5-7 She is aware that her delusions are nothing more than delusions.Ep. 11 She comes from a very rich family and tends to behave normally around her classmates.[episode needed] She later promotes to the high school where Yūta and friends are studying.[episode needed]\nMakoto Isshiki (一色 誠, Isshiki Makoto)\nVoiced by: Sōichirō Hoshi (Japanese); Greg Ayres (English)\nMakoto is Yūta's classmate who sits behind him and often analyzes the other girls in the class.LN 1 He joins the Light Music Club so he could be with girls and attract their attention by carrying about his guitar, though he does not seem to have learned how to play it.LN 1 Fond of his thick hair after being forced to wear it short for sports activities for the last three years, he is forced to have his head shaved once more when his notebook containing the \"Cutie Poll\" of the girls in his class is discovered.[volume & issue needed]Ep. 6 In the anime, he develops a crush on Kumin after she becomes fond of petting his buzz cut hair.Ep. 6-7\nKuzuha Togashi (富樫 樟葉, Togashi Kuzuha)\nVoiced by: Kaori Fukuhara (Japanese); Monica Rial[2] (English)\nKuzuha is Yūta's younger sister who is in the first year of junior high school.LN 1 She is mature for her age.[citation needed]\nYumeha Togashi (富樫 夢葉, Togashi Yumeha)\nVoiced by: Mami Shitara (Japanese); Ashley Miller[2] (season 1) (English), Emily Neves (season 2) (English)\nYumeha is Yūta's youngest sister, aged five.[3] She finds Yūta's prior fantasy antics intriguing, often refers to them as \"cool\" and admires or idolizes Rikka.LN 1\nNanase Tsukumo (九十九 七瀬, Tsukumo Nanase)\nVoiced by: Kikuko Inoue (Japanese); Carli Mosier[2] (English)\nYūta and Rikka's homeroom teacher, who is often kind, if sometimes a little sadistic in teasing her students, particularly Rikka. She is called Nana-chan by Yūta and Rikka.LN 1[3]\nSatone Shichimiya (七宮 智音, Shichimiya Satone)\nVoiced by: Juri Nagatsuma (Japanese); Christina Kelly[4] (English)\nSatone was Yūta's junior high school classmate, first appearing in the second light novel and the anime's second season.LN 2[episode needed] She is depicted as having a cheerful, fun-loving personality.Ep. 16 Although she considers Yūta to be her best friend, she ended up transferring schools without saying goodbye during their second junior high school year. She transferred to Shinka Nibutani's junior high school where they became close. She suffers from delusions and calls herself \"Sophia Ring SP Saturn VII\" (ソフィアリング・SP・サターン7世) and addresses Yūta with the nickname \"Yūsha\" (勇者, lit. \"Hero\"). Yūta and Shinka's delusions began with their admiration and mimicry of Satone's behavior. During her time with Yūta in junior high school, she developed feelings for him, but chose to stay as \"Sophia Ring SP Saturn VII\" and the \"Magical Devil Girl\" forever.LN 2[3]\nHideri Amaniji (天虹 旱, Amaniji Hideri)\nHideri is an upperclassman of Rikka and Yūta; she is a main character starting with the third light novel. She heads the Eccentric Drama Club.LN 3, 4\nTōka Takanashi (小鳥遊 十花, Takanashi Tōka)\nVoiced by: Eri Sendai (Japanese); Genevieve Simmons[2] (English)\nAn anime original character, Tōka is Rikka's older sister who supports her by working as a chef at a fine restaurant. She often has to put up with her younger sister's delusional antics, often punishing her by whacking her with a ladle.Ep. 2 She is also seen to be extremely acrobatic and flexible, which she attributes to being a rhythmic gymnast when she herself was in high school.Ep. 9 Rikka depicts her sister as a high priestess of evil and accuses Tōka of restraining her from her quest to reach the \"Invisible Boundary Line\".Ep. 2 In one instance, she was playing house with Yūta's youngest sister Yumeha, but had a negative outlook where they divorced.Ep. 5\nKazari Kannagi (巫部 風鈴, Kannagi Kazari)\nVoiced by: Manami Shirakawa (Japanese); Molly Searcy (English)\nKazari is Yūta's classmate from the novels, and the class idol. She was in second place in Makoto's ranking of the most beautiful girls in his school, although still remains the centre of attention.[episode needed] She had a close relationship with Shinka in junior high school.[volume & issue needed][episode needed]","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"light novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_novel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Light novels","text":"The series began as a light novel series written by Torako, with illustrations by Nozomi Ōsaka. Torako entered the first novel in the series into the first Kyoto Animation Award contest in 2010, and it won an honorable mention in the novel category.[5] Kyoto Animation published four volumes under their KA Esuma Bunko imprint from June 2011 to December 2017.[6][7][8]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Love,_Chunibyo_%26_Other_Delusions_episodes"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Tatsuya Ishihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsuya_Ishihara"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Animation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"original net animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_net_animation"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN-OVA-news-11"},{"link_name":"BD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"original video animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_video_animation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN-OVA-news-11"},{"link_name":"Sentai Filmworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentai_Filmworks"},{"link_name":"Anime Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_Network"},{"link_name":"Hidive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidive"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Animax Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animax_Asia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEA-18"},{"link_name":"Zaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaq"},{"link_name":"Maaya Uchida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maaya_Uchida"},{"link_name":"Chinatsu Akasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatsu_Akasaki"},{"link_name":"Azumi Asakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azumi_Asakura"},{"link_name":"Sumire Uesaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumire_Uesaka"},{"link_name":"Miagete Goran Yoru no Hoshi o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miagete_Goran_Yoru_no_Hoshi_o"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Crunchyroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Madman Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madman_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-australia-1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Animax Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animax_Asia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Animatsu Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animatsu_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! Take on Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_Chunibyo_%26_Other_Delusions!_Take_on_Me"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Television"},{"link_name":"Funimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funimation"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Anime","text":"See also: List of Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions episodesA 12-episode anime television series adaptation, directed by Tatsuya Ishihara and produced by Kyoto Animation, aired in Japan between October 4 and December 19, 2012.[9] Starting before the TV series' airing, a series of six original net animation shorts titled Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions Lite were streamed weekly on YouTube between September 27 and November 1, 2012.[10][11] The television series were released on six BD/DVD compilation volumes between December 19, 2012, and May 15, 2013.[12][13] The volumes also contained bonus shorts titled Depth of Field: Ai to Nikushimi Gekijō (Depth of Field ～ 愛と憎しみ劇場, Depth of Field: Love and Hate Theater).[14] A seventh volume, containing an original video animation episode, another Depth of Field short and the Lite shorts, was released on June 19, 2013.[11] The series has been licensed in North America by Sentai Filmworks and was streamed on Anime Network and currently airs on Hidive.[15][16] Sentai Filmworks released the series on subtitled DVD in North America on May 27, 2014, followed by an English dubbed release on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on February 24, 2015.[17] In Southeast Asia, it was broadcast through Animax Asia and premiered on June 2, 2014.[18]The opening theme is \"Sparkling Daydream\" by Zaq, and the ending theme is \"Inside Identity\" by Black Raison d'être (Maaya Uchida, Chinatsu Akasaki, Azumi Asakura and Sumire Uesaka). There are also three insert songs: \"Hajimari no Tane\" (始まりの種, The Seed of Start) by Zaq in episode eight, \"Kimi no Tonari ni\" (君のとなりに, Next to You) by Zaq in episode ten and \"Miagete Goran Yoru no Hoshi o\" (見上げてごらん夜の星を, Look Up at the Stars in the Night) by Maaya Uchida in episode ten. The single for \"Sparkling Daydream\" was released on October 24, 2012 and the single for \"Inside Identity\" on November 21, 2012.[19] For the Lite episodes, the opening theme is \"Kimi e\" (君へ, To You) and the ending theme is \"Shikkoku ni Odoru Haōbushi\" (漆黒に躍る弧濁覇王節, The Melody of Conqueror Dancing in Jet Black); both are sung by Zaq.[20]An anime film titled Takanashi Rikka Kai: Gekijō-ban Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! (小鳥遊六花・改 ～劇場版 中二病でも恋がしたい!～, \"Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions the Movie: Rikka Takanashi Revision\"), which retells the events of the first anime season from Rikka's perspective, was released in Japanese theaters on September 14, 2013, and was later released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on February 19, 2014.[21] Sentai Filmworks has licensed the film in North America.[22]A second anime television season, titled Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions -Heart Throb- (中二病でも恋がしたい！戀, Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! Ren), aired in Japan from January 8 to March 26, 2014, and was simulcast by Crunchyroll.[23][24] Madman Entertainment started streaming the series on January 7, 2014 on Madman's Screening Room in Australia and New Zealand.[1] The opening theme is \"Voice\" by Zaq and the ending theme is \"Van!shment Th!s World\" by Black Raison d'être. The first of a second series of Lite episodes was released on YouTube on December 26, 2013.[25] The ending theme for the Lite episodes is \"Shin'en ni Mau Senritsu Shanikusai\" (深淵に舞う戦慄謝肉祭, A Hair-Raising Carnival Dancing in the Abyss) by Zaq. Animax Asia and Animax UK added the second season in early 2014.[26][27] The second season has also been licensed by Sentai Filmworks, under the title Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions -Heart Throb-.[28] Sentai Filmworks released the second season on August 25, 2015.[29] A Blu-ray set featuring the dubbed and subbed versions of both seasons was released on November 7, 2017.[30] The second season has been licensed by Animatsu Entertainment in the United Kingdom.[31]A second anime film, titled Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! Take on Me (映画 中二病でも恋がしたい! -Take on Me-, Eiga Chūnibyō demo Koi ga Shitai! Take on Me), continuing from the second season of the anime, premiered on January 6, 2018, as the finale of the series. The staff and cast from the original anime series returned to reprise their respective roles in the second film.[32]Following the acquisition of Crunchyroll by Sony Pictures Television, the parent company of Funimation in 2021, Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions!, among several Sentai titles, was dropped from the service on March 31, 2022.[33]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_LN"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Chapter"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Episode"}],"text":"^ \"LN\" is shortened form for light novel and refers to a volume number of the Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions light novels.\n^ \"Ch.\" and \"Vol.\" is shortened form for chapter and volume, and refers to a chapter or volume number of the Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions manga.\n^ \"Ep.\" and \"S\" is shortened form for episode and season, and refers to an episode number of the Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions anime television series.","title":"Works cited"}]
[{"image_text":"The former Kyu Kaikage Elementary School in Hino, Shiga, used as a model for Icho Private High School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Old_Kaigake_Elementary_School_ac_%281%29.jpg/220px-Old_Kaigake_Elementary_School_ac_%281%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! REN now streaming in Australia\". Anime News Network. January 13, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-01-13/love-chunibyo-and-other-delusions-ren-now-streaming-in-australia","url_text":"\"Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! REN now streaming in Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! English Dub Cast List\". Sentai Filmworks (Press release). January 27, 2015. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402174637/http://www.sentai-filmworks.com/news/official-love-chunibyo-other-delusions-english-dub-cast-list","url_text":"\"Official Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! English Dub Cast List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentai_Filmworks","url_text":"Sentai Filmworks"},{"url":"http://www.sentai-filmworks.com/news/official-love-chunibyo-other-delusions-english-dub-cast-list","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"トップページ\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kyotoanimation.co.jp/books/chuunibyo/character/","url_text":"\"トップページ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! -Heart Throb- English Cast List\". Sentai Filmworks. July 24, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sentaifilmworks.com/news/official-love-chunibyo-other-delusions-heart-throb-english-cast-list","url_text":"\"Official Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! -Heart Throb- English Cast List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentai_Filmworks","url_text":"Sentai Filmworks"}]},{"reference":"\"No Grand Prizes Given for 1st Kyoto Animation Award\". Anime News Network. April 22, 2010. Retrieved August 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-04-22/no-grand-prizes-given-for-1st-kyoto-animation-award","url_text":"\"No Grand Prizes Given for 1st Kyoto Animation Award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Books | 『中二病でも恋がしたい!』公式サイト\" [Books | Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! Official Website] (in Japanese). Kyoto Animation. Retrieved April 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kyotoanimation.co.jp/books/chuunibyo/books/","url_text":"\"Books | 『中二病でも恋がしたい!』公式サイト\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Animation","url_text":"Kyoto Animation"}]},{"reference":"『中二病でも恋がしたい!』『夕焼け灯台の秘密』の販売に関するお知らせ [News Regarding the Sale of Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! and Yūyake Tōdai no Himitsu] (in Japanese). Kyoto Animation. June 1, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kyotoanimation.co.jp/information/?id=126","url_text":"『中二病でも恋がしたい!』『夕焼け灯台の秘密』の販売に関するお知らせ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Animation","url_text":"Kyoto Animation"}]},{"reference":"\"Books | 『中二病でも恋がしたい!』公式サイト\" [Books | Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! Official Website] (in Japanese). Kyoto Animation. Retrieved December 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kyotoanimation.co.jp/books/chuunibyo/books/","url_text":"\"Books | 『中二病でも恋がしたい!』公式サイト\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Animation","url_text":"Kyoto Animation"}]},{"reference":"\"Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! Slated for October 3\". Anime News Network. September 1, 2012. Retrieved September 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-09-01/chunibyo-demo-koi-ga-shitai-slated-for-october-3","url_text":"\"Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! Slated for October 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"KyoAni Streams Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! 'Lite' #1\". Anime News Network. September 27, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-09-27/kyoani-streams-chunibyo-demo-koi-ga-shitai-lite-no.1","url_text":"\"KyoAni Streams Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! 'Lite' #1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"7th Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! BD/DVD Adds Unaired Anime\". Anime News Network. November 1, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-11-01/7th-chunibyo-demo-koi-ga-shitai-bd-adds-unaired-anime","url_text":"\"7th Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitr%C3%A9,_Ille-et-Vilaine
Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine
["1 Geography","1.1 Situation","1.2 Climate","2 Population","3 Language","4 History","4.1 Early settlement","4.2 Middle Ages","4.3 Renaissance","4.4 The 19th and 20th centuries","5 Sights","5.1 Castles","5.2 Religious heritage","5.3 Other sights","6 Personalities","7 Events","8 Transportation","9 Twin towns – sister cities","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
Coordinates: 48°07′27″N 1°12′29″W / 48.1242°N 1.2081°W / 48.1242; -1.2081 Commune in Brittany, FranceVitré Vitræ (Gallo) Gwitreg (Breton)CommuneA general view of Vitré FlagCoat of armsLocation of Vitré VitréShow map of FranceVitréShow map of BrittanyCoordinates: 48°07′27″N 1°12′29″W / 48.1242°N 1.2081°W / 48.1242; -1.2081CountryFranceRegionBrittanyDepartmentIlle-et-VilaineArrondissementFougères-VitréCantonVitréIntercommunalityCA Vitré CommunautéGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Isabelle Le Callennec (LR)Area137.03 km2 (14.30 sq mi)Population (2021)18,998 • Density510/km2 (1,300/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code35360 /35500Elevation56–127 m (184–417 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Vitré (French pronunciation: ⓘ; Gallo: Vitræ, Breton: Gwitreg) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France. Vitré, a sub-prefecture until 1926, is the seat of a canton. It has 18,603 inhabitants (2020). It lies on the edge of Brittany, near Normandy, Maine, and Anjou. The town has been designated a ville d'art et d'histoire, a town of artistic and historic significance, by the Ministry of Culture in recognition of its rich cultural inheritance. Vitré is the 37th French city with the most historic buildings and has 14% of the historical monuments of the department. "If I was not King of France, I want to be bourgeois from Vitré!" Henry IV, King of France, surprised by the richness of the city in 1598. "The good fortune to see a Gothic city entire, complete, homogeneous, a few of which still remain, Nuremberg in Bavaria and Vittoria in Spain, can readily form an idea; or even smaller specimens, provided that they are well preserved, Vitré in Brittany, Nordhausen in Prussia." Victor Hugo in The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Book third, Chapter 2, A bird's eye view of Paris, 1831 Geography Situation The city is located on the slopes of the Vilaine river, along an east–west geographic depression which the national railway on the Paris-Rennes route follows. Vitré commune is home to around 18,600 inhabitants, and is the centre of a functional area with 54,000 inhabitants. The land area of Vitré: 37.19 km2 (14.36 sq mi). The average altitude of Vitré is approximately 89 m. The highest point, 127 m, is found in the "Ménardières" zone, at Pierre and Marie Curie Street. The lowest point, 67 m, is close to the firm S.V.A.'s location under the viaduct of the ring-road. Since 1 October 2010, Vitré has withdrawn from the arrondissement of Rennes and joined the arrondissement of Fougères-Vitré. Climate Vitré has an oceanic climate slightly degraded (type Cfb according to Koppen Classification). The city is located in climate zone Breton "South East", which includes the portion south and east of the Vilaine. The winters are wet and mild on average, but occasionally, the annual minimum temperature can be largely negative with some severe frosts. The days without thawing remain infrequent. The summers are relatively dry, moderately warm and sunny. The annual maximum temperatures exceed several times a year over 30 °C and few years when this threshold is not reached. The city has about 1,750 hours of sunshine each year (nearly 2,000 hours in 2003 and 2010). It is located in a region with relatively high relief, well exposed to winds from SW, consequently more humid with annual rainfall heights between 800 and 1000 mm (≈ 900 mm in 2001 and 2002, between 600 and 800 mm between 2003 and 2006). At temperatures, it is little differentiated from Rennes basin in the valleys of about 12.5 °C. It becomes rather on the hills with an average annual temperature lowered to 10 °C and a certain rigor in winter with high wind exposure. On average, there are 130 rainy days per year, 70 days of fog, 15 stormy days, 9 days and 6 days of snow and hail. Some continentality that the amplitude of temperature is greater than on the west coast of Brittany, with greater extremes (- 15 °C on 19 January 1985 and 39.5 °C on 5 August 2003 ). Summer thunderstorms can be very violent as that of 16 July 2003 where 76 mm of water per square meter were found, which caused flooding and significant damage due to hail and gusty winds. For the most part, these storms from the south of Brittany and in particular the Loire-Atlantique and took charge of Vitre. In the past, notorious storms have devastated parts of the city with the storm Lothar on 26 December 1999 or when the storm 15 October 1987 where a cow had the same flight. Climate data for Rennes (1961-2000) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8(46) 9.1(48.4) 11.8(53.2) 14.3(57.7) 17.8(64.0) 21.2(70.2) 23.7(74.7) 23.2(73.8) 21.1(70.0) 16.7(62.1) 11.5(52.7) 8.7(47.7) 15.6(60.1) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.1(35.8) 2.4(36.3) 3.5(38.3) 5.3(41.5) 8.2(46.8) 11.1(52.0) 13(55) 12.8(55.0) 11.1(52.0) 8.3(46.9) 4.8(40.6) 3(37) 7.1(44.8) Average precipitation mm (inches) 61.5(2.42) 51.6(2.03) 49.5(1.95) 44.3(1.74) 58.1(2.29) 45.4(1.79) 43.5(1.71) 46.7(1.84) 55.9(2.20) 65.5(2.58) 67.6(2.66) 68.4(2.69) 657.9(25.90) Mean monthly sunshine hours 67.8 81.3 131.2 162.4 182.6 222.0 214.6 204.1 185.4 111.8 88.9 74.0 1,726.1 Source: Météo France Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.176214,000—    1793 10,790−0.84%1800 8,809−2.86%1806 8,381−0.83%1821 8,844+0.36%1831 8,856+0.01%1836 8,901+0.10%1841 8,610−0.66%1846 8,621+0.03%1851 8,800+0.41%1856 8,854+0.12%1861 8,904+0.11%1866 8,937+0.07%1872 8,937+0.00%1876 9,870+2.51%1881 10,314+0.88%1886 10,447+0.26%1891 10,607+0.30%1896 10,584−0.04%YearPop.±% p.a.1901 10,775+0.36%1906 10,092−1.30%1911 10,613+1.01%1921 8,154−2.60%1926 8,363+0.51%1931 8,212−0.36%1936 8,506+0.71%1946 9,367+0.97%1954 9,611+0.32%1962 10,380+0.97%1968 11,343+1.49%1975 12,318+1.18%1982 13,042+0.82%1990 14,486+1.32%1999 15,313+0.62%2007 16,691+1.08%2012 17,177+0.58%2017 18,037+0.98%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) At the end of the 14th century the city had between 4–5,000 inhabitants, at a time when Rennes and Nantes had some around 13–14,000. in 1560, Vitré's population is estimated by Arthur de Borderie at 7,800 inhabitants, matching that of the towns of Vannes and Quimper. At the time of the birth of Madame de Sévigné, about 1620, the city counted 10,000 inhabitants. The population reached 14,000 inhabitants in 1762. This population was contained within the medieval boundaries of the city, which was a third the size of the modern Vitré. In the 18th century, Vitré was the 5th most important city in Brittany after Nantes, Rennes, Brest and Lorient. In 1789, on the eve of the French Revolution, Vitré's population reached 10,850 inhabitants. In the post-revolution period there was a significant drop in population, to 8,904 inhabitants by 1861. By 1911 a moderate increase brought the figure to 10,613. The First World War and its subsequent economic trials would reduce the population to 8,506. By 1999 the population again had reached 18th century levels, with 15,313 inhabitants and 17,798 in 2015 (+1,1% per annum). The canton of Vitré counted 39,115 inhabitants in 2015 on 382 km2 (102 inhabitants/km2). The greater Vitré-Community counts 80,000 inhabitants on 868 km2. Inhabitants of Vitré are called Vitréens and vitréennes. Language The local dialect in Vitré is Gallo, spoken by some in Upper Brittany. In 2016, 3.9% of children attended bilingual schools in primary education. History The castle of Vitré overlooks the valley of the Vilaine, and the northern quarters of Vitré with the medieval suburb of Rachapt Early settlement Château de Vitré, Place St-Yves The site of Vitré was occupied in Gallo-Roman times. The name Vitré comes from the Gallo-Roman name "Victor" or "Victrix", after the owner of a farm in the region. The year 1000 marked the formal birth of Vitré, when the duke of Brittany Geoffrey I bestowed feudal powers upon Riwallon Le Vicaire, who was charged with keeping this strategic area as a buffer zone known as the "Marches of Brittany". A parallel can be drawn with the "Welsh Marches". A small wooden motte-and-bailey castle, on a feudal mound, was built on the Sainte-Croix hill. The castle was burned down on several occasions, and eventually was bequeathed to the Benedictine monks of Marmoutiers. A stone castle was built in 1070 by Robert Ier on the current site, on a rocky outcrop dominating the Vilaine's river valley. Certain parts of the original stone castle are still visible today. In the 13th century, the castle was enlarged and equipped with robust towers and curtain walls. The castle integrated into the triangular outcrop of rock on which it was built a structure in the style of the castles of Philip II August. Late in the century, in 1295, the town passed to Guy IX de Laval, on his marriage with the heiress, and afterwards successively belonged to the families of Rieux, Coligny and La Trémoille. During this period, the "Vieil Bourg" including the church of Nôtre-Dame, developed on the eastern side of Vitré. The city was encircled by fortified ramparts and ditches. It was at this time that the "walled city" took its current form. The Baron directed the construction of the "privileged boroughs" around the walled city. These boroughs defined the linear layout of the streets of Vitré's present neighborhoods. Since the 13th century, Vitré has joined together all of the elements of the traditional medieval city: a fortified castle, religious buildings, churches, colleges, and suburbs. Middle Ages Notre-Dame Church In the 15th century, the castle was modified to keep up with developments in artillery design. It was decommissioned from a military post to become a comfortable residence for Jeanne of Laval-Châtillon and her son Anne de Montmorency. At the same time, many half-timbered houses and private mansions were built inside the city. These medieval districts are characterized by their sturdy frame construction and their sinuous and dark streets, as well as by a network of lanes. From a defense perspective, these narrow streets were a confusing obstacle to taking the city. The frontages of the houses are made either of half-timbering or stone. The corbellings (projection of the higher floors over the street) helped save space. They shielded pedestrians from bad weather, and they channeled rainwater into the central gutters, helping preserve the wooden facades. In 1488, during the French invasion of Brittany, Vitré was seized by Charles VIII. The names of Vitré's streets often originated from the trade guilds in the area: for example, "Baudrairie Street" was a gathering-place for "baudroyors" (leatherworkers), and there is also a "Street of Pottery". The historical center of the city is the Place du Marchix or Market Square near the Convent of the Benedictines. The current Place of the Castle was the forecourt of the castle. The Place de Notre-Dame formerly hosted a "Market of Fabrics." Vitré, a prosperous city since the 15th century, had a brotherhood for promoting the international trade of textiles, founded in 1472. Renaissance Vitré's economy flourished during the Renaissance as much as any city in the Duchy of Brittany. Its peak came in the 16th century when the "Confrérie des Marchands d'Outre-Mer" - merchant venturers - sold the hemp produced locally throughout Europe. The merchants built large private mansions with ornate Renaissance decorations that are still visible today with the city walls. Henry IV passed through Vitré in 1598. He was struck by the opulence of the town and exclaimed: "If I were not King of France, I would be a burgher of Vitré! ". During the French Wars of Religion, at the end of the 16th century, the Protestant city was besieged for five months by the troops of the League under the command of the duke of Mercœur, governor of Brittany. The siege was unsuccessful and the city remained one of the few bastions to resist the Leaguers in western France. At the beginning of the 17th century, the family of Laval, who were barons of Vitré, petered out with the death of Guy XX in Hungary. The new lords from the family of La Trémoïlle soon deserted the town for the Court of Versailles. Over this period, the city lost much of its vitality, becoming a town of secondary importance. With 14,000 inhabitants in 1762, one of the largest cities of Brittany, Vitré begins are slow demographic decline until the interwar period with a population of 8,212 people in 1931. This situation lasted through 18th century and until the arrival of the railroad in the middle of the 19th century. In addition, the end of the 18th century was marked by the Chouannerie, the French Revolution and the beginning of a new and important period for the city, its role as a sub-prefecture. The 19th and 20th centuries Castle Rochers-Sevigné Au Carillon, 24 rue Duguesclin, jewelry and watchmaking store in Vitré founded by Marie Lognoné (1897-1984) Théophile Joseph Lognoné (1869-1920), watchmaker jeweler To prepare for the arrival of the railroads, the city decided to destroy the southern fortifications of the city to open up the closed city and to improve visibility. The Door "d'En-Haut" (1835), "Gâtesel" (1839) and "d'En-Bas" were destroyed to make way for developments in the south of the closed city. Vitré has been a railway hub since the first lines were opened on 15 April 1857 on the Paris-Brest line. The construction of the station was carried out in 1855 in the form of a small neo-gothic manor house in the downtown area, just south of the closed city. The arrival of the barracks in 1874 with the military and their families accounted for up to 2,000 people, which has grown the population of Vitré as much. The city was literally cut in two by this important railway influence. However, in spite of these industrial developments, the city developed little and remained a small market town within an agricultural area. Moreover, it lost its statute of sub-prefecture in 1926. Vitré did not suffer massive destruction during the two World Wars, and preserved its historical inheritance, with the exception of Fougères, which underwent a terrible bombardment in June 1944, destroying a good part of it. In the aftermath of the Second World War, Vitré experienced an economic boom along with the rest of France. Watchmaking and jewelry established a lasting presence in Vitré, with the continued development of the establishment, Au Carillon, a jewelry-watchmaking store in operation until 1959, founded by Marie Lognoné (1897-1984) and her husband Charles Cadeau who had once obtained the right to enter as an apprentice with his father Théophile Joseph Lognoné whose meticulous work he loved. From 1950 on, Vitré grew extensively. During "the thirty glorious years", Vitré experienced massive rural migration, like many other towns of France. This migration triggered new building developments, including modern six-story buildings in the "Maison Rouge" district. The city has considerably developed and extended with industrial areas and suburbs. The population of Vitré expanded from 8,212 inhabitants in 1931 to around 19,000 in 2018, a population multiplied by two. Inner-city areas are protected to conserve the town's rich heritage of art and architecture. In 1999, Vitré obtained the label "Town of Art and History" because of its rich cultural inheritance. The town's monuments attract many tourists each year. Sights The heritage of the town of Vitré is a tremendous wealth. This is one of the cities of Brittany that has best preserved its original appearance with its houses with porch or timber-framed (the third city after of Rennes and Vannes in Brittany), its ramparts, its religious heritage, old streets, etc. Vitré is a perfect example of a town of 500 years ago. Plan of fortifications (red is demolished) Castles Château de Vitré (11th-20th century) Intramuros Fortifications of Vitré at north and east of intramuros (Tour des Claviers, Tour de la Bridole, Gates tower of Embas, Postern St. Pierre) Rochers-Sévigné Castle Château-Marie (17th century) Hôtel Ringues de la Troussanais (Renaissance) Medieval streets (Beaudrairie, Poterie, d'Embas, etc.) and places (Marchix, Station, Château, Notre-Dame, etc.) Religious heritage Old barracks of 70e régiment d'infanterie Saint-Nicolas Chapel (near Castle of Vitré) Notre-Dame Church (14th century) gothic Tower of the ancient Saint-Martin's Church (15th century) Saint-Martin Church (19th century) Sainte-Croix Church (17th-19th century) Protestant Church Convent of Bénédictins (Tribunal) Convent of Augustins (17th century) Chapels, calvaries situated in the city and countryside Other sights Menhir "La Pierre Blanche" (Beauvais Road to Pocé-les-Bois) Hôtel Sévigné-Nétumières (18th Century) The Station (19th century) Old barracks of 70e régiment d'infanterie The Grand Park Castle of Vitré by night Personalities The following personalities are associated with Vitré: François Dollier de Casson second founder of Montreal Pierre Landais, Breton politician (15th century) Jacques Collebaut, composer fr:Tancrède Abraham, painter fr:Édouard Frain de la Gaulayrie, curator of Vitré and historian, born in Rennes, died in Vitré Bertrand d'Argentré, historian of Brittany Jacquet of Mantua or Jacques Colebault, Renaissance composer Pierre-Olivier Malherbe, European explorer Claude-Étienne Savary, translator of the Koran Arthur Le Moyne de La Borderie, historian of Brittany Auguste Pavie et Charles Rabot, explorers, the first: Laos and Cambodia, the second: Kola and Svalbard Morvan Marchal, Breton nationalist, creator of the modern flag of Brittany René Alexandre Pierre Méhaignerie, deputy-mayor of Vitré, former minister and European deputy The 18th-century mathematician and contributor to the Encyclopédie Jean-Joseph Rallier des Ourmes (1701–1771) died in Vitré Events Monsters of Death, 28 September 1991 Vitre Jazz Festival, March 2006 Transportation Located east of Brittany, the city of Vitré is crossed by the expressway which prolongs motorway A 11, while the motorway of the Estuaries. As in the whole of the Ille-et-Vilaine département, the communes of the country of Vitré are accessible by these expressways. Vitré is unusual in that urban transportation is zero-fare for all routes. Vitré station has rail connections to Rennes, Laval, Nantes and Paris. Twin towns – sister cities See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France Vitré is twinned with: Helmstedt, Germany (1979) Lymington, United Kingdom (1981) Terrebonne, Canada (1983) Djenné, Mali (1987) Villajoyosa, Spain (1989) Greece, United States (1990) Środa Wielkopolska, Poland (1994) Tălmaciu, Romania (1999) See also Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 6 June 2023. ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ [https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-169+COM-35360 Comparateur de territoires], INSEE, October 2023. ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Vitré, EHESS (in French). ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE ^ (in French) Ofis ar Brezhoneg: Office Public de la Langue Bretonne ^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Vitré". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 149. ^ Malcolm Walsby, The Counts of Laval: Culture, Patronage and Religion in Fifteenth and Sixteenth-Century France (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2007) ^ "Les Villes Jumelles de Vitré". jumelage-vitre.com (in French). Vitré. Retrieved 10 April 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vitré (Ille-et-Vilaine). Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Vitré. Town Hall and informations to Vitré Tourists news of Vitré Country of Vitré news of Vitré Golf des Rochers Vitré Base Mérimée: Search for heritage in the commune, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) vteCommunes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department Acigné Amanlis Andouillé-Neuville Arbrissel Argentré-du-Plessis Aubigné Availles-sur-Seiche Baguer-Morvan Baguer-Pican Bain-de-Bretagne Bains-sur-Oust Bais Balazé Baulon La Baussaine La Bazouge-du-Désert Bazouges-la-Pérouse Beaucé Bécherel Bédée Betton Billé Bléruais Boisgervilly Boistrudan Bonnemain La Bosse-de-Bretagne La Bouëxière Bourgbarré Bourg-des-Comptes La Boussac Bovel Bréal-sous-Montfort Bréal-sous-Vitré Brécé Breteil Brie Brielles Broualan Bruc-sur-Aff Les Brulais Bruz Cancale Cardroc Cesson-Sévigné Champeaux Chanteloup Chantepie La Chapelle-aux-Filtzméens La Chapelle-Bouëxic La Chapelle-Chaussée La Chapelle-de-Brain La Chapelle-des-Fougeretz La Chapelle-du-Lou-du-Lac La Chapelle-Erbrée La Chapelle-Fleurigné La Chapelle-Saint-Aubert La Chapelle-Thouarault Chartres-de-Bretagne Chasné-sur-Illet Châteaubourg Châteaugiron Châteauneuf-d'Ille-et-Vilaine Le Châtellier Châtillon-en-Vendelais Chauvigné Chavagne Chelun Cherrueix Chevaigné Cintré Clayes Coësmes Comblessac Combourg Combourtillé Cornillé Corps-Nuds La Couyère Crevin Le Crouais Cuguen Dinard Dingé Dol-de-Bretagne Domagné Domalain La Dominelais Domloup Dourdain Drouges Eancé Epiniac Erbrée Ercé-en-Lamée Ercé-près-Liffré Essé Étrelles Feins Le Ferré Forges-la-Forêt Fougèressubpr La Fresnais Gaël Gahard Gennes-sur-Seiche Gévezé Gosné La Gouesnière Goven Grand-Fougeray La Guerche-de-Bretagne Guichen Guignen Guipel Guipry-Messac Hédé-Bazouges L'Hermitage Hirel Iffendic Les Iffs Irodouër Janzé Javené Laignelet Laillé Lalleu Landavran Landéan Landujan Langan Langon Langouet Lanrigan Lassy Lécousse Lieuron Liffré Lillemer Livré-sur-Changeon Lohéac Longaulnay Le Loroux Lourmais Loutehel Louvigné-de-Bais Louvigné-du-Désert Luitré-Dompierre Maen Roch Marcillé-Raoul Marcillé-Robert Marpiré Martigné-Ferchaud Maxent Mecé Médréac Meillac Melesse Mellé Mernel Mesnil-Roc'h La Mézière Mézières-sur-Couesnon Miniac-Morvan Miniac-sous-Bécherel Le Minihic-sur-Rance Mondevert Montauban-de-Bretagne Montautour Mont-Dol Monterfil Montfort-sur-Meu Montgermont Monthault Montreuil-des-Landes Montreuil-le-Gast Montreuil-sous-Pérouse Montreuil-sur-Ille Mordelles Mouazé Moulins Moussé Moutiers Muel La Noë-Blanche La Nouaye Nouvoitou Noyal-Châtillon-sur-Seiche Noyal-sous-Bazouges Noyal-sur-Vilaine Orgères Pacé Paimpont Pancé Parcé Parigné Parthenay-de-Bretagne Le Pertre Le Petit-Fougeray Pipriac Piré-Chancé Pléchâtel Pleine-Fougères Plélan-le-Grand Plerguer Plesder Pleugueneuc Pleumeleuc Pleurtuit Pocé-les-Bois Poilley Poligné Pont-Péan Les Portes du Coglais Princé Québriac Quédillac Rannée Redonsubpr Renac Rennespref Retiers Le Rheu La Richardais Rimou Rives-du-Couesnon Romagné Romazy Romillé Roz-Landrieux Roz-sur-Couesnon Sains Saint-Armel Saint-Aubin-d'Aubigné Saint-Aubin-des-Landes Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier Saint-Benoît-des-Ondes Saint-Briac-sur-Mer Saint-Brieuc-des-Iffs Saint-Broladre Saint-Christophe-des-Bois Saint-Christophe-de-Valains Saint-Coulomb Saint-Didier Saint-Domineuc Sainte-Anne-sur-Vilaine Sainte-Colombe Sainte-Marie Saint-Erblon Saint-Ganton Saint-Georges-de-Gréhaigne Saint-Georges-de-Reintembault Saint-Germain-du-Pinel Saint-Germain-en-Coglès Saint-Germain-sur-Ille Saint-Gilles Saint-Gondran Saint-Gonlay Saint-Grégoire Saint-Guinoux Saint-Hilaire-des-Landes Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande Saint-Jean-sur-Vilaine Saint-Jouan-des-Guérets Saint-Just Saint-Léger-des-Prés Saint-Lunaire Saint-Malosubpr Saint-Malo-de-Phily Saint-Malon-sur-Mel Saint-Marcan Saint-Marc-le-Blanc Saint-Maugan Saint-Médard-sur-Ille Saint-Méen-le-Grand Saint-Méloir-des-Ondes Saint-M'Hervé Saint-Onen-la-Chapelle Saint-Ouen-des-Alleux Saint-Péran Saint-Père-Marc-en-Poulet Saint-Pern Saint-Rémy-du-Plain Saint-Sauveur-des-Landes Saint-Séglin Saint-Senoux Saint-Suliac Saint-Sulpice-des-Landes Saint-Sulpice-la-Forêt Saint-Symphorien Saint-Thual Saint-Thurial Saint-Uniac Saulnières Le Sel-de-Bretagne La Selle-en-Luitré La Selle-Guerchaise Sens-de-Bretagne Servon-sur-Vilaine Sixt-sur-Aff Sougeal Taillis Talensac Teillay Le Theil-de-Bretagne Thorigné-Fouillard Thourie Le Tiercent Tinténiac Torcé Trans-la-Forêt Treffendel Trémeheuc Tresbœuf Trévérien Trimer Le Tronchet Val-Couesnon Val d'Anast Val-d'Izé Vergéal Le Verger Vern-sur-Seiche Vezin-le-Coquet Vieux-Viel Vieux-Vy-sur-Couesnon Vignoc Villamée La Ville-ès-Nonais Visseiche Vitré Le Vivier-sur-Mer pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[vitʁe]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-VictorDtmtc-vitr%C3%A9.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-VictorDtmtc-vitr%C3%A9.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-VictorDtmtc-vitr%C3%A9.wav"},{"link_name":"Gallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo_language"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Ille-et-Vilaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)"},{"link_name":"sub-prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subprefectures_in_France"},{"link_name":"canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Vitr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_(province_of_France)"},{"link_name":"Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Culture_(France)"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"The Hunchback of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame"}],"text":"Commune in Brittany, FranceVitré (French pronunciation: [vitʁe] ⓘ; Gallo: Vitræ, Breton: Gwitreg) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.Vitré, a sub-prefecture until 1926, is the seat of a canton. It has 18,603 inhabitants (2020). It lies on the edge of Brittany, near Normandy, Maine, and Anjou. The town has been designated a ville d'art et d'histoire, a town of artistic and historic significance, by the Ministry of Culture in recognition of its rich cultural inheritance. Vitré is the 37th French city with the most historic buildings and has 14% of the historical monuments of the department.\"If I was not King of France, I want to be bourgeois from Vitré!\" Henry IV, King of France, surprised by the richness of the city in 1598.\"The good fortune to see a Gothic city entire, complete, homogeneous, a few of which still remain, Nuremberg in Bavaria and Vittoria in Spain, can readily form an idea; or even smaller specimens, provided that they are well preserved, Vitré in Brittany, Nordhausen in Prussia.\" Victor Hugo in The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Book third, Chapter 2, A bird's eye view of Paris, 1831","title":"Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vilaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilaine"},{"link_name":"functional area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_area_(France)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Situation","text":"The city is located on the slopes of the Vilaine river, along an east–west geographic depression which the national railway on the Paris-Rennes route follows.Vitré commune is home to around 18,600 inhabitants, and is the centre of a functional area with 54,000 inhabitants.[3]The land area of Vitré: 37.19 km2 (14.36 sq mi). The average altitude of Vitré is approximately 89 m. The highest point, 127 m, is found in the \"Ménardières\" zone, at Pierre and Marie Curie Street. The lowest point, 67 m, is close to the firm S.V.A.'s location under the viaduct of the ring-road.Since 1 October 2010, Vitré has withdrawn from the arrondissement of Rennes and joined the arrondissement of Fougères-Vitré.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"Météo France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//france.meteofrance.com"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Vitré has an oceanic climate slightly degraded (type Cfb according to Koppen Classification). The city is located in climate zone Breton \"South East\", which includes the portion south and east of the Vilaine.The winters are wet and mild on average, but occasionally, the annual minimum temperature can be largely negative with some severe frosts.The days without thawing remain infrequent. The summers are relatively dry, moderately warm and sunny.The annual maximum temperatures exceed several times a year over 30 °C and few years when this threshold is not reached.The city has about 1,750 hours of sunshine each year (nearly 2,000 hours in 2003 and 2010). It is located in a region with relatively high relief, well exposed to winds from SW, consequently more humid with annual rainfall heights between 800 and 1000 mm (≈ 900 mm in 2001 and 2002, between 600 and 800 mm between 2003 and 2006).At temperatures, it is little differentiated from Rennes basin in the valleys of about 12.5 °C. It becomes rather on the hills with an average annual temperature lowered to 10 °C and a certain rigor in winter with high wind exposure. On average, there are 130 rainy days per year, 70 days of fog, 15 stormy days, 9 days and 6 days of snow and hail.Some continentality that the amplitude of temperature is greater than on the west coast of Brittany, with greater extremes (- 15 °C on 19 January 1985 and 39.5 °C on 5 August 2003 ).Summer thunderstorms can be very violent as that of 16 July 2003 where 76 mm of water per square meter were found, which caused flooding and significant damage due to hail and gusty winds.For the most part, these storms from the south of Brittany and in particular the Loire-Atlantique and took charge of Vitre. In the past, notorious storms have devastated parts of the city with the storm Lothar on 26 December 1999 or when the storm 15 October 1987 where a cow had the same flight.[clarification needed]Climate data for Rennes (1961-2000)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n8(46)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n14.3(57.7)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n23.7(74.7)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n11.5(52.7)\n\n8.7(47.7)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n2.1(35.8)\n\n2.4(36.3)\n\n3.5(38.3)\n\n5.3(41.5)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n13(55)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n4.8(40.6)\n\n3(37)\n\n7.1(44.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n61.5(2.42)\n\n51.6(2.03)\n\n49.5(1.95)\n\n44.3(1.74)\n\n58.1(2.29)\n\n45.4(1.79)\n\n43.5(1.71)\n\n46.7(1.84)\n\n55.9(2.20)\n\n65.5(2.58)\n\n67.6(2.66)\n\n68.4(2.69)\n\n657.9(25.90)\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n67.8\n\n81.3\n\n131.2\n\n162.4\n\n182.6\n\n222.0\n\n214.6\n\n204.1\n\n185.4\n\n111.8\n\n88.9\n\n74.0\n\n1,726.1\n\n\nSource: Météo France","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes"},{"link_name":"Arthur de Borderie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_de_Borderie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannes"},{"link_name":"Quimper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimper,_Finist%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Madame de Sévigné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de_Rabutin-Chantal,_marquise_de_S%C3%A9vign%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Vitré-Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglomeration_community_of_the_Vitr%C3%A9_community"}],"text":"At the end of the 14th century the city had between 4–5,000 inhabitants, at a time when Rennes and Nantes had some around 13–14,000. in 1560, Vitré's population is estimated by Arthur de Borderie at 7,800 inhabitants, matching that of the towns of Vannes and Quimper.At the time of the birth of Madame de Sévigné, about 1620, the city counted 10,000 inhabitants. The population reached 14,000 inhabitants in 1762. This population was contained within the medieval boundaries of the city, which was a third the size of the modern Vitré. In the 18th century, Vitré was the 5th most important city in Brittany after Nantes, Rennes, Brest and Lorient.In 1789, on the eve of the French Revolution, Vitré's population reached 10,850 inhabitants. In the post-revolution period there was a significant drop in population, to 8,904 inhabitants by 1861. By 1911 a moderate increase brought the figure to 10,613. The First World War and its subsequent economic trials would reduce the population to 8,506. By 1999 the population again had reached 18th century levels, with 15,313 inhabitants and 17,798 in 2015 (+1,1% per annum). The canton of Vitré counted 39,115 inhabitants in 2015 on 382 km2 (102 inhabitants/km2). The greater Vitré-Community counts 80,000 inhabitants on 868 km2.Inhabitants of Vitré are called Vitréens and vitréennes.","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The local dialect in Vitré is Gallo, spoken by some in Upper Brittany.\nIn 2016, 3.9% of children attended bilingual schools in primary education.[6]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_Vitr%C3%A9-nord.jpg"}],"text":"The castle of Vitré overlooks the valley of the Vilaine, and the northern quarters of Vitré with the medieval suburb of Rachapt","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vitr%C3%A9_Place_St-Yves.JPG"},{"link_name":"Gallo-Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Roman"},{"link_name":"duke of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_I,_Duke_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Riwallon Le Vicaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riwallon_Le_Vicaire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"motte-and-bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motte-and-bailey"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"Marmoutiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmoutier_Abbey_(Tours)"},{"link_name":"Robert Ier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philip II August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Guy IX de Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_IX_de_Laval"},{"link_name":"Coligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Coligny"},{"link_name":"La Trémoille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tr%C3%A9moille_family"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-7"}],"sub_title":"Early settlement","text":"Château de Vitré, Place St-YvesThe site of Vitré was occupied in Gallo-Roman times. The name Vitré comes from the Gallo-Roman name \"Victor\" or \"Victrix\", after the owner of a farm in the region. The year 1000 marked the formal birth of Vitré, when the duke of Brittany Geoffrey I bestowed feudal powers upon Riwallon Le Vicaire, who was charged with keeping this strategic area as a buffer zone known as the \"Marches of Brittany\". A parallel can be drawn with the \"Welsh Marches\".A small wooden motte-and-bailey castle, on a feudal mound, was built on the Sainte-Croix hill. The castle was burned down on several occasions, and eventually was bequeathed to the Benedictine monks of Marmoutiers. A stone castle was built in 1070 by Robert Ier on the current site, on a rocky outcrop dominating the Vilaine's river valley. Certain parts of the original stone castle are still visible today.In the 13th century, the castle was enlarged and equipped with robust towers and curtain walls. The castle integrated into the triangular outcrop of rock on which it was built a structure in the style of the castles of Philip II August. Late in the century, in 1295, the town passed to Guy IX de Laval, on his marriage with the heiress, and afterwards successively belonged to the families of Rieux, Coligny and La Trémoille.[7] During this period, the \"Vieil Bourg\" including the church of Nôtre-Dame, developed on the eastern side of Vitré. The city was encircled by fortified ramparts and ditches. It was at this time that the \"walled city\" took its current form. The Baron directed the construction of the \"privileged boroughs\" around the walled city. These boroughs defined the linear layout of the streets of Vitré's present neighborhoods. Since the 13th century, Vitré has joined together all of the elements of the traditional medieval city: a fortified castle, religious buildings, churches, colleges, and suburbs.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_Notre-Dame_Vitr%C3%A9.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jeanne of Laval-Châtillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeanne_of_Laval-Ch%C3%A2tillon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anne de Montmorency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_de_Montmorency"},{"link_name":"corbellings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbellings"},{"link_name":"Charles VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-7"}],"sub_title":"Middle Ages","text":"Notre-Dame ChurchIn the 15th century, the castle was modified to keep up with developments in artillery design. It was decommissioned from a military post to become a comfortable residence for Jeanne of Laval-Châtillon and her son Anne de Montmorency. At the same time, many half-timbered houses and private mansions were built inside the city. These medieval districts are characterized by their sturdy frame construction and their sinuous and dark streets, as well as by a network of lanes. From a defense perspective, these narrow streets were a confusing obstacle to taking the city. The frontages of the houses are made either of half-timbering or stone. The corbellings (projection of the higher floors over the street) helped save space. They shielded pedestrians from bad weather, and they channeled rainwater into the central gutters, helping preserve the wooden facades.In 1488, during the French invasion of Brittany, Vitré was seized by Charles VIII.[7]The names of Vitré's streets often originated from the trade guilds in the area: for example, \"Baudrairie Street\" was a gathering-place for \"baudroyors\" (leatherworkers), and there is also a \"Street of Pottery\".The historical center of the city is the Place du Marchix or Market Square near the Convent of the Benedictines. The current Place of the Castle was the forecourt of the castle. The Place de Notre-Dame formerly hosted a \"Market of Fabrics.\" Vitré, a prosperous city since the 15th century, had a brotherhood for promoting the international trade of textiles, founded in 1472.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"French Wars of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"duke of Mercœur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Emmanuel,_Duke_of_Merc%C5%93ur"},{"link_name":"governor of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Guy XX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_XX_de_Laval"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Chouannerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouannerie"}],"sub_title":"Renaissance","text":"Vitré's economy flourished during the Renaissance as much as any city in the Duchy of Brittany. Its peak came in the 16th century when the \"Confrérie des Marchands d'Outre-Mer\" - merchant venturers - sold the hemp produced locally throughout Europe. The merchants built large private mansions with ornate Renaissance decorations that are still visible today with the city walls. Henry IV passed through Vitré in 1598. He was struck by the opulence of the town and exclaimed: \"If I were not King of France, I would be a burgher of Vitré! \".During the French Wars of Religion, at the end of the 16th century, the Protestant city was besieged for five months by the troops of the League under the command of the duke of Mercœur, governor of Brittany. The siege was unsuccessful and the city remained one of the few bastions to resist the Leaguers in western France.At the beginning of the 17th century, the family of Laval, who were barons of Vitré, petered out with the death of Guy XX in Hungary.[8] The new lords from the family of La Trémoïlle soon deserted the town for the Court of Versailles. Over this period, the city lost much of its vitality, becoming a town of secondary importance.With 14,000 inhabitants in 1762, one of the largest cities of Brittany, Vitré begins are slow demographic decline until the interwar period with a population of 8,212 people in 1931. This situation lasted through 18th century and until the arrival of the railroad in the middle of the 19th century. In addition, the end of the 18th century was marked by the Chouannerie, the French Revolution and the beginning of a new and important period for the city, its role as a sub-prefecture.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castle-Rochers-Sevigne1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Au_Carillon,_bijouterie-horlogerie_de_Vitr%C3%A9_fond%C3%A9e_par_Marie_Lognon%C3%A9_(1897-1984).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_de_Th%C3%A9ophile_Joseph_Lognon%C3%A9_(1869-1920).jpg"},{"link_name":"neo-gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-gothic"},{"link_name":"Fougères","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foug%C3%A8res"}],"sub_title":"The 19th and 20th centuries","text":"Castle Rochers-SevignéAu Carillon, 24 rue Duguesclin, jewelry and watchmaking store in Vitré founded by Marie Lognoné (1897-1984)Théophile Joseph Lognoné (1869-1920), watchmaker jewelerTo prepare for the arrival of the railroads, the city decided to destroy the southern fortifications of the city to open up the closed city and to improve visibility. The Door \"d'En-Haut\" (1835), \"Gâtesel\" (1839) and \"d'En-Bas\" were destroyed to make way for developments in the south of the closed city.Vitré has been a railway hub since the first lines were opened on 15 April 1857 on the Paris-Brest line. The construction of the station was carried out in 1855 in the form of a small neo-gothic manor house in the downtown area, just south of the closed city. The arrival of the barracks in 1874 with the military and their families accounted for up to 2,000 people, which has grown the population of Vitré as much.The city was literally cut in two by this important railway influence. However, in spite of these industrial developments, the city developed little and remained a small market town within an agricultural area. Moreover, it lost its statute of sub-prefecture in 1926.Vitré did not suffer massive destruction during the two World Wars, and preserved its historical inheritance, with the exception of Fougères, which underwent a terrible bombardment in June 1944, destroying a good part of it. In the aftermath of the Second World War, Vitré experienced an economic boom along with the rest of France.Watchmaking and jewelry established a lasting presence in Vitré, with the continued development of the establishment, Au Carillon, a jewelry-watchmaking store in operation until 1959, founded by Marie Lognoné (1897-1984) and her husband Charles Cadeau who had once obtained the right to enter as an apprentice with his father Théophile Joseph Lognoné whose meticulous work he loved.From 1950 on, Vitré grew extensively. During \"the thirty glorious years\", Vitré experienced massive rural migration, like many other towns of France.This migration triggered new building developments, including modern six-story buildings in the \"Maison Rouge\" district. The city has considerably developed and extended with industrial areas and suburbs. The population of Vitré expanded from 8,212 inhabitants in 1931 to around 19,000 in 2018, a population multiplied by two. Inner-city areas are protected to conserve the town's rich heritage of art and architecture. In 1999, Vitré obtained the label \"Town of Art and History\" because of its rich cultural inheritance. The town's monuments attract many tourists each year.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_des_remparts_de_Vitr%C3%A9.png"},{"link_name":"fortifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications_of_Vitr%C3%A9"}],"text":"The heritage of the town of Vitré is a tremendous wealth. This is one of the cities of Brittany that has best preserved its original appearance with its houses with porch or timber-framed (the third city after of Rennes and Vannes in Brittany), its ramparts, its religious heritage, old streets, etc. Vitré is a perfect example of a town of 500 years ago.Plan of fortifications (red is demolished)","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Château de Vitré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vitr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Fortifications of Vitré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications_of_Vitr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"intramuros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuros"},{"link_name":"Gates tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gates_tower&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Castles","text":"Château de Vitré (11th-20th century)\nIntramuros\nFortifications of Vitré at north and east of intramuros (Tour des Claviers, Tour de la Bridole, Gates tower of Embas, Postern St. Pierre)\nRochers-Sévigné Castle\nChâteau-Marie (17th century)\nHôtel Ringues de la Troussanais (Renaissance)\nMedieval streets (Beaudrairie, Poterie, d'Embas, etc.) and places (Marchix, Station, Château, Notre-Dame, etc.)","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:70e_RI.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Religious heritage","text":"Old barracks of 70e régiment d'infanterieSaint-Nicolas Chapel (near Castle of Vitré)\nNotre-Dame Church (14th century) gothic\nTower of the ancient Saint-Martin's Church (15th century)\nSaint-Martin Church (19th century)\nSainte-Croix Church (17th-19th century)\nProtestant Church\nConvent of Bénédictins (Tribunal)\nConvent of Augustins (17th century)\nChapels, calvaries situated in the city and countryside","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panoramique_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vitr%C3%A9.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Other sights","text":"Menhir \"La Pierre Blanche\" (Beauvais Road to Pocé-les-Bois)\nHôtel Sévigné-Nétumières (18th Century)\nThe Station (19th century)\nOld barracks of 70e régiment d'infanterie\nThe Grand ParkCastle of Vitré by night","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"François Dollier de Casson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dollier_de_Casson"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Pierre Landais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Landais"},{"link_name":"Jacques Collebaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Collebaut"},{"link_name":"fr:Tancrède Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tancr%C3%A8de_Abraham"},{"link_name":"fr:Édouard Frain de la Gaulayrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Frain_de_la_Gaulayrie"},{"link_name":"Bertrand d'Argentré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_d%27Argentr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Jacquet of Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquet_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"Jacques Colebault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Colebault"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Olivier Malherbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Olivier_Malherbe"},{"link_name":"Claude-Étienne Savary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-%C3%89tienne_Savary"},{"link_name":"Arthur Le Moyne de La Borderie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Le_Moyne_de_La_Borderie"},{"link_name":"Auguste Pavie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Pavie"},{"link_name":"Charles Rabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rabot"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Kola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Svalbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard"},{"link_name":"Morvan Marchal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morvan_Marchal"},{"link_name":"René Alexandre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Alexandre"},{"link_name":"Pierre Méhaignerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_M%C3%A9haignerie"},{"link_name":"Encyclopédie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die"},{"link_name":"Jean-Joseph Rallier des Ourmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Rallier_des_Ourmes"}],"text":"The following personalities are associated with Vitré:François Dollier de Casson second founder of Montreal\nPierre Landais, Breton politician (15th century)\nJacques Collebaut, composer\nfr:Tancrède Abraham, painter\nfr:Édouard Frain de la Gaulayrie, curator of Vitré and historian, born in Rennes, died in Vitré\nBertrand d'Argentré, historian of Brittany\nJacquet of Mantua or Jacques Colebault, Renaissance composer\nPierre-Olivier Malherbe, European explorer\nClaude-Étienne Savary, translator of the Koran\nArthur Le Moyne de La Borderie, historian of Brittany\nAuguste Pavie et Charles Rabot, explorers, the first: Laos and Cambodia, the second: Kola and Svalbard\nMorvan Marchal, Breton nationalist, creator of the modern flag of Brittany\nRené Alexandre\nPierre Méhaignerie, deputy-mayor of Vitré, former minister and European deputyThe 18th-century mathematician and contributor to the Encyclopédie Jean-Joseph Rallier des Ourmes (1701–1771) died in Vitré","title":"Personalities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Monsters of Death, 28 September 1991\nVitre Jazz Festival, March 2006","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zero-fare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-fare"},{"link_name":"Vitré station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitr%C3%A9_station"}],"text":"Located east of Brittany, the city of Vitré is crossed by the expressway which prolongs motorway A 11, while the motorway of the Estuaries. As in the whole of the Ille-et-Vilaine département, the communes of the country of Vitré are accessible by these expressways. Vitré is unusual in that urban transportation is zero-fare for all routes. Vitré station has rail connections to Rennes, Laval, Nantes and Paris.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_France"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Helmstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmstedt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Lymington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Terrebonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrebonne,_Quebec"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Djenné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Villajoyosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villajoyosa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_(town),_New_York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Środa Wielkopolska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_%C5%9Aroda_Wielkopolska"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Tălmaciu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83lmaciu"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in FranceVitré is twinned with:[9]Helmstedt, Germany (1979)\n Lymington, United Kingdom (1981)\n Terrebonne, Canada (1983)\n Djenné, Mali (1987)\n Villajoyosa, Spain (1989)\n Greece, United States (1990)\n Środa Wielkopolska, Poland (1994)\n Tălmaciu, Romania (1999)","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"}]
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[{"title":"Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Ille-et-Vilaine_department"}]
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 6 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-35360","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Vitré\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 149.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Vitr%C3%A9","url_text":"Vitré"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Les Villes Jumelles de Vitré\". jumelage-vitre.com (in French). Vitré. Retrieved 10 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://jumelage-vitre.com/","url_text":"\"Les Villes Jumelles de Vitré\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karimabad,_Nazlu
Karimabad, Nazlu
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 37°46′22″N 45°04′13″E / 37.77278°N 45.07028°E / 37.77278; 45.07028Village in West Azerbaijan, IranKarimabad كريم ابادvillageKarimabadCoordinates: 37°46′22″N 45°04′13″E / 37.77278°N 45.07028°E / 37.77278; 45.07028Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyUrmiaBakhshNazluRural DistrictNazlu-e ShomaliPopulation (2006) • Total499Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)For other places with similar names, see Karimabad.Karimabad (Persian: كريم اباد, also Romanized as Karīmābād) is a village in Nazlu-e Shomali Rural District, Nazlu District, Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 499, in 146 families. References ^ Karimabad can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3813312" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Urmia CountyCapital Urmia DistrictsCentralCities Urmia Rural districts and villagesBakeshluchay Aghcheh Qaleh Almanabad Aydinlu Balderlu Barajuq Birlan Burashan Chehreh Gosha Darghalu Dehkadeh-ye Asayesh Dizaj-e Naqaleh Elyasabad Emamzadeh Eslamlu Gabaran Gol Pashin Golmankhaneh Hajji Pirlu Hasbestan Hesar-e Hajjilar Hesar-e Tarmani Igdir Jarchelu Kashtiban Kordlar Lashenlu Marajul Mashkabad-e Olya Mashkabad-e Sofla Miavaq Posht-e Gol Qalilu Qamat Qarah Aghaj-e Olya Qarah Hasanlu-ye Khvajeh Pasha Qarajalu Qeshlaq-e Mirza Ali Qeshlaq-e Mohammad Qoli Qoturlar Reyhanabad Rikan Sadaqeh Salehabad Sangar-e Mir Abdollah Tarmani Vazirabad Yengejeh-ye Qazi Yuvalar Baranduz Aliabad-e Baran Duz Angaman Band Baran Duz Bozveh Chavrash Didan-e Olya Didan-e Sofla Dizaj-e Fathi Dizaj-e Rahim Pur Gazanehkesh Hasu Kandi Havanduk Heydarlu Jafarian Janvislu Jowrni Kelisay-e Sir Khataylu Khorramabad Narlar Saatluy Kuh Sari Beygluy-e Musai Shamlakan Sheykh Mazari Sidak Sir Varmazyar Baranduzchay-ye Jonubi(South Baranduzchay) Aghbolagh Balanej Barbaran Baruzh Bayat Bozorgabad Darin Qaleh Dulama Fuladlu Goldanlu Hesar-e Agh Bolagh Ilazgi Isalu Karvansara Kukiya Kurani Mahmudabad Mobarakabad Nivlu Qaleh Juq Qasemlu Rahimabad Seylaneh Shaban Kandi Shiru Kandi Tappeh Maki Tarzelu Tazeh Kand-e Jamalkhan Tulkan Tumatar Tupuzabad Uzan Malek Zovik Baranduzchay-ye Shomali(North Baranduzchay) Borhanlu Dizaj-e Takyeh Faqih Beyglu Gug Tappeh Qarah Aghaj Qaralar-e Kuh Qotlu Qurshalu Saralan Sari Beygluy-e Moin Satlu Shams-e Hajjian Vandai Bash Qaleh Ayeblu Berenjabad Burbur Chichagluy-e Mansur Chichakluy-e Bash Qaleh Dadeh Saqi Danqaralu Eslampanahabadi Jadid Gaznaq Guyj Ali Tappeh Guyjeh Ali Aslan Isaluy-e Heydarlu Isaluy-e Zemi Kechah Bash Mazraeh-ye Owj Ovlar Qahremanluy-e Olya Qahremanluy-e Sofla Qaleh-ye Azizbeyg Qarabqolu Qazan Ali Qezel Hajjilu Qosur Safarbehi Safarqoli Khan Kandi Sari Beygluy-e Araliq Sarijalu Shahrak-e Golmarz Sheykh Teymur Shur Kand Takalu Tupraq Qaleh Urmia Industrial Estate Yaghmur Ali Yurqunabad-e Olya Yurqunabad-e Sofla Yusefabad-e Shah Mirza Kandi Dul Balestan Bardeh Kish Cement Cooperative Dalow Darband Dash Aghol Dizaj-e Dowl Eslamabad Jolbar Kamaneh Kanan-e Olya Kanan-e Sofla Nanas Nari Nasirabad Naznaz Pirali Qameshlu Rashkan Samartu Shahrak-e Rustayi-ye Naser Soltanabad Zharabad Ziveh Nazluy-ye Jonubi (South Nazluy) Abbasabad Arabluy-e Bisheh Arabluy-e Darreh Arabluy-e Yekan Asgarabad Tappeh Barbin Bozlu Chichakluy-e Hajji Aqa Chonqeraluy-e Yekan Dastjerd Daylaq Faqibeyglu Gardabad Ghaffar Behi Irvanlu Kakalar Marangaluy-e Kuchek Owzarlu Qaraguz-e Hajji Baba Qaraguz-e Salimaqa Qaralar-e Lotfollah Qareh Guz-e Il Qerekhlu Saidlu Salim Kandi Sam Salu Sheykh Sar Mast Tazeh Kand-e Afshar Tazeh Kand-e Qeshlaq Urmia Airport Zaiyeh Kandi Rowzeh Chay Aliabad Alvach Anhar-e Olya Anhar-e Sofla Ashnaabad Badaki Balaji Balu Darazam Gajin Ganjabad Golhar Gowzgavand Jehatlu Kani Quzan Kavalaq Khalifatan Khanqah-e Alvaj Kutalan Lerni Lur Mazraeh-ye Nasrabad Mirabad Pir Morad Qarah Hasanlu Qasrik Qeshlaq-e Tarazlu Qezel Asheq Tazeh Kand-e Anhar Tezkharab Valindeh-ye Olya Valindeh-ye Sofla Yowrqanlu Zeynalu Torkaman Alqian Arablu Babarud Chub Tarash Darbarud Gharib Kandi Hasanabad Hesar-e Gapuchi Hesar-e Torkaman IRIB Broadcasting Station Jabalkandi Jeyran-e Olya Jeyran-e Sofla Khanjar Qeshlaqi Khezrabad Kusehabad Mirshekarlu Moqaddam Morad Ali-ye Olya Morad Ali-ye Sofla Moradkandi Naybin Nazarabad Qaleh Nazarabad-e Eftekhar Ordushahi Owch Ovlar Qaralar-e Aqataqi Qaralar-e Hajjqasem Qurt Tappeh Sarajuq Sardrud Shahinabad Tabbat Takah Tappeh Tappeh Torkaman Tasmalu Tazeh Kand Tizkharab Torkaman Uzan Eskandari AnzalCities Qushchi Rural districts and villagesAnzal-e Jonubi(South Anzal) Ali Kan Bahleh Bolarghu Deladar Emam Kandi Gavlan Gol Tappeh Golanik-e Olya Golanik-e Sofla Hajji Bayram Hammamlar Jabal Kandi Kahriz Kani Shurik Kaseb Khorramabad Kureh-ye Olya Kureh-ye Sofla Mahmudan Maku Kandi Meshik Nur ol Dinabad Pirgol Qahraman Qulonji Quyujoq Senjilik Shahid Ab Shanasan Garrison Sharifabad Shirakan Soltanabad Tandarak Zangabad Anzal-e Shomali(North Anzal) Bari Gurchin Qaleh Jamalabad Moqitalu Najafabad Qalqachi Qarah Bagh NazluCities Nushin Rural districts and villagesNazluchay Armudaghaj Azadegan Badelbu Bahlulabad Department of Agriculture Hajjiabad Hesar Kharabeh Janizeh Kavsi Kharabeh-ye Senji Kuseh Ahmad Nazlu Qaleh Sardar Qaleh-ye Esmail Aqa Qaralar-e Tasuji Senji Tamtaman Tapik Tazeh Kand Tazeh Kand-e Janizeh Tazeh Kand-e Qaterchi Yowrqanlu-ye Janizeh Nazlu-e Shomali(North Nazlu) Abajaluy-e Olya Ali Kandi Alibeyglu Angeneh Arnesa Asgarabad-e Kuh Babaganjeh Baghestan Bashlan Beshlu Chanaqlu Cher Chonqeraluy-e Pol Dowyran Guyjeh Yaran Hesar-e Babaganjeh Hesar-e Bahram Khan Heydarlu Heydarluy-e Beyglar Kalvan Karimabad Khaledabad Khaneqah Sorkh Lak Lalahluy-e Torab Lulham Marangaluy-e Bozorg Meskin Nakhjavan Tappeh Owkhchilar Par Qarah Qiz Qarah Quyunlu Qareh Jalu Qelinjlu Qeshlaq-e Shakur Rahimabad Saatluy-e Beyglar Sari Beygluy-e Cheragh Shirabad Tappeh-ye Babaganjeh Taqlidabad Tazeh Kand-e Baba Ganjeh Vaqasluy-e Olya Vaqasluy-e Sofla Zadehlu Zonbalan Tala Tappeh Abajaluy-e Sofla Adeh Chamaki Hesar-e Sopurghan Khaneshan Khodaverdi Khan Kandi Owsaluy-e Allahverdi Khan Owsaluy-e Kazem Sopurghan Tala Tappeh Yengejeh Zirmanlu SilvanehCities Silvaneh Rural districts and villagesDasht Bardehsur Chaman Darband Dareh Senji Dazgir Dowla Pasan Gowjar Halafaleh Kay Khvoshaku Mirabad Nushan-e Olya Nushan-e Sofla Owali Peshkeleh Pirhadi Qarayi Qasrik Razhan Salim Beyg Sulik Tui Tuli Zanglan Margavar Aleyh Aversi Bavan Berasb Berazan Best Bi Bakran Cherikabad Dizaj Dowkana Felekan Galleh Behi Gerdevan Gerdik Gerdik Naser Golestaneh Haftabad Halaj Hasanabad Hashemabad Kachaleh Kani Dastar Kani Tayer Kasian Kayer Kelasi Khurasb Lajani Lowrzini Mamakan Mansurabad Mirabad Molla Basak Nari Nergi Nuy Qaraneh Razgeh Sehgergan Shahrak-e Ziveh Shaklabad Sheykh Zard Shirakan Sudinabad Suleh Dugal Surkan Susanabad Tupuzabad Zharabad Zharazhi Ziveh Targavar Anbi Arzin Ashki Avdi Balowlan Bani Basrik Biquz Do Bareh Dustalan Gerdah Belij Haki Halulan Karimabad Khaneqah Kuraneh Kurteh Kavil Mavana Pesan Shahr-e Viran Sheyban Sheykh Shamzin Surbani Talin Tibatan Towlaki Sumay-ye BeradustCities Serow Rural districts and villagesBeradust Akhyan-e Bozorg Akhyan-e Kuchek Asengaran Avdelan-e Olya Avdelan-e Sofla Bardehzi-ye Olya Chareh Emam Kandi Eskandarabad Firuzian Gangachin Gol-e Sheykhan Gonbad Gundak-e Molla Guranabad Haftsaran Halah Qush Hangravan Ishgeh Su Kanespi Kani Shurik Kanisi Khalyan Khanik Khvoshalan Kulgani Kuraneh Mafaran Majruseh Maluneh Margarash Mastakan Neychalan Omarabad Post Qareh Aghaj Qarnesa Qasrik Rabat Ravand-e Olya Ravand-e Sofla Shegaftik-e Olya Shegaftik-e Sofla Siarak Sufi Kani Tazeh Kand-e Sheshmal Zangakan Sumay-ye Jonubi(South Sumay) Abdi Beyg Aghsaqal Bardeh Rash Barduk Bavan Gachi Gowdal Hasanlu Hashtian Hovarsin Jalqaran Juhni Jujahi Kanespi Kani Miran Kharah Gush Kuran Marnah Piranjuq Qasrik Sinabad Soltani Sufian Sumay-ye Shomali(North Sumay) Bachehjik Baraspi Bardian Bastakabad Bazhergah Galeh Khar Ghazan Goli Suyi Hasanabad Jatar Kani Rash Khanik Mamakan Mastakan Mingol Mirabad Oskandrian Quni Qurmik Rigabad Sakan Seydan Surmanabad Yengejeh Iran portal This Urmia County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karimabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karimabad_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nazlu-e Shomali Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazlu-e_Shomali_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Nazlu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazlu_District"},{"link_name":"Urmia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmia_County"},{"link_name":"West Azerbaijan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in West Azerbaijan, IranFor other places with similar names, see Karimabad.Karimabad (Persian: كريم اباد, also Romanized as Karīmābād)[1] is a village in Nazlu-e Shomali Rural District, Nazlu District, Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 499, in 146 families.[2]","title":"Karimabad, Nazlu"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karimabad,_Nazlu&params=37_46_22_N_45_04_13_E_region:IR_type:city(499)","external_links_name":"37°46′22″N 45°04′13″E / 37.77278°N 45.07028°E / 37.77278; 45.07028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karimabad,_Nazlu&params=37_46_22_N_45_04_13_E_region:IR_type:city(499)","external_links_name":"37°46′22″N 45°04′13″E / 37.77278°N 45.07028°E / 37.77278; 45.07028"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karimabad,_Nazlu&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desir%C3%A9e_Gay
Désirée Gay
["1 Life and career","2 References"]
French socialist feminist Desirée GayBornJeanne Desirée Véret(1810-07-16)16 July 1810Paris, FranceDied1891Brussels, BelgiumOccupation(s)women's rights activist, delegate, publisher, seamstressPolitical partySocialistSpouseJules Gay Jeanne Desirée Véret Gay (4 April 1810 – c. 1891) was a French socialist feminist. Life and career Born in Paris, as Desirée Véret, she worked as a seamstress before in 1831 joining the followers of utopian socialist Henri de Saint-Simon. The following year, with Marie Reine Guindorff, she founded the Tribune des femmes, edited by Suzanne Voilquin, in reaction to the exclusion of women from decision making among the Saint-Simonites. She vowed to pursue the "liberty of women" above all other concerns. In 1833, Gay moved to work in England. While there, she made contact with the supporters of socialist Robert Owen, including Jules Gay and Anna Wheeler. During this period, she acted as an intermediary between the Owenites, the Saint-Simonites and Charles Fourier. She also had a brief affair with Victor Considerant, which had ended by 1837, when she married Gay, thereafter usually being known as Desirée Gay. In 1840, the Gays tried to found a school in Châtillon-sous-Bagneux which aimed to educate children from birth, but this failed, probably due to lack of capital. After the February Revolution of 1848, Gay again rose to prominence. She drafted a proposal that the French government set up workshops, nationalized restaurants and laundries to allow women to be financially independent. Gay was unanimously elected as the women's delegate to represent the second district to the French government. National workshops were set up by the Luxembourg Commission, and Gay was appointed as the head of the division of the National Workshop of Cour des Fontaines, but the workshops were only for female textile workers and paid starvation wages. She was discharged from her post, and instead worked with Jeanne Deroin and Eugenie Niboyet in publishing Voix des Femmes. The group was soon forced to close, but Gay worked with Deroin to found the Association Mutuelle des Femmes and Politique des Femmes newspaper. While the two were able to obtain 12,000 francs from the National Assembly to form an association of women seamstresses making ladies' underwear, Gay chose not to take part in establishing the organisation. She withdrew from activism during 1849, and by the following year was working as a dressmaker. Money from old friends enabled Gay to start a fabric shop in the rue de la Paix, and her work won a prize at the Exposition universelle de Paris of 1855. Her husband worked as a bookseller and printer, but the controversial material he worked with forced the two into exile in Brussels in 1864, becoming active in the International Workingmen's Association, Desirée acting as the President of the Women's Section in 1866. In 1869 they moved to Geneva, then to Turin, before finally returning to Brussels. Gay lost her sight during 1890, and with her husband deceased, took the opportunity to renew her correspondence with Considerant. This ceased in mid-1891, and this may mark her death; a visit by Considerant to Brussels in November did not lead to a meeting with her, and may have represented his attendance at her funeral. References ^ "Désirée Gay in "L'Opinion des Femmes," August 1848". The Libertarian Labyrinth. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2021. ^ a b Harriet Branson Applewhite and Darline Gay Levy, Women and Politics in the Age of the Democratic Revolution ^ a b c d e f Jonathan Beecher, "Désirée Véret, ou le passé retrouvé: Amour, mémoire, socialisme", Cahiers Charles Fourier (in French) ^ a b Desirée Gay Archived 2007-10-27 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions ^ Dolores Dooley, "Equality in Community", pp. 96 - 99, Cork University Press, 1996 ^ H. Desroche, "Images and Echoes of Owenism in Nineteenth-century France", in: Robert Owen, Prophet of the Poor ^ Jean-Claude Dubos, "http://charlesfourier.fr/article.php3?id_article=65 Riot-Sarcey Michèle: La Démocratie à l’épreuve des femmes. Trois figures critiques du pouvoir, 1830-1848", Cahiers Charles Fourier (in French) ^ "Deroin, Jeanne", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Netherlands Other IdRef
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The following year, with Marie Reine Guindorff, she founded the Tribune des femmes, edited by Suzanne Voilquin, in reaction to the exclusion of women from decision making among the Saint-Simonites.[2][3] She vowed to pursue the \"liberty of women\" above all other concerns.[4]In 1833, Gay moved to work in England. While there, she made contact with the supporters of socialist Robert Owen, including Jules Gay[2] and Anna Wheeler.[5] During this period, she acted as an intermediary between the Owenites, the Saint-Simonites and Charles Fourier.[6] She also had a brief affair with Victor Considerant,[7] which had ended by 1837, when she married Gay, thereafter usually being known as Desirée Gay.[3]In 1840, the Gays tried to found a school in Châtillon-sous-Bagneux which aimed to educate children from birth, but this failed, probably due to lack of capital.After the February Revolution of 1848, Gay again rose to prominence. She drafted a proposal that the French government set up workshops, nationalized restaurants and laundries to allow women to be financially independent. Gay was unanimously elected as the women's delegate to represent the second district to the French government. National workshops were set up by the Luxembourg Commission, and Gay was appointed as the head of the division of the National Workshop of Cour des Fontaines, but the workshops were only for female textile workers and paid starvation wages. She was discharged from her post, and instead worked with Jeanne Deroin and Eugenie Niboyet in publishing Voix des Femmes.[4] The group was soon forced to close, but Gay worked with Deroin to found the Association Mutuelle des Femmes and Politique des Femmes newspaper.[3] While the two were able to obtain 12,000 francs from the National Assembly to form an association of women seamstresses making ladies' underwear,[8] Gay chose not to take part in establishing the organisation. She withdrew from activism during 1849, and by the following year was working as a dressmaker.[3]Money from old friends enabled Gay to start a fabric shop in the rue de la Paix, and her work won a prize at the Exposition universelle de Paris of 1855. Her husband worked as a bookseller and printer, but the controversial material he worked with forced the two into exile in Brussels in 1864, becoming active in the International Workingmen's Association, Desirée acting as the President of the Women's Section in 1866. In 1869 they moved to Geneva, then to Turin, before finally returning to Brussels.[3]Gay lost her sight during 1890, and with her husband deceased, took the opportunity to renew her correspondence with Considerant. This ceased in mid-1891, and this may mark her death; a visit by Considerant to Brussels in November did not lead to a meeting with her, and may have represented his attendance at her funeral.[3]","title":"Life and career"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sulawesi
Hinduism in Sulawesi
["1 Growth","2 Practices","3 References"]
Hinduism in Sulawesi has been a relatively recent phenomenon, compared to the other islands of Indonesia where it has been a part of the culture for millennia. Indonesian Hinduism was brought to the islands in 1963, by Balinese migrants. Growth After Hindu Dharma was brought to the island, it took hold in many areas, especially after Hinduism became a recognized religion in 1964. In 1977 the Torajas of the island converted to Hinduism en masse. In Southeast Sulawesi, only 1.1% of the inhabitants identify as Hindus. Practices The Torajas have continued many practices of animist nature, but their conversion to Hinduism has allowed them to keep on their traditions within the framework of an organized religion. Their conversion was hastened by the sudden proliferation of Christian missionaries in the area, trying to woo people away from their native beliefs. The practices are more traditionalist in nature, as opposed to Balinese Hinduism and Indian Hinduism. References ^ Geography - North Sulawesi ^ Great Expectations: Hindu Revival Movements in Java, Indonesia Archived 2004-08-20 at the Wayback Machine Swaveda - May 13, 2005 ^ "Consulate General of India, Bali, Indonesia : Southeast Sulawesi". ^ Guest Editor IIAS No. 23 This Hinduism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Indonesia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hinduism in Sulawesi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindu Dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Torajas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraja"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"After Hindu Dharma was brought to the island, it took hold in many areas, especially after Hinduism became a recognized religion in 1964. In 1977 the Torajas of the island converted to Hinduism en masse.[2] In Southeast Sulawesi, only 1.1% of the inhabitants identify as Hindus.[3]","title":"Growth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Torajas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraja"},{"link_name":"animist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animist"},{"link_name":"missionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries"},{"link_name":"Balinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bali"},{"link_name":"Indian Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Torajas have continued many practices of animist nature, but their conversion to Hinduism has allowed them to keep on their traditions within the framework of an organized religion. Their conversion was hastened by the sudden proliferation of Christian missionaries in the area, trying to woo people away from their native beliefs. The practices are more traditionalist in nature, as opposed to Balinese Hinduism and Indian Hinduism.[4]","title":"Practices"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Consulate General of India, Bali, Indonesia : Southeast Sulawesi\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cgibali.gov.in/page/southeast-sulawesi/","url_text":"\"Consulate General of India, Bali, Indonesia : Southeast Sulawesi\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CourseSmart
CourseSmart
["1 Company history","1.1 Launch and growth","1.2 Acquisition by VitalSource Bookshelf","2 References","3 External links"]
American education materials company CourseSmartCompany typePrivateIndustryEducationSoftwarePublishingFounded2007 (2007)FounderMacmillanCengage LearningJohn Wiley & SonsMcGraw-Hill EducationPearsonDefunct2016 (2016)FateAcquired by Ingram Content Group and integrated into VitalSource eTechnologiesSuccessorVitalSourceHeadquartersSan Mateo, CaliforniaProductsE-textbooksDigital course materialsDistribution softwareeReader softwareParentIngram Content GroupWebsitewww.vitalsource.com CourseSmart, a privately held company headquartered in San Mateo, California, founded in 2007, was a provider of eTextbooks and digital course materials. It was acquired by Ingram Content Group subsidiary VitalSource Technologies in early 2014, and was integrated into the parent company under the VitalSource name and platform by 2016. Company history Launch and growth CourseSmart was founded in 2007 by the higher education publishers Macmillan, Cengage Learning, John Wiley & Sons, McGraw-Hill Education, and Pearson. CourseSmart offered access to e-textbooks via web browser from its foundation in 2007. The company allowed readers to rent e-books, rather than buying physical textbooks at an increased cost. Readers had access to both downloadable and online versions of texts. In August 2009 CourseSmart launched an iPhone app, followed by an iPad app in August 2010, and an Android app in April 2011. By September 2011, its eTextbooks catalogue had more than 20,000 digital titles, and purchased books could be printed at no extra charge. By 2014, the company had partnered with around 50 publishers and provided an estimated 90% of the e-textbooks used in higher education. Despite being one of the two largest ebook providers at the time, CourseSmart had remained fairly small at the time of its acquisition by VitalSource Technologies. Acquisition by VitalSource Bookshelf CourseSmart was acquired by Ingram Content Group subsidiary VitalSource Technologies Inc. in early 2014. Prior to full integration, VitalSource eTextbooks could not be read on the CourseSmart eTextbook platform and vice versa, and both platforms operated separately with no crossover. Full integration under the VitalSource platform was completed by 2016. References ^ a b "Ingram Buys CourseSmart". Publishers Weekly. March 3, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2016. ^ Cates, Lindsay. "Get Smart, Save Money When Buying College Textbooks". USNews. ^ Kessler, Sarah. "6 Companies Aiming to Digitize the Textbook Industry". Mashable. Retrieved December 12, 2020. ^ Stross, Randall (September 5, 2009). "Texting? No, Just Trying to Read Chapter 6 (Published 2009)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 12, 2020. ^ Reid, Calvin (August 17, 2010). "CourseSmart offers iPad App, iPad Give Away". www.publishersweekly.com. Retrieved December 12, 2020. ^ "Downloads for CourseSmart's New 'eTextbooks for the iPad' App Increase More than Fivefold" (press release). PR Newswire. September 8, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2020. ^ Nagel, David (April 20, 2011). "CourseSmart Launches E-Textbook App for Android". Campus Technology. Retrieved August 6, 2020. ^ Vora, Shivani (September 2011). "Hot New Market: Electronic Textbooks". Inc. Retrieved August 6, 2020. ^ "CourseSmart, the publishing industry's e-textbook provider, acquired by Vital Source". www.insidehighered.com. Retrieved December 12, 2020. ^ Kelly, Rhea (March 3, 2014). "Vital Source Acquires CourseSmart". Campus Technology. Retrieved January 3, 2016. ^ "Bookshelf Support / Getting Started / Legal". VitalSource. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. ^ "Migrated CourseSmart Instructors FAQ". VitalSource. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. External links VitalSource official website
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipaya_language
Xipaya language
["1 Phonology","2 References","3 External links"]
Endangered Tupian language of Brazil You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (July 2021) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 461 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|pt|Língua xipaia}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. XipayaRegionBrazilNative speakers1 (2011)Language familyTupian YurúnaXipayaLanguage codesISO 639-3xiyGlottologxipa1240ELPXipaya Xipaya (or Shipaja or Xipaia) is an endangered language spoken in the Pará region of Brazil. It is one of the approximately 70 Tupian languages of South America. At last count, Xipaya was only spoken by two elderly women in Altamira, Pará. Phonology Consonants of Xipaya Bilabial Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Labial–velar Glottal Plosive b p d t k Nasal m n Sibilant fricative z s ʃ Non-sibilant fricative h Approximant j w Lateral approximant l Vowels of Xipaya Front Central Back Close i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ Close-mid e Open a ã References ^ Xipaya at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) ^ a b "PHOIBLE 2.0 - Inventory Xipaya (SAPHON 2114)". phoible.org. Retrieved 6 November 2022. External links Xipaya language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator ELAR archive of Documentation of Urgently Endangered Tupian Languages (including Xipaya) vteLanguages of BrazilOfficial language Portuguese Brazilian Sign Language Regional languages German Pomeranian Hunsrik Italian Talian IndigenouslanguagesArawakan Asháninka Atorada Baniwa Barawana Baré Enawenê-Nawê Mapidian Mehinaku Palikúr Paresi Tariana Terêna Wapishana Warekena Waurá Arawan Deni Jamamadí Kulina Paumarí Zuruahá Cariban Amonap Apalaí Bakairi Carib Hixkaryana Ikpeng Macushi Pará Arára Salumá Sikiana Ye'kuana Waiwai Panoan Amawaka Kashinawa Shipibo Yaminawa Macro-Jê Akwẽ-Xerénte Apinajé Arikapú Bororo Chiquitano Djeoromitxí Kaingang Karajá Kĩsêdjê Krenak Laklãnõ (Xokléng) Maxakalí Mẽbêngôkre Ofayé Panará Rikbaktsa Tapayúna Timbira Xavante Nadahup Dâw Hup Kakwa Nadëb Tupian Akwáwa Juruna Kagwahiva Kaiwá Munduruku Nheengatu Omagua Tapirapé Tenetehara Xeta Xipaya Zo'é Chapacuran Oro Win Wariʼ Tukanoan Cubeo Tukano Tuyuca Wanano Nambikwaran Mamaindê Nambikwara Sabanê Others Aikanã Arutani Guató Irantxe Kadiwéu Kanamarí Katawixi Kwaza Ninam Pirahã Ticuna Xukuru Interlanguages Cafundó Lanc-Patuá Macarrônico Paulista General Language Portunhol fronteiriço Sign languages Brazilian Sign Ka'apor Sign Terena Sign Non-official Japanese Vlax Romani Hungarian Arabic French Dutch Haitian Creole Greek Polish Romanian Russian Tagalog Turkish Korean Chinese Slovak vteTupian languagesArikem Arikem Kabixiana Karitiâna Tupari Akuntsu Kepkiriwát Makurap Mekens Tupari Wayoró Mondé Aruáshi Cinta Larga Gavião of Jiparaná Guariba Arára Mondé Suruí Zoro Puruborá–Ramarama Karo Puruborá Urumi Yuruna Juruna Maritsauá Xipaya Munduruku Kuruaya Munduruku Maweti–Guarani Mawé Aweti–Guarani Awetï Tupi–GuaraniGuarani (I) Aché Guarani Chiripá Jopara East Bolivian Mbyá Paraguayan West Bolivian Kaiwá Pai Tavytera Xeta Guarayu (II) Guarayu Pauserna Sirionó Tupi (III) Old Tupi Paulista General Language Cocama Nheengatu Omagua Potiguara Tenetehara (IV) Akwáwa Avá-Canoeiro Tapirapé Tenetehara Guajajara Turiwára Xingu (V) Amanayé Anambé Ararandewara Araweté Aurá Xingu Asurini Kawahíb (VI) Apiaká Karipuna (Jau-Navo) Kagwahiva Kayabi Uru-Pa-In Kamayurá (VII) Kamayurá Northern (VIII) Emerillon Guajá Takunyapé Urubu–Kaapor Wayampi Wayampipukú Zo'é Proto-languages Proto-Tupian Italics indicate extinct languages Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Tupian languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Medical_Sciences
Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
["1 History","2 Activities","2.1 Policy","2.2 Careers","2.3 Grants","2.4 Public engagement and dialogue","2.5 Linking academia and industry","3 Fellowship","4 List of presidents","5 Honours","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
British academic society "Academy of Medical Sciences" redirects here. For other uses, see Academy of Medical Sciences (disambiguation). Academy of Medical SciencesThe front door of the academyFounded1 November 1998; 25 years ago (1998-11-01)TypeCharitable organisation, National academyRegistration no.England and Wales: 1070618FocusMedical research, Health policyHeadquarters41 Portland Place, London, W1B 1QHArea served United KingdomMembership (2023) 1416 Ordinary Fellows 53 Honorary Fellows PresidentProfessor Andrew Morris CBE FRSE PMedSciWebsitewww.acmedsci.ac.uk The Academy of Medical Sciences is an organisation established in the UK in 1998. It is one of the four UK National Academies, the others being the British Academy, the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Royal Society. Its mission is to advance biomedical and health research and its translation into benefits for society. The Academy consists of a group of around 1,400 Fellows elected from fields across the biomedical sciences. The Academy seeks ultimately to advance medical science and improve health by investing in talented researchers, engaging people on health-related issues and providing expert impartial advice. As of April 2024 its president is Professor Andrew Morris CBE FRSE PMedSci. History The Academy was established in 1998 following the recommendations of a working group chaired by Michael Atiyah, former president of the Royal Society. A single national organisation was formed to support biomedical scientists and clinical academics working together to promote advances in medical science. It is one of the four learned academies in the United Kingdom, alongside the Royal Society, Royal Academy of Engineering and British Academy. The intention of the founders was to create a national resource outside the framework of Government, with the expertise and authority to deal with scientific and societal aspects of public policy issues in healthcare. The formation of the Academy occurred against a backdrop of increasing fragmentation and specialisation within the medical profession. The Academy merged with the Novartis Foundation in 2008, and moved to a dedicated headquarters building at 41 Portland Place in October 2010. This building provides office space for its staff members, and has rooms for events and conferences. Activities Published policy report front covers, Academy of Medical Sciences Policy Areas of policy work originate from within the Academy Council and wider Fellowship, and in response to consultations from the government, Parliament and other relevant bodies. As of 2017 work included reports on improving public health by 2040, using animals in research, diabetes and obesity, the use of data in medical research and the use of non-human primates in research. Careers The Academy's National Mentoring and Outreach Scheme was established in 2002 and is supported by the UK Department of Health, the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) and NHS Education for Scotland. The programme provides one-to-one mentoring by Academy Fellows for Clinical Lecturers and Clinician Scientist Fellows. It also offers activities for Academic Clinical Fellows, Clinical Training Fellows and MB PhD students. Grants The Academy's funding schemes focus on areas of specific and specialist need, addressing perceived shortages within key speciality areas, and international collaboration. Schemes include Clinician Scientist Fellowships, Starter Grants for Clinical Lecturers and UK/Middle East Exchange Fellowships. Medi+Mori exhibition, Academy of Medical Sciences Public engagement and dialogue The Academy's public events demonstrate recent research and provide a platform for discussion of the latest science. Linking academia and industry The Academy's FORUM brings together biomedical scientists from academia and industry. As well as hosting its own conferences and events, the Academy has made its headquarters at 41 Portland Place available on a private hire basis for industry and commercial events and conferences. Fellowship Main article: Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences Fellows Common Room, Academy of Medical Sciences As of April 2024, the Academy has 1416 Ordinary Fellows drawn from fundamental biological sciences, clinical academic medicine, public and population health, health technology implementation, veterinary science, dentistry, medical and nursing care and other professions allied to medical science as well as the basic fundamental mathematics, chemistry, physics, engineering, ethics, social science and the law. The Fellowship represents a national resource in medical science, offering their time and expertise to support the academy's work. Up to 48 new Fellows are elected to the academy each year. Eight Sectional Committees spanning the range of medical sciences scrutinise candidates and make recommendations to Council for election. Becoming a Fellow indicates that the academy judges individuals to have made "outstanding contributions...to the progress of medical science and the development of better healthcare". Election is often described as "prestigious". Past and present Honorary Fellows include: Chen Zhu Minister of Health, Ministry of Health, China; Sydney Brenner, Distinguished Professor, Salk Institute; François Gros, Permanent Secretary of ‘Académie des Sciences’, Institut de France; William Castell LVO FCA, President & CEO, GE Healthcare; Professor Françoise Barré-Sinoussi Director, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur and Nobel Laureate; Sir Andrew Witty Chief Executive Officer, GSK. Some of its members are retired and are no longer active in research. List of presidents 1998–2002 Peter Lachmann (University of Cambridge) 2002–2006 Keith Peters (University of Cambridge) 2006–2011 John Irving Bell (University of Oxford) 2011–2015 John Tooke (University College London) 2015–2020 Sir Robert Lechler (King's College London) 2020-2024 Dame Anne Johnson (University College London) 2024-present Andrew Morris (University of Edinburgh) Honours The Academy of Medical Sciences presents numerous awards and lectures and medals to recognise significant achievements within the field of medical science. See also Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences Category:Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom) Royal Society UK Young Academy References ^ a b "Ordinary Fellows Directory". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 20 April 2024. ^ a b "Honorary Fellows Directory". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 21 April 2024. ^ "Joint Academies' Statement: Building a Stronger Future". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 26 September 2017. ^ "Improving health through research". Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 20 April 2024. ^ "The Formation of the Academy of Medical Sciences". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 20 April 2024. ^ "Funding national academies". UK Government. Retrieved 26 January 2015. ^ Savill, John (1999). "More than merely academic: the new Academy of Medical Sciences". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 92 (8). Royal Society of Medicine: 387. doi:10.1177/014107689909200801. PMC 1297311. PMID 10656001. ^ Manning, Mary (2004). "Academy of Medical Sciences: promoting advances in health science and biomedical research". Clinical Medicine. 4 (5). Royal College of Physicians: 462–464. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.4-5-462. PMC 5351907. PMID 15536879. ^ "Merger with the Novartis Foundation". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 20 April 2024. ^ "Period and modern rooms for all occasions, Georgian architecture". 41 Portland Place (Academy of Medical Sciences). Retrieved 20 April 2024. ^ "Music and Medicine". Harbour and Jones. 21 March 2014. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. ^ "2014 FORUM Lecture on Youtube". Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 30 April 2014. ^ "Events | the Academy of Medical Sciences". ^ "41 Portland Place London Venue Hire - Marylebone Event Space | eve". ^ "Policy projects, chaired by Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 26 September 2017. ^ a b "Election process". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 20 April 2024. ^ "New Fellows 2016". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 27 April 2016. ^ "Leeds professor recognised for contribution to medical science". University of Leeds. 4 November 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2024. ^ "The Academy of Medical Sciences announces new Fellows for 2016". University of Cambridge. 28 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016. ^ "The Foulkes Medal". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 14 September 2017. External links Official website Authority control databases ISNI
