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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landtag_of_the_Republic_of_Baden | Landtag of the Republic of Baden | ["1 Legal basis and structure","2 Sessions","3 Presidents","4 Elections","5 Party leaders","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"] | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (May 2020) Click for important translation instructions.
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The Landtag of the Republic of Baden was the representative legislative body for the Republic of Baden from 1919 to 1934 during the time of the Weimar Republic. It succeeded the second chamber of the Badische Ständeversammlung (Chamber of Estates) of the Grand Duchy of Baden. Through most of the Weimar period, the Landtag was dominated by parties of the Weimar Coalition, with the Catholic Centre Party as the largest party.
After the Nazis came to power at the national level, they instituted the Gleichschaltung (coordination) process by enacting the "Provisional Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich" on 30 March 1933. This dissolved all the sitting Landtage and reconstituted them on the basis of the recent 5 March 1933 Reichstag election results, which had given the Nazi Party and its coalition partner the DNVP a working majority. In Baden, this resulted in the Weimar Coalition parties being reduced from 58 seats to 25, while the Nazis and their partner increased their representation from 9 to 32. During its last session (6 March to 14 October 1933) the Landtag only held three sittings between 16 May and 9 June 1933 and passed no significant legislation. On 14 October the Landtag was dissolved along with those of all the German states and no new elections were scheduled. On 30 January 1934, the Reich government enacted the "Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich", formally abolishing all the Landtage and transferring the sovereignty of the states to the central government.
Legal basis and structure
Sessions
Presidents
Period
Name and Party
5 January 1919 – 7 October 1921
Ferdinand Kopf, Zentrum
9. November 1921 – 4 May 1923
Franz Josef Wittemann, Zentrum
4 May 1923 – 20 March 1930
Eugen Baumgartner, Zentrum
20 March 1930 – 4 March 1933
Josef Duffner, Zentrum
16. Mai 1933 – 30. Januar 1934
Herbert Kraft, NSDAP
Elections
See also: Baden Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic
Party leaders
References
^ Der Freistaat Baden Landtagswahlen 1919–1933
^ "Reichstag is Dissolved. State Diets Ended by Decree Wiping Out Old Provinces in Unity Move". New York Times. 15 October 1933. p. 1.
^ Protokoll der 1. Sitzung vom 16. Mai 1933
^ Repertorium der Verhandlungen des badischen Landtags V. Landtagsperiode; the legal status of the President of the Landtag was left unchanged until 30 January 1934, in order to deal with the business of the Landtag dissolved on 14 October 1933.
Bibliography
Michael Braun: Der Badische Landtag 1918–1933. Handbuch der Geschichte des deutschen Parlamentarismus. Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf 2010, ISBN 978-3-7700-5294-3.
Martin Furtwängler (Bearbeitg.): Die Protokolle der Regierung der Republik Baden. Erster Band: die provisorische Regierung November 1918 – März 1919. W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-17-022055-3.
External links
(in German) Digitalisierte Protokolle der Badischen Ständeversammlung: Badische Landesbibliothek Karlsruhe | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Estates"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Landtag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landtag"},{"link_name":"Weimar Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Nazis came to power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_seizure_of_power"},{"link_name":"Gleichschaltung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung"},{"link_name":"Provisional Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Law_on_the_Coordination_of_the_States_with_the_Reich"},{"link_name":"5 March 1933 Reichstag election results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"DNVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_on_the_Reconstruction_of_the_Reich"},{"link_name":"sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty"}],"text":"The Landtag of the Republic of Baden was the representative legislative body for the Republic of Baden from 1919 to 1934 during the time of the Weimar Republic. It succeeded the second chamber of the Badische Ständeversammlung (Chamber of Estates) of the Grand Duchy of Baden. Through most of the Weimar period, the Landtag was dominated by parties of the Weimar Coalition, with the Catholic Centre Party as the largest party.After the Nazis came to power at the national level, they instituted the Gleichschaltung (coordination) process by enacting the \"Provisional Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich\" on 30 March 1933. This dissolved all the sitting Landtage and reconstituted them on the basis of the recent 5 March 1933 Reichstag election results, which had given the Nazi Party and its coalition partner the DNVP a working majority. In Baden, this resulted in the Weimar Coalition parties being reduced from 58 seats to 25, while the Nazis and their partner increased their representation from 9 to 32.[1] During its last session (6 March to 14 October 1933) the Landtag only held three sittings between 16 May and 9 June 1933 and passed no significant legislation. On 14 October the Landtag was dissolved along with those of all the German states and no new elections were scheduled.[2] On 30 January 1934, the Reich government enacted the \"Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich\", formally abolishing all the Landtage and transferring the sovereignty of the states to the central government.","title":"Landtag of the Republic of Baden"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legal basis and structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sessions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baden Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_Landtag_elections_in_the_Weimar_Republic"}],"text":"See also: Baden Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Party leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7700-5294-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7700-5294-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-17-022055-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-17-022055-3"}],"text":"Michael Braun: Der Badische Landtag 1918–1933. Handbuch der Geschichte des deutschen Parlamentarismus. Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf 2010, ISBN 978-3-7700-5294-3.\nMartin Furtwängler (Bearbeitg.): Die Protokolle der Regierung der Republik Baden. Erster Band: die provisorische Regierung November 1918 – März 1919. W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-17-022055-3.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Reichstag is Dissolved. State Diets Ended by Decree Wiping Out Old Provinces in Unity Move\". New York Times. 15 October 1933. p. 1.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Baden/Uebersicht_LTW.html","external_links_name":"Der Freistaat Baden Landtagswahlen 1919–1933"},{"Link":"https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihdl/periodical/pageview/725514","external_links_name":"Protokoll der 1. Sitzung vom 16. Mai 1933"},{"Link":"https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihdl/periodical/pageview/725483","external_links_name":"Repertorium der Verhandlungen des badischen Landtags V. Landtagsperiode"},{"Link":"http://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/Drucke/nav/classification/792873","external_links_name":"Digitalisierte Protokolle der Badischen Ständeversammlung: Badische Landesbibliothek Karlsruhe"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_%C3%98grim | Otto Øgrim | ["1 Personal life","2 Education and Second World War","3 Physicist","4 References"] | Norwegian physicist (1913–2006)
Øgrim in 1995
Johan Otto Øgrim (1 October 1913 – 6 December 2006) was a Norwegian physicist.
Personal life
Øgrim was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, as a son of Tobias Immanuel Øgrim (1886–1962), leader of the Salvation Army in Norway, and salvationist Othonie Margrethe Olsen (1879–1972). He spent his childhood years in Kristiania, Bærum and Hamar.
In 1938 he married Marit Odlaug Eggen (1915–2008), a daughter of Albert Fredrik Eggen and granddaughter of Lorents Mørkved. Their son Tron Øgrim became an author and political activist. Otto Øgrim's sister married Brynjulf Bull. Otto Øgrim was also the grandfather of rappers Elling and Aslak Borgersrud in Gatas Parlament.
Education and Second World War
Øgrim took commercial education at Clark's College, London in 1929. He worked as a bookkeeper's assistant in London for one year before attending middle school in Hamar from 1930 to 1931. He then moved to Oslo to work with advertising and study for the examen artium, which he completed as a private candidate in 1934.
During the Second World War, Øgrim together with Arvid Storsveen was central in establishing the secret intelligence organization XU, from its start in the summer of 1940. After Storsveen had to flee to Sweden in 1942 and was shot and killed by the Gestapo in 1943, Øgrim continued as a central XU operative in southern Norway under Øistein Strømnæs and Anne-Sofie Østvedt. He was not exposed before the end of the Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany in May 1945.
Physicist
He graduated with a cand.real. degree with a physics major in 1946. He became a professor of experimental physics at the University of Oslo in 1947. For more than 35 years, Øgrim worked as a lecturer at the Institute of Physics and a prolific textbook author at the University of Oslo.
Together with Helmut Ormestad, he was best known for presenting the TV series Fysikk på Roterommet on NRK. The two won the Cappelen Prize in 1983, for work on a widely used series of textbooks at high school level. In 2003, he was appointed honorary member of the Norwegian Physical Society, a Norwegian organization which promotes research in physics.
Selected works
Termofysikk, (1971)
Mekanisk fysikk, 2 volumes, (1973, 1976)
References
^ a b c d Grøn, Øyvind. "Otto Øgrim". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
^ Iversen, Vidar (9 March 2021). "Cappelenprisen". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
Awards
Preceded byBjørg Vik,Jahn Otto Johansen
Recipient of the Cappelen Prize 1983(shared with Richard Herrmann,Helmut Ormestad,Kåre Lunde)
Succeeded byRune Belsvik,Lars Saabye Christensen,Ove Røsbak,Karin Sveen
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Norway | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otto_%C3%98grim_1995_(Foto-_H%C3%A5kon_Noodt).jpg"}],"text":"Norwegian physicist (1913–2006)Øgrim in 1995Johan Otto Øgrim (1 October 1913 – 6 December 2006) was a Norwegian physicist.","title":"Otto Øgrim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Salvation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_Army"},{"link_name":"Kristiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Bærum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6rum"},{"link_name":"Hamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbl-1"},{"link_name":"Albert Fredrik Eggen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Fredrik_Eggen"},{"link_name":"Lorents Mørkved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorents_M%C3%B8rkved"},{"link_name":"Tron Øgrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron_%C3%98grim"},{"link_name":"Brynjulf Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynjulf_Bull"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbl-1"},{"link_name":"Elling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elling_Borgersrud&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aslak Borgersrud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslak_Borgersrud"},{"link_name":"Gatas Parlament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatas_Parlament"}],"text":"Øgrim was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, as a son of Tobias Immanuel Øgrim (1886–1962), leader of the Salvation Army in Norway, and salvationist Othonie Margrethe Olsen (1879–1972). He spent his childhood years in Kristiania, Bærum and Hamar.[1]In 1938 he married Marit Odlaug Eggen (1915–2008), a daughter of Albert Fredrik Eggen and granddaughter of Lorents Mørkved. Their son Tron Øgrim became an author and political activist. Otto Øgrim's sister married Brynjulf Bull.[1] Otto Øgrim was also the grandfather of rappers Elling and Aslak Borgersrud in Gatas Parlament.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"examen artium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examen_artium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbl-1"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Arvid Storsveen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid_Storsveen"},{"link_name":"XU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XU"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"Øistein Strømnæs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98istein_Str%C3%B8mn%C3%A6s"},{"link_name":"Anne-Sofie Østvedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Sofie_%C3%98stvedt"},{"link_name":"Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Norway_by_Nazi_Germany"}],"text":"Øgrim took commercial education at Clark's College, London in 1929. He worked as a bookkeeper's assistant in London for one year before attending middle school in Hamar from 1930 to 1931. He then moved to Oslo to work with advertising and study for the examen artium, which he completed as a private candidate in 1934.[1]During the Second World War, Øgrim together with Arvid Storsveen was central in establishing the secret intelligence organization XU, from its start in the summer of 1940. After Storsveen had to flee to Sweden in 1942 and was shot and killed by the Gestapo in 1943, Øgrim continued as a central XU operative in southern Norway under Øistein Strømnæs and Anne-Sofie Østvedt. He was not exposed before the end of the Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany in May 1945.","title":"Education and Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cand.real.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cand.real."},{"link_name":"University of Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oslo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbl-1"},{"link_name":"Helmut Ormestad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Ormestad"},{"link_name":"NRK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRK"},{"link_name":"Cappelen Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappelen_Prize"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Physical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Physical_Society"}],"text":"He graduated with a cand.real. degree with a physics major in 1946. He became a professor of experimental physics at the University of Oslo in 1947. For more than 35 years, Øgrim worked as a lecturer at the Institute of Physics and a prolific textbook author at the University of Oslo.[1]Together with Helmut Ormestad, he was best known for presenting the TV series Fysikk på Roterommet on NRK. The two won the Cappelen Prize in 1983,[2] for work on a widely used series of textbooks at high school level. In 2003, he was appointed honorary member of the Norwegian Physical Society, a Norwegian organization which promotes research in physics.Selected worksTermofysikk, (1971)\nMekanisk fysikk, 2 volumes, (1973, 1976)","title":"Physicist"}] | [{"image_text":"Øgrim in 1995","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Otto_%C3%98grim_1995_%28Foto-_H%C3%A5kon_Noodt%29.jpg/220px-Otto_%C3%98grim_1995_%28Foto-_H%C3%A5kon_Noodt%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Grøn, Øyvind. \"Otto Øgrim\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joon_Park_(artist) | Joon Park (artist) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | American painter
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Joon Park" artist – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Joon ParkBorn박준언, Park Joon UnNovember 19, 1989 (1989-11-19)Daejeon, South KoreaNationalityKorean AmericanEducationSan Jose State UniversityKnown forPaintingMovementPop Surrealism, Trompe-l'œilWebsitenovemberpark89.com
Joon Park (also known as JP Novark, Korean:박준언, born November 19, 1989, in Daejeon, South Korea) is a Korean-American pop surrealist painter and an experienced trompe-l'œil artist. He is currently located in the Bay Area.
References
^ Images from the Studio Art Poster, "AP Studio Art Poster," 2008.
^ Robert Ray, "Temporary Contemporary PodCast," April, 2011.
External links
Official Site
Turning Art
This article about a painter from the United States born in the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Daejeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daejeon"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Korean-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_American"},{"link_name":"pop surrealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_surrealism"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"trompe-l'œil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP_Studio_Art-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robert_Ray-2"},{"link_name":"Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"}],"text":"Joon Park (also known as JP Novark, Korean:박준언, born November 19, 1989, in Daejeon, South Korea) is a Korean-American pop surrealist painter and an experienced trompe-l'œil artist.[1][2] He is currently located in the Bay Area.","title":"Joon Park (artist)"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Joon+Park%22+artist","external_links_name":"\"Joon Park\" artist"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Joon+Park%22+artist+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Joon+Park%22+artist&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Joon+Park%22+artist+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Joon+Park%22+artist","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Joon+Park%22+artist&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://novemberpark89.com/","external_links_name":"novemberpark89.com"},{"Link":"http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/courses/teachers_corner/201956.html","external_links_name":"AP Studio Art Poster"},{"Link":"https://vimeo.com/22582483","external_links_name":"Temporary Contemporary PodCast"},{"Link":"http://www.jpnovark.com/","external_links_name":"Official Site"},{"Link":"http://www.turningart.com/artists/artist-joon-park","external_links_name":"Turning Art"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joon_Park_(artist)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate-LaBianca_murders | Tate–LaBianca murders | ["1 Tate murders","2 LaBianca murders","3 Investigation, trial and sentencing","4 Sociocultural impact","5 In popular culture","5.1 Helter Skelter: The True Story of The Manson Murders","5.2 Film and television","5.3 Books","5.4 Music","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 34°05′38″N 118°25′57″W / 34.09389°N 118.43250°W / 34.09389; -118.432501969 killings by the Manson Family in Los Angeles
"LaBianca" redirects here. Not to be confused with Libianca.
The Tate–LaBianca murders were a series of murders perpetrated by members of the Manson Family during August 9–10, 1969, in Los Angeles, California, United States, under the direction of Tex Watson and Charles Manson. The perpetrators killed five people on the night of August 8–9: pregnant actress Sharon Tate and her companions Jay Sebring, Abigail Folger, and Wojciech Frykowski, along with Steven Parent. The following evening, the Family also murdered supermarket executive Leno LaBianca and his wife, Rosemary, at their home in the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles.
On the night of August 8–9, four members of the Manson Family – Watson, Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel, and Linda Kasabian – drove from Spahn Ranch to 10050 Cielo Drive in Benedict Canyon, the home of Sharon Tate and her husband, film director Roman Polanski. The group murdered Tate (who was 8½ months pregnant), and guests Jay Sebring, a celebrity hairdresser; Abigail Folger, heiress to Folgers Coffee; her boyfriend Wojciech Frykowski, an aspiring screenwriter; and Steven Parent, an 18-year-old visiting the guest house caretaker. Roman Polanski was not home as he was working on a film in Europe. Manson was a cult leader and aspiring musician who had tried to get a contract with record producer Terry Melcher, who had previously rented the house.
The following night, those four people, in addition to Manson, Leslie Van Houten and Steve "Clem" Grogan, committed two more murders. Manson had allegedly said he would "show them how to do it".: 176–184, 258–269 Linda Kasabian drove the group to 3301 Waverly Drive. : 22–25, 42–48 Manson left with Atkins, Grogan, and Kasabian in the car and told the others to hitchhike back to the ranch. Watson, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten killed the couple in the early morning hours of August 10.
Tate murders
For possible motives, see Manson Family § Possible murder motives.
Tate murdersLocation10050 Cielo DriveLos Angeles, California, U.S.Coordinates34°05′38″N 118°25′57″W / 34.09389°N 118.43250°W / 34.09389; -118.43250DateAugust 9, 1969 (54 years, 10 months ago)TargetHome invasionAttack typeMass stabbing, shootingWeapons.22 caliber Hi-Standard "Buntline Special" revolver, clasp-type Buck knivesDeaths5VictimsAbigail FolgerWojciech FrykowskiSteven ParentJay SebringSharon TatePerpetratorsSusan AtkinsPatricia KrenwinkelTex WatsonMotiveUnknown
On the night of August 8, 1969, Tex Watson took Susan Atkins, Linda Kasabian, and Patricia Krenwinkel to 10050 Cielo Drive in Benedict Canyon, Los Angeles, California. Watson claims Charles Manson had instructed him go to the house and "totally destroy" everyone in it, and to do it "as gruesome as you can".: 463–468 Manson told the women to do as Watson instructed them.: 176–184, 258–269
The occupants of the house at Cielo Drive that evening were movie actress Sharon Tate, who was 81⁄2 months pregnant and the wife of film director Roman Polanski; her friend and former lover Jay Sebring, a noted celebrity hairstylist; Polanski's friend Wojciech Frykowski; and Frykowski's girlfriend Abigail Folger, heiress to the Folgers coffee fortune and daughter of Peter Folger.: 28–38 Also present on the property were William Garretson, the caretaker, and his friend Steven Parent. Polanski was in Europe working on a film. Music producer Quincy Jones was a friend of Sebring who had planned to join him that evening but did not go.
Watson and the three women arrived at Cielo Drive just past midnight on August 9, 1969. Watson climbed a telephone pole near the entrance gate and cut the phone line to the house. The group backed their car to the bottom of the hill that led to the estate and walked back up to the house. They thought that the gate might be electrified or equipped with an alarm, so they climbed a brushy embankment to the right of the gate and entered the grounds.: 176–184 Headlights approached them from within the property, and Watson ordered the women to lie in the bushes. He stepped out and ordered the approaching driver to halt. Steven Parent had been visiting the property's caretaker, William Garretson, who lived in the guest house. Watson leveled a .22 caliber revolver at Parent, who begged him not to hurt him, claiming that he would not say anything. Watson lunged at Parent with a knife, giving him a defensive slash wound on the palm of his hand that severed tendons and tore his watch off his wrist, then shot him four times in the chest and abdomen, killing him in the front seat of his white 1965 AMC Rambler. Watson turned off the car's ignition and pushed the car away from the gate. : 22–25
Watson next cut the screen of a window, then told Kasabian to keep watch down by the gate; she walked over to Parent's car and waited.: 258–269 : 176–184 Watson removed the screen, entered through the window, and let Atkins and Krenwinkel in through the front door.: 176–184 He whispered to Atkins and awoke Frykowski, who was sleeping on the living room couch. Watson kicked him in the head, and Frykowski asked him who he was and what he was doing there. Watson replied, "I'm the devil, and I'm here to do the devil's business.": 176–184
On Watson's direction, Atkins found the house's three other occupants with Krenwinkel's help: 176–184, 297–300 and forced them to the living room. Watson began to tie Tate and Sebring together by their necks with a long nylon rope which he had brought, then slung it over one of the living room's ceiling beams. Sebring protested the murderers' rough treatment of the pregnant Tate, so Watson shot him. Folger was taken momentarily back to her bedroom for her purse, and she gave the murderers $70. Watson then stabbed Sebring seven times.: 28–38
Frykowski's hands had been bound with a towel, but he freed himself and began struggling with Atkins, who stabbed at his legs with a knife. He fought his way out the front door and onto the porch, but Watson caught up with him, struck him over the head with the gun multiple times, stabbed him repeatedly, and shot him twice.
Kasabian had heard "horrifying sounds" and moved toward the house from her position in the driveway. She told Atkins that someone was coming in an attempt to stop the murders.: 258–269 Inside the house, Folger escaped from Krenwinkel and fled out a bedroom door to the pool area.: 341–344, 356–361 Krenwinkel pursued her and caught her on the front lawn where she stabbed her and tackled her to the ground. Watson then helped kill her; her assailants stabbed her a total of 28 times.: 28–38 Frykowski struggled across the lawn, but Watson continued to stab him, killing him. Frykowski suffered 51 stab wounds, and had also been struck 13 times in the head with the butt of Watson's gun, which bent the barrel and broke off one side of the gun grip, which was recovered at the scene.: 28–38, 258–269
In the house, Tate pleaded to be allowed to live long enough to give birth, and offered herself as a hostage in an attempt to save the life of her unborn child, but both Atkins and Watson stabbed Tate 16 times, killing her. The coroner's inquest found that Tate was still alive when she was hanged with the nylon rope, although the cause of her death was determined as a "massive hemorrhage", while in Sebring's murder it was found that he was hanged lifeless.: 28–38
According to Watson, Manson had told the women to "leave a sign—something witchy". Atkins wrote "pig" on the front door in Tate's blood.: 84–90, 176–184 Atkins claims she did this to copycat the murder scene of Gary Hinman in order to get Manson Family member Bobby Beausoleil out of jail, who was in custody for the murder;: 426–435 Beausoleil had written "political piggy" in Hinman's blood on his wall after stabbing him to death.: 35, 91–96, 99–113
LaBianca murders
For possible motives, see Manson Family § Possible murder motives.
LaBianca murdersLocation3301 Waverly DriveLos Angeles, CaliforniaDateAugust 10, 1969 (1969-08-10)Attack typeMass Stabbing, shootingDeaths2VictimsLeno LaBiancaRosemary LaBiancaPerpetratorsTex WatsonPatricia KrenwinkelLeslie Van Houten accomplices – Charles MansonSusan AtkinsClem GroganLinda KasabianMotiveunknown
The four murderers plus Charles Manson, Leslie Van Houten and Clem Grogan went for a drive the following night. Manson was allegedly displeased with the panic and flight of the victims in the previous night's murders. He told Kasabian to drive to a house at 3301 Waverly Drive in the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles, located next door to a home where Manson and Family members had attended a party the previous year. : 176–184, 204–210
According to Atkins and Kasabian, Manson disappeared up the driveway and returned to say that he had tied up the house's occupants. Then Watson, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten went in.: 176–184, 258–269 Watson claims in his autobiography that Manson went up alone, then returned to take him up to the house with him. Manson pointed out a sleeping man through a window, and the two entered through the unlocked back door. Watson claims Manson roused the sleeping Leno LaBianca from the couch at gunpoint and had Watson bind his hands with a leather thong. Rosemary was brought into the living room from the bedroom, and Watson covered the couple's heads with pillowcases which he bound in place with lamp cords. Manson left, and Krenwinkel and Van Houten entered the house.: 176–184, 258–269
Watson had complained to Manson earlier of the inadequacy of the previous night's weapons.: 258–269 Watson sent the women from the kitchen to the bedroom, where Rosemary LaBianca had been returned, while he went to the living room and began stabbing Leno LaBianca with a chrome-plated bayonet. The first thrust went into his throat. Watson heard a scuffle in the bedroom and went in there to discover Rosemary LaBianca keeping the women at bay by swinging the lamp tied to her neck. He stabbed her several times with the bayonet, then returned to the living room and resumed attacking Leno, whom he stabbed a total of 12 times. He then carved the word "WAR" into his abdomen. Watson returned to the bedroom and found Krenwinkel stabbing Rosemary with a knife from the kitchen. Van Houten stabbed her approximately 16 times in the back and the exposed buttocks.: 204–210, 297–300, 341–344 Van Houten claimed at trial: 433 that Rosemary LaBianca was already dead during the stabbing. Evidence showed that many of the 41 stab wounds had, in fact, been inflicted post-mortem.: 44, 206, 297, 341–42, 380, 404, 406–07, 433 Watson then cleaned off the bayonet and showered, while Krenwinkel wrote "Rise" and "Death to pigs" on the walls and "Healter Skelter" on the refrigerator door, all in LaBianca's blood. She gave Leno LaBianca 14 puncture wounds with an ivory-handled, two-tined carving fork, which she left jutting out of his stomach. She also planted a steak knife in his throat.: 176–184, 258–269
Meanwhile, Manson drove the other three Family members who had departed Spahn with him that evening to the Venice home of the Lebanese actor Saladin Nader. Manson left them there and drove back to Spahn Ranch, leaving them and the LaBianca killers to hitchhike home.: 176–184, 258–269 According to Kasabian, Manson wanted his followers to murder Nader in his apartment, but Kasabian claims she thwarted this murder by deliberately knocking on the wrong apartment door and waking a stranger. The group abandoned the murder plan and left, but Atkins defecated in the stairwell on the way out.: 270–273
Investigation, trial and sentencing
See also: Manson Family § Investigation
In initial confessions to cellmates at Sybil Brand Institute, Atkins said she killed Tate.: 84–90 In later statements to her attorney, to prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi, and before a grand jury, Atkins indicated Tate had been stabbed by Tex Watson.: 163–74, 176–84
In his 1978 autobiography, Watson said that he had stabbed Tate and that Atkins had never touched her. Since he was aware that the prosecutor, Bugliosi, and the jury, that had tried the other Tate–LaBianca defendants, were convinced Atkins had stabbed Tate, he falsely testified that he did not stab her.
The five perpetrators – Atkins, Krenwinkel, Manson, Van Houten, and Watson – were each tried and convicted for their roles in the Tate–LaBianca murders. Originally, each defendant received a death sentence. However, in 1972, the Supreme Court of California ruled in People v. Anderson that the state's then-current death penalty laws were unconstitutional. As a result, the Anderson decision spared the lives of 107 death row inmates in California, including Charles Manson and his four "family members". Subsequently, the death sentences for each of the five perpetrators convicted in the Tate–LaBianca murders were commuted to life in prison, which – by law – included the possibility of parole.
Susan Atkins (1948–2009): Atkins remained in prison until her death from brain cancer at age 61 in 2009. At the time of her death, she was California's longest-serving female inmate. Atkins had been denied parole 14 times, and her request for compassionate release had also been denied.
Patricia Krenwinkel (born 1947): Imprisoned in 1971, Krenwinkel remains incarcerated. Following the 2009 death of fellow Manson gang member Susan Atkins, Krenwinkel is now the longest-incarcerated female inmate in the California penal system. She has been denied parole 14 times, most recently in 2017. Following revisions to California parole laws and policy changes by the sitting Los Angeles DA, a parole panel recommended her release for the first time in May 2022; however, this parole recommendation was overturned by California governor Gavin Newsom (who had similarly previously overturned the parole recommendation for Manson family member Leslie Van Houten).
Charles Manson (1934–2017): Manson remained imprisoned until his death from cardiac arrest resulting from respiratory failure and colon cancer on November 19, 2017. He was just a few days past his 83rd birthday, and had spent all but 13 years of his life in some sort of supervised setting (either prison, reformatory or boys' home). While in prison, Manson had been denied parole 12 times. After 1997, he refused to attend any of his parole hearings.
Leslie Van Houten (born 1949): Upon her conviction and death sentence in 1971, at the age of 21, Van Houten became the youngest woman ever put on California's death row, as well as the youngest member of the Manson Family convicted of murder. (Her original conviction and death sentence was overturned on appeal. She was later retried and sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole.) She was released on parole on July 11, 2023, after being denied parole 22 times.
Charles "Tex" Watson (born 1945): Watson remains incarcerated. He has been denied parole 17 times, most recently in 2021. While imprisoned, Watson claims that he became a born-again Christian.
Sociocultural impact
The Tate–LaBianca murders "profoundly shook America's perception of itself" and "effectively sounded the death knell of '60s counterculture". Additionally, the ritualistic nature of the murders laid a foundation for the rise of the Satanic panic.
Some critics have claimed that it led to the proliferation of "darkly psychosexual, conspiracy-laced cultural exploration of America's seedy underbelly" by the movie industry, including films such as Dirty Harry (1971). Film critic Erik Morse writes that the rapid recognition of Tate's murder and, soon after, the idolization of her murder, brought about a dark period of film in Hollywood, filled with "ultraviolence, gore, satanism and freakouts." Morse cites Ian Cooper's 2018 book The Manson Family on Film and Television, where Cooper coins the term "Mansonsploitation", which he defines as the violent, disturbing genre that Hollywood grew fascinated in shortly following the Tate–LaBianca murders.
Film scholar Reid Anderson believes that Tate's image has been substituted with "hyperreal" depictions of her at her death in films that have attempted to recreate the Manson family murders. Aligning with Morse's description of the sudden emergence of gory film following the Manson family murders, Anderson claims that it was the "circulation of disingenuous information following the events of August 9th" that inspired Mansonsploitation. Both critics agree it was the spread of misinformation directly following Tate's murder, Hollywood's near-immediate obsession with the details of her murder, and reimagined versions of Tate in Mansonsploitation films that resulted in the alteration of Tate's likeness among her audience, as they tried to process the reality of her murder by searching for the most authentic version of her last moments.
In popular culture
Helter Skelter: The True Story of The Manson Murders
In 1974, after leaving the DA's office, prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi, jointly with Curt Gentry, wrote a book about the Manson trial called Helter Skelter: The True Story of The Manson Murders. The book won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for the best true-crime book of the year. The book was twice adapted as a television film, first in 1976, then later in 2004. As of 2015, Helter Skelter was the bestselling true crime book in publishing history, with more than seven million copies sold.
Film and television
Several films recounted the Tate–LaBianca murders and the subsequent criminal trials:
Manson, a 1973 documentary about Manson and his followers
Helter Skelter, a 1976 television film based on the 1974 book by prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi and Curt Gentry
Helter Skelter, a 2004 television film remake of the 1976 TV film of the same name
Aquarius (2015 TV series)
Wolves at the Door, a 2016 film
Mindhunter, a 2017 Netflix series
Dateline NBC' (1992– / TV series), The Summer of Manson, Season 25, Episode 42
American Horror Story (2011– / TV series) Season 7, Episode 10
Charlie Says, a 2018 drama film starring Matt Smith as Manson
The Haunting of Sharon Tate, a 2019 supernatural horror film starring Hilary Duff as Tate
Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, a 2019 comedy-drama film featuring a fictionalized account of the evening of the murders
Helter Skelter: An American Myth, a comprehensive 2020 six-part documentary film about Manson, the Family, the murders and the trial on EPIX network.
Books
In addition to Bugliosi's Helter Skelter: The True Story of The Manson Murders (1974), these are the other books about the murders:
The Girls, a 2016 novel by Emma Cline loosely inspired by the Manson family
CHAOS: Charles Manson, the CIA, and the Secret History of the Sixties, a 2019 non-fiction book by Tom O'Neill with Dan Piepenbring
The Family: The Life and Crimes of Charles Manson and His Followers by Ed Sanders (1971, new edition 2023)
Music
The Manson Family: An Opera, a 1990 opera by John Moran
References
^ a b c Romano, Aja (August 7, 2019). "The Manson Family murders, and their complicated legacy, explained". Vox. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
^ "Sharon Tate Autopsy" (PDF).
^ "People V. Manson".
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Bugliosi, Vincent with Gentry, Curt. Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders 25th Anniversary Edition, W. W. Norton & Company, 1994. ISBN 0-393-08700-X. OCLC 15164618.
^ a b c d e f g h Watson, Charles. "Will You Die For Me?, Ch. 15". Abounding Love Ministries. Archived from the original on April 5, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Watson, Ch. 14". Aboundinglove.org. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
^ "Quincy Jones Has a Story About That". GQ. Retrieved October 18, 2022.
^ Watson, Charles as told to Ray Hoekstra. "Will You Die for Me?". aboundinglove.org. Archived from the original on April 5, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2007.
^ Coroner Details the Tate Killing
^ Watson, Charles. "Will You Die For Me?, Ch. 19". Abounding Love Ministries. Archived from the original on April 5, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2019.
^ "Watson, Ch. 19". Aboundinglove.org. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
^ People v. Anderson, 6 Cal. 3d 628 (Cal. 1972).
^ Jonathan R. Sorenson, James W. Marquart & Madhava R. Bodapati,Research Note: Two Decades after People v. Anderson, 24 Loy. L.A. L.Rev. 45 (1990).
^ "California Abolishes Death Penalty". The Journal (Ogdensburg, N.Y.). AP. February 18, 1972.
^ Woo, Elaine (September 26, 2009). "Susan Atkins dies at 61; imprisoned Charles Manson follower". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
^ "Charles Manson follower Patricia Krenwinkel's parole blocked by California governor". www.cbsnews.com. October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
^ a b Where Are Charles Manson's 'Family Members' Now? While Most Are Still in Prison, Some Live Normal Lives
^ Leslie Van Houten Was A 19-Year-Old Homecoming Queen When She Met Charles Manson
^ "Leslie Van Houten, follower of cult leader Charles Manson, released from California prison". Associated Press News. Associated Press. Associated Press. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
^ a b Morse, Erik (September 2019). "The Beautiful and the Damned: The Cinematic Afterlife of Sharon Tate". Sight and Sound. 29 (9): 27–29 – via JSTOR.
^ Cooper, Ian (2018). The Manson Family on Film and Television. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1476670430.
^ a b c Anderson, Reid (December 1, 2021). "Cult Victim Turned Cult Star: The Hyperreal Image of Sharon Tate". Film Matters. 12 (3): 9–20. doi:10.1386/fm_00173_1. ISSN 2042-1869. S2CID 247266238.
^ Lachman, Gary (2001). Turn Off Your Mind: The Mystic Sixties and the Dark Side of the Age of Aquarius. The Disinformation Company Ltd. ISBN 978-0971394230.
^ a b Rebecca Trounson and Elaine Woo, "Famed Manson family prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi dies at 80", Los Angeles Times, June 9, 2015.
^ Stout, David (June 9, 2015). "Vincent T. Bugliosi, Manson Prosecutor and True-Crime Author, Dies at 80". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
External links
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Events
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Jay Sebring
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Discography
Beach Boys recordings (1968)
"Never Learn Not to Love" (1968)
Lie: The Love and Terror Cult (1970)
"Look at Your Game, Girl" (1970)
The Family Jams (1997)
One Mind (2005)
By othersBooks
Helter Skelter (1974)
The Dead Circus (2003)
The Girls (2016)
CHAOS (2019)
Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2021)
Films
I Drink Your Blood (1971)
The Other Side of Madness (1971)
Manson (1973)
Snuff (1976)
Manson Family Movies (1984)
Charles Manson Superstar (1989)
The Manson Family (1997)
Live Freaky! Die Freaky! (2006)
Leslie, My Name Is Evil (2009)
Life After Manson (2014)
House of Manson (2014)
Manson Family Vacation (2015)
Wolves at the Door (2016)
Charlie Says (2018)
The Haunting of Sharon Tate (2019)
Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019)
Zeroville (2019)
Television
Helter Skelter (1976)
"Merry Christmas, Charlie Manson!" (1998)
Helter Skelter (2004)
Aquarius (2015–16)
Mindhunter (2017–19)
American Horror Story: Cult (2017)
"Charles (Manson) in Charge" (2017)
Related articles
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Dennis Wilson
Irving Kanarek
Terry Melcher
George Spahn
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Not to be confused with Libianca.The Tate–LaBianca murders were a series of murders perpetrated by members of the Manson Family during August 9–10, 1969, in Los Angeles, California, United States, under the direction of Tex Watson and Charles Manson. The perpetrators killed five people on the night of August 8–9: pregnant actress Sharon Tate and her companions Jay Sebring, Abigail Folger, and Wojciech Frykowski, along with Steven Parent. The following evening, the Family also murdered supermarket executive Leno LaBianca and his wife, Rosemary, at their home in the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles.[1][2][3]On the night of August 8–9, four members of the Manson Family – Watson, Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel, and Linda Kasabian – drove from Spahn Ranch to 10050 Cielo Drive in Benedict Canyon, the home of Sharon Tate and her husband, film director Roman Polanski. The group murdered Tate (who was 8½ months pregnant), and guests Jay Sebring, a celebrity hairdresser; Abigail Folger, heiress to Folgers Coffee; her boyfriend Wojciech Frykowski, an aspiring screenwriter; and Steven Parent, an 18-year-old visiting the guest house caretaker. Roman Polanski was not home as he was working on a film in Europe. Manson was a cult leader and aspiring musician who had tried to get a contract with record producer Terry Melcher, who had previously rented the house.The following night, those four people, in addition to Manson, Leslie Van Houten and Steve \"Clem\" Grogan, committed two more murders. Manson had allegedly said he would \"show them how to do it\".[4]: 176–184, 258–269 [5] Linda Kasabian drove the group to 3301 Waverly Drive. [4]: 22–25, 42–48 Manson left with Atkins, Grogan, and Kasabian in the car and told the others to hitchhike back to the ranch. Watson, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten killed the couple in the early morning hours of August 10.","title":"Tate–LaBianca murders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manson Family § Possible murder motives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manson_Family#Possible_murder_motives"},{"link_name":"Tex Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Watson"},{"link_name":"Susan Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Linda Kasabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Kasabian"},{"link_name":"Patricia Krenwinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Krenwinkel"},{"link_name":"10050 Cielo Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10050_Cielo_Drive"},{"link_name":"Benedict Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Charles Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Manson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson14-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"Sharon Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Tate"},{"link_name":"Roman Polanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Polanski"},{"link_name":"Jay Sebring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Sebring"},{"link_name":"Folgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folgers"},{"link_name":"Peter Folger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Folger"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"Quincy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson9-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":".22 caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.22_caliber"},{"link_name":"revolver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolver"},{"link_name":"defensive slash wound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_wound"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson14-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson14-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson14-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson14-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson14-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson14-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson14-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson14-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson14-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson14-6"},{"link_name":"massive hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson14-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson14-6"},{"link_name":"Gary Hinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hinman"},{"link_name":"Bobby Beausoleil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Beausoleil"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"}],"text":"For possible motives, see Manson Family § Possible murder motives.On the night of August 8, 1969, Tex Watson took Susan Atkins, Linda Kasabian, and Patricia Krenwinkel to 10050 Cielo Drive in Benedict Canyon, Los Angeles, California. Watson claims Charles Manson had instructed him go to the house and \"totally destroy\" everyone in it, and to do it \"as gruesome as you can\".[4]: 463–468 [6] Manson told the women to do as Watson instructed them.[4]: 176–184, 258–269The occupants of the house at Cielo Drive that evening were movie actress Sharon Tate, who was 81⁄2 months pregnant and the wife of film director Roman Polanski; her friend and former lover Jay Sebring, a noted celebrity hairstylist; Polanski's friend Wojciech Frykowski; and Frykowski's girlfriend Abigail Folger, heiress to the Folgers coffee fortune and daughter of Peter Folger.[4]: 28–38 Also present on the property were William Garretson, the caretaker, and his friend Steven Parent. Polanski was in Europe working on a film. Music producer Quincy Jones was a friend of Sebring who had planned to join him that evening but did not go.[7]Watson and the three women arrived at Cielo Drive just past midnight on August 9, 1969. Watson climbed a telephone pole near the entrance gate and cut the phone line to the house.[8] The group backed their car to the bottom of the hill that led to the estate and walked back up to the house. They thought that the gate might be electrified or equipped with an alarm, so they climbed a brushy embankment to the right of the gate and entered the grounds.[4]: 176–184 Headlights approached them from within the property, and Watson ordered the women to lie in the bushes. He stepped out and ordered the approaching driver to halt. Steven Parent had been visiting the property's caretaker, William Garretson, who lived in the guest house. Watson leveled a .22 caliber revolver at Parent, who begged him not to hurt him, claiming that he would not say anything. Watson lunged at Parent with a knife, giving him a defensive slash wound on the palm of his hand that severed tendons and tore his watch off his wrist, then shot him four times in the chest and abdomen, killing him in the front seat of his white 1965 AMC Rambler. Watson turned off the car's ignition and pushed the car away from the gate. [4]: 22–25 [6]Watson next cut the screen of a window, then told Kasabian to keep watch down by the gate; she walked over to Parent's car and waited.[4]: 258–269 [4]: 176–184 [6] Watson removed the screen, entered through the window, and let Atkins and Krenwinkel in through the front door.[4]: 176–184 He whispered to Atkins and awoke Frykowski, who was sleeping on the living room couch. Watson kicked him in the head,[6] and Frykowski asked him who he was and what he was doing there. Watson replied, \"I'm the devil, and I'm here to do the devil's business.\"[4]: 176–184 [6]On Watson's direction, Atkins found the house's three other occupants with Krenwinkel's help[4]: 176–184, 297–300 and forced them to the living room. Watson began to tie Tate and Sebring together by their necks with a long nylon rope which he had brought, then slung it over one of the living room's ceiling beams. Sebring protested the murderers' rough treatment of the pregnant Tate, so Watson shot him. Folger was taken momentarily back to her bedroom for her purse, and she gave the murderers $70. Watson then stabbed Sebring seven times.[4]: 28–38 [6]Frykowski's hands had been bound with a towel, but he freed himself and began struggling with Atkins, who stabbed at his legs with a knife.[6] He fought his way out the front door and onto the porch, but Watson caught up with him, struck him over the head with the gun multiple times, stabbed him repeatedly, and shot him twice.[6]Kasabian had heard \"horrifying sounds\" and moved toward the house from her position in the driveway. She told Atkins that someone was coming in an attempt to stop the murders.[4]: 258–269 [6] Inside the house, Folger escaped from Krenwinkel and fled out a bedroom door to the pool area.[4]: 341–344, 356–361 Krenwinkel pursued her and caught her on the front lawn where she stabbed her and tackled her to the ground. Watson then helped kill her; her assailants stabbed her a total of 28 times.[4]: 28–38 [6] Frykowski struggled across the lawn, but Watson continued to stab him, killing him. Frykowski suffered 51 stab wounds, and had also been struck 13 times in the head with the butt of Watson's gun, which bent the barrel and broke off one side of the gun grip, which was recovered at the scene.[4]: 28–38, 258–269 [6]In the house, Tate pleaded to be allowed to live long enough to give birth, and offered herself as a hostage in an attempt to save the life of her unborn child, but both Atkins and Watson stabbed Tate 16 times, killing her. The coroner's inquest found that Tate was still alive when she was hanged with the nylon rope, although the cause of her death was determined as a \"massive hemorrhage\",[9] while in Sebring's murder it was found that he was hanged lifeless.[4]: 28–38According to Watson, Manson had told the women to \"leave a sign—something witchy\".[6] Atkins wrote \"pig\" on the front door in Tate's blood.[4]: 84–90, 176–184 [6] Atkins claims she did this to copycat the murder scene of Gary Hinman in order to get Manson Family member Bobby Beausoleil out of jail, who was in custody for the murder;[4]: 426–435 Beausoleil had written \"political piggy\" in Hinman's blood on his wall after stabbing him to death.[4]: 35, 91–96, 99–113","title":"Tate murders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manson Family § Possible murder motives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manson_Family#Possible_murder_motives"},{"link_name":"Leslie Van Houten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Van_Houten"},{"link_name":"Clem Grogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clem_Grogan"},{"link_name":"Los Feliz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Feliz,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson15-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson19-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson15-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson15-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson15-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson15-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson15-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"Healter [sic] Skelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helter_Skelter_(scenario)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson15-5"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"}],"text":"For possible motives, see Manson Family § Possible murder motives.The four murderers plus Charles Manson, Leslie Van Houten and Clem Grogan went for a drive the following night. Manson was allegedly displeased with the panic and flight of the victims in the previous night's murders. He told Kasabian to drive to a house at 3301 Waverly Drive in the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles, located next door to a home where Manson and Family members had attended a party the previous year. [4]: 176–184, 204–210According to Atkins and Kasabian, Manson disappeared up the driveway and returned to say that he had tied up the house's occupants. Then Watson, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten went in.[4]: 176–184, 258–269 Watson claims in his autobiography that Manson went up alone, then returned to take him up to the house with him. Manson pointed out a sleeping man through a window, and the two entered through the unlocked back door.[5][10] Watson claims Manson roused the sleeping Leno LaBianca from the couch at gunpoint and had Watson bind his hands with a leather thong. Rosemary was brought into the living room from the bedroom, and Watson covered the couple's heads with pillowcases which he bound in place with lamp cords. Manson left, and Krenwinkel and Van Houten entered the house.[4]: 176–184, 258–269 [5]Watson had complained to Manson earlier of the inadequacy of the previous night's weapons.[4]: 258–269 Watson sent the women from the kitchen to the bedroom, where Rosemary LaBianca had been returned, while he went to the living room and began stabbing Leno LaBianca with a chrome-plated bayonet. The first thrust went into his throat.[5] Watson heard a scuffle in the bedroom and went in there to discover Rosemary LaBianca keeping the women at bay by swinging the lamp tied to her neck. He stabbed her several times with the bayonet, then returned to the living room and resumed attacking Leno, whom he stabbed a total of 12 times.[5] He then carved the word \"WAR\" into his abdomen.[5] Watson returned to the bedroom and found Krenwinkel stabbing Rosemary with a knife from the kitchen.[5] Van Houten stabbed her approximately 16 times in the back and the exposed buttocks.[4]: 204–210, 297–300, 341–344 Van Houten claimed at trial[4]: 433 that Rosemary LaBianca was already dead during the stabbing. Evidence showed that many of the 41 stab wounds had, in fact, been inflicted post-mortem.[4]: 44, 206, 297, 341–42, 380, 404, 406–07, 433 Watson then cleaned off the bayonet and showered, while Krenwinkel wrote \"Rise\" and \"Death to pigs\" on the walls and \"Healter [sic] Skelter\" on the refrigerator door, all in LaBianca's blood. She gave Leno LaBianca 14 puncture wounds with an ivory-handled, two-tined carving fork, which she left jutting out of his stomach. She also planted a steak knife in his throat.[4]: 176–184, 258–269 [5]Meanwhile, Manson drove the other three Family members who had departed Spahn with him that evening to the Venice home of the Lebanese actor Saladin Nader. Manson left them there and drove back to Spahn Ranch, leaving them and the LaBianca killers to hitchhike home.[4]: 176–184, 258–269 According to Kasabian, Manson wanted his followers to murder Nader in his apartment, but Kasabian claims she thwarted this murder by deliberately knocking on the wrong apartment door and waking a stranger. The group abandoned the murder plan and left, but Atkins defecated in the stairwell on the way out.[4]: 270–273","title":"LaBianca murders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manson Family § Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manson_Family#Investigation"},{"link_name":"Sybil Brand Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_Brand_Institute"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"Vincent Bugliosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Bugliosi"},{"link_name":"grand jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson14-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson20-11"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California"},{"link_name":"People v. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_v._Anderson"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"death row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_row"},{"link_name":"Charles Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Manson"},{"link_name":"family members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manson_Family"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"commuted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutation_(law)"},{"link_name":"life in prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment"},{"link_name":"parole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole"},{"link_name":"Susan Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Atkins"},{"link_name":"brain cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor"},{"link_name":"compassionate release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassionate_release"},{"link_name":"Patricia Krenwinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Krenwinkel"},{"link_name":"Susan Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Atkins"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Gavin Newsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Newsom"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Charles Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Manson"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek.com-17"},{"link_name":"Leslie Van Houten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Van_Houten"},{"link_name":"Manson Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manson_Family"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP_Van_Houten-19"},{"link_name":"Charles \"Tex\" Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Watson"},{"link_name":"born-again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_again"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek.com-17"}],"text":"See also: Manson Family § InvestigationIn initial confessions to cellmates at Sybil Brand Institute, Atkins said she killed Tate.[4]: 84–90 In later statements to her attorney, to prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi, and before a grand jury, Atkins indicated Tate had been stabbed by Tex Watson.[4]: 163–74, 176–84In his 1978 autobiography, Watson said that he had stabbed Tate and that Atkins had never touched her.[6] Since he was aware that the prosecutor, Bugliosi, and the jury, that had tried the other Tate–LaBianca defendants, were convinced Atkins had stabbed Tate, he falsely testified that he did not stab her.[11]The five perpetrators – Atkins, Krenwinkel, Manson, Van Houten, and Watson – were each tried and convicted for their roles in the Tate–LaBianca murders. Originally, each defendant received a death sentence. However, in 1972, the Supreme Court of California ruled in People v. Anderson that the state's then-current death penalty laws were unconstitutional.[12] As a result, the Anderson decision spared the lives of 107[13] death row inmates in California, including Charles Manson and his four \"family members\".[14] Subsequently, the death sentences for each of the five perpetrators convicted in the Tate–LaBianca murders were commuted to life in prison, which – by law – included the possibility of parole.Susan Atkins (1948–2009): Atkins remained in prison until her death from brain cancer at age 61 in 2009. At the time of her death, she was California's longest-serving female inmate. Atkins had been denied parole 14 times, and her request for compassionate release had also been denied.\nPatricia Krenwinkel (born 1947): Imprisoned in 1971, Krenwinkel remains incarcerated. Following the 2009 death of fellow Manson gang member Susan Atkins, Krenwinkel is now the longest-incarcerated female inmate in the California penal system.[15] She has been denied parole 14 times, most recently in 2017. Following revisions to California parole laws and policy changes by the sitting Los Angeles DA, a parole panel recommended her release for the first time in May 2022; however, this parole recommendation was overturned by California governor Gavin Newsom (who had similarly previously overturned the parole recommendation for Manson family member Leslie Van Houten).[16]\nCharles Manson (1934–2017): Manson remained imprisoned until his death from cardiac arrest resulting from respiratory failure and colon cancer[17] on November 19, 2017. He was just a few days past his 83rd birthday, and had spent all but 13 years of his life in some sort of supervised setting (either prison, reformatory or boys' home). While in prison, Manson had been denied parole 12 times. After 1997, he refused to attend any of his parole hearings.\nLeslie Van Houten (born 1949): Upon her conviction and death sentence in 1971, at the age of 21, Van Houten became the youngest woman ever put on California's death row, as well as the youngest member of the Manson Family convicted of murder.[18] (Her original conviction and death sentence was overturned on appeal. She was later retried and sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole.) She was released on parole on July 11, 2023, after being denied parole 22 times.[19]\nCharles \"Tex\" Watson (born 1945): Watson remains incarcerated. He has been denied parole 17 times, most recently in 2021. While imprisoned, Watson claims that he became a born-again Christian.[17]","title":"Investigation, trial and sentencing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"'60s counterculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s"},{"link_name":"Satanic panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_panic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vox-1"},{"link_name":"Dirty Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Harry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vox-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"hyperreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperreality"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The Tate–LaBianca murders \"profoundly shook America's perception of itself\" and \"effectively sounded the death knell of '60s counterculture\". Additionally, the ritualistic nature of the murders laid a foundation for the rise of the Satanic panic.[1]Some critics have claimed that it led to the proliferation of \"darkly psychosexual, conspiracy-laced cultural exploration of America's seedy underbelly\" by the movie industry, including films such as Dirty Harry (1971).[1] Film critic Erik Morse writes that the rapid recognition of Tate's murder and, soon after, the idolization of her murder, brought about a dark period of film in Hollywood, filled with \"ultraviolence, gore, satanism and freakouts.\"[20] Morse cites Ian Cooper's 2018 book The Manson Family on Film and Television, where Cooper coins the term \"Mansonsploitation\", which he defines as the violent, disturbing genre that Hollywood grew fascinated in shortly following the Tate–LaBianca murders.[20][21]Film scholar Reid Anderson believes that Tate's image has been substituted with \"hyperreal\" depictions of her at her death in films that have attempted to recreate the Manson family murders.[22] Aligning with Morse's description of the sudden emergence of gory film following the Manson family murders, Anderson claims that it was the \"circulation of disingenuous information following the events of August 9th\" that inspired Mansonsploitation.[22] Both critics agree it was the spread of misinformation directly following Tate's murder, Hollywood's near-immediate obsession with the details of her murder, and reimagined versions of Tate in Mansonsploitation films that resulted in the alteration of Tate's likeness among her audience, as they tried to process the reality of her murder by searching for the most authentic version of her last moments.[22][23]","title":"Sociocultural impact"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vincent Bugliosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Bugliosi"},{"link_name":"Curt Gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Gentry"},{"link_name":"Helter Skelter: The True Story of The Manson Murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helter_Skelter_(book)"},{"link_name":"Edgar Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Award"},{"link_name":"Mystery Writers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Writers_of_America"},{"link_name":"true-crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_crime"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_times-24"},{"link_name":"in 1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helter_Skelter_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"in 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helter_Skelter_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tate%E2%80%93LaBianca_murders&action=edit"},{"link_name":"true crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_crime"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugliosi-obit-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_times-24"}],"sub_title":"Helter Skelter: The True Story of The Manson Murders","text":"In 1974, after leaving the DA's office, prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi, jointly with Curt Gentry, wrote a book about the Manson trial called Helter Skelter: The True Story of The Manson Murders. The book won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for the best true-crime book of the year.[24] The book was twice adapted as a television film, first in 1976, then later in 2004. As of 2015[update], Helter Skelter was the bestselling true crime book in publishing history, with more than seven million copies sold.[25][24]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manson_(film)"},{"link_name":"Helter Skelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helter_Skelter_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helter_Skelter_(book)"},{"link_name":"Vincent Bugliosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Bugliosi"},{"link_name":"Curt Gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Gentry"},{"link_name":"Helter Skelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helter_Skelter_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Aquarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarius_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Wolves at the Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves_at_the_Door"},{"link_name":"Mindhunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindhunter_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Dateline NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dateline_NBC"},{"link_name":"American Horror Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story"},{"link_name":"Season 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story:_Cult"},{"link_name":"Charlie Says","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Says_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Matt Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Smith"},{"link_name":"The Haunting of Sharon Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunting_of_Sharon_Tate"},{"link_name":"Hilary Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Duff"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time in Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"EPIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPIX"}],"sub_title":"Film and television","text":"Several films recounted the Tate–LaBianca murders and the subsequent criminal trials:Manson, a 1973 documentary about Manson and his followers\nHelter Skelter, a 1976 television film based on the 1974 book by prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi and Curt Gentry\nHelter Skelter, a 2004 television film remake of the 1976 TV film of the same name\nAquarius (2015 TV series)\nWolves at the Door, a 2016 film\nMindhunter, a 2017 Netflix series\nDateline NBC' (1992– / TV series), The Summer of Manson, Season 25, Episode 42\nAmerican Horror Story (2011– / TV series) Season 7, Episode 10\nCharlie Says, a 2018 drama film starring Matt Smith as Manson\nThe Haunting of Sharon Tate, a 2019 supernatural horror film starring Hilary Duff as Tate\nOnce Upon a Time in Hollywood, a 2019 comedy-drama film featuring a fictionalized account of the evening of the murders\nHelter Skelter: An American Myth, a comprehensive 2020 six-part documentary film about Manson, the Family, the murders and the trial on EPIX network.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girls_(Cline_novel)"},{"link_name":"Emma Cline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Cline"},{"link_name":"CHAOS: Charles Manson, the CIA, and the Secret History of the Sixties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHAOS:_Charles_Manson,_the_CIA,_and_the_Secret_History_of_the_Sixties"},{"link_name":"Ed Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sanders"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"In addition to Bugliosi's Helter Skelter: The True Story of The Manson Murders (1974), these are the other books about the murders:The Girls, a 2016 novel by Emma Cline loosely inspired by the Manson family\nCHAOS: Charles Manson, the CIA, and the Secret History of the Sixties, a 2019 non-fiction book by Tom O'Neill with Dan Piepenbring\nThe Family: The Life and Crimes of Charles Manson and His Followers by Ed Sanders (1971, new edition 2023)","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"John Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moran_(composer)"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"The Manson Family: An Opera, a 1990 opera by John Moran","title":"In popular culture"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Romano, Aja (August 7, 2019). \"The Manson Family murders, and their complicated legacy, explained\". Vox. Retrieved March 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/2019/8/7/20695284/charles-manson-family-what-is-helter-skelter-explained","url_text":"\"The Manson Family murders, and their complicated legacy, explained\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)","url_text":"Vox"}]},{"reference":"\"Sharon Tate Autopsy\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autopsyfiles.org/reports/Celebs/tate,%20sharon_report.pdf","url_text":"\"Sharon Tate Autopsy\""}]},{"reference":"\"People V. Manson\".","urls":[{"url":"https://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/3d/61/102.html","url_text":"\"People V. Manson\""}]},{"reference":"Watson, Charles. \"Will You Die For Me?, Ch. 15\". Abounding Love Ministries. Archived from the original on April 5, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070405004745/http://www.aboundinglove.org/main/books/will-you-die-for-me","url_text":"\"Will You Die For Me?, Ch. 15\""},{"url":"http://www.aboundinglove.org/main/books/will-you-die-for-me","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Watson, Ch. 14\". Aboundinglove.org. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101119075221/http://aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-014.php","url_text":"\"Watson, Ch. 14\""},{"url":"http://www.aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-014.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Quincy Jones Has a Story About That\". GQ. Retrieved October 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gq.com/story/quincy-jones-has-a-story","url_text":"\"Quincy Jones Has a Story About That\""}]},{"reference":"Watson, Charles as told to Ray Hoekstra. \"Will You Die for Me?\". aboundinglove.org. Archived from the original on April 5, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070405004745/http://aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-009.php","url_text":"\"Will You Die for Me?\""},{"url":"http://www.aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-009.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Watson, Charles. \"Will You Die For Me?, Ch. 19\". Abounding Love Ministries. Archived from the original on April 5, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070405004745/http://www.aboundinglove.org/main/books/will-you-die-for-me","url_text":"\"Will You Die For Me?, Ch. 19\""},{"url":"http://www.aboundinglove.org/main/books/will-you-die-for-me","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Watson, Ch. 19\". Aboundinglove.org. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101119080347/http://aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-007.php","url_text":"\"Watson, Ch. 19\""},{"url":"http://www.aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-007.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"People v. Anderson","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_v._Anderson","url_text":"People v. Anderson"}]},{"reference":"\"California Abolishes Death Penalty\". The Journal (Ogdensburg, N.Y.). AP. February 18, 1972.","urls":[{"url":"https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn84031170/1972-02-18/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"\"California Abolishes Death Penalty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"AP"}]},{"reference":"Woo, Elaine (September 26, 2009). \"Susan Atkins dies at 61; imprisoned Charles Manson follower\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-susan-atkins26-2009sep26,0,4180642.story","url_text":"\"Susan Atkins dies at 61; imprisoned Charles Manson follower\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Manson follower Patricia Krenwinkel's parole blocked by California governor\". www.cbsnews.com. October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/charles-manson-follower-patricia-krenwinkel-parole-blocked-governor-gavin-newsom/","url_text":"\"Charles Manson follower Patricia Krenwinkel's parole blocked by California governor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leslie Van Houten, follower of cult leader Charles Manson, released from California prison\". Associated Press News. Associated Press. Associated Press. Retrieved July 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/manson-follower-leslie-van-houten-released-prison-9d288014802324371971ce8bd63a78e4","url_text":"\"Leslie Van Houten, follower of cult leader Charles Manson, released from California prison\""}]},{"reference":"Morse, Erik (September 2019). \"The Beautiful and the Damned: The Cinematic Afterlife of Sharon Tate\". Sight and Sound. 29 (9): 27–29 – via JSTOR.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cooper, Ian (2018). The Manson Family on Film and Television. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1476670430.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476670430","url_text":"978-1476670430"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Reid (December 1, 2021). \"Cult Victim Turned Cult Star: The Hyperreal Image of Sharon Tate\". Film Matters. 12 (3): 9–20. doi:10.1386/fm_00173_1. ISSN 2042-1869. S2CID 247266238.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1386/fm_00173_1","url_text":"\"Cult Victim Turned Cult Star: The Hyperreal Image of Sharon Tate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1386%2Ffm_00173_1","url_text":"10.1386/fm_00173_1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2042-1869","url_text":"2042-1869"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247266238","url_text":"247266238"}]},{"reference":"Lachman, Gary (2001). Turn Off Your Mind: The Mystic Sixties and the Dark Side of the Age of Aquarius. The Disinformation Company Ltd. ISBN 978-0971394230.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0971394230","url_text":"978-0971394230"}]},{"reference":"Stout, David (June 9, 2015). \"Vincent T. Bugliosi, Manson Prosecutor and True-Crime Author, Dies at 80\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/10/us/vincent-t-bugliosi-manson-prosecutor-and-true-crime-author-dies-at-80.html","url_text":"\"Vincent T. Bugliosi, Manson Prosecutor and True-Crime Author, Dies at 80\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tate%E2%80%93LaBianca_murders¶ms=34_05_38_N_118_25_57_W_region:US-CA_type:ewvent","external_links_name":"34°05′38″N 118°25′57″W / 34.09389°N 118.43250°W / 34.09389; -118.43250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tate%E2%80%93LaBianca_murders¶ms=34_05_38_N_118_25_57_W_region:US-CA_type:ewvent","external_links_name":"34°05′38″N 118°25′57″W / 34.09389°N 118.43250°W / 34.09389; -118.43250"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tate%E2%80%93LaBianca_murders&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.vox.com/2019/8/7/20695284/charles-manson-family-what-is-helter-skelter-explained","external_links_name":"\"The Manson Family murders, and their complicated legacy, explained\""},{"Link":"http://www.autopsyfiles.org/reports/Celebs/tate,%20sharon_report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Sharon Tate Autopsy\""},{"Link":"https://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/3d/61/102.html","external_links_name":"\"People V. Manson\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15164618","external_links_name":"15164618"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070405004745/http://www.aboundinglove.org/main/books/will-you-die-for-me","external_links_name":"\"Will You Die For Me?, Ch. 15\""},{"Link":"http://www.aboundinglove.org/main/books/will-you-die-for-me","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101119075221/http://aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-014.php","external_links_name":"\"Watson, Ch. 14\""},{"Link":"http://www.aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-014.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gq.com/story/quincy-jones-has-a-story","external_links_name":"\"Quincy Jones Has a Story About That\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070405004745/http://aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-009.php","external_links_name":"\"Will You Die for Me?\""},{"Link":"http://www.aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-009.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/08/22/archives/coroner-details-the-tate-killing-says-actress-was-stabbed-16-times.html","external_links_name":"Coroner Details the Tate Killing"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070405004745/http://www.aboundinglove.org/main/books/will-you-die-for-me","external_links_name":"\"Will You Die For Me?, Ch. 19\""},{"Link":"http://www.aboundinglove.org/main/books/will-you-die-for-me","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101119080347/http://aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-007.php","external_links_name":"\"Watson, Ch. 19\""},{"Link":"http://www.aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-007.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/people-v-anderson-22750","external_links_name":"6 Cal. 3d 628"},{"Link":"http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1646&context=llr","external_links_name":"Jonathan R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanyang_County | Guanyang County | ["1 Administrative divisions","2 Ethnic subgroups","3 Climate","4 References"] | Coordinates: 25°29′N 111°09′E / 25.483°N 111.150°E / 25.483; 111.150This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
County in Guangxi, ChinaGuanyang County
灌阳县 • Gvan'yangz YenKwanyangCountyGuanyangLocation of the seat in GuangxiCoordinates: 25°29′N 111°09′E / 25.483°N 111.150°E / 25.483; 111.150CountryChinaAutonomous regionGuangxiPrefecture-level cityGuilinCounty seatGuanyang TownArea • Total1,863 km2 (719 sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Guanyang County (simplified Chinese: 灌阳县; traditional Chinese: 灌陽縣; pinyin: Guànyáng Xiàn; Zhuang language: Gvan'yangz Yen) is a county in the northeast of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, bordering Hunan province to the east. It is under the administration of Guilin city.