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academy of Medical Sciences (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"National Academies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit"}],"text":"\"Academy of Medical Sciences\" redirects here. For other uses, see Academy of Medical Sciences (disambiguation).The Academy of Medical Sciences is an organisation established in the UK in 1998. It is one of the four UK National Academies, the others being the British Academy, the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Royal Society.[3]Its mission is to advance biomedical and health research and its translation into benefits for society.[4] The Academy consists of a group of around 1,400 Fellows elected from fields across the biomedical sciences. The Academy seeks ultimately to advance medical science and improve health by investing in talented researchers, engaging people on health-related issues and providing expert impartial advice. As of April 2024[update] its president is Professor Andrew Morris CBE FRSE PMedSci.","title":"Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Atiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Atiyah"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"learned academies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_academies"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Novartis Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Academy was established in 1998 following the recommendations of a working group chaired by Michael Atiyah, former president of the Royal Society.[5] A single national organisation was formed to support biomedical scientists and clinical academics working together to promote advances in medical science. It is one of the four learned academies in the United Kingdom, alongside the Royal Society, Royal Academy of Engineering and British Academy.[6] The intention of the founders was to create a national resource outside the framework of Government, with the expertise and authority to deal with scientific and societal aspects of public policy issues in healthcare.[7]The formation of the Academy occurred against a backdrop of increasing fragmentation and specialisation within the medical profession.[8] The Academy merged with the Novartis Foundation in 2008, and moved to a dedicated headquarters building at 41 Portland Place in October 2010.[9] This building provides office space for its staff members, and has rooms for events and conferences.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Published_policy_report_front_covers,_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences.jpg"}],"text":"Published policy report front covers, Academy of Medical Sciences","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Government"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"obesity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity"},{"link_name":"primates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates"}],"sub_title":"Policy","text":"Areas of policy work originate from within the Academy Council and wider Fellowship, and in response to consultations from the government, Parliament and other relevant bodies. As of 2017[update] work included reports on improving public health by 2040, using animals in research, diabetes and obesity, the use of data in medical research and the use of non-human primates in research.","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK Department of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Department_of_Health"},{"link_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Research"}],"sub_title":"Careers","text":"The Academy's National Mentoring and Outreach Scheme was established in 2002 and is supported by the UK Department of Health, the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) and NHS Education for Scotland. The programme provides one-to-one mentoring by Academy Fellows for Clinical Lecturers and Clinician Scientist Fellows. It also offers activities for Academic Clinical Fellows, Clinical Training Fellows and MB PhD students.","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medi%2BMori_exhibition,_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Grants","text":"The Academy's funding schemes focus on areas of specific and specialist need, addressing perceived shortages within key speciality areas, and international collaboration. Schemes include Clinician Scientist Fellowships, Starter Grants for Clinical Lecturers and UK/Middle East Exchange Fellowships.Medi+Mori exhibition, Academy of Medical Sciences","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Public engagement and dialogue","text":"The Academy's public events demonstrate recent research and provide a platform for discussion of the latest science.[11]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Linking academia and industry","text":"The Academy's FORUM brings together biomedical scientists from academia and industry.[12] As well as hosting its own conferences and events, [13] the Academy has made its headquarters at 41 Portland Place available on a private hire basis for industry and commercial events and conferences.[14]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fellows_Room_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences.jpg"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ordinary_Fellows_Directory-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-election_process-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-election_process-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honorary_Fellows_Directory-2"},{"link_name":"Chen Zhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Zhu"},{"link_name":"Sydney Brenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner"},{"link_name":"Salk Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salk_Institute"},{"link_name":"François Gros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Gros"},{"link_name":"Académie des Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Institut de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_France"},{"link_name":"William Castell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Castell"},{"link_name":"GE Healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Healthcare"},{"link_name":"Professor Françoise Barré-Sinoussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi"},{"link_name":"Institut Pasteur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Pasteur"},{"link_name":"Nobel Laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Laureate"},{"link_name":"Sir Andrew Witty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Andrew_Witty"},{"link_name":"GSK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline"}],"text":"Fellows Common Room, Academy of Medical SciencesAs of April 2024[update], the Academy has 1416 Ordinary Fellows[1] drawn from fundamental biological sciences, clinical academic medicine, public and population health, health technology implementation, veterinary science, dentistry, medical and nursing care and other professions allied to medical science as well as the basic fundamental mathematics, chemistry, physics, engineering, ethics, social science and the law. The Fellowship represents a national resource in medical science, offering their time and expertise to support the academy's work.[15]Up to 48 new Fellows are elected to the academy each year.[16] Eight Sectional Committees spanning the range of medical sciences scrutinise candidates and make recommendations to Council for election.[16] Becoming a Fellow indicates that the academy judges individuals to have made \"outstanding contributions...to the progress of medical science and the development of better healthcare\".[17] Election is often described as \"prestigious\".[18][19]Past and present Honorary Fellows include:[2]Chen Zhu Minister of Health, Ministry of Health, China;\nSydney Brenner, Distinguished Professor, Salk Institute;\nFrançois Gros, Permanent Secretary of ‘Académie des Sciences’, Institut de France;\nWilliam Castell LVO FCA, President & CEO, GE Healthcare;\nProfessor Françoise Barré-Sinoussi Director, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur and Nobel Laureate;\nSir Andrew Witty Chief Executive Officer, GSK.Some of its members are retired and are no longer active in research.","title":"Fellowship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Lachmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lachmann"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Keith Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Peters_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"John Irving Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Irving_Bell"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"John Tooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tooke"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Lechler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lechler"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"Dame Anne Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Mandall_Johnson"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"}],"text":"1998–2002 Peter Lachmann (University of Cambridge)\n2002–2006 Keith Peters (University of Cambridge)\n2006–2011 John Irving Bell (University of Oxford)\n2011–2015 John Tooke (University College London)\n2015–2020 Sir Robert Lechler (King's College London)\n2020-2024 Dame Anne Johnson (University College London)\n2024-present Andrew Morris (University of Edinburgh)","title":"List of presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The Academy of Medical Sciences presents numerous awards and lectures and medals to recognise significant achievements within the field of medical science.[20]","title":"Honours"}]
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[{"title":"Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences"},{"title":"Category:Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_(United_Kingdom)"},{"title":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"title":"UK Young Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Young_Academy"}]
[{"reference":"\"Ordinary Fellows Directory\". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 20 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows","url_text":"\"Ordinary Fellows Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honorary Fellows Directory\". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 21 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/honorary-fellows","url_text":"\"Honorary Fellows Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joint Academies' Statement: Building a Stronger Future\". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 26 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://acmedsci.ac.uk/policy/policy-projects/joint-academies-statement-building-a-stronger-future","url_text":"\"Joint Academies' Statement: Building a Stronger Future\""}]},{"reference":"\"Improving health through research\". Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 20 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://acmedsci.ac.uk/","url_text":"\"Improving health through research\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Formation of the Academy of Medical Sciences\". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 20 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://acmedsci.ac.uk/about/history/formation-of-the-Academy-of-Medical-Sciences","url_text":"\"The Formation of the Academy of Medical Sciences\""}]},{"reference":"\"Funding national academies\". UK Government. Retrieved 26 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/engaging-the-public-in-science-and-engineering--3/supporting-pages/funding-national-academies","url_text":"\"Funding national academies\""}]},{"reference":"Savill, John (1999). \"More than merely academic: the new Academy of Medical Sciences\". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 92 (8). Royal Society of Medicine: 387. doi:10.1177/014107689909200801. PMC 1297311. PMID 10656001.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1297311","url_text":"\"More than merely academic: the new Academy of Medical Sciences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107689909200801","url_text":"10.1177/014107689909200801"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1297311","url_text":"1297311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10656001","url_text":"10656001"}]},{"reference":"Manning, Mary (2004). \"Academy of Medical Sciences: promoting advances in health science and biomedical research\". Clinical Medicine. 4 (5). Royal College of Physicians: 462–464. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.4-5-462. PMC 5351907. PMID 15536879.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rcpjournals.org/content/clinmedicine/4/5/462/tab-article-info","url_text":"\"Academy of Medical Sciences: promoting advances in health science and biomedical research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7861%2Fclinmedicine.4-5-462","url_text":"10.7861/clinmedicine.4-5-462"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5351907","url_text":"5351907"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15536879","url_text":"15536879"}]},{"reference":"\"Merger with the Novartis Foundation\". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 20 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/about/history/merger-with-the-novartis-foundation/","url_text":"\"Merger with the Novartis Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Period and modern rooms for all occasions, Georgian architecture\". 41 Portland Place (Academy of Medical Sciences). Retrieved 20 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.41portlandplace.com/about-us/41-portland-place/","url_text":"\"Period and modern rooms for all occasions, Georgian architecture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music and Medicine\". Harbour and Jones. 21 March 2014. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160319001101/http://www.harbourandjonesevents.com/41-portland-place-home-to-the-academy-of-medical-sciences-hosts-pioneering-music-and-medicine-event/","url_text":"\"Music and Medicine\""},{"url":"http://www.harbourandjonesevents.com/41-portland-place-home-to-the-academy-of-medical-sciences-hosts-pioneering-music-and-medicine-event/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2014 FORUM Lecture on Youtube\". Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 30 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4ripzZbfIsxiIk-M8pnmJM0CjoUw3HEb","url_text":"\"2014 FORUM Lecture on Youtube\""}]},{"reference":"\"Events | the Academy of Medical Sciences\".","urls":[{"url":"https://acmedsci.ac.uk/more/events","url_text":"\"Events | the Academy of Medical Sciences\""}]},{"reference":"\"41 Portland Place London Venue Hire - Marylebone Event Space | eve\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goaskeve.com/venues/41-portland-place/","url_text":"\"41 Portland Place London Venue Hire - Marylebone Event Space | eve\""}]},{"reference":"\"Policy projects, chaired by Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences\". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 26 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://acmedsci.ac.uk/policy/policy-projects?type=438/","url_text":"\"Policy projects, chaired by Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election process\". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 20 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/election-to-the-fellowship/the-election-process","url_text":"\"Election process\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Fellows 2016\". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 27 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://acmedsci.ac.uk/more/news/new-fellows-2016","url_text":"\"New Fellows 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leeds professor recognised for contribution to medical science\". University of Leeds. 4 November 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leeds.ac.uk/forstaff/news/article/5191/leeds_professor_recognised_for_contribution_to_medical_science","url_text":"\"Leeds professor recognised for contribution to medical science\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds","url_text":"University of Leeds"}]},{"reference":"\"The Academy of Medical Sciences announces new Fellows for 2016\". University of Cambridge. 28 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/the-academy-of-medical-sciences-announces-new-fellows-for-2016","url_text":"\"The Academy of Medical Sciences announces new Fellows for 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge","url_text":"University of Cambridge"}]},{"reference":"\"The Foulkes Medal\". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 14 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://acmedsci.ac.uk/more/news/winner-of-the-foulkes-medal-2013-announced","url_text":"\"The Foulkes Medal\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrina_Miltcheva
Alexandrina Miltcheva
["1 Career","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Bulgarian operatic mezzo-soprano (born 1934) Alexandrina Miltcheva (born 27 November 1934, in Smyadovo) is a Bulgarian operatic mezzo-soprano. Career The Sofia National Opera. After making her debut at the State Opera of Varna as Dorabella in Mozart's Così fan tutte, she won first prize at the Concours international de chant de Toulouse. She has been a member of the Sofia National Opera since 1968. She has sung the main roles of the repertoire on major international stages such as the Opéra Garnier in Paris, La Scala of Milan, the Teatro di San Carlo of Naples, the Verona Arena, and also the Bavarian State Opera. She has sung mezzo-soprano roles by Verdi, Mozart, Rossini, as well as lieder by Mahler and other composers, and songs by Moussorgsky and Tchaikovsky, with conductors such as Sir Georg Solti, Herbert von Karajan, and Riccardo Muti. She has recorded many discs. She teaches singing and founded her own school in 1994. See also Blagovesta Mekki-Tzvetkova  References ^ "Alexandrina Milcheva". ucis.pitt.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2018-10-22. ^ Biography on Bach Cantatas Website External links Personal website Biography on Operissimo.com (accessdate 22 October 2018) Alexandrina Miltcheva discography at Discogs Her page on the Stars of Bulgarian Opera site with 4 mp3 audio clips of selected arias Alexandrina Miltcheva Georges Bizet - Carmen - Habanera (YouTube) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef Portals: opera Bulgaria
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[{"title":"Blagovesta Mekki-Tzvetkova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blagovesta_Mekki-Tzvetkova&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagovesta_Mekki-Tzvetkova"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Rosa
Marco Rosa
["1 Playing career","2 Career statistics","2.1 Regular season and playoffs","2.2 International","3 References","4 External links"]
Canadian-born Italian ice hockey player Ice hockey player Marco Rosa Born (1982-01-15) January 15, 1982 (age 42)Scarborough, Ontario, CanadaHeight 6 ft 0 in (183 cm)Weight 170 lb (77 kg; 12 st 2 lb)Position CenterShot LeftAlHL teamFormer teams AsiagoMilwaukee AdmiralsHouston AerosProvidence BruinsManitoba MooseSt. John's IceCapsEspoo BluesGrizzlys WolfsburgKrefeld PinguineNational team  ItalyNHL draft 255th overall, 2001Dallas StarsPlaying career 2004–2021 Marco Rosa (born January 15, 1982) is a Canadian-born Italian professional ice hockey center who plays currently for Asiago of the Alps Hockey League. He was born in Scarborough, Ontario. Playing career Rosa began his career by spending two seasons playing for the Wexford Raiders of the OPJHL. He then attended Merrimack College from 2000 to 2004. He was drafted in the 8th round of the 2001 NHL Entry Draft (255th overall) by the Dallas Stars. Although his Junior season with Merrimack was cut short after his wrist was broken in a victory over Boston College in February 2003, as a Senior he rebounded to lead the team with 15 goals scored. Since graduating, he has played seven seasons in the ECHL and AHL. In the 2009–10 season, Rosa led the Manitoba Moose in scoring with 55 points. In 2010, he played with the Vancouver Canucks in the pre-season, but was reassigned to the Moose before the regular season began. On July 20, 2011, Rosa, along with three other former Manitoba Moose players, signed with the soon to be named St. John's IceCaps. The franchise, which moved from Manitoba, is an affiliate of the Winnipeg Jets. On June 21, 2013, after his first season abroad in Europe with the Espoo Blues of the Finnish SM-liiga, Rosa signed a one-year contract in Germany with Grizzly Adams Wolfsburg of the DEL in Germany. He eventually stayed until 2016 and reached the DEL finals with Wolfsburg in the 2015–16 season, where they fell short to München. In June 2016, fellow DEL team Krefeld Pinguine announced to have signed Rosa for the 2016–17 campaign. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1998–99 Wexford Raiders OPJHL 42 12 13 25 35 — — — — — 1999–2000 Wexford Raiders OPJHL 49 29 52 81 23 — — — — — 2000–01 Merrimack College HE 33 6 18 24 22 — — — — — 2001–02 Merrimack College HE 36 5 21 26 22 — — — — — 2002–03 Merrimack College HE 30 10 12 22 26 — — — — — 2003–04 Merrimack College HE 36 15 10 25 12 — — — — — 2004–05 Long Beach Ice Dogs ECHL 72 34 31 65 59 6 0 2 2 4 2005–06 Long Beach Ice Dogs ECHL 6 2 1 3 2 1 0 0 0 4 2005–06 Milwaukee Admirals AHL 27 2 2 4 17 — — — — — 2006–07 Texas Wildcatters ECHL 36 25 26 51 49 11 3 3 6 2 2006–07 Houston Aeros AHL 5 1 1 2 4 — — — — — 2006–07 Providence Bruins AHL 34 7 8 15 14 9 1 2 3 6 2007–08 Houston Aeros AHL 56 10 17 27 20 5 2 0 2 0 2007–08 Texas Wildcatters ECHL 8 5 8 13 0 — — — — — 2008–09 Houston Aeros AHL 69 16 24 40 42 20 2 8 10 2 2009–10 Manitoba Moose AHL 80 22 33 55 32 6 1 2 3 12 2010–11 Manitoba Moose AHL 51 13 21 34 20 14 6 11 17 4 2011–12 St. John's IceCaps AHL 31 6 21 27 12 9 0 1 1 4 2012–13 Blues SM-liiga 43 9 9 18 36 — — — — — 2013–14 Grizzly Adams Wolfsburg DEL 46 19 19 38 41 11 5 6 11 22 2014–15 Grizzly Adams Wolfsburg DEL 52 9 37 46 18 11 3 5 8 8 2015–16 Grizzlys Wolfsburg DEL 29 2 4 6 8 — — — — — 2016–17 Krefeld Pinguine DEL 45 10 11 21 16 — — — — — 2017–18 Asiago Hockey 1935 AlpsHL 38 20 37 57 12 14 9 11 20 2 2017–18 Asiago Hockey 1935 ITA 1 1 1 2 2 — — — — — 2018–19 Asiago Hockey 1935 AlpsHL 39 17 33 50 20 4 1 2 3 12 2018–19 Asiago Hockey 1935 ITA 4 3 2 5 0 — — — — — 2019–20 Asiago Hockey 1935 AlpsHL 44 26 36 62 32 — — — — — 2019–20 Asiago Hockey 1935 ITA 6 2 5 7 0 — — — — — 2020–21 Asiago Hockey 1935 AlpsHL 30 20 25 45 10 11 1 8 9 2 2020–21 Asiago Hockey 1935 ITA 5 1 2 3 0 — — — — — AHL totals 353 76 127 203 161 63 12 24 36 28 DEL totals 172 40 71 111 83 22 8 11 19 30 AlpsHL totals 151 83 131 214 74 29 11 21 32 16 International Year Team Event GP G A Pts PIM 2019 Italy WC 7 1 0 1 8 2021 Italy WC 1 0 0 0 0 Senior totals 8 1 0 1 8 References ^ "Dallas Stars Draft History". The Internet Hockey Database. Hockeydb.com. Retrieved 20 January 2011. ^ Conway, Kevin (February 15, 2003). "Merrimack Loses Rosa in Win Over BC". USCHO.com. Retrieved 20 January 2011. ^ "Merrimack Warriors Men's Hockey 2003-2004 Team Statistics". USCHO Stats. USCHO.com. Retrieved 20 January 2011. ^ Lawless, Gary (June 23, 2010). "Moose sign three players". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 20 January 2011. ^ "Canucks reduce pre-season roster". NHL.com. September 22, 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2011. ^ "Tanguay sets up 2 goals as Flames edge Canucks in split-squad preseason game". Foxnews.com. Associated Press. September 22, 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2011. ^ "Four former Moose players to join St. John's franchise". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg Free Press. July 20, 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2011. ^ "Marco Rosa is a Grizzly" (in German). Grizzly Adams Wolfsburg. 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2013-06-21. ^ "Marco Rosa verstärkt den Sturm der Krefeld Pinguine". Archived from the original on 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2016-06-29. External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or The Internet Hockey Database
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Dallas Stars Draft History\". The Internet Hockey Database. Hockeydb.com. Retrieved 20 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/draft/teams/dr00005404.html","url_text":"\"Dallas Stars Draft History\""}]},{"reference":"Conway, Kevin (February 15, 2003). \"Merrimack Loses Rosa in Win Over BC\". USCHO.com. Retrieved 20 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uscho.com/recaps/2003/02/15/merrimack-loses-rosa-in-win-over-bc/","url_text":"\"Merrimack Loses Rosa in Win Over BC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Merrimack Warriors Men's Hockey 2003-2004 Team Statistics\". USCHO Stats. USCHO.com. Retrieved 20 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uscho.com/stats/team/merrimack/mens-hockey/2003-2004/#overallstats","url_text":"\"Merrimack Warriors Men's Hockey 2003-2004 Team Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Lawless, Gary (June 23, 2010). \"Moose sign three players\". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 20 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/sports/breakingnews/Moose-sign-three-players-96987034.html","url_text":"\"Moose sign three players\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canucks reduce pre-season roster\". NHL.com. September 22, 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://canucks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=538274","url_text":"\"Canucks reduce pre-season roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tanguay sets up 2 goals as Flames edge Canucks in split-squad preseason game\". Foxnews.com. Associated Press. September 22, 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2010/09/22/tanguay-sets-goals-flames-edge-canucks-split-squad-preseason-game/","url_text":"\"Tanguay sets up 2 goals as Flames edge Canucks in split-squad preseason game\""}]},{"reference":"\"Four former Moose players to join St. John's franchise\". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg Free Press. July 20, 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/Four-former-Moose-players-to-join-St-Johns-franchise-125903053.html","url_text":"\"Four former Moose players to join St. John's franchise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marco Rosa is a Grizzly\" (in German). Grizzly Adams Wolfsburg. 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2013-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ehc-wolfsburg.de/beitrag1342.html","url_text":"\"Marco Rosa is a Grizzly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly_Adams_Wolfsburg","url_text":"Grizzly Adams Wolfsburg"}]},{"reference":"\"Marco Rosa verstärkt den Sturm der Krefeld Pinguine\". Archived from the original on 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2016-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160701034511/http://portal.krefeld-pinguine.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2155%3Amarco-rosa-verstaerkt-den-sturm-der-krefeld-pinguine-&catid=35%3Apinguine-news&lang=de","url_text":"\"Marco Rosa verstärkt den Sturm der Krefeld Pinguine\""},{"url":"http://portal.krefeld-pinguine.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2155%3Amarco-rosa-verstaerkt-den-sturm-der-krefeld-pinguine-&catid=35%3Apinguine-news&lang=de","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Barney
Jay Barney
["1 Infancy and education","2 Career","3 Awards and honors","4 Selected works","4.1 Journal articles","4.2 Books","5 Personal life","6 References","7 See also"]
American professor (born 1954) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is an autobiography or has been extensively edited by the subject or by someone connected to the subject. It may need editing to conform to Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy. There may be relevant discussion on the talk page. (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jay B. BarneyBorn (1954-10-08) October 8, 1954 (age 69)Walnut Creek, California, U.S.NationalityAmericanOccupationProfessorChildren3 Jay B. Barney (born October 8, 1954) is an American professor in strategic management at the University of Utah. Infancy and education Jay Barney was born in Walnut Creek, California, on October 8, 1954. He spent his formative years in San Bruno, California and graduated from San Carlos High School in San Carlos, California in 1972. He attended Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah where he majored in sociology. He graduated from BYU, summa cum laude, in December 1974 and began the Doctor of Philosophy program in sociology at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut in 1976. Career Barney joined the faculty at the Anderson Graduate School of Management at UCLA in 1980. He moved to the Mays Business School at Texas A&M University in 1986, then to the Fisher College of Business at the Ohio State University in 1994, where he held the Chase Chair for Excellence in Corporate Strategy, and then to the Eccles School of Business at the University of Utah in 2012, where he held the rank of Presidential Professor and the Lassonde Chair in Social Entrepreneurship. Professor Barney's 1991 paper has developed a framework for distinguishing among several different types of firm performance—i.e., competitive disadvantage, competitive parity, temporary competitive advantage, and sustained competitive advantage—and identified the attributes of resources and capabilities that would make them costly to imitate. This framework is known as the VRIO (Valuable, Rare, Costly to Imitate, and exploited by Organization). In the mid-2000s, Professor Barney worked with Dr. Sharon Alvarez to develop a new theoretical approach to the study of entrepreneurship. Research topics that build directly on resource-based theory include The Knowledge-based Theory of the Firm, Relational View, Dynamic Capabilities, theories of core competence, and competitive heterogeneity. Barney currently serves as the editor of the Academy of Management Review. Awards and honors Academy of Management Scholarly Contributions Award (2010) Irwin Outstanding Educator Award, Business Policy and Strategy Division of the Academy of Management (2005) Fellow, Academy of Management (2001) Fellow, Strategic Management Society (2007) Ph.D. (Honorary) Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain (2011) Ph.D. (Honorary) Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denmark (2008) Ph.D. (Honorary) Lund University, Lund, Sweden (1997) Selected works Journal articles Jay B. Barney (1986) "Organizational Culture: Can It Be a Source of Sustained Competitive Advantage?" Academy of Management Review. 11: 656-665. Jay B. Barney (1986) "Strategic Factor Markets: Expectations, Luck, and Business Strategy," Management Science, 32(10): 1231-1241. Jay B. Barney (1988) "Returns to Bidding Firms in Mergers and Acquisitions: Reconsidering the Relatedness Hypothesis," Strategic Management Journal, 9, Special Issue: 71-78. Jay B. Barney (1990) The debate between Traditional Management Theory and Organizational Economics: Substantive Differences and Intergroup Conflict?, Vol. 15, No.3: 382-393 Jay B. Barney (1991) "Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage," Journal of Management, 17(1): 99-120. Jay B. Barney and Mark Hansen (1994) "Trustworthiness as a Source of Competitive Advantage," Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 15: 175-190. Jay B. Barney (1995) "Looking Inside for Competitive Advantage," Academy of Management Executive, 9(4): 49-61. Bill Fuerst, Jay B. Barney, and F. Mata (1996) "Information Technology and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based Analysis," MIS Quarterly, 19: 487-505. Jay B. Barney and Patrick Wright (1998) “On Becoming a Strategic Partner: The Role of Human Resources in Gaining Competitive Advantage,” Human Resource Management, 37: 31-46. Sharon A. Alvarez and Jay B. Barney (2007) "Discovery and creation: alternative theories of entrepreneurial action." Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 1(1–2): 11–26. Sharon A. Alvarez, Jay B. Barney, and Phillip Anderson (2012) “Forming and Exploiting Opportunities: The Implications of Discovery and Creation Processes for Entrepreneurial and Organizational Research,” Organization Science, 24(1): 301 -317. Books Jay B. Barney and William G. Ouchi. (1986) Organizational Economics: Toward a New Paradigm for Studying and Understanding Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Jay B. Barney and Ricky Griffin (1992) Managing Organizations: Strategy, Structure, and Behavior. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. Jay B. Barney (2010) Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage, currently in 4th edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. (Translated into Japanese, Chinese, Italian) Jay B. Barney and William Hesterly. (2014) Strategic Management and Competitive Advantage. Currently in 5th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. (Translated into Chinese, Korean) Jay B. Barney and Delwyn Clark (2007) Resource-based Theory: Creating and Sustaining Competitive Advantage. London: Oxford University Press, 2007. (Translated into Chinese) Jay B. Barney and Trish Clifford (2010) What I Didn’t Learn in Business School: Making Strategy Work in the Real World. Cambridge: Harvard Business Review Press. (Translated into Korean, Hungarian, Chinese, Polish) Personal life Barney resides in Park City, Utah. He is married with three children. References ^ a b c d e f g "Jay Barney | David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah". The David Eccles School of Business. Retrieved 2020-07-30. ^ a b "Alumni and Friends Directory". huntsman.usu.edu. Retrieved 2020-07-30. ^ "Academy of Management Review". journals.aom.org. Retrieved 2020-07-30. ^ a b "Review Editorial Team". AOM_CMS. Retrieved 2020-07-30. Michael Porter (1979) “How competitive forces shape strategy,” Harvard Business Review, March/April: 137 – 156; Michael Porter (1980) Competitive Strategy. NY: Free Press. Joe Bain (1956) Barriers to New Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard. Richard Rumelt (1984) “Toward a strategic theory of the firm,” in R. Lamb (ed.), Competitive Strategic Management. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, pp. 556 – 570. Birger Wernerfelt (1984) “A resource-based view of the firm,” Strategic Management Journal, 5: 171 – 180. Jay B. Barney (1986a) “Strategic factor markets: Expectations, luck, and the theory of business strategy,” Management Science, 32(10): 1231 – 1241; Jay B. Barney (1986b) “Organizational culture: Can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage?” Academy of Management Review, 11: 656 – 665; Jay B. Barney (1988) “Returns to bidding firms in mergers and acquisitions: Reconsidering the relatedness hypothesis,” Strategic Management Journal, 9: 71 – 78. Margie Peteraf (1993) “The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view,” Strategic Management Journal, 14: 179 – 191. Jay B. Barney (1991) “Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage,” Journal of Management, 17: 99 – 120. W. B. Arthur (1989) “Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by historical events,” Economic Journal, 99: 116 – 131. Steve Lippman and Richard Rumelt (1982) “Uncertain imitability: An analysis of inter-firm differences in efficiency under competition,” Bell Journal of Economics, 13: 418 – 438. Jay B. Barney (1986b) “Organizational culture: Can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage?” Academy of Management Review, 11: 656 – 665. I. Dierickx and K. Cool (1989) “Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage,” Management Science, 35: 1504 – 1511. Jay B. Barney (1996) Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Jay B. Barney and Patrick Wright (1998) “On Becoming a Strategic Partner: The Role of Human Resources in Gaining Competitive Advantage,” Human Resource Management, 37: 31-46. Gautum Ray, Jay Barney, and W. Muhanna (2005) “Information Technology and the Performance of the Customer Service Process in North American Insurance Companies: A Resource-based Analysis,” Management Information Systems Quarterly, 29: 625-652. S. D. Hunt and D.F. Davis (2008) “Grounding supply chain management in resource-advantage theory,” Journal of Supply Chain Management, 44(1): 10 – 21. Sharon Alvarez and Jay B. Barney (2007) “Discovery and Creation: Alternative Theories of Entrepreneurial Action,” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 1(1): pp. 11 – 26; Sharon Alvarez, Jay B. Barney, and Phil Anderson (2013) “Forming and Exploiting Opportunities: The Implications of Discovery and Creation Processes for Entrepreneurial and Organizational Research,” Organization Science, 24(1): 301 -317. See also Core competency Marketing strategy Resource-based view Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Other IdRef
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Barney (born October 8, 1954) is an American professor in strategic management at the University of Utah.[1]","title":"Jay Barney"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walnut Creek, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California"},{"link_name":"San Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bruno,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"San Carlos High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Carlos_High_School"},{"link_name":"San Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Carlos,_California"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"Provo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utah"},{"link_name":"sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"summa cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_cum_laude"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"}],"text":"Jay Barney was born in Walnut Creek, California, on October 8, 1954. He spent his formative years in San Bruno, California and graduated from San Carlos High School in San Carlos, California in 1972. He attended Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah where he majored in sociology. He graduated from BYU, summa cum laude, in December 1974 and began the Doctor of Philosophy program in sociology at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut in 1976.","title":"Infancy and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Mays Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mays_Business_School"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University"},{"link_name":"Fisher College of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_College_of_Business"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"competitive advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_advantage"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"The Knowledge-based Theory of the Firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Knowledge_based_Theory_of_the_Firm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Relational View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relational_View&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dynamic Capabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_Capabilities&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"core competence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_competence"},{"link_name":"competitive heterogeneity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_heterogeneity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Barney joined the faculty at the Anderson Graduate School of Management at UCLA in 1980. He moved to the Mays Business School at Texas A&M University in 1986, then to the Fisher College of Business at the Ohio State University in 1994, where he held the Chase Chair for Excellence in Corporate Strategy,[1] and then to the Eccles School of Business at the University of Utah in 2012, where he held the rank of Presidential Professor and the Lassonde Chair in Social Entrepreneurship.[2]Professor Barney's 1991 paper[which?] has developed a framework for distinguishing among several different types of firm performance—i.e., competitive disadvantage, competitive parity, temporary competitive advantage, and sustained competitive advantage—and identified the attributes of resources and capabilities that would make them costly to imitate. This framework is known as the VRIO (Valuable, Rare, Costly to Imitate, and exploited by Organization).In the mid-2000s[when?], Professor Barney worked with Dr. Sharon Alvarez to develop a new theoretical approach to the study of entrepreneurship.Research topics that build directly on resource-based theory include The Knowledge-based Theory of the Firm, Relational View, Dynamic Capabilities, theories of core competence, and competitive heterogeneity.Barney currently serves as the editor of the Academy of Management Review.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Academy of Management Scholarly Contributions Award (2010)[4]\nIrwin Outstanding Educator Award, Business Policy and Strategy Division of the Academy of Management (2005)[2]\nFellow, Academy of Management (2001)[1]\nFellow, Strategic Management Society (2007)[1]\nPh.D. (Honorary) Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain (2011)[1]\nPh.D. (Honorary) Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denmark (2008)[1]\nPh.D. (Honorary) Lund University, Lund, Sweden (1997)[1]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Journal articles","text":"Jay B. Barney (1986) \"Organizational Culture: Can It Be a Source of Sustained Competitive Advantage?\" Academy of Management Review. 11: 656-665.\nJay B. Barney (1986) \"Strategic Factor Markets: Expectations, Luck, and Business Strategy,\" Management Science, 32(10): 1231-1241.\nJay B. Barney (1988) \"Returns to Bidding Firms in Mergers and Acquisitions: Reconsidering the Relatedness Hypothesis,\" Strategic Management Journal, 9, Special Issue: 71-78.\nJay B. Barney (1990) The debate between Traditional Management Theory and Organizational Economics: Substantive Differences and Intergroup Conflict?, Vol. 15, No.3: 382-393\nJay B. Barney (1991) \"Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage,\" Journal of Management, 17(1): 99-120.\nJay B. Barney and Mark Hansen (1994) \"Trustworthiness as a Source of Competitive Advantage,\" Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 15: 175-190.\nJay B. Barney (1995) \"Looking Inside for Competitive Advantage,\" Academy of Management Executive, 9(4): 49-61.\nBill Fuerst, Jay B. Barney, and F. Mata (1996) \"Information Technology and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based Analysis,\" MIS Quarterly, 19: 487-505.\nJay B. Barney and Patrick Wright (1998) “On Becoming a Strategic Partner: The Role of Human Resources in Gaining Competitive Advantage,” Human Resource Management, 37: 31-46.\nSharon A. Alvarez and Jay B. Barney (2007) \"Discovery and creation: alternative theories of entrepreneurial action.\" Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 1(1–2): 11–26.\nSharon A. Alvarez, Jay B. Barney, and Phillip Anderson (2012) “Forming and Exploiting Opportunities: The Implications of Discovery and Creation Processes for Entrepreneurial and Organizational Research,” Organization Science, 24(1): 301 -317.","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delwyn Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delwyn_Clark"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Jay B. Barney and William G. Ouchi. (1986) Organizational Economics: Toward a New Paradigm for Studying and Understanding Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.\nJay B. Barney and Ricky Griffin (1992) Managing Organizations: Strategy, Structure, and Behavior. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.\nJay B. Barney (2010) Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage, currently in 4th edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. (Translated into Japanese, Chinese, Italian)\nJay B. Barney and William Hesterly. (2014) Strategic Management and Competitive Advantage. Currently in 5th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. (Translated into Chinese, Korean)\nJay B. Barney and Delwyn Clark (2007) Resource-based Theory: Creating and Sustaining Competitive Advantage. London: Oxford University Press, 2007. (Translated into Chinese)\nJay B. Barney and Trish Clifford (2010) What I Didn’t Learn in Business School: Making Strategy Work in the Real World. Cambridge: Harvard Business Review Press. (Translated into Korean, Hungarian, Chinese, Polish)","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"}],"text":"Barney resides in Park City, Utah. He is married with three children.[4]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-74_Globemaster
Douglas C-74 Globemaster
["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","2.1 Service introduction","2.2 MATS operations","2.3 Berlin Airlift","2.4 Korean War","2.5 Retirement","2.6 C-74 production","3 Operators","4 Specifications (C-74)","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Bibliography","7 External links"]
US military transport aircraft with 4 piston engines, 1945 C-74 Globemaster C-74 Globemaster at Long Beach, California Role Strategic airlifterType of aircraft Manufacturer Douglas Aircraft Company First flight 5 September 1945 Retired 1969 (last operational flight) Status Retired – 1959 (military), 1969 (civilian) Primary users United States Army Air ForcesUnited States Air Force Produced 1945–1947 Number built 14 (one converted to C-124 prototype) Developed into Douglas C-124 Globemaster II The Douglas C-74 Globemaster was a United States heavy-lift cargo aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company in Long Beach, California. The aircraft was developed after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The long distances across the Atlantic and, especially, Pacific oceans to combat areas indicated a need for a transoceanic heavy-lift military transport aircraft. Douglas Aircraft Company responded in 1942 with a giant four-engined design. Development and production modifications issues with the aircraft caused the first flight to be delayed until 5 September 1945, after both V-J Day (marking the end of conflict in World War II, on August 15, 1945) and formal surrender on September 2. Total production was limited to 14 aircraft when the wartime contract was cancelled in January 1946. Although not produced in large numbers, the C-74 did fill the need for a long-range strategic airlifter, in which capacity the subsequent Douglas C-124 Globemaster II was used by the Air Force for many years. Design and development The Douglas Aircraft Company began studies at their Santa Monica division in early 1942 for a transport capable of fulfilling the global logistical needs of the U.S. military. Its "C-74 Project Group" used their company's DC-4 as a basis and concentrated on enlarging its capabilities. The group's design philosophy was to build a "no-frills" aircraft able to accommodate much of the Army's large equipment including light tanks, two 105-millimeter (4.1 in) howitzers with their towing vehicles, two angle bulldozers, and smaller utility vehicles. This became the Douglas Model 415 and a cost-plus contract worth more than $50 million was signed 25 June 1942 for 50 aircraft and one static test article. The resulting production aircraft was 31 ft (9.4 m) longer than the C-54 Skymaster, and would be 24 ft (7.3 m) longer than the proposed C-118 Liftmaster; no experimental XC- or YC-74 models were produced. This first flight of a C-74 occurred at 15:09 hrs. on 5 September 1945 at Long Beach with Ben O. Howard at the controls and lasted 79 minutes. The first C-74, 42-65402, was airborne just two months after it rolled off the assembly line. At the time of its first flight, the C-74 was the largest landplane to enter production, with a maximum weight of 172,000 lb (78,000 kg). It was able to carry 125 soldiers or 48,150 lb (21,840 kg) of cargo over a range of 3,400 mi (5,500 km). Perhaps the most notable feature of the C-74 was its cockpit arrangement with separate canopies over the pilot and copilot; the same arrangement was used for the XB-42 Mixmaster. This arrangement was unpopular with flight crews, however, and the aircraft were retrofitted with a more conventional arrangement. During the life of the aircraft, the radial engines were also upgraded to 3,250 hp (2,420 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-4360-49 engines. The second built, 42-65403, c/n 13914, crashed during flight testing on 5 August 1946 at Torrance, California, when it lost a wing during an overload dive test. All four crew bailed out successfully. The fourth aircraft was diverted to a static test article at Wright Field, Ohio, and virtually every major structural component was tested to destruction between August 1946 and November 1948. This was done in order to determine the individual components' ability to withstand design loads. The fifth C-74 built was modified to be a prototype for the C-124 Globemaster II, which used the same wing as the C-74, but used a much larger fuselage. This newer aircraft quickly superseded the C-74 in service. Douglas had every intention to adapt the aircraft into a civil airliner once the war ended. Pan American World Airways began negotiations in 1944. Their civilian model would be dubbed a DC-7 by Douglas (Model 415A) and the 'Clipper Type 9' by Pan American. Pan American intended to use the 108-passenger aircraft for international travel between New York, Rio de Janeiro, and other cities. The major difference between the military cargo aircraft and the civil airliner was the non-pressurized fuselage of the military C-74 and the pressurized DC-7. The passenger compartment was to be outfitted with a lounge bar, dining area and sleeping cabins for night flights. In June 1945, an order was placed for 26 DC-7 aircraft. With the need for military aircraft greatly reduced by the end of World War II, the order for 50 military aircraft was canceled in January 1946 after production of only 14 aircraft. This cancellation also ended plans to build an airliner version of the C-74 for the civilian market, as the limited military production run increased the cost per civilian aircraft to over $1,412,000 and Pan American canceled its order. Douglas then canceled the DC-7 designation. The DC-7 designation was later used for a completely different civilian airliner project in the early 1950s, having no relationship to the C-74. Operational history C-74 Globemaster over Long Beach, California, October 1945 Of the 14 Globemasters built, 11 actually saw operational service. All were used by the United States Army Air Forces Air Transport Command (ATC), and later by the United States Air Force Military Air Transport Service (MATS). The C-74 had a crew of five, including pilot, copilot, radio operator, navigator, and flight engineer. Crew rest quarters were included for long-duration missions. Passageways were provided in the wing to permit the flight engineer to perform servicing and repairs while in flight. It could carry 125 fully equipped troops, 115 litter patients with their medical attendants, or up to 50,000 lb (22,700 kg) of cargo. The cargo bay had twin hoists that could be moved on a rail up and down the bay. They could be used to drop a removable belly section to ease loading of cargoes, reducing the need for specialized cargo handling equipment. The small numbers of C-74s built meant that the aircraft's service was limited, but it gave the Air Force experience with the operation and utility of large transport aircraft. Service introduction The "C-74 squadron" was activated along with the "C-74 Project" on 5 September 1946. They were attached to the 554th AAF Base Unit located at Memphis Municipal Airport, Tennessee. The 554th was a part of the USAAF Air Transport Command. The C-74 Squadron's mission was: To conduct non-scheduled, nonstop flights from Fairfield-Suisun (Later Travis Air Force Base) to Washington, D.C. The flights would be cargo only, no passengers were authorized. To establish a flight program which would accumulate 300 hours of service time on the Globemaster's original R-4360-27 engines in the shortest possible time To gather and record all technical data from tests performed on the C-74 To train sufficient crew members and aircraft mechanics with which to conduct these tests. The R-4360 engine was earmarked for the B-35 and B-36 so Air Materiel Command was especially anxious to see the results of the squadron's use of the aircraft. Establish loading techniques and procedures Establish proper tie-down procedures. Establish air evacuation techniques. Determine other data concerning loading, offloading of cargo. This project was designed to be a "shakedown" of the aircraft prior to entering operational service. Training of personnel to conduct this test was to have been accomplished by aircrews and technicians initially C-74 trained at Wright Field, Ohio, and also at the Douglas facility in Long Beach, California. Approximately 30 transcontinental flights were planned. The squadron was moved to Morrison Field, Florida in October 1946. This was due to the fact that the runways at Memphis were not stressed to take the large gross weight of the C-74, resulting in some minor cracking to the concrete surface. Operations included two weekly trips from Morrison Field to Albrook Field, Panama using Río Hato Army Air Base as an alternate field. In 1947, the 2nd and 3rd Air Transport Groups (Provisional) were formed and the C-74 was declared operationally ready. Humanitarian missions were flown in 1947 that included flood relief to Florida, and Hurricane relief for the southern area of the U.S. MATS operations Morrison Field was inactivated on 1 July 1947, and both provisional units were inactivated, the aircraft and support personnel and equipment being reassigned to Brookley Field, Alabama. On 1 June 1948, the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) was formed with the merging of the Air Force's Air Transport Command and the Navy's Naval Air Transport Service. Within MATS, all of the Globemasters were assigned to the Atlantic Division. Once in operational use, C-74s began to be used on scheduled MATS overseas routes through the late 1940s and mid-1950s: "Panamanian", between Brookley AFB, Alabama and Albrook AFB, Panama "Puerto Rican", between Brookley AFB and Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico "Hawaiian", between Brookley AFB and Hickam AFB, Hawaii, with a stop at Fairfield-Suisun (later Travis) AFB, California. "Johnathan", between Brookley AFB, Kelly AFB, Texas; McClellan AFB, California; McChord AFB, Washington, and Elmendorf AFB, Alaska. Brookley AFB and Casablanca-Anfa Airport, French Morocco; Wheelus Air Base, Libya Brookley AFB and Keflavik Airport, Iceland; RAF Manston, England. Additionally, logistic support flights for Strategic Air Command (SAC), and Tactical Air Command (TAC) saw the Globemaster in North Africa, the Middle East, Europe, the Caribbean, and within the United States. Two C-74s were used to support the first TAC Republic F-84 Thunderjet flight across the Pacific Ocean to Japan. SAC also continued to use the Globemasters to rotate Boeing B-47 Stratojet Medium Bombardment Groups on temporary duty in England and Morocco as part of their REFLEX operation. Berlin Airlift During the Berlin Airlift, a single Globemaster (42-65414) arrived at Rhein-Main Air Base on 14 August 1948 and landed for the first time on 17 August at Berlin's Gatow Airfield in the British sector carrying 20 tons of flour. Over the next six weeks, the Globemaster crew flew 24 missions into the city delivering 1,234,000 lb (559,700 kg) of supplies. Several airlift records were set by the crew in 414 during Operation Vittles. On 18 September, Air Force Day, the crew flew six round trips into Berlin hauling a total of 250,000 lb (113,400 kg) of coal setting a new Airlift Task Force utilization record by flying 20 hours during the 24-hour effort. During the construction of Tegel Airfield in the French sector of Berlin, large construction equipment was needed to build new runways. But this equipment, including a rock crusher, was too big for even the Globemaster to accommodate. The mission was accomplished by having the equipment cut into pieces by welding torch at Rhein-Main and flown aboard the C-74 into Gatow for reassembly. After six weeks of Vittles flights, the Globemaster returned to Brookley AFB. Reportedly, the Soviet Union complained that the Globemaster could be used as a bomber via the open elevator well. The fact that the runways in Berlin were not stressed for the airlifter's weight and the aircraft was not compatible with the corridor's scheduling were other factors considered for its withdrawal. Support for the Berlin Airlift by the C-74 changed to flying regularly scheduled flights between the U.S. and Western Germany. This mission was called the "Goliath" and was constantly transporting C-54 engines and parts for use in the airlift. Cargo arriving in Western Germany was flown to Berlin in smaller C-47 Skytrain and C-54 Skymaster aircraft. Experience with the Berlin Airlift demonstrated that the new United States Air Force needed a heavy strategic airlift capability, which led to the development of the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II. Korean War The invasion of the Republic of Korea by North Korea began another supporting phase of the C-74's career. From 1 July–December 1950, the Globemasters logged over 7,000 hours in flights to Hawaii hauling troops and high priority cargo west toward the Korean War and returning eastward with wounded GIs. During the seven months between July 1950 and January 1951, the Globemasters transported 2,486 patients, 550 passengers, and 128,000 lb (58,100 kg) of cargo from Hickam AFB, Hawaii to the U.S. mainland while hauling just under a million pounds of cargo westward. The C-74s did not fly into Japan, Okinawa or any South Korean airfields. These figures, coupled with the fact that, since 1946, the C-74 had flown over six million miles and 31,000 flying hours without a single injury to crewmen or passengers, give testimony to the Globemaster's reliability. Retirement By 1952, the C-74 began to experience shortages of spare parts and increasing maintenance problems. It was recognized by late 1954 that the deterioration of the C-74's components was progressing more rapidly than predicted. Plans were made for the eventual retirement of the Air Force's only fleet of Globemasters. In June 1955, the 6th ATS was merged with the 3rd ATS and was flying operational missions with them. On 1 July, the 6th ATS (Heavy) was inactivated and its C-74s and crews were transferred to the 1703rd ATG's 3rd ATS (Heavy). On 1 November 1955, the C-74s were placed in flyable storage at Brookley AFB while the group waited for instructions as to the disposition of the aircraft. During the first three months of 1956, the 11 remaining C-74s were officially removed from the Military Air Transport Service's inventory and were flown one by one to Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona for long-term storage and disposition. Colonel George S. Cassady, who had accepted the first C-74 for the Air Force and who was by then a Brigadier General, was attending a Continental Division Commander's Conference when he learned of the C-74's last flight. Cassady received permission to pilot the aircraft on its last flight and on 31 March 1956, flew the last C-74 from Brookley AFB to Davis-Monthan AFB. Most of the C-74s in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB were scrapped in 1965, although four ended in civilian hands, mostly owned by Aeronaves de Panama (holding company for "Air Systems"). The National Museum of the United States Air Force scrapped the last vestige of Air Force Globemasters when they relegated the YC-124C, 48-795 (the prototype of the Globemaster II which had been converted from C-74, 42-65406) to fire-fighting training in 1969. 42-65404 was sold on the civilian market as N3182G. Later operated by Aeronaves de Panama as HP-385 in Europe and the Middle East crashing near Marseilles on 9 October 1963, with six on board killed. After the crash, Aeronaves de Panama's licence to operate from Denmark was withdrawn, and the airline went out of business. A layman's account of travel on aircraft 42–65404, christened 'Heracles' by its owners, in the months before its fatal crash is offered by veterinarian/author James Herriot who was on board the aircraft. In monitoring the health of a cargo of 40 pedigree Jersey cattle cows and heifers from Gatwick/London to Istanbul on 8–9 August 1963, he noted its bald tires, worn instruments, jammed loading hoist and undercarriage which did not properly retract. The starboard inboard engine caught fire en route to Istanbul, and the crippled aircraft barely cleared the Alps on a return trip to Copenhagen for repairs. In October 1963, 42-65404 collided with the top of a low hill five miles after takeoff from Marseille with the loss of all her crew. 42-65408 was sold on the civilian market on 24 March 1959 as N8199H, owned by Akros Dynamic. It was flown to Cuba in an attempt to sell it to the new Castro government. It later was moved to Panama as Aeronaves de Panama HP-367. It flew in Europe and to Middle East frequently. Abandoned after the airline went out of business in 1963, and dismantled at Milan, Italy in August 1972; it was the last surviving Globemaster. 42-65409 was sold on the civilian market in 1956 as N3181G. After reconditioning at Oakland, California, it was operated by Aeronaves de Panama as HP-379 in Europe and the Middle East. It flew from Europe to the Middle East frequently carrying live cattle from Copenhagen to the Middle East. It was abandoned at Milan, Italy in 1969 and appeared in the 1969 Michael Caine movie The Italian Job. It was painted in the colors of the fictitious Communist Chinese Civil Aviation Airlines that delivered the gold to FIAT in Turin. Later moved to Turin airport, it caught fire while on public display on 11 June 1970 and again on 24 September 1970 while it was being salvaged, this time killing two salvage workers. None of the Aeronaves de Panama C-74s ever came to Panama. Instead they were intended for cattle flights from Copenhagen. For a detailed account of these operations, read Flying Cowboys by Tad Houlihan. 42-65412 was sold on the civilian market in 1956 as N3183G, but was dismantled at Long Beach, California in 1964. C-74 production Serial # Produced Retired 42-65402 October 1945 October 1954 42-65404 July 1946 May 1954 42-65406 September 1946 September 1954 42-65407 February 1946 July 1954 42-65408 September 1946 October 1954 42-65409 January 1947 October 1954 42-65410 March 1946 March 1954 42-65411 December 1946 September 1953 42-65412 February 1947 October 1954 42-65413 February 1947 February 1954 42-65414 March 1947 February 1954 42-65415 April 1947 January 1954 42-65416 through 42-65451 cancelled Operators The following USAAF/USAF units flew the C-74 Globemaster:  United States United States Air Force Specifications (C-74) 3-view line drawing of the Douglas C-74 Globemaster Data from Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1949–50, McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 : Volume IGeneral characteristics Crew: 13 Capacity: 125 troops, 115 stretchers with medical staff, or up to 48,150 lb (21,840 kg) of cargo Length: 124 ft 1.5 in (37.833 m) Wingspan: 173 ft 3 in (52.81 m) Height: 43 ft 9 in (13.34 m) Wing area: 2,510 sq ft (233 m2) Empty weight: 86,172 lb (39,087 kg) Gross weight: 154,128 lb (69,911 kg) Max takeoff weight: 172,000 lb (78,018 kg) Fuel capacity: 11,000 US gal (42,000 L; 9,200 imp gal) in six centre-section integral tanks Powerplant: 4 × Pratt & Whitney R-4360-69 Wasp Major /-29s /-49s 28-cylinder air-cooled 4-row radial piston engines, 3,250 hp (2,420 kW) each Propellers: 4-bladed Hamilton-Standard or Curtiss-Electric fully-feathering, reversible constant-speed propellers Performance Maximum speed: 328 mph (528 km/h, 285 kn) at 10,000 ft (3,000 m) Cruise speed: 212 mph (341 km/h, 184 kn) Range: 3,400 mi (5,500 km, 3,000 nmi) Ferry range: 7,250 mi (11,670 km, 6,300 nmi) Service ceiling: 21,300 ft (6,500 m) Rate of climb: 2,605 ft/min (13.23 m/s) Wing loading: 61.4 lb/sq ft (300 kg/m2) Power/mass: 0.084 hp/lb (0.138 kW/kg) See also Related development Douglas C-124 Globemaster II Related lists List of military aircraft of the United States References ^ Williams 1995, p. 43. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Tambini ^ Williams 1995, pp. 40–41 ^ United Press, "Douglas Globemaster Passes First Tests", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Thursday 6 September 1945, Volume 52, page 4. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-74 Globemaster I 42-65403, Torrance, California." Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved: 8 May 2010. ^ a b c d e f g "USAF Globemaster Serial Number Search." cgibin.rcn.com. Retrieved: 26 November 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h Williams 1980 ^ a b Ulanoff ^ Williams 1999 ^ "Accident Description." aviation-safety.net. Retrieved: 26 November 2010. ^ a b "Aeronaves de Panama." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 26 November 2010. ^ "Aviation Photo #0153060: Douglas C-74 Globemaster I - Untitled (Aeronaves de Panama)". Airliners.net. ^ Herriot 1981, Chapter 29. ^ Herriot 1981, pp. 266–275, 292–309, 336–342. ^ USAFHRA Document Search, C-74 Globemaster ^ Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1949). Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1949-50. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. p. 216c. ^ Francillon, René J. (1988). McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 : Volume I. London: Naval Institute Press. pp. 392–394. ISBN 0870214284. Bibliography Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920. London: Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-370-00050-1. Herriot, James. The Lord God Made Them All. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981. ISBN 978-0-31249-834-4. Tambini, Anthony J. Douglas Jumbo's: The Globemaster. Kerry, Ireland: Branden Books, 1999. ISBN 0-8283-2044-6. Ulanoff, Stanley M. MATS: The Story of the Military Air Transport Service. New York: The Moffa Press, 1964. Williams, Nicholas M. Aircraft of the Military Air Transport Service, 1948–1966. Hinckley, UK: Midland, 1999. ISBN 978-1-85780-087-6. Williams, Nicholas M. "Bug-Eyed Monster: The Douglas Model 415A, the first Globemaster and DC-7." Air Enthusiast, Issue 60, November–December 1995, pp. 40–53. ISSN 0143-5450. Williams, Nicholas M. "Globemaster: The Douglas C-74". Journal of the American Aviation Historical Society, Volume 25, Number 2, Summer 1980. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Douglas C-74 Globemaster. C-74 at air-and-space.com "Global Girdler", November 1945, Popular Science vteDouglas military aircraftFighters XFD XP-48 P-70 F3D Skyknight F4D Skyray F5D Skylancer XF6D Missileer Ground attack XA-2 A-20 A-24 A-26 Invader A-33 A-1 Skyraider A-3 Skywarrior A-4 Skyhawk/A-4AR Fightinghawk/A-4SU Super Skyhawk AC-47 "Spooky" DT T2D XT3D TBD Devastator SBD Dauntless BD XBTD Destroyer XTB2D Skypirate AD Skyraider XA2D Skyshark A3D Skywarrior A4D Skyhawk Bombers YB-7 YB-11 B-18 Bolo XB-19 XB-22 B-23 Dragon B-26 Invader XB-31 XB-42 Mixmaster XB-43 Jetmaster B-66 Destroyer Model 423 Model 1211-J DB-1 DB-2 DB-7 DB-8 DB-19 DB-73 Boston I/II/III/IV/V Digby I Havoc I/II DXD1 Observation O-2 OD O2D O-31 O-35 O-38 O-43 YO-44 O-46 O-53 YOA-5 Patrol PD P2D P3D Reconnaissance F-3 Transports C-1 C-21 C-32 C-33 YC-34 C-38 C-39 C-41 C-41A C-42 C-47 Skytrain (Dakota I/III/IV) C-48 C-49 C-50 C-51 C-52 C-53 Skytrooper C-54 Skymaster C-58 UC-67 C-68 C-74 Globemaster C-84 C-110 XC-112/YC-112 XC-114 YC-116 C-117 C-117D C-118 C-124 Globemaster II YC-129 C-132 C-133 Cargomaster C-9 (Nightingale/Skytrain II) C-24 RD R2D R3D R4D-1/-3/-5/-6/-7 R4D-8 R5D JD R6D CC-129 LXD1 PD.808 Skymaster I Gliders XCG-17 Training aircraft BT-1 BT-2 XT-30 Experimental World Cruiser D-558-1 Skystreak D-558-2 Skyrocket X-3 Stiletto vteDouglas and McDonnell Douglas airlinersPiston-engined M-1 M-2 M-3 M-4 Dolphin DF DC-1 DC-2 DC-3 DC-4E DC-4 DC-5 DC-6 DC-7 Jet-engined DC-8 DC-9 MD-80 MD-90 MD-95 DC-10 MD-11 Never built DC-7 (C-74 derivative) DC-7D DC-8 piston airliner DC-9 (4-engined) DC-10 Twin 188 / 188E / 210 Model 2229 MD-91X / -92X / -94X MD-12 / -XX High Speed Civil Transport See also: McDonnell 119 / 220 vteDouglas DC-4 familyPredecessors DC-4E Civil/Commercial DC-4 M DC-6 DC-7 (I) DC-7 (II) Military C-54 C-74 C-112 C-114 C-115 C-116 C-118 C-124 C-132 R5D R6D Skymaster ForeignvariantsATL(United Kingdom) ATL-98 Carvair (conversions) Canadair(Canada) North Star CL-29 Notableaircraft N836D Topics Accidents and incidents DC-6 Operators DC-6 DC-7 Variants See also: Douglas DC-3 family  • McDonnell Douglas DC-9 family vteUnited States military transport aircraft designations, Army/Air Force and Tri-Service systemsArmy/Air Force sequence(1925-1962) C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5 C-6 C-7 C-8 C-9 C-10 C-11 C-12 C-131 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22 C-23 C-24 C-25 C-26 C-27 C-28 C-29 C-30 C-31 C-32 C-33 C-34 C-35 C-36 C-37 C-38 C-39 C-40 C-41 C-41A C-42 C-43 C-44 C-45 C-46 C-47 C-47F C-47T AC-47 C-48 C-49 C-50 C-51 C-52 C-53 C-54 C-55 C-56 C-57 C-58 C-59 C-60 C-61 C-62 C-63 C-64 C-65 C-66 C-67 C-68 C-69 C-70 C-70B C-71 C-72 C-73 C-74 C-75 C-76 C-77 C-77B–D C-78 C-79 C-80 C-81 C-82 C-83 C-83A C-83B C-84 C-85 C-86 C-87 C-88 C-89 C-90 C-91 C-92 C-93 C-94 C-95 C-96 C-97 KC-97 C-98 C-99 C-100 C-101 C-102 C-103 C-104 C-105 C-106 C-107 C-108 C-109 C-110 C-111 C-112 C-113 C-114 C-115 C-116 C-117 C-117D C-118 C-119 AC-119 C-120 C-121 C-121F EC-121 C-122 C-123 C-123A C-124 C-125 C-126 C-1272 C-127 (I) C-127 (II) C-128 C-129 C-130 C-130J AC-130 DC-130 EC-130/H HC-130 KC-130 LC-130 MC-130 WC-130 C-131 NC-131H C-132 C-133 C-134 C-135 KC-135 C-136 C-1372 YC-137 (I) YC-137 (II) C-137 C-1381 C-1391 C-140 C-141 C-142 Tri-service sequence(1962-present) C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5 C-6 C-72 C-7 RC-7 C-8 C-9 C-102 C-10 KC-10 C-11 C-12 RC-12 C-131 C-14 C-15 C-161 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-202 C-20A–D C-20F–J C-21 C-22 C-23 C-24 C-25 C-26 C-27 C-27J C-28 C-29 C-301 C-31 C-32 C-33 C-341 C-35 C-363 C-37 C-37B C-38 C-391 C-40 C-41 C-421 C-431 C-441 C-45 C-46 Revived original sequence(2005-present) C-143 C-144 C-145 C-146 C-147 Non-sequential designations C-767 C-767B C-880 Related designations CT-39 CT-43 CV-2 CV-7 1 Not assigned  • 2 Assigned to multiple types  • 3 Unconfirmed Authority control databases National Israel United States Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"cargo aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Douglas Aircraft Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Long Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Douglas Aircraft Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"V-J Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-J_Day"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_p43-1"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-124 Globemaster II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-124_Globemaster_II"}],"text":"The Douglas C-74 Globemaster was a United States heavy-lift cargo aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company in Long Beach, California. The aircraft was developed after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The long distances across the Atlantic and, especially, Pacific oceans to combat areas indicated a need for a transoceanic heavy-lift military transport aircraft. Douglas Aircraft Company responded in 1942 with a giant four-engined design. Development and production modifications issues with the aircraft caused the first flight to be delayed until 5 September 1945, after both V-J Day (marking the end of conflict in World War II, on August 15, 1945) and formal surrender on September 2. Total production was limited to 14 aircraft when the wartime contract was cancelled in January 1946.[1]Although not produced in large numbers, the C-74 did fill the need for a long-range strategic airlifter, in which capacity the subsequent Douglas C-124 Globemaster II was used by the Air Force for many years.","title":"Douglas C-74 Globemaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica"},{"link_name":"DC-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-4"},{"link_name":"light tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_tank"},{"link_name":"howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer"},{"link_name":"bulldozers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldozer"},{"link_name":"C-54 Skymaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster"},{"link_name":"C-118 Liftmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-118_Liftmaster"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"XB-42 Mixmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XB-42_Mixmaster"},{"link_name":"radial engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney R-4360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-4360"},{"link_name":"Torrance, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrance,_California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"C-124 Globemaster II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-124_Globemaster_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob1-2"},{"link_name":"Pan American World Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob1-2"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"DC-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob1-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serial-6"}],"text":"The Douglas Aircraft Company began studies at their Santa Monica division in early 1942 for a transport capable of fulfilling the global logistical needs of the U.S. military. Its \"C-74 Project Group\" used their company's DC-4 as a basis and concentrated on enlarging its capabilities. The group's design philosophy was to build a \"no-frills\" aircraft able to accommodate much of the Army's large equipment including light tanks, two 105-millimeter (4.1 in) howitzers with their towing vehicles, two angle bulldozers, and smaller utility vehicles. This became the Douglas Model 415 and a cost-plus contract worth more than $50 million was signed 25 June 1942 for 50 aircraft and one static test article. The resulting production aircraft was 31 ft (9.4 m) longer than the C-54 Skymaster, and would be 24 ft (7.3 m) longer than the proposed C-118 Liftmaster;[2] no experimental XC- or YC-74 models were produced.[3]This first flight of a C-74 occurred at 15:09 hrs. on 5 September 1945 at Long Beach with Ben O. Howard at the controls and lasted 79 minutes.[4] The first C-74, 42-65402, was airborne just two months after it rolled off the assembly line. At the time of its first flight, the C-74 was the largest landplane to enter production, with a maximum weight of 172,000 lb (78,000 kg). It was able to carry 125 soldiers or 48,150 lb (21,840 kg) of cargo over a range of 3,400 mi (5,500 km). Perhaps the most notable feature of the C-74 was its cockpit arrangement with separate canopies over the pilot and copilot; the same arrangement was used for the XB-42 Mixmaster. This arrangement was unpopular with flight crews, however, and the aircraft were retrofitted with a more conventional arrangement. During the life of the aircraft, the radial engines were also upgraded to 3,250 hp (2,420 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-4360-49 engines.The second built, 42-65403, c/n 13914, crashed during flight testing on 5 August 1946 at Torrance, California, when it lost a wing during an overload dive test. All four crew bailed out successfully.[5] The fourth aircraft was diverted to a static test article at Wright Field, Ohio, and virtually every major structural component was tested to destruction between August 1946 and November 1948. This was done in order to determine the individual components' ability to withstand design loads. The fifth C-74 built was modified to be a prototype for the C-124 Globemaster II, which used the same wing as the C-74, but used a much larger fuselage. This newer aircraft quickly superseded the C-74 in service.[2]Douglas had every intention to adapt the aircraft into a civil airliner once the war ended. Pan American World Airways began negotiations in 1944. Their civilian model would be dubbed a DC-7 by Douglas (Model 415A) and the 'Clipper Type 9' by Pan American. Pan American intended to use the 108-passenger aircraft for international travel between New York, Rio de Janeiro, and other cities. The major difference between the military cargo aircraft and the civil airliner was the non-pressurized fuselage of the military C-74 and the pressurized DC-7. The passenger compartment was to be outfitted with a lounge bar, dining area and sleeping cabins for night flights. In June 1945, an order was placed for 26 DC-7 aircraft.[2]With the need for military aircraft greatly reduced by the end of World War II, the order for 50 military aircraft was canceled in January 1946 after production of only 14 aircraft. This cancellation also ended plans to build an airliner version of the C-74 for the civilian market, as the limited military production run increased the cost per civilian aircraft to over $1,412,000 and Pan American canceled its order. Douglas then canceled the DC-7 designation. The DC-7 designation was later used for a completely different civilian airliner project in the early 1950s, having no relationship to the C-74.[2][6]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C-74_long_beach_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Long Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Air Transport Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Transport_Command_(United_States_Air_Force)"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Military Air Transport Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob1-2"}],"text":"C-74 Globemaster over Long Beach, California, October 1945Of the 14 Globemasters built, 11 actually saw operational service. All were used by the United States Army Air Forces Air Transport Command (ATC), and later by the United States Air Force Military Air Transport Service (MATS).The C-74 had a crew of five, including pilot, copilot, radio operator, navigator, and flight engineer. Crew rest quarters were included for long-duration missions. Passageways were provided in the wing to permit the flight engineer to perform servicing and repairs while in flight. It could carry 125 fully equipped troops, 115 litter patients with their medical attendants, or up to 50,000 lb (22,700 kg) of cargo. The cargo bay had twin hoists that could be moved on a rail up and down the bay. They could be used to drop a removable belly section to ease loading of cargoes, reducing the need for specialized cargo handling equipment.[2]The small numbers of C-74s built meant that the aircraft's service was limited, but it gave the Air Force experience with the operation and utility of large transport aircraft.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Memphis Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Air Transport Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Transport_Command"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob1-2"},{"link_name":"Fairfield-Suisun (Later Travis Air Force Base)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Wright Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob1-2"},{"link_name":"Albrook Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrook_Field"},{"link_name":"Río Hato Army Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Hato_Army_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob2-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob1-2"}],"sub_title":"Service introduction","text":"The \"C-74 squadron\" was activated along with the \"C-74 Project\" on 5 September 1946. They were attached to the 554th AAF Base Unit located at Memphis Municipal Airport, Tennessee. The 554th was a part of the USAAF Air Transport Command. The C-74 Squadron's mission was:[2]To conduct non-scheduled, nonstop flights from Fairfield-Suisun (Later Travis Air Force Base) to Washington, D.C. The flights would be cargo only, no passengers were authorized.\nTo establish a flight program which would accumulate 300 hours of service time on the Globemaster's original R-4360-27 engines in the shortest possible time\nTo gather and record all technical data from tests performed on the C-74\nTo train sufficient crew members and aircraft mechanics with which to conduct these tests. The R-4360 engine was earmarked for the B-35 and B-36 so Air Materiel Command was especially anxious to see the results of the squadron's use of the aircraft.\nEstablish loading techniques and procedures\nEstablish proper tie-down procedures.\nEstablish air evacuation techniques.\nDetermine other data concerning loading, offloading of cargo.This project was designed to be a \"shakedown\" of the aircraft prior to entering operational service. Training of personnel to conduct this test was to have been accomplished by aircrews and technicians initially C-74 trained at Wright Field, Ohio, and also at the Douglas facility in Long Beach, California. Approximately 30 transcontinental flights were planned.[2]The squadron was moved to Morrison Field, Florida in October 1946. This was due to the fact that the runways at Memphis were not stressed to take the large gross weight of the C-74, resulting in some minor cracking to the concrete surface. Operations included two weekly trips from Morrison Field to Albrook Field, Panama using Río Hato Army Air Base as an alternate field.[7]In 1947, the 2nd and 3rd Air Transport Groups (Provisional) were formed and the C-74 was declared operationally ready. Humanitarian missions were flown in 1947 that included flood relief to Florida, and Hurricane relief for the southern area of the U.S.[2]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brookley Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookley_Field"},{"link_name":"Military Air Transport Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Expeditionary_Mobility_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob1-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mats64-8"},{"link_name":"Brookley AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookley_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Albrook AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrook_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Ramey AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramey_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Hickam AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickam_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Fairfield-Suisun (later Travis) AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Kelly AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"McClellan AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClellan_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"McChord AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McChord_Field"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Elmendorf AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmendorf_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Casablanca-Anfa Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca-Anfa_Airport"},{"link_name":"French Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Wheelus Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelus_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Keflavik Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keflavik_Airport"},{"link_name":"RAF Manston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Manston"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Republic F-84 Thunderjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_F-84_Thunderjet"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-47 Stratojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob1-2"}],"sub_title":"MATS operations","text":"Morrison Field was inactivated on 1 July 1947, and both provisional units were inactivated, the aircraft and support personnel and equipment being reassigned to Brookley Field, Alabama. On 1 June 1948, the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) was formed with the merging of the Air Force's Air Transport Command and the Navy's Naval Air Transport Service. Within MATS, all of the Globemasters were assigned to the Atlantic Division.[2]Once in operational use, C-74s began to be used on scheduled MATS overseas routes through the late 1940s and mid-1950s:[8]\"Panamanian\", between Brookley AFB, Alabama and Albrook AFB, Panama\n\"Puerto Rican\", between Brookley AFB and Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico\n\"Hawaiian\", between Brookley AFB and Hickam AFB, Hawaii, with a stop at Fairfield-Suisun (later Travis) AFB, California.\n\"Johnathan\", between Brookley AFB, Kelly AFB, Texas; McClellan AFB, California; McChord AFB, Washington, and Elmendorf AFB, Alaska.\nBrookley AFB and Casablanca-Anfa Airport, French Morocco; Wheelus Air Base, Libya\nBrookley AFB and Keflavik Airport, Iceland; RAF Manston, England.Additionally, logistic support flights for Strategic Air Command (SAC), and Tactical Air Command (TAC) saw the Globemaster in North Africa, the Middle East, Europe, the Caribbean, and within the United States. Two C-74s were used to support the first TAC Republic F-84 Thunderjet flight across the Pacific Ocean to Japan. SAC also continued to use the Globemasters to rotate Boeing B-47 Stratojet Medium Bombardment Groups on temporary duty in England and Morocco as part of their REFLEX operation.[2]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin Airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Airlift"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serial-6"},{"link_name":"Rhein-Main Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein-Main_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Gatow Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Gatow"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob2-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mats1-9"},{"link_name":"Tegel Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegel_Airfield"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob2-7"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob2-7"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-124 Globemaster II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-124_Globemaster_II"}],"sub_title":"Berlin Airlift","text":"During the Berlin Airlift, a single Globemaster (42-65414)[6] arrived at Rhein-Main Air Base on 14 August 1948 and landed for the first time on 17 August at Berlin's Gatow Airfield in the British sector carrying 20 tons of flour. Over the next six weeks, the Globemaster crew flew 24 missions into the city delivering 1,234,000 lb (559,700 kg) of supplies. Several airlift records were set by the crew in 414 during Operation Vittles. On 18 September, Air Force Day, the crew flew six round trips into Berlin hauling a total of 250,000 lb (113,400 kg) of coal setting a new Airlift Task Force utilization record by flying 20 hours during the 24-hour effort.[7][9]During the construction of Tegel Airfield in the French sector of Berlin, large construction equipment was needed to build new runways. But this equipment, including a rock crusher, was too big for even the Globemaster to accommodate. The mission was accomplished by having the equipment cut into pieces by welding torch at Rhein-Main and flown aboard the C-74 into Gatow for reassembly.[7]After six weeks of Vittles flights, the Globemaster returned to Brookley AFB. Reportedly, the Soviet Union complained that the Globemaster could be used as a bomber via the open elevator well. The fact that the runways in Berlin were not stressed for the airlifter's weight and the aircraft was not compatible with the corridor's scheduling were other factors considered for its withdrawal.[7]Support for the Berlin Airlift by the C-74 changed to flying regularly scheduled flights between the U.S. and Western Germany. This mission was called the \"Goliath\" and was constantly transporting C-54 engines and parts for use in the airlift. Cargo arriving in Western Germany was flown to Berlin in smaller C-47 Skytrain and C-54 Skymaster aircraft.[7]Experience with the Berlin Airlift demonstrated that the new United States Air Force needed a heavy strategic airlift capability, which led to the development of the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Hickam AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickam_AFB"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob2-7"}],"sub_title":"Korean War","text":"The invasion of the Republic of Korea by North Korea began another supporting phase of the C-74's career. From 1 July–December 1950, the Globemasters logged over 7,000 hours in flights to Hawaii hauling troops and high priority cargo west toward the Korean War and returning eastward with wounded GIs.During the seven months between July 1950 and January 1951, the Globemasters transported 2,486 patients, 550 passengers, and 128,000 lb (58,100 kg) of cargo from Hickam AFB, Hawaii to the U.S. mainland while hauling just under a million pounds of cargo westward. The C-74s did not fly into Japan, Okinawa or any South Korean airfields. These figures, coupled with the fact that, since 1946, the C-74 had flown over six million miles and 31,000 flying hours without a single injury to crewmen or passengers, give testimony to the Globemaster's reliability.[7]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob2-7"},{"link_name":"Davis-Monthan AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis-Monthan_AFB"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Brigadier General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob2-7"},{"link_name":"National Museum of the United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"C-124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-124"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serial-6"},{"link_name":"Marseilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseilles"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serial-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-panama-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"James Herriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Herriot"},{"link_name":"Jersey cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_cattle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serial-6"},{"link_name":"Oakland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-panama-11"},{"link_name":"Michael Caine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Caine"},{"link_name":"The Italian Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Italian_Job"},{"link_name":"FIAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIAT"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serial-6"},{"link_name":"Long Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serial-6"}],"sub_title":"Retirement","text":"By 1952, the C-74 began to experience shortages of spare parts and increasing maintenance problems. It was recognized by late 1954 that the deterioration of the C-74's components was progressing more rapidly than predicted. Plans were made for the eventual retirement of the Air Force's only fleet of Globemasters. In June 1955, the 6th ATS was merged with the 3rd ATS and was flying operational missions with them. On 1 July, the 6th ATS (Heavy) was inactivated and its C-74s and crews were transferred to the 1703rd ATG's 3rd ATS (Heavy). On 1 November 1955, the C-74s were placed in flyable storage at Brookley AFB while the group waited for instructions as to the disposition of the aircraft.[7]During the first three months of 1956, the 11 remaining C-74s were officially removed from the Military Air Transport Service's inventory and were flown one by one to Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona for long-term storage and disposition. Colonel George S. Cassady, who had accepted the first C-74 for the Air Force and who was by then a Brigadier General, was attending a Continental Division Commander's Conference when he learned of the C-74's last flight. Cassady received permission to pilot the aircraft on its last flight and on 31 March 1956, flew the last C-74 from Brookley AFB to Davis-Monthan AFB.[7]Most of the C-74s in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB were scrapped in 1965, although four ended in civilian hands, mostly owned by Aeronaves de Panama (holding company for \"Air Systems\"). The National Museum of the United States Air Force scrapped the last vestige of Air Force Globemasters when they relegated the YC-124C, 48-795 (the prototype of the Globemaster II which had been converted from C-74, 42-65406) to fire-fighting training in 1969.[6]42-65404 was sold on the civilian market as N3182G. Later operated by Aeronaves de Panama as HP-385 in Europe and the Middle East crashing near Marseilles on 9 October 1963, with six on board killed.[10] After the crash, Aeronaves de Panama's licence to operate from Denmark was withdrawn, and the airline went out of business.[6][11] A layman's account of travel on aircraft 42–65404, christened 'Heracles'[12] by its owners, in the months before its fatal crash is offered by veterinarian/author James Herriot who was on board the aircraft. In monitoring the health of a cargo of 40 pedigree Jersey cattle cows and heifers from Gatwick/London to Istanbul on 8–9 August 1963, he noted its bald tires, worn instruments, jammed loading hoist and undercarriage which did not properly retract.[13] The starboard inboard engine caught fire en route to Istanbul, and the crippled aircraft barely cleared the Alps on a return trip to Copenhagen for repairs. In October 1963, 42-65404 collided with the top of a low hill five miles after takeoff from Marseille with the loss of all her crew.[14]\n42-65408 was sold on the civilian market on 24 March 1959 as N8199H, owned by Akros Dynamic. It was flown to Cuba in an attempt to sell it to the new Castro government. It later was moved to Panama as Aeronaves de Panama HP-367. It flew in Europe and to Middle East frequently. Abandoned after the airline went out of business in 1963, and dismantled at Milan, Italy in August 1972; it was the last surviving Globemaster.[6]\n42-65409 was sold on the civilian market in 1956 as N3181G. After reconditioning at Oakland, California, it was operated by Aeronaves de Panama as HP-379 in Europe and the Middle East. It flew from Europe to the Middle East frequently carrying live cattle from Copenhagen to the Middle East.[11] It was abandoned at Milan, Italy in 1969 and appeared in the 1969 Michael Caine movie The Italian Job. It was painted in the colors of the fictitious Communist Chinese Civil Aviation Airlines that delivered the gold to FIAT in Turin. Later moved to Turin airport, it caught fire while on public display on 11 June 1970 and again on 24 September 1970 while it was being salvaged, this time killing two salvage workers.[6]None of the Aeronaves de Panama C-74s ever came to Panama. Instead they were intended for cattle flights from Copenhagen. For a detailed account of these operations, read Flying Cowboys by Tad Houlihan.42-65412 was sold on the civilian market in 1956 as N3183G, but was dismantled at Long Beach, California in 1964.[6]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glob1-2"}],"sub_title":"C-74 production","text":"42-65416 through 42-65451 cancelled[2]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mats64-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"}],"text":"The following USAAF/USAF units flew the C-74 Globemaster:[8][15]United StatesUnited States Air Force","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_C-74_Globemaster_3-view_line_drawing.png"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA49-50-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francillon-17"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney R-4360-69 Wasp Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-4360-69_Wasp_Major"},{"link_name":"Hamilton-Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton-Standard"},{"link_name":"Curtiss-Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curtiss-Electric&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Power/mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio"}],"text":"3-view line drawing of the Douglas C-74 GlobemasterData from Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1949–50,[16] McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 : Volume I[17]General characteristicsCrew: 13\nCapacity: 125 troops, 115 stretchers with medical staff, or up to 48,150 lb (21,840 kg) of cargo\nLength: 124 ft 1.5 in (37.833 m)\nWingspan: 173 ft 3 in (52.81 m)\nHeight: 43 ft 9 in (13.34 m)\nWing area: 2,510 sq ft (233 m2)\nEmpty weight: 86,172 lb (39,087 kg)\nGross weight: 154,128 lb (69,911 kg)\nMax takeoff weight: 172,000 lb (78,018 kg)\nFuel capacity: 11,000 US gal (42,000 L; 9,200 imp gal) in six centre-section integral tanks\nPowerplant: 4 × Pratt & Whitney R-4360-69 Wasp Major /-29s /-49s 28-cylinder air-cooled 4-row radial piston engines, 3,250 hp (2,420 kW) each\nPropellers: 4-bladed Hamilton-Standard or Curtiss-Electric fully-feathering, reversible constant-speed propellersPerformanceMaximum speed: 328 mph (528 km/h, 285 kn) at 10,000 ft (3,000 m)\nCruise speed: 212 mph (341 km/h, 184 kn)\nRange: 3,400 mi (5,500 km, 3,000 nmi)\nFerry range: 7,250 mi (11,670 km, 6,300 nmi)\nService ceiling: 21,300 ft (6,500 m)\nRate of climb: 2,605 ft/min (13.23 m/s)\nWing loading: 61.4 lb/sq ft (300 kg/m2)\nPower/mass: 0.084 hp/lb (0.138 kW/kg)","title":"Specifications (C-74)"}]
[{"image_text":"C-74 Globemaster over Long Beach, California, October 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/C-74_long_beach_2.jpg/220px-C-74_long_beach_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"3-view line drawing of the Douglas C-74 Globemaster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Douglas_C-74_Globemaster_3-view_line_drawing.png/220px-Douglas_C-74_Globemaster_3-view_line_drawing.png"}]
[{"title":"Douglas C-124 Globemaster II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-124_Globemaster_II"},{"title":"List of military aircraft of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States"}]
[{"reference":"\"Aviation Photo #0153060: Douglas C-74 Globemaster I - Untitled (Aeronaves de Panama)\". Airliners.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airliners.net/photo/Untitled-Aeronaves-de-Panama/Douglas-C-74-Globemaster-I/153060","url_text":"\"Aviation Photo #0153060: Douglas C-74 Globemaster I - Untitled (Aeronaves de Panama)\""}]},{"reference":"Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1949). Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1949-50. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. p. 216c.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Francillon, René J. (1988). McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 : Volume I. London: Naval Institute Press. pp. 392–394. ISBN 0870214284.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870214284","url_text":"0870214284"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19460805-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-74 Globemaster I 42-65403, Torrance, California.\""},{"Link":"http://cgibin.rcn.com/jeremy.k/cgi-bin/gzUsafSearch.pl?target=&content=Globemaster","external_links_name":"\"USAF Globemaster Serial Number Search.\""},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19631009-0","external_links_name":"\"Accident Description.\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1964/1964%20-%200882.html","external_links_name":"\"Aeronaves de Panama.\""},{"Link":"http://www.airliners.net/photo/Untitled-Aeronaves-de-Panama/Douglas-C-74-Globemaster-I/153060","external_links_name":"\"Aviation Photo #0153060: Douglas C-74 Globemaster I - Untitled (Aeronaves de Panama)\""},{"Link":"http://airforcehistoryindex.org/search.php?q=C-74+Globemaster","external_links_name":"USAFHRA Document Search, C-74 Globemaster"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0143-5450","external_links_name":"0143-5450"},{"Link":"http://www.air-and-space.com/Douglas%20C-74.htm","external_links_name":"C-74 at air-and-space.com"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bCEDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+July+1946&pg=PA82","external_links_name":"\"Global Girdler\", November 1945, Popular Science"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561332005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99000999","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10663078","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hunt_(botanist)
David Hunt (botanist)
["1 Personal life","2 Life and work","3 Honours","4 Selected publications","5 References","6 Sources"]