Administrative divisions
Guanyang County is divided into 6 towns, 1 township and 2 ethnic townships:
towns
Guanyang Town 灌阳镇
Huangguan Town 黄关镇
Wenshi Town 文市镇
Xinjie Town 新街镇
Xinxu Town 新圩镇
Shuiche Town 水车镇
township
Guanyinge Township 观音阁乡
ethnic townships
Dongjing Yao Ethnic Township 洞井瑶族乡
Xishan Yao Ethnic Township 西山瑶族乡
Ethnic subgroups
Yao ethnic subgroups and dialect areas of Guanyang County are:
Pan Yao 盘瑶
Iu Mien 优勉, Guoshan Yao 过山瑶
Dahejiang 大河江, Yezhudian 野猪殿, and Baoliang 保良 of Dongjing 洞井
Xiaohejiang 小河江 of Dongjing 洞井, Panjiang 盘江 of Guanyin'ge 观音阁
Doushui 陡水, Dazhushan 大竹山, and Shunxi 顺溪 of Huanguan 黄关
Biao Min
Dialect area 1
Hongqi Township 红旗乡: Wenhua 文化, Xiufeng 秀凤, Shangwang 上王, Helong 鹤龙
Xinyu Township 新圩乡: Hongshuiqing 洪水箐, Guiyang 贵阳
Shuiche Township 水车乡: Shangpao 上泡, Xiapao 下泡, Dongliu 东流, Hecheng 合成, Sanhuang 三皇, Xiumu 修睦
Dialect area 2
Jiangtang, Shuiche 水车乡江塘; Baizhuping, Wenshi 文市镇白竹坪
White-Collar / Bailing Yao 白领瑶. The Bailing Yao speak a form of Pinghua called Youjia(hua) 优家话.
Xishan Township 西山瑶族乡: Lannitang 烂泥塘, Yantang 盐塘, Lingdi 灵地, Hongtou 江头, Huangnibang 黄泥榜, Jiangkou 江口, Beishajian 北沙涧, Chayuan 茶源
Xinjie Township 新街乡: Liexijian 烈溪涧
Hongqi Township 红旗乡: Dayuan 大源, Fanshen 翻身, Matou 马头, Yutang 鱼塘, Paibujiang 排埠江
Xinwei Township 新圩乡: Chaoli 潮立
Four-Village / Sicun Yao 四村瑶. The Sicun Yao speak a form of Pinghua called Sicun(hua) 四村话. It is related to Youjia(hua) 优家话, which is spoken by the neighboring Bailing Yao 白领瑶.
Dongjiang Township 洞井瑶族乡: Baoliang 保良
Jiaojiang Yao 蕉江瑶. The Jiaojiang Yao speak a form of Pinghua of the same name (Jiaojiang Yao 蕉江瑶语).
Xishan Township 西山瑶族乡: Daping 大坪, Batang 扒塘, Jiangkou 江口, Henglutou 横路头, Zhendongjiang 正东江
Hongqi Township 红旗乡: Fanshen 翻身, Matou 马头, Dayuan 大源, Yutang 鱼塘
Climate
Climate data for Guanyang (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
26.2(79.2)
30.7(87.3)
32.8(91.0)
34.1(93.4)
35.4(95.7)
36.9(98.4)
39.2(102.6)
39.0(102.2)
38.2(100.8)
36.0(96.8)
32.9(91.2)
27.0(80.6)
39.2(102.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
10.8(51.4)
13.5(56.3)
17.1(62.8)
23.4(74.1)
27.5(81.5)
30.3(86.5)
33.0(91.4)
32.7(90.9)
29.6(85.3)
24.8(76.6)
19.7(67.5)
13.8(56.8)
23.0(73.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)
7.0(44.6)
9.4(48.9)
13.0(55.4)
18.7(65.7)
22.7(72.9)
25.7(78.3)
27.8(82.0)
27.2(81.0)
24.2(75.6)
19.5(67.1)
14.3(57.7)
8.9(48.0)
18.2(64.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
4.4(39.9)
6.7(44.1)
10.2(50.4)
15.3(59.5)
19.2(66.6)
22.7(72.9)
24.1(75.4)
23.5(74.3)
20.7(69.3)
15.9(60.6)
10.7(51.3)
5.7(42.3)
14.9(58.9)
Record low °C (°F)
−3.3(26.1)
−2.3(27.9)
−0.7(30.7)
4.0(39.2)
9.0(48.2)
12.5(54.5)
16.5(61.7)
18.1(64.6)
11.5(52.7)
3.8(38.8)
−1.0(30.2)
−5.5(22.1)
−5.5(22.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
82.7(3.26)
93.7(3.69)
162.0(6.38)
197.9(7.79)
259.6(10.22)
254.5(10.02)
161.6(6.36)
119.0(4.69)
59.3(2.33)
67.6(2.66)
78.4(3.09)
61.4(2.42)
1,597.7(62.91)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
15.2
14.3
19.6
18.4
18.7
18.2
14.0
14.4
9.4
8.1
9.8
10.8
170.9
Average snowy days
2.6
1.2
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
4.8
Average relative humidity (%)
78
79
82
81
82
83
78
78
77
75
75
74
79
Mean monthly sunshine hours
49.3
47.8
50.9
78.8
104.1
111.8
191.2
175.4
136.4
117.7
100.4
86.3
1,250.1
Percent possible sunshine
15
15
14
21
25
27
46
44
37
33
31
26
28
Source: China Meteorological Administration
References
^ 2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：灌阳县 (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China.
^ http://www.gxdqw.com/bin/mse.exe?seachword=&K=c&A=80&rec=326&run=13
^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
^
中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
vteCounty-level divisions of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanning (capital)Prefecture-level citiesNanning
Qingxiu District
Xingning District
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Diecai District
Qixing District
Yanshan District
Lingui District
Lipu city
Yangshuo County
Lingchuan County
Quanzhou County
Pingle County
Xing'an County
Guanyang County
Ziyuan County
Yongfu County
Longsheng County
Gongcheng County
Wuzhou
Wanxiu District
Changzhou District
Longxu District
Cenxi city
Cangwu County
Teng County
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Beihai
Haicheng District
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Tieshangang District
Hepu County
Fangchenggang
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Dongxing city
Shangsi County
Qinzhou
Qinnan District
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Lingshan County
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Guigang
Gangbei District
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Qintang District
Guiping city
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Yulin
Yuzhou District
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Beiliu city
Rong County
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Baise
Youjiang District
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Jingxi city
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Lingyun County
Xilin County
Leye County
Debao County
Tianlin County
Tiandong County
Napo County
Longlin County
Hezhou
Babu District
Pinggui District
Zhongshan County
Zhaoping County
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Hechi
Jinchengjiang District
Yizhou District
Tian'e County
Fengshan County
Nandan County
Donglan County
Du'an County
Luocheng County
Bama County
Huanjiang County
Dahua County
Laibin
Xingbin District
Heshan city
Xiangzhou County
Wuxuan County
Xincheng County
Jinxiu County
Chongzuo
Jiangzhou District
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Ningming County
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Tiandeng County
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This Guangxi location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Zhuang language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Zhuang"},{"link_name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi_Zhuang_Autonomous_Region"},{"link_name":"Hunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan"},{"link_name":"Guilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilin"}],"text":"County in Guangxi, ChinaGuanyang County (simplified Chinese: 灌阳县; traditional Chinese: 灌陽縣; pinyin: Guànyáng Xiàn; Zhuang language: Gvan'yangz Yen) is a county in the northeast of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, bordering Hunan province to the east. It is under the administration of Guilin city.","title":"Guanyang County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Guanyang County is divided into 6 towns, 1 township and 2 ethnic townships:[1]townsGuanyang Town 灌阳镇\nHuangguan Town 黄关镇\nWenshi Town 文市镇\nXinjie Town 新街镇\nXinxu Town 新圩镇\nShuiche Town 水车镇townshipGuanyinge Township 观音阁乡ethnic townshipsDongjing Yao Ethnic Township 洞井瑶族乡\nXishan Yao Ethnic Township 西山瑶族乡","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Iu Mien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iu_Mien_language"},{"link_name":"Biao Min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biao_Min_language"},{"link_name":"Pinghua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinghua"},{"link_name":"Pinghua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinghua"},{"link_name":"Pinghua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinghua"}],"text":"Yao ethnic subgroups and dialect areas of Guanyang County are:[2]Pan Yao 盘瑶\nIu Mien 优勉, Guoshan Yao 过山瑶\nDahejiang 大河江, Yezhudian 野猪殿, and Baoliang 保良 of Dongjing 洞井\nXiaohejiang 小河江 of Dongjing 洞井, Panjiang 盘江 of Guanyin'ge 观音阁\nDoushui 陡水, Dazhushan 大竹山, and Shunxi 顺溪 of Huanguan 黄关\nBiao Min\nDialect area 1\nHongqi Township 红旗乡: Wenhua 文化, Xiufeng 秀凤, Shangwang 上王, Helong 鹤龙\nXinyu Township 新圩乡: Hongshuiqing 洪水箐, Guiyang 贵阳\nShuiche Township 水车乡: Shangpao 上泡, Xiapao 下泡, Dongliu 东流, Hecheng 合成, Sanhuang 三皇, Xiumu 修睦\nDialect area 2\nJiangtang, Shuiche 水车乡江塘; Baizhuping, Wenshi 文市镇白竹坪\nWhite-Collar / Bailing Yao 白领瑶. The Bailing Yao speak a form of Pinghua called Youjia(hua) 优家话.\nXishan Township 西山瑶族乡: Lannitang 烂泥塘, Yantang 盐塘, Lingdi 灵地, Hongtou 江头, Huangnibang 黄泥榜, Jiangkou 江口, Beishajian 北沙涧, Chayuan 茶源\nXinjie Township 新街乡: Liexijian 烈溪涧\nHongqi Township 红旗乡: Dayuan 大源, Fanshen 翻身, Matou 马头, Yutang 鱼塘, Paibujiang 排埠江\nXinwei Township 新圩乡: Chaoli 潮立\nFour-Village / Sicun Yao 四村瑶. The Sicun Yao speak a form of Pinghua called Sicun(hua) 四村话. It is related to Youjia(hua) 优家话, which is spoken by the neighboring Bailing Yao 白领瑶.\nDongjiang Township 洞井瑶族乡: Baoliang 保良\nJiaojiang Yao 蕉江瑶. The Jiaojiang Yao speak a form of Pinghua of the same name (Jiaojiang Yao 蕉江瑶语).\nXishan Township 西山瑶族乡: Daping 大坪, Batang 扒塘, Jiangkou 江口, Henglutou 横路头, Zhendongjiang 正东江\nHongqi Township 红旗乡: Fanshen 翻身, Matou 马头, Dayuan 大源, Yutang 鱼塘","title":"Ethnic subgroups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Climate data for Guanyang (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n30.7(87.3)\n\n32.8(91.0)\n\n34.1(93.4)\n\n35.4(95.7)\n\n36.9(98.4)\n\n39.2(102.6)\n\n39.0(102.2)\n\n38.2(100.8)\n\n36.0(96.8)\n\n32.9(91.2)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n39.2(102.6)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n10.8(51.4)\n\n13.5(56.3)\n\n17.1(62.8)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n32.7(90.9)\n\n29.6(85.3)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n9.4(48.9)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n19.5(67.1)\n\n14.3(57.7)\n\n8.9(48.0)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n4.4(39.9)\n\n6.7(44.1)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n15.3(59.5)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n24.1(75.4)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n14.9(58.9)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−3.3(26.1)\n\n−2.3(27.9)\n\n−0.7(30.7)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n9.0(48.2)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n11.5(52.7)\n\n3.8(38.8)\n\n−1.0(30.2)\n\n−5.5(22.1)\n\n−5.5(22.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n82.7(3.26)\n\n93.7(3.69)\n\n162.0(6.38)\n\n197.9(7.79)\n\n259.6(10.22)\n\n254.5(10.02)\n\n161.6(6.36)\n\n119.0(4.69)\n\n59.3(2.33)\n\n67.6(2.66)\n\n78.4(3.09)\n\n61.4(2.42)\n\n1,597.7(62.91)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n15.2\n\n14.3\n\n19.6\n\n18.4\n\n18.7\n\n18.2\n\n14.0\n\n14.4\n\n9.4\n\n8.1\n\n9.8\n\n10.8\n\n170.9\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n2.6\n\n1.2\n\n0.1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0.9\n\n4.8\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n78\n\n79\n\n82\n\n81\n\n82\n\n83\n\n78\n\n78\n\n77\n\n75\n\n75\n\n74\n\n79\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n49.3\n\n47.8\n\n50.9\n\n78.8\n\n104.1\n\n111.8\n\n191.2\n\n175.4\n\n136.4\n\n117.7\n\n100.4\n\n86.3\n\n1,250.1\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n15\n\n15\n\n14\n\n21\n\n25\n\n27\n\n46\n\n44\n\n37\n\n33\n\n31\n\n26\n\n28\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[3][4]","title":"Climate"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：灌阳县 (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2023/45/03/450327.html","url_text":"2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：灌阳县"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China","url_text":"National Bureau of Statistics of China"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"中国气象数据网"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guanyang_County¶ms=25_29_N_111_09_E_region:CN-45_type:adm3rd_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"25°29′N 111°09′E / 25.483°N 111.150°E / 25.483; 111.150"},{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Guanyang_County&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Guanyang_County","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guanyang_County¶ms=25_29_N_111_09_E_region:CN-45_type:adm3rd_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"25°29′N 111°09′E / 25.483°N 111.150°E / 25.483; 111.150"},{"Link":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2023/45/03/450327.html","external_links_name":"2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：灌阳县"},{"Link":"http://www.gxdqw.com/bin/mse.exe?seachword=&K=c&A=80&rec=326&run=13","external_links_name":"http://www.gxdqw.com/bin/mse.exe?seachword=&K=c&A=80&rec=326&run=13"},{"Link":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"Link":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1273269/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/131802617","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007540292105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr95035090","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36716994","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guanyang_County&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Monuments_of_Chile | List of National Monuments of Chile | ["1 Definition and categories","1.1 Historic monuments","1.2 Public monuments","1.3 Archaeological monuments","1.4 Typical or picturesque zones","1.5 Nature sanctuaries","2 See also","3 External links"] | This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2024)
This article may be a rough translation from Spanish. It may have been generated, in whole or in part, by a computer or by a translator without dual proficiency. Please help to enhance the translation. The original article is under "español" in the "languages" list.
If you have just labeled this article as needing attention, please add{{subst:Needtrans|pg=List of National Monuments of Chile |language=es |comments= }} ~~~~to the bottom of the WP:PNTCU section on Wikipedia:Pages needing translation into English. (February 2024)
Agustín Ross Cultural Centre, a historic monument in Pichilemu
The National Monuments of Chile (Spanish: Monumentos Nacionales de Chile), also abbreviated MN, are the legally protected constructions, elements and places that form part of the country's cultural heritage. They are national heritage sites that are an important part of the culture of Chile.
Definition and categories
Law N° 17.288 concerning national monuments stipulates that:
National monuments are places, ruins, constructions or objects of historical or artistic character; burial sites or cemeteries or other remains of aborigines, anthropo-archaeological, paleontological or natural formation pieces or objects, which exist under or on the surface of the national territory or underwater within its jurisdictional waters and whose conservation is of interest to history, art or science, and are under the custody and protection of the State; sanctuaries of nature; monuments, statues, columns, pyramids, fountains, plaques, crowns, inscriptions and, in general, objects that are destined to remain in a public place, with a commemorative character.— Law 17288 of National Monuments, Article. 1, National Monuments Council.
As of October 2008 there are 938 national monuments. They are grouped into the following categories:
Historic monuments (633).
Public monuments (150).
Archaeological monuments (21).
Typical or picturesque zones (95).
Nature sanctuaries (39).
Historic monuments
Historic monuments are defined as:
...those places, ruins, constructions and objects of fiscal, municipal or private property that, due to their quality and historical or artistic interest or due to their antiquity, are declared as such by supreme decree, issued at the request and prior agreement of the Council.— Law N° 17.288 of National Monuments, art. 9, De los Monumentos Históricos.
In the register of the National Monuments Council, there are 633 historic monuments as of October 2008. These include:
Aduana de Antofagasta
Agustín Ross Cultural Centre
Clipper Ambassador
Biblioteca de Santiago
Capilla San Juan de Dios, Chillán
Casa Lo Contador
Cerro Santa Lucía
Chacabuco
Chapel of former Lazareto de San Vicente de Paul
Chivilingo Hydroelectric Plant
Constitucion Talca Ramal
Cousiño Palace
Escuela de Artes y Oficios
Estación Central
Estación Mapocho
Estadio Nacional de Chile
Funicular railways of Valparaíso
Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works
Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes
Iglesia San Francisco del Monte
Iglesias de Chiloé
La Moneda Palace
Larmahue water wheels
Londres 38
Melbourne Clark company wharf
Monastery of the Holy Trinity (Las Condes)
Morro de Arica
National Library of Chile
Palace of Cerro Castillo
Palaces in Santiago
Ruins of Huanchaca
St. Paul's Cathedral (Valparaíso)
Santiago Stock Exchange
Trolleybus system of Valparaíso
Valdivieso advertising sign
Villa Grimaldi
Votive Temple of Maipú
Wulff Castle
Public monuments
Public Monuments are all commemerative objects in public places.
The National Monuments Council is trying to create a register in which all public monuments can be listed, using information from the local authorities. As of October 2008, there are 150 public monuments on the list. These include
Hito al Trópico de Capricornio
Archaeological monuments
Archaeologic monuments are defined as:
places, ruins, deposits and anthropo-archaeologic pieces that exist under or on the national territory surface.— Law N° 17.288 of National Monuments, art. 21, De los Monumentos Arqueológicos
As of October 2008, the register of the National Monuments Council lists 21 archaeological monuments. These include:
Monte Verde
Pukara of La Compañía
Pukará de Quitor
Tulor
Typical or picturesque zones
Urban or rural properties that form a unity and are notable by their style, materiality or constructiontechnique are designated as typical or picturesque zones:
With the purpose to hold the environmental nature proper of some towns or places where could exist archaeologic ruins, or ruins and buildings declared Historic Monuments, the National Monuments Council can request to be declared of public interest the protection and preservation of these towns or places, or some zones of them.— Law N° 17.288 of National Monuments, art. 29, De la Conservación de los Caracteres Ambientales.
In the register of the National Monuments Council, as of October 2008, there are 95 typical zones. These include:
Andacollo
Angelmó
Barrio Concha y Toro
Barrio París-Londres
Cajón del Maipo
Historic centre of Chanco
Elqui River Valley
Humberstone
Historic centre of Iquique
Historic centre of Los Andes
Market building, Chillán
Paseo Atkinson
Pichilemu
Plaza de Armas, Former National Congress of Chile building, and nearby buildings, Santiago
Plazuela Marcelino Champagnat
Recova de la Serena
Ruta del Vino
Sewell, Chile
Túnel del Cristo Redentor
Viaducto del Malleco
Nature sanctuaries
Sala y Gómez Island
Nature sanctuaries are defined as:
Are sanctuaries of nature all of the terrestrial or marine sites that could offer special possibilities for studies and geologic, paleontologic, zoologic, botanic or ecologic investigations, or that have natural formations, which conservation could be of interest for the science or for the State.— Law N° 17.288 of National Monuments, art. 31, De los Santuarios de la naturaleza e investigaciones científicas.
39 nature sanctuaries have been designated.
See also
List of National Monuments of Chile by region
External links
Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ross_Casino,_June_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Agustín Ross Cultural Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Ross_Cultural_Centre"},{"link_name":"Pichilemu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichilemu"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"cultural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage"},{"link_name":"national heritage sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_heritage_site"},{"link_name":"culture of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Chile"}],"text":"Agustín Ross Cultural Centre, a historic monument in PichilemuThe National Monuments of Chile (Spanish: Monumentos Nacionales de Chile), also abbreviated MN, are the legally protected constructions, elements and places that form part of the country's cultural heritage. They are national heritage sites that are an important part of the culture of Chile.","title":"List of National Monuments of Chile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"National Monuments Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_de_Monumentos_Nacionales"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Monuments_of_Chile&action=edit"}],"text":"Law N° 17.288 concerning national monuments stipulates that:National monuments are places, ruins, constructions or objects of historical or artistic character; burial sites or cemeteries or other remains of aborigines, anthropo-archaeological, paleontological or natural formation pieces or objects, which exist under or on the surface of the national territory or underwater within its jurisdictional waters and whose conservation is of interest to history, art or science, and are under the custody and protection of the State; sanctuaries of nature; monuments, statues, columns, pyramids, fountains, plaques, crowns,[clarification needed] inscriptions and, in general, objects that are destined to remain in a public place, with a commemorative character.— Law 17288 of National Monuments, Article. 1, National Monuments Council.As of October 2008[update] there are 938 national monuments. They are grouped into the following categories:Historic monuments (633).\nPublic monuments (150).\nArchaeological monuments (21).\nTypical or picturesque zones (95).\nNature sanctuaries (39).","title":"Definition and categories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Monuments_of_Chile&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Aduana de Antofagasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museo_Regional_de_Antofagasta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agustín Ross Cultural Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Ross_Cultural_Centre"},{"link_name":"Clipper Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador_(clipper)"},{"link_name":"Biblioteca de Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_de_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Capilla San Juan de Dios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capilla_San_Juan_de_Dios&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Casa Lo Contador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casa_Lo_Contador&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cerro Santa Lucía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Santa_Luc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Chacabuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacabuco"},{"link_name":"Chapel of former Lazareto de San Vicente de Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapel_of_former_Lazareto_de_San_Vicente_de_Paul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chivilingo Hydroelectric Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivilingo_Hydroelectric_Plant"},{"link_name":"Constitucion Talca Ramal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitucion_Talca_Ramal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cousiño Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_Cousi%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Escuela de Artes y Oficios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escuela_de_Artes_y_Oficios_(Chile)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Estación Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estaci%C3%B3n_Central_de_Ferrocarriles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Estación Mapocho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaci%C3%B3n_Mapocho"},{"link_name":"Estadio Nacional de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"Funicular railways of Valparaíso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funicular_railways_of_Valpara%C3%ADso"},{"link_name":"Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberstone_and_Santa_Laura_Saltpeter_Works"},{"link_name":"Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_las_Mercedes_(Papudo)"},{"link_name":"Iglesia San Francisco del Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iglesia_San_Francisco_del_Monte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iglesias de Chiloé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iglesias_de_Chilo%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Moneda Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Moneda_Palace"},{"link_name":"Larmahue water wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larmahue_water_wheels&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Londres 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres_38"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Clark company wharf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melbourne_Clark_company_wharf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monastery of the Holy Trinity (Las Condes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Holy_Trinity_(Las_Condes)"},{"link_name":"Morro de Arica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morro_de_Arica"},{"link_name":"National Library of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Palace of Cerro Castillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Cerro_Castillo"},{"link_name":"Palaces in Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palacios_en_Santiago_de_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ruins of Huanchaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruins_of_Huanchaca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's Cathedral (Valparaíso)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_(Valpara%C3%ADso)"},{"link_name":"Santiago Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Trolleybus system of Valparaíso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Valpara%C3%ADso"},{"link_name":"Valdivieso advertising sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdivieso_advertising_sign"},{"link_name":"Villa Grimaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Grimaldi"},{"link_name":"Votive Temple of Maipú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votive_Temple_of_Maip%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Wulff Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulff_Castle"}],"sub_title":"Historic monuments","text":"Historic monuments are defined as:...those places, ruins, constructions and objects of fiscal, municipal or private property that, due to their quality and historical or artistic interest or due to their antiquity, are declared as such by supreme decree, issued at the request and prior agreement of the Council.— Law N° 17.288 of National Monuments, art. 9, De los Monumentos Históricos.In the register of the National Monuments Council, there are 633 historic monuments as of October 2008[update]. These include:Aduana de Antofagasta\nAgustín Ross Cultural Centre\nClipper Ambassador\nBiblioteca de Santiago\nCapilla San Juan de Dios, Chillán\nCasa Lo Contador\nCerro Santa Lucía\nChacabuco\nChapel of former Lazareto de San Vicente de Paul\nChivilingo Hydroelectric Plant\nConstitucion Talca Ramal\nCousiño Palace\nEscuela de Artes y Oficios\nEstación Central\nEstación Mapocho\nEstadio Nacional de Chile\nFunicular railways of Valparaíso\nHumberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works\nIglesia de Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes\nIglesia San Francisco del Monte\nIglesias de Chiloé\nLa Moneda Palace\nLarmahue water wheels\nLondres 38\nMelbourne Clark company wharf\nMonastery of the Holy Trinity (Las Condes)\nMorro de Arica\nNational Library of Chile\nPalace of Cerro Castillo\nPalaces in Santiago\nRuins of Huanchaca\nSt. Paul's Cathedral (Valparaíso)\nSantiago Stock Exchange\nTrolleybus system of Valparaíso\nValdivieso advertising sign\nVilla Grimaldi\nVotive Temple of Maipú\nWulff Castle","title":"Definition and categories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Monuments Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Monuments_Council_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Monuments_of_Chile&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Hito al Trópico de Capricornio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hito_al_Tr%C3%B3pico_de_Capricornio&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Public monuments","text":"Public Monuments are all commemerative objects in public places.The National Monuments Council is trying to create a register in which all public monuments can be listed, using information from the local authorities. As of October 2008[update], there are 150 public monuments on the list. These includeHito al Trópico de Capricornio","title":"Definition and categories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Monuments_of_Chile&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Monte Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Verde"},{"link_name":"Pukara of La Compañía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukara_of_La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Pukará de Quitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukar%C3%A1_de_Quitor"},{"link_name":"Tulor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulor"}],"sub_title":"Archaeological monuments","text":"Archaeologic monuments are defined as:places, ruins, deposits and anthropo-archaeologic pieces that exist under or on the national territory surface.— Law N° 17.288 of National Monuments, art. 21, De los Monumentos ArqueológicosAs of October 2008[update], the register of the National Monuments Council lists 21 archaeological monuments. These include:Monte Verde\nPukara of La Compañía\nPukará de Quitor\nTulor","title":"Definition and categories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Monuments_of_Chile&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Andacollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andacollo_(Chile)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Angelmó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelm%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barrio Concha y Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrio_Concha_y_Toro"},{"link_name":"Barrio París-Londres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrio_Par%C3%ADs-Londres"},{"link_name":"Cajón del Maipo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n_del_Maipo"},{"link_name":"Historic centre of Chanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanco,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Elqui River Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elqui_River"},{"link_name":"Humberstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberstone_and_Santa_Laura_Saltpeter_Works"},{"link_name":"Historic centre of Iquique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquique"},{"link_name":"Historic centre of Los Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Andes_(Chile)#Monumentos"},{"link_name":"Chillán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chill%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Paseo Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paseo_Atkinson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pichilemu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichilemu"},{"link_name":"Plaza de Armas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_de_Armas_(Santiago)"},{"link_name":"Former National Congress of Chile building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_National_Congress_of_Chile_building"},{"link_name":"Plazuela Marcelino Champagnat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plazuela_Marcelino_Champagnat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Recova de la Serena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Recova_de_La_Serena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ruta del Vino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruta_del_Vino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sewell, Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewell,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Túnel del Cristo Redentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BAnel_del_Cristo_Redentor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Viaducto del Malleco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viaducto_del_Malleco"}],"sub_title":"Typical or picturesque zones","text":"Urban or rural properties that form a unity and are notable by their style, materiality or constructiontechnique are designated as typical or picturesque zones:With the purpose to hold the environmental nature proper of some towns or places where could exist archaeologic ruins, or ruins and buildings declared Historic Monuments, the National Monuments Council can request to be declared of public interest the protection and preservation of these towns or places, or some zones of them.— Law N° 17.288 of National Monuments, art. 29, De la Conservación de los Caracteres Ambientales.In the register of the National Monuments Council, as of October 2008[update], there are 95 typical zones. These include:Andacollo\nAngelmó\nBarrio Concha y Toro\nBarrio París-Londres\nCajón del Maipo\nHistoric centre of Chanco\nElqui River Valley\nHumberstone\nHistoric centre of Iquique\nHistoric centre of Los Andes\nMarket building, Chillán\nPaseo Atkinson\nPichilemu\nPlaza de Armas, Former National Congress of Chile building, and nearby buildings, Santiago\nPlazuela Marcelino Champagnat\nRecova de la Serena\nRuta del Vino\nSewell, Chile\nTúnel del Cristo Redentor\nViaducto del Malleco","title":"Definition and categories"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SalaYGomez.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sala y Gómez Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sala_y_G%C3%B3mez_Island"}],"sub_title":"Nature sanctuaries","text":"Sala y Gómez IslandNature sanctuaries are defined as:Are sanctuaries of nature all of the terrestrial or marine sites that could offer special possibilities for studies and geologic, paleontologic, zoologic, botanic or ecologic investigations, or that have natural formations, which conservation could be of interest for the science or for the State.— Law N° 17.288 of National Monuments, art. 31, De los Santuarios de la naturaleza e investigaciones científicas.39 nature sanctuaries have been designated.","title":"Definition and categories"}] | [{"image_text":"Agustín Ross Cultural Centre, a historic monument in Pichilemu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ross_Casino%2C_June_2010.jpg/280px-Ross_Casino%2C_June_2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sala y Gómez Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/SalaYGomez.jpg/220px-SalaYGomez.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of National Monuments of Chile by region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Monuments_of_Chile_by_region"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Monuments_of_Chile&action=edit","external_links_name":"enhance the translation"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Monuments_of_Chile&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Monuments_of_Chile&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Monuments_of_Chile&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Monuments_of_Chile&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Monuments_of_Chile&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.monumentos.gob.cl/","external_links_name":"Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDon | iDon | ["1 Reception","2 Background","3 Conception","3.1 Production","4 Promotion","4.1 Singles","4.2 Tour","5 Track listing","6 Chart performance","7 Sales and certifications","8 Credits","9 References","10 External links"] | 2009 studio album by Don OmariDonStudio album by Don OmarReleasedApril 28, 2009Recorded2008Genre
Reggaeton
hip hop
electro
rock
EDM
Length42 minutes (Standard edition) LabelMacheteProducer
Don Omar (exec)
Diesel
Danny Fornaris
Echo
Effect-O, Lex
Robin.
Don Omar chronology
El Pentágono: The Return(2008)
iDon(2009)
Meet the Orphans(2010)
Alternative coversAmazon/Alternative cover
Singles from iDon
"Virtual Diva"Released: February 3, 2009
"Sexy Robótica"Released: June 5, 2009
"Ciao Bella"Released: August 18, 2009
"Blue Zone"Released: 2010 (Venezuela only)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
iDon (also stylized as iDON and idon) is the third studio album by Puerto Rican reggaeton performer Don Omar released worldwide on April 28, 2009, through Universal Music Group and Machete Music. The album was assumed to be named Icon when news of the upcoming album circulated the internet, but was later confirmed to be named iDon in November 2008.
Reception
The album received a nomination for the Billboard Latin Music Award for Latin Rhythm Album of the Year in 2010. Also the album was received nomination for the Latin Grammy Awards for Best Urban Music Album in 2009.
And sold 200,000 copies in the Middle East, and in the US sold 100,000 copies estimated, and the album sold most over 4 million digital download and movile, including sales singles. Don Omar was cover in the magazine Billboard by sales digital in the history and was of the best covers Latin of Billboard. The album was recognized as the album of the future by Billboard.
Don Omar made conference Billboard Latin Music Awards for album IDon, also made one performance Billboard Latin Music Awards on 2009.
Background
iDON, the album, is an epic musical event that represents the new chapter in the Don Omar saga. The album, scheduled for an April 28 release, is the brand new studio album that details the transformation of the visionary recording artist into iDON, a half man-half machine creation. A transformation of the international superstar into a cybernetic being.— Machete Music, Universal Music Group
Conception
The concept of the album was revealed when Universal Music Group described the music on the album as "an evolution of Don Omar's music fusing electronic, dance, hip-hop and reggaeton sounds as the musical landscape for the Latin music superstar's revolutionary lyrics." The label also stated that the album "will be supported by visual and marketing campaign elements focused on positioning Don Omar as the defining artist for the digital age and the leader of the music world's next generation." The record label also described iDon to be "one of the most anticipated albums in the history of Latin music." As stated above, the album is expected to have an overall electro-dance vibe with an urban touch to it.
Production
The album is mainly produced by long-time working reggaeton producer Diesel, who also produced one of Don Omar's well known singles, "Salió El Sol." The album will also include addition production from Danny Fornaris, Echo and Effect-O. It was originally believed to also include album collaborations with Marcy Place, a bachata group founded by Don Omar. It was later confirmed that they would not be performing with Don Omar on his third studio album.
Promotion
Singles
The lead single, "Virtual Diva", was released through nationwide airplay in December 2008, and has since become the most requested song at urban radio, reaching the number-one position on the Billboard Latin Rhythm Airplay chart. It was then released on both digital and mobile formats on February 3, 2009, in the United States. The song was written and produced by Don Omar and Diesel, and has a more upbeat electro-urban mix in the sound, which was considered something new for Don Omar. It was the most successful single from the album at the time of its release, peaking at number 10 on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart. A music video for "Virtual Diva" was produced and filmed in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It was announced around the end of January 2009 after a performance with Marcy Place at the Providence Club in New York City that he would be traveling by the end of the week to Argentina to begin filming. The video was finished with production on February 13, 2009, when it was announced that Don Omar had already concluded with filming. The video will feature Argentinean model Ingrid Grudke, who portrays a doctor who wants to perform a grand experiment transforming Don Omar into half-man, half-machine. The song was also performed live for the first time on the MTV Tr3́s variety series Entertainment as a Second Language on February 26, 2009.
"Sexy Robotica" is the official second single from the album on June 5, 2009. A music video for "Sexy Robotica" was released on July 10, 2009.
"Ciao Bella" is the official third single from iDon, it was released on August 18, 2009. A salsa version was released to promote the single.
Other notable songs
Although "Blue Zone" was not released officially as a single, it charted at number #5 on the Record Report Latin chart from Venezuela, and was considered a successful single.
Tour
Don Omar is expected to be touring in 2010, in promotion of his re-edition third studio album iDon. As confirmed on his MySpace profile, dates and locations of his concert tour have yet to be released, and are likely to be released on the day of the album's re-release.
Track listing
Standard edition
No.TitleProducer(s)Length1."The Chosen"Diesel3:512."Virtual Diva"Diesel3:593."Blue Zone"Danny Fornaris3:314."Ciao Bella"Echo4:245."Oasis"Echo, Effect-O4:246."Sexy Robótica"Lex, Robin, Danny Fornaris3:547."How We Roll"Lex, Robin4:068."Galactic Blues"Danny Fornaris4:019."CO2"Danny Fornaris3:0110."SCI-FI"Lex, Robin3:40
Bonus Tracks
No.TitleProducer(s)Length11."Virtual Diva (Urban Mambo Remix)" (iTunes Bonus Track) 3:2912."Club 3000" (iTunes Pre-Order Bonus Track)Echo, Effect-O5:03
Chart performance
Chart (2009)
Peakposition
Argentina Albums Chart
11
Mexican Albums Chart
51
Spanish Albums Chart
31
U.S. Billboard Top Latin Albums
1
U.S. Billboard Latin Rhythm Albums
1
U.S. Billboard Top Rap Albums
9
U.S. Billboard 200
32
Sales and certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Argentina (CAPIF)
Gold
20,000^
Chile
Platinum
75,000
Paraguay
Gold
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Credits
Philip Chiore - engineer, mixing
Kiley Del'Valle - design
Mateo Garcia - photography
Nanette Lamboy - public relations
William Omar Landron - executive producer
Adam Torres - management
References
^ "IDon Review by David Jeffries". All Music.
^ "Don Omar King and Kingmaker". BMI.
^ "Don Omar se transforma en IDon". Nacion.
^ "Amazon.com: Virtual Diva: MP3 Downloads: Don Omar by Don Omar". Amazon MP3 (Amazon.com). Accessed on 5 February 2009
^ "La nueva canción de Don Omar es Ciao Bella". tropicanafm.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
^ Allmusic review
^ Lanzamiento de iDon - Event Details. UniversalMusica.com. Accessed on 15 February 2009
^ "Don Omar actuará en Argentina Y Uruguay como parte de su gira 2008". EFE (in Spanish). Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
^ "Premios Billboard De La Música Latina 2010". La Higuera Net (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-10.
^ "Best Urban Music Album". Latin Recording Academy (Grammy). Retrieved 2023-03-10.
^ "Análisis: El momento en que Don Omar desafio una industria completa". Corazon Urbano (in Spanish). 2018-09-29. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
^ "Don Omar Talks New Album, Fast and Furious". Billboard. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
^ "Enter The Matrix". Billboard. 25 April 2009. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
^ ""2009. Don Omar considerado uno de los Reyes del Reggaetón, hizo de esta portada algo inolvidable"".
^ "The Latin Issue featuring Don Omar The Reggaeton star plugs in for digital sales with IDon and an iPhone App". Billboard. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
^ ""Las mejores Portadas Latinas de Billboard"".
^ "Don Omar Is Leaping Into The Future With IDon". Billboard. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
^ "Don Omar Gives Keynote At Billboard Latin Music Confab". Billboard. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
^ "Flex Takes Eight Billboard Latin Music Awards". Billboard. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ "Don Omar "Virtual Diva" Available Today in Mobile and Digital Formats". Machete Music (in English and Spanish). Universal Music Group. 3 February 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
^ "Don Omar Performs On Launch of MTV Tr3s E.S.L." (in English and Spanish). Universal Music Group. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 27 February 2009.
^ a b Don Omar Biography. UniversalMusica.com. Accessed on 15 February 2009
^ a b c Ortiz, Jorge (2009-02-09). "Grupo Marcy Place asegura que su padrino Don Omar es exigente en el trabajo". Billboard en español. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
^ Latin Rhythm Airplay - "Virtual Diva". Billboard. (Nielsen Business Media, Inc.). Retrieved on 3 February 2009
^ Hot Latin Songs - "Virtual Diva". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved on 19 February 2009
^ "Don Omar rodará su nuevo video en Argentina". Infobae. 2009-01-20. Retrieved 2009-02-09.
^ "Don Omar graba en Argentina el videoclip de su último tema, "Virtual diva"". 2009-02-13. Archived from the original on 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
^ Exclusive Images from "Virtual Diva" Video Shoot - 2009/02/13. UniversalMusica.com. Accessed on 15 February 2009
^ Herrera, Monica (2009-02-26). "Video: Sneak Peek at Don Omar's Performance on Debut Episode of "E.S.L."". Latina. Latina Media Ventures, LLC. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
^ Blue Zone (Comenzo el Bayu) sigue cosechando exito en Venezuela meettheorphans.com.ar Retrieved 2010-08-25.
^ CAPIF - Representando a la Industria Argentina de la Musica > iDon by Don Omar CAPIF.org.ar
^ Don Omar -Mexican album charts Archived 2012-03-21 at the Wayback Machine Mexicancharts.com
^ Don Omar -Spanish album charts Spanishcharts.com
^ Top Latin Albums for Don Omar Billboard.com
^ "Don Omar Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
^ Top Rap Albums for Don Omar Billboard.com
^ Billboard 200 Albums for Don Omar Billboard.com
^ "Prepara Don Omar Espectaculo Para Su Gira 2010". LaChicuela.com. December 21, 2009.
^ "Don Omar ya es disco de platino | ELPINGUINO.COM". elpinguino.com.
^ "Don Omar dice "pobreza sí se puede combatir"".
^ "Don Omar en Paraguay". ultimahora.com.
External links
iDon.com
vteDon Omar
Awards and nominations
Collaborations
Discography
Videography
Studio albums
The Last Don (2003)
King of Kings (2006)
iDon (2009)
Meet the Orphans (2010)
MTO²: New Generation (2012)
The Last Don 2 (2015)
Live albums
The Last Don Live (2004)
King of Kings: Live (2007)
Collaboration albums
Los Bandoleros (2005)
Da Hitman Presents Reggaetón Latino (2005)
Los Bandoleros Reloaded (2006)
El Pentágono (2007)
El Pentágono: The Return (2008)
Singles
"Dale Don Dale"
"Dile"
"Intocable"
"Angelito"
"Conteo"
"Salió el Sol"
"Virtual Diva"
"Sexy Robótica"
"Ciao Bella"
"Danza Kuduro"
"Taboo"
"Dutty Love"
"Hasta Que Salga el Sol"
"Zumba"
"Bandoleros"
"Feeling Hot"
"Ella y Yo"
"Chillin'"
"Run the Show"
"Ámame o Mátame"
"Sin Contrato"
"Hasta Abajo"
Video/live albums
The Last Don: Live (2004)
King of Kings: Live (2007)
Tours
King of Kings World Tour
Machete Music Tour 2010
The Kingdom Tour
Related articles
Orfanato Music Group
All Star Records
Fast & Furious
Luny Tunes
Tainy
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reggaeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaeton"},{"link_name":"Don Omar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Omar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Machete Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete_Music"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"iDon (also stylized as iDON and idon) is the third studio album by Puerto Rican reggaeton performer Don Omar released worldwide[7] on April 28, 2009, through Universal Music Group and Machete Music. The album was assumed to be named Icon when news of the upcoming album circulated the internet, but was later confirmed to be named iDon in November 2008.[8]","title":"iDon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Latin Music Award for Latin Rhythm Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Latin_Music_Award_for_Latin_Rhythm_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Latin Grammy Awards for Best Urban Music Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Billboard Latin Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Latin_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"Billboard Latin Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Latin_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The album received a nomination for the Billboard Latin Music Award for Latin Rhythm Album of the Year in 2010.[9] Also the album was received nomination for the Latin Grammy Awards for Best Urban Music Album in 2009.[10]And sold 200,000 copies in the Middle East,[11] and in the US sold 100,000 copies estimated,[12] and the album sold most over 4 million digital download and movile, including sales singles.[13] Don Omar was cover in the magazine Billboard by sales digital in the history[14][15] and was of the best covers Latin of Billboard.[16] The album was recognized as the album of the future by Billboard.[17]Don Omar made conference Billboard Latin Music Awards for album IDon,[18] also made one performance Billboard Latin Music Awards on 2009.[19]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"iDON, the album, is an epic musical event that represents the new chapter in the Don Omar saga. The album, scheduled for an April 28 release, is the brand new studio album that details the transformation of the visionary recording artist into iDON, a half man-half machine creation. A transformation of the international superstar into a cybernetic being.[20]— Machete Music, Universal Music Group","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universal Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-um_bio-22"},{"link_name":"Latin music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_music"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-um_bio-22"},{"link_name":"electro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro_music"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_contemporary"}],"text":"The concept of the album was revealed when Universal Music Group described the music on the album as \"an evolution of Don Omar's music fusing electronic, dance, hip-hop and reggaeton sounds as the musical landscape for the Latin music superstar's revolutionary lyrics.\"[21] The label also stated that the album \"will be supported by visual and marketing campaign elements focused on positioning Don Omar as the defining artist for the digital age and the leader of the music world's next generation.\"[22] The record label also described iDon to be \"one of the most anticipated albums in the history of Latin music.\"[22] As stated above, the album is expected to have an overall electro-dance vibe with an urban touch to it.","title":"Conception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reggaeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaeton"},{"link_name":"Salió El Sol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sali%C3%B3_El_Sol"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_espanol_marcy-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_espanol_marcy-23"},{"link_name":"Marcy Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcy_Place&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bachata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachata_(music)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_espanol_marcy-23"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"The album is mainly produced by long-time working reggaeton producer Diesel, who also produced one of Don Omar's well known singles, \"Salió El Sol.\"[23] The album will also include addition production from Danny Fornaris, Echo and Effect-O.[23] It was originally believed to also include album collaborations with Marcy Place, a bachata group founded by Don Omar. It was later confirmed that they would not be performing with Don Omar on his third studio album.[23]","title":"Conception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virtual Diva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Diva"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Latin Rhythm Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Rhythm_Airplay_Chart"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latin_rhythm-24"},{"link_name":"digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Tracks"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Marcy Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcy_Place&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"MTV Tr3́s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Tr3%CC%81s"},{"link_name":"variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_show"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Sexy Robotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy_Robotica"},{"link_name":"Ciao Bella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciao_Bella_(song)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"The lead single, \"Virtual Diva\", was released through nationwide airplay in December 2008, and has since become the most requested song at urban radio, reaching the number-one position on the Billboard Latin Rhythm Airplay chart.[24] It was then released on both digital and mobile formats on February 3, 2009, in the United States. The song was written and produced by Don Omar and Diesel, and has a more upbeat electro-urban mix in the sound, which was considered something new for Don Omar. It was the most successful single from the album at the time of its release, peaking at number 10 on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart.[25] A music video for \"Virtual Diva\" was produced and filmed in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It was announced around the end of January 2009 after a performance with Marcy Place at the Providence Club in New York City that he would be traveling by the end of the week to Argentina to begin filming.[26] The video was finished with production on February 13, 2009, when it was announced that Don Omar had already concluded with filming.[27] The video will feature Argentinean model Ingrid Grudke, who portrays a doctor who wants to perform a grand experiment transforming Don Omar into half-man, half-machine.[28] The song was also performed live for the first time on the MTV Tr3́s variety series Entertainment as a Second Language on February 26, 2009.[29]\n\"Sexy Robotica\" is the official second single from the album on June 5, 2009. A music video for \"Sexy Robotica\" was released on July 10, 2009.\n\"Ciao Bella\" is the official third single from iDon, it was released on August 18, 2009. A salsa version was released to promote the single.Other notable songsAlthough \"Blue Zone\" was not released officially as a single, it charted at number #5 on the Record Report Latin chart from Venezuela, and was considered a successful single.[30]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MySpace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace"}],"sub_title":"Tour","text":"Don Omar is expected to be touring in 2010, in promotion of his re-edition third studio album iDon. As confirmed on his MySpace profile, dates and locations of his concert tour have yet to be released, and are likely to be released on the day of the album's re-release.","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virtual Diva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Diva"},{"link_name":"Ciao Bella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciao_Bella_(song)"},{"link_name":"Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Sexy Robótica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy_Rob%C3%B3tica"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"}],"text":"Standard editionNo.TitleProducer(s)Length1.\"The Chosen\"Diesel3:512.\"Virtual Diva\"Diesel3:593.\"Blue Zone\"Danny Fornaris3:314.\"Ciao Bella\"Echo4:245.\"Oasis\"Echo, Effect-O4:246.\"Sexy Robótica\"Lex, Robin, Danny Fornaris3:547.\"How We Roll\"Lex, Robin4:068.\"Galactic Blues\"Danny Fornaris4:019.\"CO2\"Danny Fornaris3:0110.\"SCI-FI\"Lex, Robin3:40Bonus TracksNo.TitleProducer(s)Length11.\"Virtual Diva (Urban Mambo Remix)\" (iTunes Bonus Track) 3:2912.\"Club 3000\" (iTunes Pre-Order Bonus Track)Echo, Effect-O5:03","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sales and certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Philip Chiore - engineer, mixing\nKiley Del'Valle - design\nMateo Garcia - photography\nNanette Lamboy - public relations\nWilliam Omar Landron - executive producer\nAdam Torres - management","title":"Credits"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"IDon Review by David Jeffries\". All Music.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/idon-mw0000814897","url_text":"\"IDon Review by David Jeffries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Omar King and Kingmaker\". BMI.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/don_omar_king_and_kingmaker","url_text":"\"Don Omar King and Kingmaker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Omar se transforma en IDon\". Nacion.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nacion.com/archivo/don-omar-se-transforma-en-em-idon-em/MXLCXCXPQFC3NIZW3W6QSE4NIY/story","url_text":"\"Don Omar se transforma en IDon\""}]},{"reference":"\"La nueva canción de Don Omar es Ciao Bella\". tropicanafm.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723144616/http://www.tropicanafm.com/nota.aspx?id=861460","url_text":"\"La nueva canción de Don Omar es Ciao Bella\""},{"url":"http://www.tropicanafm.com/nota.aspx?id=861460","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Don Omar actuará en Argentina Y Uruguay como parte de su gira 2008\". EFE (in Spanish). Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboardenespanol.com/musica/noticias/Don-Omar-actuar%C3%A1-en-Argentina-Y-Uruguay-como-parte-de-su-gira-2008/17230.article","url_text":"\"Don Omar actuará en Argentina Y Uruguay como parte de su gira 2008\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFE","url_text":"EFE"}]},{"reference":"\"Premios Billboard De La Música Latina 2010\". La Higuera Net (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lahiguera.net/musicalia/noticias/17720.html","url_text":"\"Premios Billboard De La Música Latina 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Urban Music Album\". Latin Recording Academy (Grammy). Retrieved 2023-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latingrammy.com/en/press-release/10th-annual-latin-grammy%C2%AE-nominations-represent-broad-spectrum-worldwide-artists","url_text":"\"Best Urban Music Album\""}]},{"reference":"\"Análisis: El momento en que Don Omar desafio una industria completa\". Corazon Urbano (in Spanish). 2018-09-29. Retrieved 2021-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://corazonurbano.com/analisis-el-momento-en-que-don-omar-desafio-una-industria-completa/","url_text":"\"Análisis: El momento en que Don Omar desafio una industria completa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Omar Talks New Album, Fast and Furious\". Billboard. Retrieved 2023-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/954606/don-omar-talks-new-album-fast-and-furious","url_text":"\"Don Omar Talks New Album, Fast and Furious\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Enter The Matrix\". Billboard. 25 April 2009. Retrieved 2023-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QdKeU1ZYfwsC&dq=don+omar+idon+billboard&pg=PT20","url_text":"\"Enter The Matrix\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"2009. Don Omar considerado uno de los Reyes del Reggaetón, hizo de esta portada algo inolvidable\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.univision.com/musica/las-mejores-portadas-latinas-de-billboard-fotos#fa7ff6a70000","url_text":"\"\"2009. Don Omar considerado uno de los Reyes del Reggaetón, hizo de esta portada algo inolvidable\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Latin Issue featuring Don Omar The Reggaeton star plugs in for digital sales with IDon and an iPhone App\". Billboard. Retrieved 2023-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://shop.billboard.com/products/billboard-back-issue-volume-121-issue-16","url_text":"\"The Latin Issue featuring Don Omar The Reggaeton star plugs in for digital sales with IDon and an iPhone App\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Las mejores Portadas Latinas de Billboard\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.univision.com/musica/las-mejores-portadas-latinas-de-billboard-fotos#efd699800000","url_text":"\"\"Las mejores Portadas Latinas de Billboard\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Omar Is Leaping Into The Future With IDon\". Billboard. Retrieved 2023-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/don-omar-is-leaping-into-the-future-with-idon-1271697/amp/?amp_gsa=1&_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=De%20%251%24s&aoh=16784041074112&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&share=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Fdon-omar-is-leaping-into-the-future-with-idon-1271697%2F","url_text":"\"Don Omar Is Leaping Into The Future With IDon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Omar Gives Keynote At Billboard Latin Music Confab\". Billboard. Retrieved 2023-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/don-omar-gives-keynote-at-billboard-latin-music-confab-1271500/amp/?amp_gsa=1&_js_v=","url_text":"\"Don Omar Gives Keynote At Billboard Latin Music Confab\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flex Takes Eight Billboard Latin Music Awards\". Billboard. Retrieved 2023-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/flex-takes-eight-billboard-latin-music-awards-268818/","url_text":"\"Flex Takes Eight Billboard Latin Music Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Omar \"Virtual Diva\" Available Today in Mobile and Digital Formats\". Machete Music (in English and Spanish). Universal Music Group. 3 February 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.universalmusica.com/machete/news/483","url_text":"\"Don Omar \"Virtual Diva\" Available Today in Mobile and Digital Formats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Omar Performs On Launch of MTV Tr3s E.S.L.\" (in English and Spanish). Universal Music Group. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 27 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.universalmusica.com/donomar/news/524","url_text":"\"Don Omar Performs On Launch of MTV Tr3s E.S.L.\""}]},{"reference":"Ortiz, Jorge (2009-02-09). \"Grupo Marcy Place asegura que su padrino Don Omar es exigente en el trabajo\". Billboard en español. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboardenespanol.com/musica/noticias/Grupo-Marcy-Place-asegura-que-su-padrino-Don-Omar-es-exigente-en-el-trabajo/25656.article","url_text":"\"Grupo Marcy Place asegura que su padrino Don Omar es exigente en el trabajo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Omar rodará su nuevo video en Argentina\". Infobae. 2009-01-20. Retrieved 2009-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infobae.com/contenidos/427096-100593-0-Don-Omar-rodar%c3%a1-su-nuevo-video-en-Argentina","url_text":"\"Don Omar rodará su nuevo video en Argentina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Omar graba en Argentina el videoclip de su último tema, \"Virtual diva\"\". 2009-02-13. Archived from the original on 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2016-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160314212017/http://noticias.lainformacion.com/arte-cultura-y-espectaculos/musica-popular/don-omar-graba-en-argentina-el-videoclip-de-su-ultimo-tema-virtual-diva_oZIb4z9lEnlUMgSXotnEd5/","url_text":"\"Don Omar graba en Argentina el videoclip de su último tema, \"Virtual diva\"\""},{"url":"http://noticias.lainformacion.com/arte-cultura-y-espectaculos/musica-popular/don-omar-graba-en-argentina-el-videoclip-de-su-ultimo-tema-virtual-diva_oZIb4z9lEnlUMgSXotnEd5/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Herrera, Monica (2009-02-26). \"Video: Sneak Peek at Don Omar's Performance on Debut Episode of \"E.S.L.\"\". Latina. Latina Media Ventures, LLC. Retrieved 2009-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latina.com/entertainment/tv/video-sneak-peek-don-omars-performance-debut-episode-esl","url_text":"\"Video: Sneak Peek at Don Omar's Performance on Debut Episode of \"E.S.L.\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Omar Chart History\". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/don-omar","url_text":"\"Don Omar Chart History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prepara Don Omar Espectaculo Para Su Gira 2010\". LaChicuela.com. December 21, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lachicuela.com/prepara-don-omar-espectaculo-para-su-gira-2010/","url_text":"\"Prepara Don Omar Espectaculo Para Su Gira 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Omar ya es disco de platino | ELPINGUINO.COM\". elpinguino.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpinguino.com/noticias/59584/Don-Omar-ya-es-disco-de-platino","url_text":"\"Don Omar ya es disco de platino | ELPINGUINO.COM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Omar dice \"pobreza sí se puede combatir\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diariolibre.com/revista/don-omar-dice-pobreza-s-se-puede-combatir-EJDL235375#:~:text=Omar%20Landr%C3%B3n%20Rivera.-,El%20cantante%2C%20que%20seg%C3%BAn%20record%C3%B3%20naci%C3%B3%20%22en%20un%20barrio%20muy,%C3%BAltimo%20disco%2C%20%22Idon%22","url_text":"\"Don Omar dice \"pobreza sí se puede combatir\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Omar en Paraguay\". ultimahora.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultimahora.com/don-omar-paraguay-n346737.html","url_text":"\"Don Omar en Paraguay\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/idon-mw0000814897","external_links_name":"\"IDon Review by David Jeffries\""},{"Link":"https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/don_omar_king_and_kingmaker","external_links_name":"\"Don Omar King and Kingmaker\""},{"Link":"https://www.nacion.com/archivo/don-omar-se-transforma-en-em-idon-em/MXLCXCXPQFC3NIZW3W6QSE4NIY/story","external_links_name":"\"Don Omar se transforma en IDon\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001QS1UEU","external_links_name":"\"Amazon.com: Virtual Diva: MP3 Downloads: Don Omar by Don Omar\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723144616/http://www.tropicanafm.com/nota.aspx?id=861460","external_links_name":"\"La nueva canción de Don Omar es Ciao Bella\""},{"Link":"http://www.tropicanafm.com/nota.aspx?id=861460","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1541923/review","external_links_name":"Allmusic review"},{"Link":"http://www.universalmusica.com/donomar/Events/437","external_links_name":"Lanzamiento de iDon - Event Details"},{"Link":"http://www.billboardenespanol.com/musica/noticias/Don-Omar-actuar%C3%A1-en-Argentina-Y-Uruguay-como-parte-de-su-gira-2008/17230.article","external_links_name":"\"Don Omar actuará en Argentina Y Uruguay como parte de su gira 2008\""},{"Link":"https://www.lahiguera.net/musicalia/noticias/17720.html","external_links_name":"\"Premios Billboard De La Música Latina 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.latingrammy.com/en/press-release/10th-annual-latin-grammy%C2%AE-nominations-represent-broad-spectrum-worldwide-artists","external_links_name":"\"Best Urban Music Album\""},{"Link":"https://corazonurbano.com/analisis-el-momento-en-que-don-omar-desafio-una-industria-completa/","external_links_name":"\"Análisis: El momento en que Don Omar desafio una industria completa\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/954606/don-omar-talks-new-album-fast-and-furious","external_links_name":"\"Don Omar Talks New Album, Fast and Furious\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QdKeU1ZYfwsC&dq=don+omar+idon+billboard&pg=PT20","external_links_name":"\"Enter The Matrix\""},{"Link":"https://www.univision.com/musica/las-mejores-portadas-latinas-de-billboard-fotos#fa7ff6a70000","external_links_name":"\"\"2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody%27s_Books | Cody's Books | ["1 History","2 Neighborhood booksellers","3 Moves and closure","3.1 Timeline","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°51′57″N 122°15′32″W / 37.8658°N 122.2589°W / 37.8658; -122.2589Bookstore based in Berkeley, California, US
Cody's BooksCody's Telegraph Avenue store held their closing sale July 4 – July 10, 2006Company typePrivate subsidiaryFoundedBerkeley, California (1956)FounderFred Cody & Pat CodyHeadquartersBerkeley, California, U.S.Key peopleFred Cody (Founder)Pat Cody (CEO)Andy Ross (Former President) Hiroshi Kagawa(President)ProductsBooksmagazinesOwnerIBC Publishing Group
Cody's Books (1956–2008) was an independent bookstore based in Berkeley, California. It "was a pioneer in bookselling, bringing the paperback revolution to Berkeley, fighting censorship, and providing a safe harbor from tear gas directed at anti-Vietnam War protesters throughout the 1960s and 1970s."
History
The restrooms at the Telegraph Avenue store, equipped with blackboards and chalk
The first store opened in 1956 on Euclid Avenue in Berkeley, California. It was founded by Fred (1916–1983) and Pat (1923–2010) Cody. It moved to a larger location on Telegraph Avenue in 1960. As the business expanded, it outgrew this property too. In 1962, Steve Van Strum joined the staff and built up the French and German book sales. In 1964, Van Strum's investment counsellor father put in a bid for an old gas station on a corner lot nearby. The bid was successful and the father gave the Cody's and his son a free hand to design a building fit for a good bookshop, one with high ceilings, plenty of light and soft wood and textiles to surround the books. Steve Van Strum created a poetry festival in the Spring of 1965 with an unusually large collection of 1,000 poetry titles on exhibit and on sale and poets reading on site. The bookshop moved to the new building in 1965, it becoming the largest store dedicated to paperbacks in the area. Van Strum was key to the growing international connections of the book store, attending the Frankfurt Book Fair and liaising with Oxford University Press. He left, with his wife Carol Van Strum and children, in 1968 after which the Cody's once again had the total responsibility of managing the store.
In 1968, "Cody's served as a first-aid station when anti-war protesters were tear gassed and clubbed just outside its Telegraph Avenue doors the store's employees were tending the wounded – anti-war protesters teargassed and clubbed by the police and the National Guard as protests broke out on Telegraph Avenue." In the early 1970s, Mario Savio worked as a clerk at the Telegraph Avenue store.
In 1977, the Cody's sold the store to Andy Ross, who owned it until 2006.
Cody's was best known for its extensive selection of poetry, literary, political, and scholarly titles.
On February 28, 1989, unknown persons threw a firebomb through the window of the store. It was thought that this was in response to the prominent display of Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses, which had been banned by a fatwa by Iranian clerics one month prior. An undetonated pipe bomb was subsequently discovered in the store. In response the staff unanimously voted to keep the book on display despite the attack and the increasing willingness of chain bookstores to bow to pressure to withdraw it.
Cody's pioneered a well-regarded author-reading series. Some prominent authors and notables who appeared at Cody's were: Tom Robbins, Norman Mailer, Ken Kesey, Alice Walker, Allen Ginsberg, Maurice Sendak, Bill Clinton, Jimmy Carter, Muhammad Ali, and Salman Rushdie.