David Richard Hunt (25 September 1938 – 20 May 2019) was an English botanist and taxonomist. He was a specialist in cacti and the spiderwort family. He notably compiled the 1999 CITES Cactaceae Checklist. Personal life Hunt was married to organist Margaret Phillips and co-founder of the English Organ School and Museum in Milborne Port. Life and work Hunt received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree from the University of Cambridge in 1959 and a Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1963. In 1983 he received a doctoral degree (PhD) from the University of Reading. Hunt worked at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew. He was from 1968 to 1982 editor of the journal Curtis's Botanical Magazine. From 1964 to 2005 he was on the Conifer Nomenclature Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society. From 1974 to 1994, he was Secretary and/or Publisher of the International Organisation for Succulent Research. From 1990 to 2003 he was a member of the Council and Scientific Committee of the International Dendrology Society and editor of the Council from 1992 to 1995. From 1989 to 1991 he worked in the Council of Management of the Cornwall Gardens Trust. His specialities were the plant families Cacti (Cactaceae) and Commelinaceae (Commelinaceae). Honours The species epithet of the carnivorous plant Utricularia huntii from the genus of bladderworts has been awarded in his honour. Selected publications Volume 13 of the Flora Novo-Galiciana, published by R. McVaugh, Hunt contributed the chapter on the plant family Commelinaceae (University of Michigan Herbarium, pages 130–201). To volume 6 of the flora mesoamericana (subtitle "Alismataceae to Cyperacaea", first published in March 1994) he also contributed the chapter on the plant family Commelinaceae. He also contributed to the published by WD Stevens at the Missouri Botanical Garden Press Flora de Nicaragua for the 2001 volume 1 published the chapter Commelinaceae (pages 638–650). Here is an overview of some of his writings: David Hunt (1967), J. Hutchinson (ed.), "Cactaceae", The Genera of Flowering Plants (in German), Oxford University Press Wilhelm Barthlott, David Hunt (1993), K. Kubitzki (ed.), "Cactaceae", The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants (in German), Springer Verlag, pp. 161–196 David Hunt (1999), CITES Cactaceae Checklist (in German), Kew, England: Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Wilhelm Barthlott, David Hunt (2000), "Seed-diversity in the Cactaceae subfam. Cactoideae", Succulent Plant Research (in German), vol. 5 David Hunt (2002), "That's Opuntia, that was!", Succulent Plant Research (in German), vol. 6, pp. 245–249 David Hunt; Nigel Taylor; Graham Charles, eds. (2006), The New Cactus Lexicon. Descriptions and Illustrations of the Cactus Family (in German) The standard author abbreviation D.R.Hunt is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. References ^ David Hunt; Nigel Taylor; Graham Charles, eds. (2006), The New Cactus Lexicon. Descriptions and Illustrations of the Cactus Family (in German) ^ International Plant Names Index.  D.R.Hunt. Sources Robert Zander (1984), Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen (in German) (13th ed.), Stuttgart: Ulmer Verlag, ISBN 3-8001-5042-5 "Hunt, David R.", Short profile at kew.org. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Academics International Plant Names Index Other SNAC IdRef This article about a British botanist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"David Hunt (botanist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milborne Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milborne_Port"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Hunt was married to organist Margaret Phillips and co-founder of the English Organ School and Museum in Milborne Port.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hunt received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree from the University of Cambridge in 1959 and a Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1963. In 1983 he received a doctoral degree (PhD) from the University of Reading.Hunt worked at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew. He was from 1968 to 1982 editor of the journal Curtis's Botanical Magazine. From 1964 to 2005 he was on the Conifer Nomenclature Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society. From 1974 to 1994, he was Secretary and/or Publisher of the International Organisation for Succulent Research. From 1990 to 2003 he was a member of the Council and Scientific Committee of the International Dendrology Society and editor of the Council from 1992 to 1995. From 1989 to 1991 he worked in the Council of Management of the Cornwall Gardens Trust.His specialities were the plant families Cacti (Cactaceae) and Commelinaceae (Commelinaceae).","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utricularia huntii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utricularia_huntii"}],"text":"The species epithet of the carnivorous plant Utricularia huntii from the genus of bladderworts has been awarded in his honour.","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilhelm Barthlott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Barthlott"},{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Volume 13 of the Flora Novo-Galiciana, published by R. McVaugh, Hunt contributed the chapter on the plant family Commelinaceae (University of Michigan Herbarium, pages 130–201). To volume 6 of the flora mesoamericana (subtitle \"Alismataceae to Cyperacaea\", first published in March 1994) he also contributed the chapter on the plant family Commelinaceae. He also contributed to the published by WD Stevens at the Missouri Botanical Garden Press Flora de Nicaragua for the 2001 volume 1 published the chapter Commelinaceae (pages 638–650). Here is an overview of some of his writings:David Hunt (1967), J. Hutchinson (ed.), \"Cactaceae\", The Genera of Flowering Plants (in German), Oxford University Press\nWilhelm Barthlott, David Hunt (1993), K. Kubitzki (ed.), \"Cactaceae\", The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants (in German), Springer Verlag, pp. 161–196\nDavid Hunt (1999), CITES Cactaceae Checklist (in German), Kew, England: Royal Botanic Gardens Kew\nWilhelm Barthlott, David Hunt (2000), \"Seed-diversity in the Cactaceae subfam. Cactoideae\", Succulent Plant Research (in German), vol. 5\nDavid Hunt (2002), \"That's Opuntia, that was!\", Succulent Plant Research (in German), vol. 6, pp. 245–249\nDavid Hunt; Nigel Taylor; Graham Charles, eds. (2006), The New Cactus Lexicon. Descriptions and Illustrations of the Cactus Family (in German)The standard author abbreviation D.R.Hunt is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[2]","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Zander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zander"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8001-5042-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8001-5042-5"},{"link_name":"\"Hunt, David R.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304053711/http://www.kew.org/science/directory/people/Hunt_David.html"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1176320#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000115119272"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/100291349"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjFXdDVHC48BMQYmWh4K3P"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16139487z"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16139487z"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/136592198"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007376795005171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no97041689"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p227699459"},{"link_name":"International Plant Names Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=D.R.Hunt"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qh4x40"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/11372442X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beli-hibiskus.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Hunt_(botanist)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:UK-botanist-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:UK-botanist-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK-botanist-stub"}],"text":"Robert Zander (1984), Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen (in German) (13th ed.), Stuttgart: Ulmer Verlag, ISBN 3-8001-5042-5\n\"Hunt, David R.\", Short profile at kew.org.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nAcademics\nInternational Plant Names Index\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRefThis article about a British botanist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"David Hunt (1967), J. Hutchinson (ed.), \"Cactaceae\", The Genera of Flowering Plants (in German), Oxford University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wilhelm Barthlott, David Hunt (1993), K. Kubitzki (ed.), \"Cactaceae\", The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants (in German), Springer Verlag, pp. 161–196","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Barthlott","url_text":"Wilhelm Barthlott"}]},{"reference":"David Hunt (1999), CITES Cactaceae Checklist (in German), Kew, England: Royal Botanic Gardens Kew","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wilhelm Barthlott, David Hunt (2000), \"Seed-diversity in the Cactaceae subfam. Cactoideae\", Succulent Plant Research (in German), vol. 5","urls":[]},{"reference":"David Hunt (2002), \"That's Opuntia, that was!\", Succulent Plant Research (in German), vol. 6, pp. 245–249","urls":[]},{"reference":"David Hunt; Nigel Taylor; Graham Charles, eds. (2006), The New Cactus Lexicon. Descriptions and Illustrations of the Cactus Family (in German)","urls":[]},{"reference":"David Hunt; Nigel Taylor; Graham Charles, eds. (2006), The New Cactus Lexicon. Descriptions and Illustrations of the Cactus Family (in German)","urls":[]},{"reference":"International Plant Names Index.  D.R.Hunt.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=D.R.Hunt","url_text":"D.R.Hunt"}]},{"reference":"Robert Zander (1984), Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen (in German) (13th ed.), Stuttgart: Ulmer Verlag, ISBN 3-8001-5042-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zander","url_text":"Robert Zander"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8001-5042-5","url_text":"3-8001-5042-5"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=D.R.Hunt","external_links_name":"D.R.Hunt"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053711/http://www.kew.org/science/directory/people/Hunt_David.html","external_links_name":"\"Hunt, David R.\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000115119272","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/100291349","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjFXdDVHC48BMQYmWh4K3P","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16139487z","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16139487z","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/136592198","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007376795005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no97041689","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p227699459","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=D.R.Hunt","external_links_name":"International Plant Names Index"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qh4x40","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/11372442X","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Hunt_(botanist)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-649915
SB-649,915
["1 See also","2 References"]
Chemical compound SB-649,915Clinical dataATC codenoneLegal statusLegal status In general: uncontrolled Identifiers IUPAC name 6-piperidin-4-yl)methyl]-4H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one CAS Number420785-70-2 NPubChem CID10225553IUPHAR/BPS76ChemSpider8471882 NUNIIHD3UV2MFJ8ChEMBLChEMBL183460 NChemical and physical dataFormulaC26H29N3O3Molar mass431.536 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES O=C4COc1ccc(cc1N4)CC(CC5)CCN5CCOc(cccc2n3)c2ccc3C InChI InChI=1S/C26H29N3O3/c1-18-5-7-21-22(27-18)3-2-4-24(21)31-14-13-29-11-9-19(10-12-29)15-20-6-8-25-23(16-20)28-26(30)17-32-25/h2-8,16,19H,9-15,17H2,1H3,(H,28,30) NKey:PJSUYRBCBFPCQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N  NY (what is this?)  (verify) SB-649,915 is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor antagonist which is being investigated for its antidepressant effects. Relative to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), SB-649,915 has a faster onset of action and may also have greater clinical efficacy as well. This can be attributed to blockade of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B autoreceptors which inhibit serotonin release. See also Elzasonan LY-367,265 References ^ a b c Starr KR, Price GW, Watson JM, Atkinson PJ, Arban R, Melotto S, Dawson LA, Hagan JJ, Upton N, Duxon MS (2007). "SB-649915-B, a novel 5-HT1A/B autoreceptor antagonist and serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is anxiolytic and displays fast onset activity in the rat high light social interaction test". Neuropsychopharmacology. 32 (10): 2163–2172. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301341. PMID 17356576. vteAntidepressants (N06A)Specific reuptake inhibitors and/or receptor modulatorsSSRIsTooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Citalopram Escitalopram Fluoxetine# Fluvoxamine Indalpine‡ Paroxetine Sertraline Zimelidine‡ SNRIsTooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Levomilnacipran Milnacipran Tofenacin Venlafaxine NRIsTooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors Atomoxetine Reboxetine Viloxazine NDRIsTooltip Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors Amineptine‡ Bupropion Nomifensine‡ NaSSAsTooltip Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine Setiptiline SARIsTooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors Etoperidone Nefazodone Trazodone SMSTooltip Serotonin modulator and stimulators Vilazodone Vortioxetine Others Agomelatine Amisulpride Dextromethorphan/bupropion Esketamine Etryptamine‡ Gepirone Indeloxazine Flupentixol Ketamine§ Medifoxamine‡ Metryptamine‡ Oxaflozane‡ Pivagabine‡ Tandospirone Teniloxazine Tianeptine Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressantsTCAsTooltip Tricyclic antidepressants Amineptine‡ Amitriptyline# Amitriptylinoxide Amoxapine Butriptyline‡ Clomipramine# Demexiptiline‡ Desipramine Dibenzepin Dimetacrine‡ Dosulepin Doxepin Imipramine Imipraminoxide‡ Iprindole‡ Lofepramine Melitracen Metapramine‡ Nitroxazepine Nortriptyline Noxiptiline Opipramol Pipofezine Propizepine‡ Protriptyline Quinupramine‡ Tianeptine Trimipramine TeCAsTooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants Maprotiline Mianserin Mirtazapine Setiptiline Others Tiazesim Monoamine oxidase inhibitorsNon-selective Irreversible: Benmoxin‡ Iproclozide‡ Iproniazid‡ Isocarboxazid Isoniazid# Linezolid# Mebanazine‡ Nialamide‡ Octamoxin‡ Phenelzine Pheniprazine‡ Phenoxypropazine‡ Pivhydrazine‡ Safrazine‡ Tedizolid Tranylcypromine Reversible: Caroxazone‡ Mixed: Bifemelane MAOATooltip Monoamine oxidase A-selective Reversible: Eprobemide Metralindole Minaprine‡ Moclobemide Pirlindole Tetrindole Toloxatone MAOBTooltip Monoamine oxidase B-selective Irreversible: Selegiline Adjunctive therapies Atypical antipsychotics (aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, lurasidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone) Buspirone Lithium (lithium carbonate, lithium citrate) Thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine (T3), levothyroxine (T4)) Miscellaneous Ademetionine (SAMe) GABAkine neurosteroids (brexanolone, zuranolone) Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort) Oxitriptan (5-HTP) Rubidium chloride (RbCl) Tryptophan #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III vteAnxiolytics (N05B)5-HT1ARTooltip 5-HT1A receptor agonists Buspirone Gepirone Tandospirone GABAARTooltip GABAA receptor PAMsTooltip positive allosteric modulators Benzodiazepines: Adinazolam Alprazolam Bromazepam Camazepam Chlordiazepoxide Clobazam Clonazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam Diazepam# Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam Fludiazepam Halazepam Ketazolam Lorazepam# Medazepam Nordazepam Oxazepam Pinazepam Prazepam; Others: Alpidem‡ Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Carbamates (e.g., meprobamate) Carisoprodol Chlormezanone‡ Ethanol (alcohol) Etifoxine Hypnotics Zopiclone Gabapentinoids(α2δ VDCC blockers) Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Phenibut Pregabalin Antidepressants SSRIsTooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., escitalopram) SNRIsTooltip Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., duloxetine) SARIsTooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., trazodone) TCAsTooltip Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., clomipramine#) TeCAsTooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., mirtazapine) MAOIsTooltip Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., phenelzine); Others: Agomelatine Bupropion Tianeptine Vilazodone Vortioxetine Antipsychotics Quetiapine Flupentixol Sympatholytics(Antiadrenergics) Alpha-1 blockers (e.g., prazosin) Alpha-2 agonists (e.g., clonidine, dexmedetomidine, guanfacine) Beta blockers (e.g., propranolol) Others Benzoctamine Cycloserine Fabomotizole Hydroxyzine Lorpiprazole Mebicar Mepiprazole Nicotine Opipramol Oxaflozane‡ Phenaglycodol Phenibut Picamilon Selank Tiagabine Tofisopam Validolum #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III vteMonoamine reuptake inhibitorsDATTooltip Dopamine transporter(DRIsTooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors) Piperazines: DBL-583 GBR-12783 GBR-12935 GBR-13069 GBR-13098 Nefazodone Vanoxerine Piperidines: 4-Fluoropethidine Benocyclidine (BTCP) Desoxypipradrol Dexmethylphenidate Difemetorex Ethylphenidate HDMP-28 Methylphenidate Pethidine (meperidine) Phencyclidine Pipradrol Serdexmethylphenidate Tenocyclidine Pyrrolidines: Diphenylprolinol MDPV Naphyrone Prolintane Pyrovalerone Tropanes: Altropane Benzatropine (benztropine) Brasofensine CFT Cocaine Dichloropane Difluoropine Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine) FE-β-CPPIT FP-β-CPPIT Ioflupane (123I) RTI-55 RTI-112 RTI-113 RTI-121 RTI-126 RTI-150 RTI-177 RTI-229 RTI-336 Tesofensine Troparil Tropoxane WF-11 WF-23 WF-31 WF-33 Others: Adrafinil Amifitadine Armodafinil Amfonelic acid Amineptine Ansofaxine BTQ BTS 74,398 Bupropion Chaenomeles speciosa Ciclazindol Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354) Diclofensine Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505) Dimethocaine Diphenylpyraline Dizocilpine (MK-801) DOV-102,677 DOV-216,303 Efavirenz Ephenidine Esketamine EXP-561 Fencamfamin Fezolamine Fluorenol GYKI-52895 Hydroxybupropion Indatraline Ketamine Lefetamine Levophacetoperane Liafensine LR-5182 Manifaxine Mazindol Medifoxamine Mesocarb Metaphit MIN-117 (WF-516) Modafinil Nefopam Nomifensine NS-2359 O-2172 Oroxylin A Perafensine Pridefine Radafaxine Rimcazole Sertraline Sibutramine Solriamfetol Tametraline Tedatioxetine Threohydrobupropion Tripelennamine Venlafaxine NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter(NRIsTooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Amedalin Alseroxylon Ciclazindol Daledalin Edivoxetine Esreboxetine Lortalamine Mazindol Nisoxetine Reboxetine Talopram Talsupram Tandamine Teniloxazine Viloxazine Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: Amineptine Bupropion Fencamine Fencamfamin Hydroxybupropion Lefetamine Levophacetoperane LR-5182 Manifaxine Methylphenidate Nomifensine O-2172 Radafaxine Serdexmethylphenidate Solriamfetol Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Atomoxetine (tomoxetine) CP-39,332 Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Eclanamine Levomilnacipran McN5652 Milnacipran N-Methyl-PPPA Nafenodone PPPA Tofenacin Venlafaxine Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine Amifitadine Ansofaxine Bicifadine Brasofensine Centanafadine Cocaine Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354) Diclofensine Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505) DOV-102677 DOV-216303 EXP-561 Fezolamine HDMP-28 HP-505 Indatraline JNJ-7925476 JZ-IV-10 Liafensine Mazindol Naphyrone Nefazodone Nefopam NS-2359 Perafensine PRC200 Pridefine SEP-228431 SEP-228432 Sibutramine Tedatioxetine Tesofensine Threohydrobupropion Tropanes (e.g., cocaine) Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline Butriptyline Cianopramine Clomipramine Desipramine Dosulepin (dothiepin) Doxepin Imipramine Lofepramine Melitracen Nortriptyline Protriptyline Trimipramine Tetracyclic antidepressants: Amoxapine Maprotiline Mianserin Oxaprotiline Setiptiline Others: Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, pheniramine, tripelennamine) Antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine, ziprasidone) Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., ketamine, phencyclidine) Dopexamine Ephenidine Ginkgo biloba Indeloxazine Nefazodone Opioids (e.g., desmetramadol, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), tapentadol, tramadol, levorphanol) SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter(SRIsTooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: 6-Nitroquipazine Alaproclate Centpropazine Cericlamine Citalopram Dapoxetine Desmethylcitalopram Didesmethylcitalopram Escitalopram Femoxetine Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Indalpine Ifoxetine Norfluoxetine Omiloxetine Panuramine Paroxetine PIM-35 Pirandamine RTI-353 Seproxetine Sertraline Zimelidine Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators: Etoperidone Litoxetine Lubazodone LY-393558 Quipazine SB-649915 TGBA01AD Trazodone Vilazodone Vortioxetine Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Atomoxetine (tomoxetine) Bicifadine CP-39332 Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Eclanamine Levomilnacipran McN5652 Milnacipran N-Methyl-PPPA PPPA Tofenacin Venlafaxine Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine Amifitadine Ansofaxine Bicifadine Brasofensine Centanafadine Cocaine Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354) Diclofensine Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505) DOV-102677 DOV-216303 EXP-561 Fezolamine HDMP-28 HP-505 Indatraline JNJ-7925476 JZ-IV-10 Liafensine Mazindol Naphyrone Nefazodone Nefopam NS-2359 Perafensine PRC200 Pridefine SEP-228431 SEP-228432 Sibutramine Tedatioxetine Tesofensine Threohydrobupropion Tropanes (e.g., cocaine) Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline Cianopramine Clomipramine Cyanodothiepin Desipramine Dosulepin (dothiepin) Doxepin Imipramine Lofepramine Nortriptyline Pipofezine Protriptyline Others: A-80426 Amoxapine Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, mepyramine (pyrilamine), pheniramine, tripelennamine) Antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine, ziprasidone) Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., 3-MeO-PCP, esketamine, ketamine, methoxetamine, phencyclidine) Cyclobenzaprine Delucemine Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Efavirenz Hypidone Medifoxamine Mesembrine Mifepristone MIN-117 (WF-516) N-Me-5-HT Opioids (e.g., dextropropoxyphene, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), levorphanol, tapentadol, tramadol) Roxindole VMATsTooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters Amiodarone Amphetamines (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA) APP AZIK Bietaserpine Deserpidine Deutetrabenazine Dihydrotetrabenazine Efavirenz GBR-12935 GZ-793A Ibogaine Ketanserin Lobeline Methoxytetrabenazine Reserpine Rose bengal Tetrabenazine Valbenazine Vanoxerine (GBR-12909) Others DAT enhancers: Luteolin DAT modulators: Agonist-like: SoRI-9804 SoRI-20040; Antagonist-like: SoRI-20041 See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Monoamine releasing agents • Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Serotonergics • Monoamine metabolism modulators • Monoamine neurotoxins vteSerotonin receptor modulators5-HT15-HT1A Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT Adatanserin Amphetamine Antidepressants (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione, vilazodone, vortioxetine) Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone) Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, eptapirone, gepirone, perospirone, tandospirone) Bay R 1531 Befiradol BMY-14802 Cannabidiol Dimemebfe Dopamine Ebalzotan Eltoprazine Enciprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) F-11,461 F-12826 F-13714 F-14679 F-15063 F-15,599 Flesinoxan Flibanserin Flumexadol Hypidone Lesopitron LY-293284 LY-301317 mCPP MKC-242 Naluzotan NBUMP Osemozotan Oxaflozane Pardoprunox Piclozotan Rauwolscine Repinotan Roxindole RU-24,969 S-14,506 S-14671 S-15535 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) SSR-181507 Sunepitron Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MT, bufotenin, DMT, indorenate, N-Me-5-HT, psilocin, psilocybin) TGBA01AD U-92,016-A Urapidil Vilazodone Xaliproden Yohimbine Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., iloperidone, risperidone, sertindole) AV965 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindobind, pindolol, propranolol, tertatolol) BMY-7,378 CSP-2503 Dotarizine Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) FCE-24379 Flopropione GR-46611 Isamoltane Lecozotan Mefway Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) MPPF NAN-190 Robalzotan S-15535 SB-649,915 SDZ 216-525 Spiperone Spiramide Spiroxatrine UH-301 WAY-100135 WAY-100635 Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Carvedilol Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT1B Agonists: Anpirtoline CGS-12066A CP-93129 CP-94253 CP-122,288 CP-135807 Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) mCPP RU-24,969 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) TFMPP Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, DMT) Vortioxetine Antagonists: AR-A000002 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, propranolol, tertatolol) Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Isamoltane LY-393558 Metitepine (methiothepin) SB-216641 SB-224289 SB-236057 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, ergometrine (ergonovine), lisuride) 5-HT1D Agonists: CP-122,288 CP-135807 CP-286601 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LSD, methysergide) GR-46611 L-694247 L-772405 mCPP PNU-109291 PNU-142633 Serotonin (5-HT) TGBA01AD Triptans (e.g., almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-Et-DMT, 5-MT, 5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine, DMT) Antagonists: Alniditan BRL-15,572 Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Ketanserin LY-310762 LY-367642 LY-393558 LY-456219 LY-456220 Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin Ritanserin Yohimbine Ziprasidone Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, lysergol, pergolide) 5-HT1E Agonists: BRL-54443 Ergolines (e.g., methysergide) Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., tryptamine) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) 5-HT1F Agonists: BRL-54443 CP-122,288 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) methysergide) Lasmiditan LY-334370 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-MT) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin 5-HT25-HT2A Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF, 25I-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25TFM-NBOMe, 2CBCB-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 2CBFly-NBOMe) 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 2C-B-FLY 2CB-Ind 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) AL-34662 AL-37350A Bromo-DragonFLY Dimemebfe DMBMPP DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., 1P-LSD, ALD-52, bromocriptine, cabergoline, ergine (LSA), ergometrine (ergonovine), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), pergolide) Flumexadol IHCH-7113 Jimscaline Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) O-4310 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 PNU-22394 PNU-181731 RH-34 SCHEMBL5334361 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., BZP, quipazine, TFMPP) Serotonin (5-HT) TCB-2 TFMFly Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: 5-I-R91150 5-MeO-NBpBrT AC-90179 Adatanserin Altanserin Antihistamines (e.g., cyproheptadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, perlapine) AMDA Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amperozide, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, brexpiprazole, carpipramine, clocapramine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, gevotroline, iloperidone, lurasidone, melperone, mosapramine, ocaperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, zicronapine, ziprasidone, zotepine) Chlorprothixene Cinanserin CSP-2503 Deramciclane Dotarizine Eplivanserin Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Fananserin Flibanserin Glemanserin Irindalone Ketanserin KML-010 Landipirdine LY-393558 mCPP Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) Naftidrofuryl Nantenine Nelotanserin Opiranserin (VVZ-149) Pelanserin Phenoxybenzamine Pimavanserin Pirenperone Pizotifen Pruvanserin Rauwolscine Ritanserin Roluperidone S-14671 Sarpogrelate Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, lubazodone, mepiprazole, nefazodone, triazoledione, trazodone) SR-46349B TGBA01AD Teniloxazine Temanogrel Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, prochlorperazine, setoperone, spiperone, spiramide, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine) Volinanserin Xylamidine Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergotamine, nicergoline) 5-HT2B Agonists: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Amphetamines (e.g., chlorphentermine, cloforex, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, levofenfluramine, norfenfluramine) BW-723C86 DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) Piperazines (e.g., TFMPP) PNU-22394 Ro60-0175 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, α-Me-5-HT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine), N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine), olanzapine, pipamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone) Cyproheptadine EGIS-7625 Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, lisuride, LY-53857, LY-272015, mesulergine) Ketanserin LY-393558 mCPP Metadoxine Metitepine (methiothepin) Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol PRX-08066 Rauwolscine Ritanserin RS-127445 Sarpogrelate SB-200646 SB-204741 SB-206553 SB-215505 SB-221284 SB-228357 SDZ SER-082 Tegaserod Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Trazodone Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine) TIK-301 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT2C Agonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) A-372159 AL-38022A Alstonine CP-809101 Dimemebfe DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., ALD-52, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergine (LSA), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, pergolide) Flumexadol Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) MK-212 ORG-12962 ORG-37684 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., aripiprazole, BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP) PNU-22394 PNU-181731 Ro60-0175 Ro60-0213 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Vabicaserin WAY-629 WAY-161503 YM-348 Antagonists: Adatanserin Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine) Captodiame CEPC Cinanserin Cyproheptadine Deramciclane Desmetramadol Dotarizine Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Etoperidone Fluoxetine FR-260010 Irindalone Ketanserin Ketotifen Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) Nefazodone Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol Ritanserin RS-102221 S-14671 SB-200646 SB-206553 SB-221284 SB-228357 SB-242084 SB-243213 SDZ SER-082 Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) TIK-301 Tramadol Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine, pimozide, pipamperone, thioridazine) Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), methylergometrine (methylergonovine)) 5-HT3–75-HT3 Agonists: Alcohols (e.g., butanol, ethanol (alcohol), trichloroethanol) m-CPBG Phenylbiguanide Piperazines (e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine) RS-56812 Serotonin (5-HT) SR-57227 SR-57227A Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-CT, bufotenidine (5-HTQ)) Volatiles/gases (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane) YM-31636 Antagonists: Alosetron Anpirtoline Arazasetron AS-8112 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine) Azasetron Batanopride Bemesetron (MDL-72222) Bupropion Cilansetron CSP-2503 Dazopride Dolasetron Galanolactone Granisetron Hydroxybupropion Lerisetron Memantine Ondansetron Palonosetron Ramosetron Renzapride Ricasetron Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Thujone Tropanserin Tropisetron Typical antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine) Volatiles/gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, xenon) Vortioxetine Zacopride Zatosetron Unknown/unsorted: LY-53857 Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT4 Agonists: 5-MT BIMU8 Capeserod Cinitapride Cisapride CJ-033466 Dazopride Metoclopramide Minesapride Mosapride Prucalopride PRX-03140 Renzapride RS-67,333 RS-67,506 Serotonin (5-HT) Tegaserod Usmarapride Velusetrag Zacopride Antagonists: GR-113808 GR-125487 L-Lysine Piboserod RS-39604 RS-67532 SB-203186 SB-204070 5-HT5A Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), ergotamine, LSD) Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT) Valerenic acid Antagonists: Asenapine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-699551 Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., metergoline, methysergide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT6 Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide) Hypidone Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, Bufotenin, E-6801, E-6837, EMD-386088, EMDT, LY-586713, N-Me-5-HT, ST-1936, tryptamine) WAY-181187 WAY-208466 Antagonists: ABT-354 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, tiospirone) AVN-101 AVN-211 AVN-322 AVN-397 BGC20-760 BVT-5182 BVT-74316 Cerlapirdine EGIS-12,233 GW-742457 Idalopirdine Ketanserin Landipirdine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Masupirdine Metitepine (methiothepin) MS-245 PRX-07034 Ritanserin Ro 04-6790 Ro 63-0563 SB-258585 SB-271046 SB-357134 SB-399885 SB-742457 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), bromocriptine, lergotrile, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT7 Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT AS-19 Bifeprunox E-55888 Ergolines (e.g., LSD) LP-12 LP-44 LP-211 RU-24,969 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., frovatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MT, bufotenin, N-Me-5-HT) Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, tiospirone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Butaclamol DR-4485 EGIS-12,233 Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), amesergide, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) JNJ-18038683 Ketanserin LY-215,840 Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-258719 SB-258741 SB-269970 SB-656104 SB-656104A SB-691673 SLV-313 SLV-314 Spiperone SSR-181507 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., acetophenazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, fluphenazine, loxapine, pimozide) Vortioxetine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Adrenergics Dopaminergics Melatonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins
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[]
[{"title":"Elzasonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elzasonan"},{"title":"LY-367,265","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-367,265"}]
[{"reference":"Starr KR, Price GW, Watson JM, Atkinson PJ, Arban R, Melotto S, Dawson LA, Hagan JJ, Upton N, Duxon MS (2007). \"SB-649915-B, a novel 5-HT1A/B autoreceptor antagonist and serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is anxiolytic and displays fast onset activity in the rat high light social interaction test\". Neuropsychopharmacology. 32 (10): 2163–2172. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301341. PMID 17356576.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1301341","url_text":"\"SB-649915-B, a novel 5-HT1A/B autoreceptor antagonist and serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is anxiolytic and displays fast onset activity in the rat high light social interaction test\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1301341","url_text":"10.1038/sj.npp.1301341"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17356576","url_text":"17356576"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Hinds_(Canadian_football)
Ryan Hinds (Canadian football)
["1 Professional career","1.1 Hamilton Tiger-Cats","1.2 Edmonton Eskimos","1.3 Ottawa RedBlacks","2 References","3 External links"]
Canadian football player Ryan HindsNo. --Born: (1986-08-21) August 21, 1986 (age 37)Georgetown, GuyanaCareer informationCFL statusNationalPosition(s)DBHeight6 ft 1 in (185 cm)Weight200 lb (91 kg)CollegeNew HampshireHigh schoolNorth TorontoCFL draft2009, Round: 2, Pick: 13Drafted byHamilton Tiger-CatsCareer historyAs player2010–2013Hamilton Tiger-Cats2013–2015Edmonton Eskimos2016*Ottawa Redblacks Career highlights and awards Grey Cup champion (2015) Career statsPlaying stats at CFL.ca Ryan Hinds (born June 19, 1986) is a former professional Canadian football defensive back. He was raised in Toronto, Canada and played college football for the New Hampshire Wildcats. A Biology major, In the 31 games he played, Hinds made 60 tackles (40 solo), 5 interceptions (218 yards total return), and 20 pass break ups. Hinds sits on the Board of Directors for GTA Youth Athletics, a not-for-profit organization he began to teach children leadership through the sport of football. Professional career Hamilton Tiger-Cats He was drafted by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in the 2009 CFL Draft with the 13th pick in the second round. After being with the team for four seasons, he was released by the Tiger-Cats on August 14, 2013. Edmonton Eskimos Hinds signed with the Edmonton Eskimos about two weeks after being released by the Ti-Cats. Hinds played in 22 games for the Eskimos in three seasons. He was not re-signed by the club following the 2015 CFL season, and became a free-agent on February 9, 2016. Ottawa RedBlacks On February 19, 2016, Hinds agreed to a contract with the Ottawa RedBlacks. However, Hinds elected not to attend training camp, announcing via his agent that, "his heart wasn’t in it and he wasn’t going to play anymore". References ^ "UNHWildcats.com -- University of New Hampshire Official Athletics Website:Ryan Hinds". www.unhwildcats.com. Archived from the original on 2009-09-15. ^ "Home". hhcathletics.sports.officelive.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-27. ^ "Ryan Hinds | Roster | Hamilton Tiger-Cats". www.ticats.ca. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2022. ^ Non-import DB Ryan Hinds released by Ticats ^ Esks sign two ^ "National DB Hinds joins Redblacks". TSN. 2016-02-19. Retrieved 2016-02-19. ^ "Would-be Redblacks decide to opt out before camp". Ottawa Citizen. 2016-05-30. Retrieved 2016-06-21. External links Ottawa Redblacks bio Edmonton Eskimos bio Hamilton Tiger-Cats bio GTA Youth Athletics vteEdmonton Eskimos 103rd Grey Cup champions 2 Nic Grigsby 3 Wallace Miles 4 Adarius Bowman 5 Jordan Lynch 6 Sean Whyte 7 Kenny Stafford 8 Cauchy Muamba 9 Pat Watkins 10 Chad Simpson 11 Grant Shaw 13 Mike Reilly (MVP) 14 James Franklin 15 Deion Belue 17 Shamawd Chambers (MVC) 18 Cory Watson 19 Greg Morris 20 Raye Hartmann 22 Kacy Rodgers 23 Marcell Young 24 Akeem Shavers 25 Mike Miller 26 John Ojo 27 Mike Dubuisson 28 Aaron Milton 29 Michael Carter 30 John White 31 Calvin McCarty 32 Kendial Lawrence 33 Shakir Bell 34 Ryan Hinds 36 Aaron Grymes 37 Otha Foster 38 Adam Konar 40 Deon Lacey 41 Odell Willis 44 Korey Jones 45 Dexter McCoil 47 J. C. Sherritt 48 Blair Smith 50 Danny Groulx 52 Alexander Krausnick 53 Ryan King 55 Elie Ngoyi 56 Greg Wojt 57 David Beard 58 Tony Washington 59 Brian Simmons 60 Justin Sorensen 62 Chris Greaves 63 Brian Ramsay 64 Andrew Jones 65 Simeon Rottier 66 Matt O'Donnell 67 D'Anthony Batiste 68 Thaddeus Coleman 73 Anthony Barrett 77 Mathieu Boulay 81 Devon Bailey 82 Sederrik Cunningham 84 Andrew Johnson 85 Nathan Coehoorn 87 Derel Walker 90 Almondo Sewell 91 Marcus Howard 92 Cedric McKinley 93 Don Oramasionwu 95 Gregory Alexandre 97 Eddie Steele 99 Willie Jefferson Head coach: Chris Jones Assistant coaches: Mike Cook Craig Dickenson Jarious Jackson Phillip Lolley Stephen McAdoo Kez McCorvey Ed Philion Jason Shivers General Manager: Ed Hervey
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"defensive back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_back"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ryan Hinds (born June 19, 1986) is a former professional Canadian football defensive back. He was raised in Toronto, Canada and played college football for the New Hampshire Wildcats. A Biology major, In the 31 games he played, Hinds made 60 tackles (40 solo), 5 interceptions (218 yards total return), and 20 pass break ups.[1] Hinds sits on the Board of Directors for GTA Youth Athletics, a not-for-profit organization he began to teach children leadership through the sport of football.[2]","title":"Ryan Hinds (Canadian football)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamilton Tiger-Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats"},{"link_name":"2009 CFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_CFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Hamilton Tiger-Cats","text":"He was drafted by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in the 2009 CFL Draft with the 13th pick in the second round.[3] After being with the team for four seasons, he was released by the Tiger-Cats on August 14, 2013.[4]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmonton Eskimos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2015 CFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_CFL_season"}],"sub_title":"Edmonton Eskimos","text":"Hinds signed with the Edmonton Eskimos about two weeks after being released by the Ti-Cats.[5] Hinds played in 22 games for the Eskimos in three seasons. He was not re-signed by the club following the 2015 CFL season, and became a free-agent on February 9, 2016.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottawa RedBlacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Redblacks"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Ottawa RedBlacks","text":"On February 19, 2016, Hinds agreed to a contract with the Ottawa RedBlacks.[6] However, Hinds elected not to attend training camp, announcing via his agent that, \"his heart wasn’t in it and he wasn’t going to play anymore\".[7]","title":"Professional career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"UNHWildcats.com -- University of New Hampshire Official Athletics Website:Ryan Hinds\". www.unhwildcats.com. Archived from the original on 2009-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090915190201/http://www.unhwildcats.com/sports/fball/2009-10/bios/Ryan_Hinds","url_text":"\"UNHWildcats.com -- University of New Hampshire Official Athletics Website:Ryan Hinds\""},{"url":"http://www.unhwildcats.com/sports/fball/2009-10/bios/Ryan_Hinds","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". hhcathletics.sports.officelive.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110227021616/http://hhcathletics.sports.officelive.com/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Home\""},{"url":"http://hhcathletics.sports.officelive.com/default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ryan Hinds | Roster | Hamilton Tiger-Cats\". www.ticats.ca. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130809133416/http://www.ticats.ca/roster/show/id/3813","url_text":"\"Ryan Hinds | Roster | Hamilton Tiger-Cats\""},{"url":"http://www.ticats.ca/roster/show/id/3813","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National DB Hinds joins Redblacks\". TSN. 2016-02-19. Retrieved 2016-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/national-db-hinds-joins-redblacks-1.440239","url_text":"\"National DB Hinds joins Redblacks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Would-be Redblacks decide to opt out before camp\". Ottawa Citizen. 2016-05-30. Retrieved 2016-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://ottawacitizen.com/sports/local-sports/would-be-redblacks-decide-to-opt-out-before-camp","url_text":"\"Would-be Redblacks decide to opt out before camp\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Chicago_White_Sox_season
1974 Chicago White Sox season
["1 Offseason","2 Regular season","2.1 Opening Day lineup","2.2 Season standings","2.3 Record vs. opponents","2.4 Notable transactions","2.5 Roster","3 Player stats","3.1 Batting","3.2 Pitching","4 Farm system","5 Notes","6 References"]
Major League Baseball team season 1974 Chicago White SoxLeagueAmerican LeagueDivisionWestBallparkComiskey ParkCityChicagoOwnersArthur Allyn, Jr. and John AllynGeneral managersRoland HemondManagersChuck TannerTelevisionWSNS-TV(Harry Caray, Bob Waller)RadioWMAQ (AM)(Harry Caray, Bill Mercer) ← 1973 Seasons 1975 → The 1974 Chicago White Sox season was the team's 74th season in the major leagues, and its 75th season overall. They finished with a record of 80–80, good enough for fourth place in the American League West, 9 games behind the first-place Oakland Athletics. Offseason October 14, 1973: Joe Keough was purchased from the White Sox by the Minnesota Twins. December 11, 1973: Steve Stone, Ken Frailing, Steve Swisher and a player to be named later were traded by the White Sox to the Chicago Cubs for Ron Santo. The White Sox completed the deal by sending Jim Kremmel to the Cubs on December 18. January 9, 1974: Kevin Bell was drafted by the White Sox in the 1st round of the 1974 Major League Baseball draft. January 16, 1974: John Lamb was purchased by the White Sox from the Pittsburgh Pirates. March 27, 1974: John Lamb was purchased from the White Sox by the Pirates. Regular season Opening Day lineup Pat Kelly, RF Ken Henderson, CF Dick Allen, 1B Bill Melton, 3B Carlos May, LF Ron Santo, DH Jorge Orta, 2B Ed Herrmann, C Bucky Dent, SS Wilbur Wood, P Season standings vteAL West W L Pct. GB Home Road Oakland Athletics 90 72 0.556 — 49–32 41–40 Texas Rangers 84 76 0.525 5 42–38 42–38 Minnesota Twins 82 80 0.506 8 48–33 34–47 Chicago White Sox 80 80 0.500 9 46–34 34–46 Kansas City Royals 77 85 0.475 13 40–41 37–44 California Angels 68 94 0.420 22 36–45 32–49 Record vs. opponents 1974 American League recordvteSources: Team BAL BOS CAL CWS CLE DET KC MIL MIN NYY OAK TEX Baltimore — 10–8 7–5 5–7 12–6 14–4 8–4 8–10 6–6 11–7 6–6 4–8 Boston 8–10 — 4–8 8–4 9–9 11–7 4–8 10–8 6–6 11–7 8–4 5–7 California 5–7 8–4 — 10–8–1 3–9 5–7 8–10 3–9 8–10 3–9 6–12 9–9 Chicago 7–5 4–8 8–10–1 — 8–4 7–5 11–7 8–4 7–11–1 4–8 7–11 9–7–1 Cleveland 6–12 9–9 9–3 4–8 — 9–9 8–4 10–8 6–6 7–11 5–7 4–8 Detroit 4–14 7–11 7–5 5–7 9–9 — 7–5 9–9 3–9 11–7 5–7 5–7 Kansas City 4–8 8–4 10–8 7–11 4–8 5–7 — 11–1 8–10 4–8 8–10 8–10 Milwaukee 10–8 8–10 9–3 4–8 8–10 9–9 1–11 — 6–6 9–9 5–7 7–5 Minnesota 6–6 6–6 10–8 11–7–1 6–6 9–3 10–8 6–6 — 4–8 5–13 9–9 New York 7–11 7–11 9–3 8–4 11–7 7–11 8–4 9–9 8–4 — 7–5 8–4 Oakland 6–6 4–8 12–6 11–7 7–5 7–5 10–8 7–5 13–5 5–7 — 8–10 Texas 8–4 7–5 9–9 7–9–1 8–4 7–5 10–8 5–7 9–9 4–8 10–8 — Notable transactions April 15, 1974: Rich Hinton was signed as a free agent by the White Sox. July 11, 1974: Chuck Brinkman was purchased from the White Sox by the Pittsburgh Pirates. Roster 1974 Chicago White Sox Roster Pitchers 41 Cy Acosta 40 Lloyd Allen 45 Stan Bahnsen 47 Francisco Barrios 51 Terry Forster 54 Goose Gossage 47 Wayne Granger 40 Joe Henderson 21 Bart Johnson 36 Jim Kaat 55 Jack Kucek 34 Bill Moran 38 Jim Otten 46 Stan Perzanowski 26 Skip Pitlock 19 Ken Tatum 28 Wilbur Wood Catchers 11 Chuck Brinkman 16 Brian Downing 12 Ed Herrmann  8 Pete Varney Infielders 15 Dick Allen  1 Luis Alvarado 30 Bucky Dent 48 Lamar Johnson  3 Eddie Leon 14 Bill Melton 25 Tony Muser  6 Jorge Orta  9 Lee Richard 10 Ron Santo  1 Bill Stein Outfielders 22 Buddy Bradford  2 Jerry Hairston 24 Ken Henderson 18 Pat Kelly 17 Carlos May 20 Nyls Nyman  5 Bill Sharp Other batters 20 Hugh Yancy Manager  7 Chuck Tanner Coaches 37 Joe Lonnett 31 Jim Mahoney 35 Alex Monchak 39 Glen Rosenbaum 33 Johnny Sain Player stats Batting Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; BB = Base on balls; SO = Strikeouts; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases Player G AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI BB SO AVG SB Cy Acosta, PH 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 .000 0 Dick Allen, 1B 128 462 84 139 23 1 32 88 57 89 .301 7 Luis Alvarado, 2B,SS 8 10 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 .100 0 Buddy Bradford, RF,LF 39 96 16 32 2 0 5 10 13 11 .333 1 Chuck Brinkman, C 8 14 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 .143 0 Bucky Dent, SS 154 496 55 136 15 3 5 45 28 48 .274 3 Brian Downing, C,RF,DH,LF 108 293 41 66 12 1 10 39 51 72 .225 0 Jerry Hairston, LF,DH 45 109 8 25 7 0 0 8 13 18 .229 0 Joe Henderson, PH 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 Ken Henderson, CF 162 602 76 176 35 5 20 95 66 112 .292 12 Ed Herrmann, C 107 367 32 95 13 1 10 39 16 49 .259 1 Lamar Johnson, 1B,DH 10 29 1 10 0 0 0 2 0 3 .345 0 Jim Kaat, PH 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 Pat Kelly, DH,RF 122 424 60 119 16 3 4 21 46 58 .281 18 Eddie Leon, SS,2B 31 46 1 5 1 0 0 3 2 12 .109 0 Carlos May, LF,DH 149 551 66 137 19 2 8 58 46 76 .249 8 Bill Melton, 3B,DH 136 495 63 120 17 0 21 63 59 60 .242 3 Tony Muser, 1B,DH 103 206 16 60 5 1 1 18 6 22 .291 1 Nyls Nyman, LF 5 14 5 9 2 1 0 4 0 1 .643 1 Jorge Orta, 2B,DH 139 525 73 166 31 2 10 67 40 88 .316 9 Lee Richard, 3B,SS,DH,2B 32 67 5 11 1 0 0 1 5 8 .164 0 Ron Santo, DH,2B,3B,1B 117 375 29 83 12 1 5 41 37 72 .221 0 Bill Sharp, RF,LF,CF 100 320 45 81 13 2 4 24 25 37 .253 0 Bill Stein, 3B,DH 13 43 5 12 1 0 0 5 7 8 .279 0 Ken Tatum, PH 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 Pete Varney, C 9 28 1 7 0 0 0 2 1 8 .250 0 Hugh Yancy, PH 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 Team Totals 163 5577 684 1492 225 23 135 633 519 858 .268 64 Pitching Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; HR = Home runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts Player W L ERA G GS SV IP H R ER HR BB K Cy Acosta 0 3 3.74 27 0 3 45.2 43 22 19 3 20 19 Lloyd Allen 0 1 10.29 6 2 0 7.0 7 9 8 0 13 3 Stan Bahnsen 12 15 4.70 38 35 0 216.1 230 128 113 17 116 102 Francisco Barrios 0 0 27.00 2 0 0 2.0 7 6 6 0 2 2 Terry Forster 7 8 3.62 59 1 24 134.1 120 57 54 6 51 105 Goose Gossage 4 6 4.13 39 3 1 89.1 92 45 41 4 54 64 Wayne Granger 0 0 8.12 5 0 0 7.2 16 8 7 1 3 4 Joe Henderson 1 0 8.40 5 3 0 15.0 21 15 14 2 11 12 Bart Johnson 10 4 2.74 18 18 0 121.2 105 42 37 6 34 76 Jim Kaat 21 13 2.92 42 39 0 277.1 263 106 90 18 66 142 Jack Kucek 1 4 5.26 9 7 0 37.2 48 25 22 3 21 25 Bill Moran 1 3 4.66 15 5 0 46.1 57 27 24 5 25 17 Jim Otten 0 1 5.51 5 1 0 16.1 22 11 10 0 14 11 Stan Perzanowski 0 0 19.29 2 1 0 2.1 8 7 5 1 2 2 Skip Pitlock 3 3 4.43 40 5 1 105.2 103 58 52 7 59 68 Ken Tatum 0 0 4.79 10 1 0 20.2 23 12 11 3 9 5 Wilbur Wood 20 19 3.60 42 42 0 320.1 305 143 128 27 88 169 Team Totals 80 80 3.94 163 163 29 1465.2 1470 721 641 103 588 826 Farm system See also: Minor League Baseball Level Team League Manager AAA Iowa Oaks American Association Joe Sparks AA Knoxville Knox Sox Southern League Jim Napier A Appleton Foxes Midwest League Gordon Lund Rookie GCL White Sox Gulf Coast League Joe Jones LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Knoxville Notes ^ Joe Keough at Baseball Reference ^ Ron Santo at Baseball Reference ^ Kevin Bell at Baseball Reference ^ a b John Lamb at Baseball-Reference ^ Rich Hinton at Baseball Reference ^ Chuck Brinkman at Baseball Reference References Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles, eds. (1997). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball (2nd ed.). Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America. ISBN 978-0-9637189-8-3. 1974 Chicago White Sox at Baseball Reference vte1974 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston Cleveland Detroit Milwaukee New York AL West California Chicago Kansas City Minnesota Oakland Texas NL East Chicago Montréal New York Philadelphia Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Atlanta Cincinnati Houston Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 1974 MLB draft 1974 All-Star Game 1974 World Series vteChicago White Sox Established in 1900 Based in Chicago, Illinois Franchise History Seasons Owners and executives Managers Players Opening Day starting pitchers first-round draft picks Broadcasters Team records Award winners No-hitters Ballparks South Side Park Comiskey Park Guaranteed Rate Field New White Sox Stadium (proposed) Spring training: * Recreation Park Palm Springs Stadium Plant Field Al Lopez Field Payne Park Ed Smith Stadium Tucson Electric Park Camelback Ranch Culture Andy the Clown Armour Square/Bridgeport Black Betsy Black Sox Scandal Curse of the Black Sox Eight Men Out The Fix Field of Dreams Shoeless Joe Captain Stubby and the Buccaneers Gene Honda "Let's Go, Go-Go White Sox" Nancy Faust Nicknames Only The Lonely The Sodfather Southpaw Sox–35th Sportsvision The Stratton Story "Sweet Home Chicago" Turn Back the Clock White Flag Trade Lore 1994 bat burglary 2008 Blackout Game 2015 crowdless game Artnell Company v. Commissioner Disco Demolition Night The Hitless Wonders Perfect games Charlie Robertson Mark Buehrle Philip Humber South Side Hitmen Winning Ugly MLB at Field of Dreams Rivalries Chicago Cubs Detroit Tigers Minnesota Twins Key personnel Chairman: Jerry Reinsdorf General Manager: Chris Getz Special Assistant to the GM: Jim Thome Manager: Pedro Grifol World Serieschampionships (3) 1906 1917 2005 American Leaguechampionships (6) 1901 1906 1917 1919 1959 2005 Division championships (6) West: 1983 1993 Central: 2000 2005 2008 2021 Wild Card berths (1) 2020 Minor leagueaffiliates Charlotte Knights (Triple-A) Birmingham Barons (Double-A) Winston-Salem Dash (High-A) Kannapolis Cannon Ballers (Single-A) ACL White Sox (Rookie) DSL White Sox (Rookie) Media NBC Sports Chicago ESPN Radio 1000 White Sox Radio Network ESPN Deportes 1220 AM Seasons (123)1900s 1900 · 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"American League West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League_West"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Oakland_Athletics_season"}],"text":"Major League Baseball team seasonThe 1974 Chicago White Sox season was the team's 74th season in the major leagues, and its 75th season overall. They finished with a record of 80–80, good enough for fourth place in the American League West, 9 games behind the first-place Oakland Athletics.","title":"1974 Chicago White Sox season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Keough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Keough"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Steve Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Stone_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Ken Frailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Frailing"},{"link_name":"Steve Swisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Swisher"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Ron Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Santo"},{"link_name":"Jim Kremmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Kremmel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kevin Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bell_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"1974 Major League Baseball draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lamb_(right-handed_pitcher)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lamb-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lamb-4"}],"text":"October 14, 1973: Joe Keough was purchased from the White Sox by the Minnesota Twins.[1]\nDecember 11, 1973: Steve Stone, Ken Frailing, Steve Swisher and a player to be named later were traded by the White Sox to the Chicago Cubs for Ron Santo. The White Sox completed the deal by sending Jim Kremmel to the Cubs on December 18.[2]\nJanuary 9, 1974: Kevin Bell was drafted by the White Sox in the 1st round of the 1974 Major League Baseball draft.[3]\nJanuary 16, 1974: John Lamb was purchased by the White Sox from the Pittsburgh Pirates.[4]\nMarch 27, 1974: John Lamb was purchased from the White Sox by the Pirates.[4]","title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pat Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Kelly_(outfielder)"},{"link_name":"RF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_fielder"},{"link_name":"Ken Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Henderson"},{"link_name":"CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_fielder"},{"link_name":"Dick Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Allen"},{"link_name":"1B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"Bill Melton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Melton"},{"link_name":"3B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_baseman"},{"link_name":"Carlos May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_May"},{"link_name":"LF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_fielder"},{"link_name":"Ron Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Santo"},{"link_name":"DH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_hitter"},{"link_name":"Jorge Orta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Orta"},{"link_name":"2B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_baseman"},{"link_name":"Ed Herrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Herrmann"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catcher"},{"link_name":"Bucky Dent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_Dent"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortstop"},{"link_name":"Wilbur Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Wood"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"}],"sub_title":"Opening Day lineup","text":"Pat Kelly, RF\nKen Henderson, CF\nDick Allen, 1B\nBill Melton, 3B\nCarlos May, LF\nRon Santo, DH\nJorge Orta, 2B\nEd Herrmann, C\nBucky Dent, SSWilbur Wood, P","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season standings","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Record vs. opponents","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rich Hinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Hinton"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chuck Brinkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Brinkman"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Notable transactions","text":"April 15, 1974: Rich Hinton was signed as a free agent by the White Sox.[5]\nJuly 11, 1974: Chuck Brinkman was purchased from the White Sox by the Pittsburgh Pirates.[6]","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Roster","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Player stats"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Batting","text":"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; BB = Base on balls; SO = Strikeouts; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases","title":"Player stats"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pitching","text":"Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; HR = Home runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts","title":"Player stats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"}],"text":"See also: Minor League BaseballLEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Knoxville","title":"Farm system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Joe Keough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/k/keougjo01.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Ron Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/s/santoro01.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Kevin Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/b/bellke01.shtml"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lamb_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lamb_4-1"},{"link_name":"John Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/players/l/lambjo01.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Rich Hinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/h/hintora01.shtml"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Chuck Brinkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/players/b/brinkch01.shtml"}],"text":"^ Joe Keough at Baseball Reference\n\n^ Ron Santo at Baseball Reference\n\n^ Kevin Bell at Baseball Reference\n\n^ a b John Lamb at Baseball-Reference\n\n^ Rich Hinton[permanent dead link] at Baseball Reference\n\n^ Chuck Brinkman at Baseball Reference","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Cannon
Lou Cannon
["1 Publications","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
American journalist, author, and biographer (born 1933) Louis Cannon (born 1933) is an American journalist, non-fiction author, and biographer who was state bureau chief for the San Jose Mercury News in the late 1960s, and later senior White House correspondent of The Washington Post during the presidency of Ronald Reagan. He is a prolific biographer of Ronald Reagan, having written five books about him. Cannon is currently a columnist and editorial advisor to State Net Capitol Journal, a weekly publication focused on state legislation and politics. He is the father of Carl M. Cannon. Publications External videos Part One of Booknotes interview with Lou Cannon on President Reagan: A Role of a Lifetime, May 12, 1991, C-SPAN Part Two of interview with Cannon, May 19, 1991, C-SPAN Ronnie and Jesse: A Political Odyssey (New York: Doubleday, 1969) LCCN 78-87099 The McCloskey Challenge (1972) Reporting: An Inside View (1977) Reagan (1982) President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (1991) Official Negligence: How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD (1998) Ronald Reagan: The Presidential Portfolio: History as Told through the Collection of the Ronald Reagan Library and Museum (2001) Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power (2003) See also Santa Barbara News-Press controversy References ^ Ronnie and Jesse, dust jacket biography ^ "CNN.com - Reckoning with Reagan: The written record - Jun 8, 2004". edition.cnn.com. ^ "Legislative Tracking and Regulatory Reporting – LexisNexis State Net". www.lexisnexis.com. External links Lou Cannon at Boeing Lou Cannon at All American Speakers, LLC Appearances on C-SPAN Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Other IdRef This article about a United States writer of non-fiction is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Santa Barbara News-Press controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_News-Press_controversy"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_known_as_the_One-Eyed
List of people known as the One-Eyed
["1 See also"]
The One-Eyed is an epithet of: Horatius Cocles (fl. late 6th century BC), Roman officer famed for defending a bridge against an army Antigonus I Monophthalmus (382–301 BC), Macedonian nobleman, general, satrap and king, founder of the Antigonid dynasty John the One-Eyed, a secular priest murdered in 1233 Sitric Cáech (died 927), Viking ruler of Dublin and Viking Northumbria Egbert the One-Eyed (died 994), German count Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse or Monoculus (c. 1041–1105), count of Toulouse John fitzRichard the One-Eyed or Monoculus (fl. 1076), Norman nobleman Reginald I, Count of Bar (c. 1080–1149) Frederick II, Duke of Swabia (1090–1147) Peter Monoculus (d. 29 October 1185), Cistercian abbot Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen (c. 1380–1463) Bogdan III the One-Eyed (1479–1517), Voivode of Moldavia See also Xiahou Dun (died 220), Chinese general and politician known as "One-Eyed Xiahou" Iain "One-eye" Camm (fl. bef. 1390), second chief of Clan Gregor Jan Žižka (d. 1424), Czech military leader known as "One-eyed Žižka" Date Masamune (1567–1636), Japanese daimyo (ruler) known as the "One-Eyed Dragon of Ōshu" Charley Parkhurst (1812–1879), American stagecoach driver also known as "One-Eyed Charlie" List of one-eyed creatures in mythology and fiction List of people known as the Blind
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[]
[{"title":"Xiahou Dun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiahou_Dun"},{"title":"Clan Gregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Gregor"},{"title":"Jan Žižka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDi%C5%BEka"},{"title":"Date Masamune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_Masamune"},{"title":"Charley Parkhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Parkhurst"},{"title":"List of one-eyed creatures in mythology and fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_one-eyed_creatures_in_mythology_and_fiction"},{"title":"List of people known as the Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_known_as_the_Blind"}]
[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Wharf
Royal Wharf
["1 History","1.1 Silvertown explosion","2 Development","3 Transport","4 References","5 External links","6 Lines"]
Coordinates: 51°30′02″N 0°01′46″E / 51.500667°N 0.029427051°E / 51.500667; 0.029427051Residential and commercial development in the London Borough of Newham This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Royal Wharf" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Royal WharfLocation within LondonGeneral informationStatusUnder constructionLocationNewham, LondonTown or cityLondonCountryEnglandCoordinates51°30′02″N 0°01′46″E / 51.500667°N 0.029427051°E / 51.500667; 0.029427051Construction startedJuly 2014Estimated completion2020ClientBallymore Group and Oxley Holdings LtdGrounds161,874 sq mOther informationNumber of units3,385Websiteroyalwharf.net royalwharfretail.com Royal Wharf is a residential and commercial development in Newham, London located on the north bank of the River Thames. It is built on the former site of Minoco Wharf and is near the Thames Barrier, west of Thames Barrier Park, and close to both West Silvertown and Pontoon Dock DLR stations. The development is a joint venture between Ballymore Group and Singapore listed Oxley Holdings. It includes 3,385 residential units and 10,000 square metres of retail and commercial space. History This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The 15.2-hectare (38-acre) site was originally developed as an industrial works at the end of the nineteenth century and was also used for the manufacture of TNT during the First World War. Following this, the site was used by Shell UK for a period as an oil storage and refining site. This came to an end in the 1990s, when the site was left vacant. New location of the Silvertown explosion memorial, in Royal Wharf Gardens Silvertown explosion Royal Wharf sits on the site of the Silvertown explosion, a large explosion at a munitions factory on 19 January 1917 which killed 73 people and injured more than 400, and caused substantial damage to the local area. As part of the development, the Silvertown War Memorial was relocated to Royal Wharf Gardens, in the centre of the development. Development In 2012, following a comprehensive consultation process with Newham Council officers, the Thames Gateway Development Corporation and local community stakeholders (including local groups and individual residents), planning permission was granted to redevelop the site with a mixed-use scheme, delivering 3,385 new homes, a new primary school, leisure facilities and retail and commercial office space. As of 2021, the development is nearly completed, with two blocks remaining. The Uber Boat by Thames Clippers riverboat pier and Royal Wharf Primary School opened in 2020. The estimated number of occupants once the development is fully complete is around 10,000. Ballymore is also developing the adjacent riverfront site to the west, Riverscape, to provide 769 homes. Transport West Silvertown and Pontoon Dock are the nearest stations on the Docklands Light Railway. London bus route 241 serves the housing development. The site is served by Uber Boat by Thames Clippers catamaran services from a new pier designed by Nex Architects. The service started on 18 October 2019 and of February 2020 is only served during peak hours. References ^ Royal Wharf London ^ a b "Royal Wharf Pier Officially Open! - Uber Boat by Thames Clippers". Thames Clippers. Retrieved 12 April 2021. ^ Brookes, Andrew (24 September 2021). "First apartments to go on sale at 769-home development in Royal Docks". Newham Recorder. Retrieved 19 October 2021. ^ Thames Clippers https://www.thamesclippers.com/about-mbna-thames-clippers/news/a-floating-space-for-london-work-begins-on-royal-wharf-pier ^ "Royal Wharf Pier". Nex Architecture. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "Royal Wharf - The Least Used River Pier". YouTube. External links Royal Wharf Official Site Lines Preceding station London River Services Following station North Greenwich Piertowards Battersea Power Station Pier RB1 Woolwich (Royal Arsenal) Piertowards Barking Riverside Pier North Greenwich Piertowards Putney Pier RB6 Terminus
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It includes 3,385 residential units and 10,000 square metres of retail and commercial space.[1]","title":"Royal Wharf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Shell UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_UK"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SilvertownExplosionMemorialInItsNewLocation.jpg"},{"link_name":"Silvertown explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvertown_explosion"}],"text":"The 15.2-hectare (38-acre) site was originally developed as an industrial works at the end of the nineteenth century and was also used for the manufacture of TNT during the First World War. Following this, the site was used by Shell UK for a period as an oil storage and refining site. This came to an end in the 1990s, when the site was left vacant.New location of the Silvertown explosion memorial, in Royal Wharf Gardens","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silvertown explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvertown_explosion"},{"link_name":"Silvertown War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvertown_War_Memorial"}],"sub_title":"Silvertown explosion","text":"Royal Wharf sits on the site of the Silvertown explosion, a large explosion at a munitions factory on 19 January 1917 which killed 73 people and injured more than 400, and caused substantial damage to the local area. As part of the development, the Silvertown War Memorial was relocated to Royal Wharf Gardens, in the centre of the development.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newham Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newham_Council"},{"link_name":"Thames Gateway Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Thames_Gateway_Development_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Wharf&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Uber Boat by Thames Clippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Clippers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brookes-24Sep2021-3"}],"text":"In 2012, following a comprehensive consultation process with Newham Council officers, the Thames Gateway Development Corporation and local community stakeholders (including local groups and individual residents), planning permission was granted to redevelop the site with a mixed-use scheme, delivering 3,385 new homes, a new primary school, leisure facilities and retail and commercial office space.As of 2021[update], the development is nearly completed, with two blocks remaining. The Uber Boat by Thames Clippers riverboat pier and Royal Wharf Primary School opened in 2020.[2] The estimated number of occupants once the development is fully complete is around 10,000.Ballymore is also developing the adjacent riverfront site to the west, Riverscape, to provide 769 homes.[3]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Silvertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Silvertown_DLR_station"},{"link_name":"Pontoon Dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_Dock_DLR_station"},{"link_name":"Docklands Light Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Uber Boat by Thames Clippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Clippers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"West Silvertown and Pontoon Dock are the nearest stations on the Docklands Light Railway.\nLondon bus route 241 serves the housing development.The site is served by Uber Boat by Thames Clippers catamaran services from a new pier designed by Nex Architects.[4][5] The service started on 18 October 2019[2] and of February 2020 is only served during peak hours.[6]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lines"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramedic_Association_of_Canada
Paramedic Association of Canada
["1 References","2 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Paramedic Association of Canada" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Founded in June 1988 as the Canadian Society of Ambulance Personnel (CSAP), the PAC is the national voice of paramedicine which supports paramedicine practitioners in providing high quality health care to patients. The CSAP was transformed into the Paramedic Association of Canada in 1997. The PAC has a voluntary membership of over 14,000 paramedicine practitioners across Canada. Each member belongs to a provincial chapter and/or the Canadian Armed Forces. References ^ "PAC history". Paramedic Association of Canada. Retrieved 27 March 2021. External links Official Website vteEmergency medical services Paramedicine Basic life support Advanced life support People Certified first responder Combat medic Emergency care assistant Emergency medical dispatcher Emergency medical responder Emergency medical technician Advanced emergency medical technician Paramedic Emergency physician Medical director Vehicles Air medical services Ambulance history Ambulance bus Blood bike Combination car Light horse field ambulance Motorcycle ambulance Nontransporting EMS vehicle Water ambulance Casualty liftingand movement Kendrick extrication device Litter Spinal board Scoop stretcher Spinal precautions Stretcher Vacuum mattress Weevac 6 Other Ambulance station Rescue squad Search and rescue Related fields Aviation medicine Critical emergency medicine Diving medicine Emergency medicine Military medicine Wilderness medicine
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"PAC history\". Paramedic Association of Canada. Retrieved 27 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paramedic.ca/site/history?nav=02","url_text":"\"PAC history\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Hits_Tour_(Lionel_Richie_and_Mariah_Carey)
All the Hits Tour (Lionel Richie and Mariah Carey)
["1 Set list","2 Tour dates","3 Cancelled shows","4 References"]
2017 concert tour by Lionel Richie and Mariah Carey All the Hits TourTour by Lionel Richie and Mariah CareyStart dateJuly 21, 2017End dateSeptember 5, 2017Legs1No. of shows22 in North AmericaAttendance223,665 (84%)Box office$17,498,049 Lionel Richie tour chronology All the Hits, All Night Long(2013–15) All the Hits Tour(2017) Hello! Hits Tour(2019) Mariah Carey concert chronology The Sweet Sweet Fantasy Tour(2016) All the Hits Tour(2017) The Butterfly Returns(2018–20) The All the Hits Tour was a 2017 summer concert tour by American singer-songwriters Lionel Richie and Mariah Carey. The tour was scheduled to begin on March 15, 2017, at the Royal Farms Arena in Baltimore. The tour was delayed due to Richie's longer than expected recovery from a knee procedure and began in summer 2017. Set list Mariah Carey "Love Hangover" "Heartbreaker" (Diva Remix) "Shake It Off" "Touch My Body" "I Know What You Want" "My All" "Always Be My Baby" "Don't Forget About Us" "One Sweet Day" (With Daniel Moore II and Trey Lorenz) "All I Do" (Interlude) (Performed by Trey Lorenz) "It's Like That" (contains elements of "Hollis Crew" and "Sucker M.C.'s") "Vision of Love" "We Belong Together" "All I Want for Christmas Is You" (acapella) "Hero" "Hero Reprise" (Outro) Lionel Richie "Easy" "My Love" "Running with the Night" "Penny Lover" "Truly" "You Are" "Stuck on You" "Dancing on the Ceiling" "Three Times a Lady" "Sail On" "Fancy Dancer" "Sweet Love" "Lady (You Bring Me Up)" "Just to Be Close to You" "Brick House" "Fire" "Hello" "Say You, Say Me" "We Are the World" "All Night Long (All Night)" Notes Carey stated that she would arrange her set list differently each night for her fans who have seen her shows before. The following are the changes made: "All I Want for Christmas Is You" was only performed in Oakland. Starting on July 30, "Heat" and "I'm That Chick" were added to Carey's set list, and "Shake It Off" was no longer performed. "My All" was not performed in Sacramento, Sunrise and Tampa. On select dates, "One Sweet Day" and "Love Hangover" were not performed. "Vision of Love" was not performed in San Diego. "Touch My Body" was not performed in Sunrise. "Emotions" was performed in Duluth. "Forever" and "U Make Me Wanna" were performed in Kansas City. Tour dates List of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, opening act, tickets sold, number of available tickets and amount of gross revenue Date City Country Venue Opening act Attendance Revenue North America July 21, 2017 Oakland United States Oracle Arena Tauren Wells 11,591 / 12,126 (95%) $951,858 July 22, 2017 Sacramento Golden 1 Center 12,506 / 12,977 (96%) $719,584 July 27, 2017 San Diego Viejas Arena 6,628 / 8,314 (79%) $571,339 July 30, 2017 Anaheim Honda Center 11,566 / 14,287 (80%) $1,061,089 July 31, 2017 Los Angeles Hollywood Bowl 15,800 / 17,322 (91%) $1,574,180 August 3, 2017 Dallas American Airlines Center 8,095 / 8,095 (100%) $670,231 August 4, 2017 Houston Toyota Center 9,359 / 10,952 (85%) $829,273 August 6, 2017 New Orleans Smoothie King Center 7,772 / 11,917 (65%) $618,904 August 10, 2017 Sunrise BB&T Center 10,413 / 13,206 (78%) $885,714 August 11, 2017 Tampa Amalie Arena 10,845 / 12,477 (86%) $853,015 August 13, 2017 Duluth Infinite Energy Arena 7,974 / 8,635 (92%) $646,769 August 16, 2017 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center 9,200 / 14,612 (62%) $622,386 August 18, 2017 Newark Prudential Center 9,521 / 13,503 (70%) $631,294 August 19, 2017 New York City Madison Square Garden 14,379 / 14,505 (99%) $1,168,544 August 22, 2017 Boston TD Garden 10,192 / 13,264 (76%) $947,678 August 24, 2017 Toronto Canada Air Canada Centre 13,810 / 13,810 (100%) $1,081,570 August 26, 2017 Chicago United States United Center 12,692 / 14,859 (85%) $958,743 August 27, 2017 Kansas City Sprint Center 9,264 / 11,801 (78%) $646,490 August 29, 2017 Denver Pepsi Center 8,773 / 13,279 (66%) $527,074 September 1, 2017 Edmonton Canada Rogers Place — — September 3, 2017 Vancouver Rogers Arena 13,628 / 13,914 (97%) $820,386 September 5, 2017 Seattle United States KeyArena 9,617 / 11,441 (84%) $711,998 Total 223,665 / 265,296 (84%) $17,498,049 Cancelled shows List of cancelled concerts, showing date, city, country, venue and reason for cancellation Date City Country Venue Reason March 15, 2017 Baltimore United States Royal Farms Arena Richie's longer-than-expected recovery from knee surgery. March 21, 2017 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena March 24, 2017 St Paul Xcel Energy Center March 28, 2017 Grand Rapids Van Andel Arena April 5, 2017 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena April 7, 2017 Uniondale Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum April 11, 2017 Auburn Hills The Palace of Auburn Hills April 14, 2017 Columbus Schottenstein Center April 18, 2017 St. Louis Scottrade Center April 21, 2017 Tulsa BOK Center April 25, 2017 Salt Lake City Vivint Smart Home Arena May 20, 2017 Nashville Bridgestone Arena May 21, 2017 Charlotte Spectrum Center References ^ "Lionel Richie: All The Hits With Very Special Guest Mariah Carey". Live Nation. Archived from the original on December 14, 2016. ^ Kaufman, Gil (December 12, 2016). "Mariah Carey & Lionel Richie Announce North American All The Hits Tour for 2017". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2016. ^ Fekadu, Mesfin (December 12, 2016). "Lionel Richie, Mariah Carey joining forces for 2017 tour". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. Retrieved December 12, 2016. ^ Varga, George (December 12, 2016). "Lionel Richie and Mariah Carey announce 'All The Hits' joint concert tour". U-T San Diego. Retrieved December 12, 2016. ^ a b "Lionel Richie postpones tour with Mariah Carey scheduled to kick off in Baltimore in March". The Baltimore Sun. February 24, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017. ^ Kreps, Daniel (December 12, 2016). "Lionel Richie, Mariah Carey Plot Joint 'All the Hits' Tour". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 12, 2016. ^ ^ "Oakland Current Boxscore". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ a b "Sacramento and New York City Current Boxscore". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017. ^ a b c d e f "Sacramento and New York City Current Boxscore". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2017. ^ "Anaheim Current Boxscore". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017. ^ "Houston Current Boxscore". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2017. ^ "Duluth Current Boxscore". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g "Philadelphia Newark Boston Chicago Kansas Denver Seattle Boxscore Current Boxscore". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017. ^ "Vancouver Current Boxscore". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017. vteLionel RichieStudio albums Lionel Richie (1982) Can't Slow Down (1983) Dancing on the Ceiling (1986) Louder Than Words (1996) Time (1998) Renaissance (2000) Just for You (2004) Coming Home (2006) Sounds of the Season (2006) Just Go (2009) Tuskegee (2012) Live albums Encore (2002) Compilation albums Back to Front (1992) Truly: The Love Songs (1997) The Definitive Collection (2003) Gold (2006) Singles "Endless Love" (with Diana Ross) (1981) "Truly" (1982) "You Are" (1983) "My Love" (1983) "All Night Long (All Night)" (1983) "Running with the Night" (1983) "Hello" (1984) "Stuck on You" (1984) "Penny Lover" (1984) "Say You, Say Me" (1985) "Dancing on the Ceiling" (1986) "Love Will Conquer All" (1986) "Ballerina Girl" (1986) "Deep River Woman" (1987) "Se La" (1987) "Do It to Me" (1992) "My Destiny" (1992) "Don't Wanna Lose You" (1996) "Angel" (2000) "Don't Stop the Music" (2001) "Tender Heart" (2001) "I Forgot" (2001) "Cinderella" (2001) "To Love a Woman" (2003) "Just for You" (2004) "Long, Long Way to Go" (2004) "I Call It Love" (2006) "What You Are" (2006) "Why" (2006) "Reason to Believe" (2007) "Good Morning" (2008) "Just Go" (2009) Songwriting "Lady" (1980) "Missing You" (1984) "We Are the World" (1985) "I Like It" (2010) Tours All the Hits, All Night Long All the Hits Tour Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Commodores vteMariah Carey Albums Singles Songs Awards and nominations Videography Live performances Studio albums Mariah Carey Emotions Music Box Merry Christmas Daydream Butterfly Rainbow Glitter Charmbracelet The Emancipation of Mimi E=MC² Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel Merry Christmas II You Me. I Am Mariah... The Elusive Chanteuse Caution Compilation albums #1's Greatest Hits The Remixes The Ballads The Essential Mariah Carey #1 to Infinity The Rarities Extended plays MTV Unplugged Video albums The First Vision MTV Unplugged +3 Here Is Mariah Carey Fantasy: Mariah Carey at Madison Square Garden Around the World The Adventures of Mimi Concert tours Music Box Tour Daydream World Tour Butterfly World Tour Rainbow World Tour Charmbracelet World Tour The Adventures of Mimi Angels Advocate Tour Australian Tour 2013 The Elusive Chanteuse Show The Sweet Sweet Fantasy Tour All the Hits Tour Mariah Carey: Live in Concert Caution World Tour Merry Christmas to All! Tour Merry Christmas One and All! Concert residencies Live at the Pearl All I Want for Christmas Is You: A Night of Joy and Festivity #1 to Infinity The Butterfly Returns Books The Meaning of Mariah Carey Television A Christmas Melody Mariah's World Mariah Carey's Magical Christmas Special Related topics Crave Records "I don't know her" Nick Cannon Monarc Entertainment Tommy Mottola James Packer Someone's Ugly Daughter Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lionel Richie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Richie"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Farms Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Farms_Arena"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Baltimore_Sun-5"}],"text":"The All the Hits Tour was a 2017 summer concert tour by American singer-songwriters Lionel Richie and Mariah Carey.[1] The tour was scheduled to begin on March 15, 2017, at the Royal Farms Arena in Baltimore.[2][3][4] The tour was delayed due to Richie's longer than expected recovery from a knee procedure and began in summer 2017.[5]","title":"All the Hits Tour (Lionel Richie and Mariah Carey)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Love Hangover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Hangover"},{"link_name":"Heartbreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbreaker_(Mariah_Carey_song)"},{"link_name":"Shake It Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shake_It_Off_(Mariah_Carey_song)"},{"link_name":"Touch My Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_My_Body"},{"link_name":"I Know What You Want","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Know_What_You_Want"},{"link_name":"My All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_All"},{"link_name":"Always Be My Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Always_Be_My_Baby"},{"link_name":"Don't Forget About Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Forget_About_Us"},{"link_name":"One Sweet Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Sweet_Day"},{"link_name":"Trey Lorenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Lorenz"},{"link_name":"It's Like That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Like_That_(Mariah_Carey_song)"},{"link_name":"Sucker M.C.'s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucker_M.C.%27s"},{"link_name":"Vision of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_of_Love"},{"link_name":"We Belong Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Belong_Together"},{"link_name":"All I Want for Christmas Is You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Want_for_Christmas_Is_You"},{"link_name":"Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_(Mariah_Carey_song)"},{"link_name":"Easy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_(Commodores_song)"},{"link_name":"My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_(Lionel_Richie_song)"},{"link_name":"Running with the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_with_the_Night"},{"link_name":"Penny Lover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Lover"},{"link_name":"Truly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truly_(Lionel_Richie_song)"},{"link_name":"You Are","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Are_(Lionel_Richie_song)"},{"link_name":"Stuck on You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuck_on_You_(Lionel_Richie_song)"},{"link_name":"Dancing on the Ceiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_on_the_Ceiling_(Lionel_Richie_song)"},{"link_name":"Three Times a Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Times_a_Lady"},{"link_name":"Sail On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail_On_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sweet Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Love_(Commodores_song)"},{"link_name":"Lady (You Bring Me Up)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_(You_Bring_Me_Up)"},{"link_name":"Just to Be Close to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_to_Be_Close_to_You"},{"link_name":"Brick House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_House_(song)"},{"link_name":"Hello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_(Lionel_Richie_song)"},{"link_name":"Say You, Say Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_You,_Say_Me"},{"link_name":"We Are the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_the_World"},{"link_name":"All Night Long (All Night)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Night_Long_(All_Night)"},{"link_name":"I'm That Chick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_That_Chick"},{"link_name":"Emotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_(Mariah_Carey_song)"},{"link_name":"Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_(Mariah_Carey_song)"},{"link_name":"U Make Me Wanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Make_Me_Wanna_(Jadakiss_song)"}],"text":"Mariah Carey\n\n\"Love Hangover\"\n\"Heartbreaker\" (Diva Remix)\n\"Shake It Off\"\n\"Touch My Body\"\n\"I Know What You Want\"\n\"My All\"\n\"Always Be My Baby\"\n\"Don't Forget About Us\"\n\"One Sweet Day\" (With Daniel Moore II and Trey Lorenz)\n\"All I Do\" (Interlude) (Performed by Trey Lorenz)\n\"It's Like That\" (contains elements of \"Hollis Crew\" and \"Sucker M.C.'s\")\n\"Vision of Love\"\n\"We Belong Together\"\n\"All I Want for Christmas Is You\" (acapella)\n\"Hero\"\n\"Hero Reprise\" (Outro)Lionel Richie\n\n\"Easy\"\n\"My Love\"\n\"Running with the Night\"\n\"Penny Lover\"\n\"Truly\"\n\"You Are\"\n\"Stuck on You\"\n\"Dancing on the Ceiling\"\n\"Three Times a Lady\"\n\"Sail On\"\n\"Fancy Dancer\"\n\"Sweet Love\"\n\"Lady (You Bring Me Up)\"\n\"Just to Be Close to You\"\n\"Brick House\"\n\"Fire\"\n\"Hello\"\n\"Say You, Say Me\"\n\"We Are the World\"\n\"All Night Long (All Night)\"Notes\nCarey stated that she would arrange her set list differently each night for her fans who have seen her shows before. The following are the changes made:\n\n\"All I Want for Christmas Is You\" was only performed in Oakland.\nStarting on July 30, \"Heat\" and \"I'm That Chick\" were added to Carey's set list, and \"Shake It Off\" was no longer performed.\n\"My All\" was not performed in Sacramento, Sunrise and Tampa.\nOn select dates, \"One Sweet Day\" and \"Love Hangover\" were not performed.\n\"Vision of Love\" was not performed in San Diego.\n\"Touch My Body\" was not performed in Sunrise.\n\"Emotions\" was performed in Duluth.\n\"Forever\" and \"U Make Me Wanna\" were performed in Kansas City.","title":"Set list"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tour dates"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cancelled shows"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Lionel Richie: All The Hits With Very Special Guest Mariah Carey\". Live Nation. Archived from the original on December 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161214143934/http://www.livenation.com/artists/165904/lionel-richie-all-the-hits-with-very-special-guest-mariah-carey","url_text":"\"Lionel Richie: All The Hits With Very Special Guest Mariah Carey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Nation","url_text":"Live Nation"},{"url":"http://www.livenation.com/artists/165904/lionel-richie-all-the-hits-with-very-special-guest-mariah-carey","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kaufman, Gil (December 12, 2016). \"Mariah Carey & Lionel Richie Announce North American All The Hits Tour for 2017\". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7617719/mariah-carey-lionel-richie-all-the-hits-tour-dates-2017","url_text":"\"Mariah Carey & Lionel Richie Announce North American All The Hits Tour for 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Fekadu, Mesfin (December 12, 2016). \"Lionel Richie, Mariah Carey joining forces for 2017 tour\". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/news/entertainment/articles/2016-12-12/lionel-richie-mariah-carey-joining-forces-for-2017-tour","url_text":"\"Lionel Richie, Mariah Carey joining forces for 2017 tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report","url_text":"U.S. News & World Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Varga, George (December 12, 2016). \"Lionel Richie and Mariah Carey announce 'All The Hits' joint concert tour\". U-T San Diego. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/music/sd-et-music-carey-richie-20161211-story.html","url_text":"\"Lionel Richie and Mariah Carey announce 'All The Hits' joint concert tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-T_San_Diego","url_text":"U-T San Diego"}]},{"reference":"\"Lionel Richie postpones tour with Mariah Carey scheduled to kick off in Baltimore in March\". The Baltimore Sun. February 24, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/music/midnight-sun-blog/bal-lionel-richie-postpones-tour-with-mariah-carey-set-to-kick-off-in-baltimore-in-march-20170224-story.html","url_text":"\"Lionel Richie postpones tour with Mariah Carey scheduled to kick off in Baltimore in March\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"The Baltimore Sun"}]},{"reference":"Kreps, Daniel (December 12, 2016). \"Lionel Richie, Mariah Carey Plot Joint 'All the Hits' Tour\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lionel-richie-mariah-carey-plot-joint-all-the-hits-tour-w454986","url_text":"\"Lionel Richie, Mariah Carey Plot Joint 'All the Hits' Tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"Oakland Current Boxscore\". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/current-boxscore","url_text":"\"Oakland Current Boxscore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170919214800/http://www.billboard.com/biz/current-boxscore","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sacramento and New York City Current Boxscore\". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/current-boxscore","url_text":"\"Sacramento and New York City Current Boxscore\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170919214800/http://www.billboard.com/biz/current-boxscore","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sacramento and New York City Current Boxscore\". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/current-boxscore","url_text":"\"Sacramento and New York City Current Boxscore\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170919214800/http://www.billboard.com/biz/current-boxscore","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Anaheim Current Boxscore\". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/current-boxscore","url_text":"\"Anaheim Current Boxscore\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170919214800/http://www.billboard.com/biz/current-boxscore","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Houston Current Boxscore\". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUXIS_Parliament_of_Alberta
Alberta Youth Parliament
["1 Overview","2 Activities","3 Organizational structure","4 History","5 Notable alumni","6 See also","7 References"]
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Alberta Youth Parliament" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Alberta Youth ParliamentFormation1920FounderTaylor StattenHeadquartersEdmonton AlbertaPremierSarah ClarkLeader of the OppositionAjminder SanghotraDeputy PremierKaydence GillespieDeputy Leader of the OppositionDaniel ZanderBoard of directorsTUXIS PARLIAMENTARY ALUMNI SOCIETY OF ALBERTAAffiliationsWestern Canada Youth ParliamentWebsitewww.abyp.caFormerly calledTuxis Parliament of Alberta The Alberta Youth Parliament (AYP) is one of a number of provincial model youth parliaments that has its origins in the "boys work" movement of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is the oldest youth parliament in Alberta, and the longest continuously operating youth parliament in Canada. Its flagship session occurs every December in the Alberta Legislature, and it hosts a variety of smaller events throughout each year. It is open to all youths in Alberta who are between the ages of 15-21. Overview The central focus of the organization is its parliamentary program. The main parliamentary session occurs during the last week of December in the Alberta Legislature. Throughout each year, the parliament organizes events such as public speaking and debate, community service, and social events. The cabinet also meets throughout the year to plan events, discuss the operations of the parliament, and prepare for the annual winter session. The parliament's goals have evolved from the TUXIS "four-fold" program to develop the mental, physical, social and spiritual well-being of its members and all youth. AYP is a non-denominational spiritual youth Parliament which recently reaffirmed its non-exclusionary spiritual foundation. It believes that exposure to different points of view encourages tolerance of varying interpretations of religion, faith, and spirituality. Activities AYP holds an annual session from December 26 to 31. The focus of session is the parliamentary sittings where the members learn parliamentary procedure and debate legislation on topics of interest. In addition to the parliamentary procedure and debating activities, members attending the annual session participate in various social action and devotional events. The parliament hosts smaller events throughout the year that are tailored towards aspects such as public speaking and debate, and community service. It also partakes in a miniature session every May Long Weekend. Every second year, the four western Canadian youth parliaments participate in a joint-mini session which is hosted on a rotating basis. In its off-years, AYP hosts a normal mini-session. AYP is a founding member of the Western Canada Youth Parliament. It was also a founding member and participant in the now-defunct Youth Parliament of Canada/Parlement jeunesse du Canada. Organizational structure The Executive Committee consists of the Premier, the Leader of the Opposition, the Deputy Premier, and the Deputy Leader of the Opposition (formerly known as the Alternate Leader of the Opposition). They are elected at Session by the members of the parliament and serve a one-year term. The Executive Committee is colloquially referred to as the "Front Four" and they run the parliament by appointing the Front Bench: Ministers for the Cabinet and Deputies for the Shadow Cabinet. The current Executive Committee, elected at the 102nd Session, is Sarah Clark as Premier, Ajminder Sanghotra as Leader of the Opposition, Kaydence Gillespie as Deputy Premier, and Daniel Zander as Deputy Leader of the Opposition. The current Front Bench is: Cabinet: External Affairs Team Juliana Weber and Ramih Haque Internal Affairs Joel Hennessy Finance Sophia Han Event Coordination Meghan Downes Advisory and Consultation Team Eyasu Yakob and Dhriti Thiru Provincial Secretary and Education Minister Samuel Best Minister without Portfolio Ayaka Sato, Sandra Navarro Cuenca and Angela Perez Vela History The first Session of the Older Boys' Parliament of Alberta was first held in the Legislative Chamber of the Provincial Government in Edmonton, from December 28 to 30, 1920. The Mayor of Edmonton, D.M. Duggan, acted as lieutenant governor. Armour Ford was elected as the first Speaker. The first Premier was Edward Hunter Gowan. The Leader of the Opposition was James Robin Davidson. Like many of the other Canadian Youth Parliaments, AYP was sponsored by the Boys' Work Board of the provincial Religious Education Council (“REC”). AYP originally met under the name “Alberta Older Boy's Parliament”. The Alberta Older Boy's Parliament added “TUXIS” to its name in 1932. “TUXIS” stands for “Training for Service, with Christ (represented with an 'X' for the Greek letter 'chi') in the center, and you and I on either side, with no-one but Christ between us”. An alternative interpretation is "Training Under Christ In Service." It was the last of these youth parliaments to retain its “TUXIS” appellation and maintain its Christian character, but has since become a spiritual, but non-denominational organization. The REC was a coalition of religious organizations, the most significant of which was the United Church). The REC of Alberta ceased to exist in 1962. As a result, the TUXIS and Older Boy's Parliament of Alberta Alumni Society was formed. The members of this Society now provide sponsorship, including financial backing and continuity, of TUXIS. The 60th Session of the Parliament approved a resolution inviting young women to attend the Parliament and share in the companionship of TUXIS. This same year also approved a resolution to change the name from "TUXIS and Older Boys' Parliament of Alberta" to "TUXIS Parliament of Alberta." Young women first attended the 62nd Session in 1981 at Red Deer and soon entered into the leadership when LaVonne Rosvick was elected Premier for the 67th Session. The parliament celebrated its 100th Session in 2019, and its 100th anniversary in 2020; the latter Session was conducted virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Unlike most other Canadian Youth Parliaments founded during the same time, AYP met continuously throughout the Great Depression and World War II. As a result, AYP has the longest uninterrupted history of annual sessions of any youth parliament in Canada. The TUXIS Parliament of Alberta voted to change its operating name to the Alberta Youth Parliament during its 102nd Session in December 2022, and the change was ratified by the Alumni Council on March 20, 2022. Notable alumni Clarence Campbell (Former NHL commissioner) Robert Clark (Former Alberta MLA) Gary Dickson (Former Alberta MLA) Bob Hawkesworth (Former Alberta MLA) David King (Former Alberta MLA and Cabinet Minister) Danielle Larivee (Former Alberta MLA and Cabinet Minister) Murray Smith (Former Alberta MLA and Cabinet Minister) Richard Starke (Former Alberta MLA and Former Cabinet Minister) See also Youth Parliament of Canada/Parlement jeunesse du Canada History of Youth Work References ^ a b "Alberta's youth parliament marks 101st year but COVID-19 alters it to online". edmontonjournal. Retrieved 2020-12-30. ^ a b c d e f "Events | TUXIS Parliament of Alberta | Canada". TUXIS Parliament. Retrieved 2019-03-17. ^ "About | TUXIS Parliament of Alberta | Canada". TUXIS Parliament. Retrieved 2019-03-17. ^ a b "Session | TUXIS Parliament of Alberta | Canada". TUXIS Parliament. Retrieved 2019-05-14. ^ "Western Canada Youth Parliament | TUXIS Parliament of Alberta | Canada". TUXIS Parliament. Retrieved 2019-05-14. ^ a b "Canadian Parliamentary Review - Article". ^ a b c d "Our Leaders". TUXIS Parliament. Retrieved 2021-01-25. ^ a b c d e f "History | TUXIS Parliament of Alberta | Canada". TUXIS Parliament. Retrieved 2019-05-14. ^ a b c "About | TUXIS Parliament of Alberta | Canada". TUXIS Parliament. Retrieved 2019-03-17. ^ "Alberta's oldest youth parliament celebrates 100 years of training leaders |". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved 2019-07-14. ^ "About". Alberta Youth Parliament. Retrieved 2022-03-21. ^ a b c d http://www.meridianbooster.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?archive=true&e=1369015 ^ "Cabinet changes show focus on economic diversification, supporting job growth". ^ "Legislative Assembly of Alberta".