In the 1980s, Cody's was a plaintiff in several anti-trust lawsuits charging that independent book sellers were discriminated against in favor of chain stores. Cody's owner, Andy Ross, was a prominent spokesperson supporting independent businesses against chain stores and Internet retailers.
Neighborhood booksellers
See also: Southside, Berkeley, California
Cody's was a core bookseller among a coterie of independent booksellers, which included Moe's Books (located nearly next door to Cody's), Pendragon/Pellucidar/Pegasus, Shakespeare & Co., Black Oak Books, Diesel, and others, all located in the region from North Berkeley to North Oakland. This region includes the University of California, Berkeley. Together they were members of a significant regional supporter of independent bookselling, The Northern California Independent Bookseller's Association, or NCIBA.
Moves and closure
The Telegraph store was the flagship store until it closed in 2006, sparking a controversy in the local press over the cause. One explanation given for the closure was that it was caused by pressure from corporate chains like Borders. The location remained vacant until 2016, when "Mad Monk, Center for Anachronistic Media" was opened, and operated for two years.
The Cody's San Francisco location closed in 2007 for a similar reason. Cody's was sold to Japanese book distributor Yohan, Inc. in September 2006.
In March 2008, the last remaining store moved from 4th Street to its final location on Shattuck Avenue due to a rent increase. Financial pressures forced the closure of the store for good on June 20, 2008.
The 2008 PBS TV documentary Paperback Dreams chronicles the related histories of Kepler's Books in Menlo Park, California and Cody's Books.
Timeline
Stores:
Euclid Avenue, Berkeley, 1956–1960
Telegraph Avenue and Dwight, Berkeley, 1960–1965
2454 Telegraph Avenue at Haste Street, Berkeley, 1965 – July 10, 2006
2 Stockton Street, San Francisco, 2005–2007
1730 4th St., Berkeley 1997–March 2008
2201 Shattuck Ave., Downtown Berkeley April 1, 2008 – June 19, 2008 then a final sale starting from August 14–August 22 or August 23, 2008
See also
Books portalSan Francisco Bay Area portal
Kepler's Books
Printers Inc. Bookstore
References
^ a b "The Bookstores". Paperback Dreams. KQED Public Television. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2016. (archived)
^ Cody, Pat; Cody, Fred (1992). Cody's Books: the life and times of a Berkeley bookstore, 1956 to 1977. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-0220-8.
^ "Stevens Van Strum". yale60.org. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
^ Herscher, Elaine (June 27, 1996). "Berkeley Celebrates 40-Year Love Affair With Cody's Books". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications Inc. pp. C–1. Retrieved August 13, 2008.
^ Glendinning, Chellis (May 14, 2019). In the Company of Rebels: A Generational Memoir of Bohemians, Deep Heads, and History Makers. New Village Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-61332-096-9.
^ Rosenfeld, Seth (October 10, 2004). "Mario Savio's FBI Odyssey". San Francisco Chronicle.
^ "Andy Ross Literary Agency: Andy". andyrossagency.com. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ "Giving to the University Library – UC Berkeley Library". berkeley.edu. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
^ Rubenstein, Steve (May 9, 2006). "Cody's Books to close flagship store in Berkeley". The San Francisco Chronicle.
^ Dropout, Steed (April 14, 2016). "Cody's Books Mad Comeback". Berkeley Reporter. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ Dalzell, Tom (August 15, 2016). "How Quirky is Berkeley? Mark Bulwinkle's sculpture inside the new Mad Monk". Berkeleyside. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ Zagub, Miriam (March 5, 2018). "Mad Monk Center for Anachronistic Media suddenly closes after 2 years of operation". The Daily Californian. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ Sarkar, Pia (April 6, 2007). "Cody's Books to leave S.F. — 'It just didn't work'". The San Francisco Chronicle.
^ Derrick (October 10, 2005). "Cody's Books on Union Square". SFist. Gothamist. Archived from the original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ "Goodbye Message". Cody's Books. June 20, 2008. Archived from the original on August 26, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ "Cody's Books Closes Permanently". East Bay Express. June 20, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ a b Taylor, Michael (June 23, 2008). "Cody's, landmark Berkeley bookstore, closes". SFGATE. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ "Cody's to close Stockton Street bookstore". The San Francisco Examiner. April 6, 2007. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
Further reading
Cody's Books : the life and times of a Berkeley bookstore, 1956–1977 by Pat and Fred Cody, San Francisco : Chronicle Books, 1992 (ISBN 0-8118-0220-5, ISBN 0-8118-0140-3)
Perman, Stacy. "Autopsy of an Indie Bookseller." Businessweek. January 12, 2009.
External links
Cody's Books: Paperback Dreams (archived)
"Last Cody's Bookstore Bids Farewell to Berkeley" - The Daily Californian
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
37°51′57″N 122°15′32″W / 37.8658°N 122.2589°W / 37.8658; -122.2589 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"independent bookstore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_bookstore"},{"link_name":"Berkeley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB_Dreams-1"}],"text":"Bookstore based in Berkeley, California, USCody's Books (1956–2008) was an independent bookstore based in Berkeley, California. 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It was founded by Fred (1916–1983) and Pat (1923–2010) Cody. It moved to a larger location on Telegraph Avenue in 1960. As the business expanded, it outgrew this property too. In 1962, Steve Van Strum joined the staff and built up the French and German book sales. In 1964, Van Strum's investment counsellor father put in a bid for an old gas station on a corner lot nearby. The bid was successful and the father gave the Cody's and his son a free hand to design a building fit for a good bookshop, one with high ceilings, plenty of light and soft wood and textiles to surround the books. Steve Van Strum created a poetry festival in the Spring of 1965 with an unusually large collection of 1,000 poetry titles on exhibit and on sale and poets reading on site. The bookshop moved to the new building in 1965, it becoming the largest store dedicated to paperbacks in the area. Van Strum was key to the growing international connections of the book store, attending the Frankfurt Book Fair and liaising with Oxford University Press. He left, with his wife Carol Van Strum and children, in 1968 after which the Cody's once again had the total responsibility of managing the store.[2][3]In 1968, \"Cody's served as a first-aid station […] when anti-war protesters were tear gassed and clubbed just outside its Telegraph Avenue doors […] the store's employees were tending the wounded – anti-war protesters teargassed and clubbed by the police and the National Guard as protests broke out on Telegraph Avenue.\"[4][5] In the early 1970s, Mario Savio worked as a clerk at the Telegraph Avenue store.[6]In 1977, the Cody's sold the store to Andy Ross, who owned it until 2006.[7]Cody's was best known for its extensive selection of poetry, literary, political, and scholarly titles.On February 28, 1989, unknown persons threw a firebomb through the window of the store. 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Cody's owner, Andy Ross, was a prominent spokesperson supporting independent businesses against chain stores and Internet retailers.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southside, Berkeley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southside,_Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"Black Oak Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Oak_Books"},{"link_name":"North Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Berkeley,_Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"North Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"}],"text":"See also: Southside, Berkeley, CaliforniaCody's was a core bookseller among a coterie of independent booksellers, which included Moe's Books (located nearly next door to Cody's), Pendragon/Pellucidar/Pegasus, Shakespeare & Co., Black Oak Books, Diesel, and others, all located in the region from North Berkeley to North Oakland. This region includes the University of California, Berkeley. Together they were members of a significant regional supporter of independent bookselling, The Northern California Independent Bookseller's Association, or NCIBA.","title":"Neighborhood booksellers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_Group"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-may92006-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-april2007-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Yohan, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yohan,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shattuck Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shattuck_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFGATE_2008-17"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"Paperback Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperback_Dreams"},{"link_name":"Kepler's Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%27s_Books"},{"link_name":"Menlo Park, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB_Dreams-1"}],"text":"The Telegraph store was the flagship store until it closed in 2006, sparking a controversy in the local press over the cause. One explanation given for the closure was that it was caused by pressure from corporate chains like Borders.[9] The location remained vacant until 2016, when \"Mad Monk, Center for Anachronistic Media\" was opened, and operated for two years.[10][11][12]The Cody's San Francisco location closed in 2007 for a similar reason.[13][14] Cody's was sold to Japanese book distributor Yohan, Inc. in September 2006.In March 2008, the last remaining store moved from 4th Street to its final location on Shattuck Avenue due to a rent increase. Financial pressures forced the closure of the store for good on June 20, 2008.[15][16][17]The 2008 PBS TV documentary Paperback Dreams chronicles the related histories of Kepler's Books in Menlo Park, California and Cody's Books.[1]","title":"Moves and closure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telegraph Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFGATE_2008-17"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Downtown Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Berkeley"}],"sub_title":"Timeline","text":"Stores:Euclid Avenue, Berkeley, 1956–1960\nTelegraph Avenue and Dwight, Berkeley, 1960–1965\n2454 Telegraph Avenue at Haste Street, Berkeley, 1965[17] – July 10, 2006\n2 Stockton Street, San Francisco, 2005–2007[18]\n1730 4th St., Berkeley 1997–March 2008\n2201 Shattuck Ave., Downtown Berkeley April 1, 2008 – June 19, 2008 then a final sale starting from August 14–August 22 or August 23, 2008","title":"Moves and closure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8118-0220-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8118-0220-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8118-0140-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8118-0140-3"},{"link_name":"Autopsy of an Indie Bookseller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090118221015/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/jan2009/sb20090112_080138.htm"},{"link_name":"Businessweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businessweek"}],"text":"Cody's Books : the life and times of a Berkeley bookstore, 1956–1977 by Pat and Fred Cody, San Francisco : Chronicle Books, 1992 (ISBN 0-8118-0220-5, ISBN 0-8118-0140-3)\nPerman, Stacy. \"Autopsy of an Indie Bookseller.\" Businessweek. January 12, 2009.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"The restrooms at the Telegraph Avenue store, equipped with blackboards and chalk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/CodysRestroom.jpg/220px-CodysRestroom.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg"},{"title":"Books portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Books"},{"title":"San Francisco Bay Area portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"title":"Kepler's Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%27s_Books"},{"title":"Printers Inc. Bookstore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printers_Inc._Bookstore"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Bookstores\". Paperback Dreams. KQED Public Television. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110217035444/http://paperbackdreams.com/index.php/about/the-bookstores/","url_text":"\"The Bookstores\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperback_Dreams","url_text":"Paperback Dreams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQED_(TV)","url_text":"KQED Public Television"},{"url":"http://paperbackdreams.com/index.php/about/the-bookstores/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cody, Pat; Cody, Fred (1992). Cody's Books: the life and times of a Berkeley bookstore, 1956 to 1977. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-0220-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-0220-8","url_text":"978-0-8118-0220-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Stevens Van Strum\". yale60.org. Retrieved May 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://yale60.org/stevens-van-strum/","url_text":"\"Stevens Van Strum\""}]},{"reference":"Herscher, Elaine (June 27, 1996). \"Berkeley Celebrates 40-Year Love Affair With Cody's Books\". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications Inc. pp. C–1. Retrieved August 13, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1996/06/27/MN65072.DTL","url_text":"\"Berkeley Celebrates 40-Year Love Affair With Cody's Books\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Communications_Inc.","url_text":"Hearst Communications Inc."}]},{"reference":"Glendinning, Chellis (May 14, 2019). In the Company of Rebels: A Generational Memoir of Bohemians, Deep Heads, and History Makers. New Village Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-61332-096-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HuadDwAAQBAJ&q=cody%27s&pg=PA3","url_text":"In the Company of Rebels: A Generational Memoir of Bohemians, Deep Heads, and History Makers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61332-096-9","url_text":"978-1-61332-096-9"}]},{"reference":"Rosenfeld, Seth (October 10, 2004). \"Mario Savio's FBI Odyssey\". San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Mario-Savio-s-FBI-Odyssey-How-the-man-who-2718306.php","url_text":"\"Mario Savio's FBI Odyssey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andy Ross Literary Agency: Andy\". andyrossagency.com. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.andyrossagency.com/andy.html","url_text":"\"Andy Ross Literary Agency: Andy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Giving to the University Library – UC Berkeley Library\". berkeley.edu. Retrieved June 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/give/bene53/codys.html","url_text":"\"Giving to the University Library – UC Berkeley Library\""}]},{"reference":"Rubenstein, Steve (May 9, 2006). \"Cody's Books to close flagship store in Berkeley\". The San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/05/09/MNGUTIOQ8L5.DTL","url_text":"\"Cody's Books to close flagship store in Berkeley\""}]},{"reference":"Dropout, Steed (April 14, 2016). \"Cody's Books Mad Comeback\". Berkeley Reporter. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://berkeleyreporter.com/?p=3595","url_text":"\"Cody's Books Mad Comeback\""}]},{"reference":"Dalzell, Tom (August 15, 2016). \"How Quirky is Berkeley? Mark Bulwinkle's sculpture inside the new Mad Monk\". Berkeleyside. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berkeleyside.org/2016/08/15/how-quirky-is-berkeley-mark-bulwinkles-sculpture-inside-the-new-mad-monk","url_text":"\"How Quirky is Berkeley? Mark Bulwinkle's sculpture inside the new Mad Monk\""}]},{"reference":"Zagub, Miriam (March 5, 2018). \"Mad Monk Center for Anachronistic Media suddenly closes after 2 years of operation\". The Daily Californian. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailycal.org/2018/03/05/mad-monk-center-anachronistic-media-suddenly-closes-2-years-operation","url_text":"\"Mad Monk Center for Anachronistic Media suddenly closes after 2 years of operation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Californian","url_text":"The Daily Californian"}]},{"reference":"Sarkar, Pia (April 6, 2007). \"Cody's Books to leave S.F. — 'It just didn't work'\". The San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/04/06/BUGAIP3S0K1.DTL&hw=cody&sn=001&sc=1000","url_text":"\"Cody's Books to leave S.F. — 'It just didn't work'\""}]},{"reference":"Derrick (October 10, 2005). \"Cody's Books on Union Square\". SFist. Gothamist. Archived from the original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171105235304/http://sfist.com/2005/10/10/codys_books_on_union_square.php","url_text":"\"Cody's Books on Union Square\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothamist","url_text":"Gothamist"},{"url":"http://sfist.com/2005/10/10/codys_books_on_union_square.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Goodbye Message\". Cody's Books. June 20, 2008. Archived from the original on August 26, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080826042151/http://www.codysbooks.com/","url_text":"\"Goodbye Message\""},{"url":"http://www.codysbooks.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cody's Books Closes Permanently\". East Bay Express. June 20, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/blogs/cody_s_books_closes_permanently/Content?oid=775168","url_text":"\"Cody's Books Closes Permanently\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_Express","url_text":"East Bay Express"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Michael (June 23, 2008). \"Cody's, landmark Berkeley bookstore, closes\". SFGATE. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Cody-s-landmark-Berkeley-bookstore-closes-3279460.php","url_text":"\"Cody's, landmark Berkeley bookstore, closes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFGATE","url_text":"SFGATE"}]},{"reference":"\"Cody's to close Stockton Street bookstore\". The San Francisco Examiner. April 6, 2007. Retrieved May 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/codys-to-close-stockton-street-bookstore/","url_text":"\"Cody's to close Stockton Street bookstore\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cody%27s_Books¶ms=37.8658_N_122.2589_W_","external_links_name":"37°51′57″N 122°15′32″W / 37.8658°N 122.2589°W / 37.8658; -122.2589"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110217035444/http://paperbackdreams.com/index.php/about/the-bookstores/","external_links_name":"\"The Bookstores\""},{"Link":"http://paperbackdreams.com/index.php/about/the-bookstores/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://yale60.org/stevens-van-strum/","external_links_name":"\"Stevens Van Strum\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1996/06/27/MN65072.DTL","external_links_name":"\"Berkeley Celebrates 40-Year Love Affair With Cody's Books\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HuadDwAAQBAJ&q=cody%27s&pg=PA3","external_links_name":"In the Company of Rebels: A Generational Memoir of Bohemians, Deep Heads, and History Makers"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Mario-Savio-s-FBI-Odyssey-How-the-man-who-2718306.php","external_links_name":"\"Mario Savio's FBI Odyssey\""},{"Link":"http://www.andyrossagency.com/andy.html","external_links_name":"\"Andy Ross Literary Agency: Andy\""},{"Link":"http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/give/bene53/codys.html","external_links_name":"\"Giving to the University Library – UC Berkeley Library\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/05/09/MNGUTIOQ8L5.DTL","external_links_name":"\"Cody's Books to close flagship store in Berkeley\""},{"Link":"http://berkeleyreporter.com/?p=3595","external_links_name":"\"Cody's Books Mad Comeback\""},{"Link":"https://www.berkeleyside.org/2016/08/15/how-quirky-is-berkeley-mark-bulwinkles-sculpture-inside-the-new-mad-monk","external_links_name":"\"How Quirky is Berkeley? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_L._Kaeppler | Adrienne L. Kaeppler | ["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Awards","4 Publications","4.1 Selected writing","4.2 Editing","5 References"] | American anthropologist and curator (1935–2022)
Adrienne L. KaepplerBorn(1935-07-26)July 26, 1935Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.DiedMarch 5, 2022(2022-03-05) (aged 86)Washington, D.C., U.S.OccupationCurator of Oceanic Ethnology at the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution.Known forResearch on Tonga and Captain Cook
Adrienne Lois Kaeppler (July 26, 1935 – March 5, 2022) was an American anthropologist, curator of oceanic ethnology at the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. She served as the President of the International Council on Traditional Music between 2005 and 2013. Her research focused on the interrelationships between social structure and the arts, including dance, music, and the visual arts, especially in Tonga and Hawaii. She was considered to be an expert on Tongan dance, and the voyages of the 18th-century explorer James Cook.
Career
Her research focused on material culture and the visual and performing arts in their cultural contexts, including traditional social and political structures and modern cultural identity.
Kaeppler attended the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, and received her Masters and PhD from the University of Hawaii. In the 1970s, she was an anthropologist at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii. She has taught anthropology, ethnomusicology, anthropology of dance, and art history at the University of Hawaii; the University of Maryland, College Park; the Queen's University in Belfast, Northern Ireland; Johns Hopkins University; and the University of California, Los Angeles. She was also a member of the State Council on Hawaiian Heritage. In 1998, she worked in Tonga at the Tongan National Museum, setting up a special exhibition on the 80th birthday of King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV. In 2004, she was vice-president of the International Council for Traditional Music, and she was elected as President in 2005, taking over from Krister Malm. She was a curator and anthropologist at the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution.
Personal life
Kaeppler was a majorette for her high school band, played violin in high school orchestra, and studied voice at the Wisconsin Conservatory of Music.
Kaeppler died on March 5, 2022, at the age of 86.
Awards
In 1978, Kaeppler was honored by the YWCA as a leading female scientist whose work increased the understanding of native cultures.
Kaeppler was also lauded for the book James Cook and the Exploration of the Pacific (published in 2009). The work was recognized with the 2010 First International Tribal Art Book Prize, organized by Tribal Art magazine in partnership with Sotheby's Paris Headquarters, and in April 2010, it was named Book of the Month by Hodern House in Australia.
In 2010, Kaeppler delivered a Smithsonian Secretary's Distinguished Research Lecture Award, which "recognizes a scholar’s sustained achievement in research, longstanding investment in the Smithsonian, and outstanding contribution to a field, as well as his or her ability to communicate research to a non-specialist audience."
Publications
Selected writing
The structure of Tongan dance (doctoral dissertation). Honolulu: Anthropology Department, University of Hawaii. 1967.
Kaeppler, Adrienne L. (1971). "Tongan dance: a study in cultural change". Ethnomusicology. 14 (2). Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press; Society of Ethnomusicology: 266–277. doi:10.2307/849801. JSTOR 849801.
Kaeppler, Adrienne L. (1971). "Aesthetics of Tongan Dance". Ethnomusicology. 15 (2). Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University: 175–185. doi:10.2307/850464. JSTOR 850464.
Kaeppler, Adrienne L. (March 1974). "Cook Voyage Provenance of the 'Artificial Curiosities' of Bullock's Museum". Man. 9 (1). Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 68–92. doi:10.2307/2800037. JSTOR 2800037.
""L'Aigle" and HMS "Blonde": The Use of History in the Study of Ethnography". Hawaiian Journal of History. 12. Hawaii Historical Society: 28–44. 1978. hdl:10524/620.
Poetry in Motion: Studies in Tongan Dance, 1993
Hula Pahu. Bishop Museum Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0-930897-55-0.
Polynesian and Micronesian sections of Oceanic Art, published in French, German, and English, 1993–1997
From the Stone Age to the Space Age in 200 Years: Tongan Art and Society on the Eve of the Millennium, 1999
Kaeppler, Adrienne L. (2001). "Dance and the concept of style". 2001 Yearbook for Traditional Music. 33. Los Angeles: International Council for Traditional Music: 49–63. doi:10.2307/1519630. JSTOR 1519630.
The Pacific Arts of Polynesia and Micronesia, Oxford University Press, 2008
Fleck, Robert (2009). James Cook and the Exploration of the Pacific. Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-500-51516-7.
Polynesia: The Mark and Carolyn Blackburn Collection of Polynesian Art. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1-883-52838-6.
Holophusicon--the Leverian Museum : an eighteenth-century English institution of science, curiosity, and art. Altenstadt, Germany Honolulu, HI: ZKF Publishers Distributed in the United States by Bishop Museum Press. 2011. ISBN 978-3-9811620-4-2.
Editing
Co-editor, Australia and the Pacific Islands, volume 9 of the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, 1998
Kaeppler, Adrienne L.; Dunin, Elsie Ivancich, eds. (2007). Dance structures: Perspectives on the analysis of human movement. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado. ISBN 978-963-05-8542-2.
References
^ Miller, Robert (December 28, 2001). "Easter Island". The News-Times.
^ Kaeppler, Adrienne L.; Dunin, Elsie Ivancich, eds. (2007). Dance structures: Perspectives on the analysis of human movement. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado. ISBN 978-963-05-8542-2.
^ Sperlich, Tobias (2006). "Embodied inter-cultural dialogues: The biography of a Samoan necklace in Cologne" (PDF). Journal of the Polynesian Society.
^ Kriegsman, Alan (September 22, 1979). "The Lure and Harmony of the Hula". The Washington Post.
^ Arcayna, Nancy (October 24, 2010). "Book celebrates art of Polynesia". staradvertiser.com. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
^ Giurchescu, Anca (2006). "Report and projects (2005–2006)". International Council for Traditional Music. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
^ "Regional meeting on the convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage" (PDF). Kazan: UNESCO. December 2004.
^ "About the Contributors". The World of Music. 8 (2): 107–108. 2019. JSTOR 26828545.
^ "Adrienne L. Kaeppler 1935–2022 – an inspiring journey of discovery into Tongan culture, art, society". Matangi. 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
^ "The life and legacy of Adrienne Kaeppler". RNZ. 12 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
^ "Leader Luncheon Honorees 1977–1979". YWCA. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
^ "James Cook and the Exploration of the Pacific". Pacific Arts Association. December 23, 2010. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
^ "Anthropolog: Awards (page 6)" (PDF). Anthropolog. Smithsonian Institution. Spring 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
^ "Smithsonian Department of Anthropology". Archived from the original on 2 February 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
Who's Who of American Women. Ninth edition, 1975–1976. Wilmette, IL
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IdRef
Te Papa (New Zealand) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anthropologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologist"},{"link_name":"ethnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"Washington, DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"International Council on Traditional Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_on_Traditional_Music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tongan dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongan_dance"},{"link_name":"James Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook"}],"text":"Adrienne Lois Kaeppler (July 26, 1935 – March 5, 2022) was an American anthropologist, curator of oceanic ethnology at the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC.[1] She served as the President of the International Council on Traditional Music between 2005 and 2013.[2] Her research focused on the interrelationships between social structure and the arts, including dance, music, and the visual arts, especially in Tonga and Hawaii.[3] She was considered to be an expert on Tongan dance, and the voyages of the 18th-century explorer James Cook.","title":"Adrienne L. Kaeppler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"University of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Bishop Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Museum"},{"link_name":"Honolulu, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"ethnomusicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomusicology"},{"link_name":"University of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park"},{"link_name":"Queen's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Taufa'ahau Tupou IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taufa%27ahau_Tupou_IV"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"International Council for Traditional Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_for_Traditional_Music"},{"link_name":"Krister Malm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krister_Malm"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Her research focused on material culture and the visual and performing arts in their cultural contexts, including traditional social and political structures and modern cultural identity.Kaeppler attended the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, and received her Masters and PhD from the University of Hawaii. In the 1970s, she was an anthropologist at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii. She has taught anthropology, ethnomusicology, anthropology of dance, and art history at the University of Hawaii;[4] the University of Maryland, College Park; the Queen's University in Belfast, Northern Ireland; Johns Hopkins University; and the University of California, Los Angeles. She was also a member of the State Council on Hawaiian Heritage. In 1998, she worked in Tonga at the Tongan National Museum, setting up a special exhibition on the 80th birthday of King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV.[5] In 2004, she was vice-president of the International Council for Traditional Music, and she was elected as President in 2005, taking over from Krister Malm.[6] She was a curator and anthropologist at the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Kaeppler was a majorette for her high school band, played violin in high school orchestra, and studied voice at the Wisconsin Conservatory of Music.[8]Kaeppler died on March 5, 2022, at the age of 86.[9][10]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YWCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWCA"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"First International Tribal Art Book Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120226002720/http://www.pilat2011.com/index/pages/id_page-1/lang-en"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 1978, Kaeppler was honored by the YWCA as a leading female scientist whose work increased the understanding of native cultures.[11]Kaeppler was also lauded for the book James Cook and the Exploration of the Pacific (published in 2009). The work was recognized with the 2010 First International Tribal Art Book Prize, organized by Tribal Art magazine in partnership with Sotheby's Paris Headquarters,[12] and in April 2010, it was named Book of the Month by Hodern House in Australia.[13]In 2010, Kaeppler delivered a Smithsonian Secretary's Distinguished Research Lecture Award, which \"recognizes a scholar’s sustained achievement in research, longstanding investment in the Smithsonian, and outstanding contribution to a field, as well as his or her ability to communicate research to a non-specialist audience.\"[14]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethnomusicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomusicology"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/849801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F849801"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"849801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/849801"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/850464","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F850464"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"850464","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/850464"},{"link_name":"Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2800037","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2800037"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2800037","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2800037"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10524/620","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10524%2F620"},{"link_name":"Bishop Museum Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Museum_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-930897-55-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930897-55-0"},{"link_name":"2001 Yearbook for Traditional Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Yearbook_for_Traditional_Music"},{"link_name":"International Council for Traditional Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_for_Traditional_Music"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1519630","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1519630"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1519630","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1519630"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-500-51516-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51516-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-883-52838-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883-52838-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-9811620-4-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9811620-4-2"}],"sub_title":"Selected writing","text":"The structure of Tongan dance (doctoral dissertation). Honolulu: Anthropology Department, University of Hawaii. 1967.\nKaeppler, Adrienne L. (1971). \"Tongan dance: a study in cultural change\". Ethnomusicology. 14 (2). Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press; Society of Ethnomusicology: 266–277. doi:10.2307/849801. JSTOR 849801.\nKaeppler, Adrienne L. (1971). \"Aesthetics of Tongan Dance\". Ethnomusicology. 15 (2). Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University: 175–185. doi:10.2307/850464. JSTOR 850464.\nKaeppler, Adrienne L. (March 1974). \"Cook Voyage Provenance of the 'Artificial Curiosities' of Bullock's Museum\". Man. 9 (1). Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 68–92. doi:10.2307/2800037. JSTOR 2800037.\n\"\"L'Aigle\" and HMS \"Blonde\": The Use of History in the Study of Ethnography\". Hawaiian Journal of History. 12. Hawaii Historical Society: 28–44. 1978. hdl:10524/620.\nPoetry in Motion: Studies in Tongan Dance, 1993\nHula Pahu. Bishop Museum Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0-930897-55-0.\nPolynesian and Micronesian sections of Oceanic Art, published in French, German, and English, 1993–1997\nFrom the Stone Age to the Space Age in 200 Years: Tongan Art and Society on the Eve of the Millennium, 1999\nKaeppler, Adrienne L. (2001). \"Dance and the concept of style\". 2001 Yearbook for Traditional Music. 33. Los Angeles: International Council for Traditional Music: 49–63. doi:10.2307/1519630. JSTOR 1519630.\nThe Pacific Arts of Polynesia and Micronesia, Oxford University Press, 2008\nFleck, Robert (2009). James Cook and the Exploration of the Pacific. Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-500-51516-7.\nPolynesia: The Mark and Carolyn Blackburn Collection of Polynesian Art. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1-883-52838-6.\nHolophusicon--the Leverian Museum : an eighteenth-century English institution of science, curiosity, and art. Altenstadt, Germany Honolulu, HI: ZKF Publishers Distributed in the United States by Bishop Museum Press. 2011. ISBN 978-3-9811620-4-2.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garland Encyclopedia of World Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_Encyclopedia_of_World_Music"},{"link_name":"Dunin, Elsie Ivancich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsie_Ivancich_Dunin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-963-05-8542-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-05-8542-2"}],"sub_title":"Editing","text":"Co-editor, Australia and the Pacific Islands, volume 9 of the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, 1998\nKaeppler, Adrienne L.; Dunin, Elsie Ivancich, eds. (2007). Dance structures: Perspectives on the analysis of human movement. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado. ISBN 978-963-05-8542-2.","title":"Publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"The structure of Tongan dance (doctoral dissertation). Honolulu: Anthropology Department, University of Hawaii. 1967.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kaeppler, Adrienne L. (1971). \"Tongan dance: a study in cultural change\". Ethnomusicology. 14 (2). Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press; Society of Ethnomusicology: 266–277. doi:10.2307/849801. JSTOR 849801.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomusicology","url_text":"Ethnomusicology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F849801","url_text":"10.2307/849801"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/849801","url_text":"849801"}]},{"reference":"Kaeppler, Adrienne L. (1971). \"Aesthetics of Tongan Dance\". Ethnomusicology. 15 (2). Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University: 175–185. doi:10.2307/850464. JSTOR 850464.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F850464","url_text":"10.2307/850464"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/850464","url_text":"850464"}]},{"reference":"Kaeppler, Adrienne L. (March 1974). \"Cook Voyage Provenance of the 'Artificial Curiosities' of Bullock's Museum\". Man. 9 (1). Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 68–92. doi:10.2307/2800037. JSTOR 2800037.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_(journal)","url_text":"Man"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland","url_text":"Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2800037","url_text":"10.2307/2800037"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2800037","url_text":"2800037"}]},{"reference":"\"\"L'Aigle\" and HMS \"Blonde\": The Use of History in the Study of Ethnography\". Hawaiian Journal of History. 12. Hawaii Historical Society: 28–44. 1978. hdl:10524/620.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F620","url_text":"10524/620"}]},{"reference":"Hula Pahu. Bishop Museum Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0-930897-55-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Museum_Press","url_text":"Bishop Museum Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930897-55-0","url_text":"978-0-930897-55-0"}]},{"reference":"Kaeppler, Adrienne L. (2001). \"Dance and the concept of style\". 2001 Yearbook for Traditional Music. 33. Los Angeles: International Council for Traditional Music: 49–63. doi:10.2307/1519630. JSTOR 1519630.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Yearbook_for_Traditional_Music","url_text":"2001 Yearbook for Traditional Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_for_Traditional_Music","url_text":"International Council for Traditional Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1519630","url_text":"10.2307/1519630"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1519630","url_text":"1519630"}]},{"reference":"Fleck, Robert (2009). James Cook and the Exploration of the Pacific. Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-500-51516-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51516-7","url_text":"978-0-500-51516-7"}]},{"reference":"Polynesia: The Mark and Carolyn Blackburn Collection of Polynesian Art. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1-883-52838-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883-52838-6","url_text":"978-1-883-52838-6"}]},{"reference":"Holophusicon--the Leverian Museum : an eighteenth-century English institution of science, curiosity, and art. Altenstadt, Germany Honolulu, HI: ZKF Publishers Distributed in the United States by Bishop Museum Press. 2011. ISBN 978-3-9811620-4-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9811620-4-2","url_text":"978-3-9811620-4-2"}]},{"reference":"Kaeppler, Adrienne L.; Dunin, Elsie Ivancich, eds. (2007). Dance structures: Perspectives on the analysis of human movement. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado. ISBN 978-963-05-8542-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsie_Ivancich_Dunin","url_text":"Dunin, Elsie Ivancich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-05-8542-2","url_text":"978-963-05-8542-2"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Robert (December 28, 2001). \"Easter Island\". The News-Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News-Times","url_text":"The News-Times"}]},{"reference":"Kaeppler, Adrienne L.; Dunin, Elsie Ivancich, eds. (2007). Dance structures: Perspectives on the analysis of human movement. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado. ISBN 978-963-05-8542-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsie_Ivancich_Dunin","url_text":"Dunin, Elsie Ivancich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-05-8542-2","url_text":"978-963-05-8542-2"}]},{"reference":"Sperlich, Tobias (2006). \"Embodied inter-cultural dialogues: The biography of a Samoan necklace in Cologne\" (PDF). Journal of the Polynesian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Volume115/Volume%20115,%20No.%202/1%20Embodied%20inter-cultural.pdf","url_text":"\"Embodied inter-cultural dialogues: The biography of a Samoan necklace in Cologne\""}]},{"reference":"Kriegsman, Alan (September 22, 1979). \"The Lure and Harmony of the Hula\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Arcayna, Nancy (October 24, 2010). \"Book celebrates art of Polynesia\". staradvertiser.com. Retrieved December 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.staradvertiser.com/features/20101024_book_celebrates_art_of_polynesia.html","url_text":"\"Book celebrates art of Polynesia\""}]},{"reference":"Giurchescu, Anca (2006). \"Report and projects (2005–2006)\". International Council for Traditional Music. Retrieved December 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anca_Giurchescu","url_text":"Giurchescu, Anca"},{"url":"http://www.ictmusic.org/group/100/post/report-and-projects-2005-06","url_text":"\"Report and projects (2005–2006)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regional meeting on the convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage\" (PDF). Kazan: UNESCO. December 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/doc/src/00109-EN.pdf","url_text":"\"Regional meeting on the convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan","url_text":"Kazan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO","url_text":"UNESCO"}]},{"reference":"\"About the Contributors\". The World of Music. 8 (2): 107–108. 2019. JSTOR 26828545.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26828545","url_text":"26828545"}]},{"reference":"\"Adrienne L. Kaeppler 1935–2022 – an inspiring journey of discovery into Tongan culture, art, society\". Matangi. 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://matangitonga.to/2022/03/07/adrienne-l-kaeppler-1935-2022-inspiring-journey-discovery-tongan-culture-art-society","url_text":"\"Adrienne L. Kaeppler 1935–2022 – an inspiring journey of discovery into Tongan culture, art, society\""}]},{"reference":"\"The life and legacy of Adrienne Kaeppler\". RNZ. 12 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/463201/the-life-and-legacy-of-adrienne-kaeppler","url_text":"\"The life and legacy of Adrienne Kaeppler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leader Luncheon Honorees 1977–1979\". YWCA. Retrieved December 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ywca.org/site/pp.asp?c=9fLGJSOyHpE&b=3919733","url_text":"\"Leader Luncheon Honorees 1977–1979\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWCA","url_text":"YWCA"}]},{"reference":"\"James Cook and the Exploration of the Pacific\". Pacific Arts Association. December 23, 2010. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities_(1980_TV_series) | A Tale of Two Cities (1980 TV series) | ["1 Plot summary","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"] | British television series which first aired in 1980
For the other television adaptation of the same year, see A Tale of Two Cities (1980 film).
A Tale of Two CitiesGenreHistorical dramaBased onA Tale of Two Cities1859 novelby Charles DickensWritten byPeter HardingDirected byMichael E. BriantStarringPaul Shelley Sally Osborne Nigel StockComposerPaul ReadeCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series1No. of episodes8ProductionProducerBarry LettsCinematographyElmer CosseyRunning time30 minutesProduction companyBBCOriginal releaseNetworkBBC OneRelease5 October (1980-10-05) –23 November 1980 (1980-11-23)
A Tale of Two Cities is a British television series which first aired on BBC 1 in 1980. It is an adaptation of the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. Paul Shelley plays the duel roles of Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay, the first actor to do so since William Farnum in the 1917 silent adaptation. Two weeks later, an American production was released featuring Chris Sarandon in the same duel roles.
It is the only BBC adaptation known to exist entirely.
Plot summary
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2023)
Cast
Paul Shelley as Sydney Carton/Charles Darnay
Ralph Michael as Doctor Manette
Sally Osborne as Lucie Manette
Vivien Merchant as Miss Pross
Nigel Stock as Jarvis Lorry
Judy Parfitt as Madame Defarge
Stephen Yardley as Defarge
Eric Mason as Jacques Three
David Collings as John Barsad
Peter Cleall as Jerry Cruncher
Michael Halsey as Jacques One
Brian Grellis as Jacques Two
David Webb as Gabelle
Harold Innocent as Stryver
John Abineri as Roadmender
Morris Perry as Marquis St. Evremonde
Michael Gothard as Gaspard
Frank Tregear as Roger Cly
John Rolfe as Bank Clerk
Harry Fielder as Gaoler
David Rose as Guard Room Officer
Dennis Savage as Young Cruncher
Peter Farmer as Barrier Official2
John Ringham as Attorney-General
References
^ a b Pointer 1996, p. 181.
^ Baskin 1996, p. 175.
^ Farina 2022, pp. 134–135.
^ Farina 2022, pp. 135.
Bibliography
Baskin, Ellen (1996). Serials on British Television, 1950-1994. Scolar Press. ISBN 9781859280157.
Farina, William (2022). Screening Charles Dickens. McFarland & Company. ISBN 9781476647869.
Pointer, Michael (1996). Charles Dickens on the Screen. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810829602.
External links
A Tale of Two Cities at IMDb
vteCharles Dickens's A Tale of Two CitiesCharacters
Sydney Carton
Lucie Manette
Charles Darnay
Alexandre Manette
Monsieur Ernest Defarge
Madame Thérèse Defarge
Jarvis Lorry
Miss Pross
Marquis St. Evrémonde
John Barsad
Jerry Cruncher
Stryver
The Seamstress
Film
A Tale of Two Cities (1911)
A Tale of Two Cities (1917)
A Tale of Two Cities (1922)
The Only Way (1927)
A Tale of Two Cities (1935)
A Tale of Two Cities (1958)
A Tale of Two Cities (1980)
Musicals
Two Cities (2006)
A Tale of Two Cities (2007)
Television
A Tale of Two Cities (1965)
A Tale of Two Cities (1980)
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It is an adaptation of the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.[2] Paul Shelley plays the duel roles of Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay, the first actor to do so since William Farnum in the 1917 silent adaptation.[3] Two weeks later, an American production was released featuring Chris Sarandon in the same duel roles.[4]It is the only BBC adaptation known to exist entirely.[citation needed]","title":"A Tale of Two Cities (1980 TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shelley"},{"link_name":"Ralph Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Michael"},{"link_name":"Sally Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Vivien Merchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivien_Merchant"},{"link_name":"Nigel Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Stock_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Judy Parfitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Parfitt"},{"link_name":"Stephen Yardley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Yardley"},{"link_name":"Eric Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Mason"},{"link_name":"David Collings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Collings"},{"link_name":"Peter Cleall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cleall"},{"link_name":"Brian Grellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Grellis"},{"link_name":"Harold Innocent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Innocent"},{"link_name":"John Abineri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Abineri"},{"link_name":"Morris Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Perry"},{"link_name":"Michael Gothard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gothard"},{"link_name":"John Rolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rolfe_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Harry Fielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Fielder"},{"link_name":"John Ringham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ringham"}],"text":"Paul Shelley as Sydney Carton/Charles Darnay\nRalph Michael as Doctor Manette\nSally Osborne as Lucie Manette\nVivien Merchant as Miss Pross\nNigel Stock as Jarvis Lorry\nJudy Parfitt as Madame Defarge\nStephen Yardley as Defarge\nEric Mason as Jacques Three\nDavid Collings as John Barsad\nPeter Cleall as Jerry Cruncher\nMichael Halsey as Jacques One\nBrian Grellis as Jacques Two\nDavid Webb as Gabelle\nHarold Innocent as Stryver\nJohn Abineri as Roadmender\nMorris Perry as Marquis St. Evremonde\nMichael Gothard as Gaspard\nFrank Tregear as Roger Cly\nJohn Rolfe as Bank Clerk\nHarry Fielder as Gaoler\nDavid Rose as Guard Room Officer\nDennis Savage as Young Cruncher\nPeter Farmer as Barrier Official2\nJohn Ringham as Attorney-General","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781859280157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859280157"},{"link_name":"McFarland & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781476647869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476647869"},{"link_name":"Scarecrow Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780810829602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810829602"}],"text":"Baskin, Ellen (1996). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Mountain_Saga | Angel Mountain Saga | ["1 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Angel Mountain Saga" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Author Brian John at book signing session
The Angel Mountain Saga of eight novels was written by Welsh author Brian John, and was first published at the rate of one volume per year in 2001-2005, with later volumes in 2007, 2009 and 2012. The publisher is Greencroft Books, based in Newport, Pembrokeshire. The novels tell of the life and times of Mistress Martha Morgan, a feisty heroine who starts the series in 1796 as a pregnant and suicidal eighteen-year-old and finishes it by going to her grave in 1855. In the sixth novel she is resurrected (or is she?) and has further adventures in Merthyr Tydfil and further afield. Volumes seven and eight are placed into gaps in the narrative related in Volume Three. The eight novels are "On Angel Mountain" (2001), "House of Angels" (2002), "Dark Angel" (2003), "Rebecca and the Angels" (2004), "Flying with Angels" (2005), "Guardian Angel" (2007), "Sacrifice" (2009) and "Conspiracy of Angels" (2012).
The novels have a cult following and have now sold over 80,000 copies excluding Ebook sales — a substantial total for a small regional publisher. Within two years of publication, "On Angel Mountain" was reprinted three times, and was then bought by Corgi, whose edition first appeared in March 2006. Corgi also published the second and third books in the series, but their sales were disappointing to the author, and the rights have now reverted to Greencroft Books, with several subsequent reprints.
The novels are all set in the rough landscape around the mountain of Carningli in North Pembrokeshire, which is now the scene of "literary tourism" as fans of the series visit "Martha Morgan Country." In the marketing of these novels, as with other regional novels down through the years, the "sense of place" of the stories has been emphasised in book cover design and in the book marketing strategy.
In reviews Mistress Martha is referred to as "Mother Wales" in view of her complex and imperfect character, inviting comparisons with Chris Guthrie, the heroine and "Mother Scotland" who features in Grassic Gibbons' famous trilogy of novels called "A Scots Quair."
The cover of the latest printed edition of Volume One in the series
References
^ "JOHN, BRIAN | List of Writers". Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
^ http://www.societyofauthors.org/writer-Profile?itemID=4784. Archived 2017-08-12 at the Wayback Machine
^ Philippa Davies "How superlocal writers succeed. http://reach.fyinetwork.co.uk/my,39427-How-Superlocal-Writers-Succeed.
^ The Greener Grass. The Author, Summer 2007, pp 59-60.
^ "Home". marthamorgan.co.uk.
^ A Scots Quair
This article about a historical novel of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brian_John,_author_of_the_Angel_Mountain_series_of_novels.jpg"},{"link_name":"novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Brian John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_John"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"cult following","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_following"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"literary tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_tourism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"circular reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"}],"text":"Author Brian John at book signing sessionThe Angel Mountain Saga of eight novels was written by Welsh author Brian John, and was first published at the rate of one volume per year in 2001-2005, with later volumes in 2007, 2009 and 2012. The publisher is Greencroft Books, based in Newport, Pembrokeshire. The novels tell of the life and times of Mistress Martha Morgan, a feisty heroine who starts the series in 1796 as a pregnant and suicidal eighteen-year-old and finishes it by going to her grave in 1855. In the sixth novel she is resurrected (or is she?) and has further adventures in Merthyr Tydfil and further afield. Volumes seven and eight are placed into gaps in the narrative related in Volume Three. The eight novels are \"On Angel Mountain\" (2001), \"House of Angels\" (2002), \"Dark Angel\" (2003), \"Rebecca and the Angels\" (2004), \"Flying with Angels\" (2005), \"Guardian Angel\" (2007), \"Sacrifice\" (2009) and \"Conspiracy of Angels\" (2012).[1][2]The novels have a cult following and have now sold over 80,000 copies excluding Ebook sales — a substantial total for a small regional publisher.[3] Within two years of publication, \"On Angel Mountain\" was reprinted three times, and was then bought by Corgi, whose edition first appeared in March 2006. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Romberg | Martin Romberg | ["1 Biography","2 Music and Style","3 Collaborations","4 Works","4.1 Orchestra","4.2 Concertos","4.3 Choral works","4.4 Chamber music","4.5 Piano","4.6 Film/Production Music","5 Awards and Residencies","6 Discography","7 Discography/ Sound Library","8 Discography/Arrangement","9 External links","10 Notes"] | Norwegian classical composer (born 1978)
©Rune Hammerstad
Martin RombergBorn (1978-01-03) January 3, 1978 (age 46)Oslo, NorwayGenresContemporary classical musicOccupation(s)ComposerYears active2006-presentLabelsLawo Classics, Audio Network, Klarthe RecordsWebsitewww.martinromberg.comMusical artist
Martin Romberg (born 3 January 1978) is a Norwegian neo-romantic contemporary composer. He is one of the most active orchestral composers of his generation in Scandinavia. He is mostly known for his fantasy literature and inspired orchestral and choral works, notably treating themes and texts by J.R.R Tolkien, H.P. Lovecraft and Robert E. Howard, as well as pre-Christian, archaic and Celtic-Christian textual material.
Biography
Being born to a working-class family in Oslo, Romberg early moved out of Norway to study classical music at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, Austria, from 1997 to 2005. From the early 2000s onwards, Romberg's career as a composer, writer and music publisher took him on a dynamic path, both nationally and internationally. Breaking the bond with modernist tradition and his composition teacher Michael Jarrell, he embraced neo-romanticism from 2006.
Notably, his compositions have been published by Éditions Billaudot in Paris and performed by numerous esteemed orchestras around the world. Among these are The Astana Symphony Orchestra, The Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, The Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg, Orchestre national Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon, Akademische Orchestervereinigung Göttingen, Mittelsächsische Philharmonie, Orchestre régional de Normandie, Orchestre régional Avignon-Provence, Orchestre de Pau pays de Béarn, Telemark Kammerorkester, Nizhni Novgorod Philharmonic Orchestra, Archangel State Chamber Orchestra, Orchestre National de Lille, Saint-Petersburg Northern Synfonia Orchestra, Orchestre Philharmonique de Nice, Russian Camerata, Scarborough Symphony Orchestra and Nizhni Novgorod Soloists.
In July 2015, Romberg’s 60 min orchestral work Homériade closed the world’s largest performing arts festival in Avignon, France, to general recognition. Romberg currently divides his time between southern France and his homeland, Norway. He is former music director of the Rose Castle in Oslo and from January 2024 he is the director of Nerdrum Museum in Stavern.
Music and Style
Romberg's music has been associated with the neo-romantic current of composers in his generation in Scandinavia equally found in the workds by Ola Gjeilo, Marcus Paus, Kim André Arnesen and others. He has on several occasions collaborated with the Norwegian painter Odd Nerdrum.
He believes that J.R.R. Tolkien's concept of mythopoeia can be transferred to western classical music to infuse it with new energy, and has used the term Fantasy Music to describe his own music.
Collaborations
He has on several occasions collaborated with other artists, notably the Norwegian electronica band Ulver conducting their live orchestral shows on stage, among others the MG_INC Orchestra and the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra. In 2015 his one and a half hour long oratorio Homériade based on the mythic texts by the contemporary Greek poet Dimitris Dimitriadis, featuring Robin Renucci and the Orchestre régional Avignon-Provence, closed the 69th Avignon Festival. As a conductor he has worked with London Session Orchestra recording his own albums "Norse Mysteries" and "Scandi Drama" at Abbey Road Studios.
Works
Orchestra
Necronomicon Ouverture (after the text by H.P.Lovecraft), symphonic poem (2023)
Symphony of Saints symphonic poem for soprano and orchestra (2019/2020)
Fëanor (after the Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien) symphonic poem (2017)
Homériade (after the text by Dimitris Dimitriadis) oratorio for speaker and orchestra (2015)
Telperion and Laurelin (after the Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien) symphonic poem (2013)
Quendi (after the Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien) symphonic poem (2008)
Véttir symphonic ouverture (2006)
The Wonderbird (after a tale from Kazakhstan) symphonic ballet in 18 movements (2006/2008)
Persian Nights symphonic poem (2005)
Concertos
Twilight Concerto (after a selection of poems by Robert E. Howard) concerto for cello and string orchestra (2021)
Flores Malum (after a selection of poems by Charles Baudelaire) concerto for clarinet and string orchestra (2019)
Poemata Minora (after the poems by H.P.Lovecraft) concerto for violin and string orchestra (2015)
Ramayan 3392 concerto for accordion and orchestra (2012/2013)
The Moon concerto for two violins and orchestra (2009/2010)
The Tale of Taliesin concerto for alto saxophone and orchestra (2007)
Choral works
Requiem of Runes (after text fragments from Varangian runestones found in Sweden) for mixed choir and accordion (2022-2023)
Varanigan Lied (2021)
Streghe (after ancient Etruscan hymns) for girls choir (2012)
Rúnatal (after stanza 138-146 from Hávamál ) for mixed choir (2012)
Aradia or the Gospel of the Witches (after Charles Godfrey Leland's collection of writings on pagan witchcraft from Tuscany) for mixed choir (2011/2012)
Eldarinwë Líri (after elven poems by J.R.R. Tolkien) for girls choir (2009/2010)
Chamber music
Werewolf Songs (after poems by Cornelius Jakhelln), (2023)
Elven Songs (after poems by Tolkien, Romberg, Louisa May Alcott, Jane Taylor), (2023)
Moriquendi, for string quartet/string quintet (2022)
The Enchanted Garden (2020-2022)
Tableaux Féeriques, les Charmeurs, 13 small pieces for cello and piano (2014)
The Tale of Slaine, for saxophone quartet (2010)
Tableaux Féeriques, les Chuchoteurs, 17 small pieces for alto saxophone and piano (2011)
Piano
Tableaux d'or after 2 paintings by Gustav Klimt (2022)
Fantasy Variations on a very famous theme by Ramin Djawadi (2021)
Valaquenta II after the Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien (2020)
Tableaux Kitsch after 4 paintings by Odd Nerdrum (2014)
Eärendil after the poem by J.R.R. Tolkien (2013)
Valaquenta after the Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien (2009)
Tableaux Fantastiques after 10 paintings by Jacek Yerka (2008)
Film/Production Music
Scandi Drama (2018)
Norse Mysteries (2017)
The Vikings (2013)
Haoma (2008)
Awards and Residencies
RO-CULTURA Programme within the Ministry of Culture residency, Bucharest, Romania, 2023
Temnitzer Orgeltage residency, Berlin, Germany, 2023
Classix Festival residency, Iași, Romania, 2023
Norwegian state’s work grant for popular composers, 2016
Poemata Minora, chosen as the musical piece of the year in NOPA, 2016
Norwegian state’s work grant for popular composers, 2008
First prize, Composing competition at De Unges Konsert in Bergen, 2007
Prize Paul Woitschach’s foundation for symphonic entertainment music in Berlin, 2007
Discography
Lockdown Miniatures - Aurora (ACD5109) with Ole Martin Huser-Olsen, 2022
Norwegian Saxophone - Lawo Classics (LWC1162) with Ola Asdahl Rokkones, Fabio Mastrangelo, 2018
Homériade - Klarthe Records (KLA033), with Orchestre Régional Avignon-Provence, Robin Renucci, 2016
Witch Mass - Lawo Music (LWM009) with Grex Vocalis, Det Norske Jentekor and Kammerkoret NOVA, 2015
Sound Waves - Avie Records (AV2266) with Alexandra Silocea, 2013
Valaquenta, Tableaux Fantastiques - Lawo Classics (LWC1022) with Aimo Pagin, 2011
Discography/ Sound Library
Norse Mysteries - Audio Network (ANW 2937) with London Session Orchestra and Kammerkoret NOVA, 2017
Scandi Drama - Audio Network (ANW 3203) with London Session Orchestra, 2018
Discography/Arrangement
300 - Deutsche Grammophon (0289 479 0084 9 CD DDD GH) with Ingolf Wunder 2013
Messe I.X-VI.X - Ulver, ULVER-TRICK051, Jester Records 2014
External links
Official Homepage
Audio Network
Norsk Musikkinformasjon
Interview with World Wide Kitsch
IMDb
The artists Youtube Channel
Notes
^ "Audio Network portrait 2018". Audio Network.
^ "Interview with Festival in the Shire 2010". Festivalartandbooks.
^ "Tolkien Music Fandom Review". Outono.
^ "De Unges Konsert 2007". Ballade.
^ "Babelsberg, Preisverleihung and Martin Romberg". Die Welt.
^ "Montpeilier, concert program". Mapado.
^ "Göttingen, concert article from the world premiere of The Tale of Talisein". Goettinger Tageblatt.
^ "Live Recording from concert in Freiberg". Youtube.com.
^ "Concert program from the Borealis Festival". Theatre Caen. Archived from the original on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
^ "Artist page from biography from Orchestre régional Avignon-Provence". Orchestre régional Avignon-Provence.
^ "Concert calendar from Éditions Billaudot 2015". Éditions Billaudot.
^ "Interview with Tonsbergs Blad". Tonsbergs Blad.
^ "Concert calendar from Éditions Billaudot 2018". Éditions Billaudot.
^ "Concert announcement, Telperion et Laurelin". Lycée Fénelon.
^ "Presentation of the Nizhny Novgorod program 2018". music-nn.ru.
^ "Concert Review Orchestre Philharmonique de Nice 2017, Fëanor". France 3.
^ "SCO Program". Scarborough Symphony Orchestra.
^ "Interview with Bork Nerdrum for World Wide Kitsch 2016". World Wide Kitsch.
^ "Event Report from Odd Nerdrum Exhibition, Paris 2013". Huffington Post.
^ "Interview with Middleearthnews 2014". Middleearthnews.
^ "Interview with Ola Asdahl Rokkones 2007". Minerva. Archived from the original on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
^ "Interview with Kristoffer Rygg 2017". The Australian.
^ "Audio Network portrait 2018". Audio Network.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MartinRomberg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"fantasy literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_literature"},{"link_name":"orchestral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestral"},{"link_name":"choral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choral"},{"link_name":"J.R.R Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R_Tolkien"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"©Rune HammerstadMusical artistMartin Romberg (born 3 January 1978) is a Norwegian neo-romantic contemporary composer. He is one of the most active orchestral composers of his generation in Scandinavia.[1] He is mostly known for his fantasy literature and inspired orchestral and choral works, notably treating themes and texts by J.R.R Tolkien, H.P. Lovecraft and Robert E. 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From the early 2000s onwards, Romberg's career as a composer, writer and music publisher took him on a dynamic path, both nationally and internationally. Breaking the bond with modernist tradition and his composition teacher Michael Jarrell, he embraced neo-romanticism from 2006. \nNotably, his compositions have been published by Éditions Billaudot in Paris and performed by numerous esteemed orchestras around the world. Among these are The Astana Symphony Orchestra, The Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, The Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg, Orchestre national Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon, Akademische Orchestervereinigung Göttingen, Mittelsächsische Philharmonie, Orchestre régional de Normandie, Orchestre régional Avignon-Provence, Orchestre de Pau pays de Béarn, Telemark Kammerorkester, Nizhni Novgorod Philharmonic Orchestra, Archangel State Chamber Orchestra, Orchestre National de Lille, Saint-Petersburg Northern Synfonia Orchestra, Orchestre Philharmonique de Nice, Russian Camerata, Scarborough Symphony Orchestra and Nizhni Novgorod Soloists. \n[4]\n[5] \n[6]\n[7] \n[8] \n[9] \n[10] \n[11] \n[12]\n[13] \n[14]\n[15] \n[16]\n[17]\nIn July 2015, Romberg’s 60 min orchestral work Homériade closed the world’s largest performing arts festival in Avignon, France, to general recognition. Romberg currently divides his time between southern France and his homeland, Norway. He is former music director of the Rose Castle in Oslo and from January 2024 he is the director of Nerdrum Museum in Stavern.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odd Nerdrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Nerdrum"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"J.R.R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"mythopoeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythopoeia"},{"link_name":"classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Romberg's music has been associated with the neo-romantic current of composers in his generation in Scandinavia equally found in the workds by Ola Gjeilo, Marcus Paus, Kim André Arnesen and others. He has on several occasions collaborated with the Norwegian painter Odd Nerdrum.[18][19] \nHe believes that J.R.R. Tolkien's concept of mythopoeia can be transferred to western classical music to infuse it with new energy, and has used the term Fantasy Music to describe his own music.[20][21]","title":"Music and Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulver"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Robin Renucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Renucci"},{"link_name":"Orchestre régional Avignon-Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orchestre_r%C3%A9gional_Avignon-Provence&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Avignon Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_Festival"},{"link_name":"London Session Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Session_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Abbey Road Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"He has on several occasions collaborated with other artists, notably the Norwegian electronica band Ulver conducting their live orchestral shows on stage, among others the MG_INC Orchestra and the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra.[22] In 2015 his one and a half hour long oratorio Homériade based on the mythic texts by the contemporary Greek poet Dimitris Dimitriadis, featuring Robin Renucci and the Orchestre régional Avignon-Provence, closed the 69th Avignon Festival. As a conductor he has worked with London Session Orchestra recording his own albums \"Norse Mysteries\" and \"Scandi Drama\" at Abbey Road Studios.[23]","title":"Collaborations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.P.Lovecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P.Lovecraft"},{"link_name":"Silmarillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion"},{"link_name":"J.R.R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Silmarillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion"},{"link_name":"J.R.R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Silmarillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion"},{"link_name":"J.R.R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"}],"sub_title":"Orchestra","text":"Necronomicon Ouverture (after the text by H.P.Lovecraft), symphonic poem (2023)\nSymphony of Saints symphonic poem for soprano and orchestra (2019/2020)\nFëanor (after the Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien) symphonic poem (2017)\nHomériade (after the text by Dimitris Dimitriadis) oratorio for speaker and orchestra (2015)\nTelperion and Laurelin (after the Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien) symphonic poem (2013)\nQuendi (after the Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien) symphonic poem (2008)\nVéttir symphonic ouverture (2006)\nThe Wonderbird (after a tale from Kazakhstan) symphonic ballet in 18 movements (2006/2008)\nPersian Nights symphonic poem (2005)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert E. Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Howard"},{"link_name":"Charles Baudelaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire"},{"link_name":"H.P.Lovecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P.Lovecraft"},{"link_name":"Taliesin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliesin"}],"sub_title":"Concertos","text":"Twilight Concerto (after a selection of poems by Robert E. Howard) concerto for cello and string orchestra (2021)\nFlores Malum (after a selection of poems by Charles Baudelaire) concerto for clarinet and string orchestra (2019)\nPoemata Minora (after the poems by H.P.Lovecraft) concerto for violin and string orchestra (2015)\nRamayan 3392 concerto for accordion and orchestra (2012/2013)\nThe Moon concerto for two violins and orchestra (2009/2010)\nThe Tale of Taliesin concerto for alto saxophone and orchestra (2007)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Varangian runestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian_runestones"},{"link_name":"Etruscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization"},{"link_name":"Hávamál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l"},{"link_name":"Charles Godfrey Leland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Godfrey_Leland"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"J.R.R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien"}],"sub_title":"Choral works","text":"Requiem of Runes (after text fragments from Varangian runestones found in Sweden) for mixed choir and accordion (2022-2023)\nVaranigan Lied (2021)\nStreghe (after ancient Etruscan hymns) for girls choir (2012)\nRúnatal (after stanza 138-146 from Hávamál ) for mixed choir (2012)\nAradia or the Gospel of the Witches (after Charles Godfrey Leland's collection of writings on pagan witchcraft from Tuscany) for mixed choir (2011/2012)\nEldarinwë Líri (after elven poems by J.R.R. Tolkien) for girls choir (2009/2010)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chamber music","text":"Werewolf Songs (after poems by Cornelius Jakhelln), (2023)\nElven Songs (after poems by Tolkien, Romberg, Louisa May Alcott, Jane Taylor), (2023)\nMoriquendi, for string quartet/string quintet (2022)\nThe Enchanted Garden (2020-2022)\nTableaux Féeriques, les Charmeurs, 13 small pieces for cello and piano (2014)\nThe Tale of Slaine, for saxophone quartet (2010)\nTableaux Féeriques, les Chuchoteurs, 17 small pieces for alto saxophone and piano (2011)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gustav Klimt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Klimt"},{"link_name":"Ramin Djawadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramin_Djawadi"},{"link_name":"Silmarillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion"},{"link_name":"J.R.R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"J.R.R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Silmarillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion"},{"link_name":"J.R.R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Jacek Yerka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_Yerka"}],"sub_title":"Piano","text":"Tableaux d'or after 2 paintings by Gustav Klimt (2022)\nFantasy Variations on a very famous theme by Ramin Djawadi (2021)\nValaquenta II after the Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien (2020)\nTableaux Kitsch after 4 paintings by Odd Nerdrum (2014)\nEärendil after the poem by J.R.R. Tolkien (2013)\nValaquenta after the Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien (2009)\nTableaux Fantastiques after 10 paintings by Jacek Yerka (2008)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film/Production Music","text":"Scandi Drama (2018)\nNorse Mysteries (2017)\nThe Vikings (2013)\nHaoma (2008)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RO-CULTURA Programme within the Ministry of Culture residency, Bucharest, Romania, 2023\nTemnitzer Orgeltage residency, Berlin, Germany, 2023\nClassix Festival residency, Iași, Romania, 2023\nNorwegian state’s work grant for popular composers, 2016\nPoemata Minora, chosen as the musical piece of the year in NOPA, 2016\nNorwegian state’s work grant for popular composers, 2008\nFirst prize, Composing competition at De Unges Konsert in Bergen, 2007\nPrize Paul Woitschach’s foundation for symphonic entertainment music in Berlin, 2007","title":"Awards and Residencies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora"},{"link_name":"Ole Martin 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Simham | Raja Simham | ["1 Cast","2 Soundtrack","3 References","4 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Raja Simham" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Indian filmRaja SimhamDirected byK. Raghavendra RaoWritten byMarudhuri Raja (dialogues)Story bySatyanandProduced byCh. V. Appa RaoCinematographyK. Ravindra BabuEdited byKotagiri Venkateswara RaoMusic byRaj-KotiCountryIndiaLanguageTelugu
Raja Simham is a 1995 Telugu-language action comedy film directed by K. Raghavendra Rao and produced by Ch.V. Appa Rao. The film stars Rajasekhar, Ramya Krishna and Soundarya. The music was composed by Raj–Koti. It was released on 9 March 1995.