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"provincial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_parliament"}],"text":"The Alberta Youth Parliament (AYP) is one of a number of provincial model youth parliaments that has its origins in the \"boys work\" movement of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is the oldest youth parliament in Alberta, and the longest continuously operating youth parliament in Canada. Its flagship session occurs every December in the Alberta Legislature, and it hosts a variety of smaller events throughout each year. It is open to all youths in Alberta who are between the ages of 15-21.","title":"Alberta Youth Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The central focus of the organization is its parliamentary program. The main parliamentary session occurs during the last week of December in the Alberta Legislature.[1] Throughout each year, the parliament organizes events such as public speaking and debate, community service, and social events.[2] The cabinet also meets throughout the year to plan events, discuss the operations of the parliament, and prepare for the annual winter session.[2]The parliament's goals have evolved from the TUXIS \"four-fold\" program to develop the mental, physical, social and spiritual well-being of its members and all youth. AYP is a non-denominational spiritual youth Parliament[3] which recently reaffirmed its non-exclusionary spiritual foundation. It believes that exposure to different points of view encourages tolerance of varying interpretations of religion, faith, and spirituality.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tuxisyp.com-4"},{"link_name":"parliamentary procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure"},{"link_name":"debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate"},{"link_name":"legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tuxisyp.com-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Youth Parliament of Canada/Parlement jeunesse du Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Parliament_of_Canada/Parlement_jeunesse_du_Canada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revparl.ca-6"}],"text":"AYP holds an annual session from December 26 to 31.[4] The focus of session is the parliamentary sittings where the members learn parliamentary procedure and debate legislation on topics of interest.[4] In addition to the parliamentary procedure and debating activities, members attending the annual session participate in various social action and devotional events.The parliament hosts smaller events throughout the year that are tailored towards aspects such as public speaking and debate, and community service.[2] It also partakes in a miniature session every May Long Weekend.[2] Every second year, the four western Canadian youth parliaments participate in a joint-mini session which is hosted on a rotating basis.[2] In its off-years, AYP hosts a normal mini-session.[2]AYP is a founding member of the Western Canada Youth Parliament.[5] It was also a founding member and participant in the now-defunct Youth Parliament of Canada/Parlement jeunesse du Canada.[6]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"}],"text":"The Executive Committee consists of the Premier, the Leader of the Opposition, the Deputy Premier, and the Deputy Leader of the Opposition (formerly known as the Alternate Leader of the Opposition).[7] They are elected at Session by the members of the parliament and serve a one-year term. The Executive Committee is colloquially referred to as the \"Front Four\" and they run the parliament by appointing the Front Bench: Ministers for the Cabinet and Deputies for the Shadow Cabinet.[7] The current Executive Committee, elected at the 102nd Session, is Sarah Clark as Premier, Ajminder Sanghotra as Leader of the Opposition, Kaydence Gillespie as Deputy Premier, and Daniel Zander as Deputy Leader of the Opposition.[7]The current Front Bench is:[7]Cabinet:External Affairs Team Juliana Weber and Ramih Haque\nInternal Affairs Joel Hennessy\nFinance Sophia Han\nEvent Coordination Meghan Downes\nAdvisory and Consultation Team Eyasu Yakob and Dhriti Thiru\nProvincial Secretary and Education Minister Samuel Best\nMinister without Portfolio Ayaka Sato, Sandra Navarro Cuenca and Angela Perez Vela","title":"Organizational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legislative Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Legislative_Building"},{"link_name":"Provincial Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"D.M. Duggan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Milwyn_Duggan"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_governor"},{"link_name":"Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_(parliamentary)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Boys' Work Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_Work_Board&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Religious Education Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_Education_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"TUXIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUXIS"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-9"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-9"},{"link_name":"United Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revparl.ca-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The first Session of the Older Boys' Parliament of Alberta was first held in the Legislative Chamber of the Provincial Government in Edmonton, from December 28 to 30, 1920. The Mayor of Edmonton, D.M. Duggan, acted as lieutenant governor. Armour Ford was elected as the first Speaker. The first Premier was Edward Hunter Gowan. The Leader of the Opposition was James Robin Davidson.[8]Like many of the other Canadian Youth Parliaments, AYP was sponsored by the Boys' Work Board of the provincial Religious Education Council (“REC”).[8] AYP originally met under the name “Alberta Older Boy's Parliament”. The Alberta Older Boy's Parliament added “TUXIS” to its name in 1932.[9] “TUXIS” stands for “Training for Service, with Christ (represented with an 'X' for the Greek letter 'chi') in the center, and you and I on either side, with no-one but Christ between us”.[9] An alternative interpretation is \"Training Under Christ In Service.\"It was the last of these youth parliaments to retain its “TUXIS” appellation and maintain its Christian character, but has since become a spiritual, but non-denominational organization.[9] The REC was a coalition of religious organizations, the most significant of which was the United Church). The REC of Alberta ceased to exist in 1962.[8] As a result, the TUXIS and Older Boy's Parliament of Alberta Alumni Society was formed. The members of this Society now provide sponsorship, including financial backing and continuity, of TUXIS.[8]The 60th Session of the Parliament approved a resolution inviting young women to attend the Parliament and share in the companionship of TUXIS. This same year also approved a resolution to change the name from \"TUXIS and Older Boys' Parliament of Alberta\" to \"TUXIS Parliament of Alberta.\"[8] Young women first attended the 62nd Session in 1981[6] at Red Deer and soon entered into the leadership when LaVonne Rosvick was elected Premier for the 67th Session.[8]The parliament celebrated its 100th Session in 2019, and its 100th anniversary in 2020; the latter Session was conducted virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[1] Unlike most other Canadian Youth Parliaments founded during the same time, AYP met continuously throughout the Great Depression and World War II. As a result, AYP has the longest uninterrupted history of annual sessions of any youth parliament in Canada.[10] The TUXIS Parliament of Alberta voted to change its operating name to the Alberta Youth Parliament during its 102nd Session in December 2022, and the change was ratified by the Alumni Council on March 20, 2022.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clarence Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meridianbooster.com-12"},{"link_name":"Robert Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Curtis_Clark"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meridianbooster.com-12"},{"link_name":"Gary Dickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Dickson"},{"link_name":"Bob Hawkesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hawkesworth"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meridianbooster.com-12"},{"link_name":"David King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thomas_King"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meridianbooster.com-12"},{"link_name":"Danielle Larivee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Larivee"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Murray Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Smith_(Alberta_politician)"},{"link_name":"Richard Starke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Starke"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Clarence Campbell[12] (Former NHL commissioner)\nRobert Clark[12] (Former Alberta MLA)\nGary Dickson (Former Alberta MLA)\nBob Hawkesworth[12] (Former Alberta MLA)\nDavid King[12] (Former Alberta MLA and Cabinet Minister)\nDanielle Larivee[13] (Former Alberta MLA and Cabinet Minister)\nMurray Smith (Former Alberta MLA and Cabinet Minister)\nRichard Starke[14] (Former Alberta MLA and Former Cabinet Minister)","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Kaeppeler
Laura Kaeppeler
["1 Background","2 Miss America 2012 pageant","3 Miss America role","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]
Miss America 2012 Laura KaeppelerKaeppeler in Washington, D.C. in 2012BornLaura Marie Kaeppeler (1988-03-02) March 2, 1988 (age 36)Kenosha, Wisconsin, U.S.Alma materCarthage CollegeTitleMiss Kenosha 2010Miss Southern Wisconsin 2011Miss Wisconsin 2011Miss America 2012TermJanuary 14, 2012 - January 12, 2013PredecessorTeresa ScanlanSuccessorMallory HaganSpouse Mike Fleiss ​ ​(m. 2014; sep. 2019)​Children2 Laura Marie Kaeppeler (born March 2, 1988) is an American beauty pageant titleholder crowned Miss America 2012 on January 14, 2012, representing the state of Wisconsin. Kaeppeler was the first woman representing Wisconsin to win Miss America since Terry Meeuwsen won Miss America 1973. She was briefly on the board of directors for the Miss America Organization. Background Kaeppeler was born to Jeff and Sue Kaeppeler in Kenosha, Wisconsin. In 2009 Kaeppeler won the title of Miss Kenosha. She then went on to win the talent preliminary award and was second runner-up to Miss Wisconsin 2010, Kimberly Sawyer. One year later Kaeppeler won the title of Miss Southern Wisconsin 2010. At the 2011 Miss Wisconsin Pageant, she won the preliminary talent award, which she tied with Raeanna Johnson, who later took over the Miss Wisconsin title after Laura won Miss America. She attended St. Joseph High School and Carthage College, where she graduated in 2010 with a degree in music. Miss America 2012 pageant Kaeppeler was Wisconsin's representative at the Miss America 2012 competition held in Las Vegas, Nevada at the Theatre for the Performing Arts of Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on January 14, 2012. In the preliminary competition, Kaeppeler won the talent portion and a $2,000 scholarship with her rendition of the Luigi Arditi waltz "Il Bacio". She chose a platform of supporting and mentoring children of incarcerated parents, as her father served 18 months in prison for mail fraud. In the lifestyle and fitness competition, she wore a white bikini, and for her evening gown, Kaeppeler wore a black customized Tony Bowls beaded dress. In the final round, judge Lara Spencer asked Kaeppeler if beauty queens should declare their political viewpoint. Kaeppeler then answered, "Miss America represents everyone, so I think the message to political candidates is that they represent everyone as well. And so in these economic times, we need to be looking forward to what America needs, and I think Miss America needs to represent all." Kaeppeler beat out first runner-up Miss Oklahoma 2011, Betty Thompson, for the title of Miss America 2012 and was crowned by Miss America 2011, Teresa Scanlan. Along with the title of Miss America, she also won a $50,000 scholarship. Miss America role Kaeppeler in 2013 Kaeppeler met President Obama through a joint meeting with the Children's Miracle Network Hospital Champions at the White House. Obama previously met with Miss America 2009 Katie Stam and Miss America 2010 Caressa Cameron during similar events. Personal life On April 6, 2014, Kaeppeler married television producer Mike Fleiss, who was a judge at the Miss America 2012 pageant which Kaeppeler won. The couple's son, Benjamin, was born in May 2015, and second son George was born in 2020. Kaeppeler is currently the co-host of the Health Interrupted Podcast with celebrity fitness trainer Gina Lombardi. References ^ a b "Miss America pageant crowns 2012 winner". USA Today. January 14, 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-14. ^ "Miss America".kenoshanews.com. Retrieved September 20, 2012. ^ "The Official Miss Wisconsin Pageant" Archived 2012-01-20 at the Wayback Machine. misswisconsin.com. Retrieved January 15, 2012. ^ "Miss America". missamerica.org. Retrieved January 15, 2012. ^ "Miss America Pageant Back on Network Television!". Miss America Organization. May 24, 2010. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. ^ a b c "Miss Wisconsin wins Miss America pageant". FOX News. January 14, 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2012. ^ "Miss Wisconsin Laura Kaeppeler wins talent preliminary in Miss America pageant". Green Bay Press Gazette. January 12, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2012. ^ "Laura Kaeppeler Miss America 2012". Laura Kaeppeler. May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021. ^ "Miss America 2012 Laura Kaeppeler Meets President Barack Obama at the White House for the Annual Children's Miracle Network Hospitals Celebration". Miss America. September 19, 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. ^ "Miss America 2010 Caressa Cameron Joins Children's Miracle Network to Meet with President Obama". Miss America. June 11, 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. ^ "Miss America 2009 Katie Stam Joins Children's Miracle Network to Meet with President Obama". Miss America. March 25, 2009. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. ^ "Mike Fleiss Marries Laura Kaeppeler". People Magazine. April 9, 2014. ^ "Miss America: Press Releases: The 2012 Miss America Pageant National Judges Announced Today on Good Morning America!". Miss America Organization. December 7, 2011. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. ^ "Laura Kaeppeler announces birth of son Benjamin on Instagram". Laura Kaeppeler. May 10, 2015. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. External links laurakaeppeler.com Awards and achievements Preceded byTeresa Scanlan Miss America 2012 Succeeded byMallory Hagan Preceded byKimberly Sawyer Miss Wisconsin 2011 Succeeded byRaeanna Johnson vteMiss America titleholders1920s Margaret Gorman (1921) Mary Campbell (1922) Mary Campbell (1923) Ruth Malcomson (1924) Fay Lanphier (1925) Norma Smallwood (1926) Lois Delander (1927) 1930s Marian Bergeron (1933) Henrietta Leaver (1935) Rose Coyle (1936) Bette Cooper (1937) Marilyn Meseke (1938) Patricia Donnelly (1939) 1940s Frances Marie Burke (1940) Rosemary LaPlanche (1941) Jo-Carroll Dennison (1942) Jean Bartel (1943) Venus Ramey (1944) Bess Myerson (1945) Marilyn Buferd (1946) Barbara Jo Walker (1947) BeBe Shopp (1948) Jacque Mercer (1949) 1950s Yolande Betbeze (1951) Colleen Kay Hutchins (1952) Neva Jane Langley (1953) Evelyn Margaret Ay (1954) Lee Meriwether (1955) Sharon Ritchie (1956) Marian McKnight (1957) Marilyn Van Derbur (1958) Mary Ann Mobley (1959) 1960s Lynda Lee Mead (1960) Nancy Fleming (1961) Maria Fletcher (1962) Jacquelyn Mayer (1963) Donna Axum (1964) Vonda Kay Van Dyke (1965) Deborah Bryant (1966) Jane Anne Jayroe (1967) Debra Dene Barnes (1968) Judith Anne Ford (1969) 1970s Pamela Eldred (1970) Phyllis Ann George (1971) Laurie Lea Schaefer (1972) Terry Meeuwsen (1973) Rebecca Ann King (1974) Shirley Cothran (1975) Tawny Elaine Godin (1976) Dorothy Benham (1977) Susan Perkins (1978) Kylene Barker (1979) 1980s Cheryl Prewitt (1980) Susan Powell (1981) Elizabeth Ward (1982) Debra Maffett (1983) Vanessa Williams / Suzette Charles (1984) Sharlene Wells (1985) Susan Akin (1986) Kellye Cash (1987) Kaye Lani Rae Rafko (1988) Gretchen Carlson (1989) 1990s Debbye Turner (1990) Marjorie Judith Vincent (1991) Carolyn Suzanne Sapp (1992) Leanza Cornett (1993) Kimberly Clarice Aiken (1994) Heather Whitestone (1995) Shawntel Smith (1996) Tara Dawn Holland (1997) Katherine Shindle (1998) Nicole Johnson (1999) 2000s Heather French (2000) Angela Perez Baraquio (2001) Katie Harman (2002) Erika Harold (2003) Ericka Dunlap (2004) Deidre Downs (2005) Jennifer Berry (2006) Lauren Nelson (2007) Kirsten Haglund (2008) Katie Stam (2009) 2010s Caressa Cameron (2010) Teresa Scanlan (2011) Laura Kaeppeler (2012) Mallory Hagan (2013) Nina Davuluri (2014) Kira Kazantsev (2015) Betty Cantrell (2016) Savvy Shields (2017) Cara Mund (2018) Nia Franklin (2019) 2020s Camille Schrier (2020) Emma Broyles (2022) Grace Stanke (2023) Madison Marsh (2024) vteMiss America 2012, state titleholders CA: Noelle Freeman FL: Kristina Janolo HI: Lauren Cheape KY: Ann-Blair Thornton NY: Kaitlin Monte OH: Ellen Bryan OR: Caroline McGowan PR: Laura Ramirez SC: Bree Boyce TN: Erin Hatley WI: Laura Kaeppeler vteMiss America 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Titleholders Award winners Teen MAT State pageants vteWisconsin pageant winnersMiss Wisconsin Terry Meeuwsen (1972) Stephanie Klett (1992) Meghan Coffey (2006) Laura Kaeppeler (2011) Grace Stanke (2022) Miss Wisconsin USA Elyzabeth Pham (1999) Alex Wehrley (2009) Miss Wisconsin Teen USA Vanessa Semrow (2002)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beauty pageant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_pageant"},{"link_name":"Miss America 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_America_2012"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-win1-1"},{"link_name":"Terry Meeuwsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Meeuwsen"},{"link_name":"Miss America Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_America_Organization"}],"text":"Laura Marie Kaeppeler (born March 2, 1988) is an American beauty pageant titleholder crowned Miss America 2012 on January 14, 2012, representing the state of Wisconsin.[1] Kaeppeler was the first woman representing Wisconsin to win Miss America since Terry Meeuwsen won Miss America 1973. She was briefly on the board of directors for the Miss America Organization.","title":"Laura Kaeppeler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenosha, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Miss America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph_High_School_(Kenosha,_Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"Carthage College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Kaeppeler was born to Jeff and Sue Kaeppeler in Kenosha, Wisconsin. In 2009 Kaeppeler won the title of Miss Kenosha. She then went on to win the talent preliminary award and was second runner-up to Miss Wisconsin 2010, Kimberly Sawyer. One year later Kaeppeler won the title of Miss Southern Wisconsin 2010. At the 2011 Miss Wisconsin Pageant, she won the preliminary talent award, which she tied with Raeanna Johnson, who later took over the Miss Wisconsin title after Laura won Miss America.[2] She attended St. Joseph High School and Carthage College, where she graduated in 2010 with a degree in music.[3][4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miss America 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_America_2012"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Theatre for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Hollywood_Resort_and_Casino"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tv-5"},{"link_name":"Luigi Arditi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Arditi"},{"link_name":"waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltz"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOXNews-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"mail fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_fraud"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOXNews-6"},{"link_name":"Tony Bowls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bowls"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOXNews-6"},{"link_name":"Lara Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_Spencer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Miss Oklahoma 2011, Betty Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Miss America 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_America_2012"},{"link_name":"Miss America 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_America_2011"},{"link_name":"Teresa Scanlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Scanlan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-win1-1"}],"text":"Kaeppeler was Wisconsin's representative at the Miss America 2012 competition held in Las Vegas, Nevada at the Theatre for the Performing Arts of Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on January 14, 2012.[5]In the preliminary competition, Kaeppeler won the talent portion and a $2,000 scholarship with her rendition of the Luigi Arditi waltz \"Il Bacio\".[6][7] She chose a platform of supporting and mentoring children of incarcerated parents, as her father served 18 months in prison for mail fraud.[6]In the lifestyle and fitness competition, she wore a white bikini, and for her evening gown, Kaeppeler wore a black customized Tony Bowls beaded dress.[6]In the final round, judge Lara Spencer asked Kaeppeler if beauty queens should declare their political viewpoint. Kaeppeler then answered, \"Miss America represents everyone, so I think the message to political candidates is that they represent everyone as well. And so in these economic times, we need to be looking forward to what America needs, and I think Miss America needs to represent all.\"[8] Kaeppeler beat out first runner-up Miss Oklahoma 2011, Betty Thompson, for the title of Miss America 2012 and was crowned by Miss America 2011, Teresa Scanlan.[1] Along with the title of Miss America, she also won a $50,000 scholarship.","title":"Miss America 2012 pageant"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laura_Kaeppeler_at_Nellis_Air_Force_Base.jpg"},{"link_name":"President Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Children's Miracle Network Hospital Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Miracle_Network_Hospitals"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012pr-9"},{"link_name":"Katie Stam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Stam"},{"link_name":"Caressa Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caressa_Cameron"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010pr-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009pr-11"}],"text":"Kaeppeler in 2013Kaeppeler met President Obama through a joint meeting with the Children's Miracle Network Hospital Champions at the White House.[9] Obama previously met with Miss America 2009 Katie Stam and Miss America 2010 Caressa Cameron during similar events.[10][11]","title":"Miss America role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Fleiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Fleiss"},{"link_name":"Miss America 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_America_2012"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marriage-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On April 6, 2014, Kaeppeler married television producer Mike Fleiss, who was a judge at the Miss America 2012 pageant which Kaeppeler won.[12][13] The couple's son, Benjamin, was born in May 2015,[14] and second son George was born in 2020. Kaeppeler is currently the co-host of the Health Interrupted Podcast with celebrity fitness trainer Gina Lombardi.","title":"Personal life"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geek_rock
Geek rock
["1 Characteristics","2 History","3 Derivative forms","3.1 Nerd punk","3.2 Twi-rock","3.3 Time Lord rock","3.4 Wizard rock","4 List of geek rock bands and solo artists","5 References","6 Further reading"]
Genre of rock music Geek rockStylistic origins Nerd music Alternative rock college rock indie rock electronic filk music Cultural originsLate-1990s geek culture and nerd music, United StatesTypical instruments Guitar electronic instruments unusual instruments Derivative forms Nerd punk Time Lord rock Twi-rock wizard rock Other topics Nintendocore nerdcore nerd-folk Geek rock is a musical subgenre derived from pop rock and alternative rock within the nerd music group. It is characterized by the standard instruments of rock music often combined with electronic and unusual instruments, references to geek culture and specialized yet mundane interests, whimsy, and offbeat humor in general. Characteristics Geek rock is characterised by strong use of both electronic instruments and more atypical musical instruments, such as accordions or ukuleles. Lyrically, the genre is generally characterised by subject matter that covers topics such as geek media pop culture (including science fiction, comic books and video games), academia, technology and related topics. Kyle Stevens, co-founder of Kirby Krackle (along with Jim Demonakos), expands this to include any passionate interest, saying in a 2013 interview: "To us now, what we consider or genre of 'nerd' or 'geek' rock means anything we are really passionate about, whether that be traditionally geeky subject matter or a song about how we're really into tacos. In essence, they're love songs directed to whatever we're really passionate about." Irony, self-deprecation and humour are major elements. While mainstream rock music tends to be aspirational, representing things the average male audience member wants or wants to be, geek rock celebrates the mundane, common things that its audience members would find familiar. History The Doubleclicks – Aubrey Turner and Laser Malena-Webber – performing onstage at JoCo Cruise Crazy 3 The first band to describe themselves as "geek rock" is believed to be Nerf Herder. The success of They Might Be Giants' 1990 album Flood may have begun making geek culture and geek rock more mainstream. Billboard has referred to They Might Be Giants as "Nerd-Rock Kings". Similarly, "Weird Al" Yankovic has been called the king of nerd rock. The label "proto-geek rock" covers both similar musicians performing before the term was established and those that were adopted by geek culture but were not strictly part of it themselves. Alex DiBlasi contends that Frank Zappa is the archetypical geek rocker and antecedent of geek rock. Earlier filk music was based around fans performing at science fiction conventions. Geek rock, however, is not necessarily connected to conventions in the same way and, while often still connected to fandom, is more adjacent to the fan community than an out-growth of it. Geek rock musicians are professional rather than amateur and band members need not be fans themselves. For example, Chicago Doctor Who-based band Time Crash was started by Doctor Who fan Ronen Kohn but the band's drummer, Andy Rice, had not seen the TV series until some time after the band started. This was made possible by equipment becoming more affordable and the growth of the internet. The term "nerd rock" was previously used as the title of a 1977 sketch on the American sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live, named by writer Anne Beatts after Elvis Costello appeared as the musical guest star. She is on record as thinking, while watching his performance, "this isn't punk rock; this is nerd rock." The sketch was the first in their "The Nerds" series following the same "nerd" characters. Geek rock, and related genres, have grown large enough to support music festivals such as Rock Comic Con. Derivative forms Some subgenres and derivative forms of geek rock are focused around specific parts of geek culture and fandoms. Others are based on subgenres of rock music. Nerd punk Nerd punk is a fusion of nerd music and punk rock. It shares the characteristics of geek rock with the fast-paced songs, hard-edged melodies and singing styles of punk. Bands include The Descendents, Guigui & the Tech Leads and Thundering Asteroids! Twi-rock Twi-rock (or twirock) developed from Twilight fandom with bands such as the Bella Cullen Project. While initially successful, and entering into a rivalry with wizard rock, the twi-rock genre turned out to be short lived. Time Lord rock Main article: Time Lord rock Time Lord rock (or trock) was developed by British band Chameleon Circuit in 2008. It was directly inspired by the existence of wizard rock. Time Lord rock was initially dominated by British and Australian bands but the genre has spread to the United States with groups such as Time Crash, Legs Nose Robinson and singer Allegra Rosenberg. Wizard rock Main article: Wizard rock Wizard rock (or wrock) developed from Harry Potter fandom in the United States with Harry and the Potters in the early 2000s. The subgenre has since expanded internationally with hundreds of bands and established its own music festival, called Wrockstock. List of geek rock bands and solo artists Further information: List of geek rock artists References ^ a b c Weisbard, Eric (December 2000). "Geek Love". SPIN. pp. 158–162. ^ Danesi, Marcel (2010). Geeks, Goths, and Gangstas. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 96. ISBN 9781551303727. ^ Selinker, Mike (2013-01-08). "Geek Love: Kirby Krackle, The Doubleclicks, and the soul of nerd rock". Wired. Retrieved 2015-03-08. ^ a b DiBlasi, Alex (2014). "Frank Zappa: Godfather of Geek Rock". In DiBlasi, Alex; Willis, Victoria (eds.). Geek Rock: An Exploration of Music and Subculture. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442229761. ^ a b c d e f g h i Chaney, Keidra (January–February 2015). "The Evolution of Nerd Rock". Uncanny. No. 2. pp. 129–133. ^ Blistein, Jon (November 16, 2012). "They Might Be Giants Q&A". Billboard. ^ Bell, Mike (April 24, 2013). "Weird Al Yankovic leads parade of geek music at Calgary's Comic Expo". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2019. Not so with Weird Al Yankovic, the true, unabashed and remarkably enduring king of a now growing genre of nerd rock – a man who's had a pretty remarkable 30-year career wearing his uncoolness on his accordion strap. ^ Nugent, Benjamin (2008). American Nerd. Simon and Schuster. pp. 61–62. ISBN 9781416565512. ^ Hill, Doug; Weingrad, Jeff (2011). Saturday Night. Untreed Reads. ISBN 9781611872187. ^ Carroll, Larry (July 8, 2008). "'Twilight' Tribute Band The Bella Cullen Project: From 'Sexy Vampire' To Debut Album". MTV. Retrieved 2015-03-23. ^ Vineyard, Jennifer (August 18, 2008). "'Harry Potter' Vs. 'Twilight': Battle Of The 'Bands About Books'". MTV. Retrieved 2015-03-23. ^ McKenna, Bree (November 16, 2011). "The End for Twi-Rock?". The Stranger. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 2015-03-23. ^ Wilkes, Neil (8 June 2009). "Introducing Trock: Songs about 'Doctor Who'". DigitalSpy.com. Retrieved 2015-03-15. ^ Harvison, Anthony (17 June 2009). "Chameleon Circuit review and interview". Retrieved 2015-03-15. ^ "'Doctor Who's Day Roundup: Between a Rock and a Hard Place". BBC America. Retrieved 2015-11-04. ^ "'Doctor Who' lands in Clarksville". The Leaf Chronicle. Retrieved 2015-11-04. ^ Kirby, Megan (November 19, 2013). "Time Crash brings Time Lord rock across the pond". Chicago Reader. ^ Borrelli, Christopher (December 14, 2011). "Allegra Rosenberg is all plugged in, ready to Trock". Chicago Tribune. Further reading DiBlasi, Alex; Willis, Victoria, eds. (2014). Geek Rock: An Exploration of Music and Subculture. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442229761. vteAlternative rockPrecursors Jangle pop Punk rock Avant-punk Hardcore punk Post-hardcore Riot grrrl New wave Noise rock Proto-punk Post-punk Gothic rock Styles andfusion genres Alternative country Gothic country Alternative dance Britpop Post-Britpop Chamber pop Christian alternative rock College rock Dark cabaret Dolewave Emo Geek rock Wizard rock Grebo Grunge Post-grunge Indie rock Indie folk Jangle pop Dunedin Sound Paisley Underground Math rock New rave Slowcore Industrial rock Industrial metal Latin alternative Madchester Baggy Mangue bit Neo-psychedelia Dream pop Shoegaze Blackgaze Nu gaze New wave of new wave Noise pop Pagan rock Post-punk revival Post-rock Post-metal Slacker rock Alternative metal Funk metal Neue Deutsche Härte Nu metal Rap metal Related topics Alternative Airplay Anorak Artists C86 Campus radio Independent music Indie pop Independent record label Lo-fi music Lollapalooza Outsider music Category vteNerd musicStylesElectronic Chiptune Bitpop Nintendocore Skweee Tracker music Video game music Folk Filk music Nerd-folk Hip hop Nerdcore Chap hop Rock Geek rock Time Lord rock Wizard rock Nintendocore Festivals FilKONtario Nerdapalooza Ohio Valley Filk Fest Rock Comic Con w00tstock Wrockstock
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Bands include The Descendents, Guigui & the Tech Leads and Thundering Asteroids!","title":"Derivative forms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twilight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_(novel_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaney-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Twi-rock","text":"Twi-rock (or twirock) developed from Twilight fandom with bands such as the Bella Cullen Project.[5][10] While initially successful, and entering into a rivalry with wizard rock, the twi-rock genre turned out to be short lived.[11][12]","title":"Derivative forms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chameleon Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon_Circuit_(band)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaney-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weisbard-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkes-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvison-14"},{"link_name":"Time Crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Crash_(band)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Time Lord rock","text":"Time Lord rock (or trock) was developed by British band Chameleon Circuit in 2008. It was directly inspired by the existence of wizard rock.[5][1][13][14] Time Lord rock was initially dominated by British and Australian bands but the genre has spread to the United States with groups such as Time Crash, Legs Nose Robinson[15][16] and singer Allegra Rosenberg.[17][18]","title":"Derivative forms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wizard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_rock"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"Harry and the Potters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_and_the_Potters"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaney-5"},{"link_name":"Wrockstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrockstock"}],"sub_title":"Wizard rock","text":"Wizard rock (or wrock) developed from Harry Potter fandom in the United States with Harry and the Potters in the early 2000s.[5] The subgenre has since expanded internationally with hundreds of bands and established its own music festival, called Wrockstock.","title":"Derivative forms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of geek rock artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geek_rock_artists"}],"text":"Further information: List of geek rock artists","title":"List of geek rock bands and solo artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781442229761","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442229761"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Jangle pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangle_pop"},{"link_name":"Punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Avant-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-punk"},{"link_name":"Hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"Post-hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-hardcore"},{"link_name":"Riot grrrl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl"},{"link_name":"New wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"Noise rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_rock"},{"link_name":"Proto-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-punk"},{"link_name":"Post-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk"},{"link_name":"Gothic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock"},{"link_name":"Styles andfusion genres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alternative_rock_genres"},{"link_name":"Alternative country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_country"},{"link_name":"Gothic country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_country"},{"link_name":"Alternative dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_dance"},{"link_name":"Britpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britpop"},{"link_name":"Post-Britpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Britpop"},{"link_name":"Chamber pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_pop"},{"link_name":"Christian alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"College rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rock"},{"link_name":"Dark cabaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_cabaret"},{"link_name":"Dolewave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolewave"},{"link_name":"Emo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo"},{"link_name":"Geek rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Wizard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_rock"},{"link_name":"Grebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grebo_(music)"},{"link_name":"Grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge"},{"link_name":"Post-grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-grunge"},{"link_name":"Indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"Indie folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_folk"},{"link_name":"Jangle pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangle_pop"},{"link_name":"Dunedin Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin_Sound"},{"link_name":"Paisley Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_Underground"},{"link_name":"Math rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_rock"},{"link_name":"New rave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_rave"},{"link_name":"Slowcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowcore"},{"link_name":"Industrial rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_rock"},{"link_name":"Industrial metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_metal"},{"link_name":"Latin alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alternative"},{"link_name":"Madchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madchester"},{"link_name":"Baggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggy"},{"link_name":"Mangue bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangue_bit"},{"link_name":"Neo-psychedelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-psychedelia"},{"link_name":"Dream pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_pop"},{"link_name":"Shoegaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoegaze"},{"link_name":"Blackgaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackgaze"},{"link_name":"Nu gaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_gaze"},{"link_name":"New wave of new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_of_new_wave"},{"link_name":"Noise pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pop"},{"link_name":"Pagan rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_rock"},{"link_name":"Post-punk revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk_revival"},{"link_name":"Post-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-rock"},{"link_name":"Post-metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal"},{"link_name":"Slacker rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slacker_rock"},{"link_name":"Alternative metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_metal"},{"link_name":"Funk metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_metal"},{"link_name":"Neue Deutsche Härte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_H%C3%A4rte"},{"link_name":"Nu metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_metal"},{"link_name":"Rap metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_metal"},{"link_name":"Alternative Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Anorak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorak_(slang)"},{"link_name":"Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alternative_rock_artists"},{"link_name":"C86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C86"},{"link_name":"Campus radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_radio"},{"link_name":"Independent music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_music"},{"link_name":"Indie pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_pop"},{"link_name":"Independent record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_record_label"},{"link_name":"Lo-fi music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-fi_music"},{"link_name":"Lollapalooza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollapalooza"},{"link_name":"Outsider music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsider_music"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nerd_music"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Nerd_music&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nerd_music"},{"link_name":"Nerd music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerd_music"},{"link_name":"Chiptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiptune"},{"link_name":"Bitpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitpop"},{"link_name":"Nintendocore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendocore"},{"link_name":"Skweee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skweee"},{"link_name":"Tracker music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module_file"},{"link_name":"Video game music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_music"},{"link_name":"Filk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filk_music"},{"link_name":"Nerd-folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerd-folk"},{"link_name":"Nerdcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerdcore"},{"link_name":"Chap hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chap_hop"},{"link_name":"Geek rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Time Lord rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Lord_rock"},{"link_name":"Wizard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_rock"},{"link_name":"Nintendocore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendocore"},{"link_name":"FilKONtario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FilKONtario"},{"link_name":"Nerdapalooza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerdapalooza"},{"link_name":"Ohio Valley Filk Fest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_Award"},{"link_name":"Rock Comic Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Comic_Con"},{"link_name":"w00tstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W00tstock"},{"link_name":"Wrockstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrockstock"}],"text":"DiBlasi, Alex; Willis, Victoria, eds. (2014). Geek Rock: An Exploration of Music and Subculture. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442229761.vteAlternative rockPrecursors\nJangle pop\nPunk rock\nAvant-punk\nHardcore punk\nPost-hardcore\nRiot grrrl\nNew wave\nNoise rock\nProto-punk\nPost-punk\nGothic rock\nStyles andfusion genres\nAlternative country\nGothic country\nAlternative dance\nBritpop\nPost-Britpop\nChamber pop\nChristian alternative rock\nCollege rock\nDark cabaret\nDolewave\nEmo\nGeek rock\nWizard rock\nGrebo\nGrunge\nPost-grunge\nIndie rock\nIndie folk\nJangle pop\nDunedin Sound\nPaisley Underground\nMath rock\nNew rave\nSlowcore\nIndustrial rock\nIndustrial metal\nLatin alternative\nMadchester\nBaggy\nMangue bit\nNeo-psychedelia\nDream pop\nShoegaze\nBlackgaze\nNu gaze\nNew wave of new wave\nNoise pop\nPagan rock\nPost-punk revival\nPost-rock\nPost-metal\nSlacker rock\nAlternative metal\nFunk metal\nNeue Deutsche Härte\nNu metal\nRap metal\n\nRelated topics\nAlternative Airplay\nAnorak\nArtists\nC86\nCampus radio\nIndependent music\nIndie pop\nIndependent record label\nLo-fi music\nLollapalooza\nOutsider music\n\n CategoryvteNerd musicStylesElectronic\nChiptune\nBitpop\nNintendocore\nSkweee\nTracker music\nVideo game music\nFolk\nFilk music\nNerd-folk\nHip hop\nNerdcore\nChap hop\nRock\nGeek rock\nTime Lord rock\nWizard rock\nNintendocore\nFestivals\nFilKONtario\nNerdapalooza\nOhio Valley Filk Fest\nRock Comic Con\nw00tstock\nWrockstock","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The Doubleclicks – Aubrey Turner and Laser Malena-Webber – performing onstage at JoCo Cruise Crazy 3","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_Doubleclicks_at_JoCo_Cruise_Crazy_3.jpg/220px-The_Doubleclicks_at_JoCo_Cruise_Crazy_3.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Weisbard, Eric (December 2000). \"Geek Love\". SPIN. pp. 158–162.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"SPIN"}]},{"reference":"Danesi, Marcel (2010). Geeks, Goths, and Gangstas. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 96. ISBN 9781551303727.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551303727","url_text":"9781551303727"}]},{"reference":"Selinker, Mike (2013-01-08). \"Geek Love: Kirby Krackle, The Doubleclicks, and the soul of nerd rock\". Wired. Retrieved 2015-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2013/08/geek-love-kirby-krackle-the-doubleclicks-and-the-soul-of-nerd-rock/","url_text":"\"Geek Love: Kirby Krackle, The Doubleclicks, and the soul of nerd rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)","url_text":"Wired"}]},{"reference":"DiBlasi, Alex (2014). \"Frank Zappa: Godfather of Geek Rock\". In DiBlasi, Alex; Willis, Victoria (eds.). Geek Rock: An Exploration of Music and Subculture. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442229761.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442229761","url_text":"9781442229761"}]},{"reference":"Chaney, Keidra (January–February 2015). \"The Evolution of Nerd Rock\". Uncanny. No. 2. pp. 129–133.","urls":[{"url":"http://uncannymagazine.com/article/evolution-nerd-rock/","url_text":"\"The Evolution of Nerd Rock\""}]},{"reference":"Blistein, Jon (November 16, 2012). \"They Might Be Giants Q&A\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/474135/they-might-be-giants-qa-in-the-studio-with-the-nerd-rock-kings","url_text":"\"They Might Be Giants Q&A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Mike (April 24, 2013). \"Weird Al Yankovic leads parade of geek music at Calgary's Comic Expo\". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2019. Not so with Weird Al Yankovic, the true, unabashed and remarkably enduring king of a now growing genre of nerd rock – a man who's had a pretty remarkable 30-year career wearing his uncoolness on his accordion strap.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170211160422/http://www.calgaryherald.com/entertainment/festival-guide/Weird+Yankovic+leads+parade+geek+music+Calgary+Comic+Expo/8293568/story.html","url_text":"\"Weird Al Yankovic leads parade of geek music at Calgary's Comic Expo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Herald","url_text":"Calgary Herald"},{"url":"https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/festival-guide/Weird+Yankovic+leads+parade+geek+music+Calgary+Comic+Expo/8293568/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nugent, Benjamin (2008). American Nerd. Simon and Schuster. pp. 61–62. ISBN 9781416565512.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416565512","url_text":"9781416565512"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Doug; Weingrad, Jeff (2011). Saturday Night. Untreed Reads. ISBN 9781611872187.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611872187","url_text":"9781611872187"}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Larry (July 8, 2008). \"'Twilight' Tribute Band The Bella Cullen Project: From 'Sexy Vampire' To Debut Album\". MTV. Retrieved 2015-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1590533/twilight-tribute-band-the-bella-cullen-project-from-sexy-vampire-to-debut-album/","url_text":"\"'Twilight' Tribute Band The Bella Cullen Project: From 'Sexy Vampire' To Debut Album\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"}]},{"reference":"Vineyard, Jennifer (August 18, 2008). \"'Harry Potter' Vs. 'Twilight': Battle Of The 'Bands About Books'\". MTV. Retrieved 2015-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1593000/harry-potter-vs-twilight-battle-of-the-bands-about-books/","url_text":"\"'Harry Potter' Vs. 'Twilight': Battle Of The 'Bands About Books'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"}]},{"reference":"McKenna, Bree (November 16, 2011). \"The End for Twi-Rock?\". The Stranger. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 2015-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003346/http://lineout.thestranger.com/lineout/archives/2011/11/16/the-end-for-twi-rock","url_text":"\"The End for Twi-Rock?\""},{"url":"http://lineout.thestranger.com/lineout/archives/2011/11/16/the-end-for-twi-rock","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wilkes, Neil (8 June 2009). \"Introducing Trock: Songs about 'Doctor Who'\". DigitalSpy.com. Retrieved 2015-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/british-tv/s7/doctor-who/tubetalk/a158350/introducing-trock-songs-about-doctor-who.html","url_text":"\"Introducing Trock: Songs about 'Doctor Who'\""}]},{"reference":"Harvison, Anthony (17 June 2009). \"Chameleon Circuit review and interview\". Retrieved 2015-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.denofgeek.com/misc/270790/chameleon_circuit_review_and_interview.html","url_text":"\"Chameleon Circuit review and interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Doctor Who's Day Roundup: Between a Rock and a Hard Place\". BBC America. Retrieved 2015-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2015/09/doctor-whos-day-roundup-between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place/","url_text":"\"'Doctor Who's Day Roundup: Between a Rock and a Hard Place\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Doctor Who' lands in Clarksville\". The Leaf Chronicle. Retrieved 2015-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theleafchronicle.com/story/news/local/clarksville/2015/03/14/doctor-who-clarksville/24755251/?from=global&sessionKey=&autologin=","url_text":"\"'Doctor Who' lands in Clarksville\""}]},{"reference":"Kirby, Megan (November 19, 2013). \"Time Crash brings Time Lord rock across the pond\". Chicago Reader.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/time-crash-doctor-who-trock-guitardis/Content?oid=11582504","url_text":"\"Time Crash brings Time Lord rock across the pond\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Reader","url_text":"Chicago Reader"}]},{"reference":"Borrelli, Christopher (December 14, 2011). \"Allegra Rosenberg is all plugged in, ready to Trock\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-12-14/entertainment/ct-ent-1215-allegra-rosenberg-20111214_1_ukulele-song-contest-eps","url_text":"\"Allegra Rosenberg is all plugged in, ready to Trock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"DiBlasi, Alex; Willis, Victoria, eds. (2014). Geek Rock: An Exploration of Music and Subculture. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442229761.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442229761","url_text":"9781442229761"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Rigby
Edith Rigby
["1 Biography","1.1 Activism","1.2 Later life","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
English suffragette Edith RigbyRigby in 1900Born18 October 1872Preston, Lancashire, EnglandDied23 July 1950 (1950-07-24) (aged 77)Llanrhos, WalesEducationPenrhos CollegePolitical partyLabour PartySpouseCharles RigbyChildren1 Edith Rigby (née Rayner) (18 October 1872 – 23 July 1950) was an English suffragette who used arson as a way to further the cause of women’s suffrage. She founded a night school in Preston called St Peter's School, aimed at educating women and girls. Later she became a prominent activist, and was incarcerated seven times and committed several acts of arson. She was a contemporary of Christabel and Sylvia Pankhurst. Biography Born Edith Rayner on St Luke's Day (18 October) in 1872 in Preston, Lancashire, she was one of seven children of Dr Alexander Clement Rayner and was educated at Penrhos College in North Wales. She married Dr Charles Rigby and lived with him in Winckley Square in Preston. From an early age she questioned the differences between working-class and middle-class women and after she was married she worked hard to improve the lives of women and girls working in local mills. In 1899, she founded St Peter's School, which allowed these women to meet and continue their education which otherwise would have stopped at the age of 11. At home, she was critical of her neighbours' treatment of their servants. The Rigbys had servants themselves, but allowed them certain unconventional freedoms such as being able to eat in the dining-room and not having to wear uniforms. Activism In 1907 she formed the Preston branch of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). Rigby was a suffragette recruiter, gathering new members from among the local Independent Labour Party. A fellow member, Eleanor Higginson, became a lifelong friend. Rigby took part in a march to the Houses of Parliament in London with Christabel and Sylvia Pankhurst in 1908. Fifty-seven women, including Rigby, were arrested and sentenced to a month in prison. In 1909 she was arrested again for obstruction during a visit by Winston Churchill. She was taken to court with Grace Alderman, Catherine Worthington and Beth Hesmondhalgh. They went to prison for seven days except for Rigby as her father paid the fine claiming that she was just in bad company of "hired women". Edith's brother Arther was reported to have pointed at another suffragette, Margaret Hewitt, saying that it was all due to "that painted jezebel". During her subsequent sentences, (seven in total) Rigby took part in hunger strikes and was subjected to force-feeding. Her activism included planting a bomb in the Liverpool Cotton Exchange on 5 July 1913, and although it was later stated in court that ‘no great damage had been done by the explosion’, Mrs Rigby was found guilty and sentenced to nine months' imprisonment with hard labour. Rigby had been given a Hunger Strike Medal 'for Valour' by WSPU. She also claimed to have set fire to the bungalow of Sir William Lever, Bt (later Lord Leverhulme) on 7 July 1913. The property, near Rivington Pike on the West Pennine Moors, contained a number of valuable paintings and the attack resulted in damage costing £20,000. Afterwards she said: I want to ask Sir William Lever whether he thinks his property on Rivington Pike is more valuable as one of his superfluous houses occasionally opened to people, or as a beacon lighted to King and Country to see here are some intolerable grievances for women. Rigby disagreed with the WSPU's decision not to campaign on suffrage issues during World War I. She joined the Independent Women's Social and Political Union split, forming a branch in Preston. Later life Edith Rigby's house in Preston Edith Rigby plaque in Winckley Square, Preston, featuring incorrect year of death According to Elizabeth Ashworth in Champion Lancastrians, in 1888, Rigby was the first woman in Preston to own a bicycle. During World War I, she bought a cottage near Preston named Marigold Cottage and used it to produce food for the war effort. With short hair and wearing men's clothes, she grew fruit and vegetables and kept animals and bees, following the teachings of Rudolf Steiner. She had a happy marriage with her husband, who lived with her at her cottage. They adopted a son called Sandy. In the 1920s, Rigby was a founding member and the president of the Hutton and Howick Women's Institute. Rigby became a vegetarian. In 1926, Charles Rigby retired and the couple built a new house, called Erdmuth, outside Llanrhos, North Wales. Charles died before it was finished, however, and Edith moved there alone at the end of 1926. She continued to follow Steiner's work, forming an "Anthroposophical Circle" of her own, and visiting one of his schools in New York. Into old age she enjoyed a healthy lifestyle, bathing in the sea, fell walking and meditating in the early hours of every morning. She eventually suffered from Parkinson's disease and died in 1950 at Erdmuth. See also History of feminism List of suffragists and suffragettes Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom References ^ a b Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The Women's Suffrage Movement: a reference guide, 1866–1928. Routledge. pp. 598–599. ISBN 0-415-23926-5. ^ Hesketh, Phoebe (1992). My Aunt Edith, The Story of a Preston Suffragette. Preston: Lancashire County Books. pp. 1–13. ISBN 1-871236-12-6. ^ Roberts, Marian. "Biography of Mrs Edith Rigby". WinckleySquare.org.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2007. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ashworth, Elizabeth (2006). Champion Lancastrians. Sigma Leisure. pp. 79–82. ISBN 1-85058-833-3. ^ a b c d e Oldfield, Sybil (1994). This Working-day World: women's lives and culture(s) in Britain, 1914–1945. Taylor & Francis. p. 29. ISBN 0-7484-0108-3. ^ "Avenham Walks – Stop 7 – Edith Rigby". Avenham Walks. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2007. ^ Atkinson, Diane (2018). Rise Up Women! The Remarkable Lives of the Suffragettes. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781408844069. ^ a b c Gilroy Wilkinson, Peter. "Edith Rigby: the later years" (PDF). Prestonhistoricalsociety.org.uk. Preston Historical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2019. ^ Atkinson, Diane (2019). Rise Up, Women!: The Remarkable Lives of the Suffragettes. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4088-4405-2. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2003). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928. Taylor and Francis. p. 599. ISBN 978-1135434021. ^ a b Mrs Rigby committed to trial, The Times, 18 July 1913, page 14, column c. ^ ‘The Explosion At Liverpool Exchange’, The Times, 31 July 1913, p. 8. ^ "A Desperate Woman. Suffragette Confesses to Deeds of Violence, Says She Fired Sir W. Lever's Bungalow". The Nottingham Evening Post. 10 July 1913. p. 5. Retrieved 20 December 2017. ^ Rivington Bungalow Fire, Confession by a Doctor’s Wife’, Bolton Evening News, 13 July 1913, p. 4 ^ Smith, Harold L. (2009). The British Women's Suffrage Campaign 1866-1928. Routledge. p. 80. ISBN 978-1408228234. ^ a b Brown, Heloise. "Rigby , Edith". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50080. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) External links Edith Rigby plaques recorded on openplaques.org Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"suffragette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette"},{"link_name":"arson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson"},{"link_name":"night school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_school"},{"link_name":"Christabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Pankhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst"}],"text":"Edith Rigby (née Rayner) (18 October 1872 – 23 July 1950) was an English suffragette who used arson as a way to further the cause of women’s suffrage. She founded a night school in Preston called St Peter's School, aimed at educating women and girls. Later she became a prominent activist, and was incarcerated seven times and committed several acts of arson. She was a contemporary of Christabel and Sylvia Pankhurst.","title":"Edith Rigby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Preston, Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Penrhos College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydal_Penrhos"},{"link_name":"North Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Winckley Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winckley_Square"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WS-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CL-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SO-5"}],"text":"Born Edith Rayner on St Luke's Day (18 October) in 1872 in Preston, Lancashire, she was one of seven children of Dr Alexander Clement Rayner and was educated at Penrhos College in North Wales.[1][2]She married Dr Charles Rigby and lived with him in Winckley Square in Preston. From an early age she questioned the differences between working-class and middle-class women and after she was married she worked hard to improve the lives of women and girls working in local mills. In 1899, she founded St Peter's School, which allowed these women to meet and continue their education which otherwise would have stopped at the age of 11.[3][4] At home, she was critical of her neighbours' treatment of their servants. The Rigbys had servants themselves, but allowed them certain unconventional freedoms such as being able to eat in the dining-room and not having to wear uniforms.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women's Social and Political Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Independent Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Higginson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Higginson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilroy-8"},{"link_name":"Houses of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Christabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Pankhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CL-4"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Grace Alderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Alderman"},{"link_name":"Beth Hesmondhalgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Hesmondhalgh"},{"link_name":"Margaret Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Hewitt_(suffragette)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"hunger strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_strike"},{"link_name":"force-feeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force-feeding"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CL-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SO-5"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Cotton Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Cotton_Exchange_Building"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CL-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Times_1913,_page_14-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hunger Strike Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal"},{"link_name":"Sir William Lever, Bt \n (later Lord Leverhulme)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Rivington Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivington_Pike"},{"link_name":"West Pennine Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pennine_Moors"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Times_1913,_page_14-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SO-5"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Independent Women's Social and Political Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-15"}],"sub_title":"Activism","text":"In 1907 she formed the Preston branch of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).[6] Rigby was a suffragette recruiter, gathering new members from among the local Independent Labour Party.[7] A fellow member, Eleanor Higginson, became a lifelong friend.[8] Rigby took part in a march to the Houses of Parliament in London with Christabel and Sylvia Pankhurst in 1908. Fifty-seven women, including Rigby, were arrested and sentenced to a month in prison.[4] In 1909 she was arrested again for obstruction during a visit by Winston Churchill. She was taken to court with Grace Alderman, Catherine Worthington and Beth Hesmondhalgh. They went to prison for seven days except for Rigby as her father paid the fine claiming that she was just in bad company of \"hired women\". Edith's brother Arther was reported to have pointed at another suffragette, Margaret Hewitt, saying that it was all due to \"that painted jezebel\".[9]During her subsequent sentences, (seven in total) Rigby took part in hunger strikes and was subjected to force-feeding.[4][5] Her activism included planting a bomb in the Liverpool Cotton Exchange on 5 July 1913,[10] and although it was later stated in court that ‘no great damage had been done by the explosion’, Mrs Rigby was found guilty and sentenced to nine months' imprisonment with hard labour.[4][11][12]Rigby had been given a Hunger Strike Medal 'for Valour' by WSPU.She also claimed to have set fire to the bungalow of Sir William Lever, Bt \n (later Lord Leverhulme) on 7 July 1913.[13][14] The property, near Rivington Pike on the West Pennine Moors, contained a number of valuable paintings and the attack resulted in damage costing £20,000.[11]\nAfterwards she said:I want to ask Sir William Lever whether he thinks his property on Rivington Pike is more valuable as one of his superfluous houses occasionally opened to people, or as a beacon lighted to King and Country to see here are some intolerable grievances for women.[5]Rigby disagreed with the WSPU's decision not to campaign on suffrage issues during World War I. She joined the Independent Women's Social and Political Union split, forming a branch in Preston.[15]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edith_Rigby%27s_house.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edith_Rigby_1872_-_1948_-_Suffragette.jpg"},{"link_name":"Winckley Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winckley_Square"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilroy-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CL-4"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"war effort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_effort"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SO-5"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CL-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CL-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CL-4"},{"link_name":"Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutton,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Howick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howick,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Women's Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Institute"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SO-5"},{"link_name":"vegetarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford-1"},{"link_name":"Llanrhos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanrhos"},{"link_name":"North Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-16"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CL-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilroy-8"},{"link_name":"Anthroposophical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthroposophy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CL-4"},{"link_name":"fell walking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fell_walking"},{"link_name":"meditating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CL-4"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-16"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CL-4"}],"sub_title":"Later life","text":"Edith Rigby's house in PrestonEdith Rigby plaque in Winckley Square, Preston, featuring incorrect year of death[8]According to Elizabeth Ashworth in Champion Lancastrians, in 1888, Rigby was the first woman in Preston to own a bicycle.[4] During World War I, she bought a cottage near Preston named Marigold Cottage and used it to produce food for the war effort.[5] With short hair and wearing men's clothes, she grew fruit and vegetables and kept animals and bees, following the teachings of Rudolf Steiner.[4] She had a happy marriage with her husband, who lived with her at her cottage.[4] They adopted a son called Sandy.[4] In the 1920s, Rigby was a founding member and the president of the Hutton and Howick Women's Institute.[5] Rigby became a vegetarian.[1]In 1926, Charles Rigby retired and the couple built a new house, called Erdmuth, outside Llanrhos, North Wales. Charles died before it was finished, however, and Edith moved there alone at the end of 1926.[16][4][8] She continued to follow Steiner's work, forming an \"Anthroposophical Circle\" of her own, and visiting one of his schools in New York.[4] Into old age she enjoyed a healthy lifestyle, bathing in the sea, fell walking and meditating in the early hours of every morning.[4] She eventually suffered from Parkinson's disease and died in 1950 at Erdmuth.[16][4]","title":"Biography"}]
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Retrieved 31 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.winckleysquare.org.uk/biography/mrs_rigby.html","url_text":"\"Biography of Mrs Edith Rigby\""}]},{"reference":"Ashworth, Elizabeth (2006). Champion Lancastrians. Sigma Leisure. pp. 79–82. ISBN 1-85058-833-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HdqTrpjcbXsC","url_text":"Champion Lancastrians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85058-833-3","url_text":"1-85058-833-3"}]},{"reference":"Oldfield, Sybil (1994). This Working-day World: women's lives and culture(s) in Britain, 1914–1945. Taylor & Francis. p. 29. 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ISBN 9781408844069.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ng3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT52","url_text":"Rise Up Women! The Remarkable Lives of the Suffragettes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408844069","url_text":"9781408844069"}]},{"reference":"Gilroy Wilkinson, Peter. \"Edith Rigby: the later years\" (PDF). Prestonhistoricalsociety.org.uk. Preston Historical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221223143327/http://www.prestonhistoricalsociety.org.uk/assets/a4-online-version-newsletter-volume-1-issue-4-december-2017.pdf","url_text":"\"Edith Rigby: the later years\""},{"url":"http://www.prestonhistoricalsociety.org.uk/assets/a4-online-version-newsletter-volume-1-issue-4-december-2017.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Atkinson, Diane (2019). Rise Up, Women!: The Remarkable Lives of the Suffragettes. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4088-4405-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YwNbEAAAQBAJ&dq=Margaret+Hewitt+suffragette&pg=PA183","url_text":"Rise Up, Women!: The Remarkable Lives of the Suffragettes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-4405-2","url_text":"978-1-4088-4405-2"}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Elizabeth (2003). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928. Taylor and Francis. p. 599. ISBN 978-1135434021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a2EK9P7-ZMsC&pg=PA599","url_text":"The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135434021","url_text":"978-1135434021"}]},{"reference":"\"A Desperate Woman. Suffragette Confesses to Deeds of Violence, Says She Fired Sir W. Lever's Bungalow\". The Nottingham Evening Post. 10 July 1913. p. 5. Retrieved 20 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/19130710/034/0005","url_text":"\"A Desperate Woman. Suffragette Confesses to Deeds of Violence, Says She Fired Sir W. Lever's Bungalow\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Harold L. (2009). The British Women's Suffrage Campaign 1866-1928. Routledge. p. 80. ISBN 978-1408228234.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408228234","url_text":"978-1408228234"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Heloise. \"Rigby [née Rayner], Edith\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Red_October_(console_game)
The Hunt for Red October (console game)
["1 Gameplay","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]
1991 video game This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Hunt for Red October" console game – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is about the 1991 console game. For other games with this title, see The Hunt for Red October (1987 video game) and The Hunt for Red October (1990 video game). 1991 video gameThe Hunt for Red OctoberDeveloper(s)Beam Software (NES & Game Boy)Riedel Software Productions (SNES)Publisher(s)Hi-Tech Expressions, Inc.Designer(s)Andrew DavieComposer(s)Tania Smith, Gavan Anderson (Game Boy / NES)John Spence (SNES)Platform(s)NES, Game Boy, SNESReleaseNESNA: January 1991EU: 1991Game BoyNA: May 1991JP: April 28, 1992EU: June 11, 1992SNESNA: January 1993JP: October 1, 1993EU: 1993Genre(s)Side scrollerMode(s)Single-player The Hunt for Red October is a video game based on the 1990 film The Hunt for Red October. It was first released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Versions for the Game Boy and Super NES were subsequently released. Gameplay Screenshot from the NES version. The game featured deep sea combat, side-scrolling action, and cinematic sequences. The object is to evade destruction and eliminate saboteurs. The caterpillar drive is particularly useful for quietly escaping the enemy. The Super NES version is one of 11 games that uses the Super Scope accessory, though it is only used to play bonus stages that put the submarine in first person view, where the player has to destroy a number of enemies and projectiles. The use of the Super Scope is optional. The NES version has an exclusive level: the final stage changes to platform-style gameplay. The player, as Ramius, must find and disable bombs Soviet-loyal crewmembers have set in the weapons bay of the Red October. The Game Boy version offers the option to play as Ramius or the convoy commander of the Soviet Navy. It has eight stages, beginning in Greenland and ending on the Western Seaboard of the United States. The fifth stage shows Greek architecture, an Easter egg where the lost city of Atlantis has been unknowingly discovered. As the convoy commander, the player's mission is to sink the Red October, sparing no expense. As Ramius, the player's mission is to make it to the United States. As such, the game had two different endings, as well as two losing endings. If the Red October ran into too many traps, a losing scene would be shown of a torpedo making a direct hit on the submarine and saying "Game over; Red October". If Ramius successfully evaded all assaults, a scene would be shown of the Red October firing a torpedo and saying "Game over; Convoy Commander". Reception This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2021) ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreNintendo PowerNES: 10.9/20Player OneGB: 20%RazeGB: 67/100Total!NES: 32%Video Games (DE)NES: 65% References ^ "All NES Games" (PDF). Nintendo. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2015. ^ NES instruction booklet, p. 1 ^ NES instruction booklet, p. 5 ^ "Buyers Beware". GamePro. No. 98. IDG. November 1996. p. 24. ^ "Your Guide to the Latest NES Releases". Nintendo Power. Vol. 21. February 1991. p. 85. Retrieved September 11, 2021. ^ Crevette (July 1992). "The Hunt for Red October". Player One (in French). No. 22. p. 139. Retrieved September 11, 2021. ^ Ellis, Les (October 1991). "The Hunt for Red October". Raze. No. 12. p. 36. Retrieved September 11, 2021. ^ Steve (July 1992). "Red October". Total!. No. 7. p. 35. Retrieved September 11, 2021. ^ Eggebrecht, Julian (January 1992). "Red October". Video Games (in German). p. 67. Retrieved September 11, 2021. External links The Hunt for Red October (NES) at MobyGames The Hunt for Red October (SNES) at MobyGames The Hunt for Red October (Game Boy) at MobyGames vteTom Clancy's video gamesRainbow Six Rainbow Six Rogue Spear Take-Down – Missions in Korea 3: Raven Shield Lockdown Critical Hour Vegas Vegas 2 Shadow Vanguard Patriots (cancelled) Siege DLC Extraction Mobile Ghost Recon Ghost Recon Desert Siege Island Thunder Jungle Storm Ghost Recon 2 Summit Strike Advanced Warfighter Advanced Warfighter 2 Predator Wii Shadow Wars Future Soldier Phantoms Wildlands Breakpoint Frontline (cancelled) Splinter Cell Splinter Cell Pandora Tomorrow Chaos Theory Essentials Double Agent Conviction Blacklist Ryanverse The Hunt for Red October (1987) The Hunt for Red October (1990) The Hunt for Red October (1991) The Cardinal of the Kremlin The Sum of All Fears H.A.W.X H.A.W.X H.A.W.X 2 The Division The Division The Division 2 Heartland (cancelled) Resurgence The Division 3 Other games Red Storm Rising SSN Politika ruthless.com Shadow Watch EndWar Elite Squad XDefiant Related Captain Laserhawk: A Blood Dragon Remix Category vteNES ZapperCompatible gamesLicensedRequired Wild Gunman Duck Hunt Hogan's Alley Gumshoe Gotcha! The Sport! Shooting Range Freedom Force To the Earth Barker Bill's Trick Shooting Optional Operation Wolf Mechanized Attack The Adventures of Bayou Billy Track & Field II Laser Invasion The Lone Ranger Day Dreamin' Davey The Hunt For Red October UnlicensedOptional Baby Boomer Chiller Related LaserScope Super Scope Wii Zapper vteTom Clancy's RyanverseNovelsTom Clancy The Hunt for Red October (1984) Patriot Games (1987) The Cardinal of the Kremlin (1988) Clear and Present Danger (1989) The Sum of All Fears (1991) Without Remorse (1993) Debt of Honor (1994) Executive Orders (1996) Rainbow Six (1998) The Bear and the Dragon (2000) Red Rabbit (2002) The Teeth of the Tiger (2003) Dead or Alive (2010) Locked On (2011) Against All Enemies (2011) Threat Vector (2012) Command Authority (2013) Mark Greaney Support and Defend (2014) Full Force and Effect (2014) Commander in Chief (2015) True Faith and Allegiance (2016) Grant Blackwood Under Fire (2015) Duty and Honor (2016) Mike Maden Point of Contact (2017) Line of Sight (2018) Enemy Contact (2019) Firing Point (2020) Marc Cameron Power and Empire (2017) Oath of Office (2018) Code of Honor (2019) Films The Hunt for Red October (1990) Patriot Games (1992) Clear and Present Danger (1994) The Sum of All Fears (2002) Shadow Recruit (2014) Without Remorse (2021) Televisionseries Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan (2018–2023) Characters Jack Ryan John Clark Video games The Hunt for Red October (1987) The Hunt for Red October (1990, computer) Cardinal of the Kremlin (1990) The Hunt for Red October (1991, console) The Sum of All Fears (2002) Other Jack Ryan (franchise) Category This action game–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fanning
Roger Fanning
["1 Life","2 Awards","3 Works","3.1 Books","3.2 Anthologies","3.3 Poems","4 References","5 External links"]
American poet Roger FanningBornMillington, Tennessee, U.S.OccupationPoetNationalityAmerican Roger Fanning (born 1962 in Millington, Tennessee) is an American poet. Life He teaches in the low-residency Warren Wilson MFA program out of Goddard College. He lives in Seattle with his wife and son. His work is noted for its ironic sincerity and exaltation of the mundane. Awards 1992 Whiting Award National Poetry Series for The Island Itself Works Books The Island Itself. Penguin Books. 1992. ISBN 978-0-14-058689-3. (1st edition 1991) Homesick. Penguin Poets. 2002. ISBN 978-0-14-200052-6. The Middle Ages. Penguin Books. 2012. ISBN 978-0-14312-034-6. Anthologies Michael Collier, ed. (2000). "The Space Needle". The new American poets. UPNE. ISBN 978-0-87451-964-8. Poems "Australia"; "Henry", The Drunken Boat, spring 2000 "Poet's Choice: Hospital Sidewalk." Selected by Mary Karr. The Washington Post, October 19, 2008 References ^ "The Official Hootenanny". ^ "GR Contributors: Fall 2001". www.greensbororeview.org. Retrieved 2016-04-10. ^ Collier, Michael; College, Bread Loaf Writers' Conference of Middlebury (2000-01-01). The New American Poets: A Bread Loaf Anthology. UPNE. ISBN 9780874519648. External links Profile at The Whiting Foundation Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC This biographical article about an American poet born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Jessup_Tomlinson
Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson
["1 Early life","2 Conversion","3 Influences","4 Early ministry","5 Legacy","5.1 Children","5.2 Writings","5.3 Biographies","5.4 Religious impact","6 References"]
American Pentecostal bishop Ambrose Jessup TomlinsonA.J. TomlinsonBornAmbrose Jessup Tomlinson(1865-09-22)September 22, 1865Westfield, IndianaDiedOctober 2, 1943(1943-10-02) (aged 78)Cleveland, TennesseeOccupation(s)General overseerBishopPastorEvangelistSpouseMary Jane (Taylor) TomlinsonChildrenHalcy Tomlinson, Homer A. Tomlinson, Iris Tomlinson, Milton A. TomlinsonReligionPentecostal ChristianOrdainedChristian Union (Camp Creek, North Carolina), later known as the Church of God of ProphecyCongregations servedNorth Cleveland Church of God, Cleveland, TNOffices heldGeneral Overseer, Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) (1903–1923) General Overseer, Church of God of Prophecy (1903–1943)TitleBishop Ambrose Jessup (A.J.) Tomlinson (September 22, 1865 – October 2, 1943), a former Quaker, united with the Holiness Church at Camp Creek in 1903. With his drive, vision, and organizational skills, he was elected the first general overseer of the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) in 1903. He also served as the first president of the church's Lee College, later known as Lee University (1918–1922). In 1923, Tomlinson was impeached, causing a division which led to the creation, by followers of Tomlinson, of what would become the Church of God of Prophecy. Early life A.J. Tomlinson was born to a prominent Quaker family near Westfield, Indiana. His grandparents, Robert and Lydia Tomlinson, left the Society of Friends in 1843 over the issue of abolition, and joined a separatist anti-slavery Society of Friends. A year later, in 1844, A.J. Tomlinson's parents, Milton and Delilah (Hiatt) Tomlinson, were disowned from the Society of Friends for not having their marriage sanctioned by the Friends, and for neglecting church attendance. Milton and Delilah Tomlinson never regularly attended Quaker services after that, hence their children including A.J. Tomlinson were not raised attending church. Milton Tomlinson, together with his brother Noah, was a successful businessman in a variety of ventures spanning farming, road-building, saw-mills, and bridge building. Milton Tomlinson was also active in Republican Party politics. A.J. Tomlinson was the only son born to Milton and Delilah Tomlinson. He had eight sisters, three of whom died in childhood, and one half-sister, named Abigail, from his father Milton's first marriage. (Milton's first wife, Hannah, had died giving birth to Abigail). Five of his sisters were older than A.J. Tomlinson, to whom he looked up to as a child. A.J. Tomlinson was born significantly under-weight, so small that as an infant he was carried on a pillow. His mother, concerned over his small size and the care he would require is said to have prayed "If this child is never going to amount to anything let him die. He is such a care. If Thou hast something special for him to do, heal him up and let him live.". A.J. Tomlinson survived but was never as tall or physically robust as his father. In 1880 A.J. Tomlinson suffered a bout with cholera, an illness which claimed the life of his sister Emily one year later. A.J. Tomlinson's own illness was severe enough to cause him to miss a third of a school year. Nevertheless, as a child A.J. Tomlinson enjoyed athletics and was particularly successful at footraces. He was also gifted academically and was encouraged to practice writing at home by his father. A.J. Tomlinson graduated grammar school at the age of seventeen and immediately enrolled in the local Quaker academy, Union High School, in Westfield, Indiana, a town known for its religious and racial diversity. His first year at Union, during the winter of 1882–1883, the Quaker evangelist William Wooton held an extended meeting at a local church, during which some 100 of Tomlinson's classmates were converted. Tomlinson, while experiencing deep conviction, was not himself converted. As a teenager Tomlinson began engaging in Republican Party politics (although later, at the age of 27 in 1892, Tomlinson ran unsuccessfully for county auditor under the banner of the Populist Party (a political movement closely tied to the ideals of holiness Christianity), after which he quit politics altogether). As a teenager Tomlinson also belonged to a local literary society, and performed briefly in a drama troupe, besides continuing to work on the family farm. At the age of 23, in 1889, A.J. Tomlinson married Mary Jane Taylor, herself an active Quaker and member of the Walnut Ridge Monthly Meeting, where a significant holiness revival (the "Great Walnut Ridge Revival") had occurred in 1867. Conversion At the age of twelve, two years after the death of both his paternal grandparents, Robert and Lydia Tomlinson, A.J. Tomlinson had his first religious experience, as told in his brief autobiography, Answering The Call of God: One day while father and myself were alone in the field a mile from home, sawing a large log with an old-fashioned "Hoosier" cross-cut saw, I heard my name called, and thought father spoke to me. It was my familiar, family, pet name, but father said he did not speak it. In a few minutes I heard the same voice and the same name. Again father said he did not say a word. I was in a state of wonder. After a stillness of several minutes the voice spoke again, with that familiarity that is only recognized by the closest family ties. Father still said he did not call me nor speak my name. I was mystified, and although I never spoke to a soul about it, and father never said anything about it, it was enough to awaken a nature that had never been touched before, and it was awakened to never sleep again. Shortly after his marriage in 1889, Tomlinson experienced salvation after a bolt of lightning struck his home during a severe thunderstorm. Again Tomlinson recounts the episode in his autobiography, Answering The Call of God: The first year of my married life I was one day engaged in hauling hay from one of those large Indiana meadows. A storm came up, and the men and myself hurried in to the barn with what hay we had on the wagons. I ran on to the house so Mary would not be by herself during the storm. It was a very severe storm, with much lightning and heavy thunder. Suddenly a heavier peal of thunder than usual sounded so as to almost deafen us. Wife suggested that the lightning had struck the barn, but I said, "No, dear, it's the house." I saw the flash of lightning as it crashed down the chimney, out through the cook stove, and burst out through the ceiling and weatherboarding of the house only a few feet from where I was sitting. No serious damage was done, but it had an effect on me. That evening after supper I said to Wife, "It's time for us to pray," so I got the Bible someone had given her (up to that time I did not care anything about the Bible) and read a few verses, and down we went to prayer. No doubt I was very awkward, but I was sincere. I meant everything I said. Wife had been a Christian for some time, and could pray, but it was my first experience in that way. Nothing much was accomplished that night, but I never let up until I got a real experience of salvation. Influences After his conversion A.J. Tomlinson became active in the local Quaker church, the Chester Preparative Meeting of the Society of Friends, that had been founded by his grandfather Robert. The area was frequented by many prominent holiness Quaker evangelists (such as Seth Cook Rees) and biblical scholars (such as Dougan Clark, Jr.). The area also welcomed fiery revivalists (such as Charles Stalker), and Quakers in Chester Preparative openly associated with Methodists (such as Esther G. Frame). As such, A.J. Tomlinson's earliest religious influences followed the evangelical Quaker holiness teachings of Joseph John Gurney. In particular, holiness Quakers embraced emotional preaching, religious ecstasy, entire sanctification, aggressive evangelism, and the Wesleyan doctrine of Christian Perfection. Holiness Quakers also adopted the Methodists' use of tent meetings and extended revivals, techniques which A.J. Tomlinson himself would employ later in ministry. However, in the late nineteenth century, holiness Quakers did not practice water baptism, in contrast to most other holiness sects of the time. Nearby Indianapolis, Indiana was home to several other noted holiness evangelists at the time, most importantly Thomas Nelson before he moved to Pennsylvania and came out of the Free Methodist Church. Later in ministry Tomlinson interacted directly with Nelson, but he may have begun to be influenced by Nelson in the early 1890s. Tomlinson's next major influence came from the Methodist colporteur J.B. Mitchell. A convert of the Presbyterian revivalist Charles Finney, Mitchell tutored Tomlinson and took him on trips to distribute religious literature (provided by the American Bible Society) to impoverished areas of southern Appalachia beginning in the summer of 1894. The areas they visited included Culberson, North Carolina, (where Tomlinson and Mitchell established a Christian school and orphanage in 1899), and Camp Creek, North Carolina (where Tomlinson first met Richard G. Spurling Jr and W.F. Bryant, the founders of the "Holiness Church at Camp Creek" with whom he would unite in 1903). On December 3, 1896, Tomlinson received official authorization from the Quaker Westfield Monthly Meeting to engage in an extended missionary trip. During the summer and fall of 1897, he visited a variety of missionary and biblical training grounds across eighteen different states. Most importantly, he visited Frank Sandford's "Holy Ghost and Us" Bible School in Durham, Maine, where he was baptized in the Androscoggin River on October 30, 1897—a significant departure from Quaker teachings. During this period many prominent holiness evangelists, including Martin Wells Knapp and Frank Rees, began to leave their denomination in favor of independent ministries. Frank Sandford's Shiloh movement typified such independent holiness churches, and Sandford forcefully encouraged his followers to leave their old denominations, as Sandford himself had left the Free Will Baptist denomination under which he was ordained and had pastored. Sandford's admonitions had a direct effect on A.J. Tomlinson's decision to formally remove himself from the Society of Friends in May 1898 (just weeks after his wife Mary Jane had removed herself, citing the issue of water baptism) and briefly consider Sandford's movement as his spiritual home. Sandford's Bible school would at first serve unofficially as an umbrella organization to Tomlinson and Mitchell's Christian school and orphanage in Culberson, North Carolina, but moreover it served as its model, in terms of holiness teachings, communal living arrangements, unquestioned top-down hierarchical leadership, and reliance on "faith" for finances, material provisions, and healing. Early ministry As early as 1891 Tomlinson took an interest in "home missions" (a term referring to the intended evangelism of people within the borders of the US, as opposed to "foreign missions" which intended to evangelize people overseas). Holiness Quakers actively supported both home missions and foreign missions. Following a series of holiness revivals in and around Westfield, Indiana between 1891 and 1892, in which the doctrine of entire sanctification was preached by evangelists including Jacob Baker, John Pennington, Emma Coffin and Esther G. Frame, Tomlinson prayed through to his own sanctification experience, which he relayed in his autobiography Answering The Call of God about twenty years after the experience: It was about twelve o'clock in the day. I cried out in the bitterness of my soul: "Now! Now! You've got to give it up now! Now!" I felt him begin to weaken and quiver. I kept the "Sword" right in him and never let go. That sharp two-edged "Sword" was doing its deadly work. I did not pity him. I showed him no quarters. There we were at that altitude when all of a sudden there came from above, like a thunderbolt from the skies, a sensational power that ended the conflict, and there lay the "old man" dead at my feet, and I was free from his grasp. Thank God! I could get a good free breath once more. It was an awful struggle, but the victory was won. That was about twenty years ago, but it is fresh in my memory yet. I was indeed sanctified wholly." After his sanctification experience, in 1893 A.J. Tomlinson joined the staff of the Chester Bible School, a Quaker Bible school similar to an adult Sunday School. Six months later he became the school's superintendent and treasurer. Within a year the weekly attendance doubled from thirty to sixty. Although never officially ordained as a preacher by any body of the Society of Friends, during this period Tomlinson had his first opportunity to preach, in a revival meeting at the school. In the absence of any older official ministers' willingness to lead, Tomlinson spontaneously stood to his feet and "after a few, stammering, broken utterances, the people would fall into the altar and get converted. The influence spread so that some were converted at home who had not been to the meeting." In July 1899 Tomlinson and Mitchell, after visiting the area intermittently for five years, arrived in Culberson, North Carolina to establish a permanent mission. Their mission was financed in large measure from Tomlinson's inheritance from his father, who had died in the Spring of that year. In June 1901, Tomlinson and Mitchell began publishing a periodical, "Samson's Foxes" to inform the wider holiness community of their progress and needs. Legacy Children Halcy Olive Tomlinson (1891–1920), died in childbirth. A.J. Tomlinson later reminisced about her death to his followers, saying "I can see myself at the grave of my own daughter, putting a flag there with a special ceremony in memory of her faithfulness." The planting of flags at places of particular historical significance was later made an official practice of the Church of God of Prophecy, under the auspices of their Church of Prophecy Marker Association. Homer Aubrey Tomlinson (1892–1968), was ordained as a bishop by his father in the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) and pastored a Church of God church in Queens, New York. Following A.J. Tomlinson's split from the denomination, Homer Tomlinson followed him into what became the Church of God of Prophecy. In 1943 Homer Tomlinson formed his own splinter denomination, which he originally called the "Church of God World Headquarters", but is now known as the Church of God (Huntsville, Alabama) after being expelled from the Church of God of Prophecy by his brother, Milton, over a dispute over who would follow their father as General Overseer. More eccentric than his younger brother Milton, Homer Tomlinson ran for President of the United States several times under the Theocratic Party, which he founded, and conducted evangelistic crusades in several foreign countries. Homer Tomlinson published his father's diaries in a three volume set between 1949 and 1955, and had the originals deposited in the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. Iris Marea Tomlinson (1895–1953) Milton Ambrose Tomlinson (1906–1995) took over as the second general overseer of the Church of God of Prophecy at the death of his father, a post at which he served until his own death. He oversaw the completion of the Fields of the Wood Bible Park in Cherokee County, North Carolina which his father A.J. Tomlinson had begun shortly before his death. M.A. Tomlinson continued his father's polity and practices and expanded the church's domestic and foreign presence. Writings "The Last Great Conflict" (1913) White Wing Publishing House, Cleveland, TN. "Answering The Call of God" (n.d. ca. 1913) White Wing Publishing House, Cleveland, TN "Samson's Foxes" (Periodical) "The Church of God Evangel" (periodical) "The White Wing Messenger" (periodical) Manuscript diary in five volumes, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Biographies Besides the above-mentioned autobiography, Answering the Call of God, and his personal diaries, A.J. Tomlinson has been the subject of at least three full-length biographies, and is frequently mentioned in academic research in religious history in America as one of the pivotal figures in the early Pentecostal movement in America. His biographies include: Lillie Dugar (1964). A.J. Tomlinson. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. Daniel D. Preston (1984). The Era of A.J. Tomlinson. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. Religious impact This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Under Tomlinson's leadership, the "Holiness Church at Camp Creek" became the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee), which now has an estimated seven million members worldwide, is the second largest Pentecostal denomination behind the Assemblies of God. After his impeachment, he founded what is now known as the Church of God of Prophecy, which itself estimates having a membership of over one million members worldwide. Other splinter groups, such as the Church of God (Huntsville, Alabama) fall generally within the "Church of God" movement that A.J. Tomlinson led. It was Tomlinson's hope that the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) and the Church of God of Prophecy would get past their differences and reunite as one movement, but that has never happened. However, especially since 2004, the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) and the Church of God of Prophecy now collaborate more closely. A.J. Tomlinson is also significant, along with contemporaries including Charles Parham and William J. Seymour, as one of the central religious figures in the beginning of the Pentecostal movement in the United States. A.J. Tomlinson enthusiastically adopted Pentecostal teaching himself, and spread the Pentecostal message across the United States, especially in the Southeast, as well as on several Caribbean Islands. One of the distinguishing features of A.J. Tomlinson's polity and practices as compared to those of other Pentecostal denominations such as the Assemblies of God, is the hierarchical structure of the church, with the General Assembly as the highest tribunal of the church globally, a General Overseer to oversee global church matters when the General Assembly is not in session, State and National Overseers appointed by the General Overseer, District Overseers appointed by State and National Overseers, and local pastors who are set over each church by the State Overseer, not chosen by the members of the congregation themselves. This hierarchical structure allowed Tomlinson to expand the church while maintaining unity of message and practices. However, his role as General Overseer with a lifetime appointment engendered some jealousy at the time, which contributed to the controversy over his impeachment. Subsequently, the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) adopted limits on the terms of General Overseer. References ^ Hunter, Harold. "A.J. Tomlinson's Journey Toward Racial Reconciliation". Church of God History and Heritage. Retrieved October 12, 2008. ^ "Street-Cleaning Bishop". Time magazine. May 13, 1940. Archived from the original on October 14, 2010. Retrieved October 12, 2008. Under the fiery Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson of Cleveland, Tenn., the Church of God of A. J. Tomlinson seceded from the Church of God in 1923, now claims a million communicants in 23 countries. Outsiders know its excitable members as "holy rollers." It "emphasizes salvation, sanctification, baptism of the Holy Spirit, and healing by faith if you have it. Otherwise call a doctor." ^ Hill, Samuel S. (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion in the South. Mercer University Press. ISBN 0-86554-758-0. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 73. ^ A.J. Tomlinson (n.d.) . Answering the Call of God. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. p. 3. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–75. ^ Portrait and Biographical Record of Madison and Hamilton Counties, Indiana. Chicago: Biographical Publishing Co. 1893. p. 594. ^ Lillie Dugar (1964). A.J. Tomlinson. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. p. 688. ^ A.J. Tomlinson (November 29, 1941). "White Wing Messenger". White Wing Publishing House. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 77. ^ Lillie Dugar (1964). A.J. Tomlinson. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. p. 18. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 78–79. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 79–84. ^ A.J. Tomlinson (n.d.) . Answering the Call of God. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. p. 3. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 84–87, 106. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 78. ^ A.J. Tomlinson (n.d.) . Answering the Call of God. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. p. 3. ^ A.J. Tomlinson (n.d.) . Answering the Call of God. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. pp. 4–5. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 86–94. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 97. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 118. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 15, 117, 127, 168. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 119–120. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 119–123, 130–131. ^ Shirley Nelson (2009). Fair, Clear, and Terrible: The Story of Shiloh, Maine. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 104. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110. ^ A.J. Tomlinson (n.d.) . Answering the Call of God. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. pp. 6–7. ^ A.J. Tomlinson (n.d.) . Answering the Call of God. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. p. 5. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 115. ^ A.J. Tomlinson (n.d.) . Answering the Call of God. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. p. 5. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 115. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 128–130. ^ R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 229. ^ "Church of God Rift Widened by Election. Bishop Homer Tomlinson Wins Post Claimed by Brother". The New York Times. December 9, 1943. Retrieved October 12, 2008. Policy differences of long standing between the urban and rural wings of the Church of God were brought to a climax yesterday when church overseers and ministers from twenty Eastern States elected Bishop Homer A. Tomlinson of Queens Village, Queens, was general overseer to succeed his father, the late Bishop A. J. Tomlinson of Cleveland, Tenn. ^ "Homer Tomlinson". Kingsport Times. December 9, 1943. Last month Bishop Homer Tomlinson was expelled by his brother Bishop Milton A. Tomlinson of Cleveland for purportedly challenging the ... ^ Homer A. Tomlinson, ed. (1949). Diary of A.J. Tomlinson Vol. 1 1901-1923. Queens Village, New York: Church of God World Headquarters. ^ Homer A. Tomlinson, ed. (1955). Diary of A.J. Tomlinson Volume 3. Queens Village, New York: Church of God World Headquarters. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Germany United States Other IdRef
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He also served as the first president of the church's Lee College, later known as Lee University (1918–1922). In 1923, Tomlinson was impeached, causing a division which led to the creation, by followers of Tomlinson, of what would become the Church of God of Prophecy.[1][2][3]","title":"Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Society of Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Friends"},{"link_name":"abolition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Populist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"holiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiness_movement"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"A.J. Tomlinson was born to a prominent Quaker family near Westfield, Indiana. His grandparents, Robert and Lydia Tomlinson, left the Society of Friends in 1843 over the issue of abolition, and joined a separatist anti-slavery Society of Friends. A year later, in 1844, A.J. Tomlinson's parents, Milton and Delilah (Hiatt) Tomlinson, were disowned from the Society of Friends for not having their marriage sanctioned by the Friends, and for neglecting church attendance. Milton and Delilah Tomlinson never regularly attended Quaker services after that, hence their children including A.J. Tomlinson were not raised attending church.[4][5]Milton Tomlinson, together with his brother Noah, was a successful businessman in a variety of ventures spanning farming, road-building, saw-mills, and bridge building. Milton Tomlinson was also active in Republican Party politics.[6]A.J. Tomlinson was the only son born to Milton and Delilah Tomlinson. He had eight sisters, three of whom died in childhood,[7] and one half-sister, named Abigail, from his father Milton's first marriage. (Milton's first wife, Hannah, had died giving birth to Abigail). Five of his sisters were older than A.J. Tomlinson, to whom he looked up to as a child.[8][9]A.J. Tomlinson was born significantly under-weight, so small that as an infant he was carried on a pillow.[10] His mother, concerned over his small size and the care he would require is said to have prayed \"If this child is never going to amount to anything let him die. He is such a care. If Thou hast something special for him to do, heal him up and let him live.\".[11] A.J. Tomlinson survived but was never as tall or physically robust as his father. In 1880 A.J. Tomlinson suffered a bout with cholera, an illness which claimed the life of his sister Emily one year later. A.J. Tomlinson's own illness was severe enough to cause him to miss a third of a school year. Nevertheless, as a child A.J. Tomlinson enjoyed athletics and was particularly successful at footraces. He was also gifted academically and was encouraged to practice writing at home by his father.[12]A.J. Tomlinson graduated grammar school at the age of seventeen and immediately enrolled in the local Quaker academy, Union High School, in Westfield, Indiana, a town known for its religious and racial diversity. His first year at Union, during the winter of 1882–1883, the Quaker evangelist William Wooton held an extended meeting at a local church, during which some 100 of Tomlinson's classmates were converted. Tomlinson, while experiencing deep conviction, was not himself converted.[13][14]As a teenager Tomlinson began engaging in Republican Party politics (although later, at the age of 27 in 1892, Tomlinson ran unsuccessfully for county auditor under the banner of the Populist Party (a political movement closely tied to the ideals of holiness Christianity), after which he quit politics altogether). As a teenager Tomlinson also belonged to a local literary society, and performed briefly in a drama troupe, besides continuing to work on the family farm. At the age of 23, in 1889, A.J. Tomlinson married Mary Jane Taylor, herself an active Quaker and member of the Walnut Ridge Monthly Meeting, where a significant holiness revival (the \"Great Walnut Ridge Revival\") had occurred in 1867.[15]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"At the age of twelve, two years after the death of both his paternal grandparents, Robert and Lydia Tomlinson,[16] A.J. Tomlinson had his first religious experience, as told in his brief autobiography, Answering The Call of God:One day while father and myself were alone in the field a mile from home, sawing a large log with an old-fashioned \"Hoosier\" cross-cut saw, I heard my name called, and thought father spoke to me. It was my familiar, family, pet name, but father said he did not speak it. In a few minutes I heard the same voice and the same name. Again father said he did not say a word. I was in a state of wonder. After a stillness of several minutes the voice spoke again, with that familiarity that is only recognized by the closest family ties. Father still said he did not call me nor speak my name. I was mystified, and although I never spoke to a soul about it, and father never said anything about it, it was enough to awaken a nature that had never been touched before, and it was awakened to never sleep again.[17]Shortly after his marriage in 1889, Tomlinson experienced salvation after a bolt of lightning struck his home during a severe thunderstorm. Again Tomlinson recounts the episode in his autobiography, Answering The Call of God:The first year of my married life I was one day engaged in hauling hay from one of those large Indiana meadows. A storm came up, and the men and myself hurried in to the barn with what hay we had on the wagons. I ran on to the house so Mary would not be by herself during the storm. It was a very severe storm, with much lightning and heavy thunder. Suddenly a heavier peal of thunder than usual sounded so as to almost deafen us. Wife suggested that the lightning had struck the barn, but I said, \"No, dear, it's the house.\" I saw the flash of lightning as it crashed down the chimney, out through the cook stove, and burst out through the ceiling and weatherboarding of the house only a few feet from where I was sitting. No serious damage was done, but it had an effect on me.\nThat evening after supper I said to Wife, \"It's time for us to pray,\" so I got the Bible someone had given her (up to that time I did not care anything about the Bible) and read a few verses, and down we went to prayer. No doubt I was very awkward, but I was sincere. I meant everything I said. Wife had been a Christian for some time, and could pray, but it was my first experience in that way. Nothing much was accomplished that night, but I never let up until I got a real experience of salvation.[18]","title":"Conversion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seth Cook Rees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Cook_Rees"},{"link_name":"Dougan Clark, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dougan_Clark,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Stalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stalker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"Esther G. Frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_G._Frame"},{"link_name":"holiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiness_movement"},{"link_name":"Joseph John Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Gurney"},{"link_name":"religious ecstasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_ecstasy"},{"link_name":"entire sanctification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entire_sanctification"},{"link_name":"evangelism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelism"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan"},{"link_name":"Christian Perfection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Perfection"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"water baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_baptism"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Nelson_(evangelist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Free Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"colporteur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colporteur"},{"link_name":"Charles Finney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Finney"},{"link_name":"American Bible Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bible_Society"},{"link_name":"Culberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culberson,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Richard G. Spurling Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._Spurling"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Frank Sandford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sandford"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"holiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiness_movement"},{"link_name":"Martin Wells Knapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Wells_Knapp"},{"link_name":"Frank Rees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Rees&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Free Will Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist"},{"link_name":"water baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_baptism"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"After his conversion A.J. Tomlinson became active in the local Quaker church, the Chester Preparative Meeting of the Society of Friends, that had been founded by his grandfather Robert. The area was frequented by many prominent holiness Quaker evangelists (such as Seth Cook Rees) and biblical scholars (such as Dougan Clark, Jr.). The area also welcomed fiery revivalists (such as Charles Stalker), and Quakers in Chester Preparative openly associated with Methodists (such as Esther G. Frame). As such, A.J. Tomlinson's earliest religious influences followed the evangelical Quaker holiness teachings of Joseph John Gurney. In particular, holiness Quakers embraced emotional preaching, religious ecstasy, entire sanctification, aggressive evangelism, and the Wesleyan doctrine of Christian Perfection. Holiness Quakers also adopted the Methodists' use of tent meetings and extended revivals, techniques which A.J. Tomlinson himself would employ later in ministry.[19] However, in the late nineteenth century, holiness Quakers did not practice water baptism, in contrast to most other holiness sects of the time.[20]Nearby Indianapolis, Indiana was home to several other noted holiness evangelists at the time, most importantly Thomas Nelson before he moved to Pennsylvania and came out of the Free Methodist Church. Later in ministry Tomlinson interacted directly with Nelson, but he may have begun to be influenced by Nelson in the early 1890s.[21]Tomlinson's next major influence came from the Methodist colporteur J.B. Mitchell. A convert of the Presbyterian revivalist Charles Finney, Mitchell tutored Tomlinson and took him on trips to distribute religious literature (provided by the American Bible Society) to impoverished areas of southern Appalachia beginning in the summer of 1894. The areas they visited included Culberson, North Carolina, (where Tomlinson and Mitchell established a Christian school and orphanage in 1899), and Camp Creek, North Carolina (where Tomlinson first met Richard G. Spurling Jr and W.F. Bryant, the founders of the \"Holiness Church at Camp Creek\" with whom he would unite in 1903).[22]On December 3, 1896, Tomlinson received official authorization from the Quaker Westfield Monthly Meeting to engage in an extended missionary trip. During the summer and fall of 1897, he visited a variety of missionary and biblical training grounds across eighteen different states. Most importantly, he visited Frank Sandford's \"Holy Ghost and Us\" Bible School in Durham, Maine, where he was baptized in the Androscoggin River on October 30, 1897—a significant departure from Quaker teachings.[23]During this period many prominent holiness evangelists, including Martin Wells Knapp and Frank Rees, began to leave their denomination in favor of independent ministries. Frank Sandford's Shiloh movement typified such independent holiness churches, and Sandford forcefully encouraged his followers to leave their old denominations, as Sandford himself had left the Free Will Baptist denomination under which he was ordained and had pastored. Sandford's admonitions had a direct effect on A.J. Tomlinson's decision to formally remove himself from the Society of Friends in May 1898 (just weeks after his wife Mary Jane had removed herself, citing the issue of water baptism) and briefly consider Sandford's movement as his spiritual home. Sandford's Bible school would at first serve unofficially as an umbrella organization to Tomlinson and Mitchell's Christian school and orphanage in Culberson, North Carolina, but moreover it served as its model, in terms of holiness teachings, communal living arrangements, unquestioned top-down hierarchical leadership, and reliance on \"faith\" for finances, material provisions, and healing.[24][25]","title":"Influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"entire sanctification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entire_sanctification"},{"link_name":"Esther G. Frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_G._Frame"},{"link_name":"sanctification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctification"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Sunday School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_School"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Culberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culberson,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"As early as 1891 Tomlinson took an interest in \"home missions\" (a term referring to the intended evangelism of people within the borders of the US, as opposed to \"foreign missions\" which intended to evangelize people overseas). Holiness Quakers actively supported both home missions and foreign missions.\n[26]Following a series of holiness revivals in and around Westfield, Indiana between 1891 and 1892, in which the doctrine of entire sanctification was preached by evangelists including Jacob Baker, John Pennington, Emma Coffin and Esther G. Frame, Tomlinson prayed through to his own sanctification experience,[27] which he relayed in his autobiography Answering The Call of God about twenty years after the experience:It was about twelve o'clock in the day. I cried out in the bitterness of my soul: \"Now! Now! You've got to give it up now! Now!\" I felt him begin to weaken and quiver. I kept the \"Sword\" right in him and never let go. That sharp two-edged \"Sword\" was doing its deadly work. I did not pity him. I showed him no quarters. There we were at that altitude when all of a sudden there came from above, like a thunderbolt from the skies, a sensational power that ended the conflict, and there lay the \"old man\" dead at my feet, and I was free from his grasp. Thank God! I could get a good free breath once more. It was an awful struggle, but the victory was won. That was about twenty years ago, but it is fresh in my memory yet. I was indeed sanctified wholly.\"\n[28]After his sanctification experience, in 1893 A.J. Tomlinson joined the staff of the Chester Bible School, a Quaker Bible school similar to an adult Sunday School. Six months later he became the school's superintendent and treasurer. Within a year the weekly attendance doubled from thirty to sixty.[29][30] Although never officially ordained as a preacher by any body of the Society of Friends, during this period Tomlinson had his first opportunity to preach, in a revival meeting at the school. In the absence of any older official ministers' willingness to lead, Tomlinson spontaneously stood to his feet and \"after a few, stammering, broken utterances, the people would fall into the altar and get converted. The influence spread so that some were converted at home who had not been to the meeting.\"[31][32]In July 1899 Tomlinson and Mitchell, after visiting the area intermittently for five years, arrived in Culberson, North Carolina to establish a permanent mission. Their mission was financed in large measure from Tomlinson's inheritance from his father, who had died in the Spring of that year. In June 1901, Tomlinson and Mitchell began publishing a periodical, \"Samson's Foxes\" to inform the wider holiness community of their progress and needs.[33]","title":"Early ministry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Homer Aubrey Tomlinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_Aubrey_Tomlinson"},{"link_name":"Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"Church of God (Huntsville, Alabama)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_God_(Huntsville,_Alabama)"},{"link_name":"Theocratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theocratic_Party&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Milton Ambrose Tomlinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milton_Ambrose_Tomlinson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fields of the Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_of_the_Wood"},{"link_name":"Cherokee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_North_Carolina"}],"sub_title":"Children","text":"Halcy Olive Tomlinson (1891–1920), died in childbirth. A.J. Tomlinson later reminisced about her death to his followers, saying \"I can see myself at the grave of my own daughter, putting a flag there with a special ceremony in memory of her faithfulness.\" The planting of flags at places of particular historical significance was later made an official practice of the Church of God of Prophecy, under the auspices of their Church of Prophecy Marker Association.[34]\nHomer Aubrey Tomlinson (1892–1968), was ordained as a bishop by his father in the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) and pastored a Church of God church in Queens, New York. Following A.J. Tomlinson's split from the denomination, Homer Tomlinson followed him into what became the Church of God of Prophecy. In 1943 Homer Tomlinson formed his own splinter denomination, which he originally called the \"Church of God World Headquarters\", but is now known as the Church of God (Huntsville, Alabama) after being expelled from the Church of God of Prophecy by his brother, Milton, over a dispute over who would follow their father as General Overseer. More eccentric than his younger brother Milton, Homer Tomlinson ran for President of the United States several times under the Theocratic Party, which he founded, and conducted evangelistic crusades in several foreign countries.[35][36] Homer Tomlinson published his father's diaries in a three volume set between 1949 and 1955, and had the originals deposited in the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.[37][38]\nIris Marea Tomlinson (1895–1953)\nMilton Ambrose Tomlinson (1906–1995) took over as the second general overseer of the Church of God of Prophecy at the death of his father, a post at which he served until his own death. He oversaw the completion of the Fields of the Wood Bible Park in Cherokee County, North Carolina which his father A.J. Tomlinson had begun shortly before his death. M.A. Tomlinson continued his father's polity and practices and expanded the church's domestic and foreign presence.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Writings","text":"\"The Last Great Conflict\" (1913) White Wing Publishing House, Cleveland, TN.\n\"Answering The Call of God\" (n.d. ca. 1913) White Wing Publishing House, Cleveland, TN\n\"Samson's Foxes\" (Periodical)\n\"The Church of God Evangel\" (periodical)\n\"The White Wing Messenger\" (periodical)\nManuscript diary in five volumes, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Biographies","text":"Besides the above-mentioned autobiography, Answering the Call of God, and his personal diaries, A.J. Tomlinson has been the subject of at least three full-length biographies, and is frequently mentioned in academic research in religious history in America as one of the pivotal figures in the early Pentecostal movement in America. His biographies include:Lillie Dugar (1964). A.J. Tomlinson. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House.\nDaniel D. Preston (1984). The Era of A.J. Tomlinson. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House.\nR.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pentecostal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal"},{"link_name":"Assemblies of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblies_of_God"},{"link_name":"Charles Parham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Parham"},{"link_name":"William J. Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Seymour"},{"link_name":"Pentecostal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal"}],"sub_title":"Religious impact","text":"Under Tomlinson's leadership, the \"Holiness Church at Camp Creek\" became the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee), which now has an estimated seven million members worldwide, is the second largest Pentecostal denomination behind the Assemblies of God. After his impeachment, he founded what is now known as the Church of God of Prophecy, which itself estimates having a membership of over one million members worldwide. Other splinter groups, such as the Church of God (Huntsville, Alabama) fall generally within the \"Church of God\" movement that A.J. Tomlinson led. It was Tomlinson's hope that the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) and the Church of God of Prophecy would get past their differences and reunite as one movement, but that has never happened. However, especially since 2004, the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) and the Church of God of Prophecy now collaborate more closely.A.J. Tomlinson is also significant, along with contemporaries including Charles Parham and William J. Seymour, as one of the central religious figures in the beginning of the Pentecostal movement in the United States. A.J. Tomlinson enthusiastically adopted Pentecostal teaching himself, and spread the Pentecostal message across the United States, especially in the Southeast, as well as on several Caribbean Islands.One of the distinguishing features of A.J. Tomlinson's polity and practices as compared to those of other Pentecostal denominations such as the Assemblies of God, is the hierarchical structure of the church, with the General Assembly as the highest tribunal of the church globally, a General Overseer to oversee global church matters when the General Assembly is not in session, State and National Overseers appointed by the General Overseer, District Overseers appointed by State and National Overseers, and local pastors who are set over each church by the State Overseer, not chosen by the members of the congregation themselves. This hierarchical structure allowed Tomlinson to expand the church while maintaining unity of message and practices. However, his role as General Overseer with a lifetime appointment engendered some jealousy at the time, which contributed to the controversy over his impeachment. Subsequently, the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) adopted limits on the terms of General Overseer.","title":"Legacy"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Hunter, Harold. \"A.J. Tomlinson's Journey Toward Racial Reconciliation\". Church of God History and Heritage. Retrieved October 12, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_D._Hunter","url_text":"Hunter, Harold"},{"url":"http://faculty.leeu.edu/~drc/BlackMinistryExhibit/tomlinsonarticle.htm","url_text":"\"A.J. Tomlinson's Journey Toward Racial Reconciliation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Street-Cleaning Bishop\". Time magazine. May 13, 1940. Archived from the original on October 14, 2010. Retrieved October 12, 2008. Under the fiery Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson of Cleveland, Tenn., the Church of God of A. J. Tomlinson seceded from the Church of God in 1923, now claims a million communicants in 23 countries. Outsiders know its excitable members as \"holy rollers.\" It \"emphasizes salvation, sanctification, baptism of the Holy Spirit, and healing by faith if you have it. Otherwise call a doctor.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101014094306/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,884053,00.html","url_text":"\"Street-Cleaning Bishop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_magazine","url_text":"Time magazine"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,884053,00.html","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roller","url_text":"holy rollers"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Samuel S. (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion in the South. Mercer University Press. ISBN 0-86554-758-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yx2EarrpKGUC&pg=PA205","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Religion in the South"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_University_Press","url_text":"Mercer University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-758-0","url_text":"0-86554-758-0"}]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 73.","urls":[]},{"reference":"A.J. Tomlinson (n.d.) [c. 1913]. Answering the Call of God. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–75.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Portrait and Biographical Record of Madison and Hamilton Counties, Indiana. Chicago: Biographical Publishing Co. 1893. p. 594.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/portraitbiograph09biog","url_text":"Portrait and Biographical Record of Madison and Hamilton Counties, Indiana"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/portraitbiograph09biog/page/594","url_text":"594"}]},{"reference":"Lillie Dugar (1964). A.J. Tomlinson. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. p. 688.","urls":[]},{"reference":"A.J. Tomlinson (November 29, 1941). \"White Wing Messenger\". White Wing Publishing House.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 77.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lillie Dugar (1964). A.J. Tomlinson. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. p. 18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 78–79.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 79–84.","urls":[]},{"reference":"A.J. Tomlinson (n.d.) [c. 1913]. Answering the Call of God. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 84–87, 106.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 78.","urls":[]},{"reference":"A.J. Tomlinson (n.d.) [c. 1913]. Answering the Call of God. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"A.J. Tomlinson (n.d.) [c. 1913]. Answering the Call of God. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. pp. 4–5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 86–94.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 97.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 118.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 15, 117, 127, 168.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 119–120.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 119–123, 130–131.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shirley Nelson (2009). Fair, Clear, and Terrible: The Story of Shiloh, Maine. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 104.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110.","urls":[]},{"reference":"A.J. Tomlinson (n.d.) [c. 1913]. Answering the Call of God. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. pp. 6–7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"A.J. Tomlinson (n.d.) [c. 1913]. Answering the Call of God. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 115.","urls":[]},{"reference":"A.J. Tomlinson (n.d.) [c. 1913]. Answering the Call of God. Cleveland, TN: White Wing Publishing House. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 115.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. pp. 128–130.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R.G. Robins (2004). A.J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist. Oxford University Press. p. 229.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Church of God Rift Widened by Election. Bishop Homer Tomlinson Wins Post Claimed by Brother\". The New York Times. December 9, 1943. Retrieved October 12, 2008. Policy differences of long standing between the urban and rural wings of the Church of God were brought to a climax yesterday when church overseers and ministers from twenty Eastern States elected Bishop Homer A. Tomlinson of Queens Village, Queens, was general overseer to succeed his father, the late Bishop A. J. Tomlinson of Cleveland, Tenn.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1943/12/09/archives/church-of-god-rift-widened-by-election-bishop-homer-tomlinson-wins.html","url_text":"\"Church of God Rift Widened by Election. Bishop Homer Tomlinson Wins Post Claimed by Brother\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Homer Tomlinson\". Kingsport Times. December 9, 1943. Last month Bishop Homer Tomlinson was expelled by his brother Bishop Milton A. Tomlinson of Cleveland for purportedly challenging the ...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsport_Times","url_text":"Kingsport Times"}]},{"reference":"Homer A. Tomlinson, ed. (1949). Diary of A.J. Tomlinson Vol. 1 1901-1923. Queens Village, New York: Church of God World Headquarters.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Homer A. Tomlinson, ed. (1955). Diary of A.J. Tomlinson Volume 3. Queens Village, New York: Church of God World Headquarters.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Barbeque