Cast
Rajasekhar as Major Raj Kumar / Chinna Raja & Shrimannarayana (Dual role)
Ramya Krishna as Lata
Soundarya as Sundari
Ranganath
Kaikala Satyanarayana as Kukka Raja
Kota Srinivasa Rao as Pilli Raja
Sharat Saxena as Ali Khan
Srihari
Brahmanandam as Ashirvadam
Mallikarjuna Rao as bank manager
Sudhakar
Ali
Suthivelu
Shubha as Shrimannarayana's mother
Vijaya Lalitha
Sangeeta
Sudha
Jayalalita
Soundtrack
All music is composed by Raj–Koti. The song "Daayi Daayi" is based on the Kannada song "Jama Jama Jamaisi", which was also composed by Raj-Koti for the Kannada film Gadibidi AliyaTrack listingNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1."Oka Chinna Maata"VeturiMano, K. S. Chithra4:582."Daayi Daayi"VeturiS. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra6:273."Uskuladi Kiskuready"VeturiS. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra4:464."Suvvi Ee Takkari"VennelakantiS. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra4:425."Ammayi Kallu"BhuvanachandraS. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra5:006."Indumathi Charumathi"Sirivennela Seetharama SastryS. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra4:08Total length:30:01
References
^ "Raja Simham". indiancine.ma. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
^ a b "Raja Simham". JioSaavn. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
External links
Raja Simham at IMDb
vteFilms directed by K. Raghavendra Rao1970s
Babu (1975)
Jyothi (1976)
Aame Katha (1977)
Amara Deepam (1977)
Adavi Ramudu (1977)
Padaharella Vayasu (1978)
Simha Baludu (1978)
KD No:1 (1978)
Driver Ramudu (1979)
Vetagadu (1979)
1980s
Nishana (1980)
Bhale Krishnudu (1980)
Gharana Donga (1980)
Mosagadu (1980)
Rowdy Ramudu Konte Krishnudu (1980)
Ragile Jwala (1981)
Gaja Donga (1981)
Ooruki Monagadu (1981)
Tirugu Leni Manishi (1981)
Satyam Shivam (1981)
Prema Kanuka (1981)
Kondaveeti Simham (1981)
Madhura Swapnam (1982)
Trisulam (1982)
Justice Chowdary (1982)
Farz Aur Kanoon (1982)
Devatha (1982)
Himmatwala (1983)
Adavi Simhalu (1983)
Jaani Dost (1983)
Justice Chaudhury (1983)
Sakthi (1983)
Tohfa (1984) (Hindi)
Bobbili Brahmanna (1984)
Kaamyab (1984) (Hindi)
Naya Kadam (1984) (Hindi)
Hoshiyar (1985)
Pattabhishekam (1985)
Adavi Donga (1985)
Masterji (1985)
Mera Saathi (1985)
Agni Parvatam (1985)
Vajrayudham (1985)
Apoorva Sahodarulu (1985)
Kaliyuga Pandavulu (1985)
Dharm Adhikari (1986)
Ravana Brahma (1986)
Kondaveeti Raja (1986)
Suhaagan (1986) (Hindi)
Chanakya Sapatham (1986)
Bharatamlo Arjunudu (1987)
Sahasa Samrat (1987)
Agni Putrudu (1987)
Janaki Ramudu (1988)
Donga Ramudu (1988)
Manchi Donga (1988)
Aakhari Poratam (1988)
Yuddha Bhoomi (1988)
Agni (1989)
Rudranetra (1989)
Ontari Poratam (1989)
1990s
Alludugaru (1990)
Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari (1990)
Coolie No. 1 (1991)
Rowdy Alludu (1991)
Sundarakanda (1992)
Allari Mogudu (1992)
Gharana Mogudu (1992)
Aswamedham (1992)
Allari Priyudu (1993)
Major Chandrakanth (1993)
Allari Premikudu (1994)
Muddula Priyudu (1994)
Mugguru Monagallu (1995)
Raja Simham (1995)
Gharana Bullodu (1996)
Sahasa Veerudu Sagara Kanya (1996)
Pelli Sandadi (1996)
Bombay Priyudu (1996)
Annamayya (1997)
Mere Sapno Ki Rani (1998) (Hindi)
Srimathi Vellostha (1998)
Love Story 1999 (1998)
Paradesi (1998)
Iddaru Mitrulu (1999)
Rajakumarudu (1999)
2000s
Pelli Sambandham (2000)
Moodu Mukkalaata (2000)
Sri Manjunatha (2001) (Kannada/Telugu)
Aamdani Atthanni Kharcha Rupaiya (2001) (Hindi)
Gangotri (2003)
Subash Chandra Bose (2005)
Allari Bullodu (2005)
Sri Ramadasu (2006)
Pandurangadu (2008)
2010s
Jhummandi Naadam (2010)
Shirdi Sai (2012)
Om Namo Venkatesaya (2017)
This article about a Telugu-language film of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"action comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_comedy_film"},{"link_name":"K. Raghavendra Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Raghavendra_Rao"},{"link_name":"Rajasekhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasekhar_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ramya Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramya_Krishna"},{"link_name":"Soundarya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundarya"},{"link_name":"Raj–Koti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj%E2%80%93Koti"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Indian filmRaja Simham is a 1995 Telugu-language action comedy film directed by K. Raghavendra Rao and produced by Ch.V. Appa Rao. The film stars Rajasekhar, Ramya Krishna and Soundarya. 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Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra5:006.\"Indumathi Charumathi\"Sirivennela Seetharama SastryS. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra4:08Total length:30:01","title":"Soundtrack"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Raja Simham\". indiancine.ma. Retrieved 8 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiancine.ma/AJTA/info","url_text":"\"Raja Simham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raja Simham\". JioSaavn. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_II_Preljubovi%C4%87 | Thomas Preljubović | ["1 Life","1.1 Early years","1.2 Reign","1.2.1 Warfare","1.3 Death","2 Children","3 References","4 Bibliography"] | Despot of Epirus
Thomas PreljubovićDespot of EpirusThomas and Maria PaleologinaReign1367–1384PredecessorSimeon UrošSuccessorMaria PalaeologinaBorn14th centuryDiedDecember 23, 1384Ioannina, Despotate of EpirusSpouseMaria PalaeologinaIssuesee FamilyFathercaesar PreljubMotherIreneReligionSerbian Orthodox Christian
Thomas Preljubović (Serbian: Тома Прељубовић, romanized: Toma Preljubović; Greek: Θωμάς Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος, romanized: Thōmas Komnēnos Palaiologos) was ruler of the Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina from 1367 to his death in 1384. Thomas was an unpopular ruler and is appraised very negatively by his contemporaries. On December 23, 1384 he was stabbed to death by his guards at dawn. The conspiracy of the faction which overthrew him involved his wife Maria Angelina who succeeded him.
A great deal of his rule was preoccupied with fighting against the Albanians of the Despotate of Arta to his south, the Zenebishi family to his north and the Mazreku and other clans to his northwest. Thomas gave himself the self-styled epithet of Albanian-slayer (Greek: Αλβανοκτόνος/Αλβανιτόκτονος) after torturing Albanian prisoners in order to terrify his enemies.
Life
Early years
Thomas was the son of caesar Gregorios Preljub (Greek: Grēgorios Prealimpos), the Serbian governor of Thessaly, who died in late 1355 or early 1356. His mother Irene Nemanjić was a daughter of Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia and Helena of Bulgaria.
After the violent death of his father, Thomas' claim to Thessaly was asserted by his mother Irene, but they were forced to flee to Serbia by the advance of Nikephoros II Orsini in 1356. Here, Irene married Radoslav Hlapen, the ruler of Vodena, who took Thomas under his wing.
During the absence of Thessaly's new ruler, Simeon Uroš Palaiologos, in the Despotate of Epirus in 1359–1360, Hlapen invaded Thessaly, attempting to win it for his stepson. Although Simeon Uroš managed to contain the invasion, he was forced to cede Kastoria to Thomas and to marry him to his daughter Maria. Over the next several years, Simeon Uroš recognized that he could not assert effective authority over most of Epirus and delegated power in Arta and Angelokastron to local Albanian lords. In 1366 the citizens of Ioannina, the last major fortress to remain under Simeon Uroš's control, sent him a petition to appoint a governor who could protect them from the raids of Albanian nobles.
Simeon Uroš responded by designating Thomas as his governor and forwarding the Ioanninan and Vagenetian (Thesprotian) embassy to him. Thomas arrived in Ioannina from Edessa in 1367 with a large army and was originally applauded by the city's population. Despite his early popularity, not all the citizens of Ioannina or the Greek commanders of the towns of Paramythia and Arachovitsa supported his rule.
Reign
Thomas' reign in Ioannina is reflected in detail in the Chronicle of Ioannina. Primary sources, including the Chronice of Ioannina treat him in a negative outlook and reflect the hostility towards him by his contemporaries. The Chronicle depicts him as a cruel and capricious tyrant, describing him as "wicked", a "merciless sadist" and a "murderer", "greedy and avaricious" and special mention is made to his tyrannical actions towards the church, the nobility and regular citizens of Ioannina. According to historian Donald Nicol, the Chronicle is "deeply prejudiced" against Thomas.
The two successive outbreaks of plague that occurred in Ioannina in 1374 and 1375 caused the loss of his daughter.
Among the unpopular initiatives he is said to have taken were the intolerable taxation, the confiscation of church property as well as the imposition of monopolies on various commodities, including fish, cheese, vegetables and fruit. Thomas seized various properties of the Church of Ioannina and awarded them to his Serbian retainers. In 1382 a new appointee to the local archbishopric, Matthew, was sent out from Constantinople, and invested Thomas with the title of despotes on behalf of the Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos. Nevertheless, later Thomas quarreled with the archbishop and exiled him from Ioannina. Thomas is said to have forcefully married the widows of local Greek noblemen to Serbian husbands so as to alienate their property. He undoubtedly became quite unpopular by the Greek population by settling Serbs into the church and the administration. However, several of his initiatives were essential for the financial support of his almost continuous warfare against the Albanians including the construction of defensive works and the payment of armed units.
Some of the local nobility enjoyed favorable treatment of Thomas including Koutzotheodoros, Manuel Tziblos and Michael Apsaras. The later being awarded the title of protovestiarios after denouncing his own first cousin, Nikephoros Batalas, who was as a result blinded and exiled with his family.
On the other hand the first secretary Manuel Philanthropenos was poisoned and the Prokathemenos of Ioannina was imprisoned, then exiled and finally murdered for alleged treason.
Warfare
Main article: Albanian-Epirote War (1367–70)
Under Peter Losha, the despot of Arta, the Albanian Mazaraki and Malakasioi tribes attacked and at times blockaded Ioannina during the first three years of Thomas' reign. Thomas betrothed his daughter to Losha's son in 1370 as a means to end the conflict. Ioannina enjoyed peace for the following five years. His actions during this peaceful period are described as "tyrranical and destructive" towards the people of Ioannina with the local Albanians and their children as his main target.
Main article: Albanian-Epirote War (1374–1375)
In 1374, Pjetër Losha died of the plague in Arta, after which Gjin Bua Shpata took over the city. At this time he was not bound by agreement to Thomas; he laid siege to Ioannina and ravaged the country-side. Thomas brought peace when he betrothed his sister Helena to Gjin Bua Shpata the following year.
However, sporadic and often savage warfare still occurred between Ioannina and Albanians. Other Albanian tribes continued their offensives against Ioannina, such as the Malakasioi, who were defeated by Thomas in 1377 and 1379. After the failed siege of 1377, the chieftain Gjin Phrates was dragged in triumph through the streets of Ioannina and the other captives were sold into slavery. Despite Thomas' victory, the Albanians managed to get away with much plunder.
In 1379, in yet another unsuccessful siege the Malakasioi met a well organized resistance by the outnumbered citizens of Ioannina who finally succeeded to defeat the invaders. Two hundred Albanian besiegers who had entered the castle area surrendered to Thomas, who badly mistreated his prisoners. Albanians were sold into slavery, while a group of Bulgarians and Vlachs who were captured after the siege were mutilated. In reference to Basil II who was nicknamed Bulgar-Slayer (Boulgaroktónos), Thomas styled himself with the epithet "Albanian-Slayer" (Αλβανοκτόνος, Albanoktonos). His actions led Gjin Bua Shpata to besiege the city and to devastate the surrounding fields and vineyards in March 1379. As a response during the siege Thomas hung prisoners from the walls and threw mutilated body parts of his prisoners from the castle walls. In May 1379, Gjin Bua Shpata devastated the countryside of Ioannina. The Chronicle of Ioannina attributes the victory of the defenders to the people of Ioannina and Archangel Michael; the city's protector saint, with Thomas receiving no credit by its author.
Main article: Albanian-Epirote War (1381–84)
In 1380 Thomas passed to the offensive having also secured Ottoman support. The latter responded promptly and dispatched an auxiliary force and finally Thomas took a number of fortresses from his enemies in 1381–1384. He managed to expand his control in Dryinopolis, Velas, Boursina, Krezounista, Dragomi and Vagenetia and most of the land previously under the control of the Malakasioi tribe. The Albanians, in particular the Mazreku of the Kalamas area, held firm against him. In 1384, an Ottoman Turkish army led by Timurtash Bey attacked Arta and took many prisoners. Gjin Bua Shpata sent Matthew, the bishop of Arta and his counselor Kalognomos to propose an anti-Ottoman pact to Thomas, but he rejected it. Led "by his hatred towards the Albanians", according to the Chronicle, Thomas maltreated Gjin's delegation. Matthew was sent into exile and Kalognomos was imprisoned.
Death
Thomas used the hostilities with the Albanians as the raison d'être for his tyrannical rule over Ioannina and his alliance to the Ottomans, but as the hostilities subsided, his regime could no longer justify its actions. Thomas certainly dealt in a savage manner with many Greeks of Ioannina whom he suspected of conspiring against him. Eventually, a coalition of collaborators that included Thomas' wife Maria participated in a conspiracy against him. On December 23, 1384, Thomas was assassinated in his bed by his own bodyguards. His assassination happened at dawn, five hours in the morning when he was stabbed to death by his guards Nikephorakes, Rainakes, Artabastos and Anton the Frank, according to the Chronicle of Ioannina.
Upon his death, the population of Ioannina gathered in the cathedral where the basilissa Maria Angelina was acclaimed their despoina. Her brother John Uroš Doukas Palaiologos was invited to come and advise her in governance. Thomas' collaborators were punished and the protovestiarios, Michael Apsaras, was imprisoned and exiled.
Children
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
By Tsarevna Princess Jerina (daughter of Tsar Dusan), Thomas II Preljubović had at least one daughter:
Irene, who married Gjin Bua Shpata, and died in 1374–5.
By his wife Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina Thomas II possibly had a son:
Preljub (Prealoupes), who must have died young.
References
^ Osswald, Brendan (2007). The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus. S.G.Ellis; L.Klusakova. Imagining frontiers, contesting identities. Pisa University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-88-8492-466-7. nonetheless blames Thomas Preljubović for his anti-Albanian policy, ascribing to badness his self-styled epithet, the "Albanian-slayer"
^ a b Ellis, Steven G.; Klusáková, Lud'a (2007). Imagining Frontiers, Contesting Identities. Edizioni Plus. p. 135. ISBN 978-88-8492-466-7.
^ a b Oswald, Brendan (2011). "Citizenship in Medieval Ioannina" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011.
^ J. V. A. Fine"The Late Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest" (1994) p 346
^ a b c d e Nicol 1997, p. 214.
^ Nicol, 1997, p. 214: "Not all the citizens... Arachovitsa"
^ a b Nicol 1984, p. 143
^ Ellis, Steven G.; Klusáková, Lud'a (2007). Imagining Frontiers, Contesting Identities. Edizioni Plus. p. 139. ISBN 978-88-8492-466-7. ...the Chronicle of Ioannina, hostile to Thomas Preljubovic...
^ Sansaridou-Hendrickx 2010, p. 294.
^ Sansaridou-Hendrickx 2011, p. 133.
^ Nicol, 1997, p. 214: "He is said... himself unpopular with the Greeks by ... by the Albanians."
^ Nicol 1984, p. 144.
^ a b c d e Nicol 1984, p. 147.
^ a b c d e f g Nicol 1984, p. 146.
^ a b Sansaridou-Hendrickx 2010, p. 295.
^ a b Osswald 2011, p. 196
^ Osswald, Brendan (2007). The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus. S.G.Ellis; L.Klusakova. Imagining frontiers, contesting identities. Pisa University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-88-8492-466-7. nonetheless blames Thomas Preljubović for his anti-Albanian policy, ascribing to badness his self-styled epithet, the "Albanian-slayer"
^ a b Hammond, 1976 & ps"In 1380 Thomas brought in the Turks as allies and passed to the... The Albanians and in particular the Mazarakii of the Kalamas valley held firm against him. In 1385 he was assassinated by some of his own bodyguards" (Epeirotica 2.230), p. 59.
^ Nicol 1997, p. 215.
^ Nicol 1984, p. 150.
^ Sansaridou-Hendrickx 2010, p. 293.
^ a b Osswald 2011, p. 202
^ Sansaridou-Hendrickx 2017, p. 289. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSansaridou-Hendrickx2017 (help)
^ Sansaridou-Hendrickx 2011, p. 134.
^ Sansaridou-Hendrickx 2011, p. 135.
Bibliography
Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) . The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
Miller, William (1908). The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566). London: John Murray. OCLC 563022439.
Nicol, Donald M. (1984). The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-13089-9.
Agoritsas, Demetrios C. (2014). "Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina and her depictions in post-byzantine mural paintings". Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta (51): 171–185. doi:10.2298/zrvi1451171a. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
Soulis, George Christos (1984), The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Dušan (1331–1355) and his successors, Dumbarton Oaks, ISBN 0-88402-137-8
Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1984). The Despotate of Epiros, 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26190-6.
Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1997). "Late Byzantine Period (1204–1479)". Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization. Ekdotike Athenon: 198–237. ISBN 9789602133712.
Sansaridou-Hendrickx, Thekla (2010). "The Albanians in the Chronicle(s) of Ioannina: An Anthropological Approach". Acta Patristica et Byzantina. 21 (2): 287–306. doi:10.1080/10226486.2010.11879131. S2CID 163742869.
Sansaridou-Hendrickx, Thekla (2011). "Maria Angelina Palaiologina: Abused Wife or Husband-Slayer?". Journal of Early Christian History. 1 (1): 131–142. doi:10.1080/2222582X.2011.11877234. ISSN 2222-582X. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
Osswald, Brendan (2011). L'Epire du treizième au quinzième siècle : autonomie et hétérogénéité d'une région balkanique (Thesis). Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II.
Preceded bySimeon Uroš
Ruler of Epirus 1367–1384
Succeeded byMaria
vteRulers of the Despotate of EpirusKomnenos-Doukas dynasty
Michael I Komnenos Doukasa
Theodore Komnenos Doukasac
Michael II Komnenos Doukasa
Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas
Thomas I Komnenos Doukas (with Anna Kantakouzene as regent)
Orsini dynasty
Nicholas Orsinib
John II Orsinib
Nikephoros II Orsini (with Anna Palaiologina as regent)
Nemanjić dynasty
Simeon Uroša
Thomas Preljubovićd
Maria Angelinad
Buondelmonti dynasty
Esau de' Buondelmontid
Giorgio de' Buondelmontid (with Jevdokija Balšić as regent)
Tocco dynasty
Carlo I Toccob
Carlo II Toccob
Leonardo III Toccob
aAlso rulers of Thessaly bAlso counts palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos cFrom c. 1225 Emperor of Thessalonica dDe facto reduced to the city of Ioannina and its environs
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"ruler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despot_of_Epirus"},{"link_name":"Despotate of Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus"},{"link_name":"Ioannina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannina"},{"link_name":"Maria Angelina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Angelina_Doukaina_Palaiologina"},{"link_name":"Despotate of Arta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta"},{"link_name":"Zenebishi family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenebishi_family"},{"link_name":"Mazreku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazreku_(Epirus)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"Thomas Preljubović (Serbian: Тома Прељубовић, romanized: Toma Preljubović; Greek: Θωμάς Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος, romanized: Thōmas Komnēnos Palaiologos) was ruler of the Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina from 1367 to his death in 1384. Thomas was an unpopular ruler and is appraised very negatively by his contemporaries. On December 23, 1384 he was stabbed to death by his guards at dawn. The conspiracy of the faction which overthrew him involved his wife Maria Angelina who succeeded him.A great deal of his rule was preoccupied with fighting against the Albanians of the Despotate of Arta to his south, the Zenebishi family to his north and the Mazreku and other clans to his northwest. Thomas gave himself the self-styled epithet of Albanian-slayer[1] (Greek: Αλβανοκτόνος[2]/Αλβανιτόκτονος[3]) after torturing Albanian prisoners in order to terrify his enemies.[2][3]","title":"Thomas Preljubović"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregorios Preljub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorios_Preljub"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Thessaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Thessaly"},{"link_name":"Nemanjić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemanji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Uro%C5%A1_IV_Du%C5%A1an_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Helena of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros II Orsini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Orsini"},{"link_name":"Radoslav Hlapen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radoslav_Hlapen"},{"link_name":"Vodena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Simeon Uroš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Uro%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Despotate of Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus"},{"link_name":"Kastoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastoria"},{"link_name":"Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Angelina_Doukaina_Palaiologina"},{"link_name":"Arta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arta,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Angelokastron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelokastro_(Aetolia-Acarnania)"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Ioannina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannina"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1997214-5"},{"link_name":"Paramythia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramythia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Thomas was the son of caesar Gregorios Preljub (Greek: Grēgorios Prealimpos), the Serbian governor of Thessaly, who died in late 1355 or early 1356. His mother Irene Nemanjić was a daughter of Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia[4] and Helena of Bulgaria.After the violent death of his father, Thomas' claim to Thessaly was asserted by his mother Irene, but they were forced to flee to Serbia by the advance of Nikephoros II Orsini in 1356. Here, Irene married Radoslav Hlapen, the ruler of Vodena, who took Thomas under his wing.During the absence of Thessaly's new ruler, Simeon Uroš Palaiologos, in the Despotate of Epirus in 1359–1360, Hlapen invaded Thessaly, attempting to win it for his stepson. Although Simeon Uroš managed to contain the invasion, he was forced to cede Kastoria to Thomas and to marry him to his daughter Maria. Over the next several years, Simeon Uroš recognized that he could not assert effective authority over most of Epirus and delegated power in Arta and Angelokastron to local Albanian lords. In 1366 the citizens of Ioannina, the last major fortress to remain under Simeon Uroš's control, sent him a petition to appoint a governor who could protect them from the raids of Albanian nobles.Simeon Uroš responded by designating Thomas as his governor and forwarding the Ioanninan and Vagenetian (Thesprotian) embassy to him. Thomas arrived in Ioannina from Edessa in 1367 with a large army and was originally applauded by the city's population.[5] Despite his early popularity, not all the citizens of Ioannina or the Greek commanders of the towns of Paramythia and Arachovitsa supported his rule.[6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chronicle of Ioannina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_Ioannina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicol1984-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EllisKlus%C3%A1kov%C3%A12007-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansaridou-Hendrickx2010294-9"},{"link_name":"Donald Nicol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Nicol"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicol1984-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansaridou-Hendrickx2011133-10"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"despotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotes"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor"},{"link_name":"John V Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Michael Apsaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Apsaras"},{"link_name":"protovestiarios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protovestiarios"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984144-12"},{"link_name":"Prokathemenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokathemenos"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984147-13"}],"sub_title":"Reign","text":"Thomas' reign in Ioannina is reflected in detail in the Chronicle of Ioannina. Primary sources, including the Chronice of Ioannina treat him in a negative outlook and reflect the hostility towards him by his contemporaries.[7][8] The Chronicle depicts him as a cruel and capricious tyrant, describing him as \"wicked\", a \"merciless sadist\" and a \"murderer\", \"greedy and avaricious\" and special mention is made to his tyrannical actions towards the church, the nobility and regular citizens of Ioannina.[9] According to historian Donald Nicol, the Chronicle is \"deeply prejudiced\" against Thomas.[7]The two successive outbreaks of plague that occurred in Ioannina in 1374 and 1375 caused the loss of his daughter.[10]Among the unpopular initiatives he is said to have taken were the intolerable taxation, the confiscation of church property as well as the imposition of monopolies on various commodities, including fish, cheese, vegetables and fruit. Thomas seized various properties of the Church of Ioannina and awarded them to his Serbian retainers. In 1382 a new appointee to the local archbishopric, Matthew, was sent out from Constantinople, and invested Thomas with the title of despotes on behalf of the Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos. Nevertheless, later Thomas quarreled with the archbishop and exiled him from Ioannina. Thomas is said to have forcefully married the widows of local Greek noblemen to Serbian husbands so as to alienate their property. He undoubtedly became quite unpopular by the Greek population by settling Serbs into the church and the administration. However, several of his initiatives were essential for the financial support of his almost continuous warfare against the Albanians including the construction of defensive works and the payment of armed units.[11]Some of the local nobility enjoyed favorable treatment of Thomas including Koutzotheodoros, Manuel Tziblos and Michael Apsaras. The later being awarded the title of protovestiarios after denouncing his own first cousin, Nikephoros Batalas, who was as a result blinded and exiled with his family.[12] \nOn the other hand the first secretary Manuel Philanthropenos was poisoned and the Prokathemenos of Ioannina was imprisoned, then exiled and finally murdered for alleged treason.[13]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Losha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Losha"},{"link_name":"Mazaraki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazreku_(Epirus)"},{"link_name":"Malakasioi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakasioi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1997214-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984146-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1997214-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansaridou-Hendrickx2010295-15"},{"link_name":"Gjin Bua Shpata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Spata"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984146-14"},{"link_name":"siege to Ioannina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian-Epirote_War_(1374%E2%80%931375)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984146-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984146-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984146-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984146-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1997214-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984146-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansaridou-Hendrickx2010295-15"},{"link_name":"Basil II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_II"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osswald197-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984147-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osswald197-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984147-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984147-13"},{"link_name":"Archangel Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(archangel)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984147-13"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammond-18"},{"link_name":"a number of fortresses from his enemies in 1381–1384","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian-Epirote_War_(1381%E2%80%9384)"},{"link_name":"Dryinopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryinopolis"},{"link_name":"Vagenetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagenetia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1997215-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984150-20"},{"link_name":"Mazreku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazreku_(Epirus)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammond-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansaridou-Hendrickx2010293-21"}],"sub_title":"Reign - Warfare","text":"Under Peter Losha, the despot of Arta, the Albanian Mazaraki and Malakasioi tribes attacked and at times blockaded Ioannina during the first three years of Thomas' reign.[5] Thomas betrothed his daughter to Losha's son in 1370 as a means to end the conflict.[14] Ioannina enjoyed peace for the following five years.[5] His actions during this peaceful period are described as \"tyrranical and destructive\" towards the people of Ioannina with the local Albanians and their children as his main target.[15]In 1374, Pjetër Losha died of the plague in Arta, after which Gjin Bua Shpata took over the city.[14] At this time he was not bound by agreement to Thomas; he laid siege to Ioannina and ravaged the country-side.[14] Thomas brought peace when he betrothed his sister Helena to Gjin Bua Shpata the following year.[14]However, sporadic and often savage warfare still occurred between Ioannina and Albanians.[14] Other Albanian tribes continued their offensives against Ioannina, such as the Malakasioi, who were defeated by Thomas in 1377 and 1379.[14][5] After the failed siege of 1377, the chieftain Gjin Phrates was dragged in triumph through the streets of Ioannina and the other captives were sold into slavery. Despite Thomas' victory, the Albanians managed to get away with much plunder.[14]In 1379, in yet another unsuccessful siege the Malakasioi met a well organized resistance by the outnumbered citizens of Ioannina who finally succeeded to defeat the invaders.[15] Two hundred Albanian besiegers who had entered the castle area surrendered to Thomas, who badly mistreated his prisoners. Albanians were sold into slavery, while a group of Bulgarians and Vlachs who were captured after the siege were mutilated. In reference to Basil II who was nicknamed Bulgar-Slayer (Boulgaroktónos), Thomas styled himself with the epithet \"Albanian-Slayer\" (Αλβανοκτόνος, Albanoktonos).[16][17] His actions led Gjin Bua Shpata to besiege the city and to devastate the surrounding fields and vineyards in March 1379. [13] As a response during the siege Thomas hung prisoners from the walls and threw mutilated body parts of his prisoners from the castle walls.[16][13] In May 1379, Gjin Bua Shpata devastated the countryside of Ioannina.[13] The Chronicle of Ioannina attributes the victory of the defenders to the people of Ioannina and Archangel Michael; the city's protector saint, with Thomas receiving no credit by its author.[13]In 1380 Thomas passed to the offensive having also secured Ottoman support.[18] The latter responded promptly and dispatched an auxiliary force and finally Thomas took a number of fortresses from his enemies in 1381–1384. He managed to expand his control in Dryinopolis, Velas, Boursina, Krezounista, Dragomi and Vagenetia and most of the land previously under the control of the Malakasioi tribe.[19][20] The Albanians, in particular the Mazreku of the Kalamas area, held firm against him.[18] In 1384, an Ottoman Turkish army led by Timurtash Bey attacked Arta and took many prisoners. Gjin Bua Shpata sent Matthew, the bishop of Arta and his counselor Kalognomos to propose an anti-Ottoman pact to Thomas, but he rejected it. Led \"by his hatred towards the Albanians\", according to the Chronicle, Thomas maltreated Gjin's delegation. Matthew was sent into exile and Kalognomos was imprisoned.[21]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"raison d'être","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raison_d%27%C3%AAtre"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osswald202-22"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1997214-5"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansaridou-Hendrickx2017289-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansaridou-Hendrickx2011134-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osswald202-22"},{"link_name":"despoina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despot_(court_title)"},{"link_name":"John Uroš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Uro%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Michael Apsaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Apsaras"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansaridou-Hendrickx2011135-25"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Thomas used the hostilities with the Albanians as the raison d'être for his tyrannical rule over Ioannina and his alliance to the Ottomans, but as the hostilities subsided, his regime could no longer justify its actions.[22] Thomas certainly dealt in a savage manner with many Greeks of Ioannina whom he suspected of conspiring against him.[5] Eventually, a coalition of collaborators that included Thomas' wife Maria participated in a conspiracy against him. On December 23, 1384, Thomas was assassinated in his bed by his own bodyguards.[23][24] His assassination happened at dawn, five hours in the morning when he was stabbed to death by his guards Nikephorakes, Rainakes, Artabastos and Anton the Frank, according to the Chronicle of Ioannina.[22]Upon his death, the population of Ioannina gathered in the cathedral where the basilissa Maria Angelina was acclaimed their despoina. Her brother John Uroš Doukas Palaiologos was invited to come and advise her in governance. Thomas' collaborators were punished and the protovestiarios, Michael Apsaras, was imprisoned and exiled.[25]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gjin Bua Shpata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjin_Bua_Shpata"}],"text":"By Tsarevna Princess Jerina (daughter of Tsar Dusan), Thomas II Preljubović had at least one daughter:Irene, who married Gjin Bua Shpata, and died in 1374–5.By his wife Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina Thomas II possibly had a son:Preljub (Prealoupes), who must have died young.","title":"Children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fine, John V. A. Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr."},{"link_name":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-472-08260-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4"},{"link_name":"Kazhdan, Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-504652-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"},{"link_name":"Miller, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)"},{"link_name":"The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece 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A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.\nKazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.\nMiller, William (1908). The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566). London: John Murray. OCLC 563022439.\nNicol, Donald M. (1984). The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-13089-9.\nAgoritsas, Demetrios C. (2014). \"Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina and her depictions in post-byzantine mural paintings\". Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta (51): 171–185. doi:10.2298/zrvi1451171a. Retrieved 6 May 2024.\nSoulis, George Christos (1984), The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Dušan (1331–1355) and his successors, Dumbarton Oaks, ISBN 0-88402-137-8\nNicol, Donald MacGillivray (1984). The Despotate of Epiros, 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26190-6.\nNicol, Donald MacGillivray (1997). \"Late Byzantine Period (1204–1479)\". Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization. Ekdotike Athenon: 198–237. ISBN 9789602133712.\nSansaridou-Hendrickx, Thekla (2010). \"The Albanians in the Chronicle(s) of Ioannina: An Anthropological Approach\". Acta Patristica et Byzantina. 21 (2): 287–306. doi:10.1080/10226486.2010.11879131. S2CID 163742869.\nSansaridou-Hendrickx, Thekla (2011). \"Maria Angelina Palaiologina: Abused Wife or Husband-Slayer?\". Journal of Early Christian History. 1 (1): 131–142. doi:10.1080/2222582X.2011.11877234. ISSN 2222-582X. Retrieved 1 May 2024.\nOsswald, Brendan (2011). L'Epire du treizième au quinzième siècle : autonomie et hétérogénéité d'une région balkanique (Thesis). Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II.vteRulers of the Despotate of EpirusKomnenos-Doukas dynasty\nMichael I Komnenos Doukasa\nTheodore Komnenos Doukasac\nMichael II Komnenos Doukasa\nNikephoros I Komnenos Doukas\nThomas I Komnenos Doukas (with Anna Kantakouzene as regent)\nOrsini dynasty\nNicholas Orsinib\nJohn II Orsinib\nNikephoros II Orsini (with Anna Palaiologina as regent)\nNemanjić dynasty\nSimeon Uroša\nThomas Preljubovićd\nMaria Angelinad\nBuondelmonti dynasty\nEsau de' Buondelmontid\nGiorgio de' Buondelmontid (with Jevdokija Balšić as regent)\nTocco dynasty\nCarlo I Toccob\nCarlo II Toccob\nLeonardo III Toccob\naAlso rulers of Thessaly bAlso counts palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos cFrom c. 1225 Emperor of Thessalonica dDe facto reduced to the city of Ioannina and its environsAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Osswald, Brendan (2007). The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus. S.G.Ellis; L.Klusakova. Imagining frontiers, contesting identities. Pisa University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-88-8492-466-7. nonetheless blames Thomas Preljubović for his anti-Albanian policy, ascribing to badness his self-styled epithet, the \"Albanian-slayer\"","urls":[{"url":"https://univ-tlse2.hal.science/hal-02083128/document#:~:text=Medieval%20Epirus%20was%20the%20melting,is%20that%20from%201200%20onwards.","url_text":"The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus. S.G.Ellis; L.Klusakova. Imagining frontiers, contesting identities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8492-466-7","url_text":"978-88-8492-466-7"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Steven G.; Klusáková, Lud'a (2007). Imagining Frontiers, Contesting Identities. Edizioni Plus. p. 135. 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OCLC 563022439.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)","url_text":"Miller, William"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/latinsinlevanthi00mill/","url_text":"The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/563022439","url_text":"563022439"}]},{"reference":"Nicol, Donald M. (1984). The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Rogers | Randolph Rogers | ["1 Biography","2 Selected works","2.1 List","2.2 Images","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | American sculptor
Randolph Rogers
Randolph Rogers (July 6, 1825 in Waterloo, New York – January 15, 1892 in Rome, Italy) was an American Neoclassical sculptor. An expatriate who lived most of his life in Italy, his works ranged from popular subjects to major commissions, including the Columbus Doors at the U.S. Capitol and American Civil War monuments.
Biography
Nydia, the Blind Flower Girl of Pompeii (1853–54), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
Rogers was born in Waterloo, New York, and his family moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan when he was a child.
He developed an interest in wood cuts and wood engraving, and moved to New York City about 1847, but was unsuccessful in finding employment as an engraver. While working as a clerk in a dry-goods store, his employers discovered his native talent as a sculptor and provided funds for him to travel to Italy. He began study in Florence in 1848, where he studied briefly under Lorenzo Bartolini. He then opened a studio in Rome in 1851. He resided in that city until his death in 1892.
He began his career carving statues of children and portrait busts of tourists. He was not happy working with marble consequently all his marble statues were copied in his studio by Italian artisans under his supervision, from an original produced by him in another material. This also enabled him to profit from his popular works. His first large-scale work was Ruth Gleaning (1853), based on a figure in the Old Testament. It proved extremely popular, and up to 20 marble replicas were produced by his studio. His next large-scale work was Nydia, the Blind Flower Girl of Pompeii (1853–54), based on a character in Edward Bulwer-Lytton's best-selling 1834 novel, The Last Days of Pompeii. It proved even more popular, and his studio produced at least 77 marble replicas.
In 1855 he received his first major commission in the United States: great bronze doors for the East Front of the United States Capitol. He chose to depict scenes from the life of Christopher Columbus. The Columbus Doors were modeled in Rome, cast in Munich, and installed in Washington, DC in 1871.
In 1854, Rogers along with William Wetmore Story, Richard Greenough, and Thomas Crawford were each commissioned by Mount Auburn Cemetery to create statues of famous Bostonians to be displayed in the cemetery's chapel. Rogers was commissioned to create a statue of President John Adams. In September 1857, Rogers shipped the completed marble sculpture from Rome, but the ship was lost at sea before its arrival. Rogers was then commissioned to create another copy of his sculpture of "John Adams" and was contracted to create a marble version of Thomas Crawford's plaster sculpture "James Otis" after Crawfords died suddenly. (All of the sculptures were transferred to the Harvard Art Museums in 1935)
Following the 1857 death of sculptor Thomas Crawford, Rogers completed the sculpture program of the Washington Monument at the State Capitol in Richmond.
He designed four major American Civil War monuments: the Soldiers' National Monument (1865–1869) at Gettysburg National Cemetery; the Rhode Island Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (1866–1871) in Providence; the Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (1867–1872) in Detroit; and the Soldiers' Monument (1871–1874) in Worcester, Massachusetts.
He modeled The Genius of Connecticut (1877–1878), a bronze goddess that adorned the dome of the Connecticut State Capitol in Hartford. It was damaged in a 1938 hurricane, removed, and melted down for scrap metal during World War II. A plaster cast of the statue is now exhibited within the building.
In 1873 he became the first American to be elected to Italy's Accademia di San Luca, and he was knighted in 1884 by King Umberto I.
Rogers suffered a stroke in 1882, and was never able to work again. He left his papers and plaster casts of his sculptures to the University of Michigan, where there is also a Nydia replica.
Selected works
List
East Front of the U.S. Capitol (c. 1875), showing Rogers's Columbus Doors (center, at top of stairs).
Ruth Gleaning (1853), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
Nydia, the Blind Flower Girl of Pompeii (1853–1854), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
John Adams (1854–1859), Memorial Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Columbus Doors (1855–1861), East Front, United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.
Thomas Nelson, Meriwether Lewis, 6 allegorical figures (1857–1858), Washington Monument, Virginia State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia.
Angel of the Resurrection (1862), Samuel Colt Monument, Cedar Hill Cemetery, Hartford, Connecticut.
Isaac on the Altar (1863–1864), Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn, New York City
La Somnambula (1863–1864), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
The Sentinel (1863–1865), Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio. One of Ohio's first formal Civil War monuments.
Soldiers' National Monument (1865–1869), Gettysburg National Cemetery, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, George Keller, architect.
Rhode Island Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (1866–1871), Kennedy Square, Providence, Rhode Island, Alfred Stone, architect.
Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (1867–1872), Detroit, Michigan.
Abraham Lincoln (1870–1871), East Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Soldiers' Monument (1871–1874), Worcester, Massachusetts.
The Lost Pleiade (1874), The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Sculpture group of feuding tribes.
William H. Seward Monument (1875–1876), Madison Square, New York City.
The Genius of Connecticut (1877–1878), Connecticut State Capitol, Hartford, Connecticut.
The Last Arrow (statuette) (1879–1880), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
The Infant Psyche (bust of the artist's daughter Nora) (c. 1880), Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Images
Ruth Gleaning (1853), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
Angel of the Resurrection (1864) atop Colt Monument, Cedar Hill Cemetery, Hartford, Connecticut.
The Sentinel (1864–65), Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio.
The Genius of Liberty, Soldiers' National Monument (1865–1869), Gettysburg National Cemetery, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
Rhode Island Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (1866–1871), Kennedy Square, Providence, Rhode Island.
Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (1867–1872), Detroit, Michigan.
Abraham Lincoln (1870–71), East Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Soldiers' Monument (1871–1874), Worcester, Massachusetts.
The Lost Pleiad (1873–74), Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn, New York City.
William H. Seward Monument (1875–76), Madison Square, New York City.
The Genius of Connecticut (1877–78), Connecticut State Capitol, Hartford, Connecticut. Painted plaster cast, the original bronze statue was damaged and destroyed.
"Labor" from Soldiers' National Monument
Notes
"Randolph Rogers," Susan James-Gadzinski & Mary Mullen Cunningham, American Sculpture in the Museum of American Art of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA, 1997), pp. 58–61.
Millard F. Rogers, Jr. Randolph Rogers: American Sculptor in Rome. University of Massachusetts Press. 1971. ISBN 9780870230875.
Marc Tarrozzi, Randolph Rogers and the Rhode Island Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (1989).
William H. Seward was Secretary of State, 1861–1869.
References
^ "Randolph Rogers' Ann Arbor Life | Ann Arbor District Library". aadl.org. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
^ "Randolph Rogers, The Sculptor | Ann Arbor District Library". aadl.org. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
^ Dizionario degli Artisti Italiani Viventi: pittori, scultori, e Architetti., by Angelo de Gubernatis. Tipe dei Successori Le Monnier, 1889, page 423.
^ a b c d James-Gadzinski & Cunningham, pp. 58–61.
^ a b Columbus Doors from Architect of the Capitol Webpage.
^ "Trustees Records, Vol. 2, 1854". Transcribing Mount Auburn. Mount Auburn Cemetery. p. 85. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
^ De Gubernatis, page 423
^ Bigelow, Jacob (15 January 1858). "Letter from Jacob Bigelow to Louisa W. Crawford". Transcribing Mount Auburn. Mount Auburn Cemetery. p. 2. Retrieved 9 June 2021. A statue of John Adams by Randolph Rogers, & one of Webster by Powers, are supposed to be lost having been shipped from Leghorn in the Oxford Sept. 1 & not since heard from.
^ Fox, Kathleen (Spring 1996). "The Statues of Bigelow Chapel" (PDF). Sweet Auburn: 3. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
^ Ahles, Dick (2003-09-21). "Remembering the Great Hurricane of '38 (Published 2003)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
^ "More on Randolph Rogers". The Inter Ocean. 1892-01-18. p. 2. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
^ "Heroic Figure of Michigan | Arts & Culture". arts.umich.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
^ "Randolph Rogers | Greek Ann Arbor". Retrieved 2020-03-11.
^ "Exchange: Nydia, the Blind Flower Girl of Pompeii". exchange.umma.umich.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
^ "Moses Rogers House, 1861 | Ann Arbor District Library". aadl.org. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
^ Ruth Gleaning
^ "Bible Gateway passage: Ruth 2 - Common English Bible".
^ Nydia
^ John Adams from Harvard University
^ Virginia Washington Monument
^ Colt Monument
^ Inscription at base of statue shows date as "MDCCCLXIV" (1864).
^ Isaac on the Altar from Brooklyn Museum.
^ La Somnombula
^ The Sentinel
^ Campen, Richard N., Outdoor Sculpture in Ohio: A Comprehensive Overview of Outdoor Sculpture in Ohio, Mid-Nineteenth Century to the Present, West Summit Press, Chagrin Falls, Ohio, 1980.
^ Soldiers' National Monument
^ Rhode Island Monument from Rootsweb.
^ Michigan Monument
^ Carolyn Damstra (Sept. – Oct. 1999). Randolph Rogers Archived 2006-12-20 at the Wayback MachineMichigan History Magazine
^ Worcester Soldiers' Monument
^ Seward Monument
^ The Last Arrow from MMA.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Randolph Rogers.
Sculptor.org information
World Wide Arts Resources information
Randolph Rogers from University of Michigan Museum of Art
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
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SNAC
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While working as a clerk in a dry-goods store, his employers discovered his native talent as a sculptor and provided funds for him to travel to Italy. He began study in Florence in 1848, where he studied briefly under Lorenzo Bartolini.[3] He then opened a studio in Rome in 1851. He resided in that city until his death in 1892.[4]He began his career carving statues of children and portrait busts of tourists. He was not happy working with marble consequently all his marble statues were copied in his studio by Italian artisans under his supervision, from an original produced by him in another material. This also enabled him to profit from his popular works. His first large-scale work was Ruth Gleaning (1853), based on a figure in the Old Testament. It proved extremely popular, and up to 20 marble replicas were produced by his studio. 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Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument_(Richmond,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Virginia State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Cedar Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Hill_Cemetery_(Hartford,_Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian American Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Spring Grove Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Grove_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Soldiers' National Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers%27_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"George Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Keller_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Monument"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Monument_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"East Fairmount Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmount_Park"},{"link_name":"Soldiers' Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers%27_Monument_(Worcester,_Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"The Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Madison Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Connecticut State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Art_Museum"}],"sub_title":"List","text":"East Front of the U.S. Capitol (c. 1875), showing Rogers's Columbus Doors (center, at top of stairs).Ruth Gleaning (1853), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.[16][17]\nNydia, the Blind Flower Girl of Pompeii (1853–1854), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.[18]\nJohn Adams (1854–1859), Memorial Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.[19]\nColumbus Doors (1855–1861), East Front, United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.[5]\nThomas Nelson, Meriwether Lewis, 6 allegorical figures (1857–1858), Washington Monument, Virginia State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia.[20]\nAngel of the Resurrection (1862), Samuel Colt Monument, Cedar Hill Cemetery, Hartford, Connecticut.[21][22]\nIsaac on the Altar (1863–1864), Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn, New York City [23]\nLa Somnambula (1863–1864), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.[24]\nThe Sentinel (1863–1865), Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio.[25] One of Ohio's first formal Civil War monuments.[26]\nSoldiers' National Monument (1865–1869), Gettysburg National Cemetery, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, George Keller, architect.[27]\nRhode Island Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (1866–1871), Kennedy Square, Providence, Rhode Island, Alfred Stone, architect.[28]\nMichigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (1867–1872), Detroit, Michigan.[29][30]\nAbraham Lincoln (1870–1871), East Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.\nSoldiers' Monument (1871–1874), Worcester, Massachusetts.[31]\nThe Lost Pleiade (1874), The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Sculpture group of feuding tribes.\nWilliam H. Seward Monument (1875–1876), Madison Square, New York City.[32]\nThe Genius of Connecticut (1877–1878), Connecticut State Capitol, Hartford, Connecticut.\nThe Last Arrow (statuette) (1879–1880), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.[33]\nThe Infant Psyche (bust of the artist's daughter Nora) (c. 1880), Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio.","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruth_Gleaning.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colt_Family_Monument_(Randolph_Rogers,_sculptor),_Cedar_Hill_Cemetery,_Hartford,_CT_-_February_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cedar Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Hill_Cemetery_(Hartford,_Connecticut)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cincinnati_-_Spring_Grove_Cemetery_%26_Arboretum_%22Civil_War_Soldier_in_Autumn%22.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spring Grove Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Grove_Cemetery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Genius_of_Liberty_on_top_of_the_Soldier%27s_National_Monument,_Gettyburg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Soldiers' National Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers%27_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_National_Cemetery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Providence_RI_City_Hall_and_Soldiers%27_%26_Sailors%27_Monument_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:For_Those_Who_Gave_All....jpg"},{"link_name":"Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Monument"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lincoln_1871_Fairmount.jpg"},{"link_name":"East Fairmount Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmount_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CivilWarMemorialWorcester.JPG"},{"link_name":"Soldiers' Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers%27_Monument_(Worcester,_Massachusetts)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WLA_brooklynmuseum_Randolph_Rogers_The_Lost_Pleiad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seward_statue_in_Madison_Square_Park_(00284)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Madison Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Genius_of_Connecticut_statue,_by_Randolph_Rogers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Connecticut State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_State_Capitol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Randolph_Rogers_Labor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Soldiers' National Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers%27_National_Monument"}],"sub_title":"Images","text":"Ruth Gleaning (1853), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAngel of the Resurrection (1864) atop Colt Monument, Cedar Hill Cemetery, Hartford, Connecticut.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Sentinel (1864–65), Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Genius of Liberty, Soldiers' National Monument (1865–1869), Gettysburg National Cemetery, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRhode Island Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (1866–1871), Kennedy Square, Providence, Rhode Island.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMichigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (1867–1872), Detroit, Michigan.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAbraham Lincoln (1870–71), East Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSoldiers' Monument (1871–1874), Worcester, Massachusetts.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Lost Pleiad (1873–74), Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn, New York City.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilliam H. Seward Monument (1875–76), Madison Square, New York City.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Genius of Connecticut (1877–78), Connecticut State Capitol, Hartford, Connecticut. Painted plaster cast, the original bronze statue was damaged and destroyed.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"Labor\" from Soldiers' National Monument","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780870230875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870230875"},{"link_name":"William H. Seward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward"}],"text":"\"Randolph Rogers,\" Susan James-Gadzinski & Mary Mullen Cunningham, American Sculpture in the Museum of American Art of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA, 1997), pp. 58–61.\nMillard F. Rogers, Jr. Randolph Rogers: American Sculptor in Rome. University of Massachusetts Press. 1971. ISBN 9780870230875.\nMarc Tarrozzi, Randolph Rogers and the Rhode Island Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (1989).\nWilliam H. Seward was Secretary of State, 1861–1869.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Randolph Rogers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Randolph_Rogers_History_of_UM.png/220px-Randolph_Rogers_History_of_UM.png"},{"image_text":"Nydia, the Blind Flower Girl of Pompeii (1853–54), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Blind_Flower_Girl_of_Pompeii_01.jpg/220px-Blind_Flower_Girl_of_Pompeii_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"East Front of the U.S. Capitol (c. 1875), showing Rogers's Columbus Doors (center, at top of stairs).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_East_Portico_of_U.S._Capitol%2C_by_Bell_%26_Bro._%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.jpg/350px-The_East_Portico_of_U.S._Capitol%2C_by_Bell_%26_Bro._%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Randolph Rogers' Ann Arbor Life | Ann Arbor District Library\". aadl.org. Retrieved 2020-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://aadl.org/node/127708","url_text":"\"Randolph Rogers' Ann Arbor Life | Ann Arbor District Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Randolph Rogers, The Sculptor | Ann Arbor District Library\". aadl.org. Retrieved 2020-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://aadl.org/node/188290","url_text":"\"Randolph Rogers, The Sculptor | Ann Arbor District Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trustees Records, Vol. 2, 1854\". Transcribing Mount Auburn. Mount Auburn Cemetery. p. 85. Retrieved 9 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fromthepage.com/mountauburncemetery/mount-auburn-cemetery/1831-005-002/display/1279252","url_text":"\"Trustees Records, Vol. 2, 1854\""}]},{"reference":"Bigelow, Jacob (15 January 1858). \"Letter from Jacob Bigelow to Louisa W. Crawford\". Transcribing Mount Auburn. Mount Auburn Cemetery. p. 2. Retrieved 9 June 2021. A statue of John Adams by Randolph Rogers, & one of Webster by Powers, are supposed to be lost having been shipped from Leghorn in the Oxford Sept. 1 & not since heard from.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fromthepage.com/mountauburncemetery/mount-auburn-cemetery/1831-039-006-007/display/1130717?translation=false","url_text":"\"Letter from Jacob Bigelow to Louisa W. Crawford\""}]},{"reference":"Fox, Kathleen (Spring 1996). \"The Statues of Bigelow Chapel\" (PDF). Sweet Auburn: 3. Retrieved 9 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mountauburn.org/wp-content/uploads/Sweet-Auburn-Spring-1996.pdf","url_text":"\"The Statues of Bigelow Chapel\""}]},{"reference":"Ahles, Dick (2003-09-21). \"Remembering the Great Hurricane of '38 (Published 2003)\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/21/nyregion/remembering-the-great-hurricane-of-38.html","url_text":"\"Remembering the Great Hurricane of '38 (Published 2003)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"More on Randolph Rogers\". The Inter Ocean. 1892-01-18. p. 2. Retrieved 2020-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26760852/more-on-randolph-rogers/","url_text":"\"More on Randolph Rogers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heroic Figure of Michigan | Arts & Culture\". arts.umich.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://arts.umich.edu/museums-cultural-attractions/heroic-figure-of-michigan/","url_text":"\"Heroic Figure of Michigan | Arts & Culture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Randolph Rogers | Greek Ann Arbor\". Retrieved 2020-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/greek-annarbor/2016/12/20/randolph-rogers/","url_text":"\"Randolph Rogers | Greek Ann Arbor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exchange: Nydia, the Blind Flower Girl of Pompeii\". exchange.umma.umich.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/9627","url_text":"\"Exchange: Nydia, the Blind Flower Girl of Pompeii\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moses Rogers House, 1861 | Ann Arbor District Library\". aadl.org. Retrieved 2020-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://aadl.org/buildings_hhaa020","url_text":"\"Moses Rogers House, 1861 | Ann Arbor District Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bible Gateway passage: Ruth 2 - Common English Bible\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ruth+2&version=CEB","url_text":"\"Bible Gateway passage: Ruth 2 - Common English Bible\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://aadl.org/node/127708","external_links_name":"\"Randolph Rogers' Ann Arbor Life | Ann Arbor District Library\""},{"Link":"https://aadl.org/node/188290","external_links_name":"\"Randolph Rogers, The Sculptor | Ann Arbor District Library\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0bAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Dizionario degli Artisti Italiani Viventi: pittori, scultori, e Architetti."},{"Link":"http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/coldoors/index.cfm","external_links_name":"Columbus Doors"},{"Link":"https://www.fromthepage.com/mountauburncemetery/mount-auburn-cemetery/1831-005-002/display/1279252","external_links_name":"\"Trustees Records, Vol. 2, 1854\""},{"Link":"https://www.fromthepage.com/mountauburncemetery/mount-auburn-cemetery/1831-039-006-007/display/1130717?translation=false","external_links_name":"\"Letter from Jacob Bigelow to Louisa W. Crawford\""},{"Link":"https://mountauburn.org/wp-content/uploads/Sweet-Auburn-Spring-1996.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Statues of Bigelow Chapel\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/21/nyregion/remembering-the-great-hurricane-of-38.html","external_links_name":"\"Remembering the Great Hurricane of '38 (Published 2003)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26760852/more-on-randolph-rogers/","external_links_name":"\"More on Randolph Rogers\""},{"Link":"https://arts.umich.edu/museums-cultural-attractions/heroic-figure-of-michigan/","external_links_name":"\"Heroic Figure of Michigan | Arts & Culture\""},{"Link":"https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/greek-annarbor/2016/12/20/randolph-rogers/","external_links_name":"\"Randolph Rogers | Greek Ann Arbor\""},{"Link":"https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/9627","external_links_name":"\"Exchange: Nydia, the Blind Flower Girl of Pompeii\""},{"Link":"https://aadl.org/buildings_hhaa020","external_links_name":"\"Moses Rogers House, 1861 | Ann Arbor District Library\""},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ruth_Gleaning","external_links_name":"Ruth Gleaning"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ruth+2&version=CEB","external_links_name":"\"Bible Gateway passage: Ruth 2 - Common English Bible\""},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nydia,_the_Blind_Flower_Girl_of_Pompeii","external_links_name":"Nydia"},{"Link":"http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~memhall/webpages-current/images2/ADAMS.GIF","external_links_name":"John Adams"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Virginia_Washington_Monument","external_links_name":"Virginia Washington Monument"},{"Link":"http://cedarhillfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Colt-Monument.jpg","external_links_name":"Colt Monument"},{"Link":"http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/118/Isaac_on_the_Altar","external_links_name":"Isaac on the Altar"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Somnambula","external_links_name":"La Somnombula"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Sentinel,_Spring_Grove_Cemetery,_Cincinnati","external_links_name":"The Sentinel"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Soldiers_National_Monument,_Gettysburg","external_links_name":"Soldiers' National Monument"},{"Link":"https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~rigenweb/article291.html","external_links_name":"Rhode Island Monument"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Michigan_Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Monument","external_links_name":"Michigan Monument"},{"Link":"http://www.michiganhistorymagazine.com/detroit/pdf/so99lee.pdf","external_links_name":"Randolph Rogers"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061220155813/http://www.michiganhistorymagazine.com/detroit/pdf/so99lee.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Soldiers%27_Monument_(Worcester,_Massachusetts)","external_links_name":"Worcester Soldiers' Monument"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_H._Seward_statue_(Madison_Square)","external_links_name":"Seward Monument"},{"Link":"http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/20012314?rpp=20&pg=1&ft=randolph+rogers&pos=1","external_links_name":"The Last Arrow"},{"Link":"http://www.sculptor.org/Sculptors/ByName/RandolphRogers.htm","external_links_name":"Sculptor.org information"},{"Link":"http://wwar.com/masters/r/rogers-randolph.html","external_links_name":"World Wide Arts Resources information"},{"Link":"https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/quick_search/query?utf8=true&q=artist:%22Randolph%20Rogers%22","external_links_name":"Randolph Rogers"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/258586/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000116052997","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/21248229","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmtDjbc8G9YhybbMhpVmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/12243837X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88277515","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/21045","external_links_name":"Musée d'Orsay"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/108661","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500024604","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6n87wkh","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/184291453","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NETCONF | NETCONF | ["1 History","2 Protocol layers","2.1 Content","2.2 Operations","2.3 Messages","2.4 Transport","3 See also","4 References"] | Network management protocol
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NETCONF protocol layers
The Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) is a network management protocol developed and standardized by the IETF. It was developed in the NETCONF working group and published in December 2006 as RFC 4741 and later revised in June 2011 and published as RFC 6241. The NETCONF protocol specification is an Internet Standards Track document.
NETCONF provides mechanisms to install, manipulate, and delete the configuration of network devices. Its operations are realized on top of a simple Remote Procedure Call (RPC) layer. The NETCONF protocol uses an Extensible Markup Language (XML) based data encoding for the configuration data as well as the protocol messages. The protocol messages are exchanged on top of a secure transport protocol.
The NETCONF protocol can be conceptually partitioned into four layers:
The Content layer consists of configuration data and notification data.
The Operations layer defines a set of base protocol operations to retrieve and edit the configuration data.
The Messages layer provides a mechanism for encoding remote procedure calls (RPCs) and notifications.
The Secure Transport layer provides a secure and reliable transport of messages between a client and a server.
The NETCONF protocol has been implemented in network devices such as routers and switches by some major equipment vendors. One particular strength of NETCONF is its support for robust configuration change using transactions involving a number of devices.
History
The IETF developed the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) in the late 1980s and it proved to be a very popular network management protocol. In the early part of the 21st century it became apparent that in spite of what was originally intended, SNMP was not being used to configure network equipment, but was mainly being used for network monitoring. In June 2002, the Internet Architecture Board and key members of the IETF's network management community got together with network operators to discuss the situation. The results of this meeting are documented in RFC 3535. It turned out that each network operator was primarily using a different proprietary command-line interface (CLI) to configure their devices. This had a number of features that the operators liked, including the fact that it was text-based, as opposed to the BER-encoded SNMP. In addition, many equipment vendors did not provide the option to completely configure their devices via SNMP. As operators generally liked to write scripts to help manage their boxes, they found the SNMP CLI lacking in a number of ways. Most notably was the unpredictable nature of the output. The content and formatting of output was prone to change in unpredictable ways.
Around this same time, Juniper Networks had been using an XML-based network management approach. This was brought to the IETF and shared with the broader community. Collectively, these two events led the IETF in May 2003 to the creation of the NETCONF working group. This working group was chartered to work on a network configuration protocol, which would better align with the needs of network operators and equipment vendors. The first version of the base NETCONF protocol was published as RFC 4741 in December 2006. Several extensions were published in subsequent years (notifications in RFC 5277 in July 2008, partial locks in RFC 5717 in December 2009, with-defaults in RFC 6243 in June 2011, system notifications in RFC 6470 in February 2012, access control in RFC 6536 in March 2012). A revised version of the base NETCONF protocol was published as RFC 6241 in June 2011.
Protocol layers
Content
The content of NETCONF operations is well-formed XML. Most content is related to network management. Subsequently, support for encoding in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) was also added.
The NETMOD working group has completed work to define a "human-friendly" modeling language for defining the semantics of operational data, configuration data, notifications, and operations, called YANG. YANG is defined in RFC 6020 (version 1) and RFC 7950 (version 1.1), and is accompanied by the "Common YANG Data Types" found in RFC 6991.
During the summer of 2010, the NETMOD working group was re-chartered to work on core configuration models (system, interface, and routing) as well as work on compatibility with the SNMP modeling language.
Operations
The base protocol defines the following protocol operations:
Operation
Description
<get>
Retrieve running configuration and device state information
<get-config>
Retrieve all or part of a specified configuration datastore
<edit-config>
Edit a configuration datastore by creating, deleting, merging or replacing content
<copy-config>
Copy an entire configuration datastore to another configuration datastore
<delete-config>
Delete a configuration datastore
<lock>
Lock an entire configuration datastore of a device
<unlock>
Release a configuration datastore lock previously obtained with the <lock> operation
<close-session>
Request graceful termination of a NETCONF session
<kill-session>
Force the termination of a NETCONF session
Basic NETCONF functionality can be extended by the definition of NETCONF capabilities. The set of additional protocol features that an implementation supports is communicated between the server and the client during the capability exchange portion of session setup. Mandatory protocol features are not included in the capability exchange since they are assumed. RFC 4741 defines a number of optional capabilities including :xpath and :validate. Note that RFC 6241 obsoletes RFC 4741.