Breaking Atoms
["1 Music","2 Reception","2.1 Accolades","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 Singles","6 Chart history","6.1 Album","6.2 Singles","7 References","8 External links"]
1991 studio album by Main SourceBreaking AtomsStudio album by Main SourceReleasedJuly 23, 1991Recorded1989–1990StudioHomeboy Studio, Power Play Studios, Libra Digital (New York, New York)Genre East Coast hip hop alternative hip hop Length46:14LabelWild PitchEMIProducerMain SourcePete RockMain Source chronology Breaking Atoms(1991) Fuck What You Think(1994) Singles from Breaking Atoms "Looking at the Front Door"Released: October 25, 1990 "Watch Roger Do His Thing"Released: 1990 "Just Hangin' Out"Released: May 14, 1991 "Peace Is Not the Word to Play"Released: October 22, 1991 Breaking Atoms is the debut album of American/Canadian hip hop group Main Source, released July 23, 1991, on Wild Pitch Records. Production was handled by the group, primarily by member Large Professor, and took place during 1990 to 1991 at Homeboy Studio, Power Play Studios, and Libra Digital in New York City. Recorded during the golden age of hip hop, Breaking Atoms is distinguished stylistically by its incorporation of jazz and soul music samples. The album has been highly regarded by music writers due mostly to its production, whose heavy and original use of sampling influenced hip hop producers for a considerable portion of the 1990s. The album has been widely regarded by writers and music critics as a significantly influential album and has been noted for debuting rapper Nas, who appears on the track "Live at the Barbeque". His contribution to the song was sampled on "The Genesis", the intro track to his debut album Illmatic (1994). Breaking Atoms has been recognized as one of the most important records in hip hop history, and was out of print in the United States after the demise of Wild Pitch Records in 1997. It was reissued on April 22, 2008 through Fontana Distribution. Music Breaking Atoms was produced using the E-mu SP-1200. Allmusic's Steve Huey writes that the album's acclaim lies mostly in its production, which popularized a number of now widely imitated techniques. Huey describes that the "intricately constructed tracks are filled with jazz and soul samples, layered percussion, off-kilter sampling effects, and an overall sonic richness." RapReviews also notes that the beats are the cornerstone of the record. Dan Nishimoto of PopMatters considers the album's sampling to be "neatly layered, its subject matter is modest, and its overall tone is simply well executed fun." In his book Classic Material: The Hip-Hop Album Guide, Oliver Wang writes that Large Professor as a producer "thinks in complete song structure, never focusing on one single element—a loop, a break—but always juggling them in unison." Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicEntertainment WeeklyB+RapReviews10/10The Rolling Stone Album GuideThe Source4.5/5 Upon its release, Breaking Atoms received critical acclaim. J the Sultan of The Source hailed it as "New York hip-hop at its best", praising its "slamming beats and smooth, nod-your-head-to-this grooves thick with jazz-infused samples", as well as the "clever rhymes that you want to follow word-for-word." Entertainment Weekly's James Bernard wrote that "Main Source may not break much new ground, but offer a clever, quietly seductive collection in which the bass and drum tracks casually strut instead of stomp, and the sparse samples of guitar and horns allow the Large Professor's voice to take center stage." Since its initial reception, the album has received retrospective acclaim from writers and music critics. AllMusic writer Steve Huey declared it "one of the quintessential cult classics in hip-hop history". In 2004's The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, Peter Relic wrote that "From the candy-colored cover depicting the three members crowded around a fantasy science project to the uptempo beats and matching fast raps, it's a period piece whose meticulous presentation... make it an enduring pleasure from a bygone era." PopMatters' Dan Nishimoto called it "deliberately smart and rough" and praised the varied scope of its production and sampling. RapReviews notes that many acknowledge Breaking Atoms to be on a similar level to Nas' Illmatic (1994) and A Tribe Called Quest's first three albums. Accolades SoundProof magazine lists the album at number sixteen in "The Top 20 Toronto Albums Ever" and About.com's Henry Adaso lists it at number twenty in the "100 Greatest Hip-Hop Albums". In 1998, The Source selected the album as one of its 100 Best Rap Albums. Initially giving a four-and-a-half out of five "mic" rating, The Source gave the album a five "mic" rating in a retrospective list of "5 Mic Hip-Hop Classics" in its 150th issue. The album was named as one of two jury vote winners, alongside Buffy Sainte-Marie's It's My Way!, of the Polaris Heritage Prize at the 2020 Polaris Music Prize. Track listing All tracks produced by Main Source, except #8 co-produced by Pete Rock. No.TitleLength1."Snake Eyes"3:302."Just Hangin' Out"4:103."Looking at the Front Door"4:104."Large Professor"3:085."Just a Friendly Game of Baseball"3:226."Scratch & Kut"2:577."Peace Is Not the Word to Play"3:078."Vamos a Rapiar" (featuring Joe Fatal)3:599."He Got So Much Soul (He Don't Need No Music)"3:3410."Live at the Barbeque" (featuring Nas, Joe Fatal and Akinyele)4:3511."Watch Roger Do His Thing"4:2212."Just a Friendly Game of Baseball (Remix)" (bonus)4:02 Personnel Credits for Breaking Atoms adapted from AllMusic. Main Source – producer, mixing Large Professor – vocals K-Cut – turntables Sir Scratch – turntables Pete Rock – associate producer Joe Fatal - rap Akinyele – rap Nas – rap Peter Bodtke – photography Terry Clarke – design, cover art concept Amy Fine – art direction Chris Gehringer – mastering Tony Papa Michael – engineer Anton Pukshansky – bass, engineer, mixing Singles Title Single information "Looking at the Front Door" Released: October 25, 1990 B-side: "Watch Roger Do His Thing" "Watch Roger Do His Thing" Released: 1990 B-side: "The Large Professor" "Just Hangin' Out" Released: May 14, 1991 B-side: "Live at the Barbeque" "Peace Is Not the Word to Play" Released: October 22, 1991 B-side: Video Remix / Instrumental Chart history Album Chart (1991) Peakposition U.S. Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums 40 Singles Year Single Peak position Hot Rap Singles 1990 "Just Hangin' Out" 11 "Looking at the Front Door" 1 References ^ a b c d e Jacobs, Qa'id. "Breaking Atoms – Main Source". AllMusic. Retrieved August 15, 2009. ^ a b c Relic, Peter (2004). "Main Source". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 510. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. Retrieved August 15, 2009. ^ Scholtes, Peter S. Review: Breaking Atoms Archived February 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. City Pages. Retrieved on 2009-08-15. ^ a b c Mennella, Dan (June 22, 2004). "Main Source :: Breaking Atoms :: Wild Pitch Records". RapReviews. Retrieved August 15, 2009. ^ a b Nishimoto, Dan. Call and Response - Pickin' Up the Pieces: Sampling from the Great Producers. PopMatters. Retrieved on 2009-08-15. ^ Wang, Oliver, Classic Material: The Hip-Hop Album Guide (published 2003), p. 34, ISBN 1-55022-561-8 ^ a b Bernard, James (April 19, 1991). "Breaking Atoms". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 21, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009. ^ a b c Shecter, Jonathan "J the Sultan" (May 1991). "Main Source: Breaking Atoms". The Source (20): 56. ^ Adaso, Henry. 100 Greatest Hip-Hop Albums Archived 2009-09-04 at the Wayback Machine. About.com. Retrieved on 2009-08-15. ^ Staff. "100 Best Rap Albums". The Source: Issue 100. January 1998. ^ Kazeem (August 4, 2010). The Complete List Of 5 Mic Hip-Hop Classics. The Source. Retrieved on 2010-12-23. ^ "2020 Slaight Family Polaris Heritage Prize Winners Named". FYI Music News, November 16, 2020. ^ Credits: Breaking Atoms. Allmusic. Retrieved on 2009-08-15. ^ Billboard Albums: Breaking Atoms. Allmusic. Retrieved on 2009-08-15. ^ Billboard Singles: Breaking Atoms. AllMusic. Retrieved on 2009-08-15. External links Breaking Atoms at Discogs Album Review at Oh Word vteMain Source Large Professor K-Cut Sir Scratch Mikey D Studio albums Breaking Atoms (1991) Fuck What You Think (1994) Singles "Looking at the Front Door" "Fakin' the Funk" vteNasStudio albums Illmatic It Was Written I Am… Nastradamus Stillmatic God's Son Street's Disciple Hip Hop Is Dead Untitled Life Is Good Nasir King's Disease King's Disease II Magic King's Disease III Magic 2 Magic 3 Collaborations Distant Relatives (with Damian Marley) Untitled album (with DJ Premier) Compilation albums The Lost Tapes Greatest Hits The Lost Tapes 2 Other albums The Firm: The Album Nas & Ill Will Records Presents QB's Finest From Illmatic to Stillmatic: The Remixes Related articles Discography Impact and legacy of Illmatic Breaking Atoms Bravehearts Ill Will Records Video Anthology Vol. 1 God's Stepson Olu Dara Mass Appeal Records Born to Use Mics Nas: Time Is Illmatic Kelis Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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Production was handled by the group, primarily by member Large Professor, and took place during 1990 to 1991 at Homeboy Studio, Power Play Studios, and Libra Digital in New York City. Recorded during the golden age of hip hop, Breaking Atoms is distinguished stylistically by its incorporation of jazz and soul music samples.[1] The album has been highly regarded by music writers due mostly to its production, whose heavy and original use of sampling influenced hip hop producers for a considerable portion of the 1990s.The album has been widely regarded by writers and music critics as a significantly influential album and has been noted for debuting rapper Nas, who appears on the track \"Live at the Barbeque\".[2][3] His contribution to the song was sampled on \"The Genesis\", the intro track to his debut album Illmatic (1994). Breaking Atoms has been recognized as one of the most important records in hip hop history, and was out of print in the United States after the demise of Wild Pitch Records in 1997. It was reissued on April 22, 2008 through Fontana Distribution.","title":"Breaking Atoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E-mu SP-1200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mu_SP-1200"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huey-1"},{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huey-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mennella-4"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nishimoto-5"},{"link_name":"Large Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Professor"},{"link_name":"loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_loop"},{"link_name":"break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_(music)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guide-6"}],"text":"Breaking Atoms was produced using the E-mu SP-1200.[1] Allmusic's Steve Huey writes that the album's acclaim lies mostly in its production, which popularized a number of now widely imitated techniques. Huey describes that the \"intricately constructed tracks are filled with jazz and soul samples, layered percussion, off-kilter sampling effects, and an overall sonic richness.\"[1] RapReviews also notes that the beats are the cornerstone of the record.[4] Dan Nishimoto of PopMatters considers the album's sampling to be \"neatly layered, its subject matter is modest, and its overall tone is simply well executed fun.\"[5] In his book Classic Material: The Hip-Hop Album Guide, Oliver Wang writes that Large Professor as a producer \"thinks in complete song structure, never focusing on one single element—a loop, a break—but always juggling them in unison.\"[6]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J the Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Shecter"},{"link_name":"The Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Source"},{"link_name":"New York hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sultan-8"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bernard-7"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huey-1"},{"link_name":"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoard-2"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nishimoto-5"},{"link_name":"Nas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas"},{"link_name":"Illmatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illmatic"},{"link_name":"A Tribe Called Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Quest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mennella-4"}],"text":"Upon its release, Breaking Atoms received critical acclaim. J the Sultan of The Source hailed it as \"New York hip-hop at its best\", praising its \"slamming beats and smooth, nod-your-head-to-this grooves thick with jazz-infused samples\", as well as the \"clever rhymes that you want to follow word-for-word.\"[8] Entertainment Weekly's James Bernard wrote that \"Main Source may not break much new ground, but [it] offer[s] a clever, quietly seductive collection in which the bass and drum tracks casually strut instead of stomp, and the sparse samples of guitar and horns allow the Large Professor's voice to take center stage.\"[7]Since its initial reception, the album has received retrospective acclaim from writers and music critics. AllMusic writer Steve Huey declared it \"one of the quintessential cult classics in hip-hop history\".[1] In 2004's The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, Peter Relic wrote that \"From the candy-colored cover depicting the three members crowded around a fantasy science project to the uptempo beats and matching fast raps, it's a period piece whose meticulous presentation... make it an enduring pleasure from a bygone era.\"[2] PopMatters' Dan Nishimoto called it \"deliberately smart and rough\" and praised the varied scope of its production and sampling.[5] RapReviews notes that many acknowledge Breaking Atoms to be on a similar level to Nas' Illmatic (1994) and A Tribe Called Quest's first three albums.[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"About.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adaso-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sultan-8"},{"link_name":"five \"mic\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Source#The_Source's_Five-Mic_albums"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Buffy Sainte-Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_Sainte-Marie"},{"link_name":"It's My Way!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_My_Way!"},{"link_name":"2020 Polaris Music Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Polaris_Music_Prize"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"SoundProof magazine lists the album at number sixteen in \"The Top 20 Toronto Albums Ever\" and About.com's Henry Adaso lists it at number twenty in the \"100 Greatest Hip-Hop Albums\".[9] In 1998, The Source selected the album as one of its 100 Best Rap Albums.[10] Initially giving a four-and-a-half out of five \"mic\" rating,[8] The Source gave the album a five \"mic\" rating in a retrospective list of \"5 Mic Hip-Hop Classics\" in its 150th issue.[11]The album was named as one of two jury vote winners, alongside Buffy Sainte-Marie's It's My Way!, of the Polaris Heritage Prize at the 2020 Polaris Music Prize.[12]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Main Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Source"},{"link_name":"Pete Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rock"},{"link_name":"Looking at the Front Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_at_the_Front_Door"},{"link_name":"Nas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas"},{"link_name":"Akinyele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akinyele_(rapper)"}],"text":"All tracks produced by Main Source, except #8 co-produced by Pete Rock.No.TitleLength1.\"Snake Eyes\"3:302.\"Just Hangin' Out\"4:103.\"Looking at the Front Door\"4:104.\"Large Professor\"3:085.\"Just a Friendly Game of Baseball\"3:226.\"Scratch & Kut\"2:577.\"Peace Is Not the Word to Play\"3:078.\"Vamos a Rapiar\" (featuring Joe Fatal)3:599.\"He Got So Much Soul (He Don't Need No Music)\"3:3410.\"Live at the Barbeque\" (featuring Nas, Joe Fatal and Akinyele)4:3511.\"Watch Roger Do His Thing\"4:2212.\"Just a Friendly Game of Baseball (Remix)\" (bonus)4:02","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Credits for Breaking Atoms adapted from AllMusic.[13]Main Source – producer, mixing\nLarge Professor – vocals\nK-Cut – turntables\nSir Scratch – turntables\nPete Rock – associate producer\nJoe Fatal - rap\nAkinyele – rap\nNas – rap\n\n\nPeter Bodtke – photography\nTerry Clarke – design, cover art concept\nAmy Fine – art direction\nChris Gehringer – mastering\nTony Papa Michael – engineer\nAnton Pukshansky – bass, engineer, mixing","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Album","title":"Chart history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Chart history"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghuri
Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri
["1 Early life","2 Consolidation of power","3 Portuguese-Mamluk War","4 Ottoman-Safavid intrusions","5 Fall of the Mamluk Sultanate","6 Family","7 See also","8 References"]
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sultan of Egypt Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-GhuriSultan of EgyptMamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri ("Campson Gavro re d'Egitto") by Florentine painter Cristofano dell'Altissimo, Galleria degli UffiziSultan of Egypt and SyriaReign20 April 1501 – 24 August 1516PredecessorTuman bay ISuccessorTuman bay IIBornc. 1441Died24 August 1516 (aged 75–76)Dabiq, near Aleppo, SyriaSpouse Khawand Baysiwar Khawand Fatima Jan-i-Sukkar DynastyBurjiReligionSunni Islam Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri (Arabic: الأشرف قانصوه الغوري) or Qansuh II al-Ghawri (c. 1441/1446 – 24 August 1516) was the second-to-last of the Mamluk Sultans. One of the last and most powerful of the Burji dynasty, he reigned from 1501 to 1516. Early life Qansuh, born between 1441 and 1446, was bought by Qaitbay, and educated at the al-Ghuri military school in Cairo, from which he gained his nickname "al-Ghuri". Consequently, he held several official positions in Upper Egypt, Aleppo, Tarsus and Malatya. Later on, a revolt against Tuman bay by the conspiring emirs, led to the appointment of Qansuh as Sultan against his will, because he feared to be deposed by execution like his predecessors. Consolidation of power Venetian embassy to the Mamluk Governor in Damascus in 1511, during the reign of Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri. Workshop of Giovanni Bellini. The reign began as usual with the removal of all Tuman bay's adherents. As dangerous to the throne, they were laid hold of, imprisoned or exiled and their property escheated; while the opposite party were restored to freedom and raised again to power and office. Tuman bay I from his hiding-place was found to be plotting against the new Sultan; after some weeks, betrayed by his friends, he was murdered by the Mamluks of an Emir whom he had put to death; and so Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri was saved from that danger without arousing the hostilities of his predecessor's party. On the other hand, the remains of Sultan Al-Ashraf Janbulat were brought from Alexandria where Tuman bay I had caused him to be executed, and royally interred at Cairo. Present danger thus averted, Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri turned to the revenue administration. To replenish the empty treasury, exorbitant demands were levied on every kind of property to the extent of from seven to ten months' income; even religious and charitable endowments not escaping. This was exacted with such severity, not only from Jews and Christians, but from every class, as to create outbreaks in the city. There is not much of importance to tell of the earlier years of this reign. The outrages of the royal Mamluks must have become intolerable, for twice while Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri took fresh oaths of loyalty from his Emirs, he also on his own part swore upon Quran, that he would no more suffer his Mamluks to do them harm. We read also of some suspected treason, which led to punishments of more than ordinary barbarism. Till near the close of the Sultanate, much was not done in fighting. The Bedouins attacked Kerak and Jerusalem, but were repulsed by the Syrian Emirs. Rebellion and rival factions at Mecca and Yanbu also rendered measures necessary for chastising the Sharifs and restoring order. On 15 June 1512, Al-Ghuri received an envoy of the King of Georgia with 20 horses, who was dressed in gold and his cap was adorned with ermine. He came to Al-Ghuri to ask for reopening of the Church of Holy Sepulchre which was closed down for Christians for two years. Portuguese-Mamluk War Main article: Portuguese-Mamluk War The Mamluks defended Jeddah against the Portuguese under Ottoman naval commander Selman Reis, in the Siege of Jeddah (1517) The chief concern was the fitting-out a fleet which should protect the Eastern seas from Portuguese attack. For it was at this time that Vasco da Gama, having in 1498 found his way round the Cape and obtained pilots from the coast of Zanzibar, pushed his way across the Indian Ocean to the shores of Malabar and Kozhikode, attacked the fleets that carried freight and Muslim pilgrims from India to the Red Sea, and struck terror into the potentates all around. The Rulers of Gujarat and Yemen turned for help to Egypt. Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri accordingly fitted out a fleet of 50 vessels under his Admiral, Hussein the Kurd. Jeddah by forced labor was soon fortified under Barakat II bin Muhammad better known as Barakat Efendi as a harbor of refuge from the Portuguese; now Arabia and the Red Sea were protected. But the fleets in the Indian Ocean were at the mercy of the enemy. Various engagements took place; in one of these, an Egyptian ship belonging to Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, and in the following year a fleet of seventeen vessels from Arabian harbors- were after a hard struggle taken by the Portuguese, the cargo seized, the pilgrims and crew slain, and the vessels burned. The Sultan was affronted and angry at the attacks upon the Red Sea, the loss of tolls and- traffic, the indignities to which Mecca and its Port were subjected, and above all at the fate of his own ship, and he vowed vengeance upon Portugal. But first, through the Priory of Sion, he threatened the Pope that if he did not check Ferdinand and Manuel I of Portugal in their depredations on the Indian Seas, he would destroy all Christian holy places, and treat Christians as they were treating the followers of Islam. Foiled in this demand, a naval enterprise was set on foot and carried out with various successes. In Battle of Chaul in 1508, Lourenço de Almeida was defeated and lost his life; but in the following year this defeat was avenged by a terrible defeat of the Egyptian fleet at the Battle of Diu in which the Port city of Diu was wrested from the Gujarat Sultanate of India by Francisco de Almeida. Some years after, Afonso de Albuquerque tried to take Aden, while the Egyptian troops suffered disaster in Yemen. Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri now fitted out a new fleet to punish the enemy and protect the Indian trade; but before its results were known, Egypt had lost her sovereignty, and the Red Sea with Mecca and all its Arabian interests had passed into Ottoman hands. Ottoman-Safavid intrusions Wikala of Al-Ghuri, one of al-Ghuri's many constructions in Cairo, completed in 1505 Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II was still engaged in Europe when there suddenly in 1501 appeared a new ground of hostility with Egypt. It arose out of the relations of the two kingdoms with the Safavid dynasty in Persia. Shah Ismail I of Persia was a Shia Muslim who had embarked on a war with the Sunni Ottoman Sultanate over the Caucasus and religious differences. Many Sufi sects had been arrested or exiled by Sultan Bayezid II as dangerous to his rule; and Shah Ismail I's request, that instead they should be allowed free transit into Europe across the Bosporus, was rejected. Upon this, Shah Ismail I sent an Embassy to the Venetians via Syria inviting them to join his arms and recover the territory taken from them by the Porte. Sultan Bayezid II, angry with the Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, complained bitterly that this Embassy had been suffered to pass through Syria. To appease him, Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri placed in confinement the Venetian merchants then in Syria and Egypt. And although, fearing reprisals from Venice, he after a year released them, yet the relations between Egypt and the Porte remained peaceful for a time. On the succession, however, of Selim I to the throne of Ottoman Sultanate, things took a very different turn. Not only had the attitude of Shah Ismail I become more threatening, but Sultan Selim I himself was more of the warrior than his father. Selim I set out against him, and the Battle of Chaldiran was fought near Tabriz on 23 August 1514. The fanaticism of the Sufis, which led even to their women joining in the combat, failed against the cavalry and artillery of the Turks, and Ismail after a disastrous defeat fled and escaped. Selim I, his provisions failing, returned westward and spent the winter at Amasia. In the spring taking the field again, he attacked the bey of Dulkadirids who as Egypt's vassal had stood aloof, and sent his head with tidings of the victory to Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri. Selim I later overran Diyarbakır and Iraq, taking Roha, Nineveh, the Nineveh Plains, Nisibin, Mosul and other cities. Secure now against Shah Ismail I, a larger project dawned upon Selim I; it was the conquest of Egypt, and the fact that the invasion must be made from Syria. With no anxieties toward the North, he could now safely make the advance, and so in the spring of 1516 CE he drew together for this end a great and well-appointed army; and with the view of deceiving Egypt, represented his object to be the further pursuit of Shah Ismail I. Fall of the Mamluk Sultanate Ottoman painting showing the head of Mamluk Sultan al-Ghuri being remitted to Selim I Leaving Al-Ashraf Tuman bay II the Vizier, in charge, Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri marched against the Ottoman Turks. He was defeated by Selim I at the Battle of Marj Dabiq, north of Aleppo, on 24 August 1516; the betrayal of two Mamluk leaders Janbirdi al-Ghazali and Khayr Baig led to the Mamluk defeat and to the death of the Sultan Qansuh. This marked the end of Mamluk control of the Middle East that eventually passed to the Ottomans. Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri himself fell upon the field and his head was carried to the Conqueror. Accounts however vary to how he met his end. It is said that Khayr Baig spread report of his death to precipitate the Egyptian flight. According to some the Sultan was found alive on the field, and his head cut off and buried to prevent its falling into the enemy's hands. The Ottoman account is that he was beheaded by an Ottoman soldier whom Sultan Selim I would have put to death, but afterwards pardoned. Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri had reigned a little more than 15 years. Of his private life and domestic administration we know but little, for as we reach the later years of the Mamluk Sultanate, details become too scanty for a judgment. He could, as we have seen, be cruel and extortionate, but so far as our information goes, there is less to say against him than against most of the previous Sultans. His descendants now live in Aleppo and Lebanon. Family One of Qanush's wives was Khawand Baysiwar. She was known as Khawand-i-Kubra. Another wife was Khawand Fatima. She was the daughter of Ala al-Din Ali bin Ali bin Al-Khassbak and was a descendent of Sayf al-Din Khassbak al-Nasiri (died 1433), a prominent officer in the service of Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad. She was former wife of sultans Qaitbay and Tuman bay I. She died at the age of sixty on 6 June 1504. Another wife or concubine was Jan-i-Sukkar. She was a Circassian and was Qanush's favourite consort. She made the acquaintance of the noted litterateur and hadith scholar Abd al Rahim Abbasi (died 1557), with whom she exchanged poems. She also composed panegyrics in elegant verses to honour her hosts Ibn Aja and his wife Sitt al-Halab for their generosity and hospitality. She died in 1516. Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil III was involved in funerary prayers for her. He had two sons named An-Nasiri Muhammad and Muhammad (c. 1502 – 1540), and a daughter named Khawand. See also Wikala of Al-Ghuri Sultan Al-Ghuri madrasa and mausoleum complex References William Muir, The Mameluke; Or, Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260–1517, A. D. ^ "The Encyclopedia of World History: The Postclassical Period, 500–1500". Bartleby.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2019. ^ Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. "Cairo of the Mamluks". Cairo:AUC Press, 2008. p 295 ^ Moshe Šārôn (1997). Handbook of Oriental Studies: Handbuch Der Orientalistik. BRILL. p. 180. ISBN 9004170855. ^ Petry, Carl F. (1994). Protectors or Praetorians?: The Last Mamluk Sultans and Egypt's Waning as a Great Power. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791421406. ^ Viaggio di Domenico Trevisan, ambasciatore veneto al gran Sultano del Cairo nell’anno 1512, descritto da Zaccaria Pagani di Belluno, ed. N. Barozzi (Venice, 1875). ^ How Many Miles to Babylon?: Travels and Adventures to Egypt and Beyond, 1300 to 1640, Anne Wolff, p161 ^ a b c Ḥamzah, K. (2009). Late Mamluk Patronage: Qansuh Al-Ghuri's Waqf and His Foundation in Cairo. Universal Publishers. pp. 105, 118. ISBN 978-1-59942-922-9. ^ Keddie, N.R.; Baron, B. (2008). Women in Middle Eastern History: Shifting Boundaries in Sex and Gender. Yale University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-300-15746-8. ^ Winter, M.; Levanoni, A. (2004). The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society. The medieval Mediterranean peoples, economies and cultures, 400-1500. Brill. pp. 278–79. ISBN 978-90-04-13286-3. ^ a b c Dallh, M. (2023). Sufi Women and Mystics: Models of Sanctity, Erudition, and Political Leadership. Routledge Sufi Series. Taylor & Francis. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-000-95802-7. ^ a b c Banister, Mustafa (23 October 2020). "Princesses Born to Concubines: A First Visit to the Women of the Abbasid Household in Late Medieval Cairo". Hawwa. 20 (4). Brill: 26. doi:10.1163/15692086-bja10009. ISSN 1569-2078. S2CID 228994024. ^ Trausch, T.; Börm, H.; Büschken, D.; Büttner, A.; Fahr, P.; Klaus, K.; Kremer, S.; Kubisch, S.; Mauder, C.; Plassmann, A. (2019). Norm, Normabweichung und Praxis des Herrschaftsübergangs in transkultureller Perspektive. Macht und Herrschaft. V&R Unipress. pp. 169, 176. ISBN 978-3-8470-1076-0. Regnal titles Preceded byTuman bay I Mamluk Sultan of Egypt 1501 - 1516 Succeeded byTuman bay II vteMamluk sultans of CairoSalihi Mamluks Izz al-Din Aybak (1250–1257) Nur al-Din Ali (1257–1259) Sayf al-Din Qutuz (1259–1260) Bahri dynasty Rukn al-Din Baybars (1260–1277) Nasir al-Din Barakah (1277–1279) Badr al-Din Salamish (1279) Sayf al-Din Qalawun (1279–1290) Salah al-Din Khalil (1290–1293) Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1293–1294) Zayn al-Din Kitbugha (1294–1296) Husam al-Din Lajin (1296–1299) Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1299–1309) Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir (1309–1310) Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1310–1341) Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr (1341) Ala'a al-Din Kujuk (1341–1342) Shihab al-Din Ahmad (1342) Imad al-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il (1342–1345) Sayf al-Din Sha'ban (1345–1346) Sayf al-Din Hajji (1346–1347) Badr al-Din Hasan (1347–1351) Salah al-Din Salih (1351–1354) Badr al-Din Hasan (1354–1361) Salah al-Din Muhammad (1361–1363) Zayn al-Din Sha'ban (1363–1377) Ala'a al-Din Ali (1377–1381) Salah al-Din Hajji (1381–1382) Burji dynasty Sayf al-Din Barquq (1382–1389) As-Salih Hajji (1389–1390) Sayf al-Din Barquq (1390–1399) Nasir al-Din Faraj (1399–1405) Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz (1405) Nasir al-Din Faraj (1405–1412) Al-Musta'in Billah (1412) Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh (1412–1421) Al-Muzaffar Ahmad (1421) Sayf al-Din Tatar (1421) Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1421–1422) Sayf al-Din Barsbay (1422–1438) Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf (1438) Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq (1438–1453) Fakhr al-Din Uthman (1453) Sayf al-Din Inal (1453–1461) Shihab al-Din Ahmad (1461) Sayf al-Din Khushqadam (1461–1467) Sayf al-Din Bilbay (1467) Timurbugha (1467–1468) Sayf al-Din Qa'itbay (1468–1496) An-Nasir Muhammad (1496–1498) Abu Sa'id Qansuh (1498–1500) Al-Ashraf Janbalat (1500–1501) Sayf al-Din Tumanbay (1501) Qansuh al-Ghawri (1501–1516) Tumanbay II (1516–1517) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef İslâm Ansiklopedisi
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Mamluk Sultans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Burji dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burji_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Sultan of EgyptAl-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri (Arabic: الأشرف قانصوه الغوري) or Qansuh II al-Ghawri (c. 1441/1446 – 24 August 1516) was the second-to-last of the Mamluk Sultans. One of the last and most powerful of the Burji dynasty, he reigned from 1501 to 1516.[1]","title":"Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qaitbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaitbay"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"Upper Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Tarsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Malatya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malatya"},{"link_name":"Tuman bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuman_bay_I"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Qansuh, born between 1441 and 1446, was bought by Qaitbay, and educated at the al-Ghuri military school in Cairo, from which he gained his nickname \"al-Ghuri\".[2] Consequently, he held several official positions in Upper Egypt, Aleppo, Tarsus and Malatya. Later on, a revolt against Tuman bay by the conspiring emirs, led to the appointment of Qansuh as Sultan against his will,[3] because he feared to be deposed by execution like his predecessors.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venetian_embassy_to_the_Mamluks_in_Damascus_in_1511_workshop_of_Giovanni_Bellini.jpg"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Bellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini"},{"link_name":"Tuman bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuman_bay_I"},{"link_name":"Mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Bedouins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouins"},{"link_name":"Kerak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian"},{"link_name":"Emirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir"},{"link_name":"Yanbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanbu"},{"link_name":"Sharifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_of_Mecca"},{"link_name":"King of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Georgian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"ermine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoat"},{"link_name":"Church of Holy Sepulchre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Holy_Sepulchre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Venetian embassy to the Mamluk Governor in Damascus in 1511, during the reign of Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri. Workshop of Giovanni Bellini.The reign began as usual with the removal of all Tuman bay's adherents. As dangerous to the throne, they were laid hold of, imprisoned or exiled and their property escheated; while the opposite party were restored to freedom and raised again to power and office. Tuman bay I from his hiding-place was found to be plotting against the new Sultan; after some weeks, betrayed by his friends, he was murdered by the Mamluks of an Emir whom he had put to death; and so Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri was saved from that danger without arousing the hostilities of his predecessor's party. On the other hand, the remains of Sultan Al-Ashraf Janbulat were brought from Alexandria where Tuman bay I had caused him to be executed, and royally interred at Cairo.Present danger thus averted, Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri turned to the revenue administration. To replenish the empty treasury, exorbitant demands were levied on every kind of property to the extent of from seven to ten months' income; even religious and charitable endowments not escaping. This was exacted with such severity, not only from Jews and Christians, but from every class, as to create outbreaks in the city.There is not much of importance to tell of the earlier years of this reign. The outrages of the royal Mamluks must have become intolerable, for twice while Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri took fresh oaths of loyalty from his Emirs, he also on his own part swore upon Quran, that he would no more suffer his Mamluks to do them harm. We read also of some suspected treason, which led to punishments of more than ordinary barbarism. Till near the close of the Sultanate, much was not done in fighting. The Bedouins attacked Kerak and Jerusalem, but were repulsed by the Syrian Emirs. Rebellion and rival factions at Mecca and Yanbu also rendered measures necessary for chastising the Sharifs and restoring order.On 15 June 1512, Al-Ghuri received an envoy of the King of Georgia with 20 horses, who was dressed in gold and his cap was adorned with ermine. He came to Al-Ghuri to ask for reopening of the Church of Holy Sepulchre which was closed down for Christians for two years.[5][6]","title":"Consolidation of power"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"Selman Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selman_Reis"},{"link_name":"Siege of Jeddah (1517)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jeddah_(1517)"},{"link_name":"Vasco da Gama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama"},{"link_name":"Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"Zanzibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar"},{"link_name":"Malabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_Coast"},{"link_name":"Kozhikode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Hussein the Kurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Husain_Al-Kurdi"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Priory of Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priory_of_Sion"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Viseu"},{"link_name":"Manuel I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chaul_(1508)"},{"link_name":"Lourenço de Almeida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida"},{"link_name":"Battle of Diu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Diu_(1509)"},{"link_name":"Diu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diu,_India"},{"link_name":"Gujarat Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Almeida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida"},{"link_name":"Afonso de Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque"},{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"}],"text":"The Mamluks defended Jeddah against the Portuguese under Ottoman naval commander Selman Reis, in the Siege of Jeddah (1517)The chief concern was the fitting-out a fleet which should protect the Eastern seas from Portuguese attack. For it was at this time that Vasco da Gama, having in 1498 found his way round the Cape and obtained pilots from the coast of Zanzibar, pushed his way across the Indian Ocean to the shores of Malabar and Kozhikode, attacked the fleets that carried freight and Muslim pilgrims from India to the Red Sea, and struck terror into the potentates all around. The Rulers of Gujarat and Yemen turned for help to Egypt. Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri accordingly fitted out a fleet of 50 vessels under his Admiral, Hussein the Kurd. Jeddah by forced labor was soon fortified under Barakat II bin Muhammad better known as Barakat Efendi as a harbor of refuge from the Portuguese; now Arabia and the Red Sea were protected. But the fleets in the Indian Ocean were at the mercy of the enemy.Various engagements took place; in one of these, an Egyptian ship belonging to Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, and in the following year a fleet of seventeen vessels from Arabian harbors- were after a hard struggle taken by the Portuguese, the cargo seized, the pilgrims and crew slain, and the vessels burned. The Sultan was affronted and angry at the attacks upon the Red Sea, the loss of tolls and- traffic, the indignities to which Mecca and its Port were subjected, and above all at the fate of his own ship, and he vowed vengeance upon Portugal. But first, through the Priory of Sion, he threatened the Pope that if he did not check Ferdinand and Manuel I of Portugal in their depredations on the Indian Seas, he would destroy all Christian holy places, and treat Christians as they were treating the followers of Islam. Foiled in this demand, a naval enterprise was set on foot and carried out with various successes. In Battle of Chaul in 1508, Lourenço de Almeida was defeated and lost his life; but in the following year this defeat was avenged by a terrible defeat of the Egyptian fleet at the Battle of Diu in which the Port city of Diu was wrested from the Gujarat Sultanate of India by Francisco de Almeida. Some years after, Afonso de Albuquerque tried to take Aden, while the Egyptian troops suffered disaster in Yemen. Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri now fitted out a new fleet to punish the enemy and protect the Indian trade; but before its results were known, Egypt had lost her sovereignty, and the Red Sea with Mecca and all its Arabian interests had passed into Ottoman hands.","title":"Portuguese-Mamluk War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cairo,_wikala_di_al-ghouri_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wikala of Al-Ghuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikala_of_Al-Ghuri"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bayezid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_II"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Safavid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"Ismail I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_I"},{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi"},{"link_name":"Bosporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus"},{"link_name":"Venetians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Porte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Porte"},{"link_name":"Mamluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Selim I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chaldiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran"},{"link_name":"Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz"},{"link_name":"Amasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasya"},{"link_name":"Dulkadirids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulkadirids"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Nineveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh"},{"link_name":"Nineveh Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh_Plains"},{"link_name":"Nisibin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisibin"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"}],"text":"Wikala of Al-Ghuri, one of al-Ghuri's many constructions in Cairo, completed in 1505Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II was still engaged in Europe when there suddenly in 1501 appeared a new ground of hostility with Egypt. It arose out of the relations of the two kingdoms with the Safavid dynasty in Persia. Shah Ismail I of Persia was a Shia Muslim who had embarked on a war with the Sunni Ottoman Sultanate over the Caucasus and religious differences. Many Sufi sects had been arrested or exiled by Sultan Bayezid II as dangerous to his rule; and Shah Ismail I's request, that instead they should be allowed free transit into Europe across the Bosporus, was rejected. Upon this, Shah Ismail I sent an Embassy to the Venetians via Syria inviting them to join his arms and recover the territory taken from them by the Porte. Sultan Bayezid II, angry with the Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, complained bitterly that this Embassy had been suffered to pass through Syria. To appease him, Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri placed in confinement the Venetian merchants then in Syria and Egypt. And although, fearing reprisals from Venice, he after a year released them, yet the relations between Egypt and the Porte remained peaceful for a time.On the succession, however, of Selim I to the throne of Ottoman Sultanate, things took a very different turn. Not only had the attitude of Shah Ismail I become more threatening, but Sultan Selim I himself was more of the warrior than his father. Selim I set out against him, and the Battle of Chaldiran was fought near Tabriz on 23 August 1514. The fanaticism of the Sufis, which led even to their women joining in the combat, failed against the cavalry and artillery of the Turks, and Ismail after a disastrous defeat fled and escaped. Selim I, his provisions failing, returned westward and spent the winter at Amasia. In the spring taking the field again, he attacked the bey of Dulkadirids who as Egypt's vassal had stood aloof, and sent his head with tidings of the victory to Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri. Selim I later overran Diyarbakır and Iraq, taking Roha, Nineveh, the Nineveh Plains, Nisibin, Mosul and other cities. Secure now against Shah Ismail I, a larger project dawned upon Selim I; it was the conquest of Egypt, and the fact that the invasion must be made from Syria. With no anxieties toward the North, he could now safely make the advance, and so in the spring of 1516 CE he drew together for this end a great and well-appointed army; and with the view of deceiving Egypt, represented his object to be the further pursuit of Shah Ismail I.","title":"Ottoman-Safavid intrusions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kansu_Gavri_%C3%96l%C3%BC.png"},{"link_name":"Selim I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I"},{"link_name":"Al-Ashraf Tuman bay II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuman_bay_II"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks"},{"link_name":"Selim I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I"},{"link_name":"Battle of Marj Dabiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Dabiq"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Janbirdi al-Ghazali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janbirdi_al-Ghazali"},{"link_name":"Khayr Baig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay%C4%B1r_Bey"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"}],"text":"Ottoman painting showing the head of Mamluk Sultan al-Ghuri being remitted to Selim ILeaving Al-Ashraf Tuman bay II the Vizier, in charge, Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri marched against the Ottoman Turks. He was defeated by Selim I at the Battle of Marj Dabiq, north of Aleppo, on 24 August 1516; the betrayal of two Mamluk leaders Janbirdi al-Ghazali and Khayr Baig led to the Mamluk defeat and to the death of the Sultan Qansuh. This marked the end of Mamluk control of the Middle East that eventually passed to the Ottomans. Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri himself fell upon the field and his head was carried to the Conqueror.Accounts however vary to how he met his end. It is said that Khayr Baig spread report of his death to precipitate the Egyptian flight. According to some the Sultan was found alive on the field, and his head cut off and buried to prevent its falling into the enemy's hands. The Ottoman account is that he was beheaded by an Ottoman soldier whom Sultan Selim I would have put to death, but afterwards pardoned.Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri had reigned a little more than 15 years. Of his private life and domestic administration we know but little, for as we reach the later years of the Mamluk Sultanate, details become too scanty for a judgment. He could, as we have seen, be cruel and extortionate, but so far as our information goes, there is less to say against him than against most of the previous Sultans.His descendants now live in Aleppo and Lebanon.","title":"Fall of the Mamluk Sultanate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E1%B8%A4amzah-7"},{"link_name":"Al-Nasir Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Qaitbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaitbay"},{"link_name":"Tuman bay I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuman_bay_I"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dallas-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banister-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dallas-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banister-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dallas-10"},{"link_name":"Al-Mutawakkil III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_III"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banister-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E1%B8%A4amzah-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trausch-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E1%B8%A4amzah-7"}],"text":"One of Qanush's wives was Khawand Baysiwar. She was known as Khawand-i-Kubra.[7] Another wife was Khawand Fatima. She was the daughter of Ala al-Din Ali bin Ali bin Al-Khassbak and was a descendent of Sayf al-Din Khassbak al-Nasiri (died 1433), a prominent officer in the service of Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad. She was former wife of sultans Qaitbay and Tuman bay I. She died at the age of sixty on 6 June 1504.[8][9] Another wife[10] or concubine[11] was Jan-i-Sukkar. She was a Circassian[10] and was Qanush's favourite consort.[11] She made the acquaintance of the noted litterateur and hadith scholar Abd al Rahim Abbasi (died 1557), with whom she exchanged poems. She also composed panegyrics in elegant verses to honour her hosts Ibn Aja and his wife Sitt al-Halab for their generosity and hospitality.[10] She died in 1516. Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil III was involved in funerary prayers for her.[11]He had two sons named An-Nasiri Muhammad[7] and Muhammad (c. 1502 – 1540),[12] and a daughter named Khawand.[7]","title":"Family"}]
[{"image_text":"Venetian embassy to the Mamluk Governor in Damascus in 1511, during the reign of Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri. Workshop of Giovanni Bellini.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Venetian_embassy_to_the_Mamluks_in_Damascus_in_1511_workshop_of_Giovanni_Bellini.jpg/330px-Venetian_embassy_to_the_Mamluks_in_Damascus_in_1511_workshop_of_Giovanni_Bellini.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Mamluks defended Jeddah against the Portuguese under Ottoman naval commander Selman Reis, in the Siege of Jeddah (1517)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg/220px-Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wikala of Al-Ghuri, one of al-Ghuri's many constructions in Cairo, completed in 1505","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cairo%2C_wikala_di_al-ghouri_02.jpg/220px-Cairo%2C_wikala_di_al-ghouri_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ottoman painting showing the head of Mamluk Sultan al-Ghuri being remitted to Selim I","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kansu_Gavri_%C3%96l%C3%BC.png/220px-Kansu_Gavri_%C3%96l%C3%BC.png"}]
[{"title":"Wikala of Al-Ghuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikala_of_Al-Ghuri"},{"title":"Sultan Al-Ghuri madrasa and mausoleum complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Al-Ghuri_Complex"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Do_Not_Want_What_I_Haven%27t_Got
I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got
["1 Content","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","3.1 Original release","3.2 Bonus disc (2009)","4 Personnel","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","6 Certifications and sales","7 See also","8 References"]
1990 studio album by Sinéad O'ConnorI Do Not Want What I Haven't GotStudio album by Sinéad O'ConnorReleased12 March 1990 (1990-03-12)Recorded1988–1989StudioS.T.S Studios (Dublin, Ireland)Genre Rock folk pop Length51:09Label Ensign Chrysalis Producer Nellee Hooper Sinéad O'Connor Sinéad O'Connor chronology The Lion and the Cobra(1987) I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got(1990) Am I Not Your Girl?(1992) Singles from I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got "Nothing Compares 2 U"Released: 8 January 1990 "The Emperor's New Clothes"Released: 5 June 1990 "Three Babies"Released: 8 October 1990 I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got is the second studio album by Irish singer Sinéad O'Connor, released in March 1990 by Ensign/Chrysalis Records. It contains O'Connor's version of the Prince song "Nothing Compares 2 U", which was released as a single and reached number one in multiple countries. The album was nominated for four Grammy Awards in 1991, including Record of the Year, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, and Best Music Video, Short Form for "Nothing Compares 2 U", winning the award for Best Alternative Music Performance. However, O'Connor refused to accept the nominations and award. The album has sold over seven million copies worldwide. Content The critically-acclaimed album contains O'Connor's most famous single, "Nothing Compares 2 U", which was one of the best-selling singles in the world in 1990, topping the charts in many countries including the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom and Canada. This rendition of the Prince song reflected on O'Connor's mother, who had died in an auto accident five years earlier. The single "Emperor's New Clothes" found moderate success, although it did top the Modern Rock Tracks chart in the US. The first song on the album, "Feel So Different", starts with The Serenity Prayer by Reinhold Niebuhr. The album also includes O'Connor's rendition of "I Am Stretched on Your Grave", an anonymous 17th-century poem that was written in Irish, translated into English by Frank O'Connor, and composed by musician Philip King in 1979. O'Connor's version uses a loop of "Funky Drummer" by James Brown. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicChristgau's Consumer GuideB+Entertainment WeeklyALos Angeles TimesNME8/10Pitchfork7.8/10QRecord CollectorRolling StoneSlant Magazine I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got received critical acclaim. In 2012, it was ranked number 408 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The album was ranked number 457 on the 2020 edition of the list. Track listing Original release All tracks are written by Sinéad O'Connor, except where notedOriginal release track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Feel So Different" 6:472."I Am Stretched on Your Grave" Anonymous vocal melody: Philip King arranged by Chris Birkett, John Reynolds and Sinéad O'Connor 5:333."Three Babies" 4:474."The Emperor's New Clothes" 5:165."Black Boys on Mopeds"arranged by Karl Wallinger and Sinéad O'Connor3:536."Nothing Compares 2 U"Prince5:107."Jump in the River" O'Connor Marco Pirroni 4:128."You Cause as Much Sorrow" 5:049."The Last Day of Our Acquaintance" 4:4010."I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got" 5:47Total length:51:09 Bonus disc (2009) All tracks are written by Sinéad O'Connor, except where notedBonus disc track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Night Nurse" Gregory Isaacs Sylvester Weise 4:542."My Special Child" 4:483."Damn Your Eyes" Barbara Wyrick Steve Bogard 4:464."Silent Night" (long version)Traditional4:455."You Do Something to Me"Cole Porter2:366."Mind Games"John Lennon5:267."What Do You Want" 2:588."I Am Stretched on Your Grave" (Apple Brightness Mix) 5:389."Troy" (recorded live in London) 6:4110."I Want Your (Hands on Me)" (live at Hammersmith Odeon) O'Connor Clowes Reynolds Rob Dean Spike Hollifield 3:5311."The Value of Ignorance" 3:20Total length:49:45 Personnel Credits adapted from the album's liner notes. Sinéad O'Connor – vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, keyboards, programming, arranger, producer, string arrangements Marco Pirroni – guitar on "The Emperor's New Clothes" David Munday – acoustic guitar and piano on "You Cause As Much Sorrow" Andy Rourke – bass guitar on "The Emperor's New Clothes", "Jump in the River" and "You Cause As Much Sorrow", acoustic guitar on "Jump in the River" Jah Wobble – bass guitar on "The Last Day of Our Acquaintance" John Reynolds – drums and percussion on "The Emperor's New Clothes", "You Cause As Much Sorrow" and "The Last Day of Our Acquaintance" Kieran Kiely – keyboards, accordion, piano Steve Wickham – fiddle on "I Am Stretched on Your Grave" The Muses – backing vocals Philip King – vocals, melody arrangement Nick Ingman – conductor, orchestra director, string arrangement on "Feel So Different" Karl Wallinger – arranger Technical Nellee Hooper – co-producer on "Nothing Compare 2 U" Chris Birkett, Sean Devitt – engineers Dave Hoffman, Dominique Le Rigoleur – photography John Maybury – cover design Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got Chart (1990) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 1 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 1 Belgian Albums (IFPI) 1 Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) 1 Danish Albums (Hitlisten) 2 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 1 European Albums (Music & Media) 1 Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) 2 French Albums (SNEP) 4 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 1 Greek Albums (IFPI Greece) 1 Icelandic Albums (Tónlist) 1 Irish Albums (IRMA) 1 Italian Albums (FIMI) 1 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 1 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 1 Portuguese Albums (AFP) 3 Spanish Albums (AFYVE) 2 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 1 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 1 UK Albums (OCC) 1 US Billboard 200 1 Weekly chart performance for I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got Chart (2023) Peakposition UK Album Downloads 6 Year-end charts Year-end chart performance for I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got Chart (1990) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) 30 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 3 Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) 1 Dutch Albums (MegaCharts) 8 European Albums (Music & Media) 2 French Albums (SNEP) 17 German Albums Chart 2 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 11 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 6 UK Albums (OCC) 16 US Billboard 200 19 Certifications and sales Certifications and sales for I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) Platinum 70,000^ Austria (IFPI Austria) Gold 25,000* Canada (Music Canada) 5× Platinum 500,000^ France (SNEP) Platinum 300,000* Germany (BVMI) Platinum 500,000^ Ireland — 60,000 Italy — 250,000 Netherlands (NVPI) Platinum 100,000^ New Zealand (RMNZ) Platinum 15,000^ Spain (PROMUSICAE) Platinum 100,000^ Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) Gold 25,000^ United Kingdom (BPI) 2× Platinum 711,832 United States (RIAA) 2× Platinum 2,000,000^ Summaries Worldwide — 7,000,000 * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. See also List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1990 List of Canadian number-one albums of 1990 List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1990s References ^ "BPI". ^ a b c d Huey, Steve. "I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got – Sinéad O'Connor". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015. ^ a b Sandow, Greg (16 March 1990). "I Do not Want What I Haven't Got". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2011. ^ "New Singles". Music Week. 6 October 1990. p. 39. ^ CBSnews.com Archived 19 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine "Sinead Sings And Speaks Her Mind" Accessed: 11 September 2016 ^ McCormick, Neil (1 August 2014). "Sinéad O'Connor: 'Live with the devil and you find there's a God'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ Stafford, James. "25 Years Ago: Sinead O'Connor Releases 'I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got'". Diffuser.fm. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016. So a lot of the songs on this record were really about her. Even the f–ng title I got from having a dream about her, and in this dream she said to me, "I do not want what I haven't got." In my mind, even 'Nothing Compares 2 U' was me thinking about her ...'Feel So Different' was a song about my mother. 'I Am Stretched on Your Grave' speaks for itself really  ...'You Cause As Much Sorrow' was about my mother ... ^ "Paul du Noyer interviews Sinéad O'Connor". Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016. ^ Lucy, Séan, ed. (1 August 1967). "I Am Stretched on Your Grave". Love Poems of the Irish. Translated by Connor, Frank. Cork: Mercier Press. ISBN 978-0853421030. ^ Sleeve notes to 1979 Album Scullion ^ "Who Sampled- Sinead O'Connor I Am Stretched on Your Grave". Who Sampled. Retrieved 1 October 2021. ^ Christgau, Robert (2000). "Sinéad O'Connor: I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got". Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 231. ISBN 0-312-24560-2. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2011. ^ Willman, Chris (18 March 1990). "Sinead O'Connor 'I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got' Chrysalis". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2015. ^ Quantick, David (10 March 1990). "O'Connor-Clastic". NME. p. 34. Archived from the original on 17 August 2000. Retrieved 9 July 2015. ^ Richardson, Mark (24 April 2009). "Sinéad O'Connor: I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got ". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011. ^ Sandall, Robert (April 1990). "Shimmering". Q. No. 43. ^ Shooman, Joe (June 2009). "I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got: Special Edition | Sinéad O'Connor". Record Collector. No. 363. Archived from the original on 17 June 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2021. ^ Gilmore, Mikal (22 March 1990). "I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2011. ^ Cinquemani, Sal (3 October 2003). "Review: Sinéad O'Connor, I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2011. ^ "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. 31 May 2012. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019. ^ "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. 22 September 2020. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020. ^ "I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got by Sinead O'Connor on iTunes". United States: iTunes Store. 4 April 2016. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. ^ "I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got (Special Edition) by Sinead O'Connor on iTunes". United States: iTunes Store. 4 April 2016. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. ^ I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got (booklet). Sinéad O'Connor. Ensign. Chrysalis. 1990. CVKW-41759.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Australiancharts.com – Sinéad O'Connor – I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got". Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 December 2018. ^ "Austriancharts.at – Sinéad O'Connor – I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 December 2018. ^ "Top 3 Albums in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. 14 April 1990. p. VII. ^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 5302". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 19 December 2018. ^ a b c "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Sinéad O'Connor – I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 December 2018. ^ a b c "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b "Les Albums (CD) de 1990 par InfoDisc" (in French). InfoDisc. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2018. ^ "Longplay-Chartverfolgung at Musicline" (in German). Musicline.de. Phononet GmbH. Retrieved 18 December 2018. ^ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 10 (11. mai 1990)" (PDF). Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). Reykjavík. 11 May 1990. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2018. ^ "Charts.nz – Sinéad O'Connor – I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got". Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 December 2018. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Sinéad O'Connor – I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got". Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 December 2018. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Sinéad O'Connor – I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got". Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 December 2018. ^ "Swisscharts.com – Sinéad O'Connor – I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got". Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 December 2018. ^ "Sinéad O'Connor | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 18 December 2018. ^ "Sinead OConnor Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 18 December 2018. ^ "Official Album Downloads Chart on 4/8/2023 - 4 August 2023 - 10 August 2023". Official Charts. 4 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023. ^ "ARIA Charts – End of Year Charts – Top 50 Albums 1990". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2018. ^ "JAHRESHITPARADE 1990" (in German). austriancharts.at. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018. ^ "RPM Top 100 Albums of 1990". RPM. 12 December 1994. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2018. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Album 1990" (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018. ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles 1990" (PDF). Music & Media. 7 (51): 29. 22 December 1990. OCLC 29800226. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2018. ^ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2018. ^ "Top Selling Albums of 1990". Recorded Music NZ. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018. ^ "Swiss Year-end Charts 1990" (in German). Schweizer Hitparade. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2018. ^ "1990 Top 100 Albums". Music Week. London, England: Spotlight Publications. 2 March 1991. p. 39. ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1990". Billboard. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1990 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 18 November 2021. ^ "Austrian album certifications – Sinead O'Connor – I do not want what I haven't got" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ "Canadian album certifications – Sinead O'Connor – I do not want what I haven't got". Music Canada. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ "French album certifications – Sinead O'Connor – I do not want what I haven't got" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved 18 November 2021. Select SINEAD O'CONNOR and click OK.  ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Sinead O'Connor; 'I do not want what I have')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ Bradley, Frank (1 May 1995). Marketing Management: Providing, Communicating and Delivering Value. Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780130653437. Retrieved 16 November 2022. ^ Venegoni, Marinella (26 April 1990). "Piccola irlandese, grandi passioni". La Stampa (in Italian). p. 31. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021. ^ "Dutch album certifications – Sinead O'Conner – I do not want what I haven't got" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved 10 June 2019. Enter I do not want what I haven't got in the "Artiest of titel" box. Select 1991 in the drop-down menu saying "Alle jaargangen". ^ "New Zealand album certifications – Sinead O'Connor – I do not want what I haven't got". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ Sólo Éxitos 1959–2002 Año A Año: Certificados 1979–1990 (in Spanish), Iberautor Promociones Culturales, ISBN 8480486392, archived from the original on 28 September 2013, retrieved 25 April 2018 ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('I do not want what I haven't got')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ Paine, Andre (31 July 2023). "Sinéad O'Connor's Nothing Compares 2 U could go Top 20 for first time in 33 years". Music Week. Retrieved 12 September 2023. ^ "British album certifications – Sinead O'Connor – I do not want what I haven't got". British Phonographic Industry. ^ "American album certifications – Sinead O'Connor – I do not want what I haven't got". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ McCormick, Neil (1 August 2014). "Sinéad O'Connor: 'Live with the devil and you find there's a God'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2019. vteSinéad O'ConnorDiscographyStudio albums The Lion and the Cobra I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got Am I Not Your Girl? Universal Mother Faith and Courage Sean-Nós Nua Throw Down Your Arms Theology How About I Be Me (and You Be You)? I'm Not Bossy, I'm the Boss Compilations So Far... The Best Of She Who Dwells‌ in the Secret Place of the Most High Shall Abide Under the Shadow of the Almighty Collaborations EPs Gospel Oak Singles "Troy" "Mandinka" "I Want Your (Hands on Me)" "Jump in the River" "Nothing Compares 2 U" "The Emperor's New Clothes" "Three Babies" "I Am Stretched on Your Grave" "Silent Night" "Success Has Made a Failure of Our Home" "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" "You Made Me the Thief of Your Heart" "Thank You for Hearing Me" "Fire on Babylon" "Chiquitita" "No Man's Woman" "Jealous" "Troy (Remix)" "My Lagan Love" "I Don't Know How to Love Him" Featuring "Blood of Eden" "Don't Give Up" "Haunted" "Tears from the Moon" "Special Cases" "When a Child Is Born" "Do They Know It's Christmas?" Other songs "Some Day My Prince Will Come" "Mother" "You Do Something to Me" "Sacrifice" "My Man's Gone Now" "You Make Me Feel So Free" "S/He Moved Through the Fair" "Foggy Dew" "Ode to Billie Joe" "Mná na hÉireann" "Óró sé do bheatha abhaile" "On Raglan Road" "Make Me an Instrument of Your Peace" "The Butcher Boy" "Someone to Watch Over Me" "Skibbereen" "Danny Boy" "Factory Girl" "I Dreamt I Dwelt in Marble Halls" "Regina Caeli" "O come, O come, Emmanuel" "The Ballad of Ronnie Drew" "I'm Every Woman" "Song to the Siren" "When a Child Is Born" "Once in Royal David's City" "Black Is the Colour" "Who Knows Where the Time Goes?" "I Would Die 4 U" "Death of Samantha" Video albums The Value of Ignorance The Year of the Horse Goodnight, Thank You, You've Been a Lovely Audience Live at the Sugar Club Books Rememberings (2021) Related Saturday Night Live performance John Reynolds (first husband) Steve Cooney (third husband) Joseph O'Connor (brother) vteGrammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album1990s I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got — Sinéad O'Connor (1990) Out of Time — R.E.M. (1991) Bone Machine — Tom Waits (1992) Zooropa — U2 (1993) Dookie — Green Day (1994) MTV Unplugged in New York — Nirvana (1995) Odelay — Beck (1996) OK Computer — Radiohead (1997) Hello Nasty — Beastie Boys (1998) Mutations — Beck (1999) 2000s Kid A — Radiohead (2000) Parachutes — Coldplay (2001) A Rush of Blood to the Head — Coldplay (2002) Elephant — The White Stripes (2003) A Ghost Is Born — Wilco (2004) Get Behind Me Satan — The White Stripes (2005) St. Elsewhere — Gnarls Barkley (2006) Icky Thump — The White Stripes (2007) In Rainbows — Radiohead (2008) Wolfgang Amadeus Phoenix — Phoenix (2009) 2010s Brothers — The Black Keys (2010) Bon Iver — Bon Iver (2011) Making Mirrors — Gotye (2012) Modern Vampires of the City — Vampire Weekend (2013) St. Vincent — St. Vincent (2014) Sound & Color — Alabama Shakes (2015) Blackstar — David Bowie (2016) Sleep Well Beast — The National (2017) Colors — Beck (2018) Father of the Bride — Vampire Weekend (2019) 2020s Fetch the Bolt Cutters — Fiona Apple (2020) Daddy's Home – St. Vincent (2021) Wet Leg – Wet Leg (2022) The Record – Boygenius (2023) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sinéad O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Nothing Compares 2 U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Compares_2_U"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards in 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Record of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Best Female Pop Vocal Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Female_Pop_Vocal_Performance"},{"link_name":"Best Music Video, Short Form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Music_Video"},{"link_name":"Best Alternative Music Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Alternative_Music_Album"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"1990 studio album by Sinéad O'ConnorI Do Not Want What I Haven't Got is the second studio album by Irish singer Sinéad O'Connor, released in March 1990 by Ensign/Chrysalis Records. It contains O'Connor's version of the Prince song \"Nothing Compares 2 U\", which was released as a single and reached number one in multiple countries. The album was nominated for four Grammy Awards in 1991, including Record of the Year, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, and Best Music Video, Short Form for \"Nothing Compares 2 U\", winning the award for Best Alternative Music Performance. However, O'Connor refused to accept the nominations and award.[5] The album has sold over seven million copies worldwide. [6]","title":"I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nothing Compares 2 U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Compares_2_U"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diffuser2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Modern Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Songs"},{"link_name":"The Serenity Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr#The_Serenity_Prayer_(c._1942)"},{"link_name":"Reinhold Niebuhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr"},{"link_name":"I Am Stretched on Your Grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Stretched_on_Your_Grave"},{"link_name":"Frank O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Philip King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_King_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Funky Drummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funky_Drummer"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The critically-acclaimed album contains O'Connor's most famous single, \"Nothing Compares 2 U\", which was one of the best-selling singles in the world in 1990, topping the charts in many countries including the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom and Canada. This rendition of the Prince song reflected on O'Connor's mother, who had died in an auto accident five years earlier.[7][8] The single \"Emperor's New Clothes\" found moderate success, although it did top the Modern Rock Tracks chart in the US.The first song on the album, \"Feel So Different\", starts with The Serenity Prayer by Reinhold Niebuhr. The album also includes O'Connor's rendition of \"I Am Stretched on Your Grave\", an anonymous 17th-century poem that was written in Irish, translated into English by Frank O'Connor, and composed by musician Philip King in 1979.[9][10] O'Connor's version uses a loop of \"Funky Drummer\" by James Brown.[11]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"500 greatest albums of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got received critical acclaim. In 2012, it was ranked number 408 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.[20] The album was ranked number 457 on the 2020 edition of the list.[21]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"I Am Stretched on Your Grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Stretched_on_Your_Grave"},{"link_name":"Philip King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_King_(musician)"},{"link_name":"John Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reynolds_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Three Babies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Babies"},{"link_name":"The Emperor's New Clothes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes_(song)"},{"link_name":"Black Boys on Mopeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Colin_Roach#In_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Karl Wallinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wallinger"},{"link_name":"Nothing Compares 2 U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Compares_2_U"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jump in the River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_in_the_River"},{"link_name":"Marco Pirroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Pirroni"}],"sub_title":"Original release","text":"All tracks are written by Sinéad O'Connor, except where noted[22]Original release track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Feel So Different\" 6:472.\"I Am Stretched on Your Grave\"\nAnonymous\nvocal melody: Philip King\narranged by Chris Birkett, John Reynolds and Sinéad O'Connor\n5:333.\"Three Babies\" 4:474.\"The Emperor's New Clothes\" 5:165.\"Black Boys on Mopeds\"arranged by Karl Wallinger and Sinéad O'Connor3:536.\"Nothing Compares 2 U\"Prince5:107.\"Jump in the River\"\nO'Connor\nMarco Pirroni\n4:128.\"You Cause as Much Sorrow\" 5:049.\"The Last Day of Our Acquaintance\" 4:4010.\"I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got\" 5:47Total length:51:09","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Night Nurse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Nurse_(Gregory_Isaacs_song)"},{"link_name":"Gregory Isaacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Isaacs"},{"link_name":"Barbara Wyrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Wyrick"},{"link_name":"Steve Bogard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Bogard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Silent Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Night"},{"link_name":"You Do Something to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Do_Something_to_Me_(Cole_Porter_song)"},{"link_name":"Cole Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Porter"},{"link_name":"Mind Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_Games_(John_Lennon_song)"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_(song)"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith Odeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Odeon"},{"link_name":"Rob Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Dean"}],"sub_title":"Bonus disc (2009)","text":"All tracks are written by Sinéad O'Connor, except where noted[23]Bonus disc track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Night Nurse\"\nGregory Isaacs\nSylvester Weise\n4:542.\"My Special Child\" 4:483.\"Damn Your Eyes\"\nBarbara Wyrick\nSteve Bogard\n4:464.\"Silent Night\" (long version)Traditional4:455.\"You Do Something to Me\"Cole Porter2:366.\"Mind Games\"John Lennon5:267.\"What Do You Want\" 2:588.\"I Am Stretched on Your Grave\" (Apple Brightness Mix) 5:389.\"Troy\" (recorded live in London) 6:4110.\"I Want Your (Hands on Me)\" (live at Hammersmith Odeon)\nO'Connor\nClowes\nReynolds\nRob Dean\nSpike Hollifield\n3:5311.\"The Value of Ignorance\" 3:20Total length:49:45","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Marco Pirroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Pirroni"},{"link_name":"Andy Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rourke"},{"link_name":"Jah Wobble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jah_Wobble"},{"link_name":"John Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reynolds_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Steve Wickham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wickham"},{"link_name":"Philip King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_King_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Nick Ingman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Ingman"},{"link_name":"Karl Wallinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wallinger"},{"link_name":"Nellee Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellee_Hooper"},{"link_name":"John Maybury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maybury"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.[24]Sinéad O'Connor – vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, keyboards, programming, arranger, producer, string arrangements\nMarco Pirroni – guitar on \"The Emperor's New Clothes\"\nDavid Munday – acoustic guitar and piano on \"You Cause As Much Sorrow\"\nAndy Rourke – bass guitar on \"The Emperor's New Clothes\", \"Jump in the River\" and \"You Cause As Much Sorrow\", acoustic guitar on \"Jump in the River\"\nJah Wobble – bass guitar on \"The Last Day of Our Acquaintance\"\nJohn Reynolds – drums and percussion on \"The Emperor's New Clothes\", \"You Cause As Much Sorrow\" and \"The Last Day of Our Acquaintance\"\nKieran Kiely – keyboards, accordion, piano\nSteve Wickham – fiddle on \"I Am Stretched on Your Grave\"\nThe Muses – backing vocals\nPhilip King – vocals, melody arrangement\nNick Ingman – conductor, orchestra director, string arrangement on \"Feel So Different\"\nKarl Wallinger – arrangerTechnicalNellee Hooper – co-producer on \"Nothing Compare 2 U\"\nChris Birkett, Sean Devitt – engineers\nDave Hoffman, Dominique Le Rigoleur – photography\nJohn Maybury – cover design","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Do_Not_Want_What_I_Haven%27t_Got&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_Sin%C3%A9ad_O'Connor-25"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_Sin%C3%A9ad_O'Connor-26"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rpm-28"},{"link_name":"Hitlisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greece-29"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Sin%C3%A9ad_O'Connor-30"},{"link_name":"European Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Top_100_Albums"},{"link_name":"Music & Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greece-29"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-italy-31"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fra-32"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany_Sin%C3%A9ad_O'Connor-33"},{"link_name":"IFPI Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greece-29"},{"link_name":"Tónlist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nlist"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-italy-31"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-italy-31"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_Sin%C3%A9ad_O'Connor-35"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_Sin%C3%A9ad_O'Connor-36"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"AFYVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_Sin%C3%A9ad_O'Connor-39"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_Sin%C3%A9ad_O'Connor-40"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK_Sin%C3%A9ad_O'Connor-41"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Sinead_OConnor-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Do_Not_Want_What_I_Haven%27t_Got&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-europeyearend-48"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fra-32"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got\n\n\nChart (1990)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[25]\n\n1\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[26]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgian Albums (IFPI)[27]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[28]\n\n1\n\n\nDanish Albums (Hitlisten)[29]\n\n2\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[30]\n\n1\n\n\nEuropean Albums (Music & Media)[29]\n\n1\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[31]\n\n2\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[32]\n\n4\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[33]\n\n1\n\n\nGreek Albums (IFPI Greece)[29]\n\n1\n\n\nIcelandic Albums (Tónlist)[34]\n\n1\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[31]\n\n1\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[31]\n\n1\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[35]\n\n1\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[36]\n\n1\n\n\nPortuguese Albums (AFP)[37]\n\n3\n\n\nSpanish Albums (AFYVE)[38]\n\n2\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[39]\n\n1\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[40]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[41]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[42]\n\n1\n\n\nWeekly chart performance for I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got\n\n\nChart (2023)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUK Album Downloads[43]\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got\n\n\nChart (1990)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[44]\n\n30\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[45]\n\n3\n\n\nCanada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[46]\n\n1\n\n\nDutch Albums (MegaCharts)[47]\n\n8\n\n\nEuropean Albums (Music & Media)[48]\n\n2\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[32]\n\n17\n\n\nGerman Albums Chart[49]\n\n2\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[50]\n\n11\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[51]\n\n6\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[52]\n\n16\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[53]\n\n19","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications and sales"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_200_number-one_albums_of_1990"},{"title":"List of Canadian number-one albums of 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_number-one_albums_of_1990"},{"title":"List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1990s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Albums_Chart_number_ones_of_the_1990s"}]
[{"reference":"\"BPI\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/3083-3468-2","url_text":"\"BPI\""}]},{"reference":"Huey, Steve. \"I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got – Sinéad O'Connor\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/i-do-not-want-what-i-havent-got-mw0000654778","url_text":"\"I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got – Sinéad O'Connor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151011223932/https://www.allmusic.com/album/i-do-not-want-what-i-havent-got-mw0000654778","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sandow, Greg (16 March 1990). \"I Do not Want What I Haven't Got\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Sandow","url_text":"Sandow, Greg"},{"url":"https://ew.com/article/1990/03/16/i-do-not-want-what-i-havent-got/","url_text":"\"I Do not Want What I Haven't Got\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150715205820/https://ew.com/article/1990/03/16/i-do-not-want-what-i-havent-got/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Singles\". Music Week. 6 October 1990. p. 39.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"McCormick, Neil (1 August 2014). \"Sinéad O'Connor: 'Live with the devil and you find there's a God'\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/11007782/Sinead-OConnor-Live-with-the-devil-and-you-find-theres-a-God.html","url_text":"\"Sinéad O'Connor: 'Live with the devil and you find there's a God'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180629073343/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/11007782/Sinead-OConnor-Live-with-the-devil-and-you-find-theres-a-God.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stafford, James. \"25 Years Ago: Sinead O'Connor Releases 'I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got'\". Diffuser.fm. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016. So a lot of the songs on this record were really about her. Even the f–ng title I got from having a dream about her, and in this dream she said to me, \"I do not want what I haven't got.\" In my mind, even 'Nothing Compares 2 U' was me thinking about her ...'Feel So Different' was a song about my mother. 'I Am Stretched on Your Grave' speaks for itself really [she laughs bleakly] ...'You Cause As Much Sorrow' was about my mother ...","urls":[{"url":"http://diffuser.fm/sinead-oconnors-i-do-not-want-what-i-havent-got-25-years-later/","url_text":"\"25 Years Ago: Sinead O'Connor Releases 'I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuser.fm","url_text":"Diffuser.fm"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160416135617/http://diffuser.fm/sinead-oconnors-i-do-not-want-what-i-havent-got-25-years-later/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul du Noyer interviews Sinéad O'Connor\". Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413225920/http://www.pauldunoyer.com/pages/journalism/journalism_item.asp?journalismID=260","url_text":"\"Paul du Noyer interviews Sinéad O'Connor\""},{"url":"http://www.pauldunoyer.com/pages/journalism/journalism_item.asp?journalismID=260","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lucy, Séan, ed. (1 August 1967). \"I Am Stretched on Your Grave\". Love Poems of the Irish. Translated by Connor, Frank. Cork: Mercier Press. ISBN 978-0853421030.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)","url_text":"Cork"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercier_Press","url_text":"Mercier Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853421030","url_text":"978-0853421030"}]},{"reference":"\"Who Sampled- Sinead O'Connor I Am Stretched on Your Grave\". Who Sampled. Retrieved 1 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whosampled.com/sample/1933/Sin%C3%A9ad-O%27Connor-I-Am-Stretched-on-Your-Grave-James-Brown-Funky-Drummer/","url_text":"\"Who Sampled- Sinead O'Connor I Am Stretched on Your Grave\""}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (2000). \"Sinéad O'Connor: I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got\". Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 231. ISBN 0-312-24560-2. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"https://robertchristgau.com/get_album.php?id=3163","url_text":"\"Sinéad O'Connor: I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Consumer_Guide:_Albums_of_the_%2790s","url_text":"Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Griffin","url_text":"St. Martin's Griffin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-24560-2","url_text":"0-312-24560-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170818174148/https://robertchristgau.com/get_album.php?id=3163","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Willman, Chris (18 March 1990). \"Sinead O'Connor 'I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got' Chrysalis\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-03-18-ca-757-story.html","url_text":"\"Sinead O'Connor 'I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got' Chrysalis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200226150828/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-03-18-ca-757-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Quantick, David (10 March 1990). \"O'Connor-Clastic\". NME. p. 34. Archived from the original on 17 August 2000. Retrieved 9 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Quantick","url_text":"Quantick, David"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000817172855/http://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/19980101000019reviews.html","url_text":"\"O'Connor-Clastic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"},{"url":"http://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/19980101000019reviews.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Richardson, Mark (24 April 2009). \"Sinéad O'Connor: I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got [Limited Edition]\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/12954-i-do-not-want-what-i-havent-got-limted-edition/","url_text":"\"Sinéad O'Connor: I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got [Limited Edition]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929162223/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/12954-i-do-not-want-what-i-havent-got-limted-edition/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sandall, Robert (April 1990). \"Shimmering\". Q. No. 43.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sandall","url_text":"Sandall, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)","url_text":"Q"}]},{"reference":"Shooman, Joe (June 2009). \"I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got: Special Edition | Sinéad O'Connor\". Record Collector. No. 363. Archived from the original on 17 June 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://recordcollectormag.com/reviews/album/i-do-not-want-what-ihavent-got-specialedition","url_text":"\"I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got: Special Edition | Sinéad O'Connor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Collector","url_text":"Record Collector"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230617082056/https://recordcollectormag.com/reviews/album/i-do-not-want-what-ihavent-got-specialedition","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gilmore, Mikal (22 March 1990). \"I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikal_Gilmore","url_text":"Gilmore, Mikal"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/i-do-not-want-what-i-havent-got-94290/","url_text":"\"I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181212102904/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/i-do-not-want-what-i-havent-got-94290/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cinquemani, Sal (3 October 2003). \"Review: Sinéad O'Connor, I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got\". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_EL-series
Lincoln (EL-series)
["1 Model History","1.1 1949","1.2 1950","1.3 1951","2 Lincoln Lido (1950-1951)","3 References","4 External links"]
Motor vehicle Lincoln EL-Series1949 Convertible CoupeOverviewManufacturerLincoln (Ford)Also calledLincolnModel years1949–1951AssemblyLincoln Assembly, Dearborn, Michigan(Branch Assembly)Maywood Assembly, Maywood, CaliforniaDesignerEugene T. "Bob" GregorieBody and chassisClassFull-size luxury carBody style2-door coupe2-door Lido coupe2-door convertible4-door sedanLayoutFR layoutRelatedMercury EightPowertrainEngine336.7 cu in (5.5 L) Flathead V8Transmission3-speed manual4-speed Hydra-Matic automaticDimensionsWheelbase121 in (3,073 mm)Length1949: 213.0 in (5,410 mm)1950: 213.8 in (5,431 mm)1951: 214.8 in (5,456 mm)Width76.7 in (1,948 mm)Height63.6 in (1,615 mm)Curb weight4,200–4,400 lb (1,900–2,000 kg)ChronologyPredecessorLincoln H-seriesSuccessorLincoln Cosmopolitan The Lincoln EL-Series is a full-size luxury car that was marketed and sold by Lincoln from 1949 to 1951. Replacing the H-Series Lincoln, the postwar model line was the first complete redesign of the Lincoln sedan line since 1936 (its predecessor was derived from the prewar Zephyr). In line with its predecessor, the EL-Series Lincoln carried only the Lincoln nameplate, using no divisional branding; the Lincoln was slotted below the Lincoln Cosmopolitan within the Lincoln model range. The first Lincoln developed under the combined Lincoln-Mercury Division of Ford Motor Company, the Lincoln shared much of its body with the 1949 Mercury Eight, distinguished primarily by its longer 121-inch wheelbase. For the first time since 1933, a V8 engine was offered in a Lincoln instead of a V12, now sharing its engine with the Ford F-Series "Big Job" trucks. Alongside production from Lincoln Assembly (Dearborn, Michigan), production of the EL-Series Lincoln was sourced from Maywood Assembly (Maywood, California). For 1952, the Lincoln was replaced by a redesign of the Cosmopolitan. with Lincoln reviving the use of divisional nameplates across its model line. Model History 1949 The first all-new postwar Lincolns were introduced on April 22, 1948. They had a more streamlined appearance than the 1948 models, reflecting "ponton" styling. However, the new two-piece windshield seemed a bit out of sync with the modern styling. At a distance, it was hard to tell a Lincoln apart from a Mercury. Recessed headlights and a shinier front end set it apart. The 337 cubic inch Lincoln flathead V8 produced 152 hp (113 kW) at 3600 rpm. 1950 1950 Lincoln four-door sedan with suicide doors In 1950 a new horizontal grille with elements enhanced the appearance of the standard Lincoln. Its name was in the same location on the front fender as last year, but it was larger. The door handles were improved as was the previously confusing interior layout. The convertible was dropped from the lineup as Mercury's near-identical convertible had outsold it by a wide margin in 1949. Late in the 1950 model year the engine was upgraded to address vibration and oil consumption concerns. Three rather than four piston rings were fitted, and the engine balancing was improved. As a result the horsepower rating increased marginally and the car ran smoother. The cooling system was also improved and durability was increased thanks to the use of more alloy. 1951 According to the Standard Catalog of American Cars, the front end of the 1951 Lincoln "looked like a 1950 model that had gotten into a fight, and lost." The grille bar only extended from the center section to the bumper guards, while a forward slanting vertical piece was added to the front fender side chrome. The 1951 Mercury's "fishtail" rear design was also adopted, to the detriment of rearward visibility(*). The glamorous Lido coupe returned with a canvas or vinyl roof, fender skirts, rocker panel molding and custom interior. (*)Other than here, there is no reference to a Mercury "fish tail" design. The '51 Lincoln's modified C pillar actually increased rearward vision. Lincoln Lido (1950-1951) On 5 July 1950 the Lincoln Lido was introduced as somewhat of Lincoln's answer to the GM hardtops that had debuted in 1949. List price for the 1950 model was $2,721 ($34,458 in 2023 dollars ). It was similar to the Mercury Monterey and the up market Lincoln Cosmopolitan Capri coupes, while the Lido was also offered as a sedan with suicide doors for rear seat passengers. Both years of the Lido featured a vinyl or canvas-covered roof, fender skirts, bright roof drip rails and rocker panel moldings, dual door mirrors, a gold-colored hood ornament from the Cosmopolitan and a custom leather interior with special door and side panels. An electric clock was standard. Few were sold, as customers preferred General Motors' hardtop offerings. The Lido name reappeared on a 1963 show car called the Lincoln Continental Lido, which was a 1963 Continental with a padded vinyl roof. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Kowalke, Ron (1997). Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946–1975. Krause publications. ISBN 0-87341-521-3. ^ a b c Flory, Jr., J. "Kelly" (2008). American Cars, 1946-1959 Every Model Every Year. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7864-3229-5. ^ "Directory Index: Lincoln/1951_Lincoln/1951_Lincoln_Foldout". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2011-11-20. ^ a b Howley, Tim (July–August 1992). "1950 Lincoln: More than a Mercury?". Special Interest Autos (130). Hemmings Motor News: 59. ^ Howley, p. 60 ^ a b "Directory Index: Lincoln/1951_Lincoln/1951_Lincoln_Foldout". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2022-08-18. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. External links How Stuff Works - 1950-1951 Lincoln Lido/Capri vteLincoln passenger vehicle timeline, 1922–1979 — next » Type 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mid-size WWII Versailles Full-size Lincoln-Zephyr Zephyr Lincoln (H) Lincoln (EL) Cosmopolitan Custom Capri Capri Lincoln Continental Continental L-Series Cosmopolitan Capri Premiere Premiere Continental Town Car Limousine L-Series K-Series Custom Town Car/Limousine Halo car K-Series Continental Mark III–V Personal luxury car Continental Continental Continental Mark II Mark III Mark IV Mark V vteLincoln vehiclesEstablished 1917, a division of Ford Motor Company since 1922CurrentCars Z SUVs Aviator Corsair Nautilus Navigator Discontinued (by date ofintroduction)1920s L-series 1930s Continental K-series Zephyr V12 1940s Cosmopolitan Custom EL-series H-series 1950s Capri Mark series Mark II Mark III Mark IV Mark V Mark VI Mark VII Mark VIII Premiere 1970s Versailles 1980s Town Car 1990s LS 2000s Blackwood Mark LT MKS MKT MKX MKZ 2010s MKC Concept C Continental (2002) Continental (2015) Futura Mark X MKR MK9 Navicross Zephyr Reflection Presidential Sunshine Special 1950 Cosmopolitan SS-100-X (1961 Continental) 1972 Continental 1989 Town Car Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"full-size luxury car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Zephyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln-Zephyr"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Cosmopolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Cosmopolitan"},{"link_name":"Mercury Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Eight"},{"link_name":"Ford F-Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_F-Series_(first_generation)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flory2008-2"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Motor_Company_Plant"},{"link_name":"Dearborn, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Maywood Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maywood_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Maywood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maywood,_California"}],"text":"The Lincoln EL-Series is a full-size luxury car that was marketed and sold by Lincoln from 1949 to 1951. Replacing the H-Series Lincoln, the postwar model line was the first complete redesign of the Lincoln sedan line since 1936 (its predecessor was derived from the prewar Zephyr). In line with its predecessor, the EL-Series Lincoln carried only the Lincoln nameplate, using no divisional branding; the Lincoln was slotted below the Lincoln Cosmopolitan within the Lincoln model range.The first Lincoln developed under the combined Lincoln-Mercury Division of Ford Motor Company, the Lincoln shared much of its body with the 1949 Mercury Eight, distinguished primarily by its longer 121-inch wheelbase. For the first time since 1933, a V8 engine was offered in a Lincoln instead of a V12, now sharing its engine with the Ford F-Series \"Big Job\" trucks.[2]Alongside production from Lincoln Assembly (Dearborn, Michigan), production of the EL-Series Lincoln was sourced from Maywood Assembly (Maywood, California). For 1952, the Lincoln was replaced by a redesign of the Cosmopolitan. with Lincoln reviving the use of divisional nameplates across its model line.","title":"Lincoln (EL-series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Model History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kowalke_1997-1"},{"link_name":"ponton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponton_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kowalke_1997-1"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kowalke_1997-1"}],"sub_title":"1949","text":"The first all-new postwar Lincolns were introduced on April 22, 1948.[1] They had a more streamlined appearance than the 1948 models, reflecting \"ponton\" styling. However, the new two-piece windshield seemed a bit out of sync with the modern styling.[1] At a distance, it was hard to tell a Lincoln apart from a Mercury. Recessed headlights and a shinier front end set it apart.[1] The 337 cubic inch Lincoln flathead V8 produced 152 hp (113 kW) at 3600 rpm.","title":"Model History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1950_Lincoln_standard_four-door_sedan,_Lime_Rock.jpg"},{"link_name":"suicide doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_doors"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kowalke_1997-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kowalke_1997-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIA-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howley60-5"}],"sub_title":"1950","text":"1950 Lincoln four-door sedan with suicide doorsIn 1950 a new horizontal grille with elements enhanced the appearance of the standard Lincoln.[1] Its name was in the same location on the front fender as last year, but it was larger.[1] The door handles were improved as was the previously confusing interior layout. The convertible was dropped from the lineup as Mercury's near-identical convertible had outsold it by a wide margin in 1949.[4]Late in the 1950 model year the engine was upgraded to address vibration and oil consumption concerns. Three rather than four piston rings were fitted, and the engine balancing was improved. As a result the horsepower rating increased marginally and the car ran smoother. The cooling system was also improved and durability was increased thanks to the use of more alloy.[5]","title":"Model History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kowalke_1997-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kowalke_1997-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIA-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foldout-6"}],"sub_title":"1951","text":"According to the Standard Catalog of American Cars, the front end of the 1951 Lincoln \"looked like a 1950 model that had gotten into a fight, and lost.\"[1] The grille bar only extended from the center section to the bumper guards, while a forward slanting vertical piece was added to the front fender side chrome.[1] The 1951 Mercury's \"fishtail\" rear design was also adopted, to the detriment of rearward visibility(*).[4] The glamorous Lido coupe returned with a canvas or vinyl roof, fender skirts, rocker panel molding and custom interior.[6] (*)Other than here, there is no reference to a Mercury \"fish tail\" design. The '51 Lincoln's modified C pillar actually increased rearward vision.","title":"Model History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-US-7"},{"link_name":"Mercury Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Monterey"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Cosmopolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Cosmopolitan"},{"link_name":"suicide doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_doors"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flory2008-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foldout-6"}],"text":"On 5 July 1950 the Lincoln Lido was introduced as somewhat of Lincoln's answer to the GM hardtops that had debuted in 1949. List price for the 1950 model was $2,721 ($34,458 in 2023 dollars [7]). It was similar to the Mercury Monterey and the up market Lincoln Cosmopolitan Capri coupes, while the Lido was also offered as a sedan with suicide doors for rear seat passengers. Both years of the Lido featured a vinyl or canvas-covered roof, fender skirts, bright roof drip rails and rocker panel moldings, dual door mirrors, a gold-colored hood ornament from the Cosmopolitan and a custom leather interior with special door and side panels. An electric clock was standard.[2][6] Few were sold, as customers preferred General Motors' hardtop offerings.The Lido name reappeared on a 1963 show car called the Lincoln Continental Lido, which was a 1963 Continental with a padded vinyl roof.","title":"Lincoln Lido (1950-1951)"}]
[{"image_text":"1950 Lincoln four-door sedan with suicide doors","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/1950_Lincoln_standard_four-door_sedan%2C_Lime_Rock.jpg/220px-1950_Lincoln_standard_four-door_sedan%2C_Lime_Rock.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Kowalke, Ron (1997). Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946–1975. Krause publications. ISBN 0-87341-521-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/standardcatalogo00beve","url_text":"Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946–1975"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-521-3","url_text":"0-87341-521-3"}]},{"reference":"Flory, Jr., J. \"Kelly\" (2008). American Cars, 1946-1959 Every Model Every Year. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7864-3229-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3229-5","url_text":"978-0-7864-3229-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Directory Index: Lincoln/1951_Lincoln/1951_Lincoln_Foldout\". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2011-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Lincoln/1951_Lincoln/1951_Lincoln_Foldout/1951%20Lincoln%20Foldout-16.html","url_text":"\"Directory Index: Lincoln/1951_Lincoln/1951_Lincoln_Foldout\""}]},{"reference":"Howley, Tim (July–August 1992). \"1950 Lincoln: More than a Mercury?\". Special Interest Autos (130). Hemmings Motor News: 59.","urls":[{"url":"http://assets.blog.hemmings.com/wp-content/uploads//2012/09/SIA-1950Lincoln_06_1500.jpg","url_text":"\"1950 Lincoln: More than a Mercury?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Directory Index: Lincoln/1951_Lincoln/1951_Lincoln_Foldout\". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2022-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Lincoln/1951_Lincoln/1951_Lincoln_Foldout/1951%20Lincoln%20Foldout-02-03.html","url_text":"\"Directory Index: Lincoln/1951_Lincoln/1951_Lincoln_Foldout\""}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\". Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Turner_(scientist)
Martin Turner (scientist)
["1 Career","2 Research","3 References","4 External links"]
This biography of a living person relies too much on references to primary sources. Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful.Find sources: "Martin Turner" scientist – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Martin TurnerNationalityBritishAlma mater University College London (BSc) University of London (PhD) Scientific careerFieldsimmunology, molecular biologyInstitutions Babraham Institute Cambridge Stem Cell Institute National Institute for Medical Research Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology/Sunley Research centre, University of Oxford Thesis Regulation of cytokine gene expression  (1990) Websitewww.babraham.ac.uk/our-research/lymphocyte/martin-turner Martin Turner is a molecular biologist and Immunologist and Head of the Immunology Programme at the Babraham Institute. His work has helped identify key molecular processes involved in the development of the immune system and its response to pathogens. His work has included research the fundamental mechanisms regulating gene expression by cells of the immune system. Career Turner graduated in Biochemistry from University College London and went on to complete a PhD with Professor Sir Marc Feldmann studying the regulation of cytokine gene expression. Subsequently, he joined the MRC National Institute for Medical Research, working with Victor Tybulewicz before joining the Babraham Institute in 1997. Turner became Head of the Lymphocyte Signalling & Development Programme at the Institute in 2005. In 2021 this became the Immunology Programme. Research During his PhD, Turner contributed to fundamental research that led to the identification of TNF as a potential drug target for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. He went on to work on identifying elements of signal transduction pathways that are needed inside cells to promote proper development of lymphocytes. His work has continued to focus in this area and has included identifying roles for phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) in lymphocyte development and activation. This work has helped to underpin the development of PI3K delta inhibitors in treating human cancers. Recent work by his group seeks to understand how RNA-processing mechanisms control the development and function of B and T lymphocytes. In particular, Turner is interested in RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs (particularly miR-155 and how these function within signal transduction networks to control cell differentiation and immunity. References ^ Gray, P.W., Barrett, K., Chantry, D., Turner, M., and Feldmann, M. (1990). “Cloning of human tumour necrosis factor receptor cDNA and expression of recombinant soluble TNF binding protein.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:7380-7384. ^ Turner, M., Chantry, D., Buchan, G., Barrett, K., and Feldmann, M. (1989). “Regulation of expression of human interleukin 1 alpha and beta genes.” J. Immunol. 143:3556-3561. ^ Hirano, T., Matsuda, T., Turner, M., Noboyuki, M., Buchan, G., Tang, B., Sato, K., Shimzu, M., Maini, R.N., Feldmann, M., and Kishimoto, T. (1988). “Excessive production of interleukin 6 (BSF-2) in rheumatoid arthritis.” Eur. J. Immunol. 18:1797-1801. ^ Buchan, G., Barrett, K., Turner, M., Chantry, D., Maini, R. N., and Feldmann, M. (1988). “Interleukin 1 and tumour necrosis factor mRNA expression in rheumatoid arthritis: prolonged production of IL-1alpha.” Clin. Exp. Immunol. 73:443-449. ^ Turner, M., Londei, M., and Feldmann, M. (1987). “Human T cells from normal and autoimmune individuals can produce Tumour Necrosis Factor.” Eur. J. Immunol. 17:1807-1814. ^ Turner, M., Gulbranson-Judge, A., Quinn, M., Walters, A. E., MacLennan, I. C. M. and Tybulewicz, V. L. J. (1997). “Syk tyrosine kinase is required for the positive selection of immature B cells into the recirculating pool”. J. Exp. Med. 186: 2013-2021. ^ Turner, M., Mee, P. J., Walters A. E., Quinn, M. E., Mellor, A. L., Zamoyska, R. and Tybulewicz, V. L. J. (1997). “A requirement for the Rho-family GTP exchange factor Vav in positive and negative selection of T lymphocytes”. Immunity. 7: 451-460. ^ Turner, M., Mee, P. J., Costello, P. S., Williams, O., Price, A. A., Duddy, L. P., Furlong, M. T., Geahlen, R. L. and Tybulewicz, V. L. J. “Perinatal lethality and blocked B cell development in mice lacking the tyrosine kinase Syk”. (1995). Nature. 378: 298-302. ^ Tarakhovsky, A$., Turner,M$., Schall, S., Mee, P.J., Duddy, L. P., Rajewsky, K., and Tybulewicz, V. L. J. (1995). “Defective antigen receptor mediated proliferation of B and T cells in the absence of Vav.” Nature. 374: 467-470. $ joint first authorship. ^ Janas M.L., and Turner M. (2011) PreTCR dependent proliferation requires CXCR4 activation of p110gamma by a Ras dependent mechanism. J. Immunol. 187:4667-75. PMID 21930962 ^ Rolf J, Bell S.E., Kovesdi D., Janas M.L., Soond D.R., Webb L.M., Santinelli S., Saunders T., Hebeis B., Killeen N., Okkenhaug K, and Turner M. (2010). Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Activity in T Cells Regulates the Magnitude of the Germinal Center Reaction. J. Immunol. 185: 4042-4052 PMID 20826752. Selected as a highlight paper ^ Janas, M. L., Varano, G., Gudmundsson, K., Noda, M., Nagasawa, T., Turner, M. (2010) Thymic development beyond β-selection requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation by CXCR4. J. Exp. Med. 207:247-61. PMID 20038597 ^ Janas, M. L., Hodson, D., Stamataki, Z., Hill, S., Welch, K., Gambardella, L., Trotman, L., Pandolfi, P-P., Vigorito, E., and Turner, M (2008). The effect of deleting p110delta on the phenotype and function of PTEN-deficient B cells. J. Immunol. 180:739-46. PMID 18178811 ^ Llorian M., Stamataki, Z., Hill, S., Turner, M. and Martensson I-L. (2007) “Cutting Edge: P110delta is required for down-regulation of RAG expression in immature B cells.” J. Immunol. 178:1981-1985. ^ McKenzie G, Ward G, Stallwood Y, Briend E, Papadia S, Lennard A, Turner M, Champion B and Hardingham GE. (2006). “Cellular Notch responsiveness is defined by phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent signals”. BMC Cell Biol. 7:10. ^ Webb, L., Vigorito, E., Wymann, M.P,. Hirsch, E and Turner M. (2005) “Cutting Edge: T Cell Development Requires the Combined Activities of the p110gamma and p110delta Catayltic Isoforms of PI3K”. J Immunol. 175: 2783-2787. ^ Vigorito, E., Bardi, G., Glassford, J., Lam Eric E. W.-F., Clayton, E., and Turner, M. (2004). “Vav-dependent and Vav-independent PI3K activation in murine B cells determined by the nature of the stimulus”. J. Immunol. 173:3209-3214. ^ Clayton, E., Bardi, G., Bell, S. E., Chantry, D., Downes, C. P., Gray, A., Humphries, L. A., Rawlings, D., Reynolds, H., Vigorito, E. and Turner, M. (2002). A crucial role for the p110delta subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in B cell development and activation. J. Exp. Med. 196 753-763. ^ Turner M, and Díaz-Muñoz MD. (2018) “RNA-binding proteins control gene expression and cell fate in the immune system.” Nature Immunology 19(2):120-129. Review. PMID 29348497 ^ Galloway A, and Turner M. (2017) Cell cycle RNA regulons coordinating early lymphocyte development. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA. Feb 23. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1419. Review. PMID 28231639. ^ Turner M, Galloway A and Vigorito E (2014) “Non-coding RNA and its Associated Proteins as Regulatory Elements of the immune system” Nature Immunology 15:484-91. Review. PMID 24840979. ^ Monzón-Casanova E., Screen M., Coulson, R.M.R., Diaz-Munoz M.D., Bell S.E., Lamers G., Solimena M., Smith C. and Turner M. (2018) “The RNA binding protein PTBP1 is necessary for B cell selection in germinal centres.” Nature Immunology 19 (3) March 267-278. PMID 29358707 ^ Rebecca Newman, Helena Ahlfors, Alexander Saveliev, Alison Galloway, Charlotte Cook, Daniel J Hodson, Robert Williams, Adam Cunningham, Sarah E Bell and Martin Turner. “Maintenance of the marginal zone B cell compartment specifically requires the RNA binding protein ZFP36l1” Nature Immunology June 2017. 18(6):683-693. PMID 28394372 ^ Galloway, A., Saveliev, A., Łukasiak, S., Hodson, D.J., Bolland, D., Balmanno, K., Ahlfors, H., Monzón-Casanova, E., Ciullini-Mannurita, S., Bell, L.S., Andrews, S. R., Díaz-Muñoz, M.D., Cook, S. J., Corcoran, A. and Turner M. “RNA binding proteins ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 promote cell quiescence". Science 352:453 PMID 27102483 ^ Vogel, K. U., Bell, L. S., Galloway, A., Ahlfors, H., and Turner, M. (2016) "The RNA-binding proteins Zfp36l1 and Zfp36l2 enforce the thymic β-selection checkpoint by limiting DNA damage response signaling and cell cycle progression" J. Immunol. 197(7):2673-85. PMID 27566829 ^ Diaz-Muñoz,. M. D., Bell, S.E., Fairfax, K., Monzon-Casanova, E., Cunningham, A.F. Gonzalez-Porta, M., Andrews, S.R., Bunik, V. I., Zarnack, K., Curk, T., Ward A. Heggermont, W.A., Heymans, S., Gibson, G.E., Kontoyiannis, D. L., Ule, J., and Turner M. (2015) HuR-dependent regulation of mRNA splicing is essential for the B cell antibody response. Nature Immunology (4):415-25. PMID 25706746 ^ Hodson, D. J., Janas, M. L., Galloway, A. Bell, S.E., Andrews, S., Li, C.M., Pannell, R. Siebel, C.W., MacDonald, H. R., De Keersmaecker, K., Ferrando, A.A., Grutz, G., and Turner, M. (2010). Deletion of the RNA-binding proteins zfp36L1 and zfp36L2 leads to perturbed thymic development and T-lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nat. Immunol. 11(8):717-724. PMID 20622884. ^ Turner, D. J., Saveliev, A., Salerno, F., Matheson, L. S., Screen, M., Lawson, H., Wotherspoon, D., Kranc, K. R., and Turner, M. (2022). A functional screen of RNA binding proteins identifies genes that promote or limit the accumulation of CD138+ plasma cells. PMID 35451955. ^ D'Angeli, V., Monzón-Casanova, E., Matheson, L. S., Gizlenci, Ö., Petkau, G., Gooding, C., Berrens, R. V., Smith, C., and Turner, M. (2022). Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 regulates the activation of mouse CD8 T cells. European Journal of Immunology.PMID 35460072. ^ Matheson, L. S., Petkau, G., Sáenz-Narciso, B., D'Angeli, V., McHugh, J., Newman, R., Munford, H., West, J., Chakraborty, K., Roberts, J., Łukasiak, S., Díaz-Muñoz, M. D., Bell, S. E., Dimeloe, S., and Turner, M. (2022). Multiomics analysis couples mRNA turnover and translational control of glutamine metabolism to the differentiation of the activated CD4+ T cell. Scientific reports, 12(1), 19657. PMID 36385275. PMID 35460072. ^ Petkau, G., Mitchell, T. J., Chakraborty, K., Bell, S. E., D’Angeli, V., Matheson, L., Turner, D. J., Saveliev, A., Gizlenci, O., Salerno, F., Katsikis, P. D., and Turner, M. (2022). The timing of differentiation and potency of CD8 effector function is set by RNA binding proteins. Nature Communications, 13(1), 2274. PMID 35477960. ^ Salerno, F., Howden, A. J. M., Matheson, L. S., Gizlenci, Ö., Screen, M., Lingel, H., Brunner-Weinzierl, M. C., & Turner, M. (2023). An integrated proteome and transcriptome of B cell maturation defines poised activation states of transitional and mature B cells. Nature communications, 14(1), 5116. PMID 37612319. ^ Lu D., Nakagawa R., Lazzaro S., Staudacher P., Abreu-Goodger C., Henley T., Boiani S., Leyland R., Galloway A., Andrews S., Butcher G., Nutt S.L, Turner M*., Vigorito E*.. (2014) The miR-155/PU.1 axis acts on Pax5 to enable efficient terminal B cell differentiation. J. Exp. Med. 211:2183-98. PMID 25288398 (*co-corresponding authors). ^ Gracias DT, Stelekati E, Hope JL, Boesteanu AC, Fraietta JA, Doering T, Norton J, Mueller YM, Wherry EJ, Turner M*, Katsikis PD (2013) MicroRNA-155 controls CD8+ T cell responses by regulating interferon signaling. Nature Immunology 14:593-602. PMID 23603793 (*co-corresponding author). ^ Kohlhaas, S., Garden, O.A,, Scudamore, C., Turner, M., Okkenhaug, K., Vigorito, E. (2009). Cutting edge: The Foxp3 target miR-155 contributes to the development of regulatory T cells. J. Immunol. 182:2578-2582. PMID 19234151 ^ Vigorito E, Kerry L Perks, Cei Abreu-Goodger, Sam Bunting, Zou Xiang, Susan Kohlhaas, Partha P. Das, Eric A. Miska, Antony Rodriguez, Allan Bradley, Kenneth G. C. Smith, Cristina Rada, Anton J. Enright, Kai-Michael Toellner, Ian C. MacLennan and Turner, M. (2007). MicroRNA-155 regulates the generation of Immunoglobulin class-switched plasma cells. Immunity 27:847-59. ^ Rodriguez A, Vigorito E, Clare S, Warren MV, Couttet P, Soond DR, van Dongen S, Grocock RJ, Das PP, Miska EA, Vetrie D, Okkenhaug K, Enright AJ, Dougan G, Turner M*, Bradley A*. (2007). Requirement of bic/microRNA-155 for normal immune function. Science. 316:608-11. * Corresponding Authors External links Martin Turner's group at the Babraham Institute