A capability to support subscribing and receiving asynchronous event notifications is published in RFC 5277. This document defines the <create-subscription> operation, which enables creating real-time and replay subscriptions. Notifications are then sent asynchronously using the <notification> construct. It also defines the :interleave capability, which when supported with the basic :notification capability facilitates the processing of other NETCONF operations while the subscription is active.
A capability to support partial locking of the running configuration is defined in RFC 5717. This allows
multiple sessions to edit non-overlapping sub-trees within the running configuration. Without this capability, the only lock available is for the entire configuration.
A capability to monitor the NETCONF protocol is defined in RFC 6022. This document contains a data model including information about NETCONF datastores, sessions, locks, and statistics that facilitates the management of a NETCONF server. It also defines methods for NETCONF clients to discover data models supported by a NETCONF server and defines the <get-schema> operation to retrieve them.
Messages
The NETCONF messages layer provides a simple, transport-independent framing mechanism for encoding
RPC invocations (<rpc> messages),
RPC results (<rpc-reply> messages), and
event notifications (<notification> messages).
Every NETCONF message is a well-formed XML document. An RPC result is linked to an RPC invocation by a message-id attribute. NETCONF messages can be pipelined, i.e., a client can invoke multiple RPCs without having to wait for RPC result messages first. RPC messages are defined in RFC 6241 and notification messages are defined in RFC 5277.
Transport
NETCONF Protocol over Secure Shell (SSH): rfc:6242
NETCONF Protocol over Transport Layer Security (TLS) with Mutual X.509 Authentication: rfc:7589
See also
YANG
Stefan Wallin (2014-10-18). NETCONF Tutorial (YouTube). Stockholm: tail-f. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.
Network management
Configuration management
Network monitoring
XML Schema
References
^ "Network Configuration Working Group". IETF.
^ Enns, Rob (2006). NETCONF Configuration Protocol (Technical report). IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC4741. RFC4741.
^ Enns, Rob; Björklund, Martin; Schönwälder, Jürgen; Bierman, Andy (2011). Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) (Technical report). IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC6241. RFC6241. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NETCONF-layers.svg"},{"link_name":"network management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_management"},{"link_name":"IETF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Remote Procedure Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Procedure_Call"},{"link_name":"Extensible Markup Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Markup_Language"}],"text":"NETCONF protocol layersThe Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) is a network management protocol developed and standardized by the IETF. It was developed in the NETCONF working group[1] and published in December 2006 as RFC 4741[2] and later revised in June 2011 and published as RFC 6241.[3] The NETCONF protocol specification is an Internet Standards Track document.NETCONF provides mechanisms to install, manipulate, and delete the configuration of network devices. Its operations are realized on top of a simple Remote Procedure Call (RPC) layer. The NETCONF protocol uses an Extensible Markup Language (XML) based data encoding for the configuration data as well as the protocol messages. The protocol messages are exchanged on top of a secure transport protocol.The NETCONF protocol can be conceptually partitioned into four layers:The Content layer consists of configuration data and notification data.\nThe Operations layer defines a set of base protocol operations to retrieve and edit the configuration data.\nThe Messages layer provides a mechanism for encoding remote procedure calls (RPCs) and notifications.\nThe Secure Transport layer provides a secure and reliable transport of messages between a client and a server.The NETCONF protocol has been implemented in network devices such as routers and switches by some major equipment vendors. One particular strength of NETCONF is its support for robust configuration change using transactions involving a number of devices.","title":"NETCONF"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simple Network Management Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol"},{"link_name":"network management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_management"},{"link_name":"protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocol"},{"link_name":"network monitoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_monitoring"},{"link_name":"Internet Architecture Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board"},{"link_name":"command-line interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface"},{"link_name":"BER-encoded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Encoding_Rules"},{"link_name":"Juniper Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper_Networks"}],"text":"The IETF developed the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) in the late 1980s and it proved to be a very popular network management protocol. In the early part of the 21st century it became apparent that in spite of what was originally intended, SNMP was not being used to configure network equipment, but was mainly being used for network monitoring. In June 2002, the Internet Architecture Board and key members of the IETF's network management community got together with network operators to discuss the situation. The results of this meeting are documented in RFC 3535. It turned out that each network operator was primarily using a different proprietary command-line interface (CLI) to configure their devices. This had a number of features that the operators liked, including the fact that it was text-based, as opposed to the BER-encoded SNMP. In addition, many equipment vendors did not provide the option to completely configure their devices via SNMP. As operators generally liked to write scripts to help manage their boxes, they found the SNMP CLI lacking in a number of ways. Most notably was the unpredictable nature of the output. The content and formatting of output was prone to change in unpredictable ways.Around this same time, Juniper Networks had been using an XML-based network management approach. This was brought to the IETF and shared with the broader community. Collectively, these two events led the IETF in May 2003 to the creation of the NETCONF working group. This working group was chartered to work on a network configuration protocol, which would better align with the needs of network operators and equipment vendors. The first version of the base NETCONF protocol was published as RFC 4741 in December 2006. Several extensions were published in subsequent years (notifications in RFC 5277 in July 2008, partial locks in RFC 5717 in December 2009, with-defaults in RFC 6243 in June 2011, system notifications in RFC 6470 in February 2012, access control in RFC 6536 in March 2012). A revised version of the base NETCONF protocol was published as RFC 6241 in June 2011.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Protocol layers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"network management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_management"},{"link_name":"JavaScript Object Notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript_Object_Notation"},{"link_name":"YANG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YANG"},{"link_name":"SNMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNMP"}],"sub_title":"Content","text":"The content of NETCONF operations is well-formed XML. Most content is related to network management. Subsequently, support for encoding in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) was also added.The NETMOD working group has completed work to define a \"human-friendly\" modeling language for defining the semantics of operational data, configuration data, notifications, and operations, called YANG. YANG is defined in RFC 6020 (version 1) and RFC 7950 (version 1.1), and is accompanied by the \"Common YANG Data Types\" found in RFC 6991.During the summer of 2010, the NETMOD working group was re-chartered to work on core configuration models (system, interface, and routing) as well as work on compatibility with the SNMP modeling language.","title":"Protocol layers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RFC 6241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6241"}],"sub_title":"Operations","text":"The base protocol defines the following protocol operations:Basic NETCONF functionality can be extended by the definition of NETCONF capabilities. The set of additional protocol features that an implementation supports is communicated between the server and the client during the capability exchange portion of session setup. Mandatory protocol features are not included in the capability exchange since they are assumed. RFC 4741 defines a number of optional capabilities including :xpath and :validate. Note that RFC 6241 obsoletes RFC 4741.A capability to support subscribing and receiving asynchronous event notifications is published in RFC 5277. This document defines the <create-subscription> operation, which enables creating real-time and replay subscriptions. Notifications are then sent asynchronously using the <notification> construct. It also defines the :interleave capability, which when supported with the basic :notification capability facilitates the processing of other NETCONF operations while the subscription is active.A capability to support partial locking of the running configuration is defined in RFC 5717. This allows\nmultiple sessions to edit non-overlapping sub-trees within the running configuration. Without this capability, the only lock available is for the entire configuration.A capability to monitor the NETCONF protocol is defined in RFC 6022. This document contains a data model including information about NETCONF datastores, sessions, locks, and statistics that facilitates the management of a NETCONF server. It also defines methods for NETCONF clients to discover data models supported by a NETCONF server and defines the <get-schema> operation to retrieve them.","title":"Protocol layers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Messages","text":"The NETCONF messages layer provides a simple, transport-independent framing mechanism for encodingRPC invocations (<rpc> messages),\nRPC results (<rpc-reply> messages), and\nevent notifications (<notification> messages).Every NETCONF message is a well-formed XML document. An RPC result is linked to an RPC invocation by a message-id attribute. NETCONF messages can be pipelined, i.e., a client can invoke multiple RPCs without having to wait for RPC result messages first. RPC messages are defined in RFC 6241 and notification messages are defined in RFC 5277.","title":"Protocol layers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Transport","text":"NETCONF Protocol over Secure Shell (SSH): rfc:6242\nNETCONF Protocol over Transport Layer Security (TLS) with Mutual X.509 Authentication: rfc:7589","title":"Protocol layers"}] | [{"image_text":"NETCONF protocol layers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/NETCONF-layers.svg/300px-NETCONF-layers.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"YANG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YANG"},{"title":"NETCONF Tutorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=xoPZO1N-x38"},{"title":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/xoPZO1N-x38"},{"title":"Network management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_management"},{"title":"Configuration management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_management"},{"title":"Network monitoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_monitoring"},{"title":"XML Schema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C)"}] | [{"reference":"Stefan Wallin (2014-10-18). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_secretary | Secretary (title) | ["1 General secretary","1.1 Communist Party","1.2 Dravidian Party","2 Secretary-general","2.1 International intergovernmental organizations","3 First secretary","4 Executive secretary","5 Secretary-treasurer","6 See also","7 References"] | Leader or chief officer of an organisation
This article is about secretaries as leaders in organizations. For the common meaning as an office support worker, which can also be a title, see Secretary. For the most senior official in an Australian governmental department, see Department secretary.
For other uses, see Secretary (disambiguation).
Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, power, or importance in the organization. Secretaries announce important events and communicate to the organization. The term is derived from the Latin word secernere, "to distinguish" or "to set apart", the passive participle (secretum) meaning "having been set apart", with the eventual connotation of something private or confidential, as with the English word secret. A secretarius was a person, therefore, overseeing business confidentially, usually for a powerful individual (a king, pope, etc.).
The official title of the leader of most communist and socialist political parties is the "General Secretary of the Central Committee" or "First Secretary of the Central Committee". When a communist party is in power, the general secretary is usually the country's de facto leader (though sometimes this leader also holds state-level positions to monopolize power, such as a presidency or premiership in order to constitute de jure leadership of the state), such as China, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos and Cuba.
In England, the term secretarius was used "from the beginning of the thirteenth century in the varying meanings of a confidential clerk, an ambassador, or a member of the king's council". In the fourteenth century, the title became strongly associated with the keeper of the king's signet. From the Renaissance to the late 19th century, men involved in the daily correspondence and the activities of the powerful assumed the title of secretary. With time, like many titles, the term was applied to more and varied functions, leading to compound titles to specify the authority associated with its use, like general secretary or financial secretary.
In some countries, such as the United States, the term secretary is used to indicate the holder of a cabinet-level post. There are a number of popular variations of the title used to indicate that the secretary in question has a high degree of authority, such as general secretary (or, following usage in the Norman language, secretary-general), first secretary, and executive secretary.
In a club or society, the secretary is also considered to be, in most cases, the third person in charge of the organization, after the president/chairman and vice president/vice chairman. In smaller organizations, the secretary typically takes meeting minutes, notifies members of meetings, contacts various persons in relation to the society, administers the day-to-day activities of the organization, and creates the order of business. The secretary of a non-governmental organization or international non-governmental organization can combine the function with that of vice president/vice chairman.
General secretary
General secretary occurs as the title of a ministerial position of authority found in various organizations, such as trade unions, communist and socialist parties, and international non-governmental organizations. Examples include:
General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress
General Secretary of the New South Wales Labor Party (Australia)
Some church organizations, such as the National Council of Churches and the World Council of Churches
General Secretary of the Labour Party
Communist Party
Main article: General Secretary of the Communist Party
Part of the Politics seriesParty politics
Political Spectrum
Left-Wing
Far-LeftCentre-Left
Centre
Centre-LeftRadical CentreCentre-Right
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Centre-RightFar-Right
Platforms/Ideologies
Anarchist
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Leaders and organization
Backbencher
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Politics portalvte
General secretary or first secretary is the official title of leaders of most Communist political parties. When a Communist party is the ruling party in a Communist-led one-party state, the general secretary is typically the country's de facto leader. Examples include:
General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
General Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba
General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea
General Secretary of the Mongolian People's Party
General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
General Secretary of the League of Communist of Yugoslavia
General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of East Germany
General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
General Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania
General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party
General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
General Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party
General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party
Dravidian Party
General secretary is the official title of leaders of most Dravidian political parties, that are politically influential in Tamil Nadu of Southern India. Examples include:
General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
General Secretary of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
General Secretary of the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
General Secretary of the Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
Secretary-general
Examples include:
International intergovernmental organizations
Organization
Title
African Planning Society (APS)
Secretary-General of the African Planning Society
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Secretary-General of ASEAN
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
Secretary-General of the Caribbean Community
Commonwealth of Nations
The Commonwealth Secretary-General is the de facto leader. The secretary-general advises member nations and heads conferences with the Head of the Commonwealth, currently King Charles III.
Council of Europe (COE)
Secretary General of the Council of Europe
Council of the European Union
Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union
European Commission
Secretary-General of the European Commission
European Court of Auditors
Secretary-General of the European Court of Auditors
European Economic and Social Committee
Secretary-General of the European Economic and Social Committee
INTERPORTPOLICE
Secretary General of the INTERPORTPOLICE
League of Nations (1919–1946)
Secretary General of the League of Nations
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
The Secretary General of NATO is the chief administrative officer of NATO.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Secretary-General of the OECD
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
Secretary General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Organization of American States (OAS)
Secretary General of the Organization of American States
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Secretary General of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
Pacific Islands Forum
Secretary General of the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat
Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
Secretary General of the UNASUR
United Nations (UN)
The Secretary-General of the United Nations is described as the chief administrative officer and the de facto head of the United Nations. The Office of the Secretary-General of the United Nations hires, terminates, and controls all United Nations staff and relief efforts around the World.
Western European Union (WEU)
Secretary-General of the Western European Union
First secretary
First secretary is the title of the chief officer or leader in many organizations, and is also a modern diplomatic rank. Examples include:
Some consumer organizations, such as the National Consumers League
Some political parties, especially Communist or Socialist Parties
In Workers' Party and Communist Party organizations:
First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia
First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan
First Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party—see Party Committee Secretary
First Secretary of the Communist Youth League of China
First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba
First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
First Secretary of the French Socialist Party
First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party
First Secretary of the Communist Party of Lithuania
First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party
First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation
First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party
First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan
First Secretary of the Ukrainian Communist Party
First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam
First Secretary of State, a cabinet position in the United Kingdom
First Secretary for Wales, now First Minister of Wales
First Secretary of the Admiralty—see Secretary to the Admiralty
Some trade unions, especially in the United Kingdom
The General Secretariat for Macedonia and Thrace, a government agency for the Greek regions of Macedonia and Thrace
Executive secretary
Examples include:
Executive Secretary (Commonwealth of Independent States)
Executive Secretary (Philippines)
Executive Secretary for Integral Development, Organization of American States
Executive Secretary of the Department of State, United States
Secretary-treasurer
Within many organizations, the title of secretary is combined with that of treasurer.
See also
Undersecretary
Secretary
Legal secretary
Cabinet secretary or Department secretary
References
^ "Xi's here to stay: China leader tipped to outstay term". Yahoo! News. August 9, 2016. "A lot of analysts now see it as a given" that Xi will seek to stay Party General Secretary, the country's most powerful post, said Christopher K. Johnson, a former CIA analyst and now China specialist at the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies.
^ a b J. Otway-Ruthven, The King's Secretary and the Signet Office in the XV Century (1939), p. 60.
^ a b Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised, 4th edition, Scott, Foresman and Company, Chicago, 1915, pp. 244–247.
^ "Interportpolice". Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
^ "Secretary and Treasurer definition".
Index of articles associated with the same name
This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary"},{"link_name":"Department secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_secretary"},{"link_name":"Secretary (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority"},{"link_name":"power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)"},{"link_name":"leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_leader"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_party"},{"link_name":"general secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(government_title)"},{"link_name":"premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier"},{"link_name":"de jure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruthven-2"},{"link_name":"signet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signet_ring"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruthven-2"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"financial secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_secretary"},{"link_name":"cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(government)"},{"link_name":"Norman language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_language"},{"link_name":"club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_(organization)"},{"link_name":"society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-3"},{"link_name":"meeting minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting_minutes"},{"link_name":"non-governmental organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"international non-governmental organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-3"}],"text":"This article is about secretaries as leaders in organizations. For the common meaning as an office support worker, which can also be a title, see Secretary. For the most senior official in an Australian governmental department, see Department secretary.For other uses, see Secretary (disambiguation).Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, power, or importance in the organization. Secretaries announce important events and communicate to the organization. The term is derived from the Latin word secernere, \"to distinguish\" or \"to set apart\", the passive participle (secretum) meaning \"having been set apart\", with the eventual connotation of something private or confidential, as with the English word secret. A secretarius was a person, therefore, overseeing business confidentially, usually for a powerful individual (a king, pope, etc.).The official title of the leader of most communist and socialist political parties is the \"General Secretary of the Central Committee\" or \"First Secretary of the Central Committee\". When a communist party is in power, the general secretary is usually the country's de facto leader (though sometimes this leader also holds state-level positions to monopolize power, such as a presidency or premiership in order to constitute de jure leadership of the state), such as China, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos and Cuba.[1]In England, the term secretarius was used \"from the beginning of the thirteenth century in the varying meanings of a confidential clerk, an ambassador, or a member of the king's council\".[2] In the fourteenth century, the title became strongly associated with the keeper of the king's signet.[2] From the Renaissance to the late 19th century, men involved in the daily correspondence and the activities of the powerful assumed the title of secretary. With time, like many titles, the term was applied to more and varied functions, leading to compound titles to specify the authority associated with its use, like general secretary or financial secretary.In some countries, such as the United States, the term secretary is used to indicate the holder of a cabinet-level post. There are a number of popular variations of the title used to indicate that the secretary in question has a high degree of authority, such as general secretary (or, following usage in the Norman language, secretary-general), first secretary, and executive secretary.In a club or society, the secretary is also considered to be, in most cases, the third person in charge of the organization, after the president/chairman and vice president/vice chairman.[3] In smaller organizations, the secretary typically takes meeting minutes, notifies members of meetings, contacts various persons in relation to the society, administers the day-to-day activities of the organization, and creates the order of business. The secretary of a non-governmental organization or international non-governmental organization can combine the function with that of vice president/vice chairman.[3]","title":"Secretary (title)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ministerial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(government)"},{"link_name":"trade unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party"},{"link_name":"socialist parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_party"},{"link_name":"international non-governmental organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Trades_Union_Congress"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the New South Wales Labor Party (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_(New_South_Wales_Branch)"},{"link_name":"National Council of Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches"},{"link_name":"World Council of Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Labour_Party"}],"text":"General secretary occurs as the title of a ministerial position of authority found in various organizations, such as trade unions, communist and socialist parties, and international non-governmental organizations. Examples include:General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress\nGeneral Secretary of the New South Wales Labor Party (Australia)\nSome church organizations, such as the National Council of Churches and the World Council of Churches\nGeneral Secretary of the Labour Party","title":"General secretary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communist political parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party"},{"link_name":"one-party state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Mongolian People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the League of Communist of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_of_East_Germany"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Bulgaria"}],"sub_title":"Communist Party","text":"General secretary or first secretary is the official title of leaders of most Communist political parties. When a Communist party is the ruling party in a Communist-led one-party state, the general secretary is typically the country's de facto leader. Examples include:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party\nGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba\nGeneral Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party\nGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\nGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea\nGeneral Secretary of the Mongolian People's Party\nGeneral Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea\nGeneral Secretary of the League of Communist of Yugoslavia\nGeneral Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of East Germany\nGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia\nGeneral Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania\nGeneral Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party\nGeneral Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party\nGeneral Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party\nGeneral Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party","title":"General secretary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dravidian political parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_parties"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam"},{"link_name":"Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam"},{"link_name":"Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marumalarchi_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam"},{"link_name":"Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiya_Murpokku_Dravida_Kazhagam"}],"sub_title":"Dravidian Party","text":"General secretary is the official title of leaders of most Dravidian political parties, that are politically influential in Tamil Nadu of Southern India. Examples include:General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam\nGeneral Secretary of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam\nGeneral Secretary of the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam\nGeneral Secretary of the Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam","title":"General secretary"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Examples include:","title":"Secretary-general"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International intergovernmental organizations","title":"Secretary-general"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diplomatic rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_rank"},{"link_name":"consumer organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_organization"},{"link_name":"National Consumers League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Consumers_League"},{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party"},{"link_name":"Socialist Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Party Committee Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Communist Youth League of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China"},{"link_name":"First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"First Secretary of the French Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_French_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Georgian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"First Secretary of the Communist Party of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Polish_United_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_City_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"First Secretary of the Ukrainian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Ukrainian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"First Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"First Minister of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Secretary to the Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"trade unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"General Secretariat for Macedonia and Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Macedonia_and_Thrace"}],"text":"First secretary is the title of the chief officer or leader in many organizations, and is also a modern diplomatic rank. Examples include:Some consumer organizations, such as the National Consumers League\nSome political parties, especially Communist or Socialist Parties\nIn Workers' Party and Communist Party organizations:\nFirst Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia\nFirst Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan\nFirst Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party—see Party Committee Secretary\nFirst Secretary of the Communist Youth League of China\nFirst Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba\nFirst Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia\nFirst Secretary of the French Socialist Party\nFirst Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party\nFirst Secretary of the Communist Party of Lithuania\nFirst Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party\nFirst Secretary of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation\nFirst Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\nFirst Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party\nFirst Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan\nFirst Secretary of the Ukrainian Communist Party\nFirst Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam\nFirst Secretary of State, a cabinet position in the United Kingdom\nFirst Secretary for Wales, now First Minister of Wales\nFirst Secretary of the Admiralty—see Secretary to the Admiralty\nSome trade unions, especially in the United Kingdom\nThe General Secretariat for Macedonia and Thrace, a government agency for the Greek regions of Macedonia and Thrace","title":"First secretary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Executive Secretary (Commonwealth of Independent States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States#General_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Executive Secretary (Philippines)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Secretary_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Executive Secretary for Integral Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Secretary_for_Integral_Development"},{"link_name":"Executive Secretary of the Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Secretary_of_the_Department_of_State"}],"text":"Examples include:Executive Secretary (Commonwealth of Independent States)\nExecutive Secretary (Philippines)\nExecutive Secretary for Integral Development, Organization of American States\nExecutive Secretary of the Department of State, United States","title":"Executive secretary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Within many organizations, the title of secretary is combined with that of treasurer.[5]","title":"Secretary-treasurer"}] | [] | [{"title":"Undersecretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undersecretary"},{"title":"Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary"},{"title":"Legal secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_secretary"},{"title":"Cabinet secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_secretary"},{"title":"Department secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_secretary"}] | [{"reference":"\"Xi's here to stay: China leader tipped to outstay term\". Yahoo! News. August 9, 2016. \"A lot of analysts now see it as a given\" that Xi will seek to stay Party General Secretary, the country's most powerful post, said Christopher K. Johnson, a former CIA analyst and now China specialist at the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies.","urls":[{"url":"https://au.news.yahoo.com/xis-here-to-stay-china-leader-tipped-to-outstay-term-32278287.html","url_text":"\"Xi's here to stay: China leader tipped to outstay term\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News","url_text":"Yahoo! News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party","url_text":"Party"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party","url_text":"General Secretary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China","url_text":"country"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader","url_text":"post"}]},{"reference":"\"Interportpolice\". Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180316151712/https://www.interportpolice.org/secretary-general","url_text":"\"Interportpolice\""},{"url":"https://www.interportpolice.org/secretary-general","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Secretary and Treasurer definition\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/secretary-and-treasurer","url_text":"\"Secretary and Treasurer definition\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://au.news.yahoo.com/xis-here-to-stay-china-leader-tipped-to-outstay-term-32278287.html","external_links_name":"\"Xi's here to stay: China leader tipped to outstay term\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180316151712/https://www.interportpolice.org/secretary-general","external_links_name":"\"Interportpolice\""},{"Link":"https://www.interportpolice.org/secretary-general","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/secretary-and-treasurer","external_links_name":"\"Secretary and Treasurer definition\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Secretary_(title)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States | Higher education bubble in the United States | ["1 Background","2 Discussion","2.1 Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic","3 Controversy","3.1 Alternatives to bubble hypothesis","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Economic trend
Cost of US college education relative to the consumer price index (inflation)
This article is part of a series onEducation in theUnited States
Summary
By state and in insular areas
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History of education in the United States
History of education in Chicago
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History of education in New York City
Issues
Accreditation
Primary and secondary
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Financing
Educational attainment
Law
Literacy
Policy
Post-secondary issues
Bubble
Cost and financing
Credentialism
Elite overproduction
Graduate unemployment
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Reform
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Inequality
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Racial achievement gap
Desegregation busing
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Levels of education
K–12 - Early childhood (Primary – Secondary) – Post-secondary
Organizations
Education portal United States portalvte
The higher education bubble in the United States is the possibility that excessive investment in higher education could have negative repercussions in the broader economy. Although college tuition payments are rising, the supply of college graduates in many fields of study is exceeding the demand for their skills, which aggravates graduate unemployment and underemployment while increasing the burden of student loan defaults on financial institutions and taxpayers. Moreover, the higher education bubble might be even more serious than load of student debts. Without safeguards in place for funding and loans, the government risks creating a moral hazard in which schools charge students expensive tuition fees without offering them marketable skills in return. The claim has generally been used to justify cuts to public higher education spending, tax cuts, or a shift of government spending towards law enforcement and national security. There is a further concern that having an excess supply of college graduates exacerbates political instability, historically linked to having a bulge in the number of young degree holders.
Some economists reject the notion of a higher education bubble, noting that the returns on higher education vastly outweigh the cost, while others believe that the number of institutions of higher education in the United States will fall in the 2020s and beyond, citing reasons of demographic decline, poor outcomes, economic problems, and changing public interests and attitudes. According to the U.S. Department of Education, by the late 2010s, people with technical or vocational trainings are slightly more likely to be employed than those with a bachelor's degree and significantly more likely to be employed in their fields of specialty. The United States currently suffers from a shortage of skilled tradespeople.
The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis noted in 2019 that investment in higher education has reached a point of diminishing marginal returns. Undergraduate and graduate enrollments have both been in decline, while trade schools continue to attract growing numbers of students. White men are a major group opting for alternatives to higher education. Many faculty members are leaving academia, especially those from the humanities. At the same time, university graduates are likely to regret having studied the humanities and liberal arts. While academics maintain that certain subjects are worth studying for their own sake, students are more concerned with increasing their earning potential. So far this century, numerous institutions of higher learning have permanently closed, especially community colleges, and for-profit institutions.
It is possible that the bubble will not burst, but rather deflate.
Background
Further information: Higher education in the United States
Due to the GI Bill and the population boom after World War II, demand for higher education grew significantly during the latter half of the twentieth century, making it one of the major growth sectors for the American economy. Historically, high schools separated students on career tracks, but this changed in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the mission of high schools shifted to preparing students for college. In 1987, U.S. Secretary of Education William Bennett suggested that the availability of loans was fueling an increase in tuition prices and an education bubble. The "Bennett hypothesis" claimed that readily available loans allow schools to increase tuition without regard to demand elasticity. In addition, college rankings were partially driven by spending levels, and higher tuition was also correlated with increased public perceptions of prestige. From the 1980s to the 2010s, demand for higher education increased, especially after the Great Recession of 2007–2009 when Americans flocked back to school in order to adapt to the new economy.
A 2011 study from the Labor Department found that a bachelor's degree "represents a significant advantage in the job market." In 2011, The Chronicle of Higher Education ran an article which said that the future was bright for college graduates. The data also suggested that, notwithstanding a slight increase in 2008–09, student loan default rates had declined between the mid-1980s and 1990s and early 2010s. The management consulting firm McKinsey & Company projected in 2011 that a shortage of college-educated workers and a surplus of workers without college degrees, which would cause the wage premium to increase and cause differences in unemployment rates to become even more dramatic.
As of 2018, 70% of high school graduates in the United States enrolled in tertiary education. But only 60% of those students, that is 42% of high school graduates, will graduate within 6 years with at least a Bachelor's degree. Note that Bachelor's degrees in the United States are typically designed to be completed in four years of full-time study, and Master's programs in the US are normally two years (full-time) in length.
Educational attainment in the United States (2018)
Education
Age 25 and over
Age 25–30
High school diploma or GED
89.80%
92.95%
Some college
61.28%
66.34%
Associate degree
45.16%
46.72%
Bachelor's degree
34.98%
36.98%
Master's degree
13.04%
9.01%
Professional degree
3.47%
2.02%
Doctorate
2.03%
1.12%
Discussion
Tuition cost of college
During the early 2010s, whether or not the "higher-education bubble" existed became a topic of debate among economists. Data has shown that although the wage premium (the difference in incomes between those with a four-year college degree and those with only a high school diploma) has increased dramatically since the 1970s, so has the 'debt load' incurred by students due to the tuition inflation. By 2019, the total college debt exceeded US$1.5 trillion, and two out of three college graduates were saddled with debt. Glenn Reynolds argued in his book, The Higher Education Bubble (2012), that higher education as a "product grows more and more elaborate—and more expensive—but the expense is offset by cheap credit provided by sellers who are eager to encourage buyers to buy." Reynolds called university degrees a marker of socioeconomic status. Economists Michael Spence and Joe Stiglitz suggest that much of the worth of a university degree lies not in the skills acquired, but rather market signaling. Because a university degree still had considerable value, higher education might be an example of a Veblen good, albeit a subtle rather than a conspicuous one.
Data from the Federal Reserve shows that student debt has risen steadily during the 2000s and 2010s.
Research from the Center for Household Financial Stability of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis presented in 2018 predicted a positive albeit declining income premium for completing college but a declining wealth premium, which is almost indistinguishable from zero for the most recent cohort. Consequently, the average Millennial with a university degree earns 20% less than expected. It was thought that people with college degrees are much less likely than those without to be unemployed, even though they are more expensive to employ (they earn higher wages). In 2019, a report from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis using data from the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances concluded that after controlling for race and age cohort, families with heads of household with post-secondary education who were born before 1980 benefited from wealth and income premiums, while for families with heads of household with post-secondary education but born after 1980 the wealth premium has weakened to point of statistical insignificance due in part to the rising cost of college. Moreover, although the income premium remains positive, it had declined to historic lows with more pronounced downward trajectories with heads of household with postgraduate degrees.
However, this thesis came under stress in the 2010s, as institutions of higher education came under heightened skepticism due to high costs and disappointing results. People became increasingly concerned about debts and deficits, forcing institutions to prove their worth by clarifying how much money from which industry and company funded research, and how much it would cost to attend. By the 2020s, graduating from a prestigious university no longer guaranteed gainful employment immediately after graduation. According to Gallup, public confidence in higher education has declined "sharply" between 2015 and 2023; even those with bachelor's or advanced degrees were less approving than before.
An alternative thesis has suggested that there is no general bubble in higher education because, on average, higher education really does boost income and employment by more than enough to make it a good investment. The problem is that degrees in some specific fields may be overvalued because they do little to boost income or improve job prospects, and degrees in other fields may in fact be undervalued because students do not appreciate the extent to which these degrees could benefit their employment prospects and future income. Proponents of this argument have noted that schools charge equal prices for tuition regardless of what students study, but the interest rate on federal student loans is not adjusted according to risk. They have further noted that there is evidence that undergraduate students in their first three years of college are not very good at predicting future wages by major. Indeed, student interest has shifted away from low-paying programs towards those of greater value in the job market. (See chart below.)
Healthcare and STEM, especially computer science, grew in popularity while the liberal arts and social studies, especially history, have declined due to market forces.
Among graduates of the early 2020s, the most regretted majors include journalism, sociology, liberal arts/general studies, history, communications, and education; the least regretted majors include computer science and information technology, finance, engineering, nursing, and health. Music and the visual arts are the most likely to offer a negative return on investment. At the same time, graduates with the highest expected income studied chemical engineering, computer engineering, aerospace engineering, electrical engineering, finance, and the life sciences. Prospective employers and state governments have gotten pickier in the collegiate programs they are willing to finance. As of 2023, seven states had passed legislation requiring the disclosure of data on the worth of a university degree, such as students' loan payment and post-graduation employment. Another reason for the decline of interest in the humanities and liberal arts is the fact that many prospective students avoided them for fear of loss of parental support, and the perceived intolerance towards conservatives on college campuses, which tend to be dominated by left-wing faculty members, though the details are not as simple as they first appear. On the other hand, in the life sciences, the number of students or researchers interested in a postdoctoral fellowship had plummeted thanks to a boom in the biotechnology industry, which has had an insatiable appetite for talents and is willing to pay much higher than universities. In physics and engineering, which are traditionally male-dominated fields, enrollments had also fallen since 2020, as white men lost interest in higher education. Due to these trends, public universities have also trimmed their STEM departments.
Colleges and universities have been criticized for offering degree programs that fail to provide students with relevant skills in the labor market after graduation, as well as grade inflation by lowering standards both for admission and coursework. Economist Bryan Caplan has argued the combination of more college graduates and weaker learning outcomes has led to credential inflation, in which employers ask for college degrees for jobs that don’t need one and previously did not require one. According to a Burning Glass Institute analysis of 2022 U.S. Census Bureau data, Bachelor’s degree holders in college-level jobs earn nearly 90% more than people with just a high-school diploma in their 20s, while 45% of college graduates are underemployed and earn 25% more than high-school graduates (not adjusting for any student loan debt of such graduates). Due to popular demand, the cost of higher education has grown at a rate faster than inflation between the late 20th and early 21st centuries. From the 1990s to the 2010s, tuition and fees rose 440%, as federal loans for students became more generous. As costs went up, so did student debt. As of 2012, 29% of student debtors never graduated, and those who did could take decades to pay back the money they owed.
U.S. population pyramid in 2023. The number of Americans of college age will drop by the late 2020s, at a faster rate by the late 2030s.
The 2010s were a turbulent period for higher education in the United States, as small private colleges from across the country faced deep financial trouble as they had to make high tuition discounts in order to attract students at a time when higher education costs were increasing, regulation was becoming more stringent, and demographic challenges were becoming more severe By the early 2020s, enrollments were declining at a growing rate as the number of high-school graduates continued to fall. Pew Trusts projected in 2022 that most U.S. states will see a decline in grade-school enrollments during the 2020s, which would help curb of the cost of higher education going forward. A 2019 analysis by Moody's Investor Services estimated that about 20% of all small private liberal arts colleges in the United States were in serious financial trouble.
Between the early 2000s and early 2020s, hundreds of institutions permanently closed their doors. In fact, they were closing at an accelerating rate, and for-profit institutions were the hardest hit, as they were targeted by stricter regulations from the Obama administration. Public universities had to downsize or to merge. Rural ones had closed majors across the board, from the humanities to the sciences. More than half of the colleges and universities that remained saw substantial reductions in the number of students attending. Such institutions have adapted to the new reality by dropping programs with low student interest, including many in the liberal arts and the humanities, like gender studies and critical race theory, creating majors for emerging fields, such as artificial intelligence, and professional programs, like law enforcement, investing in online learning programs, and addressing untapped demands, such as mid-career training or continuing education. By the early 2020s, the rate of growth of tuition fees had dropped, and some schools were freezing or even cutting theirs. If affordable or free online learning continued to grow, then non-elite institutions would struggle to justify their physical infrastructure. On the other hand, prestigious universities saw continued growth in the number of applicants and as such were in no danger of closing. This was due partly to students sending their applications to more schools for a chance of getting admitted and because (elite) institutions had not significantly expanded their capacities.
Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic
The arrival of COVID-19 in the United States in 2020 merely accelerated many of the previous trends at work. The coronavirus not only wrought havoc on the nation but also caused a severe economic downturn. Consequently, families either delayed or avoided sending their children to institutions of higher education altogether. Undergraduate enrollments dropped even after the return of in-person classes. Worse still for colleges and universities, they had become dependent on foreign students for revenue because they pay full tuition fees and the international restrictions imposed to alleviate the spread of the pandemic meant that this stream of revenue shrank substantially. Several colleges permanently closed their doors by the end of the 2019–20 academic year. Numerous institutions, including elite ones, suspended graduate programs in the humanities and liberal arts due to low student interest and dim employment prospects. Various polls indicated that a growing number of Americans became skeptical of the value of higher education relative to the cost and said they wanted to see K-12 education be less focused on college preparation. Having witnessed the Millennials accumulating large amounts of student debts, members of Generation Z also tended to be more skeptical of the value of higher education and have been more open to alternative educational routes and career options. Young men, especially whites, have increasingly looked elsewhere due to the hostility of identity politics on campus directed towards them. Meanwhile, the number of women's colleges continued to fall, following a decades-long trend. But community colleges have fared the worst of all, losing 37% of enrollments between 2010 and 2023. Prospective students have been shunning them in large numbers due to the low quality of education and student services.
Some employers have now been hiring graduates directly from high school, offering them generous bonuses, high wages, and (paid) apprenticeship programs in order to offset the ongoing labor shortage. Trade schools and apprenticeship programs have seen significant increases in enrollment while about a third of college graduates, including 38% of recent graduates, worked in jobs that did not require a university degree, according to data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Although the previous Democratic administrations of Bill Clinton and Barack Obama focused on higher education and high-skilled jobs, the Joe Biden government has been emphasizing blue-collar jobs that do not require a college degree, as part of its economic plan to modernize public infrastructure and to rejuvenate the manufacturing sector. Before Biden, President Donald Trump signed a 2017 executive order expanding federal funding for apprenticeship programs which had bipartisan support. In 2022, President Biden announced an initiative aimed at expanding apprenticeship and work-based training programs in K-12 public schools in order to create a competitive and skilled workforce. On the other hand, Biden's student loan relief plan worth $400 billion was struck down by the Supreme Court of the United States.
In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, colleges and universities saw an increase in the number of faculty members leaving academia, citing low pay, stressful work environments, heavy workloads, lack of administrative support, and occupational burnout as reasons for their decisions. Non-tenure track professors now make up three-quarters of college faculty, up from a quarter in 1975. Moreover, lecturers and professors in the humanities face a highly precarious job market. Graduates who majored in the humanities and the liberal arts in the 2010s were most likely to regret having done so and had lower expected incomes than their counterparts in STEM.
Between the early 2000s and the late 2010s, the number of students from emerging economies going abroad for higher education increased, and the United States was the most popular destination for international students, many of whom were from mainland China. In fact, the United States was the single most popular destination for Chinese students; among children of the Chinese ruling class ("princelings"), attending elite institutions in the United States was commonplace and seen as a status symbol, but the deterioration in the bilateral relationship as exemplified by President Donald Trump's entry restrictions on Chinese students in addition to the travel complications produced by the COVID-19 pandemic reduced the number of Chinese students enrolling in many American colleges and universities. A 2023 report produced by the Institute of International Education said that international student enrollment for the 2022–2023 academic year in American higher education institutions had exceeded pre-pandemic levels, with strong growth coming from India and sub-Saharan Africa and overall enrollment growing at its fastest rate in 40 years. Nevertheless, dependency on foreign students threatened the future of many American schools, which had hitherto been assuming that the number of international applicants would keep growing. Falling demand for higher education in the United States will force this industry to become more innovative, which is something it has not been traditionally good at. Moreover, as the birth rates of teenagers and the lower classes continues to fall while women with higher incomes and education are having more children, students in the future will be less likely to have to rely on loans.
Controversy
College Degree Returns by Average 2011 Annual Out-of-Pocket Costs, from B. Caplan's The Case Against Education
First-year U.S. college degree returns for select majors, by type of student.
Study comparing college revenue per student by tuition and state funding in 2008 dollars
The view that higher education is a bubble is debated. Some economists do not think that returns to a college education are falling but instead believe that the benefits far outweigh the costs. Yet, the returns for marginal students or students in certain majors, especially at costly private universities, may not justify the investment. It has been suggested that the returns to education should be compared to the returns to other forms of investment such as the stock market, bonds, real estate, and private equity. A higher return would suggest underinvestment in higher education, but lower returns would suggest a bubble. Studies have typically found a causal relationship between growth and education, although the quality and type of education matters, and not just the number of years of schooling.
In a financial bubble, assets like houses are sometimes purchased with a view to reselling at a higher price, and this can produce rapidly escalating prices as people speculate on future prices. An end to the spiral can provoke abrupt selling of the assets, resulting in an abrupt collapse in price – the bursting of the bubble. Because the asset acquired through college attendance – a higher education – cannot be sold but only rented through wages, there is no similar mechanism that would cause an abrupt collapse in the value of existing degrees. For this reason, this analogy could be misleading. However, one rebuttal to the claims that a bubble analogy is misleading is the observation that the 'bursting' of the bubble are the negative effects on students who incur student debt, for example, as the American Association of State Colleges and Universities reports that "Students are deeper in debt today than ever before.... The trend of heavy debt burdens threatens to limit access to higher education, particularly for low-income and first-generation students, who tend to carry the heaviest debt burden. Federal student aid policy has steadily put resources into student loan programs rather than need-based grants, a trend that straps future generations with high debt burdens. Even students who receive federal grant aid are finding it more difficult to pay for college."
However, the data actually show that notwithstanding a slight increase in 2008–2009, student loan default rates have declined since the mid-1980s and 1990s. During both periods of growth and recession, those with college degrees are much less likely than those without to be unemployed, even though they earn higher wages.
Ohio University economist Richard Vedder has written in The Wall Street Journal that:
A key measure of the benefits of a degree is the college graduate's earning potential – and on this score, their advantage over high-school graduates is deteriorating. Since 2006, the gap between what the median college graduate earned compared with the median high-school graduate has narrowed by $1,387 for men over 25 working full time, a 5% fall. Women in the same category have fared worse, losing 7% of their income advantage ($1,496). A college degree's declining value is even more pronounced for younger Americans. According to data collected by the College Board, for those in the 25–34 age range, the differential between college graduate and high school graduate earnings fell 11% for men, to $18,303 from $20,623. The decline for women was an extraordinary 19.7%, to $14,868 from $18,525. Meanwhile, the cost of college has increased 16.5% in 2012 dollars since 2006, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics' higher education tuition-fee index.
Alternatives to bubble hypothesis
A different explanation for rising tuition is the reduction of state and federal appropriations to colleges, making them more reliant on student tuition. Thus, it is not a bubble but a form of shifting costs away from state and federal funding over to students. This has mostly applied to public universities which in 2011 for the first time have taken in more in tuition than in state funding and had the greatest increases in tuition. Implied from this shift away from public funding to tuition is privatization, although The New York Times reported that such claims are exaggerated.
A second hypothesis claims that as a result of federal law that severely restricts the ability of students to discharge their federally guaranteed student loans in bankruptcy, lenders and colleges know that students are on the hook for any amount that they borrow, including late fees and interest (which can be capitalized and increase the principal loan amount), thus removing the incentive to only provide students loans that the students can be reasonably expected to repay. As evidence for this hypothesis, it has been suggested that returning bankruptcy protections (and other standard consumer protections) to student loans would cause lenders to be more cautious, thereby causing a sharp decline in the availability of student loans, which, in turn, would decrease the influx of dollars to colleges and universities, who, in turn, would have to sharply decrease tuition to match the lower availability of funds.
Economic and social commentator Gary North has remarked at LewRockwell.com, "To speak of college as a bubble is silly. A bubble does not pop until months or years after the funding ceases. There is no indication that the funding for college education will cease."
Azar Nafisi, Johns Hopkins University professor and bestselling author of Reading Lolita in Tehran, has stated on the PBS NewsHour that a purely economic analysis of a higher education bubble is incomplete:
Universities become sort of like canaries in the mine for a culture. They become the sort of standard of where culture is going. The dynamism, the originality of these entrepreneurial experiences, the fact that society allows people to be original, to take risks, all of it comes from a passionate love of knowledge. And universities represent all the different areas and fields within a society. And the students and faculty come from all these fields. This is a community that represents the best that a society has to offer. And there was a mention of our universities being the best in the world.
See also
2010s portal2020s portalEconomics portalEducation portalUnited States portal
College admissions in the United States
College tuition in the United States
Credentialism
Economic bubble
EdFund
Elite overproduction
Free education
Higher Education Price Index
Higher education problems in China
Higher education problems in South Korea
Neijuan
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^ Benhabib, Jess; Spiegel, Mark M. (October 1994). "The role of human capital in economic development evidence from aggregate cross-country data". Journal of Monetary Economics. 34 (2): 143–173. doi:10.1016/0304-3932(94)90047-7.
^ Pritchett, Lant. "Where has all the education gone?" (PDF). Harvard.edu. World Bank & Kennedy School of Government (2000).
^ Hanushek, Eric A.; Woessmann, Ludger (December 2010). "How Much Do Educational Outcomes Matter in OECD Countries?" (PDF). IZA Discussion Paper No. 5401.
^ Holmes, Craig (May 2013). "Has the Expansion of Higher Education Led to Greater Economic Growth?". National Institute Economic Review. 224 (1): R29–R47. doi:10.1177/002795011322400103. S2CID 154479251.
^ Hillman, Nick (2006). "Student Debt Burden, Volume 3, Number 8, August 2006" (PDF). American Association of State Colleges and Universities. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 11, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
^ Vedder, Richard; Denhart, Christopher (January 8, 2014), How the College Bubble Will Pop, American Enterprise Institute, retrieved July 12, 2014
^ a b c "Public Universities Relying More on Tuition Than State Money", The New York Times 2011/01/24
^ Quinn, Jane (September 24, 2010). "Student Loans: Time to Reform the Law That Treats Debtors Like Crooks". CBS News. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
^ Weissman, Jordan (April 16, 2015). "How the Bush Administration Pointlessly Screwed Over Student Borrowers". Slate. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
^ "Why College Prices Keep Rising". Forbes.com. 2012.
^ Gary North (May 2, 2011). "College: Why It Is Not a Bubble". LewRockwell.com. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
^ "Is a College Diploma Worth the Soaring Student Debt?". PBS NewsHour. May 27, 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
Further reading
Angulo, A. (2016). Diploma Mills: How For-profit Colleges Stiffed Students, Taxpayers, and the American Dream. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Armstrong, E. and Hamilton, L. (2015). Paying for the Party: How College Maintains Inequality. Harvard University Press.
Bennett, W. and Wilezol, D. (2013). Is College Worth It?: A Former United States Secretary of Education and a Liberal Arts Graduate Expose the Broken Promise of Higher Education. Thomas Nelson.
Best, J. and Best, E. (2014) The Student Loan Mess: How Good Intentions Created a Trillion-Dollar Problem. Atkinson Family Foundation.
Caplan, B. (2018). The Case Against Education: Why the Education System Is a Waste of Time and Money. Princeton University Press.
Cappelli, P. (2015). Will College Pay Off?: A Guide to the Most Important Financial Decision You'll Ever Make. Public Affairs.
Golden, D. (2006). The Price of Admission: How America’s Ruling Class Buys its Way into Elite Colleges — and Who Gets Left Outside the Gates.
Goldrick-Rab, S. (2016). Paying the Price: College Costs, Financial Aid, and the Betrayal of the American Dream.
Reynolds, G. (2012). The Higher Education Bubble. Encounter Books.
External links
A look at trends in college consolidation since 2016. Higher Ed Dive. Last updated April 9, 2024.