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His work has included research the fundamental mechanisms regulating gene expression by cells of the immune system.","title":"Martin Turner (scientist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Professor Sir Marc Feldmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Feldmann"},{"link_name":"cytokine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine"},{"link_name":"National Institute for Medical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Medical_Research"}],"text":"Turner graduated in Biochemistry from University College London and went on to complete a PhD with Professor Sir Marc Feldmann studying the regulation of cytokine gene expression. Subsequently, he joined the MRC National Institute for Medical Research, working with Victor Tybulewicz before joining the Babraham Institute in 1997. Turner became Head of the Lymphocyte Signalling & Development Programme at the Institute in 2005. In 2021 this became the Immunology Programme.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rheumatoid arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"signal transduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction"},{"link_name":"lymphocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocytes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P110%CE%B4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"RNA-binding proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-binding_protein"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"miR-155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-155"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"differentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation"},{"link_name":"immunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_(medical)"}],"text":"During his PhD, Turner contributed to fundamental research that led to the identification of TNF as a potential drug target for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.[1][2][3][4][5]He went on to work on identifying elements of signal transduction pathways that are needed inside cells to promote proper development of lymphocytes.[6][7][8][9] His work has continued to focus in this area and has included identifying roles for phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) in lymphocyte development and activation.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] This work has helped to underpin the development of PI3K delta inhibitors in treating human cancers.Recent work by his group seeks to understand how RNA-processing mechanisms control the development and function of B and T lymphocytes.[19][20][21] In particular, Turner is interested in RNA-binding proteins[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] and microRNAs (particularly miR-155[33][34][35][36][37] and how these function within signal transduction networks to control cell differentiation and immunity.","title":"Research"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Martin+Turner%22+scientist","external_links_name":"\"Martin Turner\" scientist"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Martin+Turner%22+scientist+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Martin+Turner%22+scientist&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Martin+Turner%22+scientist+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Martin+Turner%22+scientist","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Martin+Turner%22+scientist&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.babraham.ac.uk/our-research/lymphocyte/martin-turner","external_links_name":"www.babraham.ac.uk/our-research/lymphocyte/martin-turner"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2170974","external_links_name":"Cloning of human tumour necrosis factor receptor cDNA and expression of recombinant soluble TNF binding protein."},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2511244","external_links_name":"Regulation of expression of human interleukin 1 alpha and beta genes."},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2462501","external_links_name":"Excessive production of interleukin 6 (BSF-2) in rheumatoid arthritis."},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3264773","external_links_name":"“Interleukin 1 and tumour necrosis factor mRNA expression in rheumatoid arthritis: prolonged production of IL-1alpha.”"},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eji.1830171220","external_links_name":"“Human T cells from normal and autoimmune individuals can produce Tumour Necrosis Factor.”"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2199169/","external_links_name":"“Syk tyrosine kinase is required for the positive selection of immature B cells into the recirculating pool”"},{"Link":"http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/9354466","external_links_name":"“A requirement for the Rho-family GTP exchange factor Vav in positive and negative selection of T lymphocytes”"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7477352","external_links_name":"“Perinatal lethality and blocked B cell development in mice lacking the tyrosine kinase Syk”"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7700358","external_links_name":"“Defective antigen receptor mediated proliferation of B and T cells in the absence of Vav.”"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21930962","external_links_name":"PreTCR dependent proliferation requires CXCR4 activation of p110gamma by a Ras dependent mechanism"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21930962","external_links_name":"21930962"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20826752","external_links_name":"Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Activity in T Cells Regulates the Magnitude of the Germinal Center Reaction"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20826752","external_links_name":"20826752"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20038597","external_links_name":"Thymic development beyond β-selection requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation by CXCR4"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20038597","external_links_name":"20038597"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18178811","external_links_name":"The effect of deleting p110delta on the phenotype and function of PTEN-deficient B cells"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18178811","external_links_name":"18178811"},{"Link":"http://www.jimmunol.org/content/178/4/1981","external_links_name":"Cutting Edge: P110delta is required for down-regulation of RAG expression in immature B cells."},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16507111","external_links_name":"“Cellular Notch responsiveness is defined by phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent signals”"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16116162","external_links_name":"“Cutting Edge: T Cell Development Requires the Combined Activities of the p110gamma and p110delta Catayltic Isoforms of PI3K”"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15322182","external_links_name":"“Vav-dependent and Vav-independent PI3K activation in murine B cells determined by the nature of the stimulus”"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12235209","external_links_name":"A crucial role for the p110delta subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in B cell development and activation."},{"Link":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-017-0028-4","external_links_name":"“RNA-binding proteins control gene expression and cell fate in the immune system.”"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29348497","external_links_name":"29348497"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28231639","external_links_name":"Cell cycle RNA regulons coordinating early lymphocyte development."},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28231639","external_links_name":"28231639"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24840979","external_links_name":"“Non-coding RNA and its Associated Proteins as Regulatory Elements of the immune system”"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24840979","external_links_name":"24840979"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29358707","external_links_name":"“The RNA binding protein PTBP1 is necessary for B cell selection in germinal centres.”"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29358707","external_links_name":"29358707"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28394372","external_links_name":"“Maintenance of the marginal zone B cell compartment specifically requires the RNA binding protein ZFP36l1”"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28394372","external_links_name":"28394372"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27102483","external_links_name":"“RNA binding proteins ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 promote cell quiescence\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27102483","external_links_name":"27102483"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27566829","external_links_name":"\"The RNA-binding proteins Zfp36l1 and Zfp36l2 enforce the thymic β-selection checkpoint by limiting DNA damage response signaling and cell cycle progression\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27566829","external_links_name":"27566829"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25706746","external_links_name":"HuR-dependent regulation of mRNA splicing is essential for the B cell antibody response."},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25706746","external_links_name":"25706746"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20622884","external_links_name":"Deletion of the RNA-binding proteins zfp36L1 and zfp36L2 leads to perturbed thymic development and T-lymphoblastic leukaemia."},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20622884","external_links_name":"20622884"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9106329/","external_links_name":"A functional screen of RNA binding proteins identifies genes that promote or limit the accumulation of CD138+ plasma cells."},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35451955","external_links_name":"35451955"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9546061/","external_links_name":"Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 regulates the activation of mouse CD8 T cells."},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35460072","external_links_name":"35460072"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9669047/","external_links_name":"Multiomics analysis couples mRNA turnover and translational control of glutamine metabolism to the differentiation of the activated CD4+ T cell."},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36385275","external_links_name":"36385275"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35460072","external_links_name":"35460072"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9046422/","external_links_name":"The timing of differentiation and potency of CD8 effector function is set by RNA binding proteins."},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35477960","external_links_name":"35477960"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10447577/","external_links_name":"An integrated proteome and transcriptome of B cell maturation defines poised activation states of transitional and mature B cells."},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37612319","external_links_name":"37612319"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25288398","external_links_name":"The miR-155/PU.1 axis acts on Pax5 to enable efficient terminal B cell differentiation."},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25288398","external_links_name":"25288398"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23603793","external_links_name":"MicroRNA-155 controls CD8+ T cell responses by regulating interferon signaling."},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23603793","external_links_name":"23603793"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19234151","external_links_name":"Cutting edge: The Foxp3 target miR-155 contributes to the development of regulatory T cells."},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19234151","external_links_name":"19234151"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18055230","external_links_name":"MicroRNA-155 regulates the generation of Immunoglobulin class-switched plasma cells."},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17463290","external_links_name":"Requirement of bic/microRNA-155 for normal immune function."},{"Link":"http://www.babraham.ac.uk/our-research/lymphocyte/turner/","external_links_name":"Martin Turner's group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Dragway
Bristol Dragway
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 36°31′01″N 82°14′56″W / 36.517°N 82.249°W / 36.517; -82.249Bristol Dragway is a 30,000 capacity drag racing circuit. It is located in Bristol, Tennessee, United States. The stadium is located close to the Bristol Motor Speedway. It was originally built in 1965 and is often called "Thunder Valley" due to the acoustics created by its location between two mountains. Its track is 3,800 feet long. References ^ David M. McGee, Bristol Dragway (Arcadia Publishing, 2007), ISBN 978-0738544441. Excerpts available at Google Books. External links Official website vteCurrent NHRA Mission Foods Drag Racing Series dragstrips Gainesville Chandler Pomona Las Vegas Concord Joliet Epping Bristol Petersburg Norwalk Kent Sonoma Brainerd Indianapolis Mohnton Madison Ennis 36°31′01″N 82°14′56″W / 36.517°N 82.249°W / 36.517; -82.249 This Tennessee sports venue-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a motor sport venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_trade_coffee
Fair trade coffee
["1 History","2 Fair trade organizations","3 Certification scheme and competition","4 Coffee retailers","5 Importers","6 Exporters","7 Enforcement of standards","8 Marketing system","9 Criticisms","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
Coffee certified as produced to fair trade standards A brand of fair-certified coffee. The "Fair" logo is on the lower right of the packages. Fair trade coffee is coffee that is certified as having been produced to fair trade standards by fair trade organizations, which create trading partnerships that are based on dialogue, transparency and respect, with the goal of achieving greater equity in international trade. These partnerships contribute to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to coffee bean farmers. Fair trade organizations support producers and sustainable environmental farming practices and prohibit child labor or forced labor. History Fair trade coffee beans being sorted Prior to fair trade, prices were regulated by the International Coffee Organization according to the regulations set forth by the International Coffee Agreement of 1962. This agreement, which was negotiated at the United Nations by the Coffee Study Group, set limits on the amount of coffee traded between countries so there would be no excess supply and consequent drop in price. The ICA existed for five years and then was renewed in 1968. The agreement was renegotiated in 1976 due to increasing coffee prices, largely a result of a severe frost in Brazil. The new agreement allowed for the suspension of price quotas if the supply of coffee could not meet the demand, and enabling them if prices dropped too low. In 1984, the agreement was again redrawn, this time creating a database on coffee trade, and implementing stricter import and export regulations. Fair trade certification was then introduced in 1988 following a coffee crisis in which the supply of coffee was greater than the demand; since no price quotas had been reimplemented by the International Coffee Act, the market was flooded. Launched in the Netherlands, fair trade certification aimed to artificially raise coffee prices in order to ensure growers sufficient wages to turn a profit. The original name of the organization was "Max Havelaar", after a fictional Dutch character who opposed the exploitation of coffee farmers by Dutch colonialists in the East Indies. The organization created a label for products that met certain wage standards. Quotas remained a part of the agreement until 1989, when the organization was unable to negotiate a new agreement in time for the next year. It was decided that the 1983 agreement would be extended, but without the quotas because they had not yet been determined. A new agreement could not be negotiated until 1992. From 1990 to 1992, without the quotas in place, coffee prices reached an all-time low because coffee price quotas could not be decided. The agreements of 2001 and 2007 aimed to stabilize the coffee economy by promoting coffee consumption, raising the standard of living of growers by providing economic counselling, expanding research to include niche markets and quality relating to geographic area, and conducting studies of sustainability, principles similar to fair trade. Following the inception of fair trade certification, the "Transfair" label was later launched in Germany, and within ten years three other labeling organizations commenced: The Fairtrade Foundation, TransFair USA, and Rättvisemärkt. In 1997, these four organizations jointly created Fairtrade International (formerly called FLO, or Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International), which continues to set Fairtrade standards, inspecting and certifying growers. Fair trade organizations The fair trade labeling organizations having most of the market share and who sell through supermarkets refer to a definition developed by FINE, an association of four international fair trade networks (Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International, World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO), Network of European World shops and European Fair Trade Association (EFTA)). The standards developed by Fairtrade Labelling Organization are the most widely used. Fairtrade Labelling Organization (FLO) International is the overall body that governs the fairtrade system. It aims to achieve high standards within the fairtrade system in terms of credibility, compliance of Fairtrade Standards by producers, traders, and retailers. FLO's Main Tasks Setting International Fairtrade Standards FLO provides independent, transparent and competent standard setting by proposing the Fairtrade Standards to the FLO Board that decides if standards are met. Each producer or trader has to meet the Generic Standards and the Product Standards which guarantees minimum prices that are considered fair to producers. They also aim for long term trading relationships and environmental sustainability. Facilitating and Developing Fairtrade Business The FLO works with both Fairtrade Certified producer organizations and traders to match supply and demand. It is also responsible for strengthening these organizations and improve their access to the market. Making the case for Fairtrade Justice FLO together with other international Fair Trade organizations, IFAT, NEWS and EFTA respectively, have created a common Platform called FINE (standing for the initial letters of FLO, IFAT, NEWS and EFTA) to work together to promote the case for trade justice in debates on trade and development. Rp 100.000.000.00 Certification scheme and competition The certification scheme is run by Fairtrade International (FLO). Fairtrade has become the most dominant Fair Trade label and has attracted a lot of competitors challenging its monopoly as an ethical label. Several labels from competitors have been created using different certification schemes. NGOs and non-profit organizations are the main threats causing enormous headache for Fairtrade International (FLO) regulating authorities. A few examples include Bird-friendly Coffee, which promotes practices that help to protect the habitat of migrating birds, the American NGO Rainforest Alliance, whose mission is to protect ecosystems and to preserve biodiversity and sustainability of modes of production, and UTZ Certified, which focuses on improving the efficiency and market access of producers. However, most of these organizations are criticized for failing to guarantee minimum price, failing to provide pre-financing facilities, favouring plantations at the expense of family farms. The greatest idea about the certification scheme and its competitors is that they all have a logic of innovation they constantly attempt to innovate rather than generating income only but proactively meet the changing needs of different objectives with different ambitions. Coffee packers pay Fairtrade a fee for the right to use the Fairtrade logo, which gives consumers an assurance that the coffee meets Fairtrade criteria. The coffee with this certification mark must be produced by farmers and cooperatives that meet these criteria. Coffee retailers Coffee retailers are not restricted by Fairtrade to sell Fairtrade coffee as a premium product and charge as much as they like for the coffee. Importers Importers of Fairtrade coffee have to be registered with Fairtrade and pay a fee. Under the Fairtrade International standards they are obliged to pay a minimum price to the exporting organization, currently $1.40c/lb New York Board of Trade “C” contract, F.O.B. origin for Arabica, and $1.05 for Robusta London “EURONEXT LIFFE” contract, F.O.B origin with 30c/lb extra for organic. When the world price is above this level, they are obliged to pay 20c/lb above the world price. Exporters Certified Fairtrade coffee is normally exported by secondary or tertiary cooperatives, marketing this coffee on behalf of the cooperatives the farmers belong to with arrangements that may be complex. There is not enough demand to take all the certified coffee produced, so most has to be sold as uncertified. In 2001 only 13.6% could be sold as certified so limits were placed on new cooperatives joining the scheme. This plus an increased demand put up sales of certified to around 50% in 2003 with a figure of 37% commonly cited in recent years. Some exporting cooperatives do not manage to sell any of their output as certified, and others sell as little as 8%. The exporting cooperatives incur costs including certification and inspection fees, additional marketing costs, costs of conforming to standards, and additional costs of cooperative operation, costs which are incurred on all coffee production, even if little or none is marketed as certified, with a higher price, so the cooperatives may make a loss on Fairtrade membership. Weber reports cooperatives not able to cover the extra costs of a marketing team for Fairtrade, with one covering only 70% of these costs after six years of Fairtrade membership. Any deficit after paying these costs means a lower price for farmers, while any surplus will normally go on “social projects” for “common goals” organized by the exporting cooperative rather than as extra payment for farmers. These may include the building of classrooms, baseball fields, or the establishment of women's groups, for instance. Enforcement of standards FLO-CERT, a for-profit business owned by Fairtrade International, handles producer certification, inspecting and certifying producer organizations in more than 50 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In the fair trade debate there are many complaints of failure to enforce these standards, with farmers, cooperatives, importers and packers. Marketing system The marketing system for Fairtrade and non-Fairtrade coffee is identical in the consuming countries, using mostly the same importing, packing, distributing and retailing firms. Some independent brands operate a virtual company, paying the normal importers, packers and distributors and advertising agencies to handle their brand rather than doing it themselves, for cost reasons. Many fair trade organizations remain that adhere to a greater or smaller degree to the original objectives of fair trade than the mainstream of Fairtrade International and its associate. These market products through alternative channels where possible, and market through specialist fair trade shops, but they have a small proportion of the total market. Criticisms Criticisms of fair trade have been made as a result of independent research, and these are summarized in the fair trade debate. There are also some criticisms of fair trade specific to coffee. Colleen Haight of the Stanford Innovation Review argues that fair trade coffee is merely a way to market the idea of ethical consumerism. Quality and transparency concerns regarding coffee are increasingly common amongst some consumers and coffee companies, as seen through the rise of the third wave coffee movement. Maintaining a balance between ethical and higher-quality coffee may be difficult with fair trade coffee due to what some coffee roasters deem as insufficient quality incentive within many fair-trade certified coffee farms. Deborah Sick's research, involving interviews with coffee farmers in Costa Rica, finds that many farmers often produce more fair trade coffee than they can sell, so will often end up selling to independent buyers that will often pay more than fair trade buyers can. Some scholars are concerned of the artificial stimulation of coffee production, especially since worldwide demand for coffee is relatively inelastic. Many who believe fair trade coffee is insufficient use the direct trade model, which allows for more control over quality concerns, farmer empowerment, and sustainability issues. It is also valuable in fostering closer farmer to roaster business relationships, which can ultimately increase quality of life and profits for coffee growers and buyers alike. However, direct trade is a new concept that is only utilized by for profit businesses like Counter Culture Coffee and Intelligentsia Coffee and therefore has no third party certification. Fair trade has become a repetition of free trade rather than being an alternative to the market economy which is dominated by supply and demand. Fair trade is not serving its promises of creating opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers. Poverty has become a commodity through fair trade within its label that labels goods produced by the poor giving it visibility it did not have before leaving the marginalized people in reduced circumstances. The system could not become a solution to all humanity misfortunes; there are still concerns as the large amounts of profits does not go to the less privileged producers although much of the labor have been provided by these marginalized people. The poor may remain poor if there are no measures implemented to address the inequalities of the market as the poor cannot enjoy decent prices to what they sell to the rich countries. Prices provided by the system do not amount for inflation which can aggravate their conditions. See also Coffee portalAgriculture portalBusiness and economics portal Anti-globalization Organic agriculture Rainforest Alliance Sustainable coffee World Trade Organization References ^ a b Max Havelaar Foundation. "HOW DID IT ACTUALLY START?". FairTrade Max Havelaar Netherlands (in Dutch and English). Max Havelaar Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2012. ^ "History of The International Coffee Organization". International Coffee Organization. Retrieved 6 September 2014. ^ Fair Trade USA (2010). "CERTIFICATION & YOUR BUSINESS". Fair Trade USA. Retrieved 5 August 2012. ^ "Trade Standard". Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International. Retrieved 6 September 2014. ^ a b "Fairtrade International (FLO): Fairtrade International". www.fairtrade.net. Retrieved 2019-04-17. ^ a b c Sylla, Ndongo Samba (2015-11-20). The Fair Trade Scandal. Pluto Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt183p3b4. ISBN 9781783710133. ^ Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. (2011) “Generic Fairtrade Trade Standard,” p11 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-02. Retrieved 2013-01-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) accessed 15/1/2013 ^ Griffiths, P., ‘Ethical objections to Fairtrade’ Journal of Business Ethics July 2011(DOI) 10.1007/s10551-011-0972-0 www.springerlink.com Accessed at http://www.griffithsspeaker.com/Fairtrade/why_fair_trade_isn.htm ^ Fairtrade International (FLO), “Fairtrade Minimum Price and Fairtrade Premium Table” 18.12.2012, accessed 8.1.2013; Fairtrade International (FLO) (2011), “Fairtrade Standard for Coffee for Small Producer Organizations” version: 01.04.2011 http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/standards/documents/2012-04-01_EN_SPO_Coffee.pdf accessed 15/1/2013. ^ Fairtrade International (FLO) (2011), “Fairtrade Standard for Coffee for Small Producer Organizations” version: 01.04.2011 http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/standards/documents/2012-04-01_EN_SPO_Coffee.pdf accessed 15/1/2013; Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. (2011), “Fairtrade Standard for Small Producer Organizations”, version: 01.05.2011_v1.1 http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/standards/documents/2012-07-11_SPO_EN.pdf accessed 15/1/2013; Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. (2011) “Generic Fairtrade Trade Standard, p 16” "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-02. Retrieved 2013-01-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) accessed 15/1/2013 ^ Weber, J. (2006), ‘Rationing in the Fair Trade coffee market: who enters and how?’, Paper presented at the ‘Second International Colloquium: Fair Trade and Sustainable Development’, University of Quebec, Montreal, 19–21 June; de Janvry, A., McIntosh, C., & Sadoulet, E. (2010). Fair Trade and Free Entry: The Dissipation of Producer Benefits in a Disequilibrium Market. Retrieved December 24, 2012, from http://are.berkeley.edu/~alain/workingpapers.html. ^ Muradian, R., and W. Pelupessy. 2005. “Governing the Coffee Chain: The Role of Voluntary Regulatory Systems” World Development 33(12): 2029-2044., cited in de Janvry, A., McIntosh, C., & Sadoulet, E. (2010). Fair Trade and Free Entry: The Dissipation of Producer Benefits in a Disequilibrium Market. Retrieved December 24, 2012, from http://are.berkeley.edu/~alain/workingpapers.html. ^ Levi, Margaret, and April Linton. 2003. “Fair Trade: A Cup at a Time?” Politics and Society 31(3): 407-32. cited in de Janvry, A., McIntosh, C., & Sadoulet, E. (2010). Fair Trade and Free Entry: The Dissipation of Producer Benefits in a Disequilibrium Market. Retrieved December 24, 2012, from http://are.berkeley.edu/~alain/workingpapers.html. ^ a b Weber, J. (2006), ‘Rationing in the Fair Trade coffee market: who enters and how?’, Paper presented at the ‘Second International Colloquium: Fair Trade and Sustainable Development’, University of Quebec, Montreal, 19–21 June ^ Riedel, C. P., F. M. Lopez, A. Widdows, A. Manji and M. Schneider (2005), ‘Impacts of Fair Trade: trade and market linkages’, Proceedings of the 18th International Farming Symposium, 31 October–3 November, Rome: Food and Agricultural Organisation, http://www.fao.org/ farmingsystems ^ Fairtrade International (FLO) (2011), “Fairtrade Standard for Coffee for Small Producer Organizations” version: 01.04.2011 http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/standards/documents/2012-04-01_EN_SPO_Coffee.pdf accessed 15/1/2013; Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. (2011), “Fairtrade Standard for Small Producer Organizations”, version: 01.05.2011_v1.1 p28; Fairtrade International. (2013). Coffee. Retrieved January 3, 2013, from Fairtrade International: http://www.fairtrade.net/coffee.html. ^ FLO-CERT (2008). FLO-CERT Archived 2009-09-18 at the Wayback Machine. URL accessed on August 1, 2008. ^ Davies, I.A. and A Crane, ‘Ethical Decision Making in Fair Trade Companies’, Journal of Business Ethics 45: 79–92, 2003. p. 84 ^ Ballet, Jerome and Aurelie Carimentrand ‘Fair trade and the Depersonalization of Ethics’ Journal of Business Ethics (2010) 92:317–330 _ Springer 2010 DOI 10.1007/s10551-010-0576-0. ^ "The Problem with Fair Trade Coffee (SSIR)". ssir.org. Retrieved 2017-04-17. ^ Sick, Deborah (2008-08-20). "Coffee, Farming Families, and Fair Trade in Costa Rica: New Markets, Same Old Problems?". Latin American Research Review. 43 (3): 193–208. doi:10.1353/lar.0.0042. ISSN 1542-4278. S2CID 154679642. ^ "Voting with your trolley". The Economist. 2006-12-07. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2017-04-17. ^ "What is Direct Trade coffee?". www.ethicalcoffee.net. Retrieved 2017-04-17. ^ "Sustainability | Counter Culture Coffee". Counter Culture Coffee. 2016-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-17. ^ "Learn & Do | Community | Direct Trade | Intelligentsia Coffee". www.intelligentsiacoffee.com. Retrieved 2017-04-17. ^ Sylla, Ndongo Samba (2014). The Fair Trade Scandal : Marketing Poverty to Benefit the Rich. Pluto Press. ISBN 9781783710133. OCLC 1083942810. ^ Decarlo, Jacqueline (2007). A beginner's guide. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781851685219. OCLC 852015077. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fair trade coffee. Trudel, Remi; Cotte, June (8 January 2009). "Does It Pay To Be Good?". MIT Sloan Management Review. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 6 September 2014. vteFair tradeCore topics History of fair trade Fairtrade certification Fair trade and politics Fair trade impact studies Fair trade debate Alternative trading organization Trade justice Trade Justice Movement Sweatshops Body shopping Worldshop Federations Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International World Fair Trade Organization Network of European Worldshops European Fair Trade Association FINE Fair Trade Federation International Resources for Fairer Trade (IRFT) Certification Fair trade certification Fairtrade International FLO-CERT (inspection & certification) International Fairtrade Certification Mark Fair Trade Certified Mark Labeling initiatives Asociación del Sello de Productos de Comercio Justo Fair Trade Association of Australia & New Zealand Fairtrade Mark Ireland The Fairtrade Foundation Association Max Havelaar France Stichting Max Havelaar Max Havelaar-Stiftung Switzerland Fairtrade Canada Fair Trade USA (formerly TransFair USA) Alternative tradingorganizations Alter Eco Artisans du Monde Cafédirect Ctm altromercato Divine Chocolate Equal Exchange Equal Exchange Trading Rainforest Alliance Gepa The Fair Trade Company Handcrafting Justice SERRV International Traidcraft Twin Trading Ten Thousand Villages Campaigns Fairtrade Town List of Fairtrade settlements Fairtrade fortnight Make Trade Fair No Sweat World Fair Trade Day Media Black Gold (2006 film) Brewing Justice (book) Category:Fair trade vteCoffeeTopics Economics Fair trade History International Coffee Day Single-origin coffee Third-wave coffee Production Coffee production Organic coffee Shade-grown coffee Sustainable coffee List of countries by coffee production Coffee roasting Coffee wastewater Decaffeination Home roasting Species and varieties Arabica Benguet Blue Mountain Bonifieur Bourbon Geisha Kona Maracaturra Maragogipe Molokai S795 Sagada Charrieriana Liberica Barako Racemosa Robusta Sulu Components Cafestol Caffeic acid Caffeine Coffee bean Furan-2-ylmethanethiol Kahweol Preparation AeroPress Arabic coffee Jebena Brewed coffee Chemex Cezve Chorreador Coffeemaker Cold brew nitro Drip coffee Espresso doppio lungo ristretto Espresso machine French drip Karlsbad coffee maker French press Instant coffee Coffee syrup Knockbox Moka pot Neapolitan flip coffee pot Percolator Turkish coffee Vacuum maker Single-serve coffee container Coffee drinks Affogato Americano Beaten coffee Bica Bicerin Black Russian Cà phê sữa đá Café au lait Café com cheirinho Café con leche Café de olla Café Touba Caffè corretto Caffè crema Caffè macchiato Caffè mocha Cappuccino Carajillo Coffee cabinet Coffee milk Cortado Café Cubano Dalgona coffee Egg coffee Espresso Flat white Frappé coffee Frappuccino Galão Garoto Gassosa al caffè Iced coffee Indian filter coffee Ipoh white coffee Irish coffee Karsk Kopi Kopi luwak Kopi tubruk Kurdish coffee Latte macchiato Latte Liqueur coffee Long black Lungo Marocchino Mazagran Moretta Oliang Raf coffee Red eye Ristretto Rüdesheimer Kaffee Tenom coffee Turkish coffee White coffee White Russian Wiener Melange Yuenyeung Organization lists Bakery cafés Coffee companies Coffeehouses Lifestyle Barista Bikini barista Caffè sospeso Coffee break Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea CoffeeCon Coffee culture Coffee cupping Coffee palace Coffeehouse Historical coffeehouses Kopi tiam Latte art Viennese coffee house Substitutes Barley coffee Barley tea Barleycup Caro Cereal coffee Chicory Dandelion coffee Inka Maya nut Postum Qishr Serving vessels Coffee cup sleeve Cezve Demitasse spoon Tasse à café Zarf Competitions United States Barista Championship World Barista Championship World Brewers Cup Misc. Coffee and doughnuts Coffee bag Coffee service Coffee leaf rust Coffee wars Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment Canned coffee Coffee vending machine Used coffee grounds Sustainable coffee Coffee portal  Category: Coffee
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_Puente_Fairer_Handel_Kaffee.jpg"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"fair trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_trade"},{"link_name":"transparency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)"},{"link_name":"respect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect"},{"link_name":"international trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade"},{"link_name":"sustainable development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development"},{"link_name":"coffee bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_bean"},{"link_name":"child labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labor"}],"text":"A brand of fair-certified coffee. The \"Fair\" logo is on the lower right of the packages.Fair trade coffee is coffee that is certified as having been produced to fair trade standards by fair trade organizations, which create trading partnerships that are based on dialogue, transparency and respect, with the goal of achieving greater equity in international trade. These partnerships contribute to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to coffee bean farmers. Fair trade organizations support producers and sustainable environmental farming practices and prohibit child labor or forced labor.","title":"Fair trade coffee"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coffee_beans_being_sorted_and_pulped.jpg"},{"link_name":"coffee beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_bean"},{"link_name":"International Coffee Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Coffee_Organization"},{"link_name":"International Coffee Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Coffee_Agreement"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Fair trade certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_trade_certification"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Max Havelaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Havelaar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"niche markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_markets"},{"link_name":"sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated6-3"},{"link_name":"Fairtrade Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairtrade_Foundation"},{"link_name":"TransFair USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransFair_USA"},{"link_name":"Rättvisemärkt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A4ttvisem%C3%A4rkt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairtrade_Labelling_Organizations_International"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"}],"text":"Fair trade coffee beans being sortedPrior to fair trade, prices were regulated by the International Coffee Organization according to the regulations set forth by the International Coffee Agreement of 1962. This agreement, which was negotiated at the United Nations by the Coffee Study Group, set limits on the amount of coffee traded between countries so there would be no excess supply and consequent drop in price. The ICA existed for five years and then was renewed in 1968.The agreement was renegotiated in 1976 due to increasing coffee prices, largely a result of a severe frost in Brazil. The new agreement allowed for the suspension of price quotas if the supply of coffee could not meet the demand, and enabling them if prices dropped too low.In 1984, the agreement was again redrawn, this time creating a database on coffee trade, and implementing stricter import and export regulations.Fair trade certification was then introduced in 1988 following a coffee crisis in which the supply of coffee was greater than the demand; since no price quotas had been reimplemented by the International Coffee Act, the market was flooded. Launched in the Netherlands, fair trade certification aimed to artificially raise coffee prices in order to ensure growers sufficient wages to turn a profit. The original name of the organization was \"Max Havelaar\", after a fictional Dutch character who opposed the exploitation of coffee farmers by Dutch colonialists in the East Indies.[1] The organization created a label for products that met certain wage standards.Quotas remained a part of the agreement until 1989, when the organization was unable to negotiate a new agreement in time for the next year. It was decided that the 1983 agreement would be extended, but without the quotas because they had not yet been determined. A new agreement could not be negotiated until 1992.From 1990 to 1992, without the quotas in place, coffee prices reached an all-time low because coffee price quotas could not be decided.The agreements of 2001 and 2007 aimed to stabilize the coffee economy by promoting coffee consumption, raising the standard of living of growers by providing economic counselling, expanding research to include niche markets and quality relating to geographic area, and conducting studies of sustainability, principles similar to fair trade.[2][3]Following the inception of fair trade certification, the \"Transfair\" label was later launched in Germany, and within ten years three other labeling organizations commenced: The Fairtrade Foundation, TransFair USA, and Rättvisemärkt. In 1997, these four organizations jointly created Fairtrade International (formerly called FLO, or Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International), which continues to set Fairtrade standards, inspecting and certifying growers.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FINE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINE"},{"link_name":"Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairtrade_Labelling_Organizations_International"},{"link_name":"World Fair Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Fair_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"Network of European World shops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_of_European_World_shops&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European Fair Trade Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Fair_Trade_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"environmental sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sustainability"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"The fair trade labeling organizations having most of the market share and who sell through supermarkets refer to a definition developed by FINE, an association of four international fair trade networks (Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International, World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO), Network of European World shops and European Fair Trade Association (EFTA)). The standards developed by Fairtrade Labelling Organization are the most widely used.[4] Fairtrade Labelling Organization (FLO) International is the overall body that governs the fairtrade system. It aims to achieve high standards within the fairtrade system in terms of credibility, compliance of Fairtrade Standards by producers, traders, and retailers.FLO's Main TasksSetting International Fairtrade Standards\nFLO provides independent, transparent and competent standard setting by proposing the Fairtrade Standards to the FLO Board that decides if standards are met.[5] Each producer or trader has to meet the Generic Standards and the Product Standards which guarantees minimum prices that are considered fair to producers. They also aim for long term trading relationships and environmental sustainability.\nFacilitating and Developing Fairtrade Business\nThe FLO works with both Fairtrade Certified producer organizations and traders to match supply and demand. It is also responsible for strengthening these organizations and improve their access to the market.\nMaking the case for Fairtrade Justice\nFLO together with other international Fair Trade organizations, IFAT, NEWS and EFTA respectively, have created a common Platform called FINE (standing for the initial letters of FLO, IFAT, NEWS and EFTA) to work together to promote the case for trade justice in debates on trade and development.[5] Rp 100.000.000.00","title":"Fair trade organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fairtrade International (FLO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLO_International"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"NGOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"non-profit organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"Bird-friendly Coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Migratory_Bird_Center"},{"link_name":"Rainforest Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance"},{"link_name":"UTZ Certified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTZ_Certified"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fairtrade.net-7"}],"text":"The certification scheme is run by Fairtrade International (FLO). Fairtrade has become the most dominant Fair Trade label and has attracted a lot of competitors challenging its monopoly as an ethical label.[6] Several labels from competitors have been created using different certification schemes. NGOs and non-profit organizations are the main threats causing enormous headache for Fairtrade International (FLO) regulating authorities. A few examples include Bird-friendly Coffee, which promotes practices that help to protect the habitat of migrating birds, the American NGO Rainforest Alliance, whose mission is to protect ecosystems and to preserve biodiversity and sustainability of modes of production, and UTZ Certified, which focuses on improving the efficiency and market access of producers. However, most of these organizations are criticized for failing to guarantee minimum price, failing to provide pre-financing facilities, favouring plantations at the expense of family farms.[6] The greatest idea about the certification scheme and its competitors is that they all have a logic of innovation they constantly attempt to innovate rather than generating income only but proactively meet the changing needs of different objectives with different ambitions.[6]Coffee packers pay Fairtrade a fee for the right to use the Fairtrade logo, which gives consumers an assurance that the coffee meets Fairtrade criteria. The coffee with this certification mark must be produced by farmers and cooperatives that meet these criteria.[7]","title":"Certification scheme and competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EthicalObjections-8"}],"text":"Coffee retailers are not restricted by Fairtrade to sell Fairtrade coffee as a premium product and charge as much as they like for the coffee.[8]","title":"Coffee retailers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Importers of Fairtrade coffee have to be registered with Fairtrade and pay a fee. Under the Fairtrade International standards they are obliged to pay a minimum price to the exporting organization, currently $1.40c/lb New York Board of Trade “C” contract, F.O.B. origin for Arabica, and $1.05 for Robusta London “EURONEXT LIFFE” contract, F.O.B origin with 30c/lb extra for organic.[9] When the world price is above this level, they are obliged to pay 20c/lb above the world price.","title":"Importers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fairtrade_International_2011_p_16-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weber,_J._2006-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weber,_J._2006-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Certified Fairtrade coffee is normally exported by secondary or tertiary cooperatives, marketing this coffee on behalf of the cooperatives the farmers belong to[10] with arrangements that may be complex.[11] There is not enough demand to take all the certified coffee produced, so most has to be sold as uncertified. In 2001 only 13.6% could be sold as certified[12] so limits were placed on new cooperatives joining the scheme. This plus an increased demand put up sales of certified to around 50% in 2003[13] with a figure of 37% commonly cited in recent years. Some exporting cooperatives do not manage to sell any of their output as certified,[14] and others sell as little as 8%.[15]The exporting cooperatives incur costs including certification and inspection fees, additional marketing costs, costs of conforming to standards, and additional costs of cooperative operation, costs which are incurred on all coffee production, even if little or none is marketed as certified, with a higher price, so the cooperatives may make a loss on Fairtrade membership. Weber[14] reports cooperatives not able to cover the extra costs of a marketing team for Fairtrade, with one covering only 70% of these costs after six years of Fairtrade membership.Any deficit after paying these costs means a lower price for farmers, while any surplus will normally go on “social projects” for “common goals” organized by the exporting cooperative rather than as extra payment for farmers.[16] These may include the building of classrooms, baseball fields, or the establishment of women's groups, for instance.","title":"Exporters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FLOCERT-17"},{"link_name":"fair trade debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_trade_debate"}],"text":"FLO-CERT, a for-profit business owned by Fairtrade International, handles producer certification, inspecting and certifying producer organizations in more than 50 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.[17] In the fair trade debate there are many complaints of failure to enforce these standards, with farmers, cooperatives, importers and packers.","title":"Enforcement of standards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The marketing system for Fairtrade and non-Fairtrade coffee is identical in the consuming countries, using mostly the same importing, packing, distributing and retailing firms. Some independent brands operate a virtual company, paying the normal importers, packers and distributors and advertising agencies to handle their brand rather than doing it themselves, for cost reasons.[18]Many fair trade organizations remain that adhere to a greater or smaller degree to the original objectives of fair trade than the mainstream of Fairtrade International and its associate. These market products through alternative channels where possible, and market through specialist fair trade shops, but they have a small proportion of the total market.[19]","title":"Marketing system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fair trade debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_trade_debate"},{"link_name":"ethical consumerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_consumerism"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"third wave coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_wave_of_coffee"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"direct trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_trade"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Criticisms of fair trade have been made as a result of independent research, and these are summarized in the fair trade debate.There are also some criticisms of fair trade specific to coffee. Colleen Haight of the Stanford Innovation Review argues that fair trade coffee is merely a way to market the idea of ethical consumerism.[20] Quality and transparency concerns regarding coffee are increasingly common amongst some consumers and coffee companies, as seen through the rise of the third wave coffee movement. Maintaining a balance between ethical and higher-quality coffee may be difficult with fair trade coffee due to what some coffee roasters deem as insufficient quality incentive within many fair-trade certified coffee farms. Deborah Sick's research, involving interviews with coffee farmers in Costa Rica, finds that many farmers often produce more fair trade coffee than they can sell, so will often end up selling to independent buyers that will often pay more than fair trade buyers can.[21] Some scholars are concerned of the artificial stimulation of coffee production, especially since worldwide demand for coffee is relatively inelastic.[22]Many who believe fair trade coffee is insufficient use the direct trade model, which allows for more control over quality concerns, farmer empowerment, and sustainability issues.[23] It is also valuable in fostering closer farmer to roaster business relationships, which can ultimately increase quality of life and profits for coffee growers and buyers alike. However, direct trade is a new concept that is only utilized by for profit businesses like Counter Culture Coffee and Intelligentsia Coffee and therefore has no third party certification.[24][25]Fair trade has become a repetition of free trade rather than being an alternative to the market economy which is dominated by supply and demand. Fair trade is not serving its promises of creating opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers. Poverty has become a commodity through fair trade within its label that labels goods produced by the poor giving it visibility it did not have before leaving the marginalized people in reduced circumstances.[26]The system could not become a solution to all humanity misfortunes; there are still concerns as the large amounts of profits does not go to the less privileged producers although much of the labor have been provided by these marginalized people. The poor may remain poor if there are no measures implemented to address the inequalities of the market as the poor cannot enjoy decent prices to what they sell to the rich countries. Prices provided by the system do not amount for inflation which can aggravate their conditions.[27]","title":"Criticisms"}]
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Retrieved 5 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fairtradeusa.org/certification","url_text":"\"CERTIFICATION & YOUR BUSINESS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trade Standard\". Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International. Retrieved 6 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fairtrade.net/standards.html","url_text":"\"Trade Standard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fairtrade International (FLO): Fairtrade International\". www.fairtrade.net. Retrieved 2019-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fairtrade.net/","url_text":"\"Fairtrade International (FLO): Fairtrade International\""}]},{"reference":"Sylla, Ndongo Samba (2015-11-20). The Fair Trade Scandal. Pluto Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt183p3b4. ISBN 9781783710133.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt183p3b4","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctt183p3b4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783710133","url_text":"9781783710133"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-02. Retrieved 2013-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130502051837/http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/standards/documents/2012-04-02_GTS_EN.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/standards/documents/2012-04-02_GTS_EN.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-02. Retrieved 2013-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130502051837/http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/standards/documents/2012-04-02_GTS_EN.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/standards/documents/2012-04-02_GTS_EN.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Problem with Fair Trade Coffee (SSIR)\". ssir.org. Retrieved 2017-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_problem_with_fair_trade_coffee","url_text":"\"The Problem with Fair Trade Coffee (SSIR)\""}]},{"reference":"Sick, Deborah (2008-08-20). \"Coffee, Farming Families, and Fair Trade in Costa Rica: New Markets, Same Old Problems?\". Latin American Research Review. 43 (3): 193–208. doi:10.1353/lar.0.0042. ISSN 1542-4278. S2CID 154679642.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flar.0.0042","url_text":"10.1353/lar.0.0042"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1542-4278","url_text":"1542-4278"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154679642","url_text":"154679642"}]},{"reference":"\"Voting with your trolley\". The Economist. 2006-12-07. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2017-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.economist.com/node/8380592","url_text":"\"Voting with your trolley\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613","url_text":"0013-0613"}]},{"reference":"\"What is Direct Trade coffee?\". www.ethicalcoffee.net. Retrieved 2017-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ethicalcoffee.net/direct.html","url_text":"\"What is Direct Trade coffee?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sustainability | Counter Culture Coffee\". Counter Culture Coffee. 2016-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://counterculturecoffee.com/sustainability","url_text":"\"Sustainability | Counter Culture Coffee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Learn & Do | Community | Direct Trade | Intelligentsia Coffee\". www.intelligentsiacoffee.com. Retrieved 2017-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.intelligentsiacoffee.com/learn-do/community/intelligentsia-direct-trade","url_text":"\"Learn & Do | Community | Direct Trade | Intelligentsia Coffee\""}]},{"reference":"Sylla, Ndongo Samba (2014). The Fair Trade Scandal : Marketing Poverty to Benefit the Rich. Pluto Press. ISBN 9781783710133. OCLC 1083942810.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783710133","url_text":"9781783710133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1083942810","url_text":"1083942810"}]},{"reference":"Decarlo, Jacqueline (2007). A beginner's guide. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781851685219. OCLC 852015077.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851685219","url_text":"9781851685219"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/852015077","url_text":"852015077"}]},{"reference":"Trudel, Remi; Cotte, June (8 January 2009). \"Does It Pay To Be Good?\". MIT Sloan Management Review. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 6 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/does-it-pay-to-be-good/","url_text":"\"Does It Pay To Be Good?\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Porena
Boris Porena
["1 The Hypothesis","2 Writings","3 Biography","4 Musical works","5 References","6 External links"]
Italian composer (1927–2022) Boris Porena (Rome, 27 September 1927 - Cantalupo in Sabina, 3 May 2022) was an Italian thinker, music composer and didactical expert. He was married to Paola Bučan, a famous Croatian cellist and teacher who, until her retirement in 2014 was a tenured professor at the Conservatorio di Musica in Perugia (Italy). He was a disciple of Goffredo Petrassi – alongside other distinguished musicians such as Ennio Morricone, Aldo Clementi, and Sergio Cafaro. Although he was initially influenced by neoclassical poetics, he later evolved towards the use of the harmonic language of the late Renaissance period, which he has used with originality in order to build his own musical research which directly influenced his later compositional processes. He started composing when only 12 years old. His career is effectively in two distinct and different periods – the first being up until 1967 during which time he gained a wide national and international success. From 1968, as consequence of the evolution of both his thought and his social involvement, he abstained from composing, a period which lasted for the next twenty years. During that time he devoted himself to a grassroots cultural practice and set up the Metacultural Centre, located at Cantalupo in Sabina (Rieti, Italy). In 1988 he began to compose again with renewed enthusiasm, starting on a new and different compositional phase. As a musical critic he has written essays about his master, Goffredo Petrassi along with several other important texts about music; among them Musica/Società (Einaudi, 1975) stands out, going beyond purely musical issues and authoritatively examines and explores the fields of social and political analysis. He has taught new didactics of composition at the Santa Cecilia Conservatory in Rome and he has been director of the Research and Experimental Centre "Musica in Sabina". Among his many disciples are Jesús Villa-Rojo, Luca Lombardi, Celestino Dionisi, Giuliano d'Angiolini, Derek Healey, James Clifford Brown, Claudio Pietro, Jorge (Manuel Rosado Marques) Peixinho, Armando Santiago, Oliver Wehlmann, Monica Conversano , Massimo Fornetti, Alessandro De Rosa, Emanuele Pappalardo and many more. His non compositional writings cover a number of other fields, especially pedagogy and grassroots didactics, but also philosophical reflections such as those expressed in "Metacultural Hypothesis: an hypothesis for survival" (1999). He has a considerable and deep-seated interest in natural sciences which have led him to becoming something of an authority in entomology and especially in coleopterology. He has written a rich collection of poetry, especially in German, his mother tongue. The Hypothesis His deep interest in the global problems affecting contemporary society have led Boris Porena, together with the Metacultural Centre, to formulate the Metacultural Hypothesis (MCH), also known as "the Hypothesis". This Hypothesis has known several formulations. For example: (Formulation 1) Every one of our acts or thoughts, being a possible communication object, has in itself a cultural component which must be relativised with regard to the culture which has produced it. But also: (Formulation 2) MCH coincides with the interruption of the principle of non contradiction. And even in a third form: (Formulation 3) Given any proposition p, it is always possible either to find or to build a local cultural universe LCUp within which p becomes 'true' Writings Kinder-Musik (1973) Musical Inquisitions (1974) Music-Society. Musical Inquisitions II (1975) Music in Compulsory Schooling (5 volumes) (1975–1978) Musica Prima. Musical composition: a tool for grassroots cultural practice at the school and in the territory (1979) Lake of Reflected Stories (1984) New Music Didactics (review and technical comments by Paola Bučan) (1988) N.1 for Piano – An itinerary for the first three years of study N.2 for Composition – Grammatical and Syntactical Issues N.3 Music by ... do, listen, learn, discuss. For the middle school and beyond N.4 for Cello – An itinerary towards professional activity Metacultural Hypothesis: an hypothesis for composing differences, i.e. for survival (1999). About Composition. Metacultural reflection addressed to musicians, professionals and amateurs. (1998) From knowing to thinking. For the sake of a truly renewed elementary school (2003) Biography Giorgio De Martino, 'L'utopia possibile. Vita, Musica e filosofia di Boris Porena, (2004), 364 pages plus photographies, Zecchini Editore, Varese Musical works His rich musical production, which comprises hundreds of works, has been accurately catalogued by Prof. Patrizia Conti (see 'L'Utopia possibile). The following works should be particularly notable: Sonatina "Vive la France!" (piano) (1951) Three sacred pieces . Liturgical text (1. Kyrie 2. Sanctus 3. Agnus Dei) (1954) Vier klassische Lieder (soprano, piano) 1. Die Zerstörung Magdeburgs, 2. St. NepomuksVorabend, 3. Schneider-Courage, 4. Die wandelnde Glocke (1956) Der Gott und die Bayadere (baritone, soprano, choir, two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, 2 bassoons, four trumpets, strings) (1957) Vier kanonische Lieder (soprano, clarinet) 1. Fernen 2. Auge der Zeit 3. Ich weiss 4. Der uns die Stunden zählte (1958) Drei Lieder (bass, 3 trombones – or 3 cellos) 1. Im Osten 2. Klage 3. Der Schlaf (originating also other Trakl-Lieder) (1959–1960) Eine Gryphius-Kantate (Baroque cantata) (1961) Music for orchestra N.1, (three flutes, three oboes, three clarinets, two bassoons, three horns, three trumpets, three trombones, percussions, strings) (1963) Über aller dieser deiner Trauer. Passio judaica (1965) Sei Ländler (in memoriam of Serapione) – Musical Inquisitions (piano) (1970) Suite N. 1 Benjamin Britten (cello solo) Prima (1981) Sonata quasi una parodia (Beethoven opus 109) (piano) (1987) Traumwirrnis (Schumann) (piano) (1987) Claude ... déchiré (Debussy) (piano) (1987) Trio N. 1 Felix (violin, cello, piano) (1987) Vivaldi (four concertant violins, strings) (1988) Satura for Bruno (flute, clarinet, violin, cello, piano) (1991) About the more and the less (second version) Dialogue for cello solo (1992) Wir. Scenic action in three acts plus an intermezzo (1993–1995) Euphorion. Szene für einen Goetheabend (1997) Bauhaus-Symphonie (Symphony N. 4), 1. Punkte, Linien, Flächen, Farben, 2. Linie, auf Abenteuer aus, 3. Gebrauchssinfonietta, 4. Räume (1997) Eight preludes for cello solo (1999) Eine weltliche Passion. Passio mundana (2000) Quartet N. 4 (1. Figurale monodico, 2. Afigurale I, 3. Figurale armonico (corale variato), 4. Afigurale II, 5. Figurale contrappuntistico (Fuga prima), 6. Afigurale III (Fuga seconda)) (2000) Suite 2000 (Suite of suites) (2000) I serie Preludio Menuetto Sarabanda Gavotta Bourrée Pavana Giga II serie Valzer Polka Tango Samba Ragtime Rock I Rock II Passacaglia III serie estampida Girotondo Canzone a Ballo Ritmo indiano Danza dell'anitra Danza rituale Tarantella) References ^ "Boris Porena". corriere. Retrieved 30 June 2022. External links Il Blog di Boris Porena Musica – Società (1975) Metaparole (2008) Jorge Peixinho at the Wayback Machine (archived October 27, 2009) https://archive.org/details/RitrattoDiB.porena-EmanuelePappalardo-Radio31991 Ritratto radiofonico di 57' a cura di Emanuele Pappalardo per Antologia di Radio 3 (a cura di Mirella Fulvi) 1991 https://archive.org/details/ILPIACEREDICONOSCERE07121987F28712RomaMpeg2video a cura di Emanuele Pappalardo Rai2 1987 https://archive.org/details/scuolamediaunascuolachesirinnovadse16121980a87103roma1 Boris Porena e Maurizio Della Casa_RAI DSE 1980(prima parte) https://archive.org/details/DSE19802 (seconda parte) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Croatia Poland Vatican Academics CiNii Artists BRAHMS MusicBrainz Other RISM IdRef
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He was married to Paola Bučan, a famous Croatian cellist and teacher who, until her retirement in 2014 was a tenured professor at the Conservatorio di Musica in Perugia (Italy).[1]He was a disciple of Goffredo Petrassi – alongside other distinguished musicians such as Ennio Morricone, Aldo Clementi, and Sergio Cafaro. Although he was initially influenced by neoclassical poetics, he later evolved towards the use of the harmonic language of the late Renaissance period, which he has used with originality in order to build his own musical research which directly influenced his later compositional processes.He started composing when only 12 years old. His career is effectively in two distinct and different periods – the first being up until 1967 during which time he gained a wide national and international success. From 1968, as consequence of the evolution of both his thought and his social involvement, he abstained from composing, a period which lasted for the next twenty years. During that time he devoted himself to a grassroots cultural practice and set up the Metacultural Centre, located at Cantalupo in Sabina (Rieti, Italy). In 1988 he began to compose again with renewed enthusiasm, starting on a new and different compositional phase.As a musical critic he has written essays about his master, Goffredo Petrassi along with several other important texts about music; among them Musica/Società (Einaudi, 1975) stands out, going beyond purely musical issues and authoritatively examines and explores the fields of social and political analysis.He has taught new didactics of composition at the Santa Cecilia Conservatory in Rome and he has been director of the Research and Experimental Centre \"Musica in Sabina\". Among his many disciples are Jesús Villa-Rojo, Luca Lombardi, Celestino Dionisi, Giuliano d'Angiolini, Derek Healey, James Clifford Brown, Claudio Pietro, Jorge (Manuel Rosado Marques) Peixinho, Armando Santiago, Oliver Wehlmann, Monica Conversano [composer], Massimo Fornetti, Alessandro De Rosa, Emanuele Pappalardo and many more.His non compositional writings cover a number of other fields, especially pedagogy and grassroots didactics, but also philosophical reflections such as those expressed in \"Metacultural Hypothesis: an hypothesis for survival\" (1999).He has a considerable and deep-seated interest in natural sciences which have led him to becoming something of an authority in entomology and especially in coleopterology.He has written a rich collection of poetry, especially in German, his mother tongue.","title":"Boris Porena"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"His deep interest in the global problems affecting contemporary society have led Boris Porena, together with the Metacultural Centre, to formulate the Metacultural Hypothesis (MCH), also known as \"the Hypothesis\".This Hypothesis has known several formulations.For example:(Formulation 1)\nEvery one of our acts or thoughts, being a possible communication object, has in itself a cultural component which must be relativised with regard to the culture which has produced it.But also:(Formulation 2)\nMCH coincides with the interruption of the principle of non contradiction.And even in a third form:(Formulation 3)\nGiven any proposition p, it is always possible either to find or to build a local cultural universe LCUp within which p becomes 'true'","title":"The Hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Kinder-Musik (1973)\nMusical Inquisitions (1974)\nMusic-Society. Musical Inquisitions II (1975)\nMusic in Compulsory Schooling (5 volumes) (1975–1978)\nMusica Prima. Musical composition: a tool for grassroots cultural practice at the school and in the territory (1979)\nLake of Reflected Stories (1984)\nNew Music Didactics (review and technical comments by Paola Bučan) (1988)\nN.1 for Piano – An itinerary for the first three years of study\nN.2 for Composition – Grammatical and Syntactical Issues\nN.3 Music by ... do, listen, learn, discuss. For the middle school and beyond\nN.4 for Cello – An itinerary towards professional activity\nMetacultural Hypothesis: an hypothesis for composing differences, i.e. for survival (1999).\nAbout Composition. Metacultural reflection addressed to musicians, professionals and amateurs. (1998)\nFrom knowing to thinking. For the sake of a truly renewed elementary school (2003)","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Giorgio De Martino, 'L'utopia possibile. Vita, Musica e filosofia di Boris Porena, (2004), 364 pages plus photographies, Zecchini Editore, Varese","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"His rich musical production, which comprises hundreds of works, has been accurately catalogued by Prof. Patrizia Conti (see 'L'Utopia possibile). The following works should be particularly notable:Sonatina \"Vive la France!\" (piano) (1951)\nThree sacred pieces . Liturgical text (1. Kyrie 2. Sanctus 3. Agnus Dei)\t(1954)\nVier klassische Lieder (soprano, piano) 1. Die Zerstörung Magdeburgs, 2. St. NepomuksVorabend, 3. Schneider-Courage, 4. Die wandelnde Glocke \t(1956)\nDer Gott und die Bayadere (baritone, soprano, choir, two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, 2 bassoons, four trumpets, strings)\t(1957)\nVier kanonische Lieder (soprano, clarinet) 1. Fernen 2. Auge der Zeit 3. Ich weiss 4. Der uns die Stunden zählte\t(1958)\nDrei Lieder (bass, 3 trombones – or 3 cellos) 1. Im Osten 2. Klage 3. Der Schlaf (originating also other Trakl-Lieder)\t(1959–1960)\nEine Gryphius-Kantate (Baroque cantata) (1961)\nMusic for orchestra N.1, (three flutes, three oboes, three clarinets, two bassoons, three horns, three trumpets, three trombones, percussions, strings)\t(1963)\nÜber aller dieser deiner Trauer. Passio judaica (1965)\nSei Ländler (in memoriam of Serapione) – Musical Inquisitions (piano)\t(1970)\nSuite N. 1 Benjamin Britten (cello solo)\t Prima (1981)\nSonata quasi una parodia (Beethoven opus 109) (piano)\t(1987)\nTraumwirrnis (Schumann) (piano)\t(1987)\nClaude ... déchiré (Debussy) (piano)\t(1987)\nTrio N. 1 Felix (violin, cello, piano) \t(1987)\nVivaldi (four concertant violins, strings)\t(1988)\nSatura for Bruno (flute, clarinet, violin, cello, piano)\t(1991)\nAbout the more and the less (second version) Dialogue for cello solo\t(1992)\nWir. Scenic action in three acts plus an intermezzo\t(1993–1995)\nEuphorion. Szene für einen Goetheabend\t(1997)\nBauhaus-Symphonie (Symphony N. 4), 1. Punkte, Linien, Flächen, Farben, 2. Linie, auf Abenteuer aus, 3. Gebrauchssinfonietta, 4. Räume\t(1997)\nEight preludes for cello solo\t(1999)\nEine weltliche Passion. Passio mundana\t(2000)\nQuartet N. 4 (1. Figurale monodico, 2. Afigurale I, 3. Figurale armonico (corale variato), 4. Afigurale II, 5. Figurale contrappuntistico (Fuga prima), 6. Afigurale III (Fuga seconda))\t(2000)\nSuite 2000 (Suite of suites) (2000)\nI serie Preludio Menuetto Sarabanda Gavotta Bourrée Pavana Giga\nII serie Valzer Polka Tango Samba Ragtime Rock I Rock II Passacaglia\nIII serie estampida Girotondo Canzone a Ballo Ritmo indiano Danza dell'anitra Danza rituale Tarantella)","title":"Musical works"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_(province)
Kalinga (province)
["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 American occupation","2.2 Postwar era","2.3 During the Marcos dictatorship","2.4 After the People Power Revolution","2.5 Peace accord and creation of the Cordillera Autonomous Region","2.6 Creation as a province","2.7 Contemporary","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","3.2 Hydrology","3.3 Administrative divisions","4 Barangays","5 Demographics","6 Economy","7 Culture","8 Historic figures","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 17°45′N 121°15′E / 17.75°N 121.25°E / 17.75; 121.25Province in Cordillera, Philippines Province of the PhilippinesKalingaProvinceProvince of Kalinga(from top: left to right) Bum-bag Rice Terraces, Pasil Valley, Lubuagan Mountains, Mount Manting-oy, Mount Binuluan and Tabuk City Hall. FlagSealLocation in the PhilippinesOpenStreetMapCoordinates: 17°45′N 121°15′E / 17.75°N 121.25°E / 17.75; 121.25CountryPhilippinesRegionCordillera Administrative RegionFoundedMay 8, 1995Capitaland largest cityTabukGovernment • GovernorJames S. Edduba (Lakas) • Vice GovernorJocel C. Baac (Aksyon) • LegislatureKalinga Provincial BoardArea • Total3,231.25 km2 (1,247.59 sq mi) • Rank41st out of 81Highest elevation (Mount Alchan)2,617 m (8,586 ft)Population (2020 census) • Total229,570 • Estimate (2020)220,329 • Rank71st out of 81 • Density71/km2 (180/sq mi)  • Rank78th out of 81Divisions • Independent cities0 • Component cities 1 Tabuk  • Municipalities 7 Balbalan Lubuagan Pasil Pinukpuk Rizal Tanudan Tinglayan  • Barangays153 • DistrictsLegislative district of KalingaTime zoneUTC+8 (PHT)ZIP code3800–3808IDD : area code +63 (0)74ISO 3166 codePH-KALSpoken languagesKalingaIlocanoGaddangTagalogEnglishWebsitewww.kalinga.gov.ph Kalinga (IPA: ), officially the Province of Kalinga (Ilocano: Probinsia ti Kalinga; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Kalinga), is a landlocked province in the Philippines situated within the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Tabuk and borders Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north. Kalinga and Apayao are the result of the 1995 partitioning of the former province of Kalinga-Apayao which was seen to better service the respective needs of the various indigenous peoples in the area. President Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Lubuagan town the seat of government for 73 days from March 6, 1900, to May 18, 1900, before finally fleeing to Palanan. Etymology The province's name is derived from the Ibanag and Gaddang noun "kalinga", which means "enemy", "fighter", or "headtaker". History American occupation Kalinga was taken from Cagayan and Isabela provinces and established by the US Government through Philippine Commission Act No. 1642 on May 9, 1907, as a sub-province of Lepanto-Bontoc. Kalinga province was named after Kalinga people, a tribe which migrated to Philippines from Kalinga Kingdom of ancient India after Kalinga war in 261 BCE in different phases and accepted local culture resulting fusion of distinct culture some of customs are similar to those of Kalinga or Odia people of present day Odisha in India. Earlier it called Kalinga Kingdom, a very powerful kingdom of India having strong maritime history with south east Asia from 700BCE to 1400 CE. Kalinga was later organized as one of the sub-provinces of Mountain Province, created by Act No. 1876. In the early years, the subprovince underwent series of territorial changes. Part of Kalinga was transferred to another sub-province Bontoc through Executive Order No. 53 in 1914. In the municipal district of Pinukpuk, barrios were moved to Balbalan in 1926; as well as parts of it to Conner in Apayao in 1927. Postwar era Kalinga became part of a province along with Apayao when the old Mountain Province was divided into four separate provinces through Republic Act No. 4695 in 1966. Tabuc (Tabuk) was designated as the capital of Kalinga. During the Marcos dictatorship The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Kalinga-Apayao. During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of public works projects. This caused the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and social unrest. : "43"  With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years. This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses, particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship. The Kalinga-Apayao became known as a flashpoint of conflict between the Marcos dictatorship and the various indigenous peoples who lived in the area, because of the Chico River Dam Project, which, even if only the most essential part of it were built, would have encompassed the municipalities of Tinglayan, Lubuagan, Pasil, and parts of Tabuk in Kalinga, as well as numerous municipalities in Mountain Province; and would have displaced about 100,000 indigenous people. Because the great value placed on deceased ancestors who were buried within these communities, the issue was not just one of livelihood, but also one of sacred grounds. Marcos sent three armed brigades to quell down the protests, resulting in heightened tensions in the area. In 1977 alone, numerous Kalinga dam protesters — including tribal leaders Lumbaya Aliga Gayudan and Macli-ing Dulag, and even a 12-year-old child — were rounded up by these forces and incarcerated for up to two months. The 24 April 1980 murder of Macli-ing Dulag became a turning point when coverage of the murder led to public outrage. It was the first time since the 1972 declaration of Martial Law where the mainstream Philippine press managed to report on the arrests of civilians under Martial Law, and the turn of public opinion against both the Chico River Dam and Martial law, coupled with the united anger of the various peoples of the Cordillera Mountains led the Ferdinand Marcos administration to give up on the dam project. As a result, the Chico River Dam Project is now considered a landmark case study concerning ancestral domain issues in the Philippines. After the People Power Revolution After Marcos' 21 years in power were finally ended by the civilian-led People Power Revolution in 1986, many of the activists who had joined the underground movement decided to "surface," as the new administration of Corazon Aquino released political prisoners and initiated peace talks. However, anti-left sentiment in Aquino's new cabinet, which included figures who were aligned with the Reform the Armed Forces Movement, made the peace process difficult, and negotiations eventually collapsed, and the insurgency in Kalinga-Apayao persisted. Another event in 1986 marked the beginning of political change in the region, however - the splitting of the Cordillera People's Liberation Army from the New People's Army. Former Catholic priest Conrado Balweg, who had left his calling and joined the NPA in 1979, had been having disagreements with the NPA leadership over tactics and objectives in the Cordillera for four years when he finally decided to split from the NPA in early April 1986,believing that Igorot interests were better served through regional struggles for liberation, rather than the national-scale conflict pursued by the NPA. Peace accord and creation of the Cordillera Autonomous Region In September 1986, the CPLA signed the Mount Data Peace Accord with the government, which led to the creation of what became called the Cordillera Autonomous Region, although attempts to ratify actual autonomy in the region have failed due to non-ratification during plebiscites. Along with Abra, Kalinga-Apayao became part of the territories in the Cordillera Administrative Region which was created through Executive Order No. 220 in 1987. Creation as a province Kalinga was converted into a province on May 8, 1995 by virtue of RA No. 7878 when majority of the voters in Kalinga-Apayao approved in a plebiscite the division of the province into two. Contemporary On February 15, 2023, the province was certified by Guinness World Records with two titles: largest gong ensemble (in its second attempt) with 3,440 male participants, and largest banga (clay pot) dance with 4,681 female participants; both performed in a program called "Awong Chi Gangsa, Agtu'n Chi Banga" (A call of a thousand gongs, the dance of a thousand pots) in Tabuk, as part of the 4th Bodong Festival coinciding with the province's 28th founding anniversary. Geography The mountains of Kalinga in Lubuagan Kalinga covers a total area of 3,231.25 square kilometres (1,247.59 sq mi) occupying the central section of the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. The province is bordered by Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north. Large swaths of the province's lowlands are open grassland suitable for pasture, while the highlands have extensive areas of tropical rainforest. In higher elevations to the west, particularly in the mountains of Balbalan, lie some of the most intact pine forests of Luzon island. Rizal and Tabuk with their flatlands are the biggest rice producers. Next in rice production are the mountainous area, and of note are the rice terraces of Balbalan, Lubuagan, Pasil, Pinukpuk, Tinglayan, and Tanudan. Climate Hydrology The Chico River passing through Tinglayan The province is drained mainly by the Chico River, with its headwaters in the Mountain Province and emptying into the Cagayan River. The Chico River has several tributaries: Bunog River in Tinglayan in the south; the Tanudan and Biga Rivers in the east; Pasil River in the central area; and Poswoy, Dao-angan, Mabaca and Saltan Rivers in the west. Several small lakes can also be found in Kalinga. Administrative divisions Butchered remains of a Rhinoceros philippinensis found in Rizal, Kalinga. An evidence of early hominins in the Philippines about 709,000 years ago. Kalinga comprises one component city and seven municipalities, all encompassed by a single legislative district. Tabuk was proclaimed a component city in 2007, but in November 2008 the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled that its cityhood was unconstitutional. However, Tabuk had its city status reinstated by the Supreme Court on December 22, 2009. Political divisions City or municipality  Population ±% p.a. Area Density Barangay (2020) (2015) km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi 17°26′24″N 121°12′02″E / 17.4400°N 121.2006°E / 17.4400; 121.2006 (Balbalan) Balbalan 5.6% 12,914 12,195 +1.10% 542.69 209.53 24 62 14 17°21′04″N 121°10′30″E / 17.3510°N 121.1751°E / 17.3510; 121.1751 (Lubuagan) Lubuagan 4.1% 9,323 8,733 +1.25% 234.20 90.43 40 100 9 17°23′02″N 121°09′26″E / 17.3838°N 121.1572°E / 17.3838; 121.1572 (Pasil) Pasil 4.6% 10,577 9,644 +1.77% 189.00 72.97 56 150 14 17°34′25″N 121°21′54″E / 17.5736°N 121.3651°E / 17.5736; 121.3651 (Pinukpuk) Pinukpuk 14.9% 34,275 32,026 +1.30% 743.56 287.09 46 120 23 17°29′58″N 121°35′44″E / 17.4994°N 121.5956°E / 17.4994; 121.5956 (Rizal) Rizal 8.5% 19,554 17,038 +2.66% 281.79 108.80 69 180 14 17°24′49″N 121°26′38″E / 17.4136°N 121.4440°E / 17.4136; 121.4440 (Tabuk) Tabuk † 52.7% 121,033 110,642 +1.72% 700.25 270.37 170 440 43 17°17′35″N 121°14′20″E / 17.2930°N 121.2389°E / 17.2930; 121.2389 (Tanudan) Tanudan 3.8% 8,746 9,534 −1.63% 307.55 118.75 28 73 16 17°15′50″N 121°08′56″E / 17.2640°N 121.1489°E / 17.2640; 121.1489 (Tinglayan) Tinglayan 5.7% 13,148 12,868 +0.41% 283.00 109.27 46 120 20 Total 229,570 212,680 +1.47% 3,282.04 1,247.59 70 180 153  †  Provincial capital and component city   Municipality ^ The globe  icon marks the city/town center. Barangays The seven municipalities and one component city of the province comprise 153 barangays, with Bulanao in Tabuk City as the most populous in 2010, and Anggacan Sur in Tanudan as the least. If the City of Tabuk is excluded, Pinukpuk Junction in Pinukpuk municipality has the highest population. Further information: List of barangays in Kalinga Demographics Population census of Kalinga (province)YearPop.±% p.a.1903 17,660—    1918 27,467+2.99%1939 31,320+0.63%1948 36,777+1.80%1960 59,927+4.15%1970 86,597+3.75%1975 102,110+3.36%1980 114,382+2.29%1990 137,055+1.83%1995 154,145+2.23%2000 174,023+2.63%2007 182,326+0.64%2010 201,613+3.73%2015 212,680+1.02%2020 229,570+1.51%Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Population by ethnicity (2000) Ethnicity Number Kalinga   111,774 (64.37%) Ilocano   41,633 (23.98%) Kankanaey   4,421 (2.55%) Ibontoc   2,804 (1.61%) Tagalog   2,227 (1.28%) Applai   1,730 (1.00%) Others   8,115 (4.67%) Not Reported   930 (0.54%) Other foreign ethnicity   4 (0.002%) The population of Kalinga in the 2020 census was 229,570 people, with a density of 71 inhabitants per square kilometre or 180 inhabitants per square mile. On the 2000 census survey, Kalinga people comprised 64.37% (111,774) of the total provincial population of 173,638. Ilocanos came in second at 23.98% (41,633), while other ethnic groups in the province were the Kankanaey at 2.55% (4,421), Bontoc at 1.61% (2,804), Tagalog at 1.28% (2,227) and Applai at 1% (1,730). The primary language spoken is Kalinga, including its dialects of Balangao, Butbut, Limos, Lower Tanudan, Lubuagan, Mabaka, Madukayang, Southern Kalingan, and Upper Tanudan. Gaddang, as well as Ilocano, Tagalog, and English are also spoken in as lingua francas with varying degrees of proficiency. Economy Poverty incidence of Kalinga 10 20 30 40 50 2006 47.30 2009 30.15 2012 26.77 2015 40.68 2018 12.10 2021 5.60 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Culture 106-year old Apo Whang Od, the embodiment of Kalinga tattoo artistry. A student from Tinglayan, vested in traditional garb and holding a handcrafted weapon. There are many sub-tribes in the province. The strong sense of tribal membership and filial loyalty results in frequent tribal unrest and occasional outright war. Due to the mountainous terrain and warrior-culture of the people, the Kalinga were able to preserve their culture despite centuries of occupation in the lowlands by the Spaniards, Americans, and the Japanese. On February 22, 2019, the Department of Tourism announced the bid of Digdiga Ni Tupayya, a Kalinga courtship dance, to be included in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists. Historic figures Macli-ing Dulag - a Kalinga warrior and leader (pangat) who opposed the Chico River Dam Project. Murdered by military personnel under the command of dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Dulag's death is remembered as one of the two occasions for the declaration of Cordillera Day in the entire Cordillera Administrative Region. His name has been inscribed in the heroes' marker in Quezon City. Conrado Balweg - a former Filipino Catholic priest and rebel who was the founder of the Cordillera People's Liberation Army, a militant group which advocated autonomy for the Cordillera region in the Philippines. He was also known by the nom-de-guerre Ka Ambo. Whang-od - a Kalinga master tattooist (mambabatok) and recipient of the prestigious Dangal ng Haraya Award. Alonzo Saclag - Awarded as a National Living Treasure for his efforts to preserve the culture of Kalinga through performing arts. References ^ (Ilocano: Probinsia ti Kalinga; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Kalinga) ^ "List of Provinces". PSGC Interactive. Makati, Philippines: National Statistical Coordination Board. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014. ^ "POPULATION PROJECTIONS BY REGION, PROVINCE, CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES, 2020-2025". www.doh.gov.ph. Department of Health. August 27, 2020. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2020. ^ a b c Census of Population (2020). Table B - Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City, and Municipality - By Region. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021. ^ "History". Municipality of Lubuagan. Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2019. ^ "Municipality of Lubuagan". Department of Interior and Local Government-Cordillera Administrative Region. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2019. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph:81. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Act No. 1642". Supreme Court E-Library. Government of the Philippines. May 9, 1907. Retrieved July 24, 2022. ^ a b c "The Kalinga". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Government of the Philippines. Retrieved August 7, 2022. ^ "Index to Official Gazette (1913–1928)" (PDF). University of San Carlos. The Library Corporation. 2011–2012. Retrieved July 31, 2022. ^ "Republic Act No. 4695". The LawPhil Project. Arellano Law Foundation. June 18, 1966. Retrieved July 24, 2022. ^ Cite error: The named reference a1642 was invoked but never defined (see the help page). ^ Cite error: The named reference PHLComm08 was invoked but never defined (see the help page). ^ Cite error: The named reference KAusc was invoked but never defined (see the help page). ^ "The Manolay cult: The genesis and dissolution of millenarian sentiments among the Isneg of Northern Luzon" (PDF). Asian Studies. University of the Philippines Diliman. Retrieved July 31, 2022. ^ Robles, Raissa (2016). Marcos Martial Law: Never Again. Filipinos for a Better Philippines, Inc. ^ Balbosa, Joven Zamoras (1992). "IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines" (PDF). Journal of Philippine Development. XIX (35). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2022. ^ Balisacan, A. M.; Hill, Hal (2003). The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195158984. ^ Cororaton, Cesar B. "Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines". DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05: 3, 19. ^ Kessler, Richard J. (1989). Rebellion and repression in the Philippines. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300044062. OCLC 19266663. ^ Celoza, Albert F. (1997). Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275941376. ^ Schirmer, Daniel B. (1987). The Philippines reader : a history of colonialism, neocolonialism, dictatorship, and resistance (1st ed.). Boston: South End Press. ISBN 0896082768. OCLC 14214735. ^ Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads". Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited. ^ "Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime". Ateneo de Manila University. September 20, 1999. ^ Abinales, P.N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State and society in the Philippines. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0742510234. OCLC 57452454. ^ "Gone too soon: 7 youth leaders killed under Martial Law". Rappler. Retrieved June 15, 2018. ^ a b c Doyo, Ma. Ceres P. (2015). Macli-ing Dulag: Kalinga Chief, Defender of the Cordillera. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. ISBN 978971542772-2. ^ a b c d e Joanna K. Cariño, "The Chico River Basin Development Project: A Case Study in National Development Policy," Aghamtao Vol. III (December 1980): 2, https://pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Aghamtao/1980/05_The%20Chico%20River%20Basin%20Development%20Project_%20A%20Case%20Study%20in%20National%20Development%20Policy.pdf. ^ "Valley of Sorrow". Asiaweek. September 5, 1980. ^ Aureus, Leonor J., ed. (1985). The Philippine Press Under Siege II. ^ Tauli-Corpuz, Victoria (March 29, 2018). "A silent war is being waged on Philippine indigenous communities". Financial Times. Retrieved April 2, 2018. ^ "Where the Chico River Rumbles | Travel Inspirations | Yahoo! Singapore Travel". Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2012. ^ Jamias, Juan F (1975) Readings in Development Communication. College, Philippines : College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños. ^ Villegas, Bernardo M. (February 1, 1987). "The Philippines in 1986: Democratic Reconstruction in the Post-Marcos Era". Asian Survey. 27 (2): 194–205. doi:10.2307/2644614. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2644614. ^ Curaming, Rommel and Claudio, Lisandro, A Historicised (Re)Assessment of EDSA 'People Power' (1986) (February 1, 2010). Asia Research Institute Working Paper No. 134. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1716572 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1716572 ^ Marchadesch, Barbara (November 24, 2017). "TIMELINE: The peace talks between the government and the CPP-NPA-NDF, 1986 – present". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on November 24, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2020. ^ https://peace.gov.ph/timeline/peace-process-cba-cpla/ ^ https://www.insights-philippines.de/balwegengl.htm ^ Amor, Patria (February 4, 1990). "What now for Cordillera?". The Manila Standard. Retrieved June 11, 2020. ^ Maragay, Fel V. (February 1, 1990). "Cordillerans reject autonomy proposal". news.google.com. Manila Standard. Retrieved June 22, 2020. ^ "Executive Order No. 220, s. 1987". Official Gazette (Philippines). Government of the Philippines. July 15, 1987. Retrieved August 7, 2022. ^ "Memorandum Order No. 290, s. 1995". Official Gazette (Philippines). Government of the Philippines. July 5, 1995. Retrieved July 22, 2022. ^ Dumlao, Artemio (February 17, 2023). "Kalinga snares 2 Guinness world records". The Philippine Star. Retrieved February 17, 2023. ^ Visaya, Villamor Jr. (February 17, 2023). "Kalinga earns world records for gong players, 'banga' dancers". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved February 17, 2023. ^ a b c "Province: Kalinga (province)". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved January 8, 2016. ^ Pulta, Benjamin B. (December 23, 2009). "SC reverses self, upholds creation of 16 cities". The Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2016. ^ a b Census of Population (2015). Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016. ^ Census of Population and Housing (2010). Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities (PDF). National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016. ^ Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016. ^ a b "Females Better Educated in Kalinga; Table 5. Household Population by Ethnicity and Sex: Kalinga, 2000". Philippine Statistics Authority. May 29, 2002. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2016. ^ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020. ^ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. November 29, 2005. ^ "2009 Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. February 8, 2011. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016. ^ "Updated Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population with Measures of Precision, by Region and Province: 2015 and 2018". Philippine Statistics Authority. June 4, 2020. ^ "2021 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. August 15, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2024. ^ Geminiano, Pamela Mariz (February 22, 2019). "DOT eyes Kalinga courtship dance in UNESCO heritage list". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 14, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2019. ^ "DOT eyes Kalinga courtship dance in UNESCO heritage list". www.pna.gov.ph. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021. External links Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Media related to Kalinga (province) at Wikimedia Commons Geographic data related to Kalinga (province) at OpenStreetMap Places adjacent to Kalinga (province) Apayao Cagayan Abra Kalinga Mountain Province Isabela vte Province of KalingaTabuk (capital and largest city)Municipalities Balbalan Lubuagan Pasil Pinukpuk Rizal Tanudan Tinglayan Component city Tabuk BarangaysSee: List of barangays in Kalinga Articles related to Kalinga vteCordillera Administrative Region (CAR)Regional center Baguio Provinces Abra Apayao Benguet Ifugao Kalinga Mountain Province Highly urbanized city Baguio Component city Tabuk Provincial capitals Bangued Bontoc Kabugao La Trinidad Lagawe Tabuk Municipalities Aguinaldo Alfonso Lista Asipulo Atok Bakun Balbalan Banaue Bangued Barlig Bauko Besao Bokod Boliney Bontoc Bucay Bucloc Buguias Calanasan Conner Daguioman Danglas Dolores Flora Hingyon Hungduan Itogon Kabayan Kabugao Kapangan Kiangan Kibungan La Paz La Trinidad Lacub Lagangilang Lagawe Lagayan Lamut Langiden Licuan-Baay Luba Lubuagan Luna Malibcong Manabo Mankayan Mayoyao Natonin Paracelis Pasil Peñarrubia Pidigan Pilar Pinukpuk Pudtol Rizal Sabangan Sablan Sadanga Sagada Sallapadan San Isidro San Juan San Quintin Santa Marcela Tadian Tanudan Tayum Tineg Tinglayan Tinoc Tuba Tublay Tubo Villaviciosa Luzon, Republic of the Philippines vte Provinces of the Philippines Abra Agusan del Norte Agusan del Sur Aklan Albay Antique Apayao Aurora Basilan Bataan Batanes Batangas Benguet Biliran Bohol Bukidnon Bulacan Cagayan Camarines Norte Camarines Sur Camiguin Capiz Catanduanes Cavite Cebu Cotabato Davao de Oro Davao del Norte Davao del Sur Davao Occidental Davao Oriental Dinagat Islands Eastern Samar Guimaras Ifugao Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur Iloilo Isabela Kalinga La Union Laguna Lanao del Norte Lanao del Sur Leyte Maguindanao del Norte Maguindanao del Sur Marinduque Masbate Misamis Occidental Misamis Oriental Mountain Province Negros Occidental Negros Oriental Northern Samar Nueva Ecija Nueva Vizcaya Occidental Mindoro Oriental Mindoro Palawan Pampanga Pangasinan Quezon Quirino Rizal Romblon Samar Sarangani Siquijor Sorsogon South Cotabato Southern Leyte Sultan Kudarat Sulu Surigao del Norte Surigao del Sur Tarlac Tawi-Tawi Zambales Zamboanga del Norte Zamboanga del Sur Zamboanga Sibugay vtePhilippines articlesHistoryOverviews Archaeology Economy Military Political Chronology Prehistory Pre-colonial era Colonial era Spanish period American period Japanese occupation Postcolonial era Third Republic Marcos presidency Fifth Republic Geography Bays Biosphere reserves Borders Climate Climate change Typhoons Earthquakes Ecoregions Extreme points Island groups islands Lakes Mountains Protected areas National parks Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Legal codes Political families Political parties Government Executive Cabinet lists Executive departments Executive office Law enforcement President Legislative Senate House of Representatives Judicial Supreme Court Court of Appeals Regional Trial Court Armed Forces Air Force Army Navy Marine Corps Coast Guard Economy Agriculture Automotive Business process outsourcing Census Central bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Tourist attractions Transportation Science and technology Water and sanitation Society Abortion Censorship Corruption Crime Demographics Divorce Education Higher education Environmental issues Climate change Deforestation Ethnic groups Indigenous peoples Genetics Health Human trafficking Sex trafficking Immigration Income inequality Kinship Languages Overseas workers Poverty Prostitution Refugees Religion Sexuality Squatting Women Pinoy Culture Architecture Arts Cinema Cuisine Cultural properties Dance Fashion and clothing Historical markers Inventions Literature Media Music Mythology Name Public holidays Festivals Psychology Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Bird Coat of arms Flag Flower Gem Great Seal Language Motto Sign language Sport and martial art Tree Outline Bibliography Philippines portal Category Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[kaliŋɡa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog"},{"link_name":"Ilocano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano_language"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Administrative Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Tabuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuk,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Abra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abra_(province)"},{"link_name":"Isabela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabela_(province)"},{"link_name":"Cagayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagayan"},{"link_name":"Apayao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apayao"},{"link_name":"partitioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Kalinga-Apayao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga-Apayao"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Emilio Aguinaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo"},{"link_name":"Lubuagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubuagan"},{"link_name":"seat of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Palanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanan,_Isabela"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LubuaganGovPH-History-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DILGCAR-Lubuagan-6"}],"text":"Province in Cordillera, PhilippinesProvince of the PhilippinesKalinga (IPA: [kaliŋɡa]), officially the Province of Kalinga (Ilocano: Probinsia ti Kalinga; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Kalinga), is a landlocked province in the Philippines situated within the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Tabuk and borders Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north. Kalinga and Apayao are the result of the 1995 partitioning of the former province of Kalinga-Apayao which was seen to better service the respective needs of the various indigenous peoples in the area.President Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Lubuagan town the seat of government for 73 days from March 6, 1900, to May 18, 1900, before finally fleeing to Palanan.[5][6]","title":"Kalinga (province)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibanag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanag_language"},{"link_name":"Gaddang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaddang_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The province's name is derived from the Ibanag and Gaddang noun \"kalinga\", which means \"enemy\", \"fighter\", or \"headtaker\".[7]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cagayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagayan"},{"link_name":"Isabela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabela_(province)"},{"link_name":"Philippine Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Commission"},{"link_name":"Lepanto-Bontoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepanto-Bontoc"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncca-9"},{"link_name":"Bontoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Executive Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Pinukpuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinukpuk"},{"link_name":"Balbalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbalan"},{"link_name":"Conner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conner,_Apayao"},{"link_name":"Apayao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apayao"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"American occupation","text":"Kalinga was taken from Cagayan and Isabela provinces and established by the US Government through Philippine Commission Act No. 1642 on May 9, 1907, as a sub-province of Lepanto-Bontoc.[8]\nKalinga province was named after Kalinga people, a tribe which migrated to Philippines from Kalinga Kingdom of ancient India after Kalinga war in 261 BCE in different phases and accepted local culture resulting fusion of distinct culture some of customs are similar to those of Kalinga or Odia people of present day Odisha in India. Earlier it called Kalinga Kingdom, a very powerful kingdom of India having strong maritime history with south east Asia from 700BCE to 1400 CE.Kalinga was later organized as one of the sub-provinces of Mountain Province, created by Act No. 1876.[9]In the early years, the subprovince underwent series of territorial changes. Part of Kalinga was transferred to another sub-province Bontoc through Executive Order No. 53 in 1914. In the municipal district of Pinukpuk, barrios were moved to Balbalan in 1926; as well as parts of it to Conner in Apayao in 1927.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a province along with Apayao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga-Apayao"},{"link_name":"Republic Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Act"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncca-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tabuc (Tabuk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuk,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a1642-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHLComm08-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KAusc-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aup-15"}],"sub_title":"Postwar era","text":"Kalinga became part of a province along with Apayao when the old Mountain Province was divided into four separate provinces through Republic Act No. 4695 in 1966.[9][11] Tabuc (Tabuk) was designated as the capital of Kalinga.[12][13][14][15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robles2016-16"},{"link_name":"bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos%E2%80%99_1969_reelection_campaign"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balbosas1992-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balisacan&Hill2003-18"},{"link_name":"1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Philippine_balance_of_payments_crisis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cororaton1997-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kessler1989-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Celoza1997-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Martial Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_Law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kasaysayan9ch10-23"},{"link_name":"human rights abuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_Marcos_dictatorship"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCoy199909202-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abinales&Amoroso20052-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rappler-26"},{"link_name":"Chico River Dam Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_River_Dam_Project"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doyo2015-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cari%C3%B1o1980-28"},{"link_name":"Tinglayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglayan"},{"link_name":"Lubuagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubuagan"},{"link_name":"Pasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasil"},{"link_name":"Tabuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuk,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asiaweek1980-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cari%C3%B1o1980-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cari%C3%B1o1980-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doyo2015-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cari%C3%B1o1980-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doyo2015-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cari%C3%B1o1980-28"},{"link_name":"Macli-ing Dulag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macli-ing_Dulag"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pressfreedom-30"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Central_(Luzon)"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TauliCorpuz2018-31"},{"link_name":"case study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_study"},{"link_name":"ancestral domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_domain"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sgtravelyahoo-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"During the Marcos dictatorship","text":"The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Kalinga-Apayao.[16] During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of public works projects. This caused[17][18] the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and social unrest.[19][20] : \"43\" [21][22]With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years.[23] This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses,[24][25] particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.[26] The Kalinga-Apayao became known as a flashpoint of conflict between the Marcos dictatorship and the various indigenous peoples who lived in the area, because of the Chico River Dam Project,[27][28] which, even if only the most essential part of it were built, would have encompassed the municipalities of Tinglayan, Lubuagan, Pasil, and parts of Tabuk in Kalinga, as well as numerous municipalities in Mountain Province; and would have displaced about 100,000 indigenous people.[29] Because the great value placed on deceased ancestors who were buried within these communities, the issue was not just one of livelihood, but also one of sacred grounds.[28] Marcos sent three armed brigades[28] to quell down the protests, resulting in heightened tensions in the area. In 1977 alone, numerous Kalinga dam protesters — including tribal leaders Lumbaya Aliga Gayudan and Macli-ing Dulag,[27] and even a 12-year-old child[28] — were rounded up by these forces and incarcerated for up to two months.[27][28]The 24 April 1980 murder of Macli-ing Dulag became a turning point when coverage of the murder led to public outrage. It was the first time since the 1972 declaration of Martial Law where the mainstream Philippine press managed to report on the arrests of civilians under Martial Law,[30] and the turn of public opinion against both the Chico River Dam and Martial law, coupled with the united anger of the various peoples of the Cordillera Mountains led the Ferdinand Marcos administration to give up on the dam project.[31] As a result, the Chico River Dam Project is now considered a landmark case study concerning ancestral domain issues in the Philippines.[32][33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People Power Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Reform the Armed Forces Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_the_Armed_Forces_Movement"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marchadesch20171124-36"},{"link_name":"Cordillera People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Conrado Balweg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrado_Balweg"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"After the People Power Revolution","text":"After Marcos' 21 years in power were finally ended by the civilian-led People Power Revolution in 1986, many of the activists who had joined the underground movement decided to \"surface,\" as the new administration of Corazon Aquino released political prisoners and initiated peace talks.[34] However, anti-left sentiment in Aquino's new cabinet, which included figures who were aligned with the Reform the Armed Forces Movement, made the peace process difficult, and negotiations eventually collapsed, and the insurgency in Kalinga-Apayao persisted.[35][36]Another event in 1986 marked the beginning of political change in the region, however - the splitting of the Cordillera People's Liberation Army from the New People's Army. Former Catholic priest Conrado Balweg, who had left his calling and joined the NPA in 1979, had been having disagreements with the NPA leadership over tactics and objectives in the Cordillera for four years when he finally decided to split from the NPA in early April 1986,[37]believing that Igorot interests were better served through regional struggles for liberation, rather than the national-scale conflict pursued by the NPA.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Data Peace Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Data_Peace_Accord"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Autonomous Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Autonomous_Region"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Abra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abra_(province)"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Administrative Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Peace accord and creation of the Cordillera Autonomous Region","text":"In September 1986, the CPLA signed the Mount Data Peace Accord with the government, which led to the creation of what became called the Cordillera Autonomous Region, although attempts to ratify actual autonomy in the region have failed due to non-ratification during plebiscites.[39][40]Along with Abra, Kalinga-Apayao became part of the territories in the Cordillera Administrative Region which was created through Executive Order No. 220 in 1987.[41]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncca-9"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Creation as a province","text":"Kalinga was converted into a province on May 8, 1995 by virtue of RA No. 7878 when majority of the voters in Kalinga-Apayao approved in a plebiscite the division of the province into two.[9][42]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong"},{"link_name":"banga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banga_(pottery)"},{"link_name":"Tabuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuk,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"Bodong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodong"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Contemporary","text":"On February 15, 2023, the province was certified by Guinness World Records with two titles: largest gong ensemble (in its second attempt) with 3,440 male participants, and largest banga (clay pot) dance with 4,681 female participants; both performed in a program called \"Awong Chi Gangsa, Agtu'n Chi Banga\" (A call of a thousand gongs, the dance of a thousand pots) in Tabuk, as part of the 4th Bodong Festival coinciding with the province's 28th founding anniversary.[43][44]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lubuagan0552.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lubuagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubuagan,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nscb-45"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Administrative Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Abra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abra_(province)"},{"link_name":"Isabela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabela_(province)"},{"link_name":"Cagayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagayan"},{"link_name":"Apayao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apayao"},{"link_name":"grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland"},{"link_name":"tropical rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest"},{"link_name":"Balbalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbalan,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"pine forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon_tropical_pine_forests"},{"link_name":"Luzon island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon_island"},{"link_name":"Rizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"Tabuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuk,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"terraces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)"},{"link_name":"Pasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasil,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"Pinukpuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinukpuk,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"Tinglayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglayan,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"Tanudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanudan,_Kalinga"}],"text":"The mountains of Kalinga in LubuaganKalinga covers a total area of 3,231.25 square kilometres (1,247.59 sq mi)[45] occupying the central section of the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. The province is bordered by Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north.Large swaths of the province's lowlands are open grassland suitable for pasture, while the highlands have extensive areas of tropical rainforest. In higher elevations to the west, particularly in the mountains of Balbalan, lie some of the most intact pine forests of Luzon island. Rizal and Tabuk with their flatlands are the biggest rice producers. Next in rice production are the mountainous area, and of note are the rice terraces of Balbalan, Lubuagan, Pasil, Pinukpuk, Tinglayan, and Tanudan.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Climate","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tinglayan80427cg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chico River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_River_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Tinglayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglayan,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"Chico River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_River_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"headwaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headwaters"},{"link_name":"Mountain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Province"},{"link_name":"Cagayan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagayan_River"},{"link_name":"tributaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributaries"},{"link_name":"Bunog River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunog_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tanudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanudan_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Biga Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biga_River"},{"link_name":"Pasil River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasil_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poswoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poswoy_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dao-angan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dao-angan_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mabaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mabaca_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saltan Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saltan_River&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Hydrology","text":"The Chico River passing through TinglayanThe province is drained mainly by the Chico River, with its headwaters in the Mountain Province and emptying into the Cagayan River. The Chico River has several tributaries: Bunog River in Tinglayan in the south; the Tanudan and Biga Rivers in the east; Pasil River in the central area; and Poswoy, Dao-angan, Mabaca and Saltan Rivers in the west.Several small lakes can also be found in Kalinga.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Remains_of_a_Rhinoceros_philippinensis_found_in_Rizal,_Kalinga_dated_c._709,000_years_ago.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rizal, Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"hominins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominini"},{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"single legislative district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_district_of_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"Tabuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuk,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"component city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheDailyTribune-16Cities-46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ph_fil_kalinga.png"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coord-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nscb-45"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSA20%E2%80%93CAR-4"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSA15%E2%80%93CAR-48"},{"link_name":"17°26′24″N 121°12′02″E / 17.4400°N 121.2006°E / 17.4400; 121.2006 (Balbalan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalinga_(province)&params=17.4400_N_121.2006_E_region:PH-KAL_type:city&title=Balbalan"},{"link_name":"Balbalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbalan,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"17°21′04″N 121°10′30″E / 17.3510°N 121.1751°E / 17.3510; 121.1751 (Lubuagan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalinga_(province)&params=17.3510_N_121.1751_E_region:PH-KAL_type:city&title=Lubuagan"},{"link_name":"Lubuagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubuagan,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"17°23′02″N 121°09′26″E / 17.3838°N 121.1572°E / 17.3838; 121.1572 (Pasil)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalinga_(province)&params=17.3838_N_121.1572_E_region:PH-KAL_type:city&title=Pasil"},{"link_name":"Pasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasil,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"17°34′25″N 121°21′54″E / 17.5736°N 121.3651°E / 17.5736; 121.3651 (Pinukpuk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalinga_(province)&params=17.5736_N_121.3651_E_region:PH-KAL_type:city&title=Pinukpuk"},{"link_name":"Pinukpuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinukpuk,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"17°29′58″N 121°35′44″E / 17.4994°N 121.5956°E / 17.4994; 121.5956 (Rizal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalinga_(province)&params=17.4994_N_121.5956_E_region:PH-KAL_type:city&title=Rizal"},{"link_name":"Rizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"17°24′49″N 121°26′38″E / 17.4136°N 121.4440°E / 17.4136; 121.4440 (Tabuk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalinga_(province)&params=17.4136_N_121.4440_E_region:PH-KAL_type:city&title=Tabuk"},{"link_name":"Tabuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuk,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"17°17′35″N 121°14′20″E / 17.2930°N 121.2389°E / 17.2930; 121.2389 (Tanudan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalinga_(province)&params=17.2930_N_121.2389_E_region:PH-KAL_type:city&title=Tanudan"},{"link_name":"Tanudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanudan,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"17°15′50″N 121°08′56″E / 17.2640°N 121.1489°E / 17.2640; 121.1489 (Tinglayan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalinga_(province)&params=17.2640_N_121.1489_E_region:PH-KAL_type:city&title=Tinglayan"},{"link_name":"Tinglayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglayan,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_barangays_in_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Coord_47-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WMA_button2b.png"},{"link_name":"city/town center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_center"}],"sub_title":"Administrative divisions","text":"Butchered remains of a Rhinoceros philippinensis found in Rizal, Kalinga. An evidence of early hominins in the Philippines about 709,000 years ago.Kalinga comprises one component city and seven municipalities, all encompassed by a single legislative district.Tabuk was proclaimed a component city in 2007, but in November 2008 the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled that its cityhood was unconstitutional. However, Tabuk had its city status reinstated by the Supreme Court on December 22, 2009.[46]Political divisionsCity or municipality [i]\n\nPopulation\n\n±% p.a.\n\nArea[45]\n\nDensity\n\nBarangay\n\n\n\n\n(2020)[4]\n\n(2015)[47]\n\n\n\nkm2\n\nsq mi\n\n/km2\n\n/sq mi\n\n\n\n\n17°26′24″N 121°12′02″E / 17.4400°N 121.2006°E / 17.4400; 121.2006 (Balbalan)\n\nBalbalan\n\n5.6%\n12,914\n\n12,195\n\n+1.10%\n\n542.69\n\n209.53\n\n24\n\n62\n\n14\n\n\n17°21′04″N 121°10′30″E / 17.3510°N 121.1751°E / 17.3510; 121.1751 (Lubuagan)\n\nLubuagan\n\n4.1%\n9,323\n\n8,733\n\n+1.25%\n\n234.20\n\n90.43\n\n40\n\n100\n\n9\n\n\n17°23′02″N 121°09′26″E / 17.3838°N 121.1572°E / 17.3838; 121.1572 (Pasil)\n\nPasil\n\n4.6%\n10,577\n\n9,644\n\n+1.77%\n\n189.00\n\n72.97\n\n56\n\n150\n\n14\n\n\n17°34′25″N 121°21′54″E / 17.5736°N 121.3651°E / 17.5736; 121.3651 (Pinukpuk)\n\nPinukpuk\n\n14.9%\n34,275\n\n32,026\n\n+1.30%\n\n743.56\n\n287.09\n\n46\n\n120\n\n23\n\n\n17°29′58″N 121°35′44″E / 17.4994°N 121.5956°E / 17.4994; 121.5956 (Rizal)\n\nRizal\n\n8.5%\n19,554\n\n17,038\n\n+2.66%\n\n281.79\n\n108.80\n\n69\n\n180\n\n14\n\n\n17°24′49″N 121°26′38″E / 17.4136°N 121.4440°E / 17.4136; 121.4440 (Tabuk)\n\nTabuk\n\n†\n\n52.7%\n121,033\n\n110,642\n\n+1.72%\n\n700.25\n\n270.37\n\n170\n\n440\n\n43\n\n\n17°17′35″N 121°14′20″E / 17.2930°N 121.2389°E / 17.2930; 121.2389 (Tanudan)\n\nTanudan\n\n3.8%\n8,746\n\n9,534\n\n−1.63%\n\n307.55\n\n118.75\n\n28\n\n73\n\n16\n\n\n17°15′50″N 121°08′56″E / 17.2640°N 121.1489°E / 17.2640; 121.1489 (Tinglayan)\n\nTinglayan\n\n5.7%\n13,148\n\n12,868\n\n+0.41%\n\n283.00\n\n109.27\n\n46\n\n120\n\n20\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n\n229,570\n\n212,680\n\n+1.47%\n\n3,282.04\n\n1,247.59\n\n70\n\n180\n\n153\n\n\n\n\n †  Provincial capital and component city\n\n  Municipality\n\n\n\n\n\n^ The globe  icon marks the city/town center.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barangays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barangay"},{"link_name":"Tabuk City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuk,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"Tanudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanudan,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"Pinukpuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinukpuk,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nscb-45"},{"link_name":"List of barangays in Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_barangays_in_Kalinga"}],"text":"The seven municipalities and one component city of the province comprise 153 barangays, with Bulanao in Tabuk City as the most populous in 2010, and Anggacan Sur in Tanudan as the least. If the City of Tabuk is excluded, Pinukpuk Junction in Pinukpuk municipality has the highest population.[45]Further information: List of barangays in Kalinga","title":"Barangays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CensusGovPH-2000-51"},{"link_name":"Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_people"},{"link_name":"Ilocano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano_people"},{"link_name":"Kankanaey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankanaey_people"},{"link_name":"Ibontoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bontoc_people"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_people"},{"link_name":"Applai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applai_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSA20%E2%80%93CAR-4"},{"link_name":"Kalinga people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_people"},{"link_name":"Ilocanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano_people"},{"link_name":"Kankanaey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankanaey_people"},{"link_name":"Bontoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bontoc_people"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_people"},{"link_name":"Applai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applai"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CensusGovPH-2000-51"},{"link_name":"Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_language"},{"link_name":"Balangao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balangao"},{"link_name":"Butbut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_language"},{"link_name":"Limos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_language"},{"link_name":"Lower Tanudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_language"},{"link_name":"Lubuagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_language"},{"link_name":"Mabaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_language"},{"link_name":"Madukayang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_language"},{"link_name":"Southern Kalingan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_language"},{"link_name":"Upper Tanudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_language"},{"link_name":"Gaddang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaddang_language"},{"link_name":"Ilocano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokano_language"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"lingua francas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"}],"text":"Population by ethnicity (2000)[50]\n\nEthnicity\n\n\nNumber\n\n\n Kalinga \n \n 111,774 (64.37%) \n\n\n Ilocano \n \n 41,633 (23.98%) \n\n\n Kankanaey \n \n 4,421 (2.55%) \n\n\n Ibontoc \n \n 2,804 (1.61%) \n\n\n Tagalog \n \n 2,227 (1.28%) \n\n\n Applai \n \n 1,730 (1.00%) \n\n\n\n\n\n Others \n \n 8,115 (4.67%) \n\n\n Not Reported \n \n 930 (0.54%) \n\n\n Other foreign ethnicity \n \n 4 (0.002%)The population of Kalinga in the 2020 census was 229,570 people,[4] with a density of 71 inhabitants per square kilometre or 180 inhabitants per square mile.On the 2000 census survey, Kalinga people comprised 64.37% (111,774) of the total provincial population of 173,638. Ilocanos came in second at 23.98% (41,633), while other ethnic groups in the province were the Kankanaey at 2.55% (4,421), Bontoc at 1.61% (2,804), Tagalog at 1.28% (2,227) and Applai at 1% (1,730).[50]The primary language spoken is Kalinga, including its dialects of Balangao, Butbut, Limos, Lower Tanudan, Lubuagan, Mabaka, Madukayang, Southern Kalingan, and Upper Tanudan. Gaddang, as well as Ilocano, Tagalog, and English are also spoken in as lingua francas with varying degrees of proficiency.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Poverty incidence of Kalinga","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whang-od_tattooing.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KalingaStudent2162.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tinglayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglayan,_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Spaniards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Colonial_Period_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Occupation_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Department of Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Tourism_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNAGovPH-Courtship-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"106-year old Apo Whang Od, the embodiment of Kalinga tattoo artistry.A student from Tinglayan, vested in traditional garb and holding a handcrafted weapon.There are many sub-tribes in the province. The strong sense of tribal membership and filial loyalty results in frequent tribal unrest and occasional outright war. Due to the mountainous terrain and warrior-culture of the people, the Kalinga were able to preserve their culture despite centuries of occupation in the lowlands by the Spaniards, Americans, and the Japanese.On February 22, 2019, the Department of Tourism announced the bid of Digdiga Ni Tupayya, a Kalinga courtship dance, to be included in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[59][60]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macli-ing Dulag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macli-ing_Dulag"},{"link_name":"Chico River Dam Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_River_Dam_Project"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Administrative Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region"},{"link_name":"Quezon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City"},{"link_name":"Conrado Balweg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrado_Balweg"},{"link_name":"Whang-od","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whang-od"},{"link_name":"Alonzo Saclag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Saclag"}],"text":"Macli-ing Dulag - a Kalinga warrior and leader (pangat) who opposed the Chico River Dam Project. Murdered by military personnel under the command of dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Dulag's death is remembered as one of the two occasions for the declaration of Cordillera Day in the entire Cordillera Administrative Region. His name has been inscribed in the heroes' marker in Quezon City.\nConrado Balweg - a former Filipino Catholic priest and rebel who was the founder of the Cordillera People's Liberation Army, a militant group which advocated autonomy for the Cordillera region in the Philippines. He was also known by the nom-de-guerre Ka Ambo.\nWhang-od - a Kalinga master tattooist (mambabatok) and recipient of the prestigious Dangal ng Haraya Award.\nAlonzo Saclag - Awarded as a National Living Treasure for his efforts to preserve the culture of Kalinga through performing arts.","title":"Historic figures"}]