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U.S. higher education bubble | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:College_tuition_cpi.jpg"},{"link_name":"consumer price index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_price_index"},{"link_name":"tuition payments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuition_payments"},{"link_name":"graduate unemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_unemployment"},{"link_name":"student loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_loan"},{"link_name":"defaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_(finance)"},{"link_name":"financial institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institution"},{"link_name":"taxpayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxpayer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-4"},{"link_name":"moral hazard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_hazard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-6"},{"link_name":"tax cuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_cut"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simkovic-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas_Lemieux_2006-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronicle.com-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:66-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:262-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:672-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-25"},{"link_name":"Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:112-26"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"diminishing marginal returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_returns"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmons_Kent_&_Ricketts_2019-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:60-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-31"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:262-22"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:29-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-41"}],"text":"Economic trendCost of US college education relative to the consumer price index (inflation)The higher education bubble in the United States is the possibility that excessive investment in higher education could have negative repercussions in the broader economy. Although college tuition payments are rising, the supply of college graduates in many fields of study is exceeding the demand for their skills, which aggravates graduate unemployment and underemployment while increasing the burden of student loan defaults on financial institutions and taxpayers.[1][2][3] Moreover, the higher education bubble might be even more serious than load of student debts.[4] Without safeguards in place for funding and loans, the government risks creating a moral hazard in which schools charge students expensive tuition fees without offering them marketable skills in return.[5][6] The claim has generally been used to justify cuts to public higher education spending, tax cuts, or a shift of government spending towards law enforcement and national security.[7][8][9][10] There is a further concern that having an excess supply of college graduates exacerbates political instability,[11][12][13] historically linked to having a bulge in the number of young degree holders.[14][15][16]Some economists reject the notion of a higher education bubble, noting that the returns on higher education vastly outweigh the cost,[17][18][19][20] while others believe that the number of institutions of higher education in the United States will fall in the 2020s and beyond, citing reasons of demographic decline, poor outcomes, economic problems, and changing public interests and attitudes.[21][22][23][24][25] According to the U.S. Department of Education, by the late 2010s, people with technical or vocational trainings are slightly more likely to be employed than those with a bachelor's degree and significantly more likely to be employed in their fields of specialty. The United States currently suffers from a shortage of skilled tradespeople.[26]The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis noted in 2019 that investment in higher education has reached a point of diminishing marginal returns.[27] Undergraduate and graduate enrollments have both been in decline,[28][29] while trade schools continue to attract growing numbers of students.[30][31] White men are a major group opting for alternatives to higher education.[22][32] Many faculty members are leaving academia,[33] especially those from the humanities.[34] At the same time, university graduates are likely to regret having studied the humanities and liberal arts.[35][36] While academics maintain that certain subjects are worth studying for their own sake, students are more concerned with increasing their earning potential.[37][38] So far this century, numerous institutions of higher learning have permanently closed,[39] especially community colleges,[40] and for-profit institutions.[41][42]It is possible that the bubble will not burst, but rather deflate.[41]","title":"Higher education bubble in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Higher education in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"GI Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GI_Bill"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"U.S. Secretary of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Education"},{"link_name":"William Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bennett"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"demand elasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_elasticity_of_demand"},{"link_name":"college rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"prestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prestige"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-42"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"The Chronicle of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"loan default","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_(finance)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phys.org-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirkham-51"},{"link_name":"McKinsey & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"tertiary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Further information: Higher education in the United StatesDue to the GI Bill and the population boom after World War II, demand for higher education grew significantly during the latter half of the twentieth century, making it one of the major growth sectors for the American economy.[41][42] Historically, high schools separated students on career tracks, but this changed in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the mission of high schools shifted to preparing students for college.[43] In 1987, U.S. Secretary of Education William Bennett suggested that the availability of loans was fueling an increase in tuition prices and an education bubble.[44] The \"Bennett hypothesis\" claimed that readily available loans allow schools to increase tuition without regard to demand elasticity. In addition, college rankings were partially driven by spending levels,[45] and higher tuition was also correlated with increased public perceptions of prestige.[46] From the 1980s to the 2010s, demand for higher education increased, especially after the Great Recession of 2007–2009 when Americans flocked back to school in order to adapt to the new economy.[47][42]A 2011 study from the Labor Department found that a bachelor's degree \"represents a significant advantage in the job market.\"[48] In 2011, The Chronicle of Higher Education ran an article which said that the future was bright for college graduates.[49] The data also suggested that, notwithstanding a slight increase in 2008–09, student loan default rates had declined between the mid-1980s and 1990s and early 2010s.[50][51] The management consulting firm McKinsey & Company projected in 2011 that a shortage of college-educated workers and a surplus of workers without college degrees, which would cause the wage premium to increase and cause differences in unemployment rates to become even more dramatic.[52]As of 2018, 70% of high school graduates in the United States enrolled in tertiary education. But only 60% of those students, that is 42% of high school graduates, will graduate within 6 years with at least a Bachelor's degree.[53] Note that Bachelor's degrees in the United States are typically designed to be completed in four years of full-time study, and Master's programs in the US are normally two years (full-time) in length.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuition_cost_of_college.png"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simkovic-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas_Lemieux_2006-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronicle.com-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-24"},{"link_name":"Glenn Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"socioeconomic 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sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_life_sciences"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-37"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-6"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:29-32"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"grade inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_inflation"},{"link_name":"Bryan Caplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Caplan"},{"link_name":"credential inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credential_inflation"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-78"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-56"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Population_Pyramid.svg"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-81"},{"link_name":"demographic challenges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:56-82"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-41"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-81"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:44-83"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:672-23"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-39"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-42"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-80"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-41"},{"link_name":"gender studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_studies"},{"link_name":"critical race theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_race_theory"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:81-66"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:56-82"},{"link_name":"law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-39"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:56-82"},{"link_name":"continuing education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-80"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-4"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"text":"Tuition cost of collegeDuring the early 2010s, whether or not the \"higher-education bubble\" existed became a topic of debate among economists. Data has shown that although the wage premium (the difference in incomes between those with a four-year college degree and those with only a high school diploma) has increased dramatically since the 1970s, so has the 'debt load' incurred by students due to the tuition inflation.[17][18][19] By 2019, the total college debt exceeded US$1.5 trillion, and two out of three college graduates were saddled with debt.[24] Glenn Reynolds argued in his book, The Higher Education Bubble (2012), that higher education as a \"product grows more and more elaborate—and more expensive—but the expense is offset by cheap credit provided by sellers who are eager to encourage buyers to buy.\"[55] Reynolds called university degrees a marker of socioeconomic status.[56] Economists Michael Spence and Joe Stiglitz suggest that much of the worth of a university degree lies not in the skills acquired, but rather market signaling.[57] Because a university degree still had considerable value, higher education might be an example of a Veblen good, albeit a subtle rather than a conspicuous one.[58][59][60]Data from the Federal Reserve shows that student debt has risen steadily during the 2000s and 2010s.Research from the Center for Household Financial Stability of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis presented in 2018 predicted a positive albeit declining income premium for completing college but a declining wealth premium, which is almost indistinguishable from zero for the most recent cohort.[61] Consequently, the average Millennial with a university degree earns 20% less than expected.[62] It was thought that people with college degrees are much less likely than those without to be unemployed, even though they are more expensive to employ (they earn higher wages).[63] In 2019, a report from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis using data from the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances concluded that after controlling for race and age cohort, families with heads of household with post-secondary education who were born before 1980 benefited from wealth and income premiums, while for families with heads of household with post-secondary education but born after 1980 the wealth premium has weakened to point of statistical insignificance due in part to the rising cost of college. Moreover, although the income premium remains positive, it had declined to historic lows with more pronounced downward trajectories with heads of household with postgraduate degrees.[27]However, this thesis came under stress in the 2010s, as institutions of higher education came under heightened skepticism due to high costs and disappointing results. People became increasingly concerned about debts and deficits, forcing institutions to prove their worth by clarifying how much money from which industry and company funded research, and how much it would cost to attend.[64] By the 2020s, graduating from a prestigious university no longer guaranteed gainful employment immediately after graduation.[65] According to Gallup, public confidence in higher education has declined \"sharply\" between 2015 and 2023; even those with bachelor's or advanced degrees were less approving than before.[25]An alternative thesis has suggested that there is no general bubble in higher education because, on average, higher education really does boost income and employment by more than enough to make it a good investment. The problem is that degrees in some specific fields may be overvalued because they do little to boost income or improve job prospects, and degrees in other fields may in fact be undervalued because students do not appreciate the extent to which these degrees could benefit their employment prospects and future income. Proponents of this argument have noted that schools charge equal prices for tuition regardless of what students study, but the interest rate on federal student loans is not adjusted according to risk. They have further noted that there is evidence that undergraduate students in their first three years of college are not very good at predicting future wages by major.[17] Indeed, student interest has shifted away from low-paying programs towards those of greater value in the job market.[37][5] (See chart below.)Healthcare and STEM, especially computer science, grew in popularity while the liberal arts and social studies, especially history, have declined due to market forces.[66][38]Among graduates of the early 2020s, the most regretted majors include journalism, sociology, liberal arts/general studies, history, communications, and education;[67] the least regretted majors include computer science and information technology, finance, engineering, nursing, and health.[35] Music and the visual arts are the most likely to offer a negative return on investment.[38] At the same time, graduates with the highest expected income studied chemical engineering, computer engineering, aerospace engineering, electrical engineering, finance, and the life sciences.[68][36] Prospective employers and state governments have gotten pickier in the collegiate programs they are willing to finance.[37][69] As of 2023, seven states had passed legislation requiring the disclosure of data on the worth of a university degree, such as students' loan payment and post-graduation employment.[6] Another reason for the decline of interest in the humanities and liberal arts is the fact that many prospective students avoided them for fear of loss of parental support,[70] and the perceived intolerance towards conservatives on college campuses, which tend to be dominated by left-wing faculty members,[70] though the details are not as simple as they first appear.[71] On the other hand, in the life sciences, the number of students or researchers interested in a postdoctoral fellowship had plummeted thanks to a boom in the biotechnology industry, which has had an insatiable appetite for talents and is willing to pay much higher than universities.[72][73] In physics and engineering, which are traditionally male-dominated fields, enrollments had also fallen since 2020, as white men lost interest in higher education.[32] Due to these trends, public universities have also trimmed their STEM departments.[74]Colleges and universities have been criticized for offering degree programs that fail to provide students with relevant skills in the labor market after graduation,[75] as well as grade inflation by lowering standards both for admission and coursework. Economist Bryan Caplan has argued the combination of more college graduates and weaker learning outcomes has led to credential inflation, in which employers ask for college degrees for jobs that don’t need one and previously did not require one.[76] According to a Burning Glass Institute analysis of 2022 U.S. Census Bureau data, Bachelor’s degree holders in college-level jobs earn nearly 90% more than people with just a high-school diploma in their 20s, while 45% of college graduates are underemployed and earn 25% more than high-school graduates (not adjusting for any student loan debt of such graduates).[77] Due to popular demand, the cost of higher education has grown at a rate faster than inflation between the late 20th and early 21st centuries.[78] From the 1990s to the 2010s, tuition and fees rose 440%, as federal loans for students became more generous.[56] As costs went up, so did student debt.[79] As of 2012, 29% of student debtors never graduated, and those who did could take decades to pay back the money they owed.[56]U.S. population pyramid in 2023. The number of Americans of college age will drop by the late 2020s,[80] at a faster rate by the late 2030s.[81]The 2010s were a turbulent period for higher education in the United States, as small private colleges from across the country faced deep financial trouble as they had to make high tuition discounts in order to attract students at a time when higher education costs were increasing, regulation was becoming more stringent, and demographic challenges were becoming more severe[82][41] By the early 2020s, enrollments were declining at a growing rate as the number of high-school graduates continued to fall.[81] Pew Trusts projected in 2022 that most U.S. states will see a decline in grade-school enrollments during the 2020s, which would help curb of the cost of higher education going forward.[83] A 2019 analysis by Moody's Investor Services estimated that about 20% of all small private liberal arts colleges in the United States were in serious financial trouble.[23]Between the early 2000s and early 2020s, hundreds of institutions permanently closed their doors.[39] In fact, they were closing at an accelerating rate, and for-profit institutions were the hardest hit, as they were targeted by stricter regulations from the Obama administration.[41][42] Public universities had to downsize or to merge.[80] Rural ones had closed majors across the board, from the humanities to the sciences.[84] More than half of the colleges and universities that remained saw substantial reductions in the number of students attending.[41] Such institutions have adapted to the new reality by dropping programs with low student interest, including many in the liberal arts and the humanities, like gender studies and critical race theory,[66] creating majors for emerging fields, such as artificial intelligence,[82] and professional programs, like law enforcement,[39] investing in online learning programs,[82] and addressing untapped demands, such as mid-career training or continuing education.[80] By the early 2020s, the rate of growth of tuition fees had dropped, and some schools were freezing or even cutting theirs.[80] If affordable or free online learning continued to grow, then non-elite institutions would struggle to justify their physical infrastructure.[4] On the other hand, prestigious universities saw continued growth in the number of applicants and as such were in no danger of closing.[85] This was due partly to students sending their applications to more schools for a chance of getting admitted[86] and because (elite) institutions had not significantly expanded their capacities.[87]","title":"Discussion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-90"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-88"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-12"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Generation Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Z_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:40-98"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:262-22"},{"link_name":"women's colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_colleges_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"community colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_colleges_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-40"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-29"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-90"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-31"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-102"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"blue-collar jobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-collar_worker"},{"link_name":"economic plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_Back_Better_Plan"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-102"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"occupational burnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_burnout"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-34"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:80-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:78-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-110"},{"link_name":"princelings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princelings"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-110"},{"link_name":"entry restrictions on Chinese students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_10043"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:80-108"},{"link_name":"Institute of International Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_International_Education"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"birth rates of teenagers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-80"}],"sub_title":"Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic","text":"The arrival of COVID-19 in the United States in 2020 merely accelerated many of the previous trends at work.[88] The coronavirus not only wrought havoc on the nation but also caused a severe economic downturn. Consequently, families either delayed or avoided sending their children to institutions of higher education altogether.[89] Undergraduate enrollments dropped even after the return of in-person classes.[90] Worse still for colleges and universities, they had become dependent on foreign students for revenue because they pay full tuition fees and the international restrictions imposed to alleviate the spread of the pandemic meant that this stream of revenue shrank substantially.[88][91] Several colleges permanently closed their doors by the end of the 2019–20 academic year.[92] Numerous institutions, including elite ones, suspended graduate programs in the humanities and liberal arts due to low student interest and dim employment prospects.[93][12] Various polls indicated that a growing number of Americans became skeptical of the value of higher education relative to the cost[94][95] and said they wanted to see K-12 education be less focused on college preparation.[96] Having witnessed the Millennials accumulating large amounts of student debts, members of Generation Z also tended to be more skeptical of the value of higher education[97] and have been more open to alternative educational routes and career options.[98] Young men, especially whites, have increasingly looked elsewhere due to the hostility of identity politics on campus directed towards them.[22] Meanwhile, the number of women's colleges continued to fall, following a decades-long trend.[99] But community colleges have fared the worst of all, losing 37% of enrollments between 2010 and 2023. Prospective students have been shunning them in large numbers due to the low quality of education and student services.[40][100]Some employers have now been hiring graduates directly from high school,[29] offering them generous bonuses, high wages, and (paid) apprenticeship programs in order to offset the ongoing labor shortage.[90][101] Trade schools and apprenticeship programs have seen significant increases in enrollment[30][31][102] while about a third of college graduates, including 38% of recent graduates, worked in jobs that did not require a university degree, according to data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.[103] Although the previous Democratic administrations of Bill Clinton and Barack Obama focused on higher education and high-skilled jobs, the Joe Biden government has been emphasizing blue-collar jobs that do not require a college degree, as part of its economic plan to modernize public infrastructure and to rejuvenate the manufacturing sector.[104] Before Biden, President Donald Trump signed a 2017 executive order expanding federal funding for apprenticeship programs which had bipartisan support.[102] In 2022, President Biden announced an initiative aimed at expanding apprenticeship and work-based training programs in K-12 public schools in order to create a competitive and skilled workforce.[105] On the other hand, Biden's student loan relief plan worth $400 billion was struck down by the Supreme Court of the United States.[106]In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, colleges and universities saw an increase in the number of faculty members leaving academia, citing low pay, stressful work environments, heavy workloads, lack of administrative support, and occupational burnout as reasons for their decisions. Non-tenure track professors now make up three-quarters of college faculty, up from a quarter in 1975.[33] Moreover, lecturers and professors in the humanities face a highly precarious job market.[34] Graduates who majored in the humanities and the liberal arts in the 2010s were most likely to regret having done so and had lower expected incomes than their counterparts in STEM.[107]Between the early 2000s and the late 2010s, the number of students from emerging economies going abroad for higher education increased,[108] and the United States was the most popular destination for international students, many of whom were from mainland China.[109][110] In fact, the United States was the single most popular destination for Chinese students; among children of the Chinese ruling class (\"princelings\"), attending elite institutions in the United States was commonplace and seen as a status symbol,[110] but the deterioration in the bilateral relationship as exemplified by President Donald Trump's entry restrictions on Chinese students in addition to the travel complications produced by the COVID-19 pandemic reduced the number of Chinese students enrolling in many American colleges and universities.[111][108] A 2023 report produced by the Institute of International Education said that international student enrollment for the 2022–2023 academic year in American higher education institutions had exceeded pre-pandemic levels, with strong growth coming from India and sub-Saharan Africa and overall enrollment growing at its fastest rate in 40 years.[112] Nevertheless, dependency on foreign students threatened the future of many American schools, which had hitherto been assuming that the number of international applicants would keep growing.[113] Falling demand for higher education in the United States will force this industry to become more innovative, which is something it has not been traditionally good at. Moreover, as the birth rates of teenagers and the lower classes continues to fall while women with higher incomes and education are having more children, students in the future will be less likely to have to rely on loans.[80]","title":"Discussion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:College_Degree_Returns_by_Annual_Cost.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First-year_College_Degree_Returns_by_Major.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:College_Tuition_State_Funding.svg"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeltaCost-114"},{"link_name":"economists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economists"},{"link_name":"returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_of_return"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simkovic-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas_Lemieux_2006-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronicle.com-19"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"financial bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_bubble"},{"link_name":"American Association of State Colleges and Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Colleges_and_Universities"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phys.org-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirkham-51"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Education_Pays-63"},{"link_name":"Ohio University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_University"},{"link_name":"Richard Vedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Vedder"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"median","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median"},{"link_name":"College Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Board"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"text":"College Degree Returns by Average 2011 Annual Out-of-Pocket Costs, from B. Caplan's The Case Against EducationFirst-year U.S. college degree returns for select majors, by type of student.Study comparing college revenue per student by tuition and state funding in 2008 dollars[114]The view that higher education is a bubble is debated. Some economists do not think that returns to a college education are falling but instead believe that the benefits far outweigh the costs.[17][18][19][115] Yet, the returns for marginal students or students in certain majors, especially at costly private universities, may not justify the investment.[116] It has been suggested that the returns to education should be compared to the returns to other forms of investment such as the stock market, bonds, real estate, and private equity. A higher return would suggest underinvestment in higher education, but lower returns would suggest a bubble.[117] Studies have typically found a causal relationship between growth and education, although the quality and type of education matters, and not just the number of years of schooling.[118][119][120][121]In a financial bubble, assets like houses are sometimes purchased with a view to reselling at a higher price, and this can produce rapidly escalating prices as people speculate on future prices. An end to the spiral can provoke abrupt selling of the assets, resulting in an abrupt collapse in price – the bursting of the bubble. Because the asset acquired through college attendance – a higher education – cannot be sold but only rented through wages, there is no similar mechanism that would cause an abrupt collapse in the value of existing degrees. For this reason, this analogy could be misleading. However, one rebuttal to the claims that a bubble analogy is misleading is the observation that the 'bursting' of the bubble are the negative effects on students who incur student debt, for example, as the American Association of State Colleges and Universities reports that \"Students are deeper in debt today than ever before.... The trend of heavy debt burdens threatens to limit access to higher education, particularly for low-income and first-generation students, who tend to carry the heaviest debt burden. Federal student aid policy has steadily put resources into student loan programs rather than need-based grants, a trend that straps future generations with high debt burdens. Even students who receive federal grant aid are finding it more difficult to pay for college.\"[122]However, the data actually show that notwithstanding a slight increase in 2008–2009, student loan default rates have declined since the mid-1980s and 1990s.[50][51] During both periods of growth and recession, those with college degrees are much less likely than those without to be unemployed, even though they earn higher wages.[63]Ohio University economist Richard Vedder has written in The Wall Street Journal that:A key measure of the benefits of a degree is the college graduate's earning potential – and on this score, their advantage over high-school graduates is deteriorating. Since 2006, the gap between what the median college graduate earned compared with the median high-school graduate has narrowed by $1,387 for men over 25 working full time, a 5% fall. Women in the same category have fared worse, losing 7% of their income advantage ($1,496). A college degree's declining value is even more pronounced for younger Americans. According to data collected by the College Board, for those in the 25–34 age range, the differential between college graduate and high school graduate earnings fell 11% for men, to $18,303 from $20,623. The decline for women was an extraordinary 19.7%, to $14,868 from $18,525. Meanwhile, the cost of college has increased 16.5% in 2012 dollars since 2006, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics' higher education tuition-fee index.[123]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shifting costs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost-shifting"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24tuition-124"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24tuition-124"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeltaCost-114"},{"link_name":"privatization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24tuition-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Why_College_Prices_Keep_Rising-127"},{"link_name":"Gary North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_North_(economist)"},{"link_name":"LewRockwell.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LewRockwell.com"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-north-128"},{"link_name":"Azar Nafisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azar_Nafisi"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"Reading Lolita in Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Lolita_in_Tehran"},{"link_name":"PBS NewsHour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_NewsHour"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newshour-129"}],"sub_title":"Alternatives to bubble hypothesis","text":"A different explanation for rising tuition is the reduction of state and federal appropriations to colleges, making them more reliant on student tuition. Thus, it is not a bubble but a form of shifting costs away from state and federal funding over to students.[124] This has mostly applied to public universities which in 2011 for the first time have taken in more in tuition than in state funding[124] and had the greatest increases in tuition.[114] Implied from this shift away from public funding to tuition is privatization, although The New York Times reported that such claims are exaggerated.[124]A second hypothesis claims that as a result of federal law that severely restricts the ability of students to discharge their federally guaranteed student loans in bankruptcy, lenders and colleges know that students are on the hook for any amount that they borrow, including late fees and interest (which can be capitalized and increase the principal loan amount), thus removing the incentive to only provide students loans that the students can be reasonably expected to repay.[125][126] As evidence for this hypothesis, it has been suggested that returning bankruptcy protections (and other standard consumer protections) to student loans would cause lenders to be more cautious, thereby causing a sharp decline in the availability of student loans, which, in turn, would decrease the influx of dollars to colleges and universities, who, in turn, would have to sharply decrease tuition to match the lower availability of funds.[127]Economic and social commentator Gary North has remarked at LewRockwell.com, \"To speak of college as a bubble is silly. A bubble does not pop until months or years after the funding ceases. There is no indication that the funding for college education will cease.\"[128]Azar Nafisi, Johns Hopkins University professor and bestselling author of Reading Lolita in Tehran, has stated on the PBS NewsHour that a purely economic analysis of a higher education bubble is incomplete:Universities become sort of like canaries in the mine for a culture. They become the sort of standard of where culture is going. The dynamism, the originality of these entrepreneurial experiences, the fact that society allows people to be original, to take risks, all of it comes from a passionate love of knowledge. And universities represent all the different areas and fields within a society. And the students and faculty come from all these fields. This is a community that represents the best that a society has to offer. And there was a mention of our universities being the best in the world.[129]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diploma Mills: How For-profit Colleges Stiffed Students, Taxpayers, and the American Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jcqnCwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Is College Worth It?: A Former United States Secretary of Education and a Liberal Arts Graduate Expose the Broken Promise of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=AZ9aFGUH-t0C"},{"link_name":"The Student Loan Mess: How Good Intentions Created a Trillion-Dollar Problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cWznAgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"The Case Against Education: Why the Education System Is a Waste of Time and Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Mws8DwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Will College Pay Off?: A Guide to the Most Important Financial Decision You'll Ever Make","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DtM_CQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Paying the Price: College Costs, Financial Aid, and the Betrayal of the American Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Us3CDAAAQBAJ"}],"text":"Angulo, A. (2016). Diploma Mills: How For-profit Colleges Stiffed Students, Taxpayers, and the American Dream. Johns Hopkins University Press.\nArmstrong, E. and Hamilton, L. (2015). Paying for the Party: How College Maintains Inequality. Harvard University Press.\nBennett, W. and Wilezol, D. (2013). Is College Worth It?: A Former United States Secretary of Education and a Liberal Arts Graduate Expose the Broken Promise of Higher Education. Thomas Nelson.\nBest, J. and Best, E. (2014) The Student Loan Mess: How Good Intentions Created a Trillion-Dollar Problem. Atkinson Family Foundation.\nCaplan, B. (2018). The Case Against Education: Why the Education System Is a Waste of Time and Money. Princeton University Press.\nCappelli, P. (2015). Will College Pay Off?: A Guide to the Most Important Financial Decision You'll Ever Make. Public Affairs.\nGolden, D. (2006). The Price of Admission: How America’s Ruling Class Buys its Way into Elite Colleges — and Who Gets Left Outside the Gates.\nGoldrick-Rab, S. (2016). Paying the Price: College Costs, Financial Aid, and the Betrayal of the American Dream.\nReynolds, G. (2012). The Higher Education Bubble. Encounter Books.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Cost of US college education relative to the consumer price index (inflation)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/College_tuition_cpi.jpg/260px-College_tuition_cpi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tuition cost of college","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tuition_cost_of_college.png/400px-Tuition_cost_of_college.png"},{"image_text":"Data from the Federal Reserve shows that student debt has risen steadily during the 2000s and 2010s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/US_Student_Loans_%28FRED%29.png/400px-US_Student_Loans_%28FRED%29.png"},{"image_text":"Healthcare and STEM, especially computer science, grew in popularity while the liberal arts and social studies, especially history, have declined due to market forces.[66][38]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/U.S._college_major_change_between_2011_and_2018.png/680px-U.S._college_major_change_between_2011_and_2018.png"},{"image_text":"U.S. population pyramid in 2023. The number of Americans of college age will drop by the late 2020s,[80] at a faster rate by the late 2030s.[81]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/USA_Population_Pyramid.svg/220px-USA_Population_Pyramid.svg.png"},{"image_text":"College Degree Returns by Average 2011 Annual Out-of-Pocket Costs, from B. Caplan's The Case Against Education","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/College_Degree_Returns_by_Annual_Cost.png/220px-College_Degree_Returns_by_Annual_Cost.png"},{"image_text":"First-year U.S. college degree returns for select majors, by type of student.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/First-year_College_Degree_Returns_by_Major.png/220px-First-year_College_Degree_Returns_by_Major.png"},{"image_text":"Study comparing college revenue per student by tuition and state funding in 2008 dollars[114]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/College_Tuition_State_Funding.svg/220px-College_Tuition_State_Funding.svg.png"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IPhone_5.svg"},{"title":"2010s portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:2010s"},{"title":"2020s portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:2020s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg"},{"title":"Economics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Economics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png"},{"title":"Education portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Education"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"College admissions in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_admissions_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"College tuition in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_tuition_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Credentialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credentialism"},{"title":"Economic bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_bubble"},{"title":"EdFund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdFund"},{"title":"Elite overproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_overproduction"},{"title":"Free education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_education"},{"title":"Higher Education Price Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_Price_Index"},{"title":"Higher education problems in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_China#Challenges"},{"title":"Higher education problems in South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea#Controversy_and_criticism"},{"title":"Neijuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neijuan"}] | [{"reference":"Archibald, Robert B.; Feldman, David (David H.) (2006). \"State Higher Education Spending and the Tax Revolt\" (PDF). The Journal of Higher Education. 77 (4): 618–644. doi:10.1353/jhe.2006.0029. ISSN 1538-4640. S2CID 154906564.","urls":[{"url":"http://economics.wm.edu/wp/cwm_wp10.pdf","url_text":"\"State Higher Education Spending and the Tax Revolt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjhe.2006.0029","url_text":"10.1353/jhe.2006.0029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1538-4640","url_text":"1538-4640"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154906564","url_text":"154906564"}]},{"reference":"Barshay, Jill (August 4, 2014). \"Reflections on the underemployment of college graduates\". Hechniger Report. Teachers College at Columbia University. Retrieved March 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://educationbythenumbers.org/content/underemployment-college-grads_1589/","url_text":"\"Reflections on the underemployment of college graduates\""}]},{"reference":"Coates, Ken; Morrison, Bill (2016), Dream Factories: Why Universities Won't Solve the Youth Jobs Crisis, Toronto: Dundurn Press, p. 232, ISBN 978-1459733770","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dundurn.com/books/Dream-Factories","url_text":"Dream Factories: Why Universities Won't Solve the Youth Jobs Crisis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1459733770","url_text":"978-1459733770"}]},{"reference":"Epperson, Sharon (September 11, 2014). \"A higher-ed bubble even bigger than student loans\". CNBC. 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The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914–1991. Abacus. ISBN 9780349106717.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm","url_text":"Hobsbawm, Eric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780349106717","url_text":"9780349106717"}]},{"reference":"Gaddis, John Lewis (2005). \"IV: The Emergence of Autonomy\". The Cold War: A New History. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143038276.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis","url_text":"Gaddis, John Lewis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143038276","url_text":"978-0143038276"}]},{"reference":"Suri, Jeremi (February 2009). \"The Rise and Fall of an International Counterculture, 1960-1975\". American Historical Review. 114 (1): 45–68. doi:10.1086/ahr.114.1.45. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Our_Hands | Out of Our Hands | ["1 Music video","2 Popular culture","3 Release history","4 References"] | 2008 single by Gemma Hayes"Out of Our Hands"Single by Gemma Hayesfrom the album The Hollow of Morning Released2 May 2008 (2008-05-02)Recorded2007GenreAlternativeLength3:41LabelATC GH MusicSongwriter(s)Gemma HayesProducer(s)Dave OdlumGemma Hayes singles chronology
"Undercover" (2006)
"Out of Our Hands" (2008)
"Home" (2008)
"Out of Our Hands" is a song written by Irish singer-songwriter Gemma Hayes for her third album The Hollow of Morning. It was released digitally on 2 May 2008 as the album's first single. The single went to #6 in the official Top 40 Irish Singles chart.
Music video
No music video was shot for 'Out of Our Hands', despite being the album's lead single. However, the second single released from the album, Home, did receive video treatment.
Popular culture
Her song 'Out of Our Hands' was featured in ER episode "T-Minus-6" (from Season 15) which aired on 26 February 2009 on NBC and 10 May 2009 on RTÉ One.
The song later appeared in US TV series the Vampire Diaries. It featured in episode 1 ('The Return') of season 2 which aired on 9 September 2010 on The CW.
Release history
Region
Date
Ireland
2 May 2008 (2008-05-02)
United Kingdom
5 May 2008 (2008-05-05)
Australia
Europe
6 May 2008 (2008-05-06)
References
^ "Gemma Hayes - Out Of Our Hands MP3 music downloads - 7digital". ie.7digital.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008.
^ "yikes – Gemma Hayes Chat – Discussion Areas – Gemma Hayes Forum – Message Board – Yuku". Gemmahayesmakingwaves.yuku.com. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
^ "Gemma Hayes : Bite on This: A Vampire Diaires Podcast & Blog". Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
vteGemma HayesAlbums
Night on My Side (2002)
The Roads Don't Love You (2005)
The Hollow of Morning (2008)
Let It Break (2011)
Night & Day (2014)
Bones + Longing (2014)
Blind Faith (September 2024)
EPs
4.35am (2001)
Work to a Calm (2001)
Gemma Hayes iTunes Festival (2008)
Oliver (2009)
Singles
Hanging Around (2002)
Let a Good Thing Go (2002)
Back of My Hand (2002)
Happy Sad (2005)
Undercover (2006)
Out of Our Hands (2008)
Home (2008)
Shock to The System (2011)
Keep Running (2011)
Wicked Game (2012)
Chasing (2014)
Making My Way Back (2014)
Palomino (2015)
Laughter (2015)
High & Low (2023)
Feed The Flames (2024)
Hardwired (2024)
Other albums
The Dylan EP (2011)
Janie Jones (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2011)
The Cake Sale
Printer Clips
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Sting | Sutton Sting | ["1 Club roster 2020–21","2 External links"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Sutton Sting" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2011)
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Ice hockey team in Sutton-in-AshfieldSutton StingCitySutton-in-AshfieldLeagueNIHLDivisionNorthFounded2009Home arenaLammas Leisure Centre / Ice Sheffield ( SIV )ColorsYellow & Black
The Sutton Sting is an English ice hockey team that plays in the English National Ice Hockey League, north division. It is based at the Lammas Leisure Centre at Sutton-in-Ashfield in Nottinghamshire, although the rink at that site is too small for match hockey so the team plays all home fixtures at IceSheffield instead. They also have a multiple junior teams which consist from U18s, u16s etc...
2009/10 English National Ice Hockey League North Two 6th of 7 clubs
2010/2011 English National Ice Hockey League North Two Runners Up
2011/2012 English National Ice Hockey League North Promotion Playoff Champions vs Nottingham Lions
Club roster 2020–21
Netminders
No.
Nat.
Player
Catches
Date of birth
Place of birth
Acquired
Contract
Defencemen
No.
Nat.
Player
Shoots
Date of birth
Place of birth
Acquired
Contract
Forwards
No.
Nat.
Player
Shoots
Date of birth
Place of birth
Acquired
Contract
External links
Sutton Sting official site
vteIce hockey in the United KingdomGoverning bodies
English Ice Hockey Association
Ice Hockey UK
Northern Ireland Ice Hockey Association
Scottish Ice Hockey
Elite League
Belfast Giants
Cardiff Devils
Coventry Blaze
Dundee Stars
Fife Flyers
Glasgow Clan
Guildford Flames
Manchester Storm
Nottingham Panthers
Sheffield Steelers
National Ice Hockey LeagueNational League
Bees IHC
Bristol Pitbulls
Hull Seahawks
Leeds Knights
Milton Keynes Lightning
Peterborough Phantoms
Raiders
Sheffield Steeldogs
Solway Sharks
Swindon Wildcats
Telford Tigers
North Division 1
Billingham Stars
Blackburn Hawks
Nottingham Lions
Solihull Barons
Sutton Sting
Whitley Warriors
South Division 1
Cardiff Fire
Chelmsford Chieftains
Invicta Dynamos
Milton Keynes Thunder
Oxford City Stars
Raiders 2
Slough Jets
Solent Devils
Streatham IHC
North Division 2
Altrincham Aces
Blackburn Hawks 2
Bradford Bulldogs
Deeside Dragons
Hull Jets
Sheffield Senators
Telford Tigers 2
Widnes Wild
South Division 2
Basingstoke Buffalo
Guildford Phoenix
Haringey Huskies
Invicta Mustangs
Lee Valley Lions
Peterborough Phantoms 2
Solent Devils 2
Streatham Hawks
Swindon Wildcats 2
Scottish National League
Aberdeen Lynx
Dundee Comets
Dundee Tigers
Edinburgh Capitals
Kilmarnock Storm
Kirkcaldy Kestrels
North Ayrshire Wild
Paisley Pirates
Women's National Ice Hockey LeagueWNIHL Elite
Bracknell Queen Bees
Kingston Diamonds
Nottingham Vipers
Solihull Vixens
Streatham Storm
WNIHL Premier
Bracknell Firebees
Cardiff Comets
Chelmsford Cobras
Kingston Diamonds B
Milton Keynes Falcons
Sheffield Shadows
Swindon TopCats
Whitley Squaws
Division 1 North
Grimsby Wolves
Nottingham Vipers B
Sheffield Shadows B
Solway Sharks Ladies
Telford Wrekin Raiders
Widnes Wild Women
Division 1 South
Coventry Phoenix
Oxford Midnight Stars
Peterborough Penguins
Slough Sirens
Solent Amazons
Streatham Storm B
Swindon TopCats B
British University Teams
Birmingham Lions
Bradford Sabres
Bristol Lions
Caledonia Steel Queens
Cambridge University Blues
Cardiff Redhawks
Coventry and Warwick Panthers
Edinburgh Eagles
Huddersfield Ice Hawks
Hull Ice Hogs
Imperial Devils
Kent Knights
Leeds Gryphons
London Dragons
Manchester Metros
Newcastle Wildcats
Northumbria Kings
Nottingham Mavericks
Oxford University Ice Hockey Club
Sheffield Bears
Southampton Spitfires
St Andrews Typhoons
UCL Yetis
UEA Avalanche
Competitions
League Championship
British Championship
Challenge Cup
Knockout Cup
Varsity Match
Player awards
Alan Weeks Trophy
Best British Forward
British Netminder of the Year
Coach of the Year Trophy
Ice Hockey Annual Trophy
Player of the Year Trophy
Vic Batchelder Memorial Award
Defunct leaguesand competitions
British Ice Hockey Association
Ahearne Cup
Autumn Cup
British Hockey League
British National League (1954–60)
British National League (1996–2005)
English League
English League North
English National League
English National League (1981–82)
English Premier League
Ice Hockey Superleague
Inter-City League
Northern League
Northern League
Scottish National League
Scottish Premier Hockey League
Southern League
Defunct teams
Aldershot Bullets
Ayr Bruins
Ayr Scottish Eagles
Blackburn Eagles
Blackpool Seagulls
Brighton Tigers
Cardiff Rage
Castlereagh Knights
Dumfries Vikings
Dunfermline Vikings
Dundee Rockets
Durham City Wasps
Durham Wasps
Earls Court Rangers
Edinburgh Capitals (SNL)
Flintshire Freeze
Fylde Flyers
Harringay Greyhounds
Harringay Racers
Hull Pirates
Hull Stingrays
Hull Thunder
Humberside Seahawks
Isle of Wight Wildcats
Kilmarnock Storm
Lancashire Raptors
Liverpool Leopards
London Canadians
London Lions
London Knights
London Racers
Manchester Minotaurs
Manchester Phoenix
Manchester Storm (1995–2002)
Medway Bears
Milton Keynes Kings
Moray Tornadoes
Murrayfield Racers
Murrayfield Racers (2018–2022)
Newcastle Jesters
Newcastle Vipers
Niagara Ice Hockey Club
Oxford Blades
Peterborough Pirates
Princes Ice Hockey Club
Richmond Flyers
Sheffield Lancers
Sheffield Scimitars
Sheffield Spartans
Slough Jets ENL
Southampton Vikings
Stevenage Oilers
Stevenage Sharks
Stevenage Strikers
Sunderland Chiefs
Swindon TopCats B
TDC Northern Stars
Telford Tigers ENL
Telford Titans
Wembley Lions
Wembley Monarchs
Wightlink Buccaneers
Wightlink Raiders
Wightlink Tigers
Miscellaneous
Great Britain men's national ice hockey team
Great Britain women's national ice hockey team
British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame
Ice Hockey Journalists UK
Related
IIHF
IIHF Continental Cup
IIHF European Champions Cup
This European ice hockey team-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about an English sports club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"English National Ice Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_National_Ice_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Sutton-in-Ashfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton-in-Ashfield"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"IceSheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceSheffield"}],"text":"Ice hockey team in Sutton-in-AshfieldThe Sutton Sting is an English ice hockey team that plays in the English National Ice Hockey League, north division. It is based at the Lammas Leisure Centre at Sutton-in-Ashfield in Nottinghamshire, although the rink at that site is too small for match hockey so the team plays all home fixtures at IceSheffield instead. They also have a multiple junior teams which consist from U18s, u16s etc...2009/10 English National Ice Hockey League North Two 6th of 7 clubs2010/2011 English National Ice Hockey League North Two Runners Up2011/2012 English National Ice Hockey League North Promotion Playoff Champions vs Nottingham Lions","title":"Sutton Sting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club roster 2020–21"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sutton_Sting&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sutton+Sting%22","external_links_name":"\"Sutton Sting\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sutton+Sting%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sutton+Sting%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sutton+Sting%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sutton+Sting%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sutton+Sting%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://suttonsting.com/","external_links_name":"Sutton Sting official site"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sutton_Sting&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sutton_Sting&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_rubber_bleb_nevus | Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome | ["1 Presentation","2 Causes","3 Diagnosis","4 Treatment","5 Incidence","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | Medical conditionBlue rubber bleb nevus syndromeOther namesBRBNS, or Blue rubber bleb syndrome, or Blue rubber-bleb nevus or Bean syndromeThe cutaneous vascular malformations of blue rubber bleb nevus syndromeSpecialtyOncology
Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome is a rare disorder that consists mainly of abnormal blood vessels affecting the skin or internal organs – usually the gastrointestinal tract. The disease is characterized by the presence of fluid-filled blisters (blebs) as visible, circumscribed, chronic lesions (nevi).
BRBNS is caused by somatic mutations in the TEK (TIE2) gene. It was described by William Bennett Bean in 1958.
Presentation
Cutaneous manifestation of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome
BRBNS is a venous malformation, formerly, though incorrectly, thought to be related to the hemangioma. It sometimes causes serious bleeding. Lesions are most commonly found on the skin and in the small intestine and distal large bowel. The lesions can also be found in the central nervous system, liver, and muscles. It usually presents soon after birth or during early infancy.
Causes
The cause of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome is currently unknown. The syndrome is considered sporadic. A patient who is diagnosed with BRBNS likely has a family history of other multifocal venous malformations which are a symptom of the disease. Autosomal inheritance of BRBNS has been found in familial cases associated with chromosome 9p, but the majority of cases are sporadic. The disease correlates with an onset of GI complications. It is reported that GI bleeding is the most common cause of death in most cases.
Diagnosis
Visceral venous malformations seen in blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Lesions chiefly affect the gut (image above), are fragile, and bleed easily.Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome is difficult to diagnose because of how rare the disease is. Diagnosis is usually based on the presence of cutaneous lesions with or without gastrointestinal bleeding and/or involvement of other organs. Cutaneous angiomas are found on the surface of the skin and from the scalp to the soles of feet. The lesions are rubbery, soft, tender and hemorrhagic, easily compressible and promptly refill after compression. A physical examination is mostly used to diagnosis cutaneous angiomas on the surface of the skin. Endoscopy has been the leading diagnostic tool for diagnosing BRBNS for those who have lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. The GI tract is illuminated and visualized in endoscopy. Endoscopy also allows immediate therapeutic measures like argon plasma, coagulation, laser photocoagulation, sclerotherapy, or band ligation. Besides physical examination and endoscopy, ultrasonography, radiographic images, CT and magnetic resonance imaging are helpful for detection of affected visceral organs.
Treatment
There are several methods to treat BRBNS, although it is not a curable disease. Treatment depends on the severity and location of affected areas. The cutaneous lesions can be effectively treated by laser, surgical removal, electrodesiccation, cryotherapy, and sclerotherapy. In other cases, iron therapy (such as iron supplementation) and blood transfusions are used to conservatively manage BRBNS because of the amount of blood that is lost from the GI bleeding. It is not necessary to remove the lesions in the gastrointestinal system unless the bleeding leads to anemia and repeated blood transfusions. It is safe to remove GI lesions surgically, but one or more lengthy procedures may be required. If there is a recurrence with new angioma in the gastrointestinal tract, laser-steroid therapy is needed. Treatment is not required for those with skin spots, but some individuals with BRBNS may want treatment for cosmetic reasons or if the affected location causes discomfort or affects normal function.
Incidence
Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. According to a review of literature, 20% of patients with BRBNS were from the United States, 15% from Japan, 9% from Spain, 9% from Germany, 6% from China, and 6% from France; and a lower number of cases from other countries. This indicates that any race can be affected by BRBNS.
See also
Bart syndrome
List of cutaneous conditions
References
^ Baigrie, Dana; Rice, Ashley S.; An, In C. (2022). "Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 31082129.
^ Soblet J, Kangas J, Nätynki M, Mendola A, Helaers R, Uebelhoer M, et al. (January 2017). "Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus (BRBN) Syndrome Is Caused by Somatic TEK (TIE2) Mutations". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 137 (1): 207–216. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.034. PMID 27519652.
^ Mulliken, John B. (2013). "13. Capillary malformations, hyperkeratotic stains, telangiectasias, and miscellaneous vascular blots". In Mulliken, John B.; Burrows, Patricia E.; Fishman, Steven J. (eds.). Mulliken and Young's Vascular Anomalies: Hemangiomas and Malformations (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 552–553. ISBN 978-0-19-972254-9.
^ Dobru D, Seuchea N, Dorin M, Careianu V (September 2004). "Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: case report and literature review". Romanian Journal of Gastroenterology. 13 (3): 237–40. PMID 15470538. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
^ Ertem D, Acar Y, Kotiloglu E, Yucelten D, Pehlivanoglu E (February 2001). "Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome". Pediatrics. 107 (2): 418–20. doi:10.1542/peds.107.2.418. PMID 11158481.
^ a b c d e f g h Jin XL, Wang ZH, Xiao XB, Huang LS, Zhao XY (December 2014). "Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: a case report and literature review". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (45): 17254–9. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i45.17254. PMC 4258599. PMID 25493043.
^ Kassarjian A, Fishman SJ, Fox VL, Burrows PE (October 2003). "Imaging characteristics of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome". AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 181 (4): 1041–8. doi:10.2214/ajr.181.4.1811041. PMID 14500226.
^ a b c d e f "Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus syndrome - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2018-10-08.
^ "Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (Bean syndrome)". www.dermatologyadvisor.com. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
^ Agnese M, Cipolletta L, Bianco MA, Quitadamo P, Miele E, Staiano A (April 2010). "Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome". Acta Paediatrica. 99 (4): 632–5. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01608.x. PMID 19958301. S2CID 5722981.
^ a b "Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-03-20. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
^ Chen W, Chen H, Shan G, Yang M, Hu F, Li Q, Chen L, Xu G (August 2017). "Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: our experience and new endoscopic management". Medicine. 96 (33): e7792. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000007792. PMC 5571702. PMID 28816965.
^ Deng ZH, Xu CD, Chen SN (February 2008). "Diagnosis and treatment of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome in children". World Journal of Pediatrics. 4 (1): 70–3. doi:10.1007/s12519-008-0015-9. PMID 18402258. S2CID 42702922.
Further reading
Bean WB (1958). Vascular spiders and related lesions of the skin. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C.Thomas. pp. 178–85.
External links
ClassificationDICD-10: D18ICD-9-CM: 228.0ICD-O: 9121/0OMIM: 112200MeSH: C536240External resourceseMedicine: derm/56
Blue rubber bleb nevus; Bean syndrome at NIH's Office of Rare Diseases
vteTumours of blood vesselsBlood vessel
Hemangiosarcoma
Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome
Hemangioendothelioma
Composite
Endovascular papillary
Epithelioid
Kaposiform
Infantile
Retiform)
Spindle cell
Proliferating angioendotheliomatosis
Hemangiopericytoma
Infantile hemangiopericytoma
Venous lake
Kaposi's sarcoma
African cutaneous
African lymphadenopathic
AIDS-associated
Classic
Immunosuppression-associated
Hemangioblastoma
Hemangioma
Capillary
Cavernous
Glomeruloid
Microvenular
Targeted hemosiderotic
Angioma
Cherry
Seriginosum
Spider
Tufted
Universal angiomatosis
Angiokeratoma
of Mibelli
Angiolipoma
Pyogenic granuloma
Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia
Lymphatic
Lymphangioma/lymphangiosarcoma
Lymphangioma circumscriptum
Acquired progressive lymphangioma
PEComa
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Cystic hygroma
Multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis
Lymphangiomatosis
Either
Angioma/angiosarcoma
Angiofibroma | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rare disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_disease"},{"link_name":"abnormal blood vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_malformation"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baigrie2022-1"},{"link_name":"blebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleb_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"nevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevus"},{"link_name":"TEK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEK_tyrosine_kinase"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"William Bennett Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bennett_Bean"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mulliken2013-3"}],"text":"Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome is a rare disorder that consists mainly of abnormal blood vessels affecting the skin or internal organs – usually the gastrointestinal tract.[1] The disease is characterized by the presence of fluid-filled blisters (blebs) as visible, circumscribed, chronic lesions (nevi).BRBNS is caused by somatic mutations in the TEK (TIE2) gene.[2] It was described by William Bennett Bean in 1958.[3]","title":"Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BRBNS.PNG"},{"link_name":"venous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venous"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15470538-4"},{"link_name":"hemangioma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemangioma"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11158481-5"},{"link_name":"Lesions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesion"},{"link_name":"small intestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine"},{"link_name":"distal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal"},{"link_name":"large bowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_bowel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14500226-7"}],"text":"Cutaneous manifestation of blue rubber bleb nevus syndromeBRBNS is a venous malformation,[4] formerly, though incorrectly, thought to be related to the hemangioma. It sometimes causes serious bleeding.[5] Lesions are most commonly found on the skin and in the small intestine and distal large bowel. The lesions can also be found in the central nervous system, liver, and muscles.[6] It usually presents soon after birth or during early infancy.[6][7]","title":"Presentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sporadic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporadic_disease"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"GI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The cause of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome is currently unknown. The syndrome is considered sporadic. A patient who is diagnosed with BRBNS likely has a family history of other multifocal venous malformations[8] which are a symptom of the disease. Autosomal inheritance of BRBNS has been found in familial cases associated with chromosome 9p, but the majority of cases are sporadic.[6] The disease correlates with an onset of GI complications. It is reported that GI bleeding is the most common cause of death in most cases.[9]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IntestinesCase-36-back.jpg"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal bleeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"Visceral venous malformations seen in blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Lesions chiefly affect the gut (image above), are fragile, and bleed easily.Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome is difficult to diagnose because of how rare the disease is. Diagnosis is usually based on the presence of cutaneous lesions with or without gastrointestinal bleeding and/or involvement of other organs.[6] Cutaneous angiomas are found on the surface of the skin and from the scalp to the soles of feet.[6] The lesions are rubbery, soft, tender and hemorrhagic, easily compressible and promptly refill after compression.[6] A physical examination is mostly used to diagnosis cutaneous angiomas on the surface of the skin. Endoscopy has been the leading diagnostic tool for diagnosing BRBNS for those who have lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. The GI tract is illuminated and visualized in endoscopy.[8] Endoscopy also allows immediate therapeutic measures like argon plasma, coagulation, laser photocoagulation, sclerotherapy, or band ligation.[10] Besides physical examination and endoscopy, ultrasonography, radiographic images, CT and magnetic resonance imaging are helpful for detection of affected visceral organs.[6]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"electrodesiccation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodesiccation"},{"link_name":"cryotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryotherapy"},{"link_name":"sclerotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotherapy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"}],"text":"There are several methods to treat BRBNS, although it is not a curable disease. Treatment depends on the severity and location of affected areas.[11] The cutaneous lesions can be effectively treated by laser, surgical removal, electrodesiccation, cryotherapy, and sclerotherapy.[12] In other cases, iron therapy (such as iron supplementation) and blood transfusions are used to conservatively manage BRBNS because of the amount of blood that is lost from the GI bleeding.[8] It is not necessary to remove the lesions in the gastrointestinal system unless the bleeding leads to anemia and repeated blood transfusions.[8] It is safe to remove GI lesions surgically, but one or more lengthy procedures may be required.[8] If there is a recurrence with new angioma in the gastrointestinal tract, laser-steroid therapy is needed.[13] Treatment is not required for those with skin spots, but some individuals with BRBNS may want treatment for cosmetic reasons or if the affected location causes discomfort or affects normal function.[11]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers.[8] According to a review of literature, 20% of patients with BRBNS were from the United States, 15% from Japan, 9% from Spain, 9% from Germany, 6% from China, and 6% from France; and a lower number of cases from other countries.[6] This indicates that any race can be affected by BRBNS.[citation needed]","title":"Incidence"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bean WB (1958). Vascular spiders and related lesions of the skin. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C.Thomas. pp. 178–85.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Cutaneous manifestation of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BRBNS.PNG/220px-BRBNS.PNG"},{"image_text":"Visceral venous malformations seen in blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Lesions chiefly affect the gut (image above), are fragile, and bleed easily.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/IntestinesCase-36-back.jpg/220px-IntestinesCase-36-back.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Bart syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_syndrome"},{"title":"List of cutaneous conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cutaneous_conditions"}] | [{"reference":"Baigrie, Dana; Rice, Ashley S.; An, In C. (2022). \"Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome\". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Leiro | Lars Leiro | ["1 References"] | Norwegian politician
Lars LeiroGovernor of HordalandIn office1 June 1966 – 31 May 1984Preceded byMons LidSucceeded byHåkon RandalMinister of Transport and CommunicationsIn office28 August 1963 – 25 September 1963Prime MinisterJohn LyngPreceded byTrygve BratteliSucceeded byTrygve Bratteli
Personal detailsBorn(1914-04-13)13 April 1914Haus, NorwayDied22 March 2005(2005-03-22) (aged 90)Oslo, NorwayPolitical partyCentre Party
Lars Leiro (13 April 1914 – 22 March 2005) was a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party.
He was born in Haus.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Hordaland in 1958, and was re-elected on two occasions. From August to September 1963 he served as the Minister of Transport and Communications during the short-lived centre-right cabinet Lyng. During his stints as cabinet member his seat in the Parliament was taken by Eilif Åsbo. His career in politics ended with the post of County Governor of Hordaland, which he held from 1966 to 1984.
Leiro was a member of Voss municipality council from 1947 to 1960, serving as mayor in the period 1955–1959. Having grown up in Frekhaug, he had become a farmer in Voss in 1941, from which he stepped down in 1976. He held numerous posts in local and national boards and committees.
References
^ "Fylkesmannen - FM Hordaland". Archived from the original on 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
"Lars Leiro" (in Norwegian). Storting.
Government offices
Preceded byTrygve Bratteli
Minister of Transport and Communications August 1963 – September 1963
Succeeded byTrygve Bratteli
Preceded byMons Lid
County Governor of Hordaland 1966–1984
Succeeded byHåkon Randal
vteMinister of Transport of Norway
Langhelle (1945–52)
Pettersen (1952–55)
Varmann (1955–60)
Bratteli (1960–63)
Leiro (1963)
Bratteli (1963–64)
Hilme (1964–65)
Kyllingmark (1965–71)
Steen (1971–72)
Austrheim (1972–73)
Lorentzen (1973–76)
Christiansen (1976–78)
Jordahl (1978–79)
Bye (1979–81)
Koppernæs (1981–83)
Jakobsen (1983–86)
Borgen (1986–88)
Engseth (1988–89)
Lie (1989–90)
Opseth (1990–96)
Rønbeck (1996–97)
Dørum (1997–99)
Fjærvoll (1999–2000)
Gustavsen (2000–01)
Skogsholm (2001–05)
Navarsete (2005–09)
Kleppa (2009–12)
Arnstad (2012–13)
Solvik-Olsen (2013–18)
Dale (2018–20)
Hareide (2020–21)
Nygård (2021–)
vteCounty Governors of Hordaland
1815–1825 Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie
1825–1827 Christian Magnus Falsen
1829–1834 Georg Jacob Bull
1834–1852 Edvard Hagerup
1852–1859 Jens Schydtz
1859–1875 Paul Meyer Smit
1875–1884 Nicolai Ditlev Ammon Ræder
1884–1907 Justin Gottfried Andreas Hoffmann
1907–1918 Hroar Olsen
1918–1929 Kristian Friis Petersen
1929–1933 Ernst Andreas Johannesen
1934–1949 Gjert Lindebrække
1949–1966 Mons Lid
1966–1984 Lars Leiro
1984–1998 Håkon Randal
19982010 Svein Alsaker
2010– Lars Sponheim
This article about a mayor in Norway is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Norwegian politician born in the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Haus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haus,_Norway"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting"},{"link_name":"Hordaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordaland"},{"link_name":"Minister of Transport and Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_and_Communications_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"cabinet Lyng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Lyng"},{"link_name":"Eilif Åsbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilif_%C3%85sbo"},{"link_name":"County Governor of Hordaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_County_Governors_of_Hordaland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Voss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voss"},{"link_name":"Frekhaug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekhaug"}],"text":"Lars Leiro (13 April 1914 – 22 March 2005) was a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party.He was born in Haus.He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Hordaland in 1958, and was re-elected on two occasions. From August to September 1963 he served as the Minister of Transport and Communications during the short-lived centre-right cabinet Lyng. During his stints as cabinet member his seat in the Parliament was taken by Eilif Åsbo. His career in politics ended with the post of County Governor of Hordaland, which he held from 1966 to 1984.[1]Leiro was a member of Voss municipality council from 1947 to 1960, serving as mayor in the period 1955–1959. Having grown up in Frekhaug, he had become a farmer in Voss in 1941, from which he stepped down in 1976. He held numerous posts in local and national boards and committees.","title":"Lars Leiro"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Fylkesmannen - FM Hordaland\". Archived from the original on 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2009-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090825045921/http://www.fylkesmannen.no/enkel.aspx?m=1471","url_text":"\"Fylkesmannen - FM Hordaland\""},{"url":"http://www.fylkesmannen.no/enkel.aspx?m%3D1471","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lars Leiro\" (in Norwegian). Storting.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stortinget.no/no/Representanter-og-komiteer/Representantene/Representantfordeling/Representant/?perid=LALI&tab=Biography","url_text":"\"Lars Leiro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting","url_text":"Storting"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090825045921/http://www.fylkesmannen.no/enkel.aspx?m=1471","external_links_name":"\"Fylkesmannen - FM Hordaland\""},{"Link":"http://www.fylkesmannen.no/enkel.aspx?m%3D1471","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.stortinget.no/no/Representanter-og-komiteer/Representantene/Representantfordeling/Representant/?perid=LALI&tab=Biography","external_links_name":"\"Lars Leiro\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lars_Leiro&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lars_Leiro&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glan_Conwy_railway_station | Glan Conwy railway station | ["1 History","2 Facilities","3 Services","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°16′01″N 3°47′53″W / 53.267°N 3.798°W / 53.267; -3.798Railway station in Conwy, Wales
Glan ConwyGlan Conwy station platform (2016)General informationLocationGlan Conwy, ConwyWalesCoordinates53°16′01″N 3°47′53″W / 53.267°N 3.798°W / 53.267; -3.798Grid referenceSH802761Managed byTransport for Wales RailPlatforms1Other informationStation codeGCWClassificationDfT category F2HistoryOriginal companyConway and Llanrwst RailwayPre-groupingLondon and North Western RailwayPost-groupingLondon Midland and Scottish RailwayKey dates17 June 1863 (1863-06-17)Opened as Llansaintffraid1 January 1865Renamed Glan Conway26 October 1964Closed4 May 1970Reopened12 May 1980Renamed Glan ConwyPassengers2018/19 3,9322019/20 2,8582020/21 3502021/22 2,6142022/23 3,620
NotesPassenger statistics from the Office of Rail and Road
Glan Conwy railway station is on the east bank of the River Conwy on the A470 road in the centre of the village of Llansanffraid Glan Conwy, Wales and is located on the Llandudno Junction to Blaenau Ffestiniog Conwy Valley Line. There are through services to Blaenau Ffestiniog and Llandudno.
History
The station was opened by the Conway and Llanrwst Railway on 17 June 1863, and was originally named Llansaintffraid; it was renamed Glan Conway on 1 January 1865.
Until around 1959, the station had its own Station Master. Afterwards, it was supervised by the Tal-y-Cafn station master. The staff comprised two porters working an early and late shift between them. A siding was provided which catered for coal and agricultural traffic. From 1954 to 1964 a camping coach was situated in the siding and used by holidaymakers.
The station was closed to passenger traffic on 26 October 1964, during the Beeching era, but reopened on 4 May 1970. On 12 May 1980 it was renamed Glan Conwy.
Facilities
The station buildings are in private occupation. The station is operated as an unstaffed halt and is a request stop - all tickets must be purchased on the train or prior to travel. Entrance is by a ramp from the end of the lower and original platform, where there is a small shelter. The station is fitted with digital information screens for providing running information, along with a payphone and timetable poster boards.
Services
Five southbound and six northbound trains call on request Mon-Sat (approximately every three hours), with four trains each way on Sundays. As of March 2019 however, services from here were suspended due to major infrastructure damage to the track and formation caused by Storm Gareth. Several sections of embankment have been washed out by the River Conwy and needed repaired before the line reopened. A replacement bus service was in operation in the meantime. Services resumed on 18 July as far as Llanrwst, with the remainder of the line reopening on 24 July. Further storm damage to the south (this time from Storm Ciara) in February 2020 with services again being suspended until the line was reopened on 28 September 2020.
Preceding station
National Rail
Following station
Llandudno Junction
Transport for Wales Rail Conwy Valley Line
Tal-y-Cafn
References
^ Butt, R.V.J. (1995). The Directory of Railway Stations. Yeovil: Patrick Stephens Ltd. pp. 146, 103. ISBN 1-85260-508-1. R508.
^ McRae, Andrew (1997). British Railway Camping Coach Holidays: The 1930s & British Railways (London Midland Region). Vol. Scenes from the Past: 30 (Part One). Foxline. pp. 42–43 & 50. ISBN 1-870119-48-7.
^ a b c Butt 1995, p. 103
^ Glan Conwy station facilities National Rail Enquiries
^ Table 102 National Rail timetable, December 2019
^ Flood damaged Conwy Valley line could be closed for months itv.com news article 25 March 2019; Retrieved 26 March 2019
^ "Conwy Valley Line opens after £2.2m flood repairs". BBC, 28 September 2020.
Further reading
Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (2010). Bala to Llandudno. West Sussex: Middleton Press. figs. 99-100. ISBN 9781906008871. OCLC 668198724.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glan Conwy railway station.
Train times and station information for Glan Conwy railway station from National Rail
Conwy Valley Railway Archived 30 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine
vteRailway stations in Conwy County BoroughConwy Valley line
Betws-y-Coed
Dolgarrog
Dolwyddelan
Glan Conwy
Llandudno Junction
Llanrwst
North Llanrwst
Pont-y-Pant
Roman Bridge
Tal-y-Cafn
Great Orme Tramway
Halfway
Llandudno Victoria
Summit
North Wales Coast Line
Abergele & Pensarn
Colwyn Bay
Conwy
Deganwy
Llandudno
Llandudno Junction
Llanfairfechan
Penmaenmawr
Trains portal
Wales portal
Transport
Commons
vteConwy ValleyTowns
Llanrwst
Conwy
Other settlements
Betws-y-Coed
Caerhun
Dolgarrog
Eglwysbach
Glan Conwy
Henryd
Llanbedr-y-Cennin
Llanddoged
Llangelynnin
Llanrhychwyn
Maenan
Rowen
Tal-y-bont
Tal-y-Cafn
Trefriw
Tyn-y-groes
Rivers & streams
Afon Conwy
Afon Crafnant
Afon Geirionydd
Afon Hiraethlyn
Afon Machno
Afon Lledr
Afon Llugwy
Afon Gallt y Gwg
Nant y Goron
Afon Ddu (1)
Afon Porth-llwyd
Afon Dulyn
Afon Ddu (2)
Afon Garreg-wen
Ffrwd Cerriguniawn
Afon Melynllyn
Afon Roe
Afon Tafolog
Afon Gyffin
Lakes
Llyn Crafnant
Llyn Elsi
Llyn Geirionydd
Llyn Parc
Waterfalls
Conwy Falls
Grey Mare's Tail
Fairy Falls
Hills & mountains
Mynydd y Dref
Tal y Fan
Bwlch-y-Ddeufaen
Cefn Cyfarwydd
Mynydd Hiraethog
Castles & forts
Canovium
Conwy Castle
Gwydir Castle
Pen y Gaer
Bridges
Conwy Railway Bridge
Conwy Suspension Bridge
Pont Fawr (Llanrwst)
Tal-y-Cafn Bridge
Waterloo Bridge (Betws-y-coed)
Other features
Bodnant Garden
Cadair Ifan Goch
Conwy RSPB reserve
Gwydir Forest
Klondyke mill
Maenan Abbey
Moel Maelogan
Snowdonia National Park
Surf Snowdonia
Trefriw Woollen Mills
Tu Hwnt i'r Bont
Tŷ Mawr Wybrnant
Transport
A470
A5
B5106
Conwy Valley line
Conwy Valley Railway Museum
Sarn Helen
Railway stations
Betws-y-Coed railway station
Dolgarrog railway station
Glan Conwy railway station
Llanrwst railway station
North Llanrwst railway station
Tal-y-Cafn railway station
Wales portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Conwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Conwy"},{"link_name":"A470 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A470_road"},{"link_name":"Llansanffraid Glan Conwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llansanffraid_Glan_Conwy"},{"link_name":"Llandudno Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandudno_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Blaenau Ffestiniog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenau_Ffestiniog_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Conwy Valley Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conwy_Valley_Line"},{"link_name":"Blaenau Ffestiniog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenau_Ffestiniog"},{"link_name":"Llandudno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandudno"}],"text":"Railway station in Conwy, WalesGlan Conwy railway station is on the east bank of the River Conwy on the A470 road in the centre of the village of Llansanffraid Glan Conwy, Wales and is located on the Llandudno Junction to Blaenau Ffestiniog Conwy Valley Line. There are through services to Blaenau Ffestiniog and Llandudno.","title":"Glan Conwy railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conway and Llanrwst Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_and_Llanrwst_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tal-y-Cafn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal-y-Cafn_railway_station"},{"link_name":"camping coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping_coach"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butt103-3"},{"link_name":"Beeching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeching_Axe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butt103-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butt103-3"}],"text":"The station was opened by the Conway and Llanrwst Railway on 17 June 1863, and was originally named Llansaintffraid; it was renamed Glan Conway on 1 January 1865.[1]Until around 1959, the station had its own Station Master. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreus_(audio_drama) | Zagreus (audio drama) | ["1 Plot[5]","2 Cast[2][3]","3 Continuity [3]","4 Notes[3]","5 Footnotes","6 References","7 External links"] | 2003 Doctor Who audio drama
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ZagreusBig Finish Productions audio dramaSeriesDoctor WhoRelease no.50FeaturingEighth DoctorCharley Pollardand many guestsWritten byGary Russell andAlan BarnesDirected byGary RussellProduced byGary RussellJason Haigh-ElleryExecutive producer(s)Jacqueline RaynerProduction code8MLength3 hrs 56 minsRelease dateNovember 2003Preceded byNeverlandFollowed byScherzo
Zagreus is a 2003 Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. This audio drama was presented on three compact discs, and was made by Big Finish as their primary release to celebrate forty years of Doctor Who. As of February 2015, it is being sold as a download.
Plot
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Following directly from the events of Neverland, the casket of anti-time which was destined for Gallifrey had exploded within the confines of the TARDIS. It seems that the Eighth Doctor and Charley have saved Gallifrey, and that the paradox of Charley's existence had been resolved, but the Doctor begins behaving strangely — he has been taken over by Zagreus.
The Doctor/Zagreus rages through the TARDIS and strikes Charley, but there is a loud explosion, and when they recover the Doctor/Zagreus is alone in the TARDIS. Charley finds herself in Harley Street talking to her mother Lady Louisa Pollard, who mentions amongst other out of place information that one of her sisters is called Romana. Charley is taken to see a Dr Zagreus, and her mother turns into a white rabbit from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Charley then meets someone whom she recognises as the Brigadier.
The Doctor/Zagreus, unsure of his true identity, stumbles into a TARDIS library. He hears a mysterious voice in the TARDIS, that of one of his previous incarnations, the Third Doctor. The Brigadier tells Charley that everything she has seen is a holographic projection created by the TARDIS. She is then shown scenes from her own memory to provide her with insight into what has happened to the Doctor.
The Doctor leaves the library through a secret passage and finds a part of the TARDIS unaffected by the anti-time infection, from where he is able to converse with Zagreus. Zagreus shows him all possible alternate time lines, including universes where the Doctor plucked out one of his own hearts1, and tells the Doctor that he would destroy all of them if he was unleashed.
Charley and the Brigadier find themselves in another holographic projection, this time a 1950s army barracks. Charley realises that the Brigadier is also a hologram, created by the TARDIS. The Brigadier mentions something called "The Divergence" and says that the Time Lords would not be able to intervene lest they become infected with the anti-time. In the TARDIS, the Doctor hears the Third Doctor's voice again and finds a book The Alice Compendium in which he reads Charley's name and the phrases "the divergence" and "Nana Saviltride".
Charley and the Brigadier realise the projection is of Cardington, where the R101 was launched in 1930. There, a Doctor Stone is conducting an experiment, which causes a huge explosion. The Doctor hears the explosion and rushes to the TARDIS control room, but finds himself instead in a forest. There he encounters a huge talking Cat and a large metal box. The Cat tricks the Doctor into entering the box and seals him in with a cyanide bottle, which is a Schrödinger's cat demonstration. The Doctor realises the meaning — if he left the TARDIS he would become either fully himself or fully Zagreus.
At Cardington, Stone argues with the base chaplain Matthew Townsend about his research. Townsend expresses reservations about possible military applications of Stone's research, and wonders about the course of human evolution. Charley overhears Stone talking about the military application of "Dionysus"2 — the code name of her project. It had torn a hole in reality, which might be used as a weapon. Miss Foster, who had told Charley and the Brigadier that she was a military secret agent, tries to plant a bomb on the Dionysus project; she was in fact a spy for communist Cuba. Threatening to kill them all, Foster forces Townsend to operate the machine, creating another rift in time. All but Charley and Townsend are sucked into the rift; on the other side of the rift are creatures trying to break through.
On ancient Gallifrey, the Great Mother, Cassandra, Provost Tepesh and Lady Ouida discuss why their groups despise Rassilon. Rassilon has destroyed followers of the Great Mother's religion3, and Tepesh is of the Arcalian chapter whom Rassilon has hunted nearly to extinction. Combined, they plan to attack Rassilon's Foundry, his secret base. Charley and Brigadier are between holographic projections. They discuss what they saw at Cardington, creatures from outside of the boundaries of time and space trying to break through. Charley wonders aloud whether she could take the Doctor's place by absorbing Zagreus into her, allowing the Doctor to go free.
The Doctor is beginning to unravel the mystery. The Cat is another avatar of the TARDIS4. The Doctor's being in the forest was to protect him from events elsewhere. He realises "Saviltride" is an anagram of "evil TARDIS", from which he deduces that not only was his only personality split in two, so was that of the TARDIS. Tepesh and the Great Mother enter Rassilon's Foundry where they meet Charley, however they perceive her as being Rassilon. Cassandra says something which offends Tepesh, and he orders Ouida to kill her and drink her blood. She cannot regenerate as Rassilon was still in the early stages of the genetic experimentation into the Time Lord gift. When an automated system reveals some of Rassilon's secrets, Charley discovers that Rassilon, fearing for the survival of the Time Lords, created self-replicating biogenic molecules and sent them back in time. The effect of these molecules was to ensure that all life-forms in the universe evolved to something approximating the Gallifreyan norm. To prevent creatures from the Divergence entering our universe, he then sealed time into a loop.
The Dionysus Project that Charley saw at Cardington had breached the loop, allowing creatures from the Divergent universe to enter ours. Tepesh reveals that the Vampires had only drunk the blood of specially bred animals, but Rassilon's purges forced them to drink the blood of intelligent species in order to survive. He refrains from attacking Charley/Rassilon until he has discovered all the Foundry's secrets. The automated recorder reveals the Foundry draws its power from the Divergent universe. When the Brigadier advises Charley to switch off the power, this allows creatures from the Divergence to break through. The Great Mother reveals that Rassilon stole the secret of regeneration from the Vampires, and that much of Time Lord technology was stolen from the Divergent universe. The Foundry's defences seal off the whole base and prepare to fire storm it to prevent the escape of the Divergent creatures. The Brigadier and Charley escape through a mirror, but Tepesh, Ouida and the Great Mother are killed.
Charley finds herself within another scenario, and this time her appearance is that of a 6-foot-tall (1.8 m) mouse in battle armour. She is in some sort of bizarre theme park where animatronic animals are battling with animatronic humans. The Doctor meanwhile is fighting against the TARDIS, destroying parts of its architecture. The Brigadier arrives, and is revealed to be an avatar of the TARDIS's Zagreus personality. To defend the TARDIS, the Brigadier summons a Jabberwock, and the Doctor flees. Charley encounters Goldilocks, the leader of the enemy humans. They are fighting to get control of the Animator, but both sides wish to release from suspended animation so they do so. The Animator, Uncle Winky, was suspended in the year 2367. To his horror, he discovers he has been in suspended animation for 60 billion years and has awoken on the dead world of Gallifrey, which the theme park was moved to. They are on what was once the Foundry, and the animatronic creatures have fallen under the influence of the Divergence creatures. They revived Winky to operate the controls of the Foundry machines, but he dies of the heart condition which he had entered suspended animation to survive.
Having escaped the Jabberwock, the Doctor now plucks Charley out of the simulation. Charley is unable to trust the Doctor as he had hit her earlier, and she no longer trusts the Brigadier avatar. Rassilon himself appears and reveals that after the explosion, the Doctor and Charley had been unconscious for six months, in which time Rassilon had persuaded the TARDIS to aid him in exchange for freeing it from the Doctor/Zagreus's influence. On Gallifrey, Cardinal Braxiatel informs Romana that the Doctor's TARDIS has dematerialised of its own accord. Leela then arrives with a message from Rassilon concerning the fate of the Doctor.
Charley finds herself in a bleak landscape, together with Townsend, Tepesh and Winky. Ahead of them they see a Dark Tower — they are in the Death Zone on Gallifrey.
Romana, Leela and K-9 transmat to Rassilon's tomb within the dark tower. Rassilon's spirit speaks through Leela, and leads them to a Matrix simulation of the Dark Tower in ancient times. Meanwhile, Charley informs Townsend, Tepesh and Winky that they are Zagreus's recreations of the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors, and also the only people to have ever seen the Divergence. Charley tried to persuade them to go to the Dark Tower, but Tepesh is reluctant to play the Game of Rassilon. The Jabberwock then appears, but they subdue it by reciting nonsense poetry, using it to fly them into the Dark Tower.
Rassilon demands that Romana resign from the presidency in favour of Zagreus. When she refuses, Rassilon uses the possessed Leela to attack Romana and K-9, whose head gets knocked off. The Jabberwock crashes into the Dark Tower, but Charley and the recreated Doctors make their way inside. Their passage is blocked by a booby-trapped chessboard and hear a riddle from Rassilon. The Doctors think the answer is related to the number pi, but upon crossing Winkle is nearly hit by a bowspike. Instead Charley deduces that they must move across using the knight's move in chess. They find Leela attacking Romana, and Charley knocks her unconscious.
Rassilon and the Brigadier avatar have chained up the Doctor and are preparing to torture him. When the Doctor asks about Charley, the avatar flies into a rage, ranting about how the TARDIS had suffered in its many adventures with the Doctor, especially its recent absorption of anti-time to save Charley. The Doctor realises the TARDIS is jealous of Charley. Rassilon summons the Doctor and the Brigadier into the Foundry, which he proudly declares to be the place where he created the Nemesis and the De-mat gun. Rassilon shows them a frozen solar system — one which housed a species which could have threatened the Time Lords. The Brigadier avatar destroys the police box shell of the TARDIS in the Foundry's smelting works.
From the Dark Tower, Romana, Charley, the Doctors and a K-9 find a secret entrance to the Foundry through the mirror. Townsend cracks a code in Old High Gallifreyan, proving they were created from the Doctor's memories and thus retain some elements of his knowledge. Pushing past the Brigadier, they find the Doctor by an anvil creating a sword from the molten TARDIS shell. Rassilon believes that he has destroyed the Doctor's sanity thus allowing Zagreus full control. The Doctor's other aspects tell him Rassilon is manipulating him as a weapon against the creatures of the Divergent universe, as the creatures of the Divergent Universe would have evolved to surpass the Time Lords before Rassilon locked them away. Rassilon seizes the anti-time sword and slays all the Doctors but the Eighth. Charley, Romana and Leela try to avoid being shot by the Brigadier and Romana transports him into the crucible.
The Doctor gives the anti-time sword to Charley, and begs her to kill him before Zagreus takes over. Charley cannot kill him for she loves him, but when the Doctor tells her that he does not love her, she pierces him with the sword before breaking down in tears. The Doctor does not regenerate, however; when Rassilon killed Townsend, Tepesh and Winkle those parts of him were removed, and when Charley stabbed him they were restored saving him from death. It is Zagreus who awakens, but when Rassilon commands him to enter the Divergent universe to slay the creatures, Zagreus instead throws Rassilon into the Divergence to face his fate, refusing to be Rassilon's puppet. Zagreus prepares to attack the Doctor's companions, but the Brigadier arrives and overpowers him. In the crucible, the TARDIS had been restored. Now free from the anti-time infection, the Brigadier avatar gives Zagreus a "drink me" potion which purges the Zagreus influence from the Doctor.