[{"image_text":"The mountains of Kalinga in Lubuagan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lubuagan0552.jpg/230px-Lubuagan0552.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Chico River passing through Tinglayan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tinglayan80427cg.jpg/230px-Tinglayan80427cg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Butchered remains of a Rhinoceros philippinensis found in Rizal, Kalinga. An evidence of early hominins in the Philippines about 709,000 years ago.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Remains_of_a_Rhinoceros_philippinensis_found_in_Rizal%2C_Kalinga_dated_c._709%2C000_years_ago.jpg/220px-Remains_of_a_Rhinoceros_philippinensis_found_in_Rizal%2C_Kalinga_dated_c._709%2C000_years_ago.jpg"},{"image_text":"Political divisions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ph_fil_kalinga.png/200px-Ph_fil_kalinga.png"},{"image_text":"106-year old Apo Whang Od, the embodiment of Kalinga tattoo artistry.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Whang-od_tattooing.jpg/150px-Whang-od_tattooing.jpg"},{"image_text":"A student from Tinglayan, vested in traditional garb and holding a handcrafted weapon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/KalingaStudent2162.jpg/150px-KalingaStudent2162.jpg"}]
null
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Table B - Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City, and Municipality - By Region. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/Table%2520B%2520-%2520Population%2520and%2520Annual%2520Growth%2520Rates%2520by%2520Province%252C%2520City%252C%2520and%2520Municipality%2520-%2520By%2520Region_AGBA_rev.xlsx","url_text":"Table B - Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City, and Municipality - By Region"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority","url_text":"Philippine Statistics Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Municipality of Lubuagan. Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180831115057/http://lubuagan.gov.ph/index.php/about-us/history","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.lubuagan.gov.ph/index.php/about-us/history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Municipality of Lubuagan\". Department of Interior and Local Government-Cordillera Administrative Region. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322164018/https://www.dilgcar.com/index.php/2015-07-10-09-29-38/municipality-of-lubuagan","url_text":"\"Municipality of Lubuagan\""},{"url":"https://www.dilgcar.com/index.php/2015-07-10-09-29-38/municipality-of-lubuagan","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph:81. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2017. 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August 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/City%20and%20Municipal-level%20Small%20Area%20Poverty%20Estimates_%202009%2C%202012%20and%202015_0.xlsx","url_text":"\"Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015\". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/City%20and%20Municipal-level%20Small%20Area%20Poverty%20Estimates_%202009%2C%202012%20and%202015_0.xlsx","url_text":"\"Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015\". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/City%20and%20Municipal-level%20Small%20Area%20Poverty%20Estimates_%202009%2C%202012%20and%202015_0.xlsx","url_text":"\"Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Updated Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population with Measures of Precision, by Region and Province: 2015 and 2018\". Philippine Statistics Authority. June 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Table%202.%20%20Updated%20Annual%20Per%20Capita%20Poverty%20Threshold%2C%20Poverty%20Incidence%20and%20Magnitude%20of%20Poor%20Population%20with%20Measures%20of%20Precision%2C%20by%20Region%20and%20Province_2015%20and%202018.xlsx","url_text":"\"Updated Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population with Measures of Precision, by Region and Province: 2015 and 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. August 15, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phdsd/2023-01/Preliminary%25202021%2520Full%2520Year%2520Poverty%2520Statistics%2520Publication_25Aug2022.pdf","url_text":"\"2021 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"Geminiano, Pamela Mariz (February 22, 2019). \"DOT eyes Kalinga courtship dance in UNESCO heritage list\". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 14, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190314080044/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062739","url_text":"\"DOT eyes Kalinga courtship dance in UNESCO heritage list\""},{"url":"http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062739","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DOT eyes Kalinga courtship dance in UNESCO heritage list\". www.pna.gov.ph. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062739","url_text":"\"DOT eyes Kalinga courtship dance in UNESCO heritage list\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210203150956/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062739","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vubwi_District
Vubwi District
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 14°00′S 32°54′E / 14.000°S 32.900°E / -14.000; 32.900District in Eastern Province, ZambiaVubwi DistrictDistrictDistrict location in ZambiaCountry ZambiaProvinceEastern ProvinceParliamentary constituencyVubwiTime zoneUTC+2 (CAT) The Vubwi District is a district of Zambia, located in the Eastern Province. It was separated from Chadiza District in 2012. References ^ Zambia Sata Upgrades Vubwi Lunga into Districts ^ "Vubwi opens up for development – Zambia Daily Mail". Archived from the original on 2019-10-19. vte Districts of ZambiaCentral Province Chibombo Chisamba Chitambo Kabwe Kapiri Mposhi Luano Mkushi Mumbwa Ngabwe Serenje Shibuyunji Copperbelt Province Chililabombwe Chingola Kalulushi Kitwe Luanshya Lufwanyama Masaiti Mpongwe Mufulira Ndola Eastern Province Chadiza Chama Chasefu Chipangali Chipata Kasenengwa Katete Lumezi Lundazi Lusangazi Mambwe Nyimba Petauke Sinda Vubwi Luapula Province Chembe Chiengi Chifunabuli Chipili Kawambwa Lunga Mansa Milenge Mwansabombwe Mwense Nchelenge Samfya Lusaka Province Chilanga Chongwe Kafue Luangwa Lusaka Rufunsa Muchinga Province Chinsali Isoka Kanchibiya Lavushimanda Mafinga Mpika Nakonde Shiwa Ng'andu Northern Province Chilubi Kaputa Kasama Lunte Lupososhi Luwingu Mbala Mporokoso Mpulungu Mungwi Nsama Senga North-Western Province Chavuma Ikelenge Kabompo Kalumbila Kasempa Manyinga Mufumbwe Mushindano Mwinilunga Solwezi Zambezi Southern Province Chikankata Chirundu Choma Gwembe Itezhi-Tezhi Kalomo Kazungula Livingstone Mazabuka Monze Namwala Pemba Siavonga Sinazongwe Zimba Western Province Kalabo Kaoma Limulungu Luampa Lukulu Mitete Mongu Mulobezi Mwandi Nalolo Nkeyema Senanga Sesheke Shangombo Sikongo Sioma 14°00′S 32°54′E / 14.000°S 32.900°E / -14.000; 32.900 This Zambia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Vubwi opens up for development – Zambia Daily Mail\". Archived from the original on 2019-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191019032839/http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/vubwi-opens-up-for-development/","url_text":"\"Vubwi opens up for development – Zambia Daily Mail\""},{"url":"http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/vubwi-opens-up-for-development/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Spida-tarbell
User talk:Spida-tarbell
["1 Welcome!","2 Orphaned non-free image File:Jing-tsu kingdom-of-characters.png","3 Your submission at Articles for creation: Bodies (comics) has been accepted","4 ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message","5 Speedy deletion nomination of Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism","6 Proposed deletion of Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism","7 Your draft article, Draft:Kingdom of Characters: The Language Revolution That Made China Modern","8 Unreferenced articles February 2024 backlog drive"]
Archives (Index) This page is archived by ClueBot III. Welcome! Welcome! Hello, Spida-tarbell, and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages you might find helpful: Introduction The five pillars of Wikipedia How to edit a page How to write a great article Simplified Manual of Style Your first article Discover what's going on in the Wikimedia community Feel free to make test edits in the sandbox and check out the Task Center, for ideas about what to work on. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, please see our help pages, and if you can't find what you are looking for there, please feel free to ask me on my talk page or place {{Help me}} on this page and someone will drop by to help. Again, welcome! Tails Wx 01:45, 2 March 2023 (UTC) I know this is automated, but I wanna say thanks regardless! Is that weird? I'm very new to this. Spida-tarbell (talk) 04:34, 2 March 2023 (UTC) The automation? Not at all! Tails Wx 22:39, 3 March 2023 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Jing-tsu kingdom-of-characters.png ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Jing-tsu kingdom-of-characters.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Johnj1995 (talk) 21:15, 22 June 2023 (UTC) Your submission at Articles for creation: Bodies (comics) has been accepted Bodies (comics), which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created. Congratulations, and thank you for helping expand the scope of Wikipedia! We hope you will continue making quality contributions. The article has been assessed as Start-Class, which is recorded on its talk page. Most new articles start out as Stub-Class or Start-Class and then attain higher grades as they develop over time. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see how you can improve the article. Since you have made at least 10 edits over more than four days, you can now create articles yourself without posting a request. However, you may continue submitting work to Articles for creation if you prefer. If you have any questions, you are welcome to ask at the help desk. Once you have made at least 10 edits and had an account for at least four days, you will have the option to create articles yourself without posting a request to Articles for creation. If you would like to help us improve this process, please consider leaving us some feedback. Thanks again, and happy editing! asilvering (talk) 00:17, 3 November 2023 (UTC) ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:56, 28 November 2023 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles. A tag has been placed on Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about web content that does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator. Fermiboson (talk) 06:55, 7 December 2023 (UTC) Proposed deletion of Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism The article Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: Non-notable journal. Not indexed in any selective databases, no independent sources. Does not meet WP:NJournals or WP:GNG. While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons. You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page. Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Randykitty (talk) 16:16, 7 December 2023 (UTC) Hi, and thank you! I'm a relatively inexperienced editor and I imagine you're busy, but would I be able to ask you a couple of questions about notability and academic journals? I'm also happy to go to the talk page, if that's better. – spida-tarbell ❀ (talk) (contribs) 16:37, 7 December 2023 (UTC) Your draft article, Draft:Kingdom of Characters: The Language Revolution That Made China Modern Hello, Spida-tarbell. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Kingdom of Characters: The Language Revolution That Made China Modern". In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. When you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it. Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. ✗plicit 02:10, 29 December 2023 (UTC) Unreferenced articles February 2024 backlog drive WikiProject Unreferenced articles | February 2024 Backlog Drive There is a substantial backlog of unsourced articles on Wikipedia, and we need your help! The purpose of this drive is to add sources to these unsourced articles and make a meaningful impact. Barnstars will be awarded based on the number of articles cited. Remember to tag your edit summary with ], both to advertise the event and tally the points later using Edit Summary Search. Interested in taking part? Sign up here. You're receiving this message because you have subscribed to the mailing list. To opt-out of future mailings, please remove yourself here. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 15:38, 20 January 2024 (UTC)
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undeletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_undeletion/G13?withJS=MediaWiki:G13-restore-wizard.js&page=Draft%3AKingdom+of+Characters%3A+The+Language+Revolution+That+Made+China+Modern"},{"link_name":"✗","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Explicit"},{"link_name":"plicit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Explicit"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Spida-tarbell&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Welcome![edit]Welcome!Hello, Spida-tarbell, and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages you might find helpful:Introduction\nThe five pillars of Wikipedia\nHow to edit a page\nHow to write a great article\nSimplified Manual of Style\nYour first article\nDiscover what's going on in the Wikimedia community\nFeel free to make test edits in the sandbox\nand check out the Task Center, for ideas about what to work on.I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, please see our help pages, and if you can't find what you are looking for there, please feel free to ask me on my talk page or place {{Help me}} on this page and someone will drop by to help. Again, welcome! Tails Wx 01:45, 2 March 2023 (UTC)[reply]I know this is automated, but I wanna say thanks regardless! Is that weird? I'm very new to this.\nSpida-tarbell (talk) 04:34, 2 March 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nThe automation? Not at all! Tails Wx 22:39, 3 March 2023 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Jing-tsu kingdom-of-characters.png[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Jing-tsu kingdom-of-characters.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Johnj1995 (talk) 21:15, 22 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]Your submission at Articles for creation: Bodies (comics) has been accepted[edit]Bodies (comics), which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created.\nCongratulations, and thank you for helping expand the scope of Wikipedia! We hope you will continue making quality contributions. \nThe article has been assessed as Start-Class, which is recorded on its talk page. Most new articles start out as Stub-Class or Start-Class and then attain higher grades as they develop over time. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see how you can improve the article.\n\nSince you have made at least 10 edits over more than four days, you can now create articles yourself without posting a request. However, you may continue submitting work to Articles for creation if you prefer.\nIf you have any questions, you are welcome to ask at the help desk. Once you have made at least 10 edits and had an account for at least four days, you will have the option to create articles yourself without posting a request to Articles for creation.\nIf you would like to help us improve this process, please consider leaving us some feedback.\nThanks again, and happy editing!\n\nasilvering (talk) 00:17, 3 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:56, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism[edit]If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles.A tag has been placed on Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about web content that does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator. Fermiboson (talk) 06:55, 7 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Proposed deletion of Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism[edit]The article Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:Non-notable journal. Not indexed in any selective databases, no independent sources. Does not meet WP:NJournals or WP:GNG.While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Randykitty (talk) 16:16, 7 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Hi, and thank you! I'm a relatively inexperienced editor and I imagine you're busy, but would I be able to ask you a couple of questions about notability and academic journals? I'm also happy to go to the talk page, if that's better. – spida-tarbell ❀ (talk) (contribs) 16:37, 7 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Your draft article, Draft:Kingdom of Characters: The Language Revolution That Made China Modern[edit]Hello, Spida-tarbell. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, \"Kingdom of Characters: The Language Revolution That Made China Modern\".In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. When you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. ✗plicit 02:10, 29 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Unreferenced articles February 2024 backlog drive[edit]MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 15:38, 20 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Spida-tarbell"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Fund
LGBTQ Victory Fund
["1 Background","2 History","3 Programs and events","3.1 International LGBTQ+ Leaders Conference","3.2 U.S. gatherings","3.3 Other events","3.4 Executive directors","4 Controversy among LGBT Republicans","5 See also","6 Notes","7 Sources","8 External links"]
United States political action committee This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "LGBTQ Victory Fund" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) LGBTQ+ Victory FundFounded1991Type527 groupFocusLGBTQ politiciansLocationWashington, D.C.MethodPolitical endorsementFundraisingKey peopleAnnise Parker (President and CEO)Richard Holt (Chair)Chris Abele (Chair)Campbell Spencer (Vice-Chair)Mattheus Stephens (Secretary)Chrys Lemon (Treasurer)Websitewww.victoryfund.orgFormerly calledGay & Lesbian Victory Fund LGBTQ+ Victory Fund (formerly the Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund and LGBTQ Victory Fund), commonly shortened to Victory Fund, is an American political action committee dedicated to increasing the number of out LGBTQ+ public officials in the United States. Victory Fund is the largest LGBTQ+ political action committee in the United States and one of the nation's largest non-connected PACs. Background LGBTQ+ Victory Fund was founded in 1991 as a non-partisan political action committee. It provides strategic, technical and financial support to openly gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and queer candidates and officials across the United States running for all levels of government. Its partner organization, Victory Institute, offers programs and training to elected officials. To be considered for endorsement, candidates must identify as LGBTQ+, demonstrate community support and a realistic plan to win, demonstrate support of federal, state or local efforts to advance LGBTQ+ civil rights via the legislative or regulatory process, and demonstrate support of federal, state or local efforts to safeguard privacy and reproductive freedom. These requirements are less stringent for judicial endorsements. LGBTQ+ Victory Fund employs a tiered system of endorsements. The categories are: "Game Changer," designating candidates who can become historic firsts and directly impact LGBTQ+ representation in the highest levels of government. "Spotlight," designating candidates who can make history or increase LGBTQ+ representation in low-equality states or in states with few or no LGBTQ+ lawmakers. Non-designated candidates are candidates who will increase the number of LGBTQ+ voices in government. LGBTQ+ Victory Fund and LGBTQ+ Victory Institute are led by a president-CEO and a team of staff based in Washington, D.C. The Fund also has a board of directors, composed of top leaders of government, politics, and business. Additionally, the Victory Campaign Board is elected to recruit and endorse candidates, as well as provide financial resources. History LGBTQ+ Victory Fund was founded in 1991 by Vic Basile and William Waybourn, with Waybourn becoming its first executive director. It provides strategic, technical and financial support to openly gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender candidates and officials across the United States, helping them win elections at local, state and federal levels. Victory has helped elect several hundred out LGBTQ+ candidates to Congress, state legislatures, school boards and city councils. In addition, it works to help openly gay and lesbian officeholders develop professionally through its collaboration with the International Network of Lesbian and Gay Officials and co-sponsorship of the annual Gay & Lesbian Leadership Conference. The group's founders, Dallas gay-rights activist William Waybourn and Human Rights Campaign Fund Executive Director Vic Basile, were inspired by the use of EMILY's List funds to power the 1990 election of former Governor of Texas Ann Richards. Waybourn and Basile planned an organization that would employ EMILY's List methodology—early money given sufficiently transforms "qualified candidates from 'fringe' status to 'front-runners'"—to propel gay and lesbian candidates to elected office. LGBTQ+ Victory Fund endorses dozens of out LGBTQ+ candidates each year, increasing exposure to potential donors and providing both strategic and material support. Past endorsees include Tammy Baldwin, Barney Frank, Sean Patrick Maloney, David Cicilline, Lupe Valdez, Victoria Kolakowski, Patricia Todd and Virginia Linder. The first candidate the Victory Fund endorsed was Sherry Harris, who was elected to the City Council in Seattle, Washington, in 1991, making her the first openly lesbian African-American elected official. In 1995, LGBTQ+ Victory Fund was a principal organizer of a meeting between representatives of the Clinton administration and several dozen leaders of gay and lesbian organizations. This meeting followed on the heels of the Presidential Appointments Project, whose goal was getting openly gay people appointed to all levels of the Clinton administration (and subsequently, the Bush and Obama administrations). In 1997, activist Brian Bond was hired as executive director of LGBTQ+ Victory Fund from his position as the director of the Gay & Lesbian Leadership Council at the Democratic National Committee from to rebuild the nearly-bankrupt organization. He is credited by Tammy Baldwin with helping grow the visibility and size of the organization. He stepped down in 2003. Former LGBTQ+ Victory Fund board member Chuck Wolfe was named executive director in 2003. Under his leadership, the organization's budgets grew exponentially. In 2008, 80 of the group's 111 endorsed candidates won their elections. In 2009, LGBTQ+ Victory Fund donated $40000 to the election of Annise Parker as mayor of Houston. In electing an out lesbian as its chief executive, Houston became the largest city in the country to have elected an out gay person as mayor. Local gay groups, particularly the Houston GLBT Political Caucus, had nurtured Parker's political career and were openly supporting her race. Victory Fund became a huge player in the race by providing a much-needed source of cash for Parker's grassroots efforts and helping her stay financially competitive with her two chief rivals, both of whose campaigns were lavishly funded. After the campaign, Parker referred to Victory Fund as her "secret weapon" and thanked the organization for its help. Chuck Wolfe stepped down as president of the organization at the end of 2014. In 2015, Aisha Moodie-Mills became the new president and CEO of LGBTQ+ Victory Fund, which made her the first woman, first person of color and first lesbian to become the head of the organization. In 2017, Moodie-Mills' departure was announced and the new president and CEO was named, former Houston Mayor Annise Parker. In 2018, the Gay and Lesbian Victory Fund and Institute was renamed the LGBTQ Victory Fund and Institute to accurately reflect the environment in which it works. In 2019, the Victory Fund announced it was endorsing Pete Buttigieg for president, which was its first presidential endorsement. In 2022, Becca Balint won her primary in part with $1 million from the Victory Fund, "putting her on a path to become" Vermont's first Congresswoman. After the primaries, LGBTQ+ Victory Fund made 16 endorsements in congressional elections to expand LGBTQ+ representation in Congress by eight seats or approximately six million people. On March 3, 2023, LGBTQ+ Victory Fund announced the addition of the "plus" in their name to be formally known as LGBTQ+ Victory Fund. Programs and events International LGBTQ+ Leaders Conference LGBTQ+ Victory Institute, the non-profit sibling organization of LGBTQ+ Victory Fund, hosts a variety of events throughout the year. Its most prominent is the International LGBTQ+ Leaders Conference hosted annually between November and December, bringing LGBTQ+ elected officials from around the world for a weekend of panels, speakers, and receptions. This conference grew out of a joint conference in 2004 with the International Network of Lesbian and Gay Officials (INLGO). LGBTQ+ Victory Institute and NLGO merged in 2005. U.S. gatherings LGBTQ+ Victory Fund also hosts a number of champagne brunches and receptions around the United States, in cities such as Chicago, Kansas City, and San Diego. The events bring together local LGBTQ+ elected officials and supporters and serve as fundraising for the organization. Other events Other events include various pride receptions celebrating LGBTQ+ Capitol Hill staffers and LGBTQ+ political appointees. LGBTQ+ Victory Institute hosts events of its own as well as stewards several fellowship and internship programs. Events include LGBTQ+ Leadership Summits, which are day-long intensive trainings for LGBTQ+ leaders, and Candidate and Campaign Trainings, which are weekend-long crash courses on how to run for office. LGBTQ+ Victory Institute also hosts international trainings, and has received funding from USAID. The Victory Congressional Internship program brings LGBTQ+ college students to Washington, D.C. for an intensive leadership program, and includes a semester-long internship with an LGBTQ-friendly member of Congress. Participants also attend the International LGBTQ+ Leadership Conference. The David Bohnett Victory Congressional Fellowship brings an emerging LGBTQ+ leader to Washington, D.C. for a year-long intensive fellowship that supports the executive director of the LGBTQ+ Congressional Equality Caucus. It also includes a generous stipend and access to the International LGBTQ+ Leadership Conference. The Victory Empowerment Fellowship was implemented by Aisha Moodie-Mills and helps emerging LGBTQ+ leaders of color and transgender leaders expand their campaign skills and policy-making power through a year-long membership and access to a Candidate Campaign Training and the International LGBTQ+ Leadership Conference. The Bohnett Leaders Fellowship brings senior-level executives working with state and local governments, including government officials and elected officeholders, to a three-week intensive Executive Education program at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Political Appointments Program works with LGBTQ+ leaders and pro-equality presidential administrations to ensure qualified LGBTQ+ representation in all agencies and levels. Executive directors Years Name   1991–1996 William Waybourn   1996–1997 David Clarenbach   1997–2003 Brian Bond   2003–2015 Chuck Wolfe   2015–2017 Aisha Moodie-Mills   2017–present  Annise Parker Controversy among LGBT Republicans LGBTQ+ Victory Fund has attracted controversy from LGBT Republican politicians, such as Richard Grenell, the first openly gay person in the United States to hold a cabinet-level position who leveled criticism at their alleged bias against LGBT Republicans. The LGBTQ Victory fund donated over 100,000 dollars to candidates in the 2020 election cycle, and over $90,000 in the 2018 election cycle, with none of that money going to Republican candidates. The organization's abortion stance has also come under scrutiny. Robert Turner, head of the D.C. Chapter of the Log Cabin Republicans wrote an op-ed for the Washington Blade criticizing the then-Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund's pro-choice litmus test as harmful to its goal of electing LGBT candidates. The Victory Fund, however, has said that its vision of the "Right to Privacy" can be as conservative as supporting abortion only in cases of rape and incest. LGBTQ+ Victory Fund refused to endorse Carl DeMaio, a gay Republican who ran for the House of Representatives in California. DeMaio also claims that the Victory Fund gave campaign documents of his, given as part of the Victory Fund's endorsement process, to his opponent. Additionally, Victory Fund has rejected the prospect of endorsing Caitlyn Jenner, a transgender woman running in the California gubernatorial race, citing her positions on transgender minors and athletes. In the 2022 United States House of Representatives election in New York's third congressional district, LGBTQ+ Victory Fund and Human Rights Campaign endorsed Democrat Robert Zimmerman over Republican nominee George Santos, in the first congressional race where both candidates were openly gay. See also ProudPolitics, a similar group in Canada Notes ^ a b c LGBTQ+ Victory Fund (March 1, 2023). "Allow us to reintroduce ourselves. Hello 👋 We're LGBTQ+ Victory Fund, the only national organization that recruits, trains and supports LGBTQ+ candidates at every level of government across the U.S. Join us today at https://t.co/vKxAzIq1qW https://t.co/mV4GqHv64E" (Tweet). Retrieved April 7, 2023 – via Twitter. ^ Ring, Trudy (December 18, 2017). "Aisha C. Moodie-Mills Leaves Victory Fund, Succeeded by Annise Parker". The Advocate (advocate.com). Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ "Homepage". Victory Fund. Retrieved April 11, 2021. ^ a b "Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund". Ballotpedia. Retrieved April 28, 2019. ^ McDonald, John. "Victory Fund Gearing Up For Elections". southfloridagaynews.com. Retrieved April 28, 2019. ^ "LGBT Victory Fund endorses Maloney in AG Dem primary". blogs.hudsonvalley.com. Retrieved April 28, 2019. ^ "Victory Fund Endorses 36 More LGBTQ Candidates for 2018 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive". Windy City Times. August 21, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2019. ^ "Board of Directors". Victory Institute. Retrieved April 11, 2021. ^ Rimmerman, Craig A.; Wald, Kenneth D.; Wilcox, Clyde (July 1, 2000). The Politics of Gay Rights. University of Chicago Press. pp. 71–. ISBN 9780226719986. Retrieved May 20, 2012. ^ "NALP - National Association for Law Placement - LGBTQ Organizations". www.nalp.org. Retrieved April 28, 2019. ^ "First LGBTQ U. S. Senator Tammy Baldwin Wins Reelection; Defeats Anti-LGBTQ Opponent in Key Senate Race". Victory Fund. November 6, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2021. ^ Rosenstein, Peter (April 12, 2018). "Victory Fund Crucial to Electing LGBTQ Candidates". Washington Blade. Retrieved April 11, 2021. ^ mthomas. "Our Candidates". LGBTQ Victory Fund. Retrieved April 28, 2019. ^ Younker, Lauren (November 15, 2017). "Victory Fund Endourses Nine Congressional Candidates; Wins Can Secure Pro-LGBTQ Majority in House". Victory Fund. Retrieved April 11, 2021. ^ "Lupe Valdez Makes History With Texas Gubernatorial Primary Win; Gina Ortiz Jones Takes TX-23 Democratic Nomination". Victory Fund. May 22, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2021. ^ "Transgender judge breaks barriers". Bay Area Reporter. November 11, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2012. ^ "Patricia Todd Wins - For Real This Time". The Atlantic. August 26, 2006. Retrieved April 11, 2021. ^ Nicola, George T (March 27, 2017). "Community Profile: Virginia Linder". GLAPN Northwest LGBTQ History. Retrieved April 11, 2021. ^ mthomas. "Our Mission". LGBTQ Victory Fund. Retrieved April 28, 2019. ^ New York Times: David W. Dunlap, "Clinton Names First Liaison To Gay and Lesbian Groups", June 14, 1995, accessed Dec 9, 2009 ^ "GLAAD thanks Victory Fund CEO & President as he announces departure". GLAAD. September 12, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2019. ^ "Brian Bond to Be Tapped as Deputy Director of Obama's Public Liaison Office". www.advocate.com. January 8, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2019. ^ Brian Bond (activist)#cite note-eisenla-7 ^ Grant, Japhy (January 8, 2009). "Brian Bond to Be Obama's Deputy Director of Public Liaison, LGBT Point Person". www.queerty.com. Retrieved April 28, 2019. ^ July 8, Peter Rosenstein; pm, 2011 at 5:22 pm EDT at 5:22 (July 8, 2011). "Bond leaves White House for DNC". washingtonblade.com. Retrieved April 28, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Charles A. Wolfe". www.stetson.edu. Retrieved April 28, 2019. ^ "Victory Fund reports gay candidates elected across U.S." PrideSource. November 6, 2008. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2012. ^ McKinley, James C. (December 13, 2009). "A Fallen Barrier, but Little Fanfare". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2021. ^ Adam, Seth (December 14, 2009). "Annise Parker Becomes First Openly Lesbian Mayor of Major U.S. City after Houston Win". GLAAD. Retrieved April 11, 2021. ^ Bendix, Trish (March 27, 2015). "Morning Brew - Gillian Anderson would date a woman again". AfterEllen. Retrieved April 17, 2015. ^ "Leading National LGBT Organization Names First Woman, First Black President - BuzzFeed News". Buzzfeed.com. July 24, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2015. ^ Nation's Largest LGBT PAC Endorses Mayor Pete Buttigieg. Thedailybeast.com (1970-01-01). Retrieved on 2019-06-30. ^ "Live Vermont House Election Results 2022 – NBC News". www.nbcnews.com. Retrieved August 10, 2022. ^ Gregory Krieg (August 10, 2022). "Becca Balint will win the Democratic nomination for Vermont's House seat, CNN projects". CNN. Retrieved August 10, 2022. ^ DeSilver, Drew (May 31, 2018). "U.S. population keeps growing, but House of Representatives is same size as in Taft era". Pew Research Center. Retrieved August 28, 2022. ^ Rosenstein, Peter (December 9, 2017). "International LGBTQ Leaders Conference a rousing success". HuffPost. Retrieved April 28, 2019. ^ "Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund's Champagne Brunch". CultureMap Houston. March 24, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2019. ^ Sloves, Todd. "Victory Fund and Institute Pride Reception". Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2021. ^ "Is an internship for you?". The Central Voice. Retrieved April 28, 2019. ^ John Riley (July 22, 2020). "Gay former Trump appointee Richard Grenell unleashses tweetstorm attacking Joe Biden". Metro Weekly. ^ Brad Polumbo (July 25, 2020). "The fake mission of the LGBTQ Victory Fund". Washington Examiner. ^ "LGBTQ Victory Fund donations, OpenSecrets". OpenSecrets. ^ Robert Turner (March 31, 2011). "No pro-choice litmus test for Victory Fund". ^ John Riley (July 20, 2020). "Path to Victory: Annise Parker on helping elect LGBTQ people across America". Metro Weekly. Candidates have to believe in some level of a right to privacy, which includes the right to abortion. Some of our candidates only believe in it after rape and incest, all the way to others who support the full Planned Parenthood position. ^ "Gay Republican House Candidate Hasn't Won Fans In LGBT Community". NPR. ^ DeMaio, Carl (July 20, 2020). ".@AnniseParker Stop lying - Victory Fund claims to be non-partisan, but it is hyper-partisan in all its actions. In '14 you hosted my gay-baiting Democrat opponent at an event you organized in my district. You worked against the gay candidate in a top-tier race. #TrueColors https://t.co/U2uZ8uXib4" (Tweet). Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2023 – via Twitter. ^ Jim Becker. "The LGBTQ Victory Fund won't endorse Caitlyn Jenner". Baltimore OutLoud. ^ "In first gay v. gay Congressional race, the candidates are "just very different," Gay City News". Gay City News. September 23, 2022. Sources New York Times: Dunlap, David W. (November 6, 1994). "The 1994 Campaign: Homosexuality". The New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2009. Some 130 candidates nationwide requested financial help from the Gay and Lesbian Victory Fund, a political-action committee, said its executive director, William W. Waybourn. The fund has supported 27 candidates this year, he said, almost twice as many as in 1993. New York Times: Jeffrey Schmalz, "As Gay Marchers Gather, Mood Is Serious and Festive," April 25, 1993, accessed Dec. 9, 2009. "At a celebration lunch sponsored by the Victory Fund, half a dozen appointed and elected officials who had not previously been known to be gay made an appearance." External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBTQ Victory Fund. Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
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Political Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_GLBT_Political_Caucus"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Chuck Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Wolfe_(executive)"},{"link_name":"Aisha Moodie-Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aisha_Moodie-Mills&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Pete Buttigieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Becca Balint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becca_Balint"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"on a path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cnn.com/2022/08/09/politics/becca-balint-democratic-primary-vermont-house-seat/index.html"},{"link_name":"Vermont's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merged1-1"}],"text":"LGBTQ+ Victory Fund was founded in 1991 by Vic Basile and William Waybourn, with Waybourn becoming its first executive director.[9] It provides strategic, technical and financial support to openly gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender candidates and officials across the United States, helping them win elections at local, state and federal levels. Victory has helped elect several hundred out LGBTQ+ candidates to Congress, state legislatures, school boards and city councils. In addition, it works to help openly gay and lesbian officeholders develop professionally through its collaboration with the International Network of Lesbian and Gay Officials and co-sponsorship of the annual Gay & Lesbian Leadership Conference.[10]The group's founders, Dallas gay-rights activist William Waybourn and Human Rights Campaign Fund Executive Director Vic Basile, were inspired by the use of EMILY's List funds to power the 1990 election of former Governor of Texas Ann Richards. Waybourn and Basile planned an organization that would employ EMILY's List methodology—early money given sufficiently transforms \"qualified candidates from 'fringe' status to 'front-runners'\"—to propel gay and lesbian candidates to elected office.[4]LGBTQ+ Victory Fund endorses dozens of out LGBTQ+ candidates each year, increasing exposure to potential donors and providing both strategic and material support. Past endorsees include Tammy Baldwin,[11] Barney Frank,[12] Sean Patrick Maloney,[13] David Cicilline,[14] Lupe Valdez,[15] Victoria Kolakowski,[16] Patricia Todd[17] and Virginia Linder.[18] The first candidate the Victory Fund endorsed was Sherry Harris, who was elected to the City Council in Seattle, Washington, in 1991, making her the first openly lesbian African-American elected official.[19]In 1995, LGBTQ+ Victory Fund was a principal organizer of a meeting between representatives of the Clinton administration and several dozen leaders of gay and lesbian organizations.[20] This meeting followed on the heels of the Presidential Appointments Project, whose goal was getting openly gay people appointed to all levels of the Clinton administration (and subsequently, the Bush and Obama administrations).[21]In 1997, activist Brian Bond was hired as executive director of LGBTQ+ Victory Fund from his position as the director of the Gay & Lesbian Leadership Council at the Democratic National Committee from to rebuild the nearly-bankrupt organization.[22] He is credited by Tammy Baldwin with helping grow the visibility and size of the organization.[23][circular reference][24] He stepped down in 2003.[25]Former LGBTQ+ Victory Fund board member Chuck Wolfe was named executive director in 2003. Under his leadership, the organization's budgets grew exponentially[clarification needed].[26]In 2008, 80 of the group's 111 endorsed candidates won their elections.[27]In 2009, LGBTQ+ Victory Fund donated $40000 to the election of Annise Parker as mayor of Houston.[28] In electing an out lesbian as its chief executive, Houston became the largest city in the country to have elected an out gay person as mayor. Local gay groups, particularly the Houston GLBT Political Caucus, had nurtured Parker's political career and were openly supporting her race. Victory Fund became a huge player in the race by providing a much-needed source of cash for Parker's grassroots efforts and helping her stay financially competitive with her two chief rivals, both of whose campaigns were lavishly funded. After the campaign, Parker referred to Victory Fund as her \"secret weapon\" and thanked the organization for its help.[29]Chuck Wolfe stepped down as president of the organization at the end of 2014. In 2015, Aisha Moodie-Mills became the new president and CEO of LGBTQ+ Victory Fund, which made her the first woman, first person of color and first lesbian to become the head of the organization.[30][31] In 2017, Moodie-Mills' departure was announced and the new president and CEO was named, former Houston Mayor Annise Parker.In 2018, the Gay and Lesbian Victory Fund and Institute was renamed the LGBTQ Victory Fund and Institute to accurately reflect the environment in which it works.In 2019, the Victory Fund announced it was endorsing Pete Buttigieg for president, which was its first presidential endorsement.[32]In 2022, Becca Balint won her primary[33] in part with $1 million from the Victory Fund, \"putting her on a path to become\" Vermont's first Congresswoman.[34] After the primaries, LGBTQ+ Victory Fund made 16 endorsements in congressional elections to expand LGBTQ+ representation in Congress by eight seats or approximately six million people.[35]On March 3, 2023, LGBTQ+ Victory Fund announced the addition of the \"plus\" in their name to be formally known as LGBTQ+ Victory Fund.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Programs and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"International LGBTQ+ Leaders Conference","text":"LGBTQ+ Victory Institute, the non-profit sibling organization of LGBTQ+ Victory Fund, hosts a variety of events throughout the year. Its most prominent is the International LGBTQ+ Leaders Conference hosted annually between November and December, bringing LGBTQ+ elected officials from around the world for a weekend of panels, speakers, and receptions. This conference grew out of a joint conference in 2004 with the International Network of Lesbian and Gay Officials (INLGO). LGBTQ+ Victory Institute and NLGO merged in 2005.[36]","title":"Programs and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"U.S. gatherings","text":"LGBTQ+ Victory Fund also hosts a number of champagne brunches and receptions around the United States, in cities such as Chicago, Kansas City, and San Diego. The events bring together local LGBTQ+ elected officials and supporters and serve as fundraising for the organization.[37]","title":"Programs and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"USAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAID"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Other events","text":"Other events include various pride receptions celebrating LGBTQ+ Capitol Hill staffers and LGBTQ+ political appointees.[38]LGBTQ+ Victory Institute hosts events of its own as well as stewards several fellowship and internship programs. Events include LGBTQ+ Leadership Summits, which are day-long intensive trainings for LGBTQ+ leaders, and Candidate and Campaign Trainings, which are weekend-long crash courses on how to run for office. LGBTQ+ Victory Institute also hosts international trainings, and has received funding from USAID.The Victory Congressional Internship program brings LGBTQ+ college students to Washington, D.C. for an intensive leadership program, and includes a semester-long internship with an LGBTQ-friendly member of Congress. Participants also attend the International LGBTQ+ Leadership Conference.The David Bohnett Victory Congressional Fellowship brings an emerging LGBTQ+ leader to Washington, D.C. for a year-long intensive fellowship that supports the executive director of the LGBTQ+ Congressional Equality Caucus. It also includes a generous stipend and access to the International LGBTQ+ Leadership Conference.The Victory Empowerment Fellowship was implemented by Aisha Moodie-Mills and helps emerging LGBTQ+ leaders of color and transgender leaders expand their campaign skills and policy-making power through a year-long membership and access to a Candidate Campaign Training and the International LGBTQ+ Leadership Conference.The Bohnett Leaders Fellowship brings senior-level executives working with state and local governments, including government officials and elected officeholders, to a three-week intensive Executive Education program at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[39]The Political Appointments Program works with LGBTQ+ leaders and pro-equality presidential administrations to ensure qualified LGBTQ+ representation in all agencies and levels.","title":"Programs and events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Executive directors","title":"Programs and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Grenell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Grenell"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Log Cabin Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans"},{"link_name":"Washington Blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Blade"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Carl DeMaio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_DeMaio"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Caitlyn Jenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitlyn_Jenner"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"2022 United States House of Representatives election in New York's third congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York#District_3"},{"link_name":"George Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Santos"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"LGBTQ+ Victory Fund has attracted controversy from LGBT Republican politicians, such as Richard Grenell, the first openly gay person in the United States to hold a cabinet-level position[40] who leveled criticism at their alleged bias against LGBT Republicans.[41] The LGBTQ Victory fund donated over 100,000 dollars to candidates in the 2020 election cycle, and over $90,000 in the 2018 election cycle, with none of that money going to Republican candidates.[42]The organization's abortion stance has also come under scrutiny. Robert Turner, head of the D.C. Chapter of the Log Cabin Republicans wrote an op-ed for the Washington Blade criticizing the then-Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund's pro-choice litmus test as harmful to its goal of electing LGBT candidates.[43] The Victory Fund, however, has said that its vision of the \"Right to Privacy\" can be as conservative as supporting abortion only in cases of rape and incest.[44]LGBTQ+ Victory Fund refused to endorse Carl DeMaio, a gay Republican who ran for the House of Representatives in California.[45] DeMaio also claims that the Victory Fund gave campaign documents of his, given as part of the Victory Fund's endorsement process, to his opponent.[46]Additionally, Victory Fund has rejected the prospect of endorsing Caitlyn Jenner, a transgender woman running in the California gubernatorial race, citing her positions on transgender minors and athletes.[47]In the 2022 United States House of Representatives election in New York's third congressional district, LGBTQ+ Victory Fund and Human Rights Campaign endorsed Democrat Robert Zimmerman over Republican nominee George Santos, in the first congressional race where both candidates were openly gay.[48]","title":"Controversy among LGBT Republicans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-merged1_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-merged1_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-merged1_1-2"},{"link_name":"\"Allow us to reintroduce ourselves. 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Fund\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/the-fake-mission-of-the-lgbtq-victory-fund"},{"link_name":"Washington Examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Examiner"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"\"LGBTQ Victory Fund donations, OpenSecrets\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.opensecrets.org/political-action-committees-pacs//C00476978/summary/2018"},{"link_name":"OpenSecrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSecrets"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"\"No pro-choice litmus test for Victory Fund\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonblade.com/2011/03/31/no-pro-choice-litmus-test-for-victory-fund/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"\"Path to Victory: Annise Parker on helping elect LGBTQ people across America\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.metroweekly.com/2020/07/path-to-victory-annise-parker-on-helping-elect-lgbtq-people-across-america/"},{"link_name":"Metro Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Weekly"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"\"Gay Republican House Candidate Hasn't Won Fans In LGBT Community\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.npr.org/2014/10/14/356177208/gay-republican-house-candidate-demaio-hasnt-won-fans-in-lgbt-community"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"DeMaio, Carl [@carldemaio]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_DeMaio"},{"link_name":"\".@AnniseParker Stop lying - Victory Fund claims to be non-partisan, but it is hyper-partisan in all its actions. In '14 you hosted my gay-baiting Democrat opponent at an event you organized in my district. You worked against the gay candidate in a top-tier race. #TrueColors https://t.co/U2uZ8uXib4\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//x.com/carldemaio/status/1285237279724695552"},{"link_name":"Tweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20211112033910/https://twitter.com/carldemaio/status/1285237279724695552"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"\"The LGBTQ Victory Fund won't endorse Caitlyn Jenner\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//baltimoreoutloud.com/wp/the-lgbtq-victory-fund-wont-endorse-caitlyn-jenner/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"\"In first gay v. gay Congressional race, the candidates are \"just very different,\" Gay City News\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gaycitynews.com/in-first-gay-congressional-race-the-candidates-are-just-very-different/"},{"link_name":"Gay City News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_City_News"}],"text":"^ a b c LGBTQ+ Victory Fund [@VictoryFund] (March 1, 2023). \"Allow us to reintroduce ourselves. Hello 👋 We're LGBTQ+ Victory Fund, the only national organization that recruits, trains and supports LGBTQ+ candidates at every level of government across the U.S. Join us today at https://t.co/vKxAzIq1qW https://t.co/mV4GqHv64E\" (Tweet). Retrieved April 7, 2023 – via Twitter.\n\n^ Ring, Trudy (December 18, 2017). \"Aisha C. Moodie-Mills Leaves Victory Fund, Succeeded by Annise Parker\". The Advocate (advocate.com). Retrieved December 29, 2017.\n\n^ \"Homepage\". Victory Fund. Retrieved April 11, 2021.\n\n^ a b \"Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund\". Ballotpedia. Retrieved April 28, 2019.\n\n^ McDonald, John. \"Victory Fund Gearing Up For Elections\". southfloridagaynews.com. Retrieved April 28, 2019.\n\n^ \"LGBT Victory Fund endorses Maloney in AG Dem primary\". blogs.hudsonvalley.com. Retrieved April 28, 2019.\n\n^ \"Victory Fund Endorses 36 More LGBTQ Candidates for 2018 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive\". Windy City Times. August 21, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2019.\n\n^ \"Board of Directors\". Victory Institute. Retrieved April 11, 2021.\n\n^ Rimmerman, Craig A.; Wald, Kenneth D.; Wilcox, Clyde (July 1, 2000). The Politics of Gay Rights. University of Chicago Press. pp. 71–. ISBN 9780226719986. Retrieved May 20, 2012.\n\n^ \"NALP - National Association for Law Placement - LGBTQ Organizations\". www.nalp.org. Retrieved April 28, 2019.\n\n^ \"First LGBTQ U. S. Senator Tammy Baldwin Wins Reelection; Defeats Anti-LGBTQ Opponent in Key Senate Race\". Victory Fund. November 6, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2021.\n\n^ Rosenstein, Peter (April 12, 2018). \"Victory Fund Crucial to Electing LGBTQ Candidates\". Washington Blade. Retrieved April 11, 2021.\n\n^ mthomas. \"Our Candidates\". LGBTQ Victory Fund. Retrieved April 28, 2019.\n\n^ Younker, Lauren (November 15, 2017). \"Victory Fund Endourses Nine Congressional Candidates; Wins Can Secure Pro-LGBTQ Majority in House\". Victory Fund. Retrieved April 11, 2021.\n\n^ \"Lupe Valdez Makes History With Texas Gubernatorial Primary Win; Gina Ortiz Jones Takes TX-23 Democratic Nomination\". Victory Fund. May 22, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2021.\n\n^ \"Transgender judge breaks barriers\". Bay Area Reporter. November 11, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2012.\n\n^ \"Patricia Todd Wins - For Real This Time\". The Atlantic. August 26, 2006. Retrieved April 11, 2021.\n\n^ Nicola, George T (March 27, 2017). \"Community Profile: Virginia Linder\". GLAPN Northwest LGBTQ History. Retrieved April 11, 2021.\n\n^ mthomas. \"Our Mission\". LGBTQ Victory Fund. Retrieved April 28, 2019.\n\n^ New York Times: David W. Dunlap, \"Clinton Names First Liaison To Gay and Lesbian Groups\", June 14, 1995, accessed Dec 9, 2009\n\n^ \"GLAAD thanks Victory Fund CEO & President as he announces departure\". GLAAD. September 12, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2019.\n\n^ \"Brian Bond to Be Tapped as Deputy Director of Obama's Public Liaison Office\". www.advocate.com. January 8, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2019.\n\n^ Brian Bond (activist)#cite note-eisenla-7\n\n^ Grant, Japhy (January 8, 2009). \"Brian Bond to Be Obama's Deputy Director of Public Liaison, LGBT Point Person\". www.queerty.com. Retrieved April 28, 2019.\n\n^ July 8, Peter Rosenstein; pm, 2011 at 5:22 pm EDT at 5:22 (July 8, 2011). \"Bond leaves White House for DNC\". washingtonblade.com. Retrieved April 28, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ \"Charles A. Wolfe\". www.stetson.edu. Retrieved April 28, 2019.\n\n^ \"Victory Fund reports gay candidates elected across U.S.\" PrideSource. November 6, 2008. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2012.\n\n^ McKinley, James C. (December 13, 2009). \"A Fallen Barrier, but Little Fanfare\". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2021.\n\n^ Adam, Seth (December 14, 2009). \"Annise Parker Becomes First Openly Lesbian Mayor of Major U.S. City after Houston Win\". GLAAD. Retrieved April 11, 2021.\n\n^ Bendix, Trish (March 27, 2015). \"Morning Brew - Gillian Anderson would date a woman again\". AfterEllen. Retrieved April 17, 2015.\n\n^ \"Leading National LGBT Organization Names First Woman, First Black President - BuzzFeed News\". Buzzfeed.com. July 24, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2015.\n\n^ Nation's Largest LGBT PAC Endorses Mayor Pete Buttigieg. Thedailybeast.com (1970-01-01). Retrieved on 2019-06-30.\n\n^ \"Live Vermont House Election Results 2022 – NBC News\". www.nbcnews.com. Retrieved August 10, 2022.\n\n^ Gregory Krieg (August 10, 2022). \"Becca Balint will win the Democratic nomination for Vermont's House seat, CNN projects\". CNN. Retrieved August 10, 2022.\n\n^ DeSilver, Drew (May 31, 2018). \"U.S. population keeps growing, but House of Representatives is same size as in Taft era\". Pew Research Center. Retrieved August 28, 2022.\n\n^ Rosenstein, Peter (December 9, 2017). \"International LGBTQ Leaders Conference a rousing success\". HuffPost. Retrieved April 28, 2019.\n\n^ \"Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund's Champagne Brunch\". CultureMap Houston. March 24, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2019.\n\n^ Sloves, Todd. \"Victory Fund and Institute Pride Reception\". Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2021.\n\n^ \"Is an internship for you?\". The Central Voice. Retrieved April 28, 2019.\n\n^ John Riley (July 22, 2020). \"Gay former Trump appointee Richard Grenell unleashses tweetstorm attacking Joe Biden\". Metro Weekly.\n\n^ Brad Polumbo (July 25, 2020). \"The fake mission of the LGBTQ Victory Fund\". Washington Examiner.\n\n^ \"LGBTQ Victory Fund donations, OpenSecrets\". OpenSecrets.\n\n^ Robert Turner (March 31, 2011). \"No pro-choice litmus test for Victory Fund\".\n\n^ John Riley (July 20, 2020). \"Path to Victory: Annise Parker on helping elect LGBTQ people across America\". Metro Weekly. Candidates have to believe in some level of a right to privacy, which includes the right to abortion. Some of our candidates only believe in it after rape and incest, all the way to others who support the full Planned Parenthood position.\n\n^ \"Gay Republican House Candidate Hasn't Won Fans In LGBT Community\". NPR.\n\n^ DeMaio, Carl [@carldemaio] (July 20, 2020). \".@AnniseParker Stop lying - Victory Fund claims to be non-partisan, but it is hyper-partisan in all its actions. In '14 you hosted my gay-baiting Democrat opponent at an event you organized in my district. You worked against the gay candidate in a top-tier race. #TrueColors https://t.co/U2uZ8uXib4\" (Tweet). Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2023 – via Twitter.\n\n^ Jim Becker. \"The LGBTQ Victory Fund won't endorse Caitlyn Jenner\". Baltimore OutLoud.\n\n^ \"In first gay v. gay Congressional race, the candidates are \"just very different,\" Gay City News\". Gay City News. September 23, 2022.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The 1994 Campaign: Homosexuality\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1994/11/06/us/1994-campaign-homosexuality-struggle-over-gay-rights-moves-statewide-level.html"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Schmalz, \"As Gay Marchers Gather, Mood Is Serious and Festive,\" April 25, 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1993/04/25/us/as-gay-marchers-gather-mood-is-serious-and-festive.html"}],"text":"New York Times: Dunlap, David W. (November 6, 1994). \"The 1994 Campaign: Homosexuality\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2009. Some 130 candidates nationwide requested financial help from the Gay and Lesbian Victory Fund, a political-action committee, said its executive director, William W. Waybourn. The fund has supported 27 candidates this year, he said, almost twice as many as in 1993.\nNew York Times: Jeffrey Schmalz, \"As Gay Marchers Gather, Mood Is Serious and Festive,\" April 25, 1993, accessed Dec. 9, 2009. \"At a celebration lunch sponsored by the Victory Fund, half a dozen appointed and elected officials who had not previously been known to be gay made an appearance.\"","title":"Sources"}]
[]
[{"title":"ProudPolitics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProudPolitics"}]
[{"reference":"LGBTQ+ Victory Fund [@VictoryFund] (March 1, 2023). \"Allow us to reintroduce ourselves. Hello 👋 We're LGBTQ+ Victory Fund, the only national organization that recruits, trains and supports LGBTQ+ candidates at every level of government across the U.S. Join us today at https://t.co/vKxAzIq1qW https://t.co/mV4GqHv64E\" (Tweet). Retrieved April 7, 2023 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/VictoryFund/status/1630956633848270848","url_text":"\"Allow us to reintroduce ourselves. Hello 👋 We're LGBTQ+ Victory Fund, the only national organization that recruits, trains and supports LGBTQ+ candidates at every level of government across the U.S. Join us today at https://t.co/vKxAzIq1qW https://t.co/mV4GqHv64E\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Ring, Trudy (December 18, 2017). \"Aisha C. Moodie-Mills Leaves Victory Fund, Succeeded by Annise Parker\". The Advocate (advocate.com). Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.advocate.com/politics/2017/12/08/aisha-c-moodie-mills-leaves-victory-fund-succeeded-annise-parker","url_text":"\"Aisha C. Moodie-Mills Leaves Victory Fund, Succeeded by Annise Parker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Homepage\". Victory Fund. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://victoryfund.org/","url_text":"\"Homepage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund\". Ballotpedia. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ballotpedia.org/Gay_%26_Lesbian_Victory_Fund","url_text":"\"Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund\""}]},{"reference":"McDonald, John. \"Victory Fund Gearing Up For Elections\". southfloridagaynews.com. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://southfloridagaynews.com/Local/victory-fund-gearing-up-for-elections.html","url_text":"\"Victory Fund Gearing Up For Elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"LGBT Victory Fund endorses Maloney in AG Dem primary\". blogs.hudsonvalley.com. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.hudsonvalley.com/fray/2018/07/27/lgbt-victory-fund-endorses-maloney-in-ag-dem-primary/","url_text":"\"LGBT Victory Fund endorses Maloney in AG Dem primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victory Fund Endorses 36 More LGBTQ Candidates for 2018 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive\". Windy City Times. August 21, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/Victory-Fund-Endorses-36-More-LGBTQ-Candidates-for-2018/63838.html","url_text":"\"Victory Fund Endorses 36 More LGBTQ Candidates for 2018 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Directors\". Victory Institute. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://victoryinstitute.org/about/board/","url_text":"\"Board of Directors\""}]},{"reference":"Rimmerman, Craig A.; Wald, Kenneth D.; Wilcox, Clyde (July 1, 2000). The Politics of Gay Rights. University of Chicago Press. pp. 71–. ISBN 9780226719986. Retrieved May 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vMghaleR8RoC&pg=PA71","url_text":"The Politics of Gay Rights"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226719986","url_text":"9780226719986"}]},{"reference":"\"NALP - National Association for Law Placement - LGBTQ Organizations\". www.nalp.org. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nalp.org/lgbtq_organizations","url_text":"\"NALP - National Association for Law Placement - LGBTQ Organizations\""}]},{"reference":"\"First LGBTQ U. S. Senator Tammy Baldwin Wins Reelection; Defeats Anti-LGBTQ Opponent in Key Senate Race\". Victory Fund. November 6, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://victoryfund.org/news/first-lgbtq-u-s-senator-tammy-baldwin-wins-reelection-defeats-anti-lgbtq-opponent-in-key-senate-race/","url_text":"\"First LGBTQ U. S. Senator Tammy Baldwin Wins Reelection; Defeats Anti-LGBTQ Opponent in Key Senate Race\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenstein, Peter (April 12, 2018). \"Victory Fund Crucial to Electing LGBTQ Candidates\". Washington Blade. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonblade.com/2018/04/12/victory-fund-crucial-electing-lgbtq-candidates/","url_text":"\"Victory Fund Crucial to Electing LGBTQ Candidates\""}]},{"reference":"mthomas. \"Our Candidates\". LGBTQ Victory Fund. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://victoryfund.org/our-candidates-2019/","url_text":"\"Our Candidates\""}]},{"reference":"Younker, Lauren (November 15, 2017). \"Victory Fund Endourses Nine Congressional Candidates; Wins Can Secure Pro-LGBTQ Majority in House\". Victory Fund. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://victoryfund.org/victory-fund-endorses-nine-congressional-candidates-wins-can-secure-pro-lgbtq-majority-house/","url_text":"\"Victory Fund Endourses Nine Congressional Candidates; Wins Can Secure Pro-LGBTQ Majority in House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lupe Valdez Makes History With Texas Gubernatorial Primary Win; Gina Ortiz Jones Takes TX-23 Democratic Nomination\". Victory Fund. May 22, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://victoryfund.org/news/lupe-valdez-makes-history-with-texas-gubernatorial-primary-win-gina-ortiz-jones-takes-tx-23-democratic-nomination/","url_text":"\"Lupe Valdez Makes History With Texas Gubernatorial Primary Win; Gina Ortiz Jones Takes TX-23 Democratic Nomination\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transgender judge breaks barriers\". Bay Area Reporter. November 11, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=5228","url_text":"\"Transgender judge breaks barriers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patricia Todd Wins - For Real This Time\". The Atlantic. August 26, 2006. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/daily-dish/archive/2006/08/patricia-todd-wins-for-real-this-time/233687/","url_text":"\"Patricia Todd Wins - For Real This Time\""}]},{"reference":"Nicola, George T (March 27, 2017). \"Community Profile: Virginia Linder\". GLAPN Northwest LGBTQ History. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glapn.org/6049VirginiaLinderProfile.html","url_text":"\"Community Profile: Virginia Linder\""}]},{"reference":"mthomas. \"Our Mission\". LGBTQ Victory Fund. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://victoryfund.org/about/mission/","url_text":"\"Our Mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"GLAAD thanks Victory Fund CEO & President as he announces departure\". GLAAD. September 12, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glaad.org/blog/glaad-thanks-victory-fund-ceo-president-he-announces-departure","url_text":"\"GLAAD thanks Victory Fund CEO & President as he announces departure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brian Bond to Be Tapped as Deputy Director of Obama's Public Liaison Office\". www.advocate.com. January 8, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.advocate.com/politics/2009/01/08/brian-bond-be-tapped-deputy-director-obamas-public-liaison-office","url_text":"\"Brian Bond to Be Tapped as Deputy Director of Obama's Public Liaison Office\""}]},{"reference":"Grant, Japhy (January 8, 2009). \"Brian Bond to Be Obama's Deputy Director of Public Liaison, LGBT Point Person\". www.queerty.com. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.queerty.com/brian-bond-to-be-obamas-deputy-public-policy-director-lgbt-point-person-20090108","url_text":"\"Brian Bond to Be Obama's Deputy Director of Public Liaison, LGBT Point Person\""}]},{"reference":"July 8, Peter Rosenstein; pm, 2011 at 5:22 pm EDT at 5:22 (July 8, 2011). \"Bond leaves White House for DNC\". washingtonblade.com. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonblade.com/2011/07/08/bond-leaves-white-house-for-dnc/","url_text":"\"Bond leaves White House for DNC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles A. Wolfe\". www.stetson.edu. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stetson.edu/administration/trustees/wolfe.php","url_text":"\"Charles A. Wolfe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victory Fund reports gay candidates elected across U.S.\" PrideSource. November 6, 2008. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235323/http://www.pridesource.com/article.html?article=32873","url_text":"\"Victory Fund reports gay candidates elected across U.S.\""},{"url":"http://www.pridesource.com/article.html?article=32873","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McKinley, James C. (December 13, 2009). \"A Fallen Barrier, but Little Fanfare\". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150128165705/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/14/us/14houston.html","url_text":"\"A Fallen Barrier, but Little Fanfare\""},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/14/us/14houston.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adam, Seth (December 14, 2009). \"Annise Parker Becomes First Openly Lesbian Mayor of Major U.S. City after Houston Win\". GLAAD. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glaad.org/2009/12/14/annise-parker-becomes-first-openly-lesbian-mayor-of-major-u-s-city-after-houston-win","url_text":"\"Annise Parker Becomes First Openly Lesbian Mayor of Major U.S. City after Houston Win\""}]},{"reference":"Bendix, Trish (March 27, 2015). \"Morning Brew - Gillian Anderson would date a woman again\". AfterEllen. Retrieved April 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afterellen.com/tv/423309-morning-brew-gillian-anderson-would-date-a-woman-again","url_text":"\"Morning Brew - Gillian Anderson would date a woman again\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leading National LGBT Organization Names First Woman, First Black President - BuzzFeed News\". Buzzfeed.com. July 24, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/chrisgeidner/leading-national-lgbt-organization-names-first-wom#.qa8wBvKrq","url_text":"\"Leading National LGBT Organization Names First Woman, First Black President - BuzzFeed News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Live Vermont House Election Results 2022 – NBC News\". www.nbcnews.com. Retrieved August 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2022-primary-elections/vermont-house-results","url_text":"\"Live Vermont House Election Results 2022 – NBC News\""}]},{"reference":"Gregory Krieg (August 10, 2022). \"Becca Balint will win the Democratic nomination for Vermont's House seat, CNN projects\". CNN. Retrieved August 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/09/politics/becca-balint-democratic-primary-vermont-house-seat/index.html","url_text":"\"Becca Balint will win the Democratic nomination for Vermont's House seat, CNN projects\""}]},{"reference":"DeSilver, Drew (May 31, 2018). \"U.S. population keeps growing, but House of Representatives is same size as in Taft era\". Pew Research Center. Retrieved August 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/05/31/u-s-population-keeps-growing-but-house-of-representatives-is-same-size-as-in-taft-era/","url_text":"\"U.S. population keeps growing, but House of Representatives is same size as in Taft era\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenstein, Peter (December 9, 2017). \"International LGBTQ Leaders Conference a rousing success\". HuffPost. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/international-lgbtq-leaders-conference-a-rousing-success_b_5a2c2589e4b04e0bc8f3b507","url_text":"\"International LGBTQ Leaders Conference a rousing success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost","url_text":"HuffPost"}]},{"reference":"\"Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund's Champagne Brunch\". CultureMap Houston. March 24, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://houston.culturemap.com/eventdetail/victory-fund-champagne-brunch/","url_text":"\"Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund's Champagne Brunch\""}]},{"reference":"Sloves, Todd. \"Victory Fund and Institute Pride Reception\". Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180915002002/https://www.lgbtcsa.org/victory2015","url_text":"\"Victory Fund and Institute Pride Reception\""},{"url":"https://www.lgbtcsa.org/victory2015","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Is an internship for you?\". The Central Voice. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://thecentralvoice.com/stories/is-an-internship-for-you,1242","url_text":"\"Is an internship for you?\""}]},{"reference":"John Riley (July 22, 2020). \"Gay former Trump appointee Richard Grenell unleashses tweetstorm attacking Joe Biden\". Metro Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metroweekly.com/2020/07/gay-former-trump-appointee-richard-grenell-unleashes-tweet-storm-attacking-lgbtq-victory-fund-and-joe-biden/","url_text":"\"Gay former Trump appointee Richard Grenell unleashses tweetstorm attacking Joe Biden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Weekly","url_text":"Metro Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Brad Polumbo (July 25, 2020). \"The fake mission of the LGBTQ Victory Fund\". Washington Examiner.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/the-fake-mission-of-the-lgbtq-victory-fund","url_text":"\"The fake mission of the LGBTQ Victory Fund\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Examiner","url_text":"Washington Examiner"}]},{"reference":"\"LGBTQ Victory Fund donations, OpenSecrets\". OpenSecrets.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opensecrets.org/political-action-committees-pacs//C00476978/summary/2018","url_text":"\"LGBTQ Victory Fund donations, OpenSecrets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSecrets","url_text":"OpenSecrets"}]},{"reference":"Robert Turner (March 31, 2011). \"No pro-choice litmus test for Victory Fund\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonblade.com/2011/03/31/no-pro-choice-litmus-test-for-victory-fund/","url_text":"\"No pro-choice litmus test for Victory Fund\""}]},{"reference":"John Riley (July 20, 2020). \"Path to Victory: Annise Parker on helping elect LGBTQ people across America\". Metro Weekly. Candidates have to believe in some level of a right to privacy, which includes the right to abortion. Some of our candidates only believe in it after rape and incest, all the way to others who support the full Planned Parenthood position.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metroweekly.com/2020/07/path-to-victory-annise-parker-on-helping-elect-lgbtq-people-across-america/","url_text":"\"Path to Victory: Annise Parker on helping elect LGBTQ people across America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Weekly","url_text":"Metro Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Gay Republican House Candidate Hasn't Won Fans In LGBT Community\". NPR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2014/10/14/356177208/gay-republican-house-candidate-demaio-hasnt-won-fans-in-lgbt-community","url_text":"\"Gay Republican House Candidate Hasn't Won Fans In LGBT Community\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"DeMaio, Carl [@carldemaio] (July 20, 2020). \".@AnniseParker Stop lying - Victory Fund claims to be non-partisan, but it is hyper-partisan in all its actions. In '14 you hosted my gay-baiting Democrat opponent at an event you organized in my district. You worked against the gay candidate in a top-tier race. #TrueColors https://t.co/U2uZ8uXib4\" (Tweet). Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2023 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_DeMaio","url_text":"DeMaio, Carl [@carldemaio]"},{"url":"https://x.com/carldemaio/status/1285237279724695552","url_text":"\".@AnniseParker Stop lying - Victory Fund claims to be non-partisan, but it is hyper-partisan in all its actions. In '14 you hosted my gay-baiting Democrat opponent at an event you organized in my district. You worked against the gay candidate in a top-tier race. #TrueColors https://t.co/U2uZ8uXib4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211112033910/https://twitter.com/carldemaio/status/1285237279724695552","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Jim Becker. \"The LGBTQ Victory Fund won't endorse Caitlyn Jenner\". Baltimore OutLoud.","urls":[{"url":"https://baltimoreoutloud.com/wp/the-lgbtq-victory-fund-wont-endorse-caitlyn-jenner/","url_text":"\"The LGBTQ Victory Fund won't endorse Caitlyn Jenner\""}]},{"reference":"\"In first gay v. gay Congressional race, the candidates are \"just very different,\" Gay City News\". Gay City News. September 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gaycitynews.com/in-first-gay-congressional-race-the-candidates-are-just-very-different/","url_text":"\"In first gay v. gay Congressional race, the candidates are \"just very different,\" Gay City News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_City_News","url_text":"Gay City News"}]},{"reference":"Dunlap, David W. (November 6, 1994). \"The 1994 Campaign: Homosexuality\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2009. Some 130 candidates nationwide requested financial help from the Gay and Lesbian Victory Fund, a political-action committee, said its executive director, William W. Waybourn. The fund has supported 27 candidates this year, he said, almost twice as many as in 1993.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/06/us/1994-campaign-homosexuality-struggle-over-gay-rights-moves-statewide-level.html","url_text":"\"The 1994 Campaign: Homosexuality\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheist_(album)
Monotheist (album)
["1 Development","2 Music","3 Release","4 Track listing","5 Credits","5.1 Session musicians","6 Charts","7 References","8 External links"]
2006 studio album by Celtic FrostMonotheistStudio album by Celtic FrostReleased29 May 2006Recorded2002–2005Studio Various Horus Sound Studio, Hanover, Germany Oakland Recording, Winterthur, Switzerland Celtic Frost Bunker, Zurich, Switzerland Apollyon Sun Bunker, Zurich, Switzerland Department of Noize, Kilchberg, Switzerland FSK-18, Winterthur, Switzerland Transmutation, Thalwil, Switzerland GenreExperimental metalblack metaldeath metaldoom metalgothic metalLength68:16LabelCentury MediaProducerCeltic FrostPeter TägtgrenCeltic Frost chronology Parched with Thirst Am I and Dying(1992) Monotheist(2006) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicBlabbermouth8/10SputnikmusicMetal Storm90%Metal UndergroundScene Point Blank9/10Metal CryptThe Art of Blasphemy98%Sea of TranquillityStorm Bringer (GER)Metal Temple8/10Metalfan (NL)80%Metal1 (GER)10/10Power Metal (GER)8.6/10El Portal del MetalChronicles of Chaos8/10Ox Fazine (GER)10/10Metal.de (GER)9/10Media AssaultMetal Music ArchivesTruemetal (IT)93%Metal Reviews66%Aux Portes du Metal64%Metalitalia (IT)6.5/10 Monotheist is the sixth and final studio album by the Swiss extreme metal band Celtic Frost. The album was released in May 2006 and was the first new recording released by the band in 16 years. Upon its release, the album was met with universal acclaim by music critics. Development Preparation and development work for the project had been ongoing since 2000. The first recording sessions for the album started in late October 2002. The band consisted of founding members Martin Eric Ain (bass/vocals) and Tom Gabriel Fischer (voice/guitars/keyboards), along with guitarist/producer Erol Unala, Fischer's long-time songwriting partner. Unala became an increasingly significant part of Celtic Frost during the songwriting. Working titles for the album included Probe and Dark Matter Manifest. "Obscured" comes from the demo track "November" from the 2002 demo album "Prototype". "Drown in Ashes" uses lyrics from the demo track "The Dying I". Music Celtic Frost's earlier work melded elements of thrash metal and black metal. The sound of Monotheist has been described as difficult to reduce to specifics, as the songs vary from doom metal to "blackened thrash" to gothic metal to symphonic metal. The result is a wide-ranging but very dark heavy metal experience. Don Kaye of Blabbermouth called it "a monstrously heavy and oppressive slab of metal" which goes "into even heavier, blacker territory" than previous albums. Adrien Begrand of PopMatters said that the album was nearly a masterpiece of "brutally heavy" metal, "completely devoid of light". Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic noted more subtle touches such as the "instantaneously infectious melody" of "A Dying God Coming into Human Flesh", and the "haunting female voices" heard in duet with bandleader Tom Warrior on "Drown in Ashes". According to Fischer, some of the lyrics were influenced by the writings of the English occultist Aleister Crowley. This influence manifests itself in tracks such as "Os Abysmi Vel Daath", which is the partial name of one of Crowley's books. Release Monotheist was released on CD and LP. A limited edition digipak featured the bonus track "Temple of Depression". Both the vinyl LP version and the Japanese CD release of Monotheist feature the bonus track "Incantation Against You". A video was made for the song "A Dying God Coming into Human Flesh". The album was ranked number 2 on Terrorizer's list of the best albums of the decade. Track listing No.TitleLyricsMusicLength1."Progeny"FischerAin, Fischer, Sesa5:012."Ground"FischerFischer, Unala3:553."A Dying God Coming into Human Flesh"AinAin, Fischer, Unala5:394."Drown in Ashes"FischerFischer4:235."Os Abysmi Vel Daath"Ain, FischerAin, Fischer, Sesa, Unala6:416."Temple of Depression" (limited edition digipak bonus track)FischerAin, Fischer, Unala4:597."Obscured"Ain, Fischer, UnalaAin, Fischer, Unala7:048."Incantation Against You" (Japanese version and vinyl LP bonus track)AinAin, Vollenweider5:069."Domain of Decay"FischerAin, Fischer, Unala4:3810."Ain Elohim"AinAin, Fischer, Sesa, Unala7:3311."Triptych: I. Totengott"AinFischer4:2712."Triptych: II. Synagoga Satanae"AinAin, Fischer, Sesa14:2413."Triptych: III. Winter (Requiem, Chapter Three: Finale)"(instrumental)Fischer4:32 Credits Thomas Gabriel Fischer – vocals, guitars, arrangements, programming Martin Eric Ain – bass, vocals (most vocals on "A Dying God Coming into Human Flesh", all vocals on "Triptych I: Totengott", and spoken parts on "Triptych II: Synagoga Satanae"), and executive producer of album Erol Unala – guitars, engineer, additional programming on "Temple of Depression" Franco Sesa – drums Session musicians Lisa Middelhauve (Xandria): guest vocals on "Drown in Ashes" Ravn (1349): backing vocals in final chorus of "Temple of Depression" Simone Vollenweider: guest backing vocals on "Temple of Depression", additional vocals on "Obscured", and lead vocals on "Incantation Against You" Sigurd Wongraven (Satyricon): brief segment of lead vocals on "Triptych II: Synagoga Satanae" Peter Tägtgren: backing vocals on "Triptych II: Synagoga Satanae" and co-producer of album Walter J.W. Schmid: engineering, mixing, mastering Phillip Schweidler: engineering, mixing Charts Chart (2006) Peakposition French Albums (SNEP) 194 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 67 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 41 References ^ a b c Kaye, Don (29 May 2006). "CELTIC FROST "Monotheist"". Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ Gendron, Bob (22 September 2006). "Sharpness and sarcasm fuel heat of Thermals". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ Begrand, Adrien (21 May 2014). "The Long Shadow Of Tom Warrior, Metal's Dark Innovator". NPR. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ a b c Eduardo Rivadavia: Monotheist. AllMusic ^ "Celtic Frost - Monotheist (album review ) | Sputnikmusic". Sputnikmusic.com. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ "Celtic Frost - Monotheist review". Metalstorm.net. ^ "Celtic Frost - 'Monotheist' CD Review". Metalunderground.com. ^ "Album review: Celtic Frost – Monotheist". Scenepointblank.com. ^ "The Metal Crypt - Review of Celtic Frost - Monotheist". Metalcrypt.com. ^ "Celtic Frost – Monotheist (2006) Album Review". Theartofblasphemy.wordpress.com. 16 February 2012. ^ "Review: "Celtic Frost: Monotheist" - Sea of Tranquility - The Web Destination for Progressive Music!". Seaoftranquility.org. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ "CELTIC FROST - Monotheist". Stormbringer.at. ^ Beast, The. "Metal-Temple.com :: Celtic Frost - Monotheist (CD) (CD Review)". Metal-temple.com. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ "Celtic Frost - Monotheist | Metalfan.nl Review". Metalfan.nl. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ "Celtic Frost - Monotheist • Review". metal1.info. ^ "Review | CELTIC FROST - Monotheist". Powermetal.de. ^ "Crítica: Celtic Frost - Monotheist | El Portal del METAL". Elportaldelmetal.com. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ "CoC : Celtic Frost - Monotheist : Review". Chronicleofchaos.com. ^ "Review". Ox-fanzine.de. ^ "Celtic Frost - Monotheist Review". Metal.de. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ "Media-Assault.com - Celtic Frost: Monotheist Review". Archived from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017. ^ "CELTIC FROST - Monotheist". MetalMusicArchives.com. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ "Recensione Monotheist - truemetal.it". Truemetal.it. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ "Celtic Frost - Monotheist". Metalreviews.com. ^ "Chronique d'album metal Celtic Frost - Monotheist". Auxportesdumetal.com. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ "CELTIC FROST - Monotheist". Metalitalia.com. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ "How Monotheist Saved Celtic Frost's Legacy". Kerrang!. Retrieved 29 June 2019. ^ "News for 2002 - CELTIC FROST RE-ENVISIONED". triptykon.net. ^ "PRESS RELEASE - FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: THE EMPEROR RETURNS". triptykon.net. ^ a b c Adrien Begrand: The Great Beast Resurrected. ^ a b Lord of the Wasteland: Celtic Frost. Monotheist. ^ a b Mattörhead: Celtic Frost (Tom Gabriel Fischer) Archived 9 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Guy Van Campenhout: Celtic Frost - Monotheist - CD-bespreking. ^ "Happy Birthday Tom G. Warrior! (Part 1)". terrorizer.com. ^ "Lescharts.com – Celtic Frost – Monotheist". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2 December 2021. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Celtic Frost – Monotheist" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 2 December 2021. ^ "Swisscharts.com – Celtic Frost – Monotheist". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2 December 2021. External links "The Great Beast Resurrected" – article in PopMatters covering the band's comeback and an early review of the album vteCeltic Frost Thomas Gabriel Fischer Martin Eric Ain Franco Sesa Curt Victor Bryant Oliver Amberg Dominic Steiner Reed St. Mark Stephen Priestly Studio albums Morbid Tales (LP) To Mega Therion Into the Pandemonium Cold Lake Vanity/Nemesis Monotheist Compilation albums Parched with Thirst Am I and Dying Extended plays Morbid Tales Emperor's Return Tragic Serenades Related Apollyon Sun Coroner Hellhammer Triptykon In Memory of Celtic Frost Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extreme metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_metal"},{"link_name":"Celtic Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Frost"}],"text":"2006 studio album by Celtic FrostMonotheist is the sixth and final studio album by the Swiss extreme metal band Celtic Frost. The album was released in May 2006 and was the first new recording released by the band in 16 years. Upon its release, the album was met with universal acclaim by music critics.","title":"Monotheist (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Eric Ain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Eric_Ain"},{"link_name":"Tom Gabriel Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Gabriel_Fischer"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Preparation and development work for the project had been ongoing since 2000. The first recording sessions for the album started in late October 2002. The band consisted of founding members Martin Eric Ain (bass/vocals) and Tom Gabriel Fischer (voice/guitars/keyboards), along with guitarist/producer Erol Unala, Fischer's long-time songwriting partner. Unala became an increasingly significant part of Celtic Frost during the songwriting.[27] Working titles for the album included Probe and Dark Matter Manifest.[28][29]\"Obscured\" comes from the demo track \"November\" from the 2002 demo album \"Prototype\".\"Drown in Ashes\" uses lyrics from the demo track \"The Dying I\".","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thrash metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrash_metal"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"doom metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_metal"},{"link_name":"blackened thrash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackened_thrash"},{"link_name":"gothic metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_metal"},{"link_name":"symphonic metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonic_metal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivadavia-4"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Begrand-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wasteland-31"},{"link_name":"Blabbermouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blabbermouthreview-1"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Begrand-30"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivadavia-4"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lesacteursdelombre-32"},{"link_name":"occultist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultist"},{"link_name":"Aleister Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lesacteursdelombre-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Begrand-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wasteland-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Celtic Frost's earlier work melded elements of thrash metal and black metal. The sound of Monotheist has been described as difficult to reduce to specifics, as the songs vary from doom metal to \"blackened thrash\" to gothic metal to symphonic metal.[4] The result is a wide-ranging but very dark heavy metal experience.[30][31] Don Kaye of Blabbermouth called it \"a monstrously heavy and oppressive slab of metal\" which goes \"into even heavier, blacker territory\" than previous albums.[1] Adrien Begrand of PopMatters said that the album was nearly a masterpiece of \"brutally heavy\" metal, \"completely devoid of light\".[30] Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic noted more subtle touches such as the \"instantaneously infectious melody\" of \"A Dying God Coming into Human Flesh\", and the \"haunting female voices\" heard in duet with bandleader Tom Warrior on \"Drown in Ashes\".[4]According to Fischer,[32] some of the lyrics were influenced by the writings of the English occultist Aleister Crowley.[32] This influence manifests itself in tracks such as \"Os Abysmi Vel Daath\", which is the partial name of one of Crowley's books.[30][31][33]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digipak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digipak"},{"link_name":"Terrorizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorizer_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Monotheist was released on CD and LP. A limited edition digipak featured the bonus track \"Temple of Depression\". Both the vinyl LP version and the Japanese CD release of Monotheist feature the bonus track \"Incantation Against You\".A video was made for the song \"A Dying God Coming into Human Flesh\".The album was ranked number 2 on Terrorizer's list of the best albums of the decade.[34]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digipak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digipak"}],"text":"No.TitleLyricsMusicLength1.\"Progeny\"FischerAin, Fischer, Sesa5:012.\"Ground\"FischerFischer, Unala3:553.\"A Dying God Coming into Human Flesh\"AinAin, Fischer, Unala5:394.\"Drown in Ashes\"FischerFischer4:235.\"Os Abysmi Vel Daath\"Ain, FischerAin, Fischer, Sesa, Unala6:416.\"Temple of Depression\" (limited edition digipak bonus track)FischerAin, Fischer, Unala4:597.\"Obscured\"Ain, Fischer, UnalaAin, Fischer, Unala7:048.\"Incantation Against You\" (Japanese version and vinyl LP bonus track)AinAin, Vollenweider5:069.\"Domain of Decay\"FischerAin, Fischer, Unala4:3810.\"Ain Elohim\"AinAin, Fischer, Sesa, Unala7:3311.\"Triptych: I. Totengott\"AinFischer4:2712.\"Triptych: II. Synagoga Satanae\"AinAin, Fischer, Sesa14:2413.\"Triptych: III. Winter (Requiem, Chapter Three: Finale)\"(instrumental)Fischer4:32","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Gabriel Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gabriel_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Martin Eric Ain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Eric_Ain"},{"link_name":"Erol Unala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erol_Uenala"}],"text":"Thomas Gabriel Fischer – vocals, guitars, arrangements, programming\nMartin Eric Ain – bass, vocals (most vocals on \"A Dying God Coming into Human Flesh\", all vocals on \"Triptych I: Totengott\", and spoken parts on \"Triptych II: Synagoga Satanae\"), and executive producer of album\nErol Unala – guitars, engineer, additional programming on \"Temple of Depression\"\nFranco Sesa – drums","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lisa Middelhauve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Middelhauve"},{"link_name":"Xandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xandria"},{"link_name":"1349","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1349_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sigurd Wongraven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd_Wongraven"},{"link_name":"Satyricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyricon_(band)"},{"link_name":"Peter Tägtgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_T%C3%A4gtgren"}],"sub_title":"Session musicians","text":"Lisa Middelhauve (Xandria): guest vocals on \"Drown in Ashes\"\nRavn (1349): backing vocals in final chorus of \"Temple of Depression\"\nSimone Vollenweider: guest backing vocals on \"Temple of Depression\", additional vocals on \"Obscured\", and lead vocals on \"Incantation Against You\"\nSigurd Wongraven (Satyricon): brief segment of lead vocals on \"Triptych II: Synagoga Satanae\"\nPeter Tägtgren: backing vocals on \"Triptych II: Synagoga Satanae\" and co-producer of album\nWalter J.W. Schmid: engineering, mixing, mastering\nPhillip Schweidler: engineering, mixing","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Kaye, Don (29 May 2006). \"CELTIC FROST \"Monotheist\"\". Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/cdreviews/monotheist/","url_text":"\"CELTIC FROST \"Monotheist\"\""}]},{"reference":"Gendron, Bob (22 September 2006). \"Sharpness and sarcasm fuel heat of Thermals\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2006-09-22-0609220167-story.html","url_text":"\"Sharpness and sarcasm fuel heat of Thermals\""}]},{"reference":"Begrand, Adrien (21 May 2014). \"The Long Shadow Of Tom Warrior, Metal's Dark Innovator\". NPR. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2014/05/21/314007649/the-long-shadow-of-tom-warrior-metals-dark-innovator","url_text":"\"The Long Shadow Of Tom Warrior, Metal's Dark Innovator\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celtic Frost - Monotheist (album review ) | Sputnikmusic\". Sputnikmusic.com. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/73018/Celtic-Frost-Monotheist/","url_text":"\"Celtic Frost - Monotheist (album review ) | Sputnikmusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celtic Frost - Monotheist review\". Metalstorm.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metalstorm.net/pub/review.php?review_id=2837&page=&message_id=","url_text":"\"Celtic Frost - Monotheist review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celtic Frost - 'Monotheist' CD Review\". Metalunderground.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metalunderground.com/reviews/details.cfm?releaseid=216","url_text":"\"Celtic Frost - 'Monotheist' CD Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Album review: Celtic Frost – Monotheist\". Scenepointblank.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scenepointblank.com/reviews/celtic-frost/monotheist/","url_text":"\"Album review: Celtic Frost – Monotheist\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Metal Crypt - Review of Celtic Frost - Monotheist\". Metalcrypt.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metalcrypt.com/pages/review.php?revid=2752","url_text":"\"The Metal Crypt - Review of Celtic Frost - Monotheist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celtic Frost – Monotheist (2006) Album Review\". Theartofblasphemy.wordpress.com. 16 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://theartofblasphemy.wordpress.com/2012/02/16/celtic-frost-monotheist-2006-album-review/","url_text":"\"Celtic Frost – Monotheist (2006) Album Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review: \"Celtic Frost: Monotheist\" - Sea of Tranquility - The Web Destination for Progressive Music!\". Seaoftranquility.org. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seaoftranquility.org/reviews.php?op=showcontent&id=3611","url_text":"\"Review: \"Celtic Frost: Monotheist\" - Sea of Tranquility - The Web Destination for Progressive Music!\""}]},{"reference":"\"CELTIC FROST - Monotheist\". Stormbringer.at.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stormbringer.at/reviews/412/celtic-frost-monotheist.html","url_text":"\"CELTIC FROST - Monotheist\""}]},{"reference":"Beast, The. \"Metal-Temple.com :: Celtic Frost - Monotheist (CD) (CD Review)\". Metal-temple.com. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metal-temple.com/site/catalogues/entry/reviews/cd_3/c_2/celtic_frost_2.htm","url_text":"\"Metal-Temple.com :: Celtic Frost - Monotheist (CD) (CD Review)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celtic Frost - Monotheist | Metalfan.nl Review\". Metalfan.nl. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metalfan.nl/reviews.php?id=2687","url_text":"\"Celtic Frost - Monotheist | Metalfan.nl Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celtic Frost - Monotheist • Review\". metal1.info.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal1.info/metal-reviews/celtic-frost-monotheist/","url_text":"\"Celtic Frost - Monotheist • Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review | CELTIC FROST - Monotheist\". Powermetal.de.","urls":[{"url":"http://powermetal.de/review/review-Celtic_Frost/Monotheist,7570.html","url_text":"\"Review | CELTIC FROST - Monotheist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crítica: Celtic Frost - Monotheist | El Portal del METAL\". Elportaldelmetal.com. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elportaldelmetal.com/critica/celtic-frost-monotheist","url_text":"\"Crítica: Celtic Frost - Monotheist | El Portal del METAL\""}]},{"reference":"\"CoC : Celtic Frost - Monotheist : Review\". Chronicleofchaos.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chroniclesofchaos.com/articles.aspx?id=2-4198","url_text":"\"CoC : Celtic Frost - Monotheist : Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review\". Ox-fanzine.de.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ox-fanzine.de/web/rev/52981/reviews.207.html","url_text":"\"Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celtic Frost - Monotheist Review\". Metal.de. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal.de/reviews/celtic-frost-monotheist-6426/","url_text":"\"Celtic Frost - Monotheist Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Media-Assault.com - Celtic Frost: Monotheist Review\". Archived from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170310064251/http://www.media-assault.com/musicreviews/monotheistreview.shtml","url_text":"\"Media-Assault.com - Celtic Frost: Monotheist Review\""},{"url":"http://www.media-assault.com/musicreviews/monotheistreview.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CELTIC FROST - Monotheist\". MetalMusicArchives.com. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metalmusicarchives.com/album/celtic-frost/monotheist","url_text":"\"CELTIC FROST - Monotheist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recensione Monotheist - truemetal.it\". Truemetal.it. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.truemetal.it/recensioni/monotheist","url_text":"\"Recensione Monotheist - truemetal.it\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celtic Frost - Monotheist\". Metalreviews.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metalreviews.com/reviews/album/3283","url_text":"\"Celtic Frost - Monotheist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chronique d'album metal Celtic Frost - Monotheist\". Auxportesdumetal.com. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.auxportesdumetal.com/reviews/CelticFrost/monotheist.html","url_text":"\"Chronique d'album metal Celtic Frost - Monotheist\""}]},{"reference":"\"CELTIC FROST - Monotheist\". Metalitalia.com. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalitalia.com/album/celtic-frost-monotheist/","url_text":"\"CELTIC FROST - Monotheist\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Monotheist Saved Celtic Frost's Legacy\". Kerrang!. Retrieved 29 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kerrang.com/features/how-monotheist-saved-celtic-frosts-legacy/","url_text":"\"How Monotheist Saved Celtic Frost's Legacy\""}]},{"reference":"\"News for 2002 - CELTIC FROST RE-ENVISIONED\". triptykon.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.triptykon.net/vcf/news/priornewsarchive.html","url_text":"\"News for 2002 - CELTIC FROST RE-ENVISIONED\""}]},{"reference":"\"PRESS RELEASE - FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: THE EMPEROR RETURNS\". triptykon.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.triptykon.net/vcf/news/2005news.html","url_text":"\"PRESS RELEASE - FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: THE EMPEROR RETURNS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Happy Birthday Tom G. Warrior! (Part 1)\". terrorizer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.terrorizer.com/news/features-2/happy-birthday-tom-g-warrior/","url_text":"\"Happy Birthday Tom G. Warrior! (Part 1)\""}]}]
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(Part 1)\""},{"Link":"https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Celtic+Frost&titel=Monotheist&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Lescharts.com – Celtic Frost – Monotheist\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-34069","external_links_name":"\"Offiziellecharts.de – Celtic Frost – Monotheist\""},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Celtic+Frost&titel=Monotheist&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Swisscharts.com – Celtic Frost – Monotheist\""},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/columns/begrand/060518.shtml","external_links_name":"\"The Great Beast Resurrected\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/420ca414-6424-369f-b398-9e4f668c3e92","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Llewellin
Richard Llewellin
["1 References"]
Not to be confused with Richard Llewellyn. Richard LlewellinBishop at LambethIn office1999–2004PredecessorFrank SargeantSuccessorvacantOther post(s)Bishop of Dover1992–1999Bishop of St Germans1985–1992OrdersOrdination1964 (deacon); 1964 (priest)Consecration1985Personal detailsBorn (1938-09-30) 30 September 1938 (age 85)DenominationAnglicanAlma materFitzwilliam College, Cambridge John Richard Allan Llewellin (born 30 September 1938) is a retired Anglican bishop in the Church of England. Llewellin was educated at Clifton College, Bristol and Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. He was made a deacon at Michaelmas 1964 (20 September) and ordained priest the Michaelmas following (19 September 1965) — both times by Michael Gresford Jones, Bishop of St Albans, at St Albans Cathedral; and was a curate at Radlett. After serving a second curacy at Johannesburg Cathedral, and being expelled from South Africa by the apartheid Nationalist government of the day in 1971, he was then successively the Vicar of Waltham Cross, the Rector of Harpenden and a canon of Truro Cathedral and ordained to the episcopate as the suffragan Bishop of St Germans (1985–92). He was consecrated a bishop by Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury, on All Saints' Day 1985 (1 November) at Westminster Abbey. He later became the suffragan Bishop of Dover (1992–99) and was subsequently appointed Bishop at Lambeth and Chief of Staff to the Archbishop of Canterbury (then George Carey), a position he held until 2003. While serving as Bishop of Dover he was appointed an honorary fellow of Canterbury Christ Church University. He also served as Chairman of the Anglican Society for the Welfare of Animals from 2004 until 2013. Llewellin was accused of failing to take appropriate action or to launch an investigation into General Synod member Jeremy Dowling in 1986. Llewellin was working in the Diocese of Truro from 1985. Dowling in 2015 was convicted of sex offences against boys whilst a school teacher in the 1970s. A 2018 case review found, “There is no doubt that there were a number of missed opportunities for the diocese of Truro to undertake its own investigations into the allegations made in 1972 against Jeremy Dowling.” Llewellin was one of four bishops in the diocese who failed to take action. When questioned by the inquiry stated he had no recollection of reading Dowling's file which contained details of past allegations that the Director of Public Prosecutions decided not to prosecute Dowling for in 1972. References ^ Forward in Faith International — A Reply to the Secretary... ^ Church Times — Bishop roasts chicken-farming ^ The Royal Gazette — Patrick White formally made Anglican Bishop ^ Canterbury Diocese e-bulletin — March 2010 ^ EpiscoVeg — ‘Export of Live Animals’, by Richard Llewellin ^ “Who was Who” 1897-2007 London, A & C Black, 1991 ISBN 978-0-19-954087-7 ^ "Michaelmas Ordinations". Church Times. No. 5302. 25 September 1964. p. 16. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 12 June 2019 – via UK Press Online archives. ^ "Michaelmas Ordinations". Church Times. No. 5354. 24 September 1965. p. 11. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 12 June 2019 – via UK Press Online archives. ^ Crockford's clerical directory, London, Church House 1995 ISBN 0-7151-8088-6 ^ "picture caption". Church Times. No. 6404. 8 November 1985. p. 3. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 12 June 2019 – via UK Press Online archives. ^ Fellows of Canterbury Christ Church University ^ Anglican Society for the Welfare of Animals Committee & Officers ^ "Four bishops failed to act over abuse by synod member, review finds". The Guardian. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018. Church of England titles Preceded byBr Michael (Fisher) Bishop of St Germans 1985–1992 Succeeded byGraham James vteBishops of St Germansfor the ancient bishops, see Bishop of Cornwall John Cornish Richard Rutt Br Michael (Fisher) Richard Llewellin Graham James Roy Screech Chris Goldsmith Hugh Nelson vteBishops of DoverMedieval Richard Yngworth Richard Thornden Richard Rogers Modern Edward Parry Rodney Eden William Walsh Harold Bilbrough John Macmillan Alfred Rose Lewis Meredith Tony Tremlett Richard Third Richard Llewellin Stephen Venner Trevor Willmott Rose Hudson-Wilkin vteBishops at Lambeth and to the ArchbishopsLambeth Ronald Gordon John Yates Frank Sargeant Richard Llewellin Nigel Stock Tim Thornton Emma Ineson, Bishop to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York David Urquhart, Bishop to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York (ad interim) This article about a Church of England bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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He was made a deacon at Michaelmas 1964 (20 September)[7] and ordained priest the Michaelmas following (19 September 1965) — both times by Michael Gresford Jones, Bishop of St Albans, at St Albans Cathedral;[8] and was a curate at Radlett. After serving a second curacy at Johannesburg Cathedral, and being expelled from South Africa by the apartheid Nationalist government of the day in 1971, he was then successively the Vicar of Waltham Cross, the Rector of Harpenden[9] and a canon of Truro Cathedral and ordained to the episcopate as the suffragan Bishop of St Germans (1985–92). He was consecrated a bishop by Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury, on All Saints' Day 1985 (1 November) at Westminster Abbey.[10]He later became the suffragan Bishop of Dover (1992–99) and was subsequently appointed Bishop at Lambeth and Chief of Staff to the Archbishop of Canterbury (then George Carey), a position he held until 2003. While serving as Bishop of Dover he was appointed an honorary fellow of Canterbury Christ Church University.[11] He also served as Chairman of the Anglican Society for the Welfare of Animals from 2004 until 2013.[12]Llewellin was accused of failing to take appropriate action or to launch an investigation into General Synod member Jeremy Dowling in 1986. Llewellin was working in the Diocese of Truro from 1985. Dowling in 2015 was convicted of sex offences against boys whilst a school teacher in the 1970s. A 2018 case review found, “There is no doubt that there were a number of missed opportunities for the diocese of Truro to undertake its own investigations into the allegations made in 1972 against Jeremy Dowling.” Llewellin was one of four bishops in the diocese who failed to take action. When questioned by the inquiry stated he had no recollection of reading Dowling's file which contained details of past allegations that the Director of Public Prosecutions decided not to prosecute Dowling for in 1972.[13]","title":"Richard Llewellin"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Tripoli
Count of Tripoli
["1 Counts of Tripoli, 1102–1289","2 Notes"]