The Doctor tells Charley that she must leave him — the zero matter in the "drink me" potion has stabilised him, but he is still infected by anti-time. He intends to travel to the Divergent universe to quarantine himself forever and protect the universe from the anti-time infection. Charley storms out of the TARDIS, whereupon Romana speaks to the Doctor telling him that he will never be allowed to return and the Time Lords will prevent him from doing so if he tries. Romana leaves the TARDIS and it dematerialises. Romana asks Leela where Charley is, and Leela asks Romana if she was aware that the TARDIS had a back door. Leela asks if Romana still finds her stupid and Romana says this could be the beginning of a beautiful friendship.
The Doctor prepares for his new life in the Divergent universe, excited by the prospect of seeing new worlds and new people. He is not yet aware that Charley will be seeing them with him ...
Cast
Jon Pertwee as the Third Doctor
Peter Davison as the Fifth Doctor and Reverend Matthew Townsend
Colin Baker as the Sixth Doctor and Provost Tepesh
Sylvester McCoy as the Seventh Doctor and Walton "Uncle Winky" Winkle
Paul McGann as the Eighth Doctor and Zagreus
India Fisher as Charley
Lalla Ward as Romana
Louise Jameson as Leela
Don Warrington as Rassilon
Nicholas Courtney as TARDIS
Anneke Wills as Lady Louisa Pollard
Stephen Perring as Receptionist
Elisabeth Sladen as Miss Lime
Conrad Westmaas as the Cat
Mark Strickson as Captain Neil MacDonell
Sarah Sutton as Miss Foster
Nicola Bryant as Stone and Ouida
Caroline Morris as Mary Elson
Maggie Stables as the Great Mother
Bonnie Langford as Cassandra and Goldilocks
Robert Jezek as the Recorder
Stephen Fewell as Corporal Heron
Sophie Aldred as Captain Duck
Lisa Bowerman as Sergeant Gazelle
Miles Richardson as Cardinal Braxiatel
John Leeson as K-9
Continuity
As well as featuring in Neverland, the name Zagreus had already cropped in several earlier audio plays. The Sixth Doctor hummed the Zagreus sits inside your head rhyme in Project: Twilight, and in Omega, a hologram of the legendary Time Lord was featured. Death sang a paraphrased version of the rhyme in Master. Zagreus was also briefly mentioned in the BBC novel Instruments of Darkness by Gary Russell.
The delirious Doctor/Zagreus mentions John William Polidori; continuing the running joke references to a previous adventure (or adventures) at Lake Geneva, during the winter when Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein. The story is finally told in the "Mary's Story" segment of The Company of Friends.
Romana and Leela's story continues in the Gallifrey series. Polidori and his friends appear in the 2020 episode The Haunting of Villa Diodati.
Cardinal Braxiatel (Miles Richardson) had earlier appeared in several Bernice Summerfield audio dramas and would later become a regular character in the Gallifrey audio series.
Notes
Jon Pertwee's surprise posthumous cameo was facilitated by the use of recordings he had made for a fan film called Devious, a finale for Season 6B
This story features nearly all of the Doctor and companion actors who had worked with Big Finish up to this point, although most of them do not play their usual roles. The characters played by Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy are eventually revealed to be projections partly based on the TARDIS's memories of the past Doctors. The three do appear briefly as the Doctor near the end of the story, when the Eighth Doctor is (temporarily) killed and meets his former selves in his mind. A similar occurrence happened when the Seventh Doctor's mind was taken over by the Timewyrm in the Virgin New Adventure Timewyrm: Revelation, and the Doctor met all his previous selves, bar the Second Doctor (whom he met in Timewyrm: Apocalypse) and the Sixth Doctor.
This was the only audio drama in which Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann all appear until the 2010 story, The Four Doctors.
There are many in-joke references in the work to incidents in the lives of the characters of the companions or of the actors who played them. For example, Goldilocks, played by Bonnie Langford, is in control of a fairy which she commands through poetic couplets. This is a reference to the fact that Bonnie was starring in a stage production of Peter Pan at the time of being cast as Mel.
Peter Davison, Paul McGann, Nicholas Courtney and India Fisher are the only actors to appear in all three segments of the story (Wonderland, Heartland and Wasteland).
The Doctor reading from Frankenstein is a partial continuation of a running joke in Eighth Doctor audio dramas about him being involved with Mary Shelley, which began in Storm Warning and ended in "Mary's Story".
Footnotes
^1 A reference to events in the Eighth Doctor Adventures. This is the first indication in the audio dramas that they take place in an alternate universe to that of the book series. Likewise, he makes reference to "Standing on a planet called Oblivion, facing down a race known as the Horde". This event took place in the comic strips published in Doctor Who Magazine.
^2 Dionysus is also known by the name Zagreus in Greek mythology.
^3 This is probably the same religion featured in the Old Time sequences of the New Adventure Cat's Cradle: Time's Crucible. Given the references to disguised science and youth potions, it is also almost certainly the Sisterhood of Karn.
^4 Another reference to the Cat's Cradle trilogy.
References
^ Zagreus Audio Drama
^ a b "Doctors in Distress" by Benjamin Cook, Doctor Who Magazine, #337(December 2003)
^ a b c d Cook, Benjamin (2003). The New Audio Adventures:The Inside Story. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Big Finish Productions. ISBN 978-1-84435-034-6.
^ "Feature:All Aboard The Big Finish Bus!". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
^ Parkin, Lance; Pearson, Lars (2007). AHistory: An Unauthorized History of the Doctor Who universe (2nd ed.). Des Moines, Iowa: Mad Norwegian Press. ISBN 978-0-9759446-6-0.
External links
Big Finish Productions – Zagreus
The Legend of Zagreus – from the DiscContinuity Guide.
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Season 26
Battlefield
Ghost Light
The Curse of Fenric
Survival
Minor appearances
Doctor Who
"The Day of the Doctor"
"The Power of the Doctor"
See also
Dimensions in Time
"The Name of the Doctor"
AudioThe Monthly Adventures
The Sirens of Time
The Fearmonger
The Genocide Machine
The Fires of Vulcan
The Shadow of the Scourge
Dust Breeding
Colditz
The Rapture
Bang-Bang-a-Boom!
The Dark Flame
Project: Lazarus
Flip-Flop
Master
Zagreus
The Harvest
Dreamtime
Unregenerate!
LIVE 34
The Settling
Red
No Man's Land
Nocturne
Valhalla
The Dark Husband
The Death Collectors & Spider's Shadow
Kingdom of Silver & Keepsake
Forty-Five
The Prisoner's Dilemma
The Magic Mousetrap
Enemy of the Daleks
The Angel of Scutari
A Thousand Tiny Wings
The Architects of History
Project: Destiny
Lurkers at Sunlight's Edge
Robophobia
The Doomsday Quatrain
House of Blue Fire
Protect and Survive
Black and White
Gods and Monsters
The Shadow Heart
Daleks Among Us
Fiesta of the Damned
The Lost Stories
Thin Ice
Crime of the Century
Animal
Earth Aid
Novel adaptations
Love and War
The Highest Science
Damaged Goods
All-Consuming Fire
Cold Fusion
Other
Death Comes to Time
The Seventh Doctor Adventures
Excelis Decays
Return of the Daleks
Bernice Summerfield and the Criminal Code
The Four Doctors
Dominion
Shockwave
The Light at the End
Classic Doctors, New Monsters
River Song
Minor appearances
The Wormery
Thicker Than Water
The Final Amendment
Doom Coalition
BooksNew Adventures
Timewyrm: Genesys
Timewyrm: Exodus
Timewyrm: Apocalypse
Timewyrm: Revelation
Cat's Cradle: Time's Crucible
Cat's Cradle: Warhead
Cat's Cradle: Witch Mark
Nightshade
Love and War
Transit
The Highest Science
The Pit
Deceit
Lucifer Rising
White Darkness
Shadowmind
Birthright
Iceberg
Blood Heat
The Dimension Riders
The Left-Handed Hummingbird
Conundrum
No Future
Tragedy Day
Legacy
Blood Harvest
Strange England
St Anthony's Fire
Falls the Shadow
Parasite
Warlock
Set Piece
Infinite Requiem
Sanctuary
Human Nature
Original Sin
Sky Pirates!
Zamper
Toy Soldiers
Head Games
The Also People
Shakedown
Just War
Warchild
Sleepy
Death and Diplomacy
Happy Endings
Christmas on a Rational Planet
Return of the Living Dad
The Death of Art
Damaged Goods
So Vile a Sin
Bad Therapy
Eternity Weeps
The Room with No Doors
Lungbarrow
Missing Adventures
Cold Fusion
Past Doctor Adventures
Matrix
Storm Harvest
Prime Time
Independence Day
Bullet Time
Relative Dementias
Heritage
Loving the Alien
The Colony of Lies
The Algebra of Ice
Atom Bomb Blues
Novellas
Citadel of Dreams
Companion Piece
Video games
Dalek Attack
Destiny of the Doctors
Legacy
Lego Dimensions
vteDoctor Who: Eighth Doctor storiesTelevisionTV film
Doctor Who
Minor appearances
"The Name of the Doctor"
"The Day of the Doctor"
"The Power of the Doctor"
See also
"The Night of the Doctor"
AudioThe Monthly Adventures
Storm Warning
Sword of Orion
The Stones of Venice
Minuet in Hell
Invaders from Mars
The Chimes of Midnight
Seasons of Fear
Embrace the Darkness
The Time of the Daleks
Neverland
Zagreus
Scherzo
Shada
The Creed of the Kromon
The Twilight Kingdom
Terror Firma
The Witch from the Well
Army of Death
The Eighth Doctor Adventures
Immortal Beloved
Phobos
Other
Earth and Beyond
An Earthly Child
The Four Doctors
Solitaire
Enemy Aliens
The Light at the End
The Rulers of the Universe
Classic Doctors, New Monsters
Till Death Us Do Part
BooksNew Adventures
The Dying Days
Eighth Doctor Adventures
The Eight Doctors
Vampire Science
The Bodysnatchers
Genocide
War of the Daleks
Kursaal
Option Lock
Longest Day
Legacy of the Daleks
Dreamstone Moon
Seeing I
Placebo Effect
Vanderdeken's Children
The Scarlet Empress
Beltempest
The Face-Eater
The Taint
Demontage
Revolution Man
Dominion
Unnatural History
Autumn Mist
Interference – Book One
Interference – Book Two
The Blue Angel
The Taking of Planet 5
Frontier Worlds
Parallel 59
The Shadows of Avalon
The Fall of Yquatine
Coldheart
The Space Age
The Banquo Legacy
The Ancestor Cell
The Burning
Casualties of War
The Turing Test
Endgame
Father Time
Escape Velocity
EarthWorld
Vanishing Point
Eater of Wasps
The Year of Intelligent Tigers
The Slow Empire
The City of the Dead
Grimm Reality
The Adventuress of Henrietta Street
Mad Dogs and Englishmen
Hope
Anachrophobia
Trading Futures
The Book of the Still
The Crooked World
History 101
Camera Obscura
Time Zero
The Infinity Race
The Domino Effect
Reckless Engineering
The Last Resort
Timeless
Emotional Chemistry
Sometime Never...
Halflife
The Tomorrow Windows
The Sleep of Reason
The Deadstone Memorial
To the Slaughter
The Gallifrey Chronicles
Past Doctor Adventures
The Infinity Doctors
Wolfsbane
Fear Itself
Novellas
Rip Tide
Fallen Gods
The Eye of the Tyger
Video games
Legacy
Lego Dimensions
vteDoctor Who: Gallifrey storiesTelevisionMajor appearances
The War Games
The Deadly Assassin
The Invasion of Time
Arc of Infinity
The Five Doctors
"The End of Time"
"The Day of the Doctor"
"Hell Bent"
"Ascension of the Cybermen" / "The Timeless Children"
Minor appearances
Colony in Space
The Three Doctors
"The Sound of Drums"
"The Name of the Doctor"
"Listen"
"Heaven Sent"
"Spyfall"
AudioThe Monthly Adventures
The Sirens of Time
The Apocalypse Element
Shada
Neverland
Omega
Zagreus
Unregenerate!
Other
Death Comes to Time
Unbound
The Eighth Doctor Adventures
The War Doctor
Books
Cat's Cradle: Time's Crucible
Nightshade
Blood Harvest
Goth Opera
Lungbarrow
The Eight Doctors
Legacy of the Daleks
The Infinity Doctors
Dead Romance
Divided Loyalties
The Shadows of Avalon
The Ancestor Cell
Warmonger
World Game
Engines of War
See also
Time Lord
Regeneration
Time War
"The Last Day"
vteDoctor Who: K9 storiesTelevisionFourth Doctor
The Invisible Enemy
Image of the Fendahl
The Sun Makers
Underworld
The Invasion of Time
Destiny of the Daleks
The Creature from the Pit
Nightmare of Eden
The Horns of Nimon
Shada (unaired)
The Leisure Hive
Meglos
Full Circle
State of Decay
Warriors' Gate
Tenth Doctor
"School Reunion"
The Sarah Jane Adventures
The Mad Woman in the Attic
The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith
The Gift
The Nightmare Man
Goodbye, Sarah Jane Smith
Other appearancesMajor
K-9 and Company
K9
Minor
The Five Doctors
"Invasion of the Bane"
The Lost Boy
"Journey's End"
Mona Lisa's Revenge
See also
Dimensions in Time
"From Raxacoricofallapatorius with Love"
AudioThe Monthly Adventures
Zagreus
Shada
The Companion Chronicles
The Time Vampire
The Pyralis Effect
Novel adaptions
The Romance of Crime
The English Way of Death
The Well-Mannered War
Other
The Sands of Life
A Forever Home
Tenth Doctor, Classic Companions
BooksMissing Adventures
The Romance of Crime
The English Way of Death
The Shadow of Weng-Chiang
The Well-Mannered War
New Adventures
Falls the Shadow
Lungbarrow
The Dying Days
Beige Planet Mars
Past Doctor Adventures
Tomb of Valdemar
Heart of TARDIS
Festival of Death
Eighth Doctor Adventures
Interference – Book One
The Gallifrey Chronicles
Other
Peacemaker
The Essential Book of K9
Video games
Lego Dimensions
vteDoctor Who: Multi-Doctor storiesTelevisionMajor instances
The Three Doctors
The Five Doctors
The Two Doctors
"Time Crash"
"The Day of the Doctor"
"Twice Upon a Time"
"Fugitive of the Judoon"
"The Power of the Doctor"
"The Giggle"
Minor instances
"The Name of the Doctor"
"Deep Breath"
"Listen"
"The Doctor Falls"
"The Timeless Children"
"Once, Upon Time"
Audio
The Sirens of Time
Project: Lazarus
Zagreus
The Wormery
The 100 Days of the Doctor
The Four Doctors
The Light at the End
The Eleven
Cold Fusion
Books
Timewyrm: Genesys
Timewyrm: Revelation
Who Killed Kennedy
Cold Fusion
The Eight Doctors
Players
Interference – Book One
Interference – Book Two
Heart of TARDIS
The Colony of Lies
Wolfsbane
Comics
Emperor of the Daleks
Assimilation2
Video games
Dalek Attack
Destiny of the Doctors
Legacy
Lego Dimensions
See also
Regeneration
The Brain of Morbius
The Trial of a Time Lord
Dimensions in Time
The Curse of Fatal Death
"Journey's End"
"The Big Bang"
"Time"
"The Rebel Flesh / "The Almost People"
"Last Night"
"Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS"
"The Vanquishers"
Regeneration stories
vteDoctor Who: Rassilon storiesTelevision
The Five Doctors
"The End of Time"
"Hell Bent"
Audio
Seasons of Fear
The Time of the Daleks
Neverland
Zagreus
The Next Life
Books
Cat's Cradle: Time's Crucible
The Eight Doctors
Engines of War | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Finish Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions"},{"link_name":"audio drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Doctor_Who_audio_plays_by_Big_Finish"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"compact discs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doctorsin-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cook2003-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Zagreus is a 2003 Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. This audio drama was presented on three compact discs, and was made by Big Finish as their primary release to celebrate forty years of Doctor Who.[1][2][3][4] As of February 2015, it is being sold as a download.","title":"Zagreus (audio drama)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neverland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neverland_(audio_drama)"},{"link_name":"Gallifrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallifrey"},{"link_name":"TARDIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TARDIS"},{"link_name":"Eighth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Charley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Harley Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Street"},{"link_name":"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"the Brigadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_Lethbridge-Stewart"},{"link_name":"Third Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Doctor"},{"link_name":"holographic projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_projection"},{"link_name":"secret passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_passage"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"R101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R101"},{"link_name":"cyanide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide"},{"link_name":"Schrödinger's cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat"},{"link_name":"Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_2"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Rassilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassilon"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_3"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_4"},{"link_name":"regeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Lord#Physical_characteristics"},{"link_name":"Jabberwock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabberwock"},{"link_name":"Goldilocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldilocks"},{"link_name":"Braxiatel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Braxiatel"},{"link_name":"Leela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leela_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Death Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_Doctors"},{"link_name":"Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romana_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"K-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-9_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Seventh Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Doctor"},{"link_name":"pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi"}],"text":"Following directly from the events of Neverland, the casket of anti-time which was destined for Gallifrey had exploded within the confines of the TARDIS. It seems that the Eighth Doctor and Charley have saved Gallifrey, and that the paradox of Charley's existence had been resolved, but the Doctor begins behaving strangely — he has been taken over by Zagreus.The Doctor/Zagreus rages through the TARDIS and strikes Charley, but there is a loud explosion, and when they recover the Doctor/Zagreus is alone in the TARDIS. Charley finds herself in Harley Street talking to her mother Lady Louisa Pollard, who mentions amongst other out of place information that one of her sisters is called Romana. Charley is taken to see a Dr Zagreus, and her mother turns into a white rabbit from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Charley then meets someone whom she recognises as the Brigadier.The Doctor/Zagreus, unsure of his true identity, stumbles into a TARDIS library. He hears a mysterious voice in the TARDIS, that of one of his previous incarnations, the Third Doctor. The Brigadier tells Charley that everything she has seen is a holographic projection created by the TARDIS. She is then shown scenes from her own memory to provide her with insight into what has happened to the Doctor.The Doctor leaves the library through a secret passage and finds a part of the TARDIS unaffected by the anti-time infection, from where he is able to converse with Zagreus. Zagreus shows him all possible alternate time lines, including universes where the Doctor plucked out one of his own hearts1, and tells the Doctor that he would destroy all of them if he was unleashed.Charley and the Brigadier find themselves in another holographic projection, this time a 1950s army barracks. Charley realises that the Brigadier is also a hologram, created by the TARDIS. The Brigadier mentions something called \"The Divergence\" and says that the Time Lords would not be able to intervene lest they become infected with the anti-time. In the TARDIS, the Doctor hears the Third Doctor's voice again and finds a book The Alice Compendium in which he reads Charley's name and the phrases \"the divergence\" and \"Nana Saviltride\".Charley and the Brigadier realise the projection is of Cardington, where the R101 was launched in 1930. There, a Doctor Stone is conducting an experiment, which causes a huge explosion. The Doctor hears the explosion and rushes to the TARDIS control room, but finds himself instead in a forest. There he encounters a huge talking Cat and a large metal box. The Cat tricks the Doctor into entering the box and seals him in with a cyanide bottle, which is a Schrödinger's cat demonstration. The Doctor realises the meaning — if he left the TARDIS he would become either fully himself or fully Zagreus.At Cardington, Stone argues with the base chaplain Matthew Townsend about his research. Townsend expresses reservations about possible military applications of Stone's research, and wonders about the course of human evolution. Charley overhears Stone talking about the military application of \"Dionysus\"2 — the code name of her project. It had torn a hole in reality, which might be used as a weapon. Miss Foster, who had told Charley and the Brigadier that she was a military secret agent, tries to plant a bomb on the Dionysus project; she was in fact a spy for communist Cuba. Threatening to kill them all, Foster forces Townsend to operate the machine, creating another rift in time. All but Charley and Townsend are sucked into the rift; on the other side of the rift are creatures trying to break through.On ancient Gallifrey, the Great Mother, Cassandra, Provost Tepesh and Lady Ouida discuss why their groups despise Rassilon. Rassilon has destroyed followers of the Great Mother's religion3, and Tepesh is of the Arcalian chapter whom Rassilon has hunted nearly to extinction. Combined, they plan to attack Rassilon's Foundry, his secret base. Charley and Brigadier are between holographic projections. They discuss what they saw at Cardington, creatures from outside of the boundaries of time and space trying to break through. Charley wonders aloud whether she could take the Doctor's place by absorbing Zagreus into her, allowing the Doctor to go free.The Doctor is beginning to unravel the mystery. The Cat is another avatar of the TARDIS4. The Doctor's being in the forest was to protect him from events elsewhere. He realises \"Saviltride\" is an anagram of \"evil TARDIS\", from which he deduces that not only was his only personality split in two, so was that of the TARDIS. Tepesh and the Great Mother enter Rassilon's Foundry where they meet Charley, however they perceive her as being Rassilon. Cassandra says something which offends Tepesh, and he orders Ouida to kill her and drink her blood. She cannot regenerate as Rassilon was still in the early stages of the genetic experimentation into the Time Lord gift. When an automated system reveals some of Rassilon's secrets, Charley discovers that Rassilon, fearing for the survival of the Time Lords, created self-replicating biogenic molecules and sent them back in time. The effect of these molecules was to ensure that all life-forms in the universe evolved to something approximating the Gallifreyan norm. To prevent creatures from the Divergence entering our universe, he then sealed time into a loop.The Dionysus Project that Charley saw at Cardington had breached the loop, allowing creatures from the Divergent universe to enter ours. Tepesh reveals that the Vampires had only drunk the blood of specially bred animals, but Rassilon's purges forced them to drink the blood of intelligent species in order to survive. He refrains from attacking Charley/Rassilon until he has discovered all the Foundry's secrets. The automated recorder reveals the Foundry draws its power from the Divergent universe. When the Brigadier advises Charley to switch off the power, this allows creatures from the Divergence to break through. The Great Mother reveals that Rassilon stole the secret of regeneration from the Vampires, and that much of Time Lord technology was stolen from the Divergent universe. The Foundry's defences seal off the whole base and prepare to fire storm it to prevent the escape of the Divergent creatures. The Brigadier and Charley escape through a mirror, but Tepesh, Ouida and the Great Mother are killed.Charley finds herself within another scenario, and this time her appearance is that of a 6-foot-tall (1.8 m) mouse in battle armour. She is in some sort of bizarre theme park where animatronic animals are battling with animatronic humans. The Doctor meanwhile is fighting against the TARDIS, destroying parts of its architecture. The Brigadier arrives, and is revealed to be an avatar of the TARDIS's Zagreus personality. To defend the TARDIS, the Brigadier summons a Jabberwock, and the Doctor flees. Charley encounters Goldilocks, the leader of the enemy humans. They are fighting to get control of the Animator, but both sides wish to release from suspended animation so they do so. The Animator, Uncle Winky, was suspended in the year 2367. To his horror, he discovers he has been in suspended animation for 60 billion years and has awoken on the dead world of Gallifrey, which the theme park was moved to. They are on what was once the Foundry, and the animatronic creatures have fallen under the influence of the Divergence creatures. They revived Winky to operate the controls of the Foundry machines, but he dies of the heart condition which he had entered suspended animation to survive.Having escaped the Jabberwock, the Doctor now plucks Charley out of the simulation. Charley is unable to trust the Doctor as he had hit her earlier, and she no longer trusts the Brigadier avatar. Rassilon himself appears and reveals that after the explosion, the Doctor and Charley had been unconscious for six months, in which time Rassilon had persuaded the TARDIS to aid him in exchange for freeing it from the Doctor/Zagreus's influence. On Gallifrey, Cardinal Braxiatel informs Romana that the Doctor's TARDIS has dematerialised of its own accord. Leela then arrives with a message from Rassilon concerning the fate of the Doctor.Charley finds herself in a bleak landscape, together with Townsend, Tepesh and Winky. Ahead of them they see a Dark Tower — they are in the Death Zone on Gallifrey.Romana, Leela and K-9 transmat to Rassilon's tomb within the dark tower. Rassilon's spirit speaks through Leela, and leads them to a Matrix simulation of the Dark Tower in ancient times. Meanwhile, Charley informs Townsend, Tepesh and Winky that they are Zagreus's recreations of the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors, and also the only people to have ever seen the Divergence. Charley tried to persuade them to go to the Dark Tower, but Tepesh is reluctant to play the Game of Rassilon. The Jabberwock then appears, but they subdue it by reciting nonsense poetry, using it to fly them into the Dark Tower.Rassilon demands that Romana resign from the presidency in favour of Zagreus. When she refuses, Rassilon uses the possessed Leela to attack Romana and K-9, whose head gets knocked off. The Jabberwock crashes into the Dark Tower, but Charley and the recreated Doctors make their way inside. Their passage is blocked by a booby-trapped chessboard and hear a riddle from Rassilon. The Doctors think the answer is related to the number pi, but upon crossing Winkle is nearly hit by a bowspike. Instead Charley deduces that they must move across using the knight's move in chess. They find Leela attacking Romana, and Charley knocks her unconscious.Rassilon and the Brigadier avatar have chained up the Doctor and are preparing to torture him. When the Doctor asks about Charley, the avatar flies into a rage, ranting about how the TARDIS had suffered in its many adventures with the Doctor, especially its recent absorption of anti-time to save Charley. The Doctor realises the TARDIS is jealous of Charley. Rassilon summons the Doctor and the Brigadier into the Foundry, which he proudly declares to be the place where he created the Nemesis and the De-mat gun. Rassilon shows them a frozen solar system — one which housed a species which could have threatened the Time Lords. The Brigadier avatar destroys the police box shell of the TARDIS in the Foundry's smelting works.From the Dark Tower, Romana, Charley, the Doctors and a K-9 find a secret entrance to the Foundry through the mirror. Townsend cracks a code in Old High Gallifreyan, proving they were created from the Doctor's memories and thus retain some elements of his knowledge. Pushing past the Brigadier, they find the Doctor by an anvil creating a sword from the molten TARDIS shell. Rassilon believes that he has destroyed the Doctor's sanity thus allowing Zagreus full control. The Doctor's other aspects tell him Rassilon is manipulating him as a weapon against the creatures of the Divergent universe, as the creatures of the Divergent Universe would have evolved to surpass the Time Lords before Rassilon locked them away. Rassilon seizes the anti-time sword and slays all the Doctors but the Eighth. Charley, Romana and Leela try to avoid being shot by the Brigadier and Romana transports him into the crucible.The Doctor gives the anti-time sword to Charley, and begs her to kill him before Zagreus takes over. Charley cannot kill him for she loves him, but when the Doctor tells her that he does not love her, she pierces him with the sword before breaking down in tears. The Doctor does not regenerate, however; when Rassilon killed Townsend, Tepesh and Winkle those parts of him were removed, and when Charley stabbed him they were restored saving him from death. It is Zagreus who awakens, but when Rassilon commands him to enter the Divergent universe to slay the creatures, Zagreus instead throws Rassilon into the Divergence to face his fate, refusing to be Rassilon's puppet. Zagreus prepares to attack the Doctor's companions, but the Brigadier arrives and overpowers him. In the crucible, the TARDIS had been restored. Now free from the anti-time infection, the Brigadier avatar gives Zagreus a \"drink me\" potion which purges the Zagreus influence from the Doctor.The Doctor tells Charley that she must leave him — the zero matter in the \"drink me\" potion has stabilised him, but he is still infected by anti-time. He intends to travel to the Divergent universe to quarantine himself forever and protect the universe from the anti-time infection. Charley storms out of the TARDIS, whereupon Romana speaks to the Doctor telling him that he will never be allowed to return and the Time Lords will prevent him from doing so if he tries. Romana leaves the TARDIS and it dematerialises. Romana asks Leela where Charley is, and Leela asks Romana if she was aware that the TARDIS had a back door. Leela asks if Romana still finds her stupid and Romana says this could be the beginning of a beautiful friendship.The Doctor prepares for his new life in the Divergent universe, excited by the prospect of seeing new worlds and new people. He is not yet aware that Charley will be seeing them with him ...","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Pertwee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Pertwee"},{"link_name":"Third Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Peter Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Davison"},{"link_name":"Fifth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Colin Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Baker"},{"link_name":"Sixth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Sylvester McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_McCoy"},{"link_name":"Seventh Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Paul McGann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McGann"},{"link_name":"Eighth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"India Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Charley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Lalla Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalla_Ward"},{"link_name":"Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romana_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Louise Jameson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Jameson"},{"link_name":"Leela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leela_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Don Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Warrington"},{"link_name":"Rassilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassilon"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Courtney"},{"link_name":"TARDIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TARDIS"},{"link_name":"Anneke Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneke_Wills"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Sladen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Sladen"},{"link_name":"Mark Strickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Strickson"},{"link_name":"Sarah Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Sutton"},{"link_name":"Nicola Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Bryant"},{"link_name":"Caroline Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Morris"},{"link_name":"Maggie Stables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Stables"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Langford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Langford"},{"link_name":"Robert Jezek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jezek"},{"link_name":"Stephen Fewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fewell"},{"link_name":"Sophie Aldred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Aldred"},{"link_name":"Lisa Bowerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Bowerman"},{"link_name":"Miles Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Braxiatel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Braxiatel"},{"link_name":"John Leeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leeson"},{"link_name":"K-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-9_(Doctor_Who)"}],"text":"Jon Pertwee as the Third Doctor\nPeter Davison as the Fifth Doctor and Reverend Matthew Townsend\nColin Baker as the Sixth Doctor and Provost Tepesh\nSylvester McCoy as the Seventh Doctor and Walton \"Uncle Winky\" Winkle\nPaul McGann as the Eighth Doctor and Zagreus\nIndia Fisher as Charley\nLalla Ward as Romana\nLouise Jameson as Leela\nDon Warrington as Rassilon\nNicholas Courtney as TARDIS\nAnneke Wills as Lady Louisa Pollard\nStephen Perring as Receptionist\nElisabeth Sladen as Miss Lime\nConrad Westmaas as the Cat\nMark Strickson as Captain Neil MacDonell\nSarah Sutton as Miss Foster\nNicola Bryant as Stone and Ouida\nCaroline Morris as Mary Elson\nMaggie Stables as the Great Mother\nBonnie Langford as Cassandra and Goldilocks\nRobert Jezek as the Recorder\nStephen Fewell as Corporal Heron\nSophie Aldred as Captain Duck\nLisa Bowerman as Sergeant Gazelle\nMiles Richardson as Cardinal Braxiatel\nJohn Leeson as K-9","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neverland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neverland_(audio_drama)"},{"link_name":"Sixth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Project: Twilight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Twilight"},{"link_name":"Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_(audio_drama)"},{"link_name":"Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_(personification)"},{"link_name":"Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_(audio_drama)"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Instruments of Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruments_of_Darkness"},{"link_name":"Gary Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Russell"},{"link_name":"John William Polidori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Polidori"},{"link_name":"Lake Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Geneva"},{"link_name":"Mary Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley"},{"link_name":"Frankenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein"},{"link_name":"The Company of Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Company_of_Friends"},{"link_name":"The Haunting of Villa Diodati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunting_of_Villa_Diodati"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Braxiatel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Braxiatel"},{"link_name":"Miles Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Bernice Summerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice_Summerfield"}],"text":"As well as featuring in Neverland, the name Zagreus had already cropped in several earlier audio plays. The Sixth Doctor hummed the Zagreus sits inside your head rhyme in Project: Twilight, and in Omega, a hologram of the legendary Time Lord was featured. Death sang a paraphrased version of the rhyme in Master. Zagreus was also briefly mentioned in the BBC novel Instruments of Darkness by Gary Russell.\nThe delirious Doctor/Zagreus mentions John William Polidori; continuing the running joke references to a previous adventure (or adventures) at Lake Geneva, during the winter when Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein. The story is finally told in the \"Mary's Story\" segment of The Company of Friends.\nRomana and Leela's story continues in the Gallifrey series. Polidori and his friends appear in the 2020 episode The Haunting of Villa Diodati.\nCardinal Braxiatel (Miles Richardson) had earlier appeared in several Bernice Summerfield audio dramas and would later become a regular character in the Gallifrey audio series.","title":"Continuity "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devious_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Timewyrm: Revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timewyrm:_Revelation"},{"link_name":"Timewyrm: Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timewyrm:_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"Peter Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Davison"},{"link_name":"Colin Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Baker"},{"link_name":"Sylvester McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_McCoy"},{"link_name":"Paul McGann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McGann"},{"link_name":"The Four Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Doctors"},{"link_name":"Peter Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Davison"},{"link_name":"Paul McGann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McGann"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Courtney"},{"link_name":"India Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Frankenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein"},{"link_name":"Storm Warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Warning_(audio_drama)"},{"link_name":"Mary's Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Company_of_Friends"}],"text":"Jon Pertwee's surprise posthumous cameo was facilitated by the use of recordings he had made for a fan film called Devious, a finale for Season 6B\nThis story features nearly all of the Doctor and companion actors who had worked with Big Finish up to this point, although most of them do not play their usual roles. The characters played by Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy are eventually revealed to be projections partly based on the TARDIS's memories of the past Doctors. The three do appear briefly as the Doctor near the end of the story, when the Eighth Doctor is (temporarily) killed and meets his former selves in his mind. A similar occurrence happened when the Seventh Doctor's mind was taken over by the Timewyrm in the Virgin New Adventure Timewyrm: Revelation, and the Doctor met all his previous selves, bar the Second Doctor (whom he met in Timewyrm: Apocalypse) and the Sixth Doctor.\nThis was the only audio drama in which Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann all appear until the 2010 story, The Four Doctors.\nThere are many in-joke references in the work to incidents in the lives of the characters of the companions or of the actors who played them. For example, Goldilocks, played by Bonnie Langford, is in control of a fairy which she commands through poetic couplets. This is a reference to the fact that Bonnie was starring in a stage production of Peter Pan at the time of being cast as Mel.\nPeter Davison, Paul McGann, Nicholas Courtney and India Fisher are the only actors to appear in all three segments of the story (Wonderland, Heartland and Wasteland).\nThe Doctor reading from Frankenstein is a partial continuation of a running joke in Eighth Doctor audio dramas about him being involved with Mary Shelley, which began in Storm Warning and ended in \"Mary's Story\".","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"},{"link_name":"Eighth Doctor Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Doctor_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_Magazine"},{"link_name":"^2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_2"},{"link_name":"Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus"},{"link_name":"Zagreus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreus"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"^3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_3"},{"link_name":"New Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_New_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Cat's Cradle: Time's Crucible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%27s_Cradle:_Time%27s_Crucible"},{"link_name":"Sisterhood of Karn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisterhood_of_Karn"},{"link_name":"^4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_4"},{"link_name":"Cat's Cradle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_New_Adventures#Cat's_Cradle"}],"text":"^1 A reference to events in the Eighth Doctor Adventures. This is the first indication in the audio dramas that they take place in an alternate universe to that of the book series. Likewise, he makes reference to \"Standing on a planet called Oblivion, facing down a race known as the Horde\". This event took place in the comic strips published in Doctor Who Magazine.\n^2 Dionysus is also known by the name Zagreus in Greek mythology.\n^3 This is probably the same religion featured in the Old Time sequences of the New Adventure Cat's Cradle: Time's Crucible. Given the references to disguised science and youth potions, it is also almost certainly the Sisterhood of Karn.\n^4 Another reference to the Cat's Cradle trilogy.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Cook, Benjamin (2003). The New Audio Adventures:The Inside Story. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Big Finish Productions. ISBN 978-1-84435-034-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84435-034-6","url_text":"978-1-84435-034-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Feature:All Aboard The Big Finish Bus!\". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230703/http://www.starburstmagazine.com/features/feature-articles/3269-all-aboard-the-big-finish-train","url_text":"\"Feature:All Aboard The Big Finish Bus!\""},{"url":"http://www.starburstmagazine.com/features/feature-articles/3269-all-aboard-the-big-finish-train","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Parkin, Lance; Pearson, Lars (2007). AHistory: An Unauthorized History of the Doctor Who universe (2nd ed.). Des Moines, Iowa: Mad Norwegian Press. ISBN 978-0-9759446-6-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Parkin","url_text":"Parkin, Lance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Pearson","url_text":"Pearson, Lars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Norwegian_Press","url_text":"Mad Norwegian Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9759446-6-0","url_text":"978-0-9759446-6-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Zagreus%22+audio+drama","external_links_name":"\"Zagreus\" audio drama"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Zagreus%22+audio+drama+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Zagreus%22+audio+drama&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Zagreus%22+audio+drama+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Zagreus%22+audio+drama","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Zagreus%22+audio+drama&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zagreus_(audio_drama)&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.sci-fi-online.com/reviews/audio/03-11-21_Who-Zagreus.htm","external_links_name":"Zagreus Audio Drama"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230703/http://www.starburstmagazine.com/features/feature-articles/3269-all-aboard-the-big-finish-train","external_links_name":"\"Feature:All Aboard The Big Finish Bus!\""},{"Link":"http://www.starburstmagazine.com/features/feature-articles/3269-all-aboard-the-big-finish-train","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/zagreus-216","external_links_name":"Big Finish Productions – Zagreus"},{"Link":"http://www.tetrap.com/drwho/disccon/8/legendofzagreus.html","external_links_name":"The Legend of Zagreus"},{"Link":"http://www.tetrap.com/drwho/disccon/","external_links_name":"DiscContinuity Guide"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Morgan | Melanie Morgan | ["1 Personal life","2 Professional career","3 Political activism","4 Controversial statements and criticism","4.1 The News Hour with Jim Lehrer","5 References","6 External links"] | American journalist
For the Washingon State Legislature member, see Melanie Morgan (politician).
Melanie MorganBornKansas City, Missouri, U.S.Occupation(s)author, columnist, political commentator, radio show hostSpouseJack SwansonWebsitewww.MelanieMorgan.com/
Melanie Morgan is an American radio personality, formerly with KSFO (560 kHz AM) in San Francisco, where her husband, Jack Swanson, was VP of News and Programming. She was laid off from KSFO due to budget cutbacks and declining ad revenue, returned to host the morning show, then once more left the station as of July 10, 2013. She has also previously worked as a reporter for KGO-TV in San Francisco. She is the Chairman of Move America Forward, a non-partisan, non-profit, charitable organization that supports the U.S. armed forces and their missions in the War on Terrorism. She is known for her advocacy on behalf of the American military, defense of the War on Terror and criticism of American liberals.
Personal life
Morgan was born in Kansas City, Missouri. She attended the Lindenwood University.
Her addiction to gambling was the subject of the TV-movie High Stakes: The Melanie Morgan Story. In 2006, she told the San Francisco Chronicle that she had not placed a bet in 13 years, and has served as president of the California Council on Problem Gambling.
Morgan is married to Jack Swanson, Director of News and Programming at KCBS Newsradio in San Francisco. They live in Novato, California.
Morgan serves on the boards of a number of other nonprofit organizations, including the Bruin Alumni Association.
On February 15, 2010 she revealed she had been diagnosed with thyroid cancer but the cancer has not spread.
Professional career
Morgan began her career reporting on the 1983 Beirut Marine Barracks Bombing, Lebanon, where 241 Marines lost their lives. While she focuses on San Francisco Bay Area regional issues, she has covered events in China, Mexico and Iraq.
In 2006, Morgan's report on U.S. soldiers serving in Iraq: "Voices of Soldiers" earned was recognized by the Associated Press Mark Twain Awards for Best Special Program.
In October 2006, Morgan and reporter Catherine Moy published American Mourning, which reported on two families whose sons, best friends from Army training and who died two weeks apart in Iraq, dealt with their sorrow. Anti-war activist Cindy Sheehan became angry and hung an American soldier in effigy outside of Sacramento. The book contains allegations from Sheehan's sister-in-law that Sheehan engaged in sexual misbehavior, and contrasts her behavior with the family of Justin Johnson, whose father enlisted as a private in the military at age 46 following his sons death. Both families remain traumatized.
Melanie Morgan co-hosted a highly rated morning show with Lee Rodgers and traffic reporter "Officer Vic" on San Francisco Bay Area radio station KSFO. Her tenure on the KSFO morning show ended in March 2008 when the station "decided not to renew her contract as part of the company’s announced across-the-board financial cost cutting".
Talk Radio Network tapped Morgan to be the host of the network's new morning show, America's Morning News. It debuted June 15, 2009, co-hosted by John McCaslin and managed by the Washington Times, who contributes reporters to the program. Morgan left the show January 5, 2010, citing health issues.
Morgan was added back to the KSFO morning show in January 2012, but has since left again, as of July 10, 2013.
Political activism
Morgan and Michelle Malkin organized a pro-troop "webathon" on June 26, 2008. Conservative talk-show talent Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, and Mark Levin participated. MAF members raised an aggregate of $1.055 million in gifts for U.S. soldiers and Iraqi children.
She is currently Chair of Move America Forward (MAF), a nonprofit, political advocacy group providing gifts to U.S. soldiers in Iraq. She was honored by Move America Forward (MAF) members on May 10, 2008. Morgan stated in the USA Today "I don't like third parties" and has been working with the Tea Party movement in California.
Move America Forward distributing Christmas cards to redeploying troops in Kuwait, December, 2007
As the chairman of Move America Forward, Morgan lead a 40-city campaign Heroes for the Holidays Tour to "rally support for the troops and their mission." During her last trip to the Middle East, Melanie Morgan and one of the Gold Star Mothers, Debbie Lee, brought over 100,000 Christmas cards to troops throughout the area of operations. Morgan will co-host Troopathon 2013.
Controversial statements and criticism
After The New York Times published a story regarding U.S. government tracking of terrorist funding, Morgan said that editor Bill Keller should be tried for treason and "If he were to be tried and convicted of treason, yes, I would have no problem with him being sent to the gas chamber."
Melanie Morgan's comments about House Speaker Nancy Pelosi on the November 14, 2006 broadcast of the Lee Rodgers & Melanie Morgan Program have drawn criticism from media watchdogs and liberal bloggers. Morgan commented "We've got a bull's-eye painted on her big, wide laughing eyes." Morgan said the statement was a political metaphor that had been distorted by critics in order to appear violent.
In 2007, Morgan claimed during a broadcast on KSFO that Hungarian financier George Soros worked with the Nazis "in order to further his own career;" Soros was age 13 when the Nazis entered Hungary. During the broadcast, the station manager came on-air to deny the accuracy of the statements and to say KFSO "regrets that they were broadcast." This incident and others led to Morgan twice being named "Worst Radio Host in America" by MSNBC talk show host Keith Olbermann.
Morgan has also claimed that President Barack Obama attended a madrassa, an allegation that has been discredited.
The News Hour with Jim Lehrer
On May 9, 2007, Morgan appeared with VoteVets.org co-founder and chairman Jon Soltz on The News Hour with Jim Lehrer. Morgan accused the veteran of "political games" and undermining the U.S. troops serving in Iraq. Executive Producer Linda Winslow responded to complaints by saying,
Since neither guest was in the studio with Judy Woodruff, there wasn't much she could do to prevent them from interrupting one another, short of saying – as she did at least three times – 'please let him/her finish his/her point'. The NewsHour style is to ask pointed questions politely; we expect our guests to subscribe to the same rules. Since the program is produced live, we can't do much to eliminate rude guests from your television screen once the segment has begun; what we can do is guarantee you will never see Morgan on our program again.
Morgan subsequently blamed Media Matters for America for her persona non grata status, accusing the organization of "a bottom-line effort... they call their people and ask them to call PBS."
References
^ a b c d e Garofoli, Joe (2006-10-08). "Fanning the Flames". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
^ "Conservative talk radio on the wane in California". Los Angeles Times. 2009-03-15. Retrieved 2009-03-15.
^ "High Stakes (1997) (TV)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2007-04-04.
^ "Novato protesters demand end to virus restrictions". Marin Independent Journal. May 22, 2020.
^ "I Ain't Dead Yet Says The Cowgirl". melaniemorgan.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2010-02-16.
^ "Associated Press Television and Radio Association". Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
^ Catherine Moy, Melanie Morgan (October 2006). American Mourning: The Intimate Story of Two Families Joined by War, Torn by Beliefs. WND Books. ISBN 1-58182-540-4.
^ "Melanie Morgan canned from KSFO". ibabuzz.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
^ "abc7news.com: KSFO morning radio host Melanie Morgan fired". abclocal.go.com. March 3, 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
^ TRN press release. Accessed 2009-05-28.
^ Saunders, Debra J. (2012-01-03). "KSFO plays musical chairs. Limbaugh out". SFGate. Archived from the original on 2012-01-30.
^ KSFO: The KSFO Morning Show Archived 2013-01-21 at the Wayback Machine
^ A portmanteau of "World Wide Web" and "marathon. See also, telethon.
^ "Melanie Morgan | A Salute to Melanie Morgan | His, Mike, Ksfo, Photo, Very". Archived from the original on 2008-07-20. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
^ Kathy Kiely and Susan Page (August 16, 2010). "'Tea Party' members offer a ground-level view". USA Today. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
^ "Vice President Signs 100,000th Christmas Card For U.S. Troops". 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
^ "TROOPATHON AIMS TO SEND CARE PACKAGES TO TROOPS OVERSEAS". Move America Forward. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
^ Garofoli, Joe (2006-06-29). "New chapter in battle of words over tracking terrorist financing". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2006-07-06.
^ Kasindorf, Martin (2007-01-24). "Media outlets battle it out over free-speech rights". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2015-11-13.
^ Cohen, Noam (2008-01-15). "Bloggers Take on Talk Radio Hosts". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
^ "'Worst': Radio host Melanie Morgan". NBC News.
^ "Morgan repeated discredited Obama smear, with new claim of Edwards as source". Media Matters for America.
^ The News Hour with Jim Lehrer: Transcript: Grassroots Groups Seek to Influence Iraq Policy Archived 2014-01-19 at the Wayback Machine. May 9, 2007.
^ Poynter Institute, Right-wing talker Morgan isn't welcome back on "NewsHour" Archived 2007-05-20 at the Wayback Machine, May 17, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2007.
^ Getler, Michael (2007-05-17). "Ombudsman's Mailbag". PBS. Retrieved 2023-05-30.
^ Hannity & Colmes, Fox News Channel, May 21, 2007.
External links
Melanie Morgan at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from Wikiversity
Morgan's personal blog
KSFO Morning Show
Appearances on C-SPAN | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melanie Morgan (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Morgan_(politician)"},{"link_name":"KSFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSFO"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfgate061008-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LaTimes-2"},{"link_name":"KGO-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGO-TV"},{"link_name":"Move America Forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Move_America_Forward"},{"link_name":"U.S. armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._armed_forces"},{"link_name":"War on Terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terrorism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfgate061008-1"}],"text":"For the Washingon State Legislature member, see Melanie Morgan (politician).Melanie Morgan is an American radio personality, formerly with KSFO (560 kHz AM) in San Francisco, where her husband, Jack Swanson, was VP of News and Programming.[1] She was laid off from KSFO due to budget cutbacks and declining ad revenue, returned to host the morning show,[2] then once more left the station as of July 10, 2013. She has also previously worked as a reporter for KGO-TV in San Francisco. She is the Chairman of Move America Forward, a non-partisan, non-profit, charitable organization that supports the U.S. armed forces and their missions in the War on Terrorism. She is known for her advocacy on behalf of the American military, defense of the War on Terror and criticism of American liberals.[1]","title":"Melanie Morgan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Lindenwood University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindenwood_University"},{"link_name":"addiction to gambling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_gambling"},{"link_name":"TV-movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_movie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfgate061008-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bruin Alumni Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruin_Alumni_Association"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Morgan was born in Kansas City, Missouri. She attended the Lindenwood University.Her addiction to gambling was the subject of the TV-movie High Stakes: The Melanie Morgan Story.[3] In 2006, she told the San Francisco Chronicle that she had not placed a bet in 13 years, and has served as president of the California Council on Problem Gambling.[1]Morgan is married to Jack Swanson, Director of News and Programming at KCBS Newsradio in San Francisco. They live in Novato, California.[4]Morgan serves on the boards of a number of other nonprofit organizations, including the Bruin Alumni Association.On February 15, 2010 she revealed she had been diagnosed with thyroid cancer but the cancer has not spread.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marine Barracks Bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Barracks_Bombing"},{"link_name":"Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfgate061008-1"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain_Award"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cindy Sheehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Sheehan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfgate061008-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Talk Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"John McCaslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCaslin"},{"link_name":"Washington Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Times"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Morgan began her career reporting on the 1983 Beirut Marine Barracks Bombing, Lebanon, where 241 Marines lost their lives. While she focuses on San Francisco Bay Area regional issues, she has covered events in China, Mexico and Iraq.[1]In 2006, Morgan's report on U.S. soldiers serving in Iraq: \"Voices of Soldiers\" earned was recognized by the Associated Press Mark Twain Awards for Best Special Program.[6]In October 2006, Morgan and reporter Catherine Moy published American Mourning, which reported on two families whose sons, best friends from Army training and who died two weeks apart in Iraq, dealt with their sorrow. Anti-war activist Cindy Sheehan became angry and hung an American soldier in effigy outside of Sacramento. The book contains allegations from Sheehan's sister-in-law that Sheehan engaged in sexual misbehavior, and contrasts her behavior with the family of Justin Johnson, whose father enlisted as a private in the military at age 46 following his sons death. Both families remain traumatized.[7]Melanie Morgan co-hosted a highly rated morning show with Lee Rodgers and traffic reporter \"Officer Vic\" on San Francisco Bay Area radio station KSFO.[1] Her tenure on the KSFO morning show ended in March 2008 when the station \"decided not to renew her contract as part of the company’s announced across-the-board financial cost cutting\".[8][9]Talk Radio Network tapped Morgan to be the host of the network's new morning show, America's Morning News. It debuted June 15, 2009, co-hosted by John McCaslin and managed by the Washington Times, who contributes reporters to the program.[10] Morgan left the show January 5, 2010, citing health issues.Morgan was added back to the KSFO morning show in January 2012, but has since left again, as of July 10, 2013.[11][12]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michelle Malkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Malkin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Rush Limbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh"},{"link_name":"Sean Hannity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Hannity"},{"link_name":"Mark Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Levin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"Tea Party movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Party_movement"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melaniecardtroops.jpg"},{"link_name":"Move America Forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Move_America_Forward"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Gold Star Mothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gold_Star_Mothers"},{"link_name":"Debbie Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Lee"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prnewswire-16"},{"link_name":"Troopathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troopathon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Morgan and Michelle Malkin organized a pro-troop \"webathon\"[13] on June 26, 2008. Conservative talk-show talent Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, and Mark Levin participated. MAF members raised an aggregate of $1.055 million in gifts for U.S. soldiers and Iraqi children.She is currently Chair of Move America Forward (MAF), a nonprofit, political advocacy group providing gifts to U.S. soldiers in Iraq. She was honored by Move America Forward (MAF) members on May 10, 2008.[14] Morgan stated in the USA Today \"I don't like third parties\" and has been working with the Tea Party movement in California.[15]Move America Forward distributing Christmas cards to redeploying troops in Kuwait, December, 2007As the chairman of Move America Forward, Morgan lead a 40-city campaign Heroes for the Holidays Tour to \"rally support for the troops and their mission.\" During her last trip to the Middle East, Melanie Morgan and one of the Gold Star Mothers, Debbie Lee, brought over 100,000 Christmas cards to troops throughout the area of operations.[16] Morgan will co-host Troopathon 2013.[17]","title":"Political activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Bill Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Keller"},{"link_name":"treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"gas chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chamber"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"House Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Nancy Pelosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi"},{"link_name":"bloggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohen-20"},{"link_name":"George Soros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros"},{"link_name":"MSNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC"},{"link_name":"Keith Olbermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Olbermann"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"madrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrassa"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"After The New York Times published a story regarding U.S. government tracking of terrorist funding, Morgan said that editor Bill Keller should be tried for treason and \"If he were to be tried and convicted of treason, yes, I would have no problem with him being sent to the gas chamber.\"[18]Melanie Morgan's comments about House Speaker Nancy Pelosi on the November 14, 2006 broadcast of the Lee Rodgers & Melanie Morgan Program have drawn criticism from media watchdogs and liberal bloggers. Morgan commented \"We've got a bull's-eye painted on her big, wide laughing eyes.\"[19] Morgan said the statement was a political metaphor that had been distorted by critics in order to appear violent.[20]In 2007, Morgan claimed during a broadcast on KSFO that Hungarian financier George Soros worked with the Nazis \"in order to further his own career;\" Soros was age 13 when the Nazis entered Hungary. During the broadcast, the station manager came on-air to deny the accuracy of the statements and to say KFSO \"regrets that they were broadcast.\" This incident and others led to Morgan twice being named \"Worst Radio Host in America\" by MSNBC talk show host Keith Olbermann.[21]Morgan has also claimed that President Barack Obama attended a madrassa, an allegation that has been discredited.[22]","title":"Controversial statements and criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VoteVets.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoteVets.org"},{"link_name":"Jon Soltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Soltz"},{"link_name":"The News Hour with Jim Lehrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_Hour_with_Jim_Lehrer"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Media Matters for America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Matters_for_America"},{"link_name":"persona non grata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_non_grata"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"The News Hour with Jim Lehrer","text":"On May 9, 2007, Morgan appeared with VoteVets.org co-founder and chairman Jon Soltz on The News Hour with Jim Lehrer. Morgan accused the veteran of \"political games\" and undermining the U.S. troops serving in Iraq.[23] Executive Producer Linda Winslow responded to complaints by saying,Since neither guest was in the studio with Judy Woodruff, there wasn't much she could do to prevent them from interrupting one another, short of saying – as she did at least three times – 'please let him/her finish his/her point'. The NewsHour style is to ask pointed questions politely; we expect our guests to subscribe to the same rules. Since the program is produced live, we can't do much to eliminate rude guests from your television screen once the segment has begun; what we can do is guarantee you will never see Morgan on our program again.[24][25]Morgan subsequently blamed Media Matters for America for her persona non grata status, accusing the organization of \"a bottom-line effort... [where] they call their people and ask them to call PBS.\"[26]","title":"Controversial statements and criticism"}] | [{"image_text":"Move America Forward distributing Christmas cards to redeploying troops in Kuwait, December, 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Melaniecardtroops.jpg/220px-Melaniecardtroops.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Garofoli, Joe (2006-10-08). \"Fanning the Flames\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/10/08/CMGDBL4VPH1.DTL","url_text":"\"Fanning the Flames\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conservative talk radio on the wane in California\". Los Angeles Times. 2009-03-15. Retrieved 2009-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-talkradio15-2009mar15,0,39114.story","url_text":"\"Conservative talk radio on the wane in California\""}]},{"reference":"\"High Stakes (1997) (TV)\". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2007-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0119290/","url_text":"\"High Stakes (1997) (TV)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database","url_text":"Internet Movie Database"}]},{"reference":"\"Novato protesters demand end to virus restrictions\". Marin Independent Journal. May 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinij.com/2020/05/22/novato-protesters-demand-end-to-virus-restrictions/","url_text":"\"Novato protesters demand end to virus restrictions\""}]},{"reference":"\"I Ain't Dead Yet Says The Cowgirl\". melaniemorgan.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2010-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010901/http://melaniemorgan.com/latest/1753-l-aint-dead-yet-says-the-cowgirl.html","url_text":"\"I Ain't Dead Yet Says The Cowgirl\""},{"url":"http://www.melaniemorgan.com/latest/1753-l-aint-dead-yet-says-the-cowgirl.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Associated Press Television and Radio Association\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2007-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707153934/http://www.aptra.com/news/radiowinners06.asp","url_text":"\"Associated Press Television and Radio Association\""},{"url":"http://www.aptra.com/news/radiowinners06.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Catherine Moy, Melanie Morgan (October 2006). American Mourning: The Intimate Story of Two Families Joined by War, Torn by Beliefs. WND Books. ISBN 1-58182-540-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanmourning00cath","url_text":"American Mourning: The Intimate Story of Two Families Joined by War, Torn by Beliefs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58182-540-4","url_text":"1-58182-540-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Melanie Morgan canned from KSFO\". ibabuzz.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2008-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080306180433/http://www.ibabuzz.com/politics/2008/03/03/melanie-morgan-canned-from-ksfo/","url_text":"\"Melanie Morgan canned from KSFO\""},{"url":"http://www.ibabuzz.com/politics/2008/03/03/melanie-morgan-canned-from-ksfo","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"abc7news.com: KSFO morning radio host Melanie Morgan fired\". abclocal.go.com. March 3, 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/local&id=5996867","url_text":"\"abc7news.com: KSFO morning radio host Melanie Morgan fired\""}]},{"reference":"Saunders, Debra J. (2012-01-03). \"KSFO plays musical chairs. Limbaugh out\". SFGate. Archived from the original on 2012-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120130225029/http://blog.sfgate.com/djsaunders/2012/01/03/ksfo-plays-musical-chairs-with-talent/","url_text":"\"KSFO plays musical chairs. Limbaugh out\""},{"url":"http://blog.sfgate.com/djsaunders/2012/01/03/ksfo-plays-musical-chairs-with-talent/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Melanie Morgan | A Salute to Melanie Morgan | His, Mike, Ksfo, Photo, Very\". Archived from the original on 2008-07-20. Retrieved 2008-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080720184057/http://www.melaniemorgan.com/content/view/816/1/","url_text":"\"Melanie Morgan | A Salute to Melanie Morgan | His, Mike, Ksfo, Photo, Very\""},{"url":"http://www.melaniemorgan.com/content/view/816/1/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kathy Kiely and Susan Page (August 16, 2010). \"'Tea Party' members offer a ground-level view\". USA Today. Retrieved 1 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2010-08-13-1Ateaparty12_CV_N.htm","url_text":"\"'Tea Party' members offer a ground-level view\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Vice President Signs 100,000th Christmas Card For U.S. Troops\". 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2007-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/12-14-2007/0004723047&EDATE=","url_text":"\"Vice President Signs 100,000th Christmas Card For U.S. Troops\""}]},{"reference":"\"TROOPATHON AIMS TO SEND CARE PACKAGES TO TROOPS OVERSEAS\". Move America Forward. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 4 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141934/http://www.moveamericaforward.org/troopathon-aims-to-send-care-packages-overseas/#more-920","url_text":"\"TROOPATHON AIMS TO SEND CARE PACKAGES TO TROOPS OVERSEAS\""},{"url":"http://www.moveamericaforward.org/troopathon-aims-to-send-care-packages-overseas/#more-920","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Garofoli, Joe (2006-06-29). \"New chapter in battle of words over tracking terrorist financing\". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2006-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060706142409/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F06%2F29%2FMNGICJM9B21.DTL","url_text":"\"New chapter in battle of words over tracking terrorist financing\""},{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/06/29/MNGICJM9B21.DTL","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kasindorf, Martin (2007-01-24). \"Media outlets battle it out over free-speech rights\". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2015-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151113044151/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-01-23-free-speech-battles_x.htm","url_text":"\"Media outlets battle it out over free-speech rights\""},{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-01-23-free-speech-battles_x.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Noam (2008-01-15). \"Bloggers Take on Talk Radio Hosts\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/15/technology/15radio.html","url_text":"\"Bloggers Take on Talk Radio Hosts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"'Worst': Radio host Melanie Morgan\". NBC News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17391631/ns/msnbc-countdown_with_keith_olbermann/t/worst-radio-host-melanie-morgan/#.WXSHTPl97IU","url_text":"\"'Worst': Radio host Melanie Morgan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News","url_text":"NBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Morgan repeated discredited Obama smear, with new claim of Edwards as source\". 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Retrieved 2023-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/ombudsman/2007/05/ombudsmans_mailbag_7.html","url_text":"\"Ombudsman's Mailbag\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.melaniemorgan.com/","external_links_name":"www.MelanieMorgan.com/"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/10/08/CMGDBL4VPH1.DTL","external_links_name":"\"Fanning the Flames\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-talkradio15-2009mar15,0,39114.story","external_links_name":"\"Conservative talk radio on the wane in California\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0119290/","external_links_name":"\"High Stakes (1997) (TV)\""},{"Link":"https://www.marinij.com/2020/05/22/novato-protesters-demand-end-to-virus-restrictions/","external_links_name":"\"Novato protesters demand end to virus restrictions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010901/http://melaniemorgan.com/latest/1753-l-aint-dead-yet-says-the-cowgirl.html","external_links_name":"\"I Ain't Dead Yet Says The Cowgirl\""},{"Link":"http://www.melaniemorgan.com/latest/1753-l-aint-dead-yet-says-the-cowgirl.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707153934/http://www.aptra.com/news/radiowinners06.asp","external_links_name":"\"Associated Press Television and Radio Association\""},{"Link":"http://www.aptra.com/news/radiowinners06.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/americanmourning00cath","external_links_name":"American Mourning: The Intimate Story of Two Families Joined by War, Torn by Beliefs"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080306180433/http://www.ibabuzz.com/politics/2008/03/03/melanie-morgan-canned-from-ksfo/","external_links_name":"\"Melanie Morgan canned from KSFO\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibabuzz.com/politics/2008/03/03/melanie-morgan-canned-from-ksfo","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/local&id=5996867","external_links_name":"\"abc7news.com: KSFO morning radio host Melanie Morgan fired\""},{"Link":"http://www.talkradionetwork.com/companynews;jsessionid=71278AC6D5CAC21401A4FB9535523B34","external_links_name":"TRN press release"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120130225029/http://blog.sfgate.com/djsaunders/2012/01/03/ksfo-plays-musical-chairs-with-talent/","external_links_name":"\"KSFO plays musical chairs. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_ectasia | Duct ectasia of breast | ["1 Symptoms","2 Causes","3 Pathogenesis","4 Diagnosis","5 Duct Ectasia Syndrome","6 Prognosis","7 Terminology","8 References","9 External links"] | This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Medical conditionDuct ectasia of breastOne of the symptoms of mammary duct ectasia is inverted nipples.SpecialtyBreast surgery Symptomsnipple retraction, inversion, pain, green-brown dischargeComplicationsnipple discharge, breast discomfort, infection, concern about breast cancerCausesAging, smoking, inverted nipplesDiagnostic methodduct wideningDifferential diagnosismammary duct ectasia, plasma cell mastitis, breast cancer
Duct ectasia of the breast, mammary duct ectasia or plasma cell mastitis is a condition that occurs when a milk duct beneath the nipple widens, the duct walls thicken, and the duct fills with fluid. This is the most common cause of greenish discharge.