Ruler of the County of Tripoli, 1102–1289 Coat of arms of the House of Toulouse-Tripoli Attributed arms of the County of Tripoli The count of Tripoli was the ruler of the County of Tripoli, a crusader state from 1102 through to 1289. Of the four major crusader states in the Levant, Tripoli was created last. The history of the counts of Tripoli began with Raymond IV of Toulouse, who led the Siege of Tripoli. The first count was his son Bertrand, who pushed his claim over that of his cousin William II Jordan of Berga and Cerdenya. After the death of Raymond III shortly after the Battle of Hattin, the title of count of Tripoli was passed to the princes of Antioch until the fall of the city in 1289. Count Raymond IV of Toulouse, one of the leaders of the First Crusade, founded the county in 1102 during a lengthy war with the Banu Ammar emirs of Tripoli (theoretically vassals of the Fatimid caliphs in Cairo). The county gradually grew as the crusaders seized much of their territory and besieged Banu Ammar within Tripoli itself. Raymond died in 1105, leaving his infant son Alfonso-Jordan as his heir, with a cousin, William-Jordan of Cerdenya, as regent. William-Jordan continued the siege of Tripoli until 1109, when the elder son of Raymond, Bertrand arrived in the east, leaving Toulouse to Alfonso-Jordan and his mother, who returned to France. Bertrand and William-Jordan, with mediation from King Baldwin I of Jerusalem, came to an agreement whereby each would keep control of their own conquests. Bertrand captured Tripoli later that year. When William-Jordan died a few months later Bertrand became sole ruler. The county of Tripoli continued to exist as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Count Raymond III, who reigned from 1152 to 1187, was an important figure in the history of the Kingdom to the south due to his close relationship to its kings (his mother Hodierna was a daughter of Baldwin II of Jerusalem) and to his own position as Prince of Galilee through his wife. He acted twice as Regent for the kingdom, first for the young Baldwin IV from 1174 to 1177, and then again for Baldwin V from 1185 to 1186. He also acted as the leader of the local nobility in their opposition to Baldwin IV's Courtenay relations with the Knights Templar, Guy of Lusignan, and Reynald of Châtillon. Raymond unsuccessfully argued in favor of peace with Saladin, but, ironically, it was Saladin's siege of Raymond's Countess in Tiberias that led the Crusader army into Galilee before its defeat at Hattin in 1187. Although Raymond survived the battle, he died soon afterward. Despite the Muslim leader's string of victories, the county avoided being conquered by Saladin. Bohemond IV, second son of Bohemond III of Antioch, succeeded to the Countship upon Raymond's death. After Bohemond III died in 1201, the county was in personal union with Antioch for all but three years (1216–1219) until Antioch's fall to the Mamluks in 1268. Tripoli survived for a few more years. The death of the unpopular Count Bohemond VII in 1287 led to a dispute between his heir, his sister Lucia, and the city's commune, which put itself under the protection of the Genoese. Eventually, Lucia came to an agreement with the Genoese and the Commune, which displeased the Venetians and the ambitious Bartholomew Embriaco, the Genoese mayor of the city, who called in the Mameluke Sultan Qalawun to their aid. Qalawun razed the city after a siege in 1289, bringing the history of the county to an end. Counts of Tripoli, 1102–1289 Coat of arms of the House of Poitiers-Antioch Raymond I (1102–1105) Alfonso Jordan (1105–1109) William II Jordan, regent (1105–1109) Bertrand (1109–1112) Pons (1112–1137) Raymond II (1137–1152) Raymond III (1152–1187) Bohemond IV (1187–1233, also Prince of Antioch 1201–1216 and 1219–1233) Bohemond V (1233–1252, also Prince of Antioch) Bohemond VI (1252–1275, also Prince of Antioch 1252–1268) Bohemond VII (1275–1287) Lucia (1287–1289) Notes ^ Raymond III. 2012. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 21 August 2012 ^ Albert of Aix (RHC), Liber XI, Cap. IV, p. 664. ^ Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 68. ^ Runciman, S. (1951, 1952 and 1954) A History of the Crusades, Vols. 1-3 (Penguin Books, 1978), Vol. 3, pp. 405-7
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_Tripoli.svg"},{"link_name":"Attributed arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributed_arms"},{"link_name":"County of Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"County of Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"crusader state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_state"},{"link_name":"the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Levant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Raymond IV of Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_IV,_Count_of_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Siege of Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"William II Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Raymond III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_III,_Count_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hattin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin"},{"link_name":"First Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Banu Ammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ammar"},{"link_name":"Fatimid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Baldwin I of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Baldwin II of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee"},{"link_name":"Baldwin IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_IV_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Baldwin V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_V_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"Guy of Lusignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"Hattin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin"},{"link_name":"Mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluks"},{"link_name":"Qalawun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Coat of arms of the House of Toulouse-TripoliAttributed arms of the County of TripoliThe count of Tripoli was the ruler of the County of Tripoli, a crusader state from 1102 through to 1289. Of the four major crusader states in the Levant, Tripoli was created last.[1]The history of the counts of Tripoli began with Raymond IV of Toulouse, who led the Siege of Tripoli. The first count was his son Bertrand, who pushed his claim over that of his cousin William II Jordan of Berga and Cerdenya. After the death of Raymond III shortly after the Battle of Hattin, the title of count of Tripoli was passed to the princes of Antioch until the fall of the city in 1289.Count Raymond IV of Toulouse, one of the leaders of the First Crusade, founded the county in 1102 during a lengthy war with the Banu Ammar emirs of Tripoli (theoretically vassals of the Fatimid caliphs in Cairo). The county gradually grew as the crusaders seized much of their territory and besieged Banu Ammar within Tripoli itself. Raymond died in 1105, leaving his infant son Alfonso-Jordan as his heir, with a cousin, William-Jordan of Cerdenya, as regent. William-Jordan continued the siege of Tripoli until 1109,[2] when the elder son of Raymond, Bertrand arrived in the east, leaving Toulouse to Alfonso-Jordan and his mother, who returned to France. Bertrand and William-Jordan, with mediation from King Baldwin I of Jerusalem, came to an agreement whereby each would keep control of their own conquests.[3] Bertrand captured Tripoli later that year. When William-Jordan died a few months later Bertrand became sole ruler.The county of Tripoli continued to exist as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Count Raymond III, who reigned from 1152 to 1187, was an important figure in the history of the Kingdom to the south due to his close relationship to its kings (his mother Hodierna was a daughter of Baldwin II of Jerusalem) and to his own position as Prince of Galilee through his wife. He acted twice as Regent for the kingdom, first for the young Baldwin IV from 1174 to 1177, and then again for Baldwin V from 1185 to 1186. He also acted as the leader of the local nobility in their opposition to Baldwin IV's Courtenay relations with the Knights Templar, Guy of Lusignan, and Reynald of Châtillon. Raymond unsuccessfully argued in favor of peace with Saladin, but, ironically, it was Saladin's siege of Raymond's Countess in Tiberias that led the Crusader army into Galilee before its defeat at Hattin in 1187. Although Raymond survived the battle, he died soon afterward.Despite the Muslim leader's string of victories, the county avoided being conquered by Saladin. Bohemond IV, second son of Bohemond III of Antioch, succeeded to the Countship upon Raymond's death. After Bohemond III died in 1201, the county was in personal union with Antioch for all but three years (1216–1219) until Antioch's fall to the Mamluks in 1268. Tripoli survived for a few more years.The death of the unpopular Count Bohemond VII in 1287 led to a dispute between his heir, his sister Lucia, and the city's commune, which put itself under the protection of the Genoese. Eventually, Lucia came to an agreement with the Genoese and the Commune, which displeased the Venetians and the ambitious Bartholomew Embriaco, the Genoese mayor of the city, who called in the Mameluke Sultan Qalawun to their aid. Qalawun razed[4] the city after a siege in 1289, bringing the history of the county to an end.","title":"Count of Tripoli"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Prince_Boh%C3%A9mond_VI_of_Antioch.png"},{"link_name":"Raymond I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_IV,_Count_of_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Jordan"},{"link_name":"William II Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Bertrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand,_Count_of_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Pons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons,_Count_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"Raymond II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_II,_Count_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"Raymond III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_III,_Count_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"Bohemond IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemond_IV_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Prince of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Bohemond V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemond_V_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Bohemond VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemond_VI_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Bohemond VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemond_VII_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia,_Countess_of_Tripoli"}],"text":"Coat of arms of the House of Poitiers-AntiochRaymond I (1102–1105)\nAlfonso Jordan (1105–1109)\nWilliam II Jordan, regent (1105–1109)\nBertrand (1109–1112)\nPons (1112–1137)\nRaymond II (1137–1152)\nRaymond III (1152–1187)\nBohemond IV (1187–1233, also Prince of Antioch 1201–1216 and 1219–1233)\nBohemond V (1233–1252, also Prince of Antioch)\nBohemond VI (1252–1275, also Prince of Antioch 1252–1268)\nBohemond VII (1275–1287)\nLucia (1287–1289)","title":"Counts of Tripoli, 1102–1289"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Raymond III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492508/Raymond-III"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ Raymond III. 2012. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 21 August 2012\n\n^ Albert of Aix (RHC), Liber XI, Cap. IV, p. 664.\n\n^ Runciman (1978), Vol. 2, p. 68.\n\n^ Runciman, S. (1951, 1952 and 1954) A History of the Crusades, Vols. 1-3 (Penguin Books, 1978), Vol. 3, pp. 405-7","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Coat of arms of the House of Toulouse-Tripoli","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png"},{"image_text":"Attributed arms of the County of Tripoli","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Armoiries_Tripoli.svg/110px-Armoiries_Tripoli.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of the House of Poitiers-Antioch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coat_of_Arms_of_Prince_Boh%C3%A9mond_VI_of_Antioch.png/110px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Prince_Boh%C3%A9mond_VI_of_Antioch.png"}]
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[]
[{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492508/Raymond-III","external_links_name":"Raymond III"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldo_Rodrigues_de_Jesus
Ronaldão (footballer)
["1 Career statistics","1.1 Club","1.2 International","2 References","3 External links"]
Brazilian footballer RonaldãoPersonal informationFull name Ronaldo Rodrigues de JesusDate of birth (1965-06-19) 19 June 1965 (age 58)Place of birth São Paulo, BrazilHeight 1.87 m (6 ft 1+1⁄2 in)Position(s) DefenderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1986–1993 São Paulo 85 (4)1994–1995 Shimizu S-Pulse 46 (3)1995–1996 Flamengo 44 (1)1997 Santos 38 (2)1998 Coritiba 0 (0)1998–2002 Ponte Preta 88 (0)Total 301 (10)International career1991–1995 Brazil 14 (2) Medal record Men's football Representing  Brazil FIFA World Cup Winner 1994 USA Copa América Runner-up 1995 Uruguay *Club domestic league appearances and goals Ronaldo Rodrigues de Jesus (born 19 June 1965 in São Paulo, Brazil) is a former Brazilian footballer, initially known on the football pitch as Ronaldo and then as Ronaldão (big Ronaldo) to differentiate him from his younger compatriot and teammate, also dubbed Ronaldo, who was nicknamed Ronaldinho (little Ronaldo) before this was adopted by Ronaldinho Gaúcho. A former defender, Ronaldão played 14 matches in the Seleção (Brazil national football team) between 1991–1995, scored two goals and won the 1994 FIFA World Cup, although he did not start any matches. He was called up to the World Cup on its opening day, traveling from Japan to the United States as a substitute for injured Ricardo Gomes. He was also successful at club level, winning numerous trophies. Career statistics Club Club performance League Season Club League Apps Goals Brazil League 1986 São Paulo Série A 2 0 1987 7 0 1988 8 0 1989 0 0 1990 15 1 1991 17 1 1992 22 1 1993 4 0 Japan League 1994 Shimizu S-Pulse J1 League 36 3 1995 10 0 Brazil League 1995 Flamengo Série A 18 0 1996 19 1 1997 Santos Série A 28 0 1998 Coritiba Série A 0 0 1998 Ponte Preta Série A 21 0 1999 18 0 2000 17 0 2001 10 0 2002 3 0 Country Brazil 209 4 Japan 46 3 Total 255 7 International Brazil national team Year Apps Goals 1991 1 0 1992 5 0 1993 1 0 1994 0 0 1995 7 1 Total 14 1 References ^ Rob Bagchi; Rob Smyth (14 March 2012). "Which team has played the most times in a month?". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 November 2016. ^ Leandro Stein (17 June 2019). " Klinsmann fez aquilo que Diana Ross não conseguiu na abertura do Mundial". Trivela. Retrieved 20 June 2019. ^ SambaFoot biography (Accessed 11 June 2006) ^ Ronaldão at National-Football-Teams.com External links Ronaldão at National-Football-Teams.com Ronaldão at J.League (archive) (in Japanese) vteBrazil squad – 1994 FIFA World Cup winners (4th title) 1 Taffarel 2 Jorginho 3 Ricardo Rocha 4 Ronaldão 5 Mauro Silva 6 Branco 7 Bebeto 8 Dunga (c) 9 Zinho 10 Raí (c) 11 Romário 12 Zetti 13 Aldair 14 Cafu 15 Márcio Santos 16 Leonardo 17 Mazinho 18 Paulo Sérgio 19 Müller 20 Ronaldo 21 Viola 22 Gilmar Coach: Parreira vteBrazil squad – 1995 Copa América runners-up 1 Taffarel 2 Jorginho 3 Aldair 4 Ronaldão 5 César Sampaio 6 Roberto Carlos 7 Edmundo 8 Dunga 9 Túlio 10 Juninho 11 Zinho 12 Danrlei 13 Rodrigo 14 André Cruz 15 Narciso 16 Leandro 17 Beto 18 Leonardo 19 Souza 20 Ronaldo 21 Sávio 22 Dida Coach: Zagallo
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldo_(Brazilian_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Ronaldinho Gaúcho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldinho"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Brazil national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1994 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Gomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Gomes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sambafoot-3"}],"text":"Ronaldo Rodrigues de Jesus (born 19 June 1965 in São Paulo, Brazil) is a former Brazilian footballer, initially known on the football pitch as Ronaldo and then as Ronaldão (big Ronaldo) to differentiate him from his younger compatriot and teammate, also dubbed Ronaldo, who was nicknamed Ronaldinho (little Ronaldo) before this was adopted by Ronaldinho Gaúcho.[1]A former defender, Ronaldão played 14 matches in the Seleção (Brazil national football team) between 1991–1995, scored two goals and won the 1994 FIFA World Cup, although he did not start any matches. He was called up to the World Cup on its opening day, traveling from Japan to the United States as a substitute for injured Ricardo Gomes.[2]He was also successful at club level, winning numerous trophies.[3]","title":"Ronaldão (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"[4]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","title":"Career statistics"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Rob Bagchi; Rob Smyth (14 March 2012). \"Which team has played the most times in a month?\". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/mar/14/the-knowledge-most-games-played","url_text":"\"Which team has played the most times in a month?\""}]},{"reference":"Leandro Stein (17 June 2019). \"[Os 25 anos da Copa de 94] Klinsmann fez aquilo que Diana Ross não conseguiu na abertura do Mundial\". Trivela. Retrieved 20 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://trivela.com.br/os-25-anos-da-copa-de-94-klinsmann-fez-aquilo-que-diana-ross-nao-conseguiu-na-abertura-do-mundial/","url_text":"\"[Os 25 anos da Copa de 94] Klinsmann fez aquilo que Diana Ross não conseguiu na abertura do Mundial\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/mar/14/the-knowledge-most-games-played","external_links_name":"\"Which team has played the most times in a month?\""},{"Link":"https://trivela.com.br/os-25-anos-da-copa-de-94-klinsmann-fez-aquilo-que-diana-ross-nao-conseguiu-na-abertura-do-mundial/","external_links_name":"\"[Os 25 anos da Copa de 94] Klinsmann fez aquilo que Diana Ross não conseguiu na abertura do Mundial\""},{"Link":"http://www.sambafoot.com/en/players/411_Ronaldao.html","external_links_name":"SambaFoot biography"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/18964.html","external_links_name":"Ronaldão"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/18964.html","external_links_name":"Ronaldão"},{"Link":"https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFIX04/?player_id=1701","external_links_name":"Ronaldão"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFIX04/?player_id=1701","external_links_name":"archive"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Civilian_Service_Awards_Board
Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board
["1 References"]
The Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board was a board created for recommending civilians for awards from the U.S. Federal government for distinguished service. It was originally established by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on June 27, 1957, by Executive Order 10717 to recommend to the President people in the U.S. Civil Service to receive the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service. Its mandate was expanded via Executive Order 11085 by President John F. Kennedy on February 22, 1963, so that the board would recommend to the President people to be awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Jimmy Carter abolished the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board in Executive Order 12014 and turned over the responsibility for recommending recipients to the Chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission. This executive order was subsequently modified again by Jimmy Carter in Executive Order 12107 which named the Director of the Office of Personnel Management as the person responsible for making recommendations to the President. The Director of the Office of Personnel Management, under the authority of Executive Order 12107, has established the Presidential Rank Award Distinguished Review Board. Additionally, the President can confer the award on persons not nominated by anyone; however, normally, each component of the Department of Defense will nominate recipients through the Secretary and the Public Service Awards Panel. References ^ Carter, Jimmy (1977). "Executive Order 12014--President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service". Retrieved 2006-04-30. ^ Carter, Jimmy (December 28, 1978). "Executive Order 12107 - Federal Civil Service Reorganization". The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved 2006-04-30. (Original language) ^ Carter, Jimmy (1978). "Executive Order 12107--Relating to the Civil Service Commission and labor-management in the Federal Service". National Archives. Retrieved 2006-04-30. (As currently codified by subsequent amendments by other Executive Orders) ^ "OPM Director Convenes Expert Review Board to Consider Nominees for the Prestigious Presidential Award of Distinguished Rank". OPM. April 30, 2004. Archived from the original on Jul 24, 2008. Retrieved 2006-05-01. See also "Part 578—Decorations, medals, ribbons, and similar devices". Code of Federal Regulations, Title 32 National Defense. washingtonwatchdog.org. Archived from the original on 2006-09-29. Retrieved 2006-05-01. ^ "United States Non-Military Decorations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-21. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EO_12014-1"},{"link_name":"Executive Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order"},{"link_name":"12107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12107"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EO_12107full-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EO_12107code-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opm2-4"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-5"}],"text":"Jimmy Carter abolished the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board in Executive Order 12014 and turned over the responsibility for recommending recipients to the Chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission.[1] This executive order was subsequently modified again by Jimmy Carter in Executive Order 12107 which named the Director of the Office of Personnel Management as the person responsible for making recommendations to the President.[2][3]The Director of the Office of Personnel Management, under the authority of Executive Order 12107, has established the Presidential Rank Award Distinguished Review Board.[4]Additionally, the President can confer the award on persons not nominated by anyone; however, normally, each component of the Department of Defense will nominate recipients through the Secretary and the Public Service Awards Panel.[5]","title":"Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Carter, Jimmy (1977). \"Executive Order 12014--President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service\". Retrieved 2006-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter","url_text":"Carter, Jimmy"},{"url":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=6816","url_text":"\"Executive Order 12014--President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service\""}]},{"reference":"Carter, Jimmy (December 28, 1978). \"Executive Order 12107 - Federal Civil Service Reorganization\". The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved 2006-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter","url_text":"Carter, Jimmy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110522022359/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30343&st=12107","url_text":"\"Executive Order 12107 - Federal Civil Service Reorganization\""},{"url":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30343&st=12107","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Jimmy (1978). \"Executive Order 12107--Relating to the Civil Service Commission and labor-management in the Federal Service\". National Archives. Retrieved 2006-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter","url_text":"Carter, Jimmy"},{"url":"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12107.html","url_text":"\"Executive Order 12107--Relating to the Civil Service Commission and labor-management in the Federal Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"OPM Director Convenes Expert Review Board to Consider Nominees for the Prestigious Presidential Award of Distinguished Rank\". OPM. April 30, 2004. Archived from the original on Jul 24, 2008. Retrieved 2006-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080724133648/http://www.opm.gov/news/opm-director-convenes-expert-review-board-to-consider-nominees-for-the-prestigious-presidential-award-of-distinguished-rank,260.aspx","url_text":"\"OPM Director Convenes Expert Review Board to Consider Nominees for the Prestigious Presidential Award of Distinguished Rank\""},{"url":"https://www.opm.gov/news/opm-director-convenes-expert-review-board-to-consider-nominees-for-the-prestigious-presidential-award-of-distinguished-rank,260.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Part 578—Decorations, medals, ribbons, and similar devices\". Code of Federal Regulations, Title 32 National Defense. washingtonwatchdog.org. Archived from the original on 2006-09-29. Retrieved 2006-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060929153331/http://www.washingtonwatchdog.org/documents/cfr/title32/part578.html","url_text":"\"Part 578—Decorations, medals, ribbons, and similar devices\""},{"url":"https://www.washingtonwatchdog.org/documents/cfr/title32/part578.html#578.17","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"United States Non-Military Decorations\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-21. Retrieved 2006-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060621015204/http://neds.daps.dla.mil/Directives/1650/five.pdf","url_text":"\"United States Non-Military Decorations\""},{"url":"http://neds.daps.dla.mil/directives/1650/five.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Auch
Susan Auch
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Canadian speed skater Susan Auch Medal record Representing  Canada Olympic Games Women's speed skating 1994 Lillehamer 500m 1998 Nagano 500m Women's short track speed skating 1988 Calgary 3000m relay Susan Margaret Auch (born March 1, 1966) is a Canadian former speed skater who competed in five Winter Olympics, winning bronze in the 3000m relay at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, and the silver in the 500 m events at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway and the 1998 games at Nagano, Japan. In 1999, Auch announced her retirement from competition, but changed her mind and competed in a fifth Winter Olympics, the 2002 games at Salt Lake City, but didn't reach the podium and retired after those games. Winnipeg's long track speed skating oval is the "Susan Auch Speed Skating Oval." She was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum in 2003, the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame in 2010, and Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 2015. She ran as a Progressive Conservative in Winnipeg's Assiniboia constituency during the 2011 Manitoba provincial election but came in second to the New Democrat's Jim Rondeau. See also Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Susan Auch". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on December 2, 2016. Full name: Susan Margaret Auch ^ "Cindy Klassen Recreation Complex". Community Services. City of Winnipeg. Retrieved November 9, 2021. ^ "Susan Auch". Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame - Honoured members database. Sport Manitoba. Retrieved November 9, 2021. External links Official website Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame profile Susan Auch at Canada's Sports Hall of Fame Susan Auch at Team Canada Susan Auch at Olympics.com Susan Auch at Olympic.org (archived) Susan Auch at Olympedia vteBobbie Rosenfeld Award1932–1950 Hilda Strike (1932) Ada Mackenzie (1933) Phyllis Dewar (1934) Aileen Meagher (1935) Betty Taylor (1936) Robina Higgins (1937) Noel MacDonald (1938) Mary Rose Thacker (1939) Dorothy Walton (1940) Mary Rose Thacker (1941) Barbara Ann Scott (1946) Barbara Ann Scott (1947) Barbara Ann Scott (1948) Irene Strong (1949) Bobbie Rosenfeld (1950) 1952–1975 Marlene Streit (1952) Marlene Streit (1953) Marilyn Bell (1954) Marilyn Bell (1955) Marlene Streit (1956) Marlene Streit (1957) Lucile Wheeler (1958) Anne Heggtveit (1959) Anne Heggtveit (1960) Mary Stewart (1961) Mary Stewart (1962) Marlene Streit (1963) Petra Burka (1964) Petra Burka (1965) Elaine Tanner (1966) Nancy Greene (1967) Nancy Greene (1968) Beverly Boys (1969) Beverly Boys (1970) Debbie Van Kiekebelt / Debbie Brill (1971) Jocelyne Bourassa (1972) Karen Magnussen (1973) Wendy Cook (1974) Nancy Garapick (1975) 1976–2000 Kathy Kreiner (1976) Cindy Nicholas (1977) Diane Jones-Konihowski (1978) Sandra Post (1979) Sandra Post (1980) Tracey Wainman (1981) Gerry Sorensen (1982) Carling Bassett (1983) Sylvie Bernier (1984) Carling Bassett (1985) Laurie Graham (1986) Carolyn Waldo (1987) Carolyn Waldo (1988) Helen Kelesi (1989) Helen Kelesi (1990) Silken Laumann (1991) Silken Laumann (1992) Kate Pace (1993) Myriam Bédard (1994) Susan Auch (1995) Alison Sydor (1996) Lorie Kane (1997) Catriona Le May Doan (1998) Nancy Greene (1999) Lorie Kane (2000) 2001–present Catriona Le May Doan (2001) Catriona Le May Doan (2002) Perdita Felicien (2003) Lori-Ann Muenzer (2004) Cindy Klassen (2005) Cindy Klassen (2006) Hayley Wickenheiser (2007) Chantal Petitclerc (2008) Aleksandra Wozniak (2009) Joannie Rochette (2010) Jennifer Heil (2011) Christine Sinclair (2012) Eugenie Bouchard (2013) Eugenie Bouchard (2014) Brooke Henderson (2015) Penny Oleksiak (2016) Brooke Henderson (2017) Brooke Henderson (2018) Bianca Andreescu (2019) Christine Sinclair (2020) Leylah Fernandez (2021) Marie-Philip Poulin (2022) Summer McIntosh (2023) Commons This biographical article on a speed skater in Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Sports_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-vector
n-vector
["1 General properties","2 Converting latitude/longitude to n-vector","3 Converting n-vector to latitude/longitude","4 Example: Great circle distance","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
For other uses, see K-vector. The n-vector representation (also called geodetic normal or ellipsoid normal vector) is a three-parameter non-singular representation well-suited for replacing geodetic coordinates (latitude and longitude) for horizontal position representation in mathematical calculations and computer algorithms. Geometrically, the n-vector for a given position on an ellipsoid is the outward-pointing unit vector that is normal in that position to the ellipsoid. For representing horizontal positions on Earth, the ellipsoid is a reference ellipsoid and the vector is decomposed in an Earth-centered Earth-fixed coordinate system. It behaves smoothly at all Earth positions, and it holds the mathematical one-to-one property. More in general, the concept can be applied to representing positions on the boundary of a strictly convex bounded subset of k-dimensional Euclidean space, provided that that boundary is a differentiable manifold. In this general case, the n-vector consists of k parameters. General properties A normal vector to a strictly convex surface can be used to uniquely define a surface position. n-vector is an outward-pointing normal vector with unit length used as a position representation. For most applications the surface is the reference ellipsoid of the Earth, and thus n-vector is used to represent a horizontal position. Hence, the angle between n-vector and the equatorial plane corresponds to geodetic latitude, as shown in the figure. The direction of n-vector corresponds to geodetic latitude A surface position has two degrees of freedom, and thus two parameters are sufficient to represent any position on the surface. On the reference ellipsoid, latitude and longitude are common parameters for this purpose, but like all two-parameter representations, they have singularities. This is similar to orientation, which has three degrees of freedom, but all three-parameter representations have singularities. In both cases the singularities are avoided by adding an extra parameter, i.e. to use n-vector (three parameters) to represent horizontal position and a unit quaternion (four parameters) to represent orientation. n-vector is a one-to-one representation, meaning that any surface position corresponds to one unique n-vector, and any n-vector corresponds to one unique surface position. As a Euclidean 3D vector, standard 3D vector algebra can be used for the position calculations, and this makes n-vector well-suited for most horizontal position calculations. Converting latitude/longitude to n-vector Based on the definition of the ECEF coordinate system, called e, it is clear that going from latitude/longitude to n-vector, is achieved by: n e = [ cos ⁡ ( l a t i t u d e ) cos ⁡ ( l o n g i t u d e ) cos ⁡ ( l a t i t u d e ) sin ⁡ ( l o n g i t u d e ) sin ⁡ ( l a t i t u d e ) ] {\displaystyle \mathbf {n} ^{e}=\left} The superscript e means that n-vector is decomposed in the coordinate system e (i.e. the first component is the scalar projection of n-vector onto the x-axis of e, the second onto the y-axis of e etc.). Note that the equation is exact both for spherical and ellipsoidal Earth model. Converting n-vector to latitude/longitude From the three components of n-vector, n x e {\displaystyle n_{x}^{e}} , n y e {\displaystyle n_{y}^{e}} , and n z e {\displaystyle n_{z}^{e}} , latitude can be found by using: l a t i t u d e = arcsin ⁡ ( n z e ) = arctan ⁡ ( n z e n x e 2 + n y e 2 ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {latitude} =\arcsin \left(n_{z}^{e}\right)=\arctan \left({\frac {n_{z}^{e}}{\sqrt {{n_{x}^{e}}^{2}+{n_{y}^{e}}^{2}}}}\right)} The rightmost expression is best suited for computer program implementation. Longitude is found using: l o n g i t u d e = arctan ⁡ ( n y e n x e ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {longitude} =\arctan \left({\frac {n_{y}^{e}}{n_{x}^{e}}}\right)} In these expressions arctan ⁡ ( y / x ) {\displaystyle \arctan(y/x)} should be implemented using a call to atan2(y,x). The Pole singularity of longitude is evident as atan2(0,0) is undefined. Note that the equations are exact both for spherical and ellipsoidal Earth model. Example: Great circle distance Finding the great circle distance between two horizontal positions (assuming spherical Earth) is usually done by means of latitude and longitude. Three different expressions for this distance are common; the first is based on arccos, the second is based on arcsin, and the final is based on arctan. The expressions, which are successively more complex to avoid numerical instabilities, are not easy to find, and since they are based on latitude and longitude, the Pole singularities may become a problem. They also contain deltas of latitude and longitude, which in general should be used with care near the ±180° meridian and the Poles. Solving the same problem using n-vector is simpler due to the possibility of using vector algebra. The arccos expression is achieved from the dot product, while the magnitude of the cross product gives the arcsin expression. Combining the two gives the arctan expression: Δ σ = arccos ⁡ ( n a ⋅ n b ) Δ σ = arcsin ⁡ ( | n a × n b | ) Δ σ = arctan ⁡ ( | n a × n b | n a ⋅ n b ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\Delta \sigma =\arccos \left(\mathbf {n} _{a}\cdot \mathbf {n} _{b}\right)\\&\Delta \sigma =\arcsin \left(\left|\mathbf {n} _{a}\times \mathbf {n} _{b}\right|\right)\\&\Delta \sigma =\arctan \left({\frac {\left|\mathbf {n} _{a}\times \mathbf {n} _{b}\right|}{\mathbf {n} _{a}\cdot \mathbf {n} _{b}}}\right)\\\end{aligned}}} where n a {\displaystyle \mathbf {n} _{a}} and n b {\displaystyle \mathbf {n} _{b}} are the n-vectors representing the two positions a and b. Δ σ {\displaystyle \Delta \sigma } is the angular difference, and thus the great-circle distance is achieved by multiplying with the Earth radius. This expression also works at the poles and at the ±180° meridian. There are several other examples where the use of vector algebra simplifies standard problems. For a general comparison of the various representations, see the horizontal position representations page. See also Earth section paths Horizontal position representation Latitude Longitude Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system Quaternion References ^ a b c d Gade, Kenneth (2010). "A non-singular horizontal position representation" (PDF). The Journal of Navigation. 63 (3). Cambridge University Press: 395–417. Bibcode:2010JNav...63..395G. doi:10.1017/S0373463309990415. ^ Stuelpnagel, John (1964). "On the Parametrization of the Three-Dimensional Rotation Group". SIAM Review. 6 (4). Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics: 422–430. Bibcode:1964SIAMR...6..422S. doi:10.1137/1006093. JSTOR 2027966. External links Solving 10 problems by means of the n-vector
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For representing horizontal positions on Earth, the ellipsoid is a reference ellipsoid and the vector is decomposed in an Earth-centered Earth-fixed coordinate system. It behaves smoothly at all Earth positions, and it holds the mathematical one-to-one property.More in general, the concept can be applied to representing positions on the boundary of a strictly convex bounded subset of k-dimensional Euclidean space, provided that that boundary is a differentiable manifold. In this general case, the n-vector consists of k parameters.","title":"n-vector"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"normal vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_vector"},{"link_name":"convex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_set"},{"link_name":"unit length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_vector"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gade-1"},{"link_name":"reference ellipsoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ellipsoid"},{"link_name":"geodetic latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_latitude"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N_vector_and_geodetic_latitude.png"},{"link_name":"degrees of freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"singularities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_singularity"},{"link_name":"orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_formalisms_in_three_dimensions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"represent horizontal position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_position_representation"},{"link_name":"quaternion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion"},{"link_name":"represent orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_formalisms_in_three_dimensions"},{"link_name":"one-to-one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injective_function"},{"link_name":"Euclidean 3D vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_vector"},{"link_name":"vector algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus"}],"text":"A normal vector to a strictly convex surface can be used to uniquely define a surface position. n-vector is an outward-pointing normal vector with unit length used as a position representation. \n[1]For most applications the surface is the reference ellipsoid of the Earth, and thus n-vector is used to represent a horizontal position. Hence, the angle between n-vector and the equatorial plane corresponds to geodetic latitude, as shown in the figure.The direction of n-vector corresponds to geodetic latitudeA surface position has two degrees of freedom, and thus two parameters are sufficient to represent any position on the surface. On the reference ellipsoid, latitude and longitude are common parameters for this purpose, but like all two-parameter representations, they have singularities. This is similar to orientation, which has three degrees of freedom, but all three-parameter representations have singularities.[2] In both cases the singularities are avoided by adding an extra parameter, i.e. to use n-vector (three parameters) to represent horizontal position and a unit quaternion (four parameters) to represent orientation.n-vector is a one-to-one representation, meaning that any surface position corresponds to one unique n-vector, and any n-vector corresponds to one unique surface position.As a Euclidean 3D vector, standard 3D vector algebra can be used for the position calculations, and this makes n-vector well-suited for most horizontal position calculations.","title":"General properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ECEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECEF"},{"link_name":"decomposed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_decomposition"},{"link_name":"scalar projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_resolute"}],"text":"Based on the definition of the ECEF coordinate system, called e, it is clear that going from latitude/longitude to n-vector, is achieved by:n\n \n \n e\n \n \n =\n \n [\n \n \n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n (\n \n l\n a\n t\n i\n t\n u\n d\n e\n \n )\n cos\n ⁡\n (\n \n l\n o\n n\n g\n i\n t\n u\n d\n e\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n (\n \n l\n a\n t\n i\n t\n u\n d\n e\n \n )\n sin\n ⁡\n (\n \n l\n o\n n\n g\n i\n t\n u\n d\n e\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n sin\n ⁡\n (\n \n l\n a\n t\n i\n t\n u\n d\n e\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {n} ^{e}=\\left[{\\begin{matrix}\\cos(\\mathrm {latitude} )\\cos(\\mathrm {longitude} )\\\\\\cos(\\mathrm {latitude} )\\sin(\\mathrm {longitude} )\\\\\\sin(\\mathrm {latitude} )\\\\\\end{matrix}}\\right]}The superscript e means that n-vector is decomposed in the coordinate system e (i.e. the first component is the scalar projection of n-vector onto the x-axis of e, the second onto the y-axis of e etc.). Note that the equation is exact both for spherical and ellipsoidal Earth model.","title":"Converting latitude/longitude to n-vector"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gade-1"},{"link_name":"atan2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atan2"},{"link_name":"Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_pole"},{"link_name":"singularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_singularity"},{"link_name":"atan2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atan2"}],"text":"From the three components of n-vector, \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n x\n \n \n e\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{x}^{e}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n y\n \n \n e\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{y}^{e}}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n z\n \n \n e\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{z}^{e}}\n \n, latitude can be found by using:l\n a\n t\n i\n t\n u\n d\n e\n \n =\n arcsin\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n n\n \n z\n \n \n e\n \n \n )\n \n =\n arctan\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n \n z\n \n \n e\n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n x\n \n \n e\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n n\n \n y\n \n \n e\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {latitude} =\\arcsin \\left(n_{z}^{e}\\right)=\\arctan \\left({\\frac {n_{z}^{e}}{\\sqrt {{n_{x}^{e}}^{2}+{n_{y}^{e}}^{2}}}}\\right)}The rightmost expression is best suited for computer program implementation.[1]Longitude is found using:l\n o\n n\n g\n i\n t\n u\n d\n e\n \n =\n arctan\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n \n y\n \n \n e\n \n \n \n n\n \n x\n \n \n e\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {longitude} =\\arctan \\left({\\frac {n_{y}^{e}}{n_{x}^{e}}}\\right)}In these expressions \n \n \n \n arctan\n ⁡\n (\n y\n \n /\n \n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\arctan(y/x)}\n \n should be implemented using a call to atan2(y,x). The Pole singularity of longitude is evident as atan2(0,0) is undefined. Note that the equations are exact both for spherical and ellipsoidal Earth model.","title":"Converting n-vector to latitude/longitude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"great circle distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_circle_distance"},{"link_name":"Three different expressions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_circle_distance#Formulas"},{"link_name":"arccos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric_function"},{"link_name":"arcsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric_function"},{"link_name":"arctan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric_function"},{"link_name":"numerical instabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_stability"},{"link_name":"deltas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(letter)"},{"link_name":"180° meridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/180th_meridian"},{"link_name":"vector algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus"},{"link_name":"dot product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_product"},{"link_name":"magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"cross product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_product"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gade-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gade-1"},{"link_name":"horizontal position representations page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_position_representation"}],"text":"Finding the great circle distance between two horizontal positions (assuming spherical Earth) is usually done by means of latitude and longitude. Three different expressions for this distance are common; the first is based on arccos, the second is based on arcsin, and the final is based on arctan. The expressions, which are successively more complex to avoid numerical instabilities, are not easy to find, and since they are based on latitude and longitude, the Pole singularities may become a problem. They also contain deltas of latitude and longitude, which in general should be used with care near the ±180° meridian and the Poles.Solving the same problem using n-vector is simpler due to the possibility of using vector algebra. The arccos expression is achieved from the dot product, while the magnitude of the cross product gives the arcsin expression. Combining the two gives the arctan expression:[1]Δ\n σ\n =\n arccos\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n a\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n n\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Δ\n σ\n =\n arcsin\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n |\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n a\n \n \n ×\n \n \n n\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n |\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Δ\n σ\n =\n arctan\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n a\n \n \n ×\n \n \n n\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n a\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n n\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}&\\Delta \\sigma =\\arccos \\left(\\mathbf {n} _{a}\\cdot \\mathbf {n} _{b}\\right)\\\\&\\Delta \\sigma =\\arcsin \\left(\\left|\\mathbf {n} _{a}\\times \\mathbf {n} _{b}\\right|\\right)\\\\&\\Delta \\sigma =\\arctan \\left({\\frac {\\left|\\mathbf {n} _{a}\\times \\mathbf {n} _{b}\\right|}{\\mathbf {n} _{a}\\cdot \\mathbf {n} _{b}}}\\right)\\\\\\end{aligned}}}where \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {n} _{a}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {n} _{b}}\n \n are the n-vectors representing the two positions a and b. \n \n \n \n Δ\n σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\sigma }\n \n is the angular difference, and thus the great-circle distance is achieved by multiplying with the Earth radius. This expression also works at the poles and at the ±180° meridian.There are several other examples where the use of vector algebra simplifies standard problems.[1] For a general comparison of the various representations, see the horizontal position representations page.","title":"Example: Great circle distance"}]
[{"image_text":"The direction of n-vector corresponds to geodetic latitude","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/N_vector_and_geodetic_latitude.png/370px-N_vector_and_geodetic_latitude.png"}]
[{"title":"Earth section paths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_section_paths"},{"title":"Horizontal position representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_position_representation"},{"title":"Latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"title":"Longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"title":"Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system"},{"title":"Quaternion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion"}]
[{"reference":"Gade, Kenneth (2010). \"A non-singular horizontal position representation\" (PDF). The Journal of Navigation. 63 (3). Cambridge University Press: 395–417. Bibcode:2010JNav...63..395G. doi:10.1017/S0373463309990415.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navlab.net/Publications/A_Nonsingular_Horizontal_Position_Representation.pdf","url_text":"\"A non-singular horizontal position representation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JNav...63..395G","url_text":"2010JNav...63..395G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0373463309990415","url_text":"10.1017/S0373463309990415"}]},{"reference":"Stuelpnagel, John (1964). \"On the Parametrization of the Three-Dimensional Rotation Group\". SIAM Review. 6 (4). Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics: 422–430. Bibcode:1964SIAMR...6..422S. doi:10.1137/1006093. JSTOR 2027966.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964SIAMR...6..422S","url_text":"1964SIAMR...6..422S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1137%2F1006093","url_text":"10.1137/1006093"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2027966","url_text":"2027966"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87avu%C5%9Fin
Çavuşin
["1 History","2 Attractions","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°40′22″N 34°50′22″E / 38.6728°N 34.8394°E / 38.6728; 34.8394 Village in Nevşehir, TurkeyÇavuşinVillageAerial view of ÇavuşinÇavuşinLocation in TurkeyShow map of TurkeyÇavuşinÇavuşin (Turkey Central Anatolia)Show map of Turkey Central AnatoliaCoordinates: 38°40′22″N 34°50′22″E / 38.6728°N 34.8394°E / 38.6728; 34.8394CountryTurkeyProvinceNevşehirDistrictAvanosPopulation (2022)421Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT) View of rock ridge above Çavuşin. Çavuşin is a village in the Avanos District in Nevşehir Province in the Cappadocia region of Turkey. Its population is 421 (2022). It is on the road between Avanos and Göreme, about five kilometres north of Göreme. The older part of the village lies on and around a large ridge of rock visible for miles around. Most of the modern homes are closer to the main road where villagers were rehoused in the early 1960s amid fears that their old homes might collapse. Until recently Çavuşin was more or less ignored by tourism despite its proximity to the Göreme honeypot. However, in the 2010s more hotels opened in Cavuşin too, especially in the older part of the village. History The village may have been called Kodessane in the early Christian era. In 2011 the American Duke Dillard moved to Çavuşin with his family and set up the Captivating Cappadocia website which has photos and information on the village. Attractions Çavuşin is home to two rock-cut churches that are worth seeking out. Confusingly, both are named after St John the Baptist. The first of the churches is right beside the main road and clearly visible because part of its facade has fallen down, exposing two huge frescoed angels to the open air. Inside the church there are brightly coloured frescoes of familiar Bible stories such as the Nativity. More original are the frescoed figures of soldiers in uniform that run along the lower part of the north wall. They depict the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste (modern Sivas) who were driven out naked onto a frozen lake to die during a persecution of Christians in the early 4th century. Particularly interesting are the frescoes of the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Phocas (a Cappadocian on his mother's side) and his wife Theophano. Since the emperor visited Cappadocia in the mid-10th century, the church has been dated unusually precisely to 963-969. The story of the emperor's sticky end and the part Theophano may have played in it is described in John Ash's book, A Byzantine Journey. The second church is harder to find in the old part of the village but is particularly impressive. It is a huge, soot-blackened early 6th-century basilica that is more interesting for its carved decorations than for its frescoes which are barely visible now. A cross-shaped hole in the floor of the apse may once have contained relics of St Hieron, an obscure saint strongly linked to Göreme. Çavuşin, Old Kaya mosque. From the ridge above Çavuşin it is possible to look down on a group of fairy chimneys' that make it fairly apparent how the wind and rain of the centuries gradually eroded solid rock to create these features that are so characteristic of Cappadocia. Gallery Cave Dwellings in Çavuşin View overlooking Çavuşin St. John's Church, Çavuşin Frescos inside Çavuşin church Camels in Çavuşin Balloons Flying over Çavuşin in 2014 ruined houses in Çavuşin Rock-cut formations in Pasabag, also known as “Monks Valley” near Çavuşin See also Göreme Tarihî Millî Parkı References ^ Köy, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 22 May 2023. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 22 May 2023. ^ a b c d Yale, Pat. "Çavuşi̇n: The Sergeant's village". Turkey from the Inside. ^ a b "St. John the Baptist Church (Çavuşin)". CappadociaHistory.com. 3 September 2020. ^ Dillard, Duke. "The Best Guidebooks on Cappadocia". Captivating Cappadocia. ^ Ash, John (1995). A Byzantine Journey (1st ed.). London: I B Tauris. pp. 241–49. ISBN 186064015X. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Çavuşin. Hundreds of pictures of Çavuşin vte Avanos DistrictMunicipalities Avanos Çalış Kalaba Özkonak Villages Akarca Aktepe Altıpınar Ayhan Bozca Çavuşin Göynük İğdelikışla Karacauşağı Küçükayhan Kuyulukışla Mahmat Paşalı Sarılar Topaklı Üçkuyu This geographical article about a location in Nevşehir Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%87avu%C5%9Fin01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Avanos District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avanos_District"},{"link_name":"Nevşehir Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nev%C5%9Fehir_Province"},{"link_name":"Cappadocia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocia"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Göreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6reme"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Village in Nevşehir, TurkeyView of rock ridge above Çavuşin.Çavuşin is a village in the Avanos District in Nevşehir Province in the Cappadocia region of Turkey.[1] Its population is 421 (2022).[2] It is on the road between Avanos and Göreme, about five kilometres north of Göreme. The older part of the village lies on and around a large ridge of rock visible for miles around. Most of the modern homes are closer to the main road where villagers were rehoused in the early 1960s amid fears that their old homes might collapse.[3] Until recently Çavuşin was more or less ignored by tourism despite its proximity to the Göreme honeypot. However, in the 2010s more hotels opened in Cavuşin too, especially in the older part of the village.","title":"Çavuşin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The village may have been called Kodessane in the early Christian era.[4]In 2011 the American Duke Dillard moved to Çavuşin with his family and set up the Captivating Cappadocia website which has photos and information on the village.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock-cut churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture"},{"link_name":"Forty Martyrs of Sebaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_Sebaste"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Nicephorus Phocas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"John Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ash_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J22_257_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fin,_Eski_Kaya_Cami.jpg"},{"link_name":"fairy chimneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_chimney"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Çavuşin is home to two rock-cut churches that are worth seeking out. Confusingly, both are named after St John the Baptist.The first of the churches is right beside the main road and clearly visible because part of its facade has fallen down, exposing two huge frescoed angels to the open air. Inside the church there are brightly coloured frescoes of familiar Bible stories such as the Nativity. More original are the frescoed figures of soldiers in uniform that run along the lower part of the north wall. They depict the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste (modern Sivas) who were driven out naked onto a frozen lake to die during a persecution of Christians in the early 4th century.[3]Particularly interesting are the frescoes of the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Phocas (a Cappadocian on his mother's side) and his wife Theophano. Since the emperor visited Cappadocia in the mid-10th century, the church has been dated unusually precisely to 963-969.[3] The story of the emperor's sticky end and the part Theophano may have played in it is described in John Ash's book, A Byzantine Journey.[6]The second church is harder to find in the old part of the village but is particularly impressive. It is a huge, soot-blackened early 6th-century basilica that is more interesting for its carved decorations than for its frescoes which are barely visible now. A cross-shaped hole in the floor of the apse may once have contained relics of St Hieron, an obscure saint strongly linked to Göreme.[4]Çavuşin, Old Kaya mosque.From the ridge above Çavuşin it is possible to look down on a group of fairy chimneys' that make it fairly apparent how the wind and rain of the centuries gradually eroded solid rock to create these features that are so characteristic of Cappadocia.[3]","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cave_Dwellings_in_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fin_-_2014.10_-_panoramio_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J22_249_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J22_255_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fin,_Johanneskirche.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CAVUSINKILISE_075_KT04x.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camels_of_Cappadocia_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balloons_Flying_over_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fin_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J22_247_Alt-%C3%87avu%C5%9Fin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cappadocia_%C3%87avusin_Fairy_Chimney_(7144827095).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rock-cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture_of_Cappadocia"}],"text":"Cave Dwellings in Çavuşin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView overlooking Çavuşin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt. John's Church, Çavuşin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrescos inside Çavuşin church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCamels in Çavuşin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBalloons Flying over Çavuşin in 2014\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\truined houses in Çavuşin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRock-cut formations in Pasabag, also known as “Monks Valley” near Çavuşin","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"title":"Göreme Tarihî Millî Parkı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6reme"}]
[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 22 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]},{"reference":"Yale, Pat. \"Çavuşi̇n: The Sergeant's village\". Turkey from the Inside.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.turkeyfromtheinside.com/places-to-go/c/723-cavun.html","url_text":"\"Çavuşi̇n: The Sergeant's village\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. John the Baptist Church (Çavuşin)\". CappadociaHistory.com. 3 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cappadociahistory.com/post/st-john-the-baptist-church-%C3%A7avu%C5%9Fin","url_text":"\"St. John the Baptist Church (Çavuşin)\""}]},{"reference":"Dillard, Duke. \"The Best Guidebooks on Cappadocia\". Captivating Cappadocia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.captivatingcappadocia.com/home/","url_text":"\"The Best Guidebooks on Cappadocia\""}]},{"reference":"Ash, John (1995). A Byzantine Journey (1st ed.). London: I B Tauris. pp. 241–49. ISBN 186064015X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/186064015X","url_text":"186064015X"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Lee
Gerard Lee
["1 Early life","2 Early career","3 Recent career","4 Other","5 Books","6 Television","7 Short films","8 Feature films","9 References","10 External links"]
Australian writer This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Gerard Lee" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gerard Lee is an Australian novelist, screenwriter, and director. Early life Gerard Lee was born in Melbourne and brought up in Brisbane in the 1960s in the inner southern suburb of Dutton Park. Lee began writing for The Telegraph newspaper at the age of 16, although he later attended the University of Queensland, the Australian Film, Television and Radio School, and, many decades later, Queensland University of Technology (QUT). Early career Lee started as a poet and drummer (including sitting in as the drummer for the first performance by Brisbane band, The Go-Betweens). He later moved to fiction and travel writing, then writing for film and television. Lee met Jane Campion at AFTRS and later co-wrote her feature debut, Sweetie (film), which won Best Screenplay at the Australian Film Institute Awards, a Camera d'Or at Cannes, and many other awards. It was screened internationally and is now part of The Criterion Collection. Lee's feature film All Men Are Liars, set in the Queensland cane fields, which he wrote and directed, opened the Sydney Film Festival in 1995 and won awards internationally (San Remo Film Festival, Palm Springs Film Festival). As a prose writer, Lee has published two novels, a collection of short stories and a collection of travel stories, all with University of Queensland Press. The 'Oxford Companion to Australian Literature' stated of Lee in a commentary on his first novel, "True Love and How to Get it", "...a witty writer with a deceptively naive narrative style, Lee frequently satirises contemporary Queensland lifestyles". His second novel, Troppo Man (1990), set in Ubud, Bali, was shortlisted for the Vogel's Young Writers Award. Recent career In recent decades Lee has focused on writing for film and television. Lee produced and wrote the screenplay for the film My Mistress, starring Emmanuelle Beart and Harrison Gilbertson, which was released November 2014 and sold in many territories. It is the story of a relationship between a 16-year-old boy and a 40-something S&M mistress. He was also the principal screenwriter of the film Breath adapted from the novel of the same name by Tim Winton. It was released in the US in 2018, produced by Simon Baker (also director/actor/producer) and Mark Johnson (Breaking Bad). As a television writer, Gerard Lee is the co-writer with Jane Campion of the successful mini-series Top of the Lake, which garnered eight Emmy Nominations for the first series and is now in its second season - 'Top of the Lake: China Girl'. As of 2021, Lee was working on a screenplay for the Peter Carey novel Theft with Optimism Films (Melbourne). He is also working with Wayne Blair (The Sapphires, Dirty Dancing etc.) on a feature screenplay for a personal film set in Blair's hometown, Rockhampton. Currently titled Godfrey, it is the story of two brothers, one of them Indigenous, the other living with a disability. Other Lee has travelled widely in Europe and in Asia. He has taught creative writing at a range of tertiary institutions including a Masters of Screenwriting at QUT. Books Manual for a Garden Mechanic (1976) (Ragman Productions, Robert Kenny, Melbourne) Pieces for a Glass Piano (1978), ISBN 0-7022-1175-3 True Love and How to Get It (1985), ISBN 0-7022-1778-6 Troppo Man (1990), a comedy novel set in Ubud, Bali. ISBN 0-7022-2299-2 Sweetie: The Screenplay (1991), ISBN 0-7022-2371-9 Eating Dog: Travel Stories (1994), ISBN 0-7022-2184-8 Television Top of the Lake (2013), a seven-hour drama serial, set in the South Island of New Zealand, co-created and co-written with Jane Campion. Top of the Lake: China Girl (2017) a seven-hour drama set in Sydney, Australia co-written with Jane Campion. Short films Passionless Moments (1983), co-written ad co-directed with Jane Campion Feature films Sweetie (1989), co-written with Jane Campion All Men Are Liars (1995), writer/director My Mistress (2013), writer/producer Breath (2014) writer References ^ Pieces of a Glass Piano at LibraryThing ^ Pieces of a Glass Piano at GBooks ^ True Love and How to Get It at LibraryThing ^ True Love and How to Get It at GBooks ^ Troppo Man at LibraryThing ^ Troppo Man at GBooks ^ Eating Dog: Travel Stories at LibraryThing ^ Eating Dog: Travel Stories at GBooks External links Gerard Lee at IMDb Gerard Lee's official website Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Poland People Trove Other SNAC IdRef
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Lee began writing for The Telegraph newspaper at the age of 16, although he later attended the University of Queensland, the Australian Film, Television and Radio School, and, many decades later, Queensland University of Technology (QUT).","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Go-Betweens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Go-Betweens"},{"link_name":"Jane Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Campion"},{"link_name":"Sweetie (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetie_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"The Criterion Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Criterion_Collection"}],"text":"Lee started as a poet and drummer (including sitting in as the drummer for the first performance by Brisbane band, The Go-Betweens). He later moved to fiction and travel writing, then writing for film and television.Lee met Jane Campion at AFTRS and later co-wrote her feature debut, Sweetie (film), which won Best Screenplay at the Australian Film Institute Awards, a Camera d'Or at Cannes, and many other awards. It was screened internationally and is now part of The Criterion Collection.Lee's feature film All Men Are Liars, set in the Queensland cane fields, which he wrote and directed, opened the Sydney Film Festival in 1995 and won awards internationally (San Remo Film Festival, Palm Springs Film Festival).As a prose writer, Lee has published two novels, a collection of short stories and a collection of travel stories, all with University of Queensland Press. The 'Oxford Companion to Australian Literature' stated of Lee in a commentary on his first novel, \"True Love and How to Get it\", \"...a witty writer with a deceptively naive narrative style, Lee frequently satirises contemporary Queensland lifestyles\". His second novel, Troppo Man (1990), set in Ubud, Bali, was shortlisted for the Vogel's Young Writers Award.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"My Mistress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Mistress"},{"link_name":"Emmanuelle Beart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuelle_Beart"},{"link_name":"Harrison Gilbertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Gilbertson"},{"link_name":"Breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breath_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"Tim Winton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Winton"},{"link_name":"Top of the Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Lake"},{"link_name":"Indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian"}],"text":"In recent decades Lee has focused on writing for film and television. Lee produced and wrote the screenplay for the film My Mistress, starring Emmanuelle Beart and Harrison Gilbertson, which was released November 2014 and sold in many territories. It is the story of a relationship between a 16-year-old boy and a 40-something S&M mistress. He was also the principal screenwriter of the film Breath adapted from the novel of the same name by Tim Winton. It was released in the US in 2018, produced by Simon Baker (also director/actor/producer) and Mark Johnson (Breaking Bad).As a television writer, Gerard Lee is the co-writer with Jane Campion of the successful mini-series Top of the Lake, which garnered eight Emmy Nominations for the first series and is now in its second season - 'Top of the Lake: China Girl'.\nAs of 2021, Lee was working on a screenplay for the Peter Carey novel Theft with Optimism Films (Melbourne). He is also working with Wayne Blair (The Sapphires, Dirty Dancing etc.) on a feature screenplay for a personal film set in Blair's hometown, Rockhampton. Currently titled Godfrey, it is the story of two brothers, one of them Indigenous, the other living with a disability.","title":"Recent career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lee has travelled widely in Europe and in Asia. He has taught creative writing at a range of tertiary institutions including a Masters of Screenwriting at QUT.","title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7022-1175-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7022-1175-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7022-1778-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7022-1778-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7022-2299-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7022-2299-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7022-2371-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7022-2371-9"},{"link_name":"Eating Dog: Travel Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eating_Dog:_Travel_Stories&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7022-2184-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7022-2184-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Manual for a Garden Mechanic (1976) (Ragman Productions, Robert Kenny, Melbourne)\nPieces for a Glass Piano (1978), ISBN 0-7022-1175-3 [1][2]\nTrue Love and How to Get It (1985), ISBN 0-7022-1778-6 [3][4]\nTroppo Man (1990), a comedy novel set in Ubud, Bali. ISBN 0-7022-2299-2 [5][6]\nSweetie: The Screenplay (1991), ISBN 0-7022-2371-9\nEating Dog: Travel Stories (1994), ISBN 0-7022-2184-8 [7][8]","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top of the Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Lake"},{"link_name":"Jane Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Campion"}],"text":"Top of the Lake (2013), a seven-hour drama serial, set in the South Island of New Zealand, co-created and co-written with Jane Campion.\nTop of the Lake: China Girl (2017) a seven-hour drama set in Sydney, Australia co-written with Jane Campion.","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passionless Moments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passionless_Moments"},{"link_name":"Jane Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Campion"}],"text":"Passionless Moments (1983), co-written ad co-directed with Jane Campion","title":"Short films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweetie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetie_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"Jane Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Campion"},{"link_name":"All Men Are Liars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Men_Are_Liars"}],"text":"Sweetie (1989), co-written with Jane Campion\nAll Men Are Liars (1995), writer/director\nMy Mistress (2013), writer/producer\nBreath (2014) writer","title":"Feature films"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Grey-Smith
Guy Grey-Smith
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Military service","1.3 Artistic career","1.4 Death","2 Artwork and recognition","3 Selected exhibitions","4 Selected posthumous exhibitions","5 References"]
Western Australian artist (1916–1981) Guy Grey-SmithGuy Grey-Smith 1947 Selfportrait drawing & watercolourBorn(1916-01-07)7 January 1916Wagin, Western Australia, AustraliaDied11 August 1981(1981-08-11) (aged 65)Western Australia, AustraliaKnown forPainting, printmaking and ceramics Guy Grey-Smith AM ((1916-01-07)7 January 1916 – 11 August 1981(1981-08-11) (aged 65)) was an Australian painter, printmaker and ceramicist. Grey-Smith pioneered modernism in Western Australia, and has been described as "one of Australia's most significant artists of the 20th century". Biography Early life Guy Grey-Smith, the second son of Francis Edward Grey-Smith, station manager, and his wife Ada Janet (née King) was born in Wagin, Western Australia in 1916. Military service A Bristol Blenheim belonging to Guy Grey-Smith's squadron, over France in 1940. He joined the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) when he was 20 and trained as a pilot. In 1937, he transferred to the British Royal Air Force (RAF) on a Short Service Commission and moved to England. He married an Englishwoman, Helen Dorothy Stanes, at Godmanchester on 19 October 1939. After the outbreak of World War II, he served with No. 139 Squadron RAF, and flew Bristol Blenheim bombers during the Battle of France, with the rank of Flying Officer On 12 May 1940, the squadron was stationed at Plivot and undertook a mission to attack German positions near Maastricht and Tongeren, in the Netherlands. Grey-Smith's aircraft (N6219) was attacked by a Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter and caught fire. As he parachuted out of the stricken bomber, Grey-Smith was hit by the tailplane and received severe head injuries, but landed safely. He was captured and kept at Stalag Luft III as a prisoner of war. During his time as POW, Grey-Smith began to explore an interest in art, with materials sent by his wife. He contracted tuberculosis and, as a consequence, was repatriated to the UK in 1944 for treatment, which included art therapy. Artistic career In 1945, he began studying at the Chelsea School of Art. Grey-Smith attended the school until 1947, learning from Ceri Richards, Robert Medley and Henry Moore. He and Helen returned to Western Australia and set up a pottery studio at their home in Darlington. In 1952, his tuberculosis recurred, and upon recovery eight months later, he and Helen moved back to London. He studied fresco painting at the Central School of Arts and Crafts under Louis le Brocquy until 1954. Upon their return to Australia, Grey-Smith worked for the Education Department and Art Gallery before journeying across the Nullarbor and to the north-west of Western Australia, which inspired his work. In 1966, Grey-Smith became inaugural president of the Contemporary Art Society (WA Branch). Death He died at the age of 65 from a recurrence of tuberculosis, in August 1981. Artwork and recognition He formed the Perth Group in the late 1950s with fellow artists Robert Juniper Brian McKay, Tom Gibbons and Maurice Stubbs. The group's aim was to promote European modernism, which was not yet accepted in Australia. Grey-Smith was influenced by Cézanne, English constructionist painters, Nicolas de Staël and the Western Australian landscape. He travelled throughout the state, including the Kimberley, Pilbara, Goldfields and South West regions, drawing and making notes in order to produce larger works back in his studio. At the time of his death, his work was increasingly achieving recognition and is held in high regard today. In December 2007, Christie's auctioned one of his landscape paintings with an estimate of £1500 to £2500. The painting sold for £29,300 (A$64,000). According to art collector Max Grunberg, Grey-Smith paintings sold at a large auction during the 1990s for $18,000 to $20,000 would now sell for at least $40,000 to $45,000. He won the Perth Prize for best Western Australian entry in 1955 and 1963, and the Perth Prize in 1964. In 1959, he was awarded the Murdoch Prize, and the Robin Hood Art Prize in 1962 He received the St George's Cathedral Prize in 1966 and 1967, and the Walter Murdoch Prize in 1967 and 1968. Grey-Smith was honoured with a Special Distinguished Artist and Scholar Grant from the Australia Council for the Arts in 1973 and an Order of Australia in 1981. In 2012, a new biography of the artist by Andrew Gaynor was published. Selected exhibitions 1957 Brummels Gallery, Melbourne. 1961 Recent Australian Painting (group show) Whitechapel Gallery, London, UK June 1961 - July 1961 Selected posthumous exhibitions Solo: 2014 Guy Grey-Smith: Art As Life - Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth, WA 2006 Guy Grey Smith - Goddard de Fiddes Gallery, West Perth, WA 2001 Guy Grey-Smith - Goddard de Fiddes Gallery, West Perth, WA 1997 Guy Grey-Smith - Goddard de Fiddes Gallery, West Perth, WA Group: 2011Vast: North-West landscapes - Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth, WA 2010 Tom Collins, and after: a bequest and its legacy - The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA Miscellanea - Tim Olsen Gallery, Sydney, NSW LandSpace - Goddard de Fiddes Gallery, West Perth, WA 2008 Style and Synthesis: Nine Australian moderns - The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 2005 Space - Goddard de Fiddes Gallery, West Perth, WA 2000 GdeF Group show - Goddard de Fiddes Gallery, West Perth, WA References ^ a b c d e Buggins, Anne; Guest, Debbie (9 November 2006). "Gordon Stephenson, Guy Grey-Smith, Eric Edgar Cooke". Features. The West Australian. p. 6. ^ Jenny Mills, 'Grey-Smith, Guy Edward (1916–1981)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/grey-smith-guy-edward-12566/text22625, published first in hardcopy 2007, accessed online 20 January 2016. ^ a b c d e f g McCulloch, Alan (1994). The encyclopedia of Australian art. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86373-315-9. ^ a b c Jenny Mills, 2007, "Grey-Smith, Guy Edward (1916–1981)" Australian Dictionary of Biography (online ed.) (access: 11 October 2012). ^ "Bristol" BLENHEIM: The Journal of the Blenheim Society, 2011, iss. 69 (March), p16. ^ a b c d e "Guy Grey-Smith Biography". Eva Breuer Art Dealer. Archived from the original on 31 August 2006. Retrieved 15 May 2008. ^ Davis, Annette (1996). Guy Grey-Smith: Guy Grey-Smith's landscapes of Western Australia (Exhibition catalogue). Edith Cowan University. ISBN 0729802299. Retrieved 25 March 2021 – via Research Online. ^ Gleeson, James (1972) 'True to a joint code, but only so far'. In The Sydney Morning Herald July 16, 1972, p.50 ^ Snell, Ted (22 August 1996). "European modernism gets transposed locally". The Australian. p. 15. ^ a b c Fish, Peter (5 April 2008). "Priced to sell - after some arm-twisting". Business. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 15 May 2008. ^ Art Gallery Society of Western Australia (1950), The Perth prize for contemporary art : catalogue, Art Gallery Society of Western Australia], retrieved 20 January 2016 ^ Perth Prize for Drawing, , retrieved 20 January 2016 ^ Murdoch Prize for a genre painting, , retrieved 20 January 2016 ^ Robin Hood Committee : Annual Art Competition, , retrieved 20 January 2016 ^ Gaynor, Andrew (2012), Guy Grey-Smith : Life Force, UWA Publishing, ISBN 978-1-74258-394-5 ^ Shaw, Arnold (1957) 'Art Notes: Young Painter Comes To Maturity'. In 'The Age' July 2, 1957 p.2 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Australia Artists South Australia Victoria ULAN People Australia 2 Trove 2 Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"printmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmaker"},{"link_name":"ceramicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_art"},{"link_name":"modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bug-1"}],"text":"Guy Grey-Smith AM ((1916-01-07)7 January 1916 – 11 August 1981(1981-08-11) (aged 65)) was an Australian painter, printmaker and ceramicist. Grey-Smith pioneered modernism in Western Australia, and has been described as \"one of Australia's most significant artists of the 20th century\".[1]","title":"Guy Grey-Smith"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wagin, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagin,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Guy Grey-Smith, the second son of Francis Edward Grey-Smith, station manager, and his wife Ada Janet (née King) was born in Wagin, Western Australia in 1916.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blenheim_L8756.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Short Service Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Short_Service_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Godmanchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godmanchester"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"No. 139 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._139_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Bristol Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim"},{"link_name":"bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber"},{"link_name":"Battle of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"Flying Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Officer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blenheim-5"},{"link_name":"Plivot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plivot"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Tongeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongeren"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Bf 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-4"},{"link_name":"Stalag Luft III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III"},{"link_name":"prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bug-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-4"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"repatriated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriate"},{"link_name":"art therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_therapy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eva-6"}],"sub_title":"Military service","text":"A Bristol Blenheim belonging to Guy Grey-Smith's squadron, over France in 1940.He joined the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) when he was 20 and trained as a pilot.[3][4] In 1937, he transferred to the British Royal Air Force (RAF) on a Short Service Commission and moved to England. He married an Englishwoman, Helen Dorothy Stanes, at Godmanchester on 19 October 1939.After the outbreak of World War II, he served with No. 139 Squadron RAF, and flew Bristol Blenheim bombers during the Battle of France, with the rank of Flying Officer[5] On 12 May 1940, the squadron was stationed at Plivot and undertook a mission to attack German positions near Maastricht and Tongeren, in the Netherlands. Grey-Smith's aircraft (N6219) was attacked by a Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter and caught fire. As he parachuted out of the stricken bomber, Grey-Smith was hit by the tailplane and received severe head injuries,[4] but landed safely. He was captured and kept at Stalag Luft III as a prisoner of war.[1][3] During his time as POW, Grey-Smith began to explore an interest in art, with materials sent by his wife.[4] He contracted tuberculosis and, as a consequence, was repatriated to the UK in 1944 for treatment, which included art therapy.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chelsea School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc-3"},{"link_name":"Ceri Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceri_Richards"},{"link_name":"Robert Medley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Medley"},{"link_name":"Henry Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc-3"},{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bug-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eva-6"},{"link_name":"fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"Central School of Arts and Crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_School_of_Arts_and_Crafts"},{"link_name":"Louis le Brocquy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_le_Brocquy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc-3"},{"link_name":"Nullarbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullarbor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eva-6"},{"link_name":"Contemporary Art Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Art_Society_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Artistic career","text":"In 1945, he began studying at the Chelsea School of Art.[3] Grey-Smith attended the school until 1947, learning from Ceri Richards, Robert Medley and Henry Moore.[3] He and Helen returned to Western Australia and set up a pottery studio at their home in Darlington.[1]In 1952, his tuberculosis recurred, and upon recovery eight months later, he and Helen moved back to London.[6] He studied fresco painting at the Central School of Arts and Crafts under Louis le Brocquy until 1954.[3] Upon their return to Australia, Grey-Smith worked for the Education Department and Art Gallery before journeying across the Nullarbor and to the north-west of Western Australia, which inspired his work.[3][6]In 1966, Grey-Smith became inaugural president of the Contemporary Art Society (WA Branch).[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eva-6"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"He died at the age of 65 from a recurrence of tuberculosis, in August 1981.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Juniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Juniper"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bug-1"},{"link_name":"Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"Nicolas de Staël","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_de_Sta%C3%ABl"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bug-1"},{"link_name":"the Kimberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Pilbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilbara"},{"link_name":"Goldfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfields-Esperance"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc-3"},{"link_name":"Christie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fish-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fish-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fish-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Order of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eva-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"He formed the Perth Group in the late 1950s with fellow artists Robert Juniper Brian McKay, Tom Gibbons and Maurice Stubbs. The group's aim was to promote European modernism, which was not yet accepted in Australia.[1] Grey-Smith was influenced by Cézanne, English constructionist painters, Nicolas de Staël[8] and the Western Australian landscape.[1] He travelled throughout the state, including the Kimberley, Pilbara, Goldfields and South West regions, drawing and making notes in order to produce larger works back in his studio.[9]At the time of his death, his work was increasingly achieving recognition and is held in high regard today.[3] In December 2007, Christie's auctioned one of his landscape paintings with an estimate of £1500 to £2500.[10] The painting sold for £29,300 (A$64,000).[10] According to art collector Max Grunberg, Grey-Smith paintings sold at a large auction during the 1990s for $18,000 to $20,000 would now sell for at least $40,000 to $45,000.[10]He won the Perth Prize for best Western Australian entry in 1955 and 1963, and the Perth Prize in 1964.[11][12] In 1959, he was awarded the Murdoch Prize,[13] and the Robin Hood Art Prize in 1962[14]He received the St George's Cathedral Prize in 1966 and 1967, and the Walter Murdoch Prize in 1967 and 1968.Grey-Smith was honoured with a Special Distinguished Artist and Scholar Grant from the Australia Council for the Arts in 1973 and an Order of Australia in 1981.[6]In 2012, a new biography of the artist by Andrew Gaynor was published.[15]","title":"Artwork and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brummels Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brummels_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"1957 Brummels Gallery, Melbourne.[16]\n1961 Recent Australian Painting (group show) Whitechapel Gallery, London, UK June 1961 - July 1961","title":"Selected exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Solo:2014 Guy Grey-Smith: Art As Life - Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth, WA\n2006 Guy Grey Smith - Goddard de Fiddes Gallery, West Perth, WA\n2001 Guy Grey-Smith - Goddard de Fiddes Gallery, West Perth, WA\n1997 Guy Grey-Smith - Goddard de Fiddes Gallery, West Perth, WAGroup:2011Vast: North-West landscapes - Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth, WA\n2010 Tom Collins, and after: a bequest and its legacy - The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA\nMiscellanea - Tim Olsen Gallery, Sydney, NSW\nLandSpace - Goddard de Fiddes Gallery, West Perth, WA\n2008 Style and Synthesis: Nine Australian moderns - The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA\n2005 Space - Goddard de Fiddes Gallery, West Perth, WA\n2000 GdeF Group show - Goddard de Fiddes Gallery, West Perth, WA","title":"Selected posthumous exhibitions"}]
[{"image_text":"A Bristol Blenheim belonging to Guy Grey-Smith's squadron, over France in 1940.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Blenheim_L8756.jpg/200px-Blenheim_L8756.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Buggins, Anne; Guest, Debbie (9 November 2006). \"Gordon Stephenson, Guy Grey-Smith, Eric Edgar Cooke\". Features. The West Australian. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McCulloch, Alan (1994). The encyclopedia of Australian art. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86373-315-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-315-9","url_text":"1-86373-315-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Guy Grey-Smith Biography\". Eva Breuer Art Dealer. Archived from the original on 31 August 2006. Retrieved 15 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20060831200754/http://www.evabreuerartdealer.com.au/cv/grey-smith_guy_bio.html","url_text":"\"Guy Grey-Smith Biography\""},{"url":"http://www.evabreuerartdealer.com.au/cv/grey-smith_guy_bio.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Annette (1996). Guy Grey-Smith: Guy Grey-Smith's landscapes of Western Australia (Exhibition catalogue). Edith Cowan University. ISBN 0729802299. Retrieved 25 March 2021 – via Research Online.","urls":[{"url":"https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks/7139","url_text":"Guy Grey-Smith: Guy Grey-Smith's landscapes of Western Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0729802299","url_text":"0729802299"}]},{"reference":"Snell, Ted (22 August 1996). \"European modernism gets transposed locally\". The Australian. p. 15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fish, Peter (5 April 2008). \"Priced to sell - after some arm-twisting\". Business. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 15 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://business.smh.com.au/priced-to-sell--after-some-armtwisting-20080405-23ts.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2","url_text":"\"Priced to sell - after some arm-twisting\""}]},{"reference":"Art Gallery Society of Western Australia (1950), The Perth prize for contemporary art : catalogue, Art Gallery Society of Western Australia], retrieved 20 January 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/14786207","url_text":"The Perth prize for contemporary art : catalogue"}]},{"reference":"Perth Prize for Drawing, [Perth Prize for Drawing : Australian Gallery File], retrieved 20 January 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/32485087","url_text":"[Perth Prize for Drawing : Australian Gallery File]"}]},{"reference":"Murdoch Prize for a genre painting, [Murdoch Prize for a genre painting : Australian Gallery File], retrieved 20 January 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/32484917","url_text":"[Murdoch Prize for a genre painting : Australian Gallery File]"}]},{"reference":"Robin Hood Committee : Annual Art Competition, [Robin Hood Committee : Annual Art Competition : Australian Gallery File], retrieved 20 January 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/32485264","url_text":"[Robin Hood Committee : Annual Art Competition : Australian Gallery File]"}]},{"reference":"Gaynor, Andrew (2012), Guy Grey-Smith : Life Force, UWA Publishing, ISBN 978-1-74258-394-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWA_Publishing","url_text":"UWA Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74258-394-5","url_text":"978-1-74258-394-5"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/grey-smith-guy-edward-12566/text22625","external_links_name":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/grey-smith-guy-edward-12566/text22625"},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/grey-smith-guy-edward-12566","external_links_name":"Jenny Mills, 2007, \"Grey-Smith, Guy Edward (1916–1981)\" Australian Dictionary of Biography (online ed.)"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20060831200754/http://www.evabreuerartdealer.com.au/cv/grey-smith_guy_bio.html","external_links_name":"\"Guy Grey-Smith Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.evabreuerartdealer.com.au/cv/grey-smith_guy_bio.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks/7139","external_links_name":"Guy Grey-Smith: Guy Grey-Smith's landscapes of Western Australia"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19720716&id=9AtkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=COUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3772,6548131&hl=en","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://business.smh.com.au/priced-to-sell--after-some-armtwisting-20080405-23ts.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2","external_links_name":"\"Priced to sell - after some arm-twisting\""},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/14786207","external_links_name":"The Perth prize for contemporary art : catalogue"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/32485087","external_links_name":"[Perth Prize for Drawing : Australian Gallery File]"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/32484917","external_links_name":"[Murdoch Prize for a genre painting : Australian Gallery File]"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/32485264","external_links_name":"[Robin Hood Committee : Annual Art Competition : Australian Gallery File]"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19570702&id=Y2EQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sZUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3058,131139&hl=en","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000099432372","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/147655037","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35057239","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/creators/_/6066/","external_links_name":"South Australia"},{"Link":"https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/1880/","external_links_name":"Victoria"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500172674","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/grey-smith-guy-edward-12566","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/greysmith-guy-edward-12566","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/463412","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1466027","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6n61m7r","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.E._Everett_Turnpike
Everett Turnpike
["1 Route description","2 Signage","3 History","4 Exit list","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Toll road in New Hampshire Everett TurnpikeCentral New Hampshire TurnpikeEverett Turnpike highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by NHDOT Bureau of TurnpikesLength39.867 mi (64.160 km)Existedc. 1955–presentComponenthighways US 3 from Tyngsborough, MA to Nashua I-293 from Manchester to Hooksett I-93 from Hooksett to Concord Major junctionsSouth end US 3 in Tyngsborough, MAMajor intersectionsRaymond Wieczorek Drive in Bedford I-293 / NH 101 in Bedford I-93 in Hooksett I-89 in BowNorth end I-93 / NH 9 in Concord LocationCountryUnited StatesStateNew HampshireCountiesHillsborough, Merrimack Highway system New Hampshire Highway System Interstate US State Turnpikes The Frederick E. Everett Turnpike, also called the Central New Hampshire Turnpike, is a controlled-access toll road in the U.S. state of New Hampshire, running 44 miles (71 km) from the Massachusetts border at Nashua north to Concord. The Everett Turnpike is named for Frederick Elwin Everett, the first commissioner of the New Hampshire Department of Transportation. The turnpike is part of the New Hampshire Turnpike System, and is operated by the New Hampshire Department of Transportation's Bureau of Turnpikes. There are two tolled sections, a southern one in Bedford and a northern tolled section in Hooksett; the remainder of the turnpike is toll-free. Each of the tolled segments costs a maximum of $1.00 for passenger cars passing through the mainline tollbooths, with lower rates charged on the ramp tolls for traveling shorter distances. A 30% discount is also offered for NH E-ZPass account holders only. Built prior to the Interstate Highway System, the route was completed in the mid-1950s as a single highway from Nashua to Concord. Today, the route is overlaid with portions of several other routes: U.S. Route 3 from the Massachusetts border to New Hampshire Route 101A in Nashua, unnumbered from there until New Hampshire Route 101 in Bedford, I-293 from there until I-93 in Hooksett, and I-93 from Hooksett to Concord. There is also a short segment concurrent with New Hampshire Route 3A in Manchester. Route description Much of the turnpike's length has been overlapped by other numbered routes. Portions of the road are shared with US-3, I-93, and I-293. The southern portion of the turnpike, in Nashua, is posted as US-3, serving as an extension of the US-3 freeway (Northwest Expressway) from Burlington, Massachusetts. North of Exit 7 in Nashua, the turnpike runs by itself and has no number, but parallels US-3, which is a toll-free local road variously known as Concord Street (within the city of Nashua) and the Daniel Webster Highway (within Merrimack and Bedford). Approaching Bedford in the Manchester area, the turnpike is joined by I-293 which, splits off from a concurrency with NH-101. At Exit 4 (exits are numbered for I-293 on this stretch), NH-3A joins the freeway, and the concurrency passes through Manchester, near the downtown area of the city. Upon passing Manchester, Route 3A splits off at Exit 7, I-293's last northbound exit. The freeway passes into Hooksett, and I-293 ends at an interchange with I-93. The Everett Turnpike ceases to be signed at this interchange, but joins I-93 northbound and continues towards Concord, interchanging with the southern terminus of I-89 along the way. No definitive northern terminus for the turnpike exists as far as signage is concerned. This endpoint was originally at a traffic circle next to downtown Concord that has since been replaced by Exit 14 with NH-9. There are two mainline toll plazas on the turnpike, in Bedford and Hooksett, that each charge $1.00 for cash and out of state E-ZPass users. The Bedford mainline toll plaza, located between Exit 13 and I-293, replaced the Merrimack toll plaza (formerly located at what is now Exit 11) in the early 1990s. Ramp tolls also exist at I-93 Exit 11 at the mainline toll plaza in Hooksett. E-ZPass readers were installed in all toll locations in 2005, and the state currently offers a 30% discount for using an NHDOT issued E-ZPass. Major rest areas combined with state-run liquor stores are located on either side of the highway in Hooksett just north of the mainline toll plaza on I-93. On July 18, 2014, the Exit 12 ramp tolls in Merrimack were removed, and on January 1, 2020, the Merrimack Exit 11 ramp tolls were removed. Toll collection at Exit 10 in Merrimack ended on December 31, 2021. The proposed (but mostly unbuilt) Circumferential Highway around the east side of Nashua is defined as part of the turnpike. Henri A. Burque Highway, the surface road that US-3 uses to get between exit 7 of the turnpike and the Daniel Webster Highway in northern Nashua, is also part of it. Signage This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Road sign showing access to the Everett Turnpike The northern end of I-293 as viewed from I-93 northbound. The Everett Turnpike joins I-93 North at this interchange, but no sign indicates this. Signs for the Everett Turnpike consist of a rectangle with a rounded bottom, a green circle, and green text that says "Everett Turnpike" above the circle, with the word "Turnpike" curved along the top edge of the circle; this signage is similar in design to that for other New Hampshire turnpikes. For the US 3 segment in Nashua, there is an Everett Turnpike sign in Massachusetts just south of the border northbound alongside the US 3 shield on an overhead sign, and several others along overhead signs through Nashua. Mile markers also contain the Everett Turnpike shield in Nashua, and combined US 3 and Everett Turnpike shields are posted along the side of the road on stand-alone posts, though most on-ramp signage only indicates US 3. Signs for the turnpike are most prominent on the Merrimack-Bedford segment, which lacks any concurrent US or Interstate route. Along this section, the Everett Turnpike shield appears on on-ramp direction signs, along the side of the highway on signposts, and on overhead reassurance signs. Along the I-293 segment in Manchester, signage is similar to the Nashua US 3 section, though mile markers have the I-293 shield instead of the Everett Turnpike shield. Though the turnpike continues north to Concord, it is not signed north of the I-293 merge in Hooksett. On I-93 North, the exit for I-293 is signed as I-293/Everett Turnpike South, while the mainline is signed as "I-93 North (a toll road)". On I-293 North, Everett Turnpike signs stop at the merge, with I-93 North signed by itself. There is no indication of the northern terminus on I-93 in either direction. Southbound, the first emergence of turnpike signage is after the exit onto I-293. The sole mention of the Everett Turnpike north of the I-293 merge is on New Hampshire Route 3A at the intersection with Hackett Hill Road leading to exit 11 in Hooksett. A sign with the Turnpike and I-93 shields notes the highway as leading north to Concord and south to Manchester. North of Exit 11, there are no turnpike signs on intersecting highways, including I-89. There are turnpike mile markers only from the Massachusetts state line to the interchange with I-293 and Route 101. North of there, the mile markers and sequential exit numbers relate to the concurrent Interstate highways. History The highway first opened in 1955, from the Daniel Webster Highway (modern exit 3) in South Nashua to Queen City Avenue (modern I-293 Exit 4) in Manchester, with a single exit between the termini at NH 101A/Amherst Street in Nashua (modern exit 7). There was one toll booth at Thornton's Ferry in Merrimack. In 1957, a second portion was opened from Queen City Avenue north to Manchester Street (US 3) in Concord (modern I-93 exit 13). The second segment had a toll booth installed at Hooksett. In 1958, the section from Hooksett northwards was incorporated into I-93. Two additional exits (modern exits 5 and 6) were added in 1960 and one more (modern exit 4) in 1964. Finally, the last segment of the route, an extension from the then-southern terminus at Daniel Webster Highway to the Massachusetts border to meet the Northwest Expressway, was completed in 1966. Little additional work was done on the turnpike for the next 12 years. In 1978, the turnpike was widened from four lanes to six between the Hooksett tolls and I-89 in Bow. In 1986, a new exit was opened at Somerset Parkway in Nashua, exit 8 (formerly exit 7W), providing a bypass of the congested exit 7 interchange, which carried access to Amherst Street and Henri Burque Highway (US 3). In 1990 and 1993, two new exits were opened in Merrimack, exit 10 (Industrial Drive) and exit 11 (Continental Boulevard), along with the relocation of the mainline toll booth from Merrimack to Bedford. In the late 1990s, work began on the southern segment of the route through Nashua from the Massachusetts border to exit 8 (Somerset Parkway) as it was widened to six lanes, and the entire route south of Daniel Webster Highway (exit 3) was rebuilt, including a new exit (exit 1A-2) to connect to the Sagamore Bridge to Hudson, a rebuild of exit 1 (Spit Brook Road), and a set of collector distributor lanes. The project was completed in 2002. In the mid 2000s, I-293 exit 5 was rebuilt, adding additional ramps and widening the northbound side to three lanes from just south of exit 5 to exit 7 (NH 3A). Finally, in 2011, Raymond Wieczorek Drive (exit 13), a connector from the Everett Turnpike from just south of the I-293 merge to Manchester–Boston Regional Airport, was built. Exit list CountyLocationmikmOld exitNew exitDestinationsNotes HillsboroughNashua0.000.00 US 3 south (Northwest Expressway)Continuation into Massachusetts 0.500.801Spit Brook Road – South Nashua 1.492.402 To NH 3A / Daniel Webster Highway – HudsonAccess via Circumferential Highway; signed as exit 1A from northbound collector–distributor lane 2.594.1713Daniel Webster Highway – South NashuaSouthbound left exit and northbound entrance; originally exit 1 3.185.124East Dunstable Road 4.697.5525 NH 111 to NH 111A – Nashua, Hudson, Pepperell, MASigned as exits 5E (east) and 5W (west); originally exit 2 5.138.265E-A5ASimon StreetNorthbound exit only; formerly signed as exits 5E-A 6.2210.016 NH 130 (Broad Street) – Hollis 6.7410.857 US 3 north / NH 101A – Nashua Downtown, Amherst, MilfordNorthern end of US 3 concurrency; signed as exits 7E (north/east) and 7W (west) 7.6612.337W8 To NH 101A west – Amherst, MilfordAccess via Somerset Parkway Merrimack9.8315.8210 Industrial Drive to US 3Formerly tolled northbound exit and southbound entrance 11.1017.86811 US 3 – MerrimackFormerly tolled northbound exit and southbound entrance; access via Greeley Street 14.9424.0412 US 3 / Bedford RoadNorthbound exit and southbound entrance; formerly tolled Bedford13 US 3 / Raymond Wieczorek Drive – Manchester–Boston Regional AirportInterchange opened to public on November 10, 2011; US 3 not signed Bedford Toll Plaza 19.3931.2110— I-293 south / NH 101 to US 3 / NH 114 – Portsmouth, Exeter, Bedford, MilfordSouthern end of I-293 concurrency Manchester21.2234.1564 US 3 (Second Street / Queen City Avenue) / NH 3A south / NH 114A – ManchesterSouthern end of NH 3A concurrency 21.9635.345Granite Street – West Manchester 23.2737.4576Amoskeag Street / Goffstown Road 24.2539.037 NH 3A north – HooksettNorthbound exit and southbound entrance; northern end of NH 3A concurrency MerrimackHooksett27.1843.74— I-93 south – Salem, Boston I-293 endsNorthern end of I-293 concurrency; southern end of I-93 concurrency 811 To NH 3A – HooksettAccess via Hackett Hill Road Hooksett Toll Plaza Bow36.2458.32— I-89 north – Lebanon, White River Junction, VT Concord36.9159.4012 NH 3A (South Main Street) – Bow JunctionSigned as exits 12N (north) and 12S (south) 38.0861.2813 US 3 (Manchester Street) – Downtown Concord 39.2063.0914 NH 9 (Loudon Road) – State Offices I-93 north – PlymouthContinuation north 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus      Incomplete access       Tolled See also New Hampshire Highway System References ^ a b c GRANIT Archived August 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine GIS data - NH Public Roads ^ Brown, Janice A. (August 23, 2006). "New Hampshire's Turnpike History". Cow Hampshire. BlogHarbor. Retrieved January 15, 2009. ^ Cronin, Mike (December 31, 2019). "NH won't charge toll at Exit 11 of Everett Turnpike starting Wednesday". WMUR. Retrieved January 21, 2020. ^ King, Jason (December 30, 2021). "Tolls to be removed on Everett Turnpike at Exit 10". WMUR. Retrieved December 31, 2021. ^ a b New Hampshire Statutes Title XX Chapter 237 ^ "Contract P2650S Plans" (PDF). NHDOT Contract Plans. Retrieved May 17, 2024. ^ a b c "F.E. Everett Turnpike: Historical overview". Boston Roads. Retrieved June 8, 2021. ^ "Contract 10059A Plans" (PDF). NHDOT Contract Plans. Retrieved May 17, 2024. ^ 1968 Indiana Toll Road map (has exits 3-10 from Nashua to Milford, then present exits 11-13 from Hooksett to Concord) ^ 1985 USGS topo ^ 1985 USGS topo ^ 1957 USGS Suncook quadrangle External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Everett TurnpikeKML is from Wikidata Everett Turnpike on Flickr F.E. Everett Turnpike: Historic Overview on bostonroads.com
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"controlled-access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled-access_highway"},{"link_name":"toll road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Nashua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashua,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Turnpike System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Turnpike_System"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Hooksett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooksett,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"E-ZPass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-ZPass"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_3"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Route 101A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Route_101A"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Route 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Route_101"},{"link_name":"I-293","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_293"},{"link_name":"I-93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_93"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Route 3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Route_3A"}],"text":"The Frederick E. Everett Turnpike, also called the Central New Hampshire Turnpike, is a controlled-access toll road in the U.S. state of New Hampshire, running 44 miles (71 km) from the Massachusetts border at Nashua north to Concord. The Everett Turnpike is named for Frederick Elwin Everett, the first commissioner of the New Hampshire Department of Transportation.[2]The turnpike is part of the New Hampshire Turnpike System, and is operated by the New Hampshire Department of Transportation's Bureau of Turnpikes. There are two tolled sections, a southern one in Bedford and a northern tolled section in Hooksett; the remainder of the turnpike is toll-free. Each of the tolled segments costs a maximum of $1.00 for passenger cars passing through the mainline tollbooths, with lower rates charged on the ramp tolls for traveling shorter distances. A 30% discount is also offered for NH E-ZPass account holders only.Built prior to the Interstate Highway System, the route was completed in the mid-1950s as a single highway from Nashua to Concord. Today, the route is overlaid with portions of several other routes: U.S. Route 3 from the Massachusetts border to New Hampshire Route 101A in Nashua, unnumbered from there until New Hampshire Route 101 in Bedford, I-293 from there until I-93 in Hooksett, and I-93 from Hooksett to Concord. There is also a short segment concurrent with New Hampshire Route 3A in Manchester.","title":"Everett Turnpike"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_3"},{"link_name":"I-93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_93"},{"link_name":"I-293","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_293"},{"link_name":"Nashua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashua,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Burlington, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Daniel Webster Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Highway"},{"link_name":"Merrimack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrimack,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"NH-101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Route_101"},{"link_name":"NH-3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Route_3A"},{"link_name":"Hooksett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooksett,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"I-89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_89"},{"link_name":"traffic circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_circle"},{"link_name":"NH-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Route_9"},{"link_name":"Merrimack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrimack,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"E-ZPass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-ZPass"},{"link_name":"state-run liquor stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Liquor_Commission"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wmur-exit10tollsend-4"},{"link_name":"Circumferential Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumferential_Highway_(Nashua)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-law-5"},{"link_name":"US-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_3_(NH)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRANIT-1"}],"text":"Much of the turnpike's length has been overlapped by other numbered routes. Portions of the road are shared with US-3, I-93, and I-293. The southern portion of the turnpike, in Nashua, is posted as US-3, serving as an extension of the US-3 freeway (Northwest Expressway) from Burlington, Massachusetts. North of Exit 7 in Nashua, the turnpike runs by itself and has no number, but parallels US-3, which is a toll-free local road variously known as Concord Street (within the city of Nashua) and the Daniel Webster Highway (within Merrimack and Bedford). Approaching Bedford in the Manchester area, the turnpike is joined by I-293 which, splits off from a concurrency with NH-101. At Exit 4 (exits are numbered for I-293 on this stretch), NH-3A joins the freeway, and the concurrency passes through Manchester, near the downtown area of the city. Upon passing Manchester, Route 3A splits off at Exit 7, I-293's last northbound exit. The freeway passes into Hooksett, and I-293 ends at an interchange with I-93. The Everett Turnpike ceases to be signed at this interchange, but joins I-93 northbound and continues towards Concord, interchanging with the southern terminus of I-89 along the way. No definitive northern terminus for the turnpike exists as far as signage is concerned. This endpoint was originally at a traffic circle next to downtown Concord that has since been replaced by Exit 14 with NH-9.There are two mainline toll plazas on the turnpike, in Bedford and Hooksett, that each charge $1.00 for cash and out of state E-ZPass users. The Bedford mainline toll plaza, located between Exit 13 and I-293, replaced the Merrimack toll plaza (formerly located at what is now Exit 11) in the early 1990s. Ramp tolls also exist at I-93 Exit 11 at the mainline toll plaza in Hooksett. E-ZPass readers were installed in all toll locations in 2005, and the state currently offers a 30% discount for using an NHDOT issued E-ZPass. Major rest areas combined with state-run liquor stores are located on either side of the highway in Hooksett just north of the mainline toll plaza on I-93. On July 18, 2014, the Exit 12 ramp tolls in Merrimack were removed, and on January 1, 2020, the Merrimack Exit 11 ramp tolls were removed.[3] Toll collection at Exit 10 in Merrimack ended on December 31, 2021.[4]The proposed (but mostly unbuilt) Circumferential Highway around the east side of Nashua is defined as part of the turnpike.[5] Henri A. Burque Highway, the surface road that US-3 uses to get between exit 7 of the turnpike and the Daniel Webster Highway in northern Nashua, is also part of it.[1]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everett_Turnpike_sign.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I293I93Hooksett.JPG"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Route 3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Route_3A"}],"text":"Road sign showing access to the Everett TurnpikeThe northern end of I-293 as viewed from I-93 northbound. The Everett Turnpike joins I-93 North at this interchange, but no sign indicates this.Signs for the Everett Turnpike consist of a rectangle with a rounded bottom, a green circle, and green text that says \"Everett Turnpike\" above the circle, with the word \"Turnpike\" curved along the top edge of the circle; this signage is similar in design to that for other New Hampshire turnpikes. For the US 3 segment in Nashua, there is an Everett Turnpike sign in Massachusetts just south of the border northbound alongside the US 3 shield on an overhead sign, and several others along overhead signs through Nashua. Mile markers also contain the Everett Turnpike shield in Nashua, and combined US 3 and Everett Turnpike shields are posted along the side of the road on stand-alone posts, though most on-ramp signage only indicates US 3.Signs for the turnpike are most prominent on the Merrimack-Bedford segment, which lacks any concurrent US or Interstate route. Along this section, the Everett Turnpike shield appears on on-ramp direction signs, along the side of the highway on signposts, and on overhead reassurance signs.Along the I-293 segment in Manchester, signage is similar to the Nashua US 3 section, though mile markers have the I-293 shield instead of the Everett Turnpike shield.Though the turnpike continues north to Concord, it is not signed north of the I-293 merge in Hooksett. On I-93 North, the exit for I-293 is signed as I-293/Everett Turnpike South, while the mainline is signed as \"I-93 North (a toll road)\". On I-293 North, Everett Turnpike signs stop at the merge, with I-93 North signed by itself. There is no indication of the northern terminus on I-93 in either direction. Southbound, the first emergence of turnpike signage is after the exit onto I-293. The sole mention of the Everett Turnpike north of the I-293 merge is on New Hampshire Route 3A at the intersection with Hackett Hill Road leading to exit 11 in Hooksett. A sign with the Turnpike and I-93 shields notes the highway as leading north to Concord and south to Manchester. North of Exit 11, there are no turnpike signs on intersecting highways, including I-89.There are turnpike mile markers only from the Massachusetts state line to the interchange with I-293 and Route 101. North of there, the mile markers and sequential exit numbers relate to the concurrent Interstate highways.","title":"Signage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Webster Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Highway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHDOT-6"},{"link_name":"Northwest Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Expressway_(Boston)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bostonroads-7"},{"link_name":"Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHDOT2-8"},{"link_name":"collector distributor lanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collector_distributor_lanes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bostonroads-7"},{"link_name":"Raymond Wieczorek Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Wieczorek_Drive"},{"link_name":"Manchester–Boston Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester%E2%80%93Boston_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bostonroads-7"}],"text":"The highway first opened in 1955, from the Daniel Webster Highway (modern exit 3) in South Nashua to Queen City Avenue (modern I-293 Exit 4) in Manchester, with a single exit between the termini at NH 101A/Amherst Street in Nashua (modern exit 7). There was one toll booth at Thornton's Ferry in Merrimack.[6] In 1957, a second portion was opened from Queen City Avenue north to Manchester Street (US 3) in Concord (modern I-93 exit 13). The second segment had a toll booth installed at Hooksett. In 1958, the section from Hooksett northwards was incorporated into I-93. Two additional exits (modern exits 5 and 6) were added in 1960 and one more (modern exit 4) in 1964. Finally, the last segment of the route, an extension from the then-southern terminus at Daniel Webster Highway to the Massachusetts border to meet the Northwest Expressway, was completed in 1966.[7]Little additional work was done on the turnpike for the next 12 years. In 1978, the turnpike was widened from four lanes to six between the Hooksett tolls and I-89 in Bow. In 1986, a new exit was opened at Somerset Parkway in Nashua, exit 8 (formerly exit 7W), providing a bypass of the congested exit 7 interchange, which carried access to Amherst Street and Henri Burque Highway (US 3). In 1990 and 1993, two new exits were opened in Merrimack, exit 10 (Industrial Drive) and exit 11 (Continental Boulevard), along with the relocation of the mainline toll booth from Merrimack to Bedford.[8] In the late 1990s, work began on the southern segment of the route through Nashua from the Massachusetts border to exit 8 (Somerset Parkway) as it was widened to six lanes, and the entire route south of Daniel Webster Highway (exit 3) was rebuilt, including a new exit (exit 1A-2) to connect to the Sagamore Bridge to Hudson, a rebuild of exit 1 (Spit Brook Road), and a set of collector distributor lanes. The project was completed in 2002.[7]In the mid 2000s, I-293 exit 5 was rebuilt, adding additional ramps and widening the northbound side to three lanes from just south of exit 5 to exit 7 (NH 3A). Finally, in 2011, Raymond Wieczorek Drive (exit 13), a connector from the Everett Turnpike from just south of the I-293 merge to Manchester–Boston Regional Airport, was built.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exit list"}]
[{"image_text":"Road sign showing access to the Everett Turnpike","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Everett_Turnpike_sign.jpg/220px-Everett_Turnpike_sign.jpg"},{"image_text":"The northern end of I-293 as viewed from I-93 northbound. The Everett Turnpike joins I-93 North at this interchange, but no sign indicates this.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/I293I93Hooksett.JPG/220px-I293I93Hooksett.JPG"}]
[{"title":"New Hampshire Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Highway_System"}]
[{"reference":"Brown, Janice A. (August 23, 2006). \"New Hampshire's Turnpike History\". Cow Hampshire. BlogHarbor. Retrieved January 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://cowhampshire.blogharbor.com/blog/_archives/2006/8/23/2251890.html","url_text":"\"New Hampshire's Turnpike History\""}]},{"reference":"Cronin, Mike (December 31, 2019). \"NH won't charge toll at Exit 11 of Everett Turnpike starting Wednesday\". WMUR. Retrieved January 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmur.com/article/nh-wont-charge-toll-at-exit-11-of-everett-turnpike-starting-wednesday/30368432","url_text":"\"NH won't charge toll at Exit 11 of Everett Turnpike starting Wednesday\""}]},{"reference":"King, Jason (December 30, 2021). \"Tolls to be removed on Everett Turnpike at Exit 10\". WMUR. Retrieved December 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmur.com/article/tolls-everett-turnpike-merrimack-new-hampshire-exit-10/38642673","url_text":"\"Tolls to be removed on Everett Turnpike at Exit 10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMUR-TV","url_text":"WMUR"}]},{"reference":"\"Contract P2650S Plans\" (PDF). NHDOT Contract Plans. Retrieved May 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://gis.dot.nh.gov/plan/P2650S.POP.pdf","url_text":"\"Contract P2650S Plans\""}]},{"reference":"\"F.E. Everett Turnpike: Historical overview\". Boston Roads. Retrieved June 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonroads.com/roads/everett/","url_text":"\"F.E. Everett Turnpike: Historical overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contract 10059A Plans\" (PDF). NHDOT Contract Plans. Retrieved May 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://gis.dot.nh.gov/plan/10059A.ASB.pdf","url_text":"\"Contract 10059A Plans\""}]}]
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