Mammary duct ectasia can mimic breast cancer. It is a disorder of peri- or post-menopausal age.
Duct ectasia syndrome is a synonym for nonpuerperal mastitis, but the term has also been occasionally used to describe special cases of fibrocystic diseases or mastalgia or as a wastebasket definition of benign breast disease.
Correlation of duct widening with the "classical" symptoms of duct ectasia syndrome is unclear. However, duct widening was recently very strongly correlated with noncyclic breast pain.
Duct diameter is naturally variable, subject to hormonal interactions. Duct ectasia syndrome in the classical meaning is associated with additional histological changes.
Symptoms
Signs of duct ectasia can include nipple retraction, inversion, pain, and various intermittent couloring discharge (ranging from white, to green/black, to grey). Other symptoms include a palpable breast lump. Duct ectasia may also be asymptomatic.
Causes
Breasts are made up of fibrous connective tissues, which are made up of cells, fibers and a gel-like substance.
Pathogenesis
The duct widening is commonly believed to be a result of secretory stasis, including stagnant colostrum, which also causes periductal inflammation and fibrosis. However, because nonspecific duct widening is common it might be also coincidental finding in many processes.
Smokers seem more often affected by duct ectasia syndrome although the reported results are not entirely consistent. The correlation with smoking status appears weaker than for subareolar abscess. Correlation with the actual duct widening is not known.
Both duct widening and duct ectasia syndrome are frequently bilateral, hence systemic causes are likely involved.
Diagnosis
Detail of a mammography showing liponecrosis (round/oval calcifications) and plasma cell mastitis with typical rod-like calcifications
Noninvasive methods to determine duct diameter in live patients are available only recently and it is not clear how the results should be compared with older results from biopsies.
Histologically, dilation of the large duct is prominent. Duct widening with associated periductal fibrosis is frequently included in the wastebasket definition of fibrocystic disease.
In plasma cell rich lesions diagnosed on core biopsies, steroid-responsive IgG4-related mastitis can be identified by IgG/IgG4 immunostaining.
Duct Ectasia Syndrome
The term duct ectasia syndrome has been used to describe symptoms of nonpuerperal mastitis, possibly associated with nipple inversion and nipple discharge. In some contexts, it was used to describe a particular form of nonpuerperal mastitis coincident with fibrocystic disease, frequently involving pasty (coloured) nipple discharge, nipple retraction, retroareolar abscess and blue dome cysts. Abscessation is not very frequent but by some definitions recurrent subareolar abscess is merely a variant of duct ectasia syndrome - abscessation would be obviously more frequent with this definition.
Duct ectasia syndrome has been associated with histopathological findings that are distinct from a simple duct widening. In addition to nonspecific duct widening the myoepithelial cell layer is atrophic, missing or replaced by fibrous tissue. The original cuboidal epithelial layer may be also severely impaired or missing. Characteristic calcifications are often visible on mammographic images.
Periductal mastitis, comedo mastitis, secretory disease of the breast, plasma cell mastitis and mastitis obliterans are sometimes considered special cases or synonyms of duct ectasia syndrome.
Prognosis
The condition is usually self-limiting, and thus not indicated for surgery.
Terminology
The term has several meanings on histological and symptomatic levels and on both levels usage overlaps with mastalgia, fibrocystic disease and specific sub- or superclasses of nonpuerperal mastitis. While this is not ideal for a definition it results from actual usage in international literature. Because research literature regarding duct ectasia is anything but abundant it is probably easiest to determine the exact meaning(s) intended by the respective authors on a case-by-case basis and this section can offer only a few hints.
Typical usage in North America is a synonym of nonpuerperal mastitis, including the special cases of granulomatous mastitis, comedo mastitis, subareolar abscess with or without squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts and fistulation.
Simple duct widening should be carefully distinguished from more complex histological changes.
References
^ a b "Mammary duct ectasia". MayoClinic.com.
^ a b Hamwi, M.W.; Winters, R. (2022-10-16). Mammary Duct Ectasia. StatPearls . PMID 32491597. NBK557665.
^ "Nipple Problems and Discharge". Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ Peters F, Diemer P, Mecks O, Behnken LLJ (2003). "Severity of mastalgia in relation to milk duct dilatation". Obstet Gynecol. 101 (1): 54–60. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(02)02386-4. PMID 12517645. S2CID 25311913.
^ Browning J, Bigrigg A, Taylor I (December 1986). "Symptomatic and incidental mammary duct ectasia". J R Soc Med. 79 (12): 715–6. doi:10.1177/014107688607901210. PMC 1290571. PMID 3806542.
^ "NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms". National Cancer Institute. 2011-02-02. Retrieved 2020-03-19.
^ Chougule A, Bal A, Das A, Singh G (January 2015). "IgG4 related sclerosing mastitis: expanding the morphological spectrum of IgG4 related diseases". Pathology. 47 (1): 27–33. doi:10.1097/PAT.0000000000000187. PMID 25474510. S2CID 38695165.
^ "Mammary Duct Ectasia: Stanford University criteria". May 27, 2006.
External links
ClassificationDICD-10: N60.4ICD-9-CM: 610.4DiseasesDB: 3994
vteBreast diseaseInflammation
Mastitis
Nonpuerperal mastitis
Granulomatous mastitis
Subareolar abscess
Physiological changesand conditions
Adipomastia (lipomastia, pseudogynecomastia)
Amastia
Anisomastia
Breast atrophy
Breast engorgement
Breast hypertrophy
Duct ectasia of breast
Chronic cystic mastitis
Dense breast tissue
Gynecomastia
Mammoplasia
Micromastia
Nipple
Cracked nipples
Inverted nipple
Nipple discharge
Galactorrhea
Nipple pigmentation
Masses
Breast cyst
Breast hematoma
Breast lump
Galactocele
Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia
Other
Amazia
Fat necrosis
Pain
Ptosis
Tension | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlMammary_duct_ectasia_-_MayoClinic.com-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"nonpuerperal mastitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpuerperal_mastitis"},{"link_name":"wastebasket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastebasket_diagnosis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Medical conditionDuct ectasia of the breast, mammary duct ectasia or plasma cell mastitis is a condition that occurs when a milk duct beneath the nipple widens, the duct walls thicken, and the duct fills with fluid. This is the most common cause of greenish discharge.[1]\nMammary duct ectasia can mimic breast cancer. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizzoli_Education | Rizzoli Libri | ["1 History","1.1 Predecessors","1.2 Establishment of RCS Libri S.p.A.","1.3 Acquired by Mondadori group and downsizing as Rizzoli Libri division","2 Former subsidiaries","2.1 Rizzoli Education","2.2 Rizzoli International Publications","3 References","4 External links"] | Italian book publishing division, former company in publishing book and textbooks
Not to be confused with RCS MediaGroup, the owner of the brand Rizzoli in non-book publishing.
Rizzoli LibriParent companyMondadori Libri(part of Mondadori group)Statusactive (as division)Predecessorimprints of RCS MediaGroupFounded1994 (as RCS Libri & Grandi Opere)2016(as Rizzoli Libri S.p.A.)2017(downsized as a trade book division)FounderRCS MediaGroupSuccessor Rizzoli Education S.p.A.(textbooks only)Rizzoli International(English publications only)Country of originItalyHeadquarters locationMilan(registered office)Segrate(de facto)Key peopleEnrico Selva Coddè (MD of Mondadori Libri, trade book area)Publication typesfictionnon-fiction bookstextbooks (former)ImprintsRizzoliFabbri EditoriBURRizzoli LizardRizzoli EtasRizzoli Education(under Rizzoli Edu.)La Nuova Italia(under Rizzoli Edu.)Tramontana(under Rizzoli Edu.)Rizzoli Electa(under Rizzoli Int'l)Ex Libris(under Rizzoli Int'l)Universe Publishing(under Rizzoli Int'l)Welcome Books(under Rizzoli Int'l)Skira Rizzoli(Rizzoli Int'l's joint venture) Rizzoli Illustrati(under Mondadori Electa)Adelphi(sold)Archinto(sold)Bompiani(sold)Marsilio(sold)Skira(sold)Sonzogno(sold)Revenue€223 million (2014)Owner(s)Fininvest (53%)(via Mondadori group)Official websitewww.rizzolilibri.it
Rizzoli Libri, formerly Rizzoli Libri S.p.A. and RCS Libri S.p.A. is an Italian book publisher and a division of Mondadori Libri, a wholly owned subsidiary of Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. RCS Libri was a former subsidiary of RCS MediaGroup, but in 2015, most of the book publishing division was sold to Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, with some imprints of RCS Libri, were either sold by RCS MediaGroup or Arnoldo Mondadori Editore to third parties, as part of an antitrust deal. RCS MediaGroup retained the brand Rizzoli for non-book publishing, while Arnoldo Mondadori Editore has the exclusive rights to use the brand Rizzoli in book publishing.
From 2016 to 2017, Rizzoli Libri S.p.A. was further dismantled into subsidiaries and divisions of Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. Rizzoli Libri (trade book section only) became a division of sub-holding company Mondadori Libri S.p.A., while Rizzoli Education S.p.A. became a subsidiary of Mondadori Libri S.p.A.; The international subsidiaries of the former Rizzoli Libri S.p.A.: Rizzoli International Publications and Rizzoli Bookstore, became the subsidiaries of Mondadori Electa S.p.A., itself a subsidiary of Mondadori Libri S.p.A.. Rizzoli International also operated the new brand Rizzoli Electa.
History
Predecessors
BUR logo
RCS Libri S.p.A. was a subsidiary and the book publishing division of RCS MediaGroup (RCS stands for Rizzoli–Corriere della Sera); libri itself means books in Italian. A. Rizzoli & C. was founded by Angelo Rizzoli, a former printing apprentice. The company acquired 4 magazines to become a publishing company in 1927. A. Rizzoli & C. soon started to publish books, such as involved in the printing of Treccani Encyclopedia from 1929. The group founded the imprint Biblioteca Universale Rizzoli (BUR) in 1949. In the 1960s, the group started to open their own book store, including a branch in the New York city, as well as sister operation Rizzoli International Publications. The group was expanded into RCS MediaGroup after the acquisition of the newspaper Corriere della Sera in 1974.
In 1990, the group acquired Fabbri–Sonzogno–Etas, another publishing group. In 1993 RCS Media Group acquired the full control of Fabbri–Sonzogno–Etas. Fabbri, Sonzogno , and Etas became the imprints of the group in publication.
In 1992, RCS Media Group acquired Sansoni Editore, which gave birth of the two brands Sansoni and Sansoni per la Scuola. In 1993, RCS MediaGroup acquired Bompiani.
Establishment of RCS Libri S.p.A.
The division RCS Libri & Grandi Opere was established in 1994, which included the imprints such as Fabbri. In 1998, RCS Libri acquired the textbook publisher Tramontana, merging with the group's existing textbook publishing business. In 2000, the group acquired Sfera Editore (a magazine publisher), Marsilio Editori (from De Michelis family) as well as French publisher Editions Flammarion. RCS MediaGroup became the largest book publisher in Italy after the deals. However, a decade later, RCS Libri sold Flammarion in 2012 for €251 million.
In 2007, Italian Competition Authority started an investigation on 9 publishing companies, including RCS Libri, for an alleged anti-competitive conduct in textbook market.
On 9 December 2013, the group signed an agreement with Telecom Italia on e-books and online edition of newspapers. It also included the ebooks of the imprints of RCS Libri at that time: Rizzoli, Bompiani, Fabbri, Adelphi, Archinto , Marsilio, Skira, and Sonzogno. RCS Media Group also sold the equity interest (48%) in the imprint Editions d'Art Albert Skirà (or known as Skira group) on 11 December 2013. Immediately after the transaction, RCS Libri, via Rizzoli International, still owned 49% stake of Skira Rizzoli Publications Inc., which was based in New York.: 148, 326 Before the sales of Skira group, the imprint Skira Rizzoli was considered within the scope of consolidation.: 251
According to Publishers Weekly, the division RCS Libri had a revenue of €513.3 million in the financial year 2011 (not adjusted for the sale of Flammarion in 2012), or €298.6 million if excluding Flammarion. It was decreased to €273.3 million in 2012: 22 and then €252 million in 2013: 78 and €223 million in 2014.: 33 Moreover, the whole group was suffered from aggregate net losses in the 2010s, for example in financial years 2012, 2013 and 2014. The net loss was €218 million in 2013 and €110.8 million in 2014.: 18
The market share of RCS Libri in fiction and non-fiction was 11.8% in 2014, according to Publishers Weekly, itself was quoting the figure from GfK.: 63
Acquired by Mondadori group and downsizing as Rizzoli Libri division
In February 2015, it was reported that Arnoldo Mondadori Editore (Mondadori group) had submitted a non-binding offer to buy RCS Libri from RCS MediaGroup. It was reported that Rosellina Archinto, founder of the namesake imprint, re-acquired Archinto in July 2015. In October 2015, RCS MediaGroup announced to sell the whole division, with Mondadori group being the principal buyer, despite some subsidiaries and imprints of RCS Libri, were sold to other investors instead. For example, the controlling stake (58%) of Adelphi was sold to Roberto Calasso, who worked at Adelphi for many years. Furthermore, in March 2016, Italian Competition Authority (AGCM) ruled that Mondadori, after the acquisition, had to sell subsidiaries and imprints Bompiani, Marsilio Editori and Sonzogno. Marsilio (including the imprint Sonzogno) was sold back to De Michelis family's GEM S.r.l. while Bompiani was sold to Giunti Editore. Mondadori group retained the brands such as Rizzoli (in books only), BUR and Fabbri Editori. It also owned Rizzoli Lizard .
In April 2016, immediately after the takeover, RCS Libri S.p.A. was renamed to Rizzoli Libri S.p.A.. Rizzoli Libri S.p.A. was under Mondadori Libri S.p.A., a business unit of Mondadori group. At the time of the foundation in 2014, Mondadori Libri S.p.A. was the sub-holding company of the subsidiaries and imprints Piemme, Giulio Einaudi, Mondadori Education, Mondadori Electa, Sperling & Kupfer as well as joint venture Harlequin Mondadori.
Rizzoli Libri S.p.A. was further downsized by the transfer of the ownership of the overseas subsidiary Rizzoli International Publications to Mondadori Electa, with the trade book section of Rizzoli Libri S.p.A. was merged into direct parent company Mondadori Libri S.p.A.. Mondadori Libri also absorbed Sperling & Kupfer S.p.A. and Edizioni Piemme S.p.A. on 1 January 2017. They were retained as division and imprints of Mondadori Libri. The trade book area of Mondadori Libri (including the imprint Rizzoli) and the textbook subsidiary and imprint Rizzoli Education, since 2018, were also under different corporate leadership, Enrico Selva Coddè and Antonio Porro respectively. They were the Managing Directors (Italian: Direttore Generale) of Mondadori Libri. According to the publication of Mondadori group, the direct parent company of Rizzoli Education had also changed to aforementioned Mondadori Libri.
According to GfK, as of financial year 2018, the downsized Rizzoli Libri had a market share of 4.8% (decreased from 4.9% year to yearly) in trade books, with the whole Mondadori group had a market share of 27.4% (decreased from 30.0% year to yearly).: 38
Former subsidiaries
Rizzoli Education
Logo of Rizzoli Education
Rizzoli Education S.p.A. , formerly Rizzoli Education, was a division of Rizzoli Libri S.p.A.. After the trade book section of Rizzoli Libri S.p.A. was absorbed into Mondadori Libri S.p.A. in 2017, Rizzoli Education S.p.A. was retained as a subsidiary of aforementioned Mondadori Libri. In 2016, the first year of the acquisition of Rizzoli Libri group, Rizzoli Education and Mondadori group's existing subsidiary Mondadori Education, had a combined share of 24% in Italian textbook market, according to Publishers Weekly which itself quoting the figures from Mondadori group.: 33
In 2019, Oxford University Press and Rizzoli Education renewed an agreement on distributing books. Oxford University Press signed the first agreement with La Nuova Italia Editrice in 1978, now a brand of Rizzoli Education.
Rizzoli Education also used other imprints such as Fabbri Editori (acquired by RCS Libri in 1990), Tramontana (acquired in 2000), Sansoni per la Scuola (acquired in 1992), Etas (acquired in 1990), Rizzoli Languages, Calderini, Edagricole, Edizioni del Quadrifoglio and Markes.
Rizzoli International Publications
RCS Libri, via RCS International Books B.V., had an overseas subsidiary Rizzoli International Publications Inc.,: 323 also known as Rizzoli New York or Rizzoli USA. The company was based in New York City, the United States. Rizzoli International acquired the imprint Welcome Books. Inc., from Welcome Enterprises in 2014. The American division also contained Rizzoli Bookstore,: 323 which was located in NoMad, New York City since 2015. After the 2016 takeover of RCS Libri, both Rizzoli International and Rizzoli Bookstore are now part of Mondadori group. However, the intermediate parent company was changed from RCS Libri to Mondadori Electa, another subsidiary of Mondadori group. As of 2019, Rizzoli International Publications also owned the imprints Ex Libris (established in 2011) and Universe Publishing (established in 1990).
Mondadori group launched the imprint Rizzoli Electa in January 2018, but the international illustrated department of Rizzoli Libri, would be integrated into fellow division Mondadori Electa. The brand Rizzoli Electa would be operated by Mondadori Electa instead. Or in other words, the international division of Rizzoli Libri, as well as future publication that under Rizzoli brand in English language (as Rizzoli Electa), would be operated by Mondadori Electa instead. Mondadori Electa also owned imprint Rizzoli Illustrati Italia at that time.
Despite the parent companies of Rizzoli International sold the publishing companies Flammarion (in 2012 by RCS MediaGroup) and Marsilio (in 2016 by Mondadori group), Rizzoli International still distributed the books by the two imprints.
References
^ a b c "Global Publishing Leaders 2015: RCS Libri". Publishers Weekly. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ "Azionisti rilevanti di ARNOLDO MONDADORI EDITORE SPA" (in English and Italian). CONSOB. 26 March 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ a b c "Group structure". Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ "Acquisitions and Disposals". www.rcsmediagroup.it. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Cohen, M. L.; Brinson, Victoria (2018) . Johnson, Drew D. (ed.). "RCS MediaGroup S.p.A.". International Directory of Company Histories. 193. Farmington Hills, Michigan: St. James Press (Gale Cengage group): 329–333. ISBN 978-1-55862-992-9.
^ Cappelletti, Vincenzo; Nisticò, Gabriella (1992). "Enciclopedia Italiana". Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ a b c "Rizzoli" (in Italian). Turin International Book Fair. 9 May 2011. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ "Corriere della Sera". Enciclopedia Treccani online (in Italian). Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ "Benzina sconti di Pasqua è polemica". La Repubblica (in Italian). Rome: GEDI Gruppo Editoriale. 9 April 1998. ISSN 2499-0817. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ "La Rizzoli compra la Marsilio". La Repubblica (in Italian). Rome: GEDI Gruppo Editoriale. 20 June 2000. ISSN 2499-0817. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ Ball, Deborah; Kamm, Thomas (19 October 2000). "RCS Editori to Launch Offer to Acquire France's Flammarion for $130.3 Million". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ "Offer received from Gallimard for Flammarion" (PDF) (Press release). RCS MediaGroup. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ "Gallimard s'offre Flammarion et devient le troisième éditeur français". France 24 (in French). 27 June 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ "SCHOOLBOOKS: ANTITRUST AUTHORITY ACCEPTS PUBLISHERS' COMMITMENTS. FROM NEXT YEAR THERE WILL BE NEW MULTIMEDIA EDITIONS AND BOOKS AT REDUCED PRICES. TEACHERS TO HAVE A DATA BASE FOR COMPARING DIFFERENT PRODUCTS. BOOK RENTAL AND RIGHT OF USAGE TO BE POSSIBLE IN ITALY TOO" (Press release). Italian Competition Authority. 3 May 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ "Agreement between Telecom Italia and the RCS Group for editorial digital content" (Press release). RCS MediaGroup. 9 December 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ a b c d e f Annual Report at December 31, 2013 (PDF) (Report). RCS MediaGroup. 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ a b Annual Report at December 31, 2012 (PDF) (Report). RCS MediaGroup. 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ "Global Publishing Leaders 2012: RCS Libri (RCS MediaGroup)". Publishers Weekly. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ a b "Global Publishing Leaders 2013: RCS Libri". Publishers Weekly. 19 July 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ "Global Publishing Leaders 2014: RCS Libri". Publishers Weekly. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ a b c Annual Report at December 31, 2014 (PDF) (Report). RCS MediaGroup. 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ "Italy's RCS Mediagroup presses ahead with restructuring plan". Reuters. 15 April 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ a b c "RCS MediaGroup net loss narrows last year, sees operating profit in 2015". Reuters. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ "UPDATE 2-Mondadori in talks to buy RCS book business". Reuters. 18 February 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ "Rosellina Archinto ricompra la sua casa editrice da Rcs Libri". Prima online (in Italian). Prima Comunicazione. 8 July 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ a b c "RCS MediaGroup Board of Directors -Contract for the RCS Libri disposal signed" (Press release). Milan: RCS MediaGroup. 4 October 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^ "Mondadori: agreement to acquire RCS Libri" (Press release). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 4 October 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^ Koski, Lorna (5 November 2015). "Roberto Calasso's Views on Publishing, Writing — and Baudelaire". WWD. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
^ Scherer, Steve (24 March 2016). "Italy Antitrust gives conditional go-ahead to Mondadori-RCS Libri merger". Reuters. Rome. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^ "C12023 - Via libera condizionato dell'Antitrust alla concentrazione Mondadori-RCS Libri" (Press release) (in Italian). Italian Competition Authority. 23 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ "Chi siamo" (in Italian). Sonzogno Editori. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
^ "Mondadori completes disposal of Marsilio Editori to the De Michelis family" (Press release). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 26 July 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^ "Mondadori: agreement to transfer Bompiani to Giunti Editore" (Press release). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 29 September 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ a b "BoD approves half-year financial report at 30 June 2016" (Press release). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 28 July 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ "Marta Treves appointed as new head of miscellaneous books at Rizzoli" (Press release). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ a b "Mondadori: closing of RCS Libri acquisition" (Press release). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^ "Birth today of Rizzoli Libri S.p.A" (Press release). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^ "Board approves incorporation of Mondadori Libri S.p.A." (Press release). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 25 November 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^ Relazione finanziaria annuale 2017 (PDF) (Report). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 13 March 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2019. In data 31 dicembre,...fusione per incorporazione di Sperling & Kupfer S.p.A. e di Edizioni Piemme S.p.A. e il conferimento del ramo Trade di Rizzoli Libri.
^ "Mondadori Group: book activities under a single business area" (Press release). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 1 February 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^ Relazione finanziaria annuale 2018 (PDF) (Report). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ "Global Publishing Leaders 2017: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore S.p.A". Publishers Weekly. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ Relazione finanziaria annuale 2016 (PDF) (Report) (in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 21 March 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ "Oxford University Press and Rizzoli Education: new exclusive distribution agreement" (Press release). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 28 February 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ "Azienda" (in Italian). Rizzoli Education. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ a b "Rizzoli to acquire Welcome Books, Inc" (Press release). Rizzoli International Publications. 24 July 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ "About". Welcome Enterprises. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ "Rizzoli announces new bookstore location" (Press release). RCS MediaGroup. 8 September 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ "Store History / About Us". Rizzoli Bookstore. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ a b c "About us". Rizzoli International Publications. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ a b "The Mondadori Group launches Rizzoli Electa and expands its illustrated publications business internationally" (Press release). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 1 December 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
External links
Official website of Rizzoli Libri (in Italian)
Official website of Rizzoli Education (in Italian)
Official website of Rizzoli International Publications | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RCS MediaGroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCS_MediaGroup"},{"link_name":"S.p.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_per_azioni"},{"link_name":"book publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing"},{"link_name":"Arnoldo Mondadori Editore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnoldo_Mondadori_Editore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-groupstructure-3"},{"link_name":"RCS MediaGroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCS_MediaGroup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"imprints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)"},{"link_name":"antitrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust"},{"link_name":"Rizzoli Bookstore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizzoli_Bookstore"}],"text":"Not to be confused with RCS MediaGroup, the owner of the brand Rizzoli in non-book publishing.Rizzoli Libri, formerly Rizzoli Libri S.p.A. and RCS Libri S.p.A. is an Italian book publisher and a division of Mondadori Libri, a wholly owned subsidiary of Arnoldo Mondadori Editore.[3] RCS Libri was a former subsidiary of RCS MediaGroup, but in 2015, most of the book publishing division was sold to Arnoldo Mondadori Editore,[4] with some imprints of RCS Libri, were either sold by RCS MediaGroup or Arnoldo Mondadori Editore to third parties, as part of an antitrust deal. 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A. Rizzoli & C. was founded by Angelo Rizzoli, a former printing apprentice. The company acquired 4 magazines to become a publishing company in 1927.[5] A. Rizzoli & C. soon started to publish books, such as involved in the printing of Treccani Encyclopedia from 1929.[5][6] The group founded the imprint Biblioteca Universale Rizzoli [it] (BUR) in 1949.[5][7] In the 1960s, the group started to open their own book store, including a branch in the New York city, as well as sister operation Rizzoli International Publications.[5] The group was expanded into RCS MediaGroup after the acquisition of the newspaper Corriere della Sera in 1974.[5][8]In 1990, the group acquired Fabbri–Sonzogno–Etas, another publishing group. In 1993 RCS Media Group acquired the full control of Fabbri–Sonzogno–Etas.[5] Fabbri, Sonzogno [it], and Etas became the imprints of the group in publication.In 1992, RCS Media Group acquired Sansoni Editore,[7] which gave birth of the two brands Sansoni and Sansoni per la Scuola. In 1993, RCS MediaGroup acquired Bompiani.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fabbri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabbri_Editori"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDCH-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDCH-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDCH-5"},{"link_name":"Marsilio Editori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsilio_Editori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Editori"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDCH-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Editions Flammarion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editions_Flammarion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDCH-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDCH-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Telecom Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Italia"},{"link_name":"Bompiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bompiani"},{"link_name":"Adelphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi_Edizioni"},{"link_name":"Archinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archinto_Editore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosellina_Archinto_Editore"},{"link_name":"Skira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skira_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS2013bilancio-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS2013bilancio-16"},{"link_name":"consolidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_financial_statement"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS2012bilancio-17"},{"link_name":"Publishers Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PW2012article-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PW2013article-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PW2013article-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS2012bilancio-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS2013bilancio-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PW2015article-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS2014bilancio-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters2015-23"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS2013bilancio-16"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters2015-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS2014bilancio-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters2015-23"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PW2015article-1"},{"link_name":"GfK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS2014bilancio-21"}],"sub_title":"Establishment of RCS Libri S.p.A.","text":"The division RCS Libri & Grandi Opere was established in 1994, which included the imprints such as Fabbri.[5] In 1998, RCS Libri acquired the textbook publisher Tramontana,[9] merging with the group's existing textbook publishing business.[5] In 2000, the group acquired Sfera Editore[5] (a magazine publisher), Marsilio Editori [it][5] (from De Michelis family[10]) as well as French publisher Editions Flammarion.[5][11] RCS MediaGroup became the largest book publisher in Italy after the deals.[5] However, a decade later, RCS Libri sold Flammarion in 2012 for €251 million.[12][13]In 2007, Italian Competition Authority started an investigation on 9 publishing companies, including RCS Libri, for an alleged anti-competitive conduct in textbook market.[14]On 9 December 2013, the group signed an agreement with Telecom Italia on e-books and online edition of newspapers. It also included the ebooks of the imprints of RCS Libri at that time: Rizzoli, Bompiani, Fabbri, Adelphi, Archinto [it], Marsilio, Skira, and Sonzogno.[15] RCS Media Group also sold the equity interest (48%) in the imprint Editions d'Art Albert Skirà (or known as Skira group) on 11 December 2013.[16] Immediately after the transaction, RCS Libri, via Rizzoli International, still owned 49% stake of Skira Rizzoli Publications Inc., which was based in New York.[16]: 148, 326 Before the sales of Skira group, the imprint Skira Rizzoli was considered within the scope of consolidation.[17]: 251According to Publishers Weekly, the division RCS Libri had a revenue of €513.3 million in the financial year 2011 (not adjusted for the sale of Flammarion in 2012),[18] or €298.6 million if excluding Flammarion.[19] It was decreased to €273.3 million in 2012[19][17]: 22 and then €252 million in 2013[20][16]: 78 and €223 million in 2014.[1][21]: 33 Moreover, the whole group was suffered from aggregate net losses in the 2010s, for example in financial years 2012,[22] 2013 and 2014.[23] The net loss was €218 million in 2013[16][23] and €110.8 million in 2014.[21]: 18 [23]The market share of RCS Libri in fiction and non-fiction was 11.8% in 2014, according to Publishers Weekly,[1] itself was quoting the figure from GfK.[21]: 63","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arnoldo Mondadori Editore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnoldo_Mondadori_Editore"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adelphi-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adelphi-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Italian Competition Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Competition_Authority"},{"link_name":"Bompiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bompiani"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"S.r.l.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_a_responsabilit%C3%A0_limitata"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Giunti Editore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giunti_Editore"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adelphi-26"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mondadori2016HYR-34"},{"link_name":"Rizzoli Lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rizzoli_Lizard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizzoli_Lizard"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-closing2016-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-closing2016-36"},{"link_name":"Piemme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edizioni_Piemme"},{"link_name":"Sperling & Kupfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperling_%26_Kupfer"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"trade book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trade_book"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-groupstructure-3"},{"link_name":"GfK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Acquired by Mondadori group and downsizing as Rizzoli Libri division","text":"In February 2015, it was reported that Arnoldo Mondadori Editore (Mondadori group) had submitted a non-binding offer to buy RCS Libri from RCS MediaGroup.[24] It was reported that Rosellina Archinto, founder of the namesake imprint, re-acquired Archinto in July 2015.[25] In October 2015, RCS MediaGroup announced to sell the whole division, with Mondadori group being the principal buyer, despite some subsidiaries and imprints of RCS Libri, were sold to other investors instead.[26][27] For example, the controlling stake (58%) of Adelphi was sold to Roberto Calasso,[26] who worked at Adelphi for many years.[28] Furthermore, in March 2016, Italian Competition Authority (AGCM) ruled that Mondadori, after the acquisition, had to sell subsidiaries and imprints Bompiani, Marsilio Editori and Sonzogno.[29][30] Marsilio (including the imprint Sonzogno[31]) was sold back to De Michelis family's GEM S.r.l.[32] while Bompiani was sold to Giunti Editore.[33] Mondadori group retained the brands such as Rizzoli (in books only[26]), BUR and Fabbri Editori.[34] It also owned Rizzoli Lizard [it].[35]In April 2016, immediately after the takeover,[36] RCS Libri S.p.A. was renamed to Rizzoli Libri S.p.A..[37] Rizzoli Libri S.p.A. was under Mondadori Libri S.p.A., a business unit of Mondadori group.[36] At the time of the foundation in 2014, Mondadori Libri S.p.A. was the sub-holding company of the subsidiaries and imprints Piemme, Giulio Einaudi, Mondadori Education, Mondadori Electa, Sperling & Kupfer as well as joint venture Harlequin Mondadori.[38]Rizzoli Libri S.p.A. was further downsized by the transfer of the ownership of the overseas subsidiary Rizzoli International Publications to Mondadori Electa, with the trade book section of Rizzoli Libri S.p.A. was merged into direct parent company Mondadori Libri S.p.A.. Mondadori Libri also absorbed Sperling & Kupfer S.p.A. and Edizioni Piemme S.p.A. on 1 January 2017.[39] They were retained as division and imprints of Mondadori Libri. The trade book area of Mondadori Libri (including the imprint Rizzoli) and the textbook subsidiary and imprint Rizzoli Education, since 2018, were also under different corporate leadership, Enrico Selva Coddè and Antonio Porro respectively. They were the Managing Directors (Italian: Direttore Generale) of Mondadori Libri.[40] According to the publication of Mondadori group, the direct parent company of Rizzoli Education had also changed to aforementioned Mondadori Libri.[3]According to GfK, as of financial year 2018, the downsized Rizzoli Libri had a market share of 4.8% (decreased from 4.9% year to yearly) in trade books, with the whole Mondadori group had a market share of 27.4% (decreased from 30.0% year to yearly).[41]: 38","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rizzoli_Education_gruppo_Mondadori_logo.png"},{"link_name":"Rizzoli Education S.p.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizzoli_Education"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizzoli_Education"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-groupstructure-3"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"La Nuova Italia Editrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Nuova_Italia_Editrice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Nuova_Italia"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Rizzoli Education","text":"Logo of Rizzoli EducationRizzoli Education S.p.A. [it], formerly Rizzoli Education, was a division of Rizzoli Libri S.p.A.. After the trade book section of Rizzoli Libri S.p.A. was absorbed into Mondadori Libri S.p.A. in 2017, Rizzoli Education S.p.A. was retained as a subsidiary of aforementioned Mondadori Libri.[3] In 2016, the first year of the acquisition of Rizzoli Libri group, Rizzoli Education and Mondadori group's existing subsidiary Mondadori Education, had a combined share of 24% in Italian textbook market, according to Publishers Weekly[42] which itself quoting the figures from Mondadori group.[43]: 33In 2019, Oxford University Press and Rizzoli Education renewed an agreement on distributing books. Oxford University Press signed the first agreement with La Nuova Italia Editrice [it] in 1978, now a brand of Rizzoli Education.[44]Rizzoli Education also used other imprints such as Fabbri Editori (acquired by RCS Libri in 1990), Tramontana (acquired in 2000), Sansoni per la Scuola (acquired in 1992), Etas (acquired in 1990), Rizzoli Languages, Calderini, Edagricole, Edizioni del Quadrifoglio and Markes.[45]","title":"Former subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B.V.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besloten_vennootschap"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-welcomebooks-46"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS2013bilancio-16"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-welcomebooks-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"Rizzoli Bookstore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizzoli_Bookstore"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCS2013bilancio-16"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"NoMad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoMad,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mondadori2016HYR-34"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutus-50"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutus-50"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RizzoliElecta-51"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RizzoliElecta-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutus-50"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"sub_title":"Rizzoli International Publications","text":"RCS Libri, via RCS International Books B.V., had an overseas subsidiary Rizzoli International Publications Inc.,[46][16]: 323 [non-primary source needed] also known as Rizzoli New York or Rizzoli USA. The company was based in New York City, the United States. Rizzoli International acquired the imprint Welcome Books. Inc., from Welcome Enterprises in 2014.[46][47][non-primary source needed] The American division also contained Rizzoli Bookstore,[16]: 323 [non-primary source needed] which was located in NoMad, New York City since 2015.[48][49][non-primary source needed] After the 2016 takeover of RCS Libri, both Rizzoli International and Rizzoli Bookstore are now part of Mondadori group.[34][non-primary source needed] However, the intermediate parent company was changed from RCS Libri to Mondadori Electa,[50][non-primary source needed] another subsidiary of Mondadori group. As of 2019, Rizzoli International Publications also owned the imprints Ex Libris (established in 2011) and Universe Publishing (established in 1990).[50][non-primary source needed]Mondadori group launched the imprint Rizzoli Electa in January 2018, but the international illustrated department of Rizzoli Libri, would be integrated into fellow division Mondadori Electa. The brand Rizzoli Electa would be operated by Mondadori Electa instead.[51][non-primary source needed] Or in other words, the international division of Rizzoli Libri, as well as future publication that under Rizzoli brand in English language (as Rizzoli Electa), would be operated by Mondadori Electa instead. Mondadori Electa also owned imprint Rizzoli Illustrati Italia at that time.[51]Despite the parent companies of Rizzoli International sold the publishing companies Flammarion (in 2012 by RCS MediaGroup) and Marsilio (in 2016 by Mondadori group), Rizzoli International still distributed the books by the two imprints.[50][non-primary source needed]","title":"Former subsidiaries"}] | [{"image_text":"BUR logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/BUR_-_Biblioteca_Universale_Rizzoli.png"},{"image_text":"Logo of Rizzoli Education","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Rizzoli_Education_gruppo_Mondadori_logo.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Global Publishing Leaders 2015: RCS Libri\". Publishers Weekly. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/67282-global-publishing-leaders-2015-rcs-libri.html","url_text":"\"Global Publishing Leaders 2015: RCS Libri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Azionisti rilevanti di ARNOLDO MONDADORI EDITORE SPA\" (in English and Italian). CONSOB. 26 March 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.consob.it/web/consob-and-its-activities/listed-companies/documenti/assetti_proprietari/semestre1-2019/5489_Az.html?filedate=26/03/2019&sem=/documenti/assetti_proprietari/semestre1-2019/5489_Az.html&docid=0&link=Pie-chart+Capitale+ordinario%3D%2Fdocumenti%2Fassetti%2Fsemestre1-2019%2F5489_TOrdDich.html%3B+Pie-chart+Capitale+votante%3D%2Fdocumenti%2Fassetti%2Fsemestre1-2019%2F5489_TVotDich.html&nav=false&p_p_id=ConsobPubblicazioni_WAR_consobpubblicazioni_INSTANCE_zupz2C19u5Zz&p_p_state=maximized","url_text":"\"Azionisti rilevanti di ARNOLDO MONDADORI EDITORE SPA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Group structure\". Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondadori.com/about-us/overview/group-structure","url_text":"\"Group structure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Acquisitions and Disposals\". www.rcsmediagroup.it. Retrieved 28 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rcsmediagroup.it/en/pages/investor-relations/strategy/acquisitions-and-disposals/?print=print","url_text":"\"Acquisitions and Disposals\""}]},{"reference":"Cohen, M. L.; Brinson, Victoria (2018) [first edition of the article appeared in vol. 96]. Johnson, Drew D. (ed.). \"RCS MediaGroup S.p.A.\". International Directory of Company Histories. 193. Farmington Hills, Michigan: St. James Press (Gale Cengage group): 329–333. ISBN 978-1-55862-992-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(publisher)","url_text":"Gale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55862-992-9","url_text":"978-1-55862-992-9"}]},{"reference":"Cappelletti, Vincenzo; Nisticò, Gabriella (1992). \"Enciclopedia Italiana\". Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/enciclopedia-italiana_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/","url_text":"\"Enciclopedia Italiana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rizzoli\" (in Italian). Turin International Book Fair. 9 May 2011. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190404170821/https://www.salonelibro.it/it/superfestival/177-salone/italia-dei-libri/10977-rizzoli.html","url_text":"\"Rizzoli\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin_International_Book_Fair","url_text":"Turin International Book Fair"},{"url":"https://www.salonelibro.it/it/superfestival/177-salone/italia-dei-libri/10977-rizzoli.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Corriere della Sera\". Enciclopedia Treccani online (in Italian). Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/corriere-della-sera/","url_text":"\"Corriere della Sera\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benzina sconti di Pasqua è polemica\". La Repubblica (in Italian). Rome: GEDI Gruppo Editoriale. 9 April 1998. ISSN 2499-0817. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1998/04/09/benzina-sconti-di-pasqua-polemica.html?ref=search","url_text":"\"Benzina sconti di Pasqua è polemica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2499-0817","url_text":"2499-0817"}]},{"reference":"\"La Rizzoli compra la Marsilio\". La Repubblica (in Italian). Rome: GEDI Gruppo Editoriale. 20 June 2000. ISSN 2499-0817. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/06/20/la-rizzoli-compra-la-marsilio.html","url_text":"\"La Rizzoli compra la Marsilio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2499-0817","url_text":"2499-0817"}]},{"reference":"Ball, Deborah; Kamm, Thomas (19 October 2000). \"RCS Editori to Launch Offer to Acquire France's Flammarion for $130.3 Million\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB971902193150438425","url_text":"\"RCS Editori to Launch Offer to Acquire France's Flammarion for $130.3 Million\""}]},{"reference":"\"Offer received from Gallimard for Flammarion\" (PDF) (Press release). RCS MediaGroup. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rcsmediagroup.it/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/Press+Release+Flammarion_v2_26.06.2012.pdf","url_text":"\"Offer received from Gallimard for Flammarion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gallimard s'offre Flammarion et devient le troisième éditeur français\". France 24 (in French). 27 June 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/fr/20120627-gallimard-rachat-flammarion-rcs-edition-litterature-acquisition-livre","url_text":"\"Gallimard s'offre Flammarion et devient le troisième éditeur français\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24","url_text":"France 24"}]},{"reference":"\"SCHOOLBOOKS: ANTITRUST AUTHORITY ACCEPTS PUBLISHERS' COMMITMENTS. FROM NEXT YEAR THERE WILL BE NEW MULTIMEDIA EDITIONS AND BOOKS AT REDUCED PRICES. TEACHERS TO HAVE A DATA BASE FOR COMPARING DIFFERENT PRODUCTS. BOOK RENTAL AND RIGHT OF USAGE TO BE POSSIBLE IN ITALY TOO\" (Press release). Italian Competition Authority. 3 May 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafer_al-Masri | Zafer al-Masri | ["1 Life","2 Assassination","3 See also","4 References"] | Israeli-Appointed Mayor in Palestine
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Zafer al-MasriMayor of NablusIn officeJanuary 1986 – March 1986
Personal detailsBorn1940Died2 March 1986Nablus, West BankProfessionBusinessman
Zafer al-Masri (Arabic: ظافر المصري; 1940 – 2 March 1986) was the Israel-appointed Mayor of Nablus, for a brief period of two months (January to March 1986). He had taken office in January 1986 as mayor in Nablus, the largest Arab town in the West Bank to replace an Israeli army officer who had served as an Israeli-appointed administrator for Nablus for the previous four years (1982-1986) after the removal of Bassam Shakaa the former elected Arab mayor of Nablus in 1982 for the latter's pro-PLO positions.
Life
In 1982, most Palestinian-elected mayors including Shakaa had been removed by the Menachem Begin administration. With Shimon Peres as new Israeli premier, the Israeli authorities considered Nablus as a test and were said to be planning to install other Arab mayors in Ramallah, El Bireh and Hebron. Peres had said on many occasions that it would be advantageous to Israel and the Arab Palestinian populace in the administered territories to have Palestinians administer their municipal affairs.
Prior to his appointment as mayor, until December 1985, Zafer al-Masri headed the Nablus Chamber of Commerce. His appointment as Nablus mayor by Israel had been approved by Jordan and by the relatively moderate elements of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) after some 18 months of indirect contacts between Israel and Jordan. Al-Masri rejected the Israeli autonomy proposals and focused on improving conditions in Nablus. He reduced the price of electricity and begun work on extending the grid. All former employees, who had been on strike since Bassam Shakaa’s removal, were re-instated and long delayed building permits were approved. His murder was viewed as a serious setback for moderate elements seeking to involve Palestinians along with Jordan in peace talks with Israel.
Al-Masri came from a prominent Palestinian family which has been active in Jordanian political life and in Arab states of the Persian Gulf. His brother, Hikmat al-Masri, was the Deputy Speaker of the Jordanian Parliament and his other brother Sabih al-Masri is a billionaire and chairman of the Jordan-based Arab Bank. His cousin, Taher al-Masri, was Jordan's Foreign Minister. Another cousin, the billionaire Munib al-Masri, is reportedly the wealthiest person in Palestine.
Assassination
Zafer al-Masri was assassinated on 2 March 1986 only two months after he took his office. A Palestinian moderate, he had close ties with Jordan. Al-Masri was shot to death by Mu'ayyad Abdul Samad as he stepped from his car near the Nablus City Hall. Al-Masri was shot several times in the heart. He was taken to Rashadiye Hospital and died on the operating table. Almost 50,000 Palestinians took part in his funeral on 3 March 1986.
It is widely believed he was killed by Abdul Samad by the orders of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). PFLP had accused him of "collaboration with Israel". Abdul Samad was arrested and indicted for the murder receiving life imprisonment for his act. Although another group, the Fatah Revolutionary Council, a Palestinian splinter group led by Abu Nidal, also claimed responsibility initially for the attack, this latter claim has been refuted with responsibility of PFLP clearly established.
Al-Masri was the third Palestinian mayor or ex-mayor to fall victim to an assassin in little more than two years. Fahed Kawasme, the former mayor of Hebron, had been gunned down in Amman, Jordan on 30 December 1984. He had lived there since being deported by Israel in 1980 for pro-PLO activities. On 4 September 1984, Mayor Abdul Mahmoud Kishta of Rafa, in the Gaza Strip, was fatally wounded by bullets from a passing car on a street in Rafa.
See also
List of mayors of Nablus
References
^ Middle East International No 270, 7 March 1986, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters. Daoud Kuttab p. 6
^ "The Power List: Where Wealth And Influence Lie In Jordan's Business World". Venture-mag.com. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
^ UPI archives: Mayor Zafer-al-Masri, appointed by Israel to run the city...
^ AP News Archive: Assassinated Mayor Buried
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Nablus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nablus"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Bassam Shakaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassam_Shakaa"}],"text":"Zafer al-Masri (Arabic: ظافر المصري; 1940 – 2 March 1986) was the Israel-appointed Mayor of Nablus, for a brief period of two months (January to March 1986). He had taken office in January 1986 as mayor in Nablus, the largest Arab town in the West Bank to replace an Israeli army officer who had served as an Israeli-appointed administrator for Nablus for the previous four years (1982-1986) after the removal of Bassam Shakaa the former elected Arab mayor of Nablus in 1982 for the latter's pro-PLO positions.","title":"Zafer al-Masri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Menachem Begin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Begin"},{"link_name":"Shimon Peres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Peres"},{"link_name":"Ramallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramallah"},{"link_name":"El Bireh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Bireh"},{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron"},{"link_name":"Palestine Liberation Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arab states of the Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Sabih al-Masri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabih_al-Masri"},{"link_name":"Arab Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Bank"},{"link_name":"Taher al-Masri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taher_al-Masri"},{"link_name":"Munib al-Masri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munib_al-Masri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 1982, most Palestinian-elected mayors including Shakaa had been removed by the Menachem Begin administration. With Shimon Peres as new Israeli premier, the Israeli authorities considered Nablus as a test and were said to be planning to install other Arab mayors in Ramallah, El Bireh and Hebron. Peres had said on many occasions that it would be advantageous to Israel and the Arab Palestinian populace in the administered territories to have Palestinians administer their municipal affairs.Prior to his appointment as mayor, until December 1985, Zafer al-Masri headed the Nablus Chamber of Commerce. His appointment as Nablus mayor by Israel had been approved by Jordan and by the relatively moderate elements of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) after some 18 months of indirect contacts between Israel and Jordan. Al-Masri rejected the Israeli autonomy proposals and focused on improving conditions in Nablus. He reduced the price of electricity and begun work on extending the grid. All former employees, who had been on strike since Bassam Shakaa’s removal, were re-instated and long delayed building permits were approved.[1] His murder was viewed as a serious setback for moderate elements seeking to involve Palestinians along with Jordan in peace talks with Israel.Al-Masri came from a prominent Palestinian family which has been active in Jordanian political life and in Arab states of the Persian Gulf. His brother, Hikmat al-Masri, was the Deputy Speaker of the Jordanian Parliament and his other brother Sabih al-Masri is a billionaire and chairman of the Jordan-based Arab Bank. His cousin, Taher al-Masri, was Jordan's Foreign Minister. Another cousin, the billionaire Munib al-Masri, is reportedly the wealthiest person in Palestine.[2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Fatah Revolutionary Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah_Revolutionary_Council"},{"link_name":"Abu Nidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Nidal"},{"link_name":"Fahed Kawasme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fahed_Kawasme&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Abdul Mahmoud Kishta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Mahmoud_Kishta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"}],"text":"Zafer al-Masri was assassinated on 2 March 1986 only two months after he took his office. A Palestinian moderate, he had close ties with Jordan. Al-Masri was shot to death by Mu'ayyad Abdul Samad as he stepped from his car near the Nablus City Hall. Al-Masri was shot several times in the heart. He was taken to Rashadiye Hospital and died on the operating table.[3] Almost 50,000 Palestinians took part in his funeral on 3 March 1986.[4]It is widely believed he was killed by Abdul Samad by the orders of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). PFLP had accused him of \"collaboration with Israel\". Abdul Samad was arrested and indicted for the murder receiving life imprisonment for his act. Although another group, the Fatah Revolutionary Council, a Palestinian splinter group led by Abu Nidal, also claimed responsibility initially for the attack, this latter claim has been refuted with responsibility of PFLP clearly established.Al-Masri was the third Palestinian mayor or ex-mayor to fall victim to an assassin in little more than two years. Fahed Kawasme, the former mayor of Hebron, had been gunned down in Amman, Jordan on 30 December 1984. He had lived there since being deported by Israel in 1980 for pro-PLO activities. On 4 September 1984, Mayor Abdul Mahmoud Kishta of Rafa, in the Gaza Strip, was fatally wounded by bullets from a passing car on a street in Rafa.","title":"Assassination"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of mayors of Nablus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Nablus"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Power List: Where Wealth And Influence Lie In Jordan's Business World\". Venture-mag.com. 29 April 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Law_Journal | Queen's Law Journal | ["1 External links"] | Academic journalQueen's Law JournalDisciplineLawLanguageEnglish, FrenchPublication detailsHistory1971-Present, Queen's Intramural Law Journal: 1968-1971PublisherQueen's University at Kingston (Canada)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Queen's Law J.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN0316-778XLinks
Journal homepage
The Queen's Law Journal is a Canadian peer-reviewed law review. The Journal is published by Queen's University at Kingston in Kingston, Ontario, Canada
The Journal was established in 1968 as the Queen's Intramural Law Journal. The purpose of this periodical was to publish a selection of the best work written by law students at Queen's. In 1971, the title was changed to the Queen's Law Journal, reflecting a change in editorial policy. While it continued to publish student work, the Journal began seeking contributions from academics and other members of the legal profession.
By the mid-1970s, the Journal had evolved into its present form—a vehicle for scholarship by legal academics, practitioners, and law students. In time, the Journal became a fully refereed publication. All submissions that pass the internal review process are subject to a double-blind external assessment by at least two experts in the relevant subject area.
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docent | Docent | ["1 Belgium","2 Germany, Austria, and Switzerland","3 France","4 Central and Eastern Europe","5 Northern Europe","5.1 Sweden","5.2 Finland","5.3 Norway","6 Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands","7 Indonesia and South Africa","8 Turkey","9 See also","10 References"] | Person who teaches at universities and educational institutions
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The title of docent is conferred by some European universities to denote a specific academic appointment within a set structure of academic ranks at or below the full professor rank, similar to a British readership, a French maître de conférences (MCF), and equal to or above the title of assistant professor. In Southeast European countries, it is the first position that people achieve once they enter the University, and after the completion of their PhD degree.
Docent is also used at some (mainly German) universities generically for a person who has the right to teach. The term is derived from the Latin word docēns, which is the present active participle of docēre ('to teach, to lecture'). Becoming a docent is often referred to as habilitation or doctor of science and is an academic qualification that shows that the holder is qualified to be employed at the level of associate or full professor. Docent is the highest academic title in several countries, and the qualifying criteria are research output that corresponds to 3–5 doctoral dissertations, supervision of PhD students, and experience in teaching at the undergraduate and graduate level.
Belgium
In the Flemish universities of Belgium docent is the first of four university professor ranks, the others being hoofddocent (head docent), hoogleraar (professor) and gewoon hoogleraar. To be awarded the docent title at the Flemish universities, a candidate has to have a doctorate. In the French-speaking universities, the word docent is not used in their titles.
Germany, Austria, and Switzerland
In Germany, Austria, and in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, Dozent or Hochschuldozent denotes an academic appointment at a university or similar institution, at a mid-level ranking of seniority.
The title of Privatdozent can be awarded (with certain conditions) to those who have successfully completed a Habilitation, thereby denoting that its holder has the right to independently teach without being supervised by a full professor. In this way, a Privatdozent may for instance hold an appointment as Dozent or Hochschuldozent (on either a temporary or permanent basis as academic employee).
France
In Francophone countries (particularly in France), Maître de conférences (MCF) may refer to docent, equivalent to associate professor in the US or senior reader in the UK. It is a tenured academic post enjoying the status of civil servant (fonctionnaire d'Etat). The French Ministry of Higher Education provided a table summarizing the equivalent academic ranks of professeur and Maître de conférences (MCF) in other countries.
Central and Eastern Europe
In countries with academic traditions that stem from German-speaking countries, docent is an academic appointment below that of a full professor. This is the situation in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Docent is considered equal to or above the title associate professor as used in Western European countries. In the Czech Republic, a docent holder is considered capable of conducting research independently as well as giving lectures.
In Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, docent is an academic title below professor.
In Poland, the title of docent used to be mandatory in order to become a full professor. This is no longer a requirement, and the title has nearly vanished in the last 20 years. Currently, it may be given to a teacher or instructor not engaged in research. Only a scientific researcher may apply for the title of professor, and therefore docent is the highest title for teachers and instructors.
In countries such as Lithuania, Bulgaria, docent is used as an academic title equivalent to associate professor in German-speaking countries.
In most former Yugoslav countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia, the system of academic ranks is similar to that of North America. The academic rank of docent corresponds to assistant professor.
In Armenia, the title of docent — equivalent to associate professor — is awarded to either a Candidate of Sciences or a Doctor of Sciences before becoming a full professor.
Northern Europe
In Denmark and Norway, docent is traditionally a title ranking between associate professor and professor, similar to a readership in the United Kingdom. All docents at universities in Norway became full professors in 1985 when the traditional title of docent was abolished. In 2006 the title of docent was reintroduced as the new title of the former teaching docents in Norway; while administratively on the same level as professors, the promotion criteria are different and based on teaching.
In Finland, Sweden, Estonia, and Latvia, docent (Finnish dosentti, Swedish docent, Estonian dotsent, Latvian docents) is an academic title conferred to a person fulfilling requirements similar to that of a German Privatdozent. Such persons are usually expected to give lectures on their specialties if their professional activities permit this. Most docents are employed at the university where they are docents, but usually in a different position (often with the title senior lecturer; universitetslektor). The Scandinavian title docent as used in e.g. Sweden is often translated into English as reader to avoid confusion with foreign uses of the term docent. In Finland, the Docents' Union of Finland recommends the term associate professor in English, while the University of Helsinki uses the title of docent.
Sweden
The title of docent is the second highest grade in the Swedish academic system, the highest being (full) professor. A docentship should be regarded as an educational title not connected with the employment pyramid as such. This is rather an assurance of the level of expertise, to enable the person to advance further in his/her academic career. A docent qualification is required of all head doctoral student supervisors. For conferment of the title, there is a requirement that the researcher have a good overview of their research area and have demonstrated both the ability to formulate research problems and to have independently carried out research programs. It is a requirement that the researcher be able to lead research projects. The researcher must have substantial scientific research experience and be well published in scientific journals.
In Sweden, there used to be both stipendiary (docentstipendiat) and non-stipendiary (oavlönad docent) docent positions. A stipendiary docent both held the title of docent (for life) and benefited from a stipend that paid for their salary at the university for up to six years. The non-stipendiary alternative was solely an academic title (also for life). Today, most universities only confer a non-stipendiary docent title. The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and the Chalmers University of Technology still maintain the stipendiary docent. The title is in most cases awarded to people employed as an assistant professor (biträdande universitetslektor), or associate professor (universitetslektor/senior lecturer) with a distinguished international reputation after a rigorous review of their research. Docent can be used as an English term for the Swedish title docent. Since the Swedish title docent is rather a mark of competence than a job title, it is in some contexts less appropriate to use the terms reader and associate professor as English translations.
Finland
In Finland, docent is solely an academic title (Finnish: dosentti, Swedish: docent) awarded by a university. The title is often translated as adjunct professor or associate professor to make the title more comparable to those of university systems in English-speaking countries. The title of docent can either be awarded for life or for a stipulated period of time, depending on the decision of the unit that confers it. As a prerequisite, a candidate must have comprehensive knowledge of their own field, a capacity for independent research or artistic work demonstrated through publication or some other manner, and good teaching skills. The applicant must have scientific publications at least equivalent to the extent of two doctoral theses in their field. Candidates are required to give a lecture demonstrating their teaching skills and are evaluated by an academic committee.
While traditionally a docentship used to be a formal position without a salary, the 2009 change in legislation changed it to a title only. Thus, a docentship is nowadays an official recognition of individual expertise as well as a title equivalent to that of an associate professor and also bestowing the right to teach (Latin: venia legendi) and supervise doctoral students independently. Docents may work as professors, associate professors, assistant professors, university lecturers, or researchers at the university or work elsewhere full time. The rank of docent entitles the holder to teach at universities and to be a principal researcher, lead research groups, and act as the responsible supervisor of doctoral students.
According to Finnish legislation, The title cannot be revoked under any circumstance. There has been some discussion among academics whether revocation should be possible in cases such as a criminal conviction.
Norway
Traditional use at universities until 1985
In Norway, the title of docent (Norwegian: dosent) was traditionally used for positions immediately below full professors and above those holding the title førsteamanuensis (corresponding to associate professor in the US and senior lecturer in the Commonwealth) until 1985. The requirements were the same as for full university professors, but until then, each department usually only had one professor and other academics with similar qualifications were appointed as docents. Hence, docents could be seen as professors without chair (professor extraordinarius). The title was comparable to reader or associate professor in many Commonwealth countries and professor extraordinarius in continental Europe. All docents were lifted to full professor status in 1985, when the title was abolished at the universities.
College docent and (teaching) docent
The title docent remained in use in the rural colleges (Norwegian: distriktshøgskoler), in the form of college docent (Norwegian: høgskoledosent), which is a position focused on teaching that ranks below professors. In the 2000s only a handful of people still held the title college docent. In 1995, the college docents received the right to apply for promotion to professor. In 2003, the position teaching docent (Norwegian: undervisningsdosent) was introduced. The title was changed to just docent (Norwegian: dosent) in 2006, although it is not a successor of the earlier docent position as used in the universities prior to 1985. The position is similar to college docent and focused on teaching activities rather than research.
Both the titles college docent and (teaching) docent are almost exclusively used in the colleges and new universities, and usually not used in the old universities. (Teaching) docent is ranked within the state pay grade system as administratively equivalent to the position of professor, but promotion to docent is based on a different set of merits, with more emphasis on teaching qualifications relative to research merits than in professorial appointments. Persons holding a permanent position as senior teaching fellow (Norwegian: førstelektor) at a university or university college may apply for promotion to docent. After the 2006 changes there are three parallel academic career ladders in Norway, one focused on both research and teaching, one focused on research and one focused on teaching.
Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands
In Portugal, Spain and the Netherlands, docente (Portuguese and Spanish) and docent (Dutch) are a synonym for 'teacher' as well as 'professor', and are widely used across all academic ranks.
In Spain, an academic with a docent level is one who has been given the accreditation profesor titular de universidad by the National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation (Agencia Nacional de Evaluación de la Calidad y Acreditación, ANECA). This is the equivalent to associate professor in the UK or Dozent in Germany.
The following level evaluated by ANECA is catedrático de universidad, that is 'university professor', according to European standards.
Indonesia and South Africa
In South Africa, the Afrikaans word dosent refers to any full-time university lecturer, independent of rank, while in Indonesia, the Indonesian word dosen refers to any tertiary education lecturer, independent of rank.
Turkey
In Turkey, doçent is an academic appointment equivalent to an associate professor, ranking between instructor doctor and professor. A doçent candidate has to have a doctor's degree and must meet the requirements provided by the interuniversity board. The title of docent is mandatory in order to become a full professor. In recent years there is no longer need for a docent thesis; rather a candidate must provide evidence of a number of journal papers, or a research-level book in their field with a detail equivalent to journal article.
See also
Museum docent, the title given in the United States of America to people who serve as guides and educators for the institutions they serve, usually as a volunteer.
References
Look up docent in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
^ "Maîtres de conférences". Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (in French). Retrieved 2020-10-02.
^ French Ministry of Higher Education and Research. "COMPARAISON DES CARRIERES DES ENSEIGNANTS-CHERCHEURS DE PAYS ETRANGERS" (PDF).
^ http://www.lex.bg/bg/laws/ldoc/2135680028 ЗАКОН ЗА РАЗВИТИЕТО НА АКАДЕМИЧНИЯ СЪСТАВ В РЕПУБЛИКА БЪЛГАРИЯ (чл. 2, ал. 3)
^ "Forskrift om ansettelse og opprykk i undervisnings- og forskerstillinger" . Lovdata (in Norwegian). Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ "Dosentti-nimikkeen kääntäminen". dosenttiliitto.fi. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
^ "Docents". www.helsinki.fi. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
^ Svensk-engelsk ordbok för den högre utbildningen. Universitets- och högskolerådet. https://www.uhr.se/publikationer/svensk-engelsk-ordbok/docent
^ "Applying for the Title of Docent at the Faculty of Medicine".
^ Oy, Edita Publishing. "FINLEX ® - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö: Kumottu säädös Yliopistoasetus (kumoutunut) 115/1998". www.finlex.fi. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
^ https://www.utu.fi/sites/default/files/public%3A//media/file/University%20guidelines%20for%20the%20title%20of%20docent.pdf
^ Oy, Edita Publishing. "FINLEX ® - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö: Yliopistolaki 558/2009". www.finlex.fi. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^ "Pitäisikö dosentin arvonimi voida perua? Oikeustieteiden professorin mukaan nykykäytäntö on epäjohdonmukainen". Aamulehti (in Finnish). 2018-10-30. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
^ Dosent, in Store Norske Leksikon, Vol. 4, 2005
^ Forskrift om ansettelse og opprykk i undervisnings- og forskerstillinger (Regulations concerning appointment and promotion to teaching and research posts, Ministry of Education and Research 9 February 2006), accessed March 14, 2014.
^ Forskrift om ansettelse og opprykk i undervisnings- og forskerstillinger, Regjeringen.no, February 20, 2006 (accessed August 26, 2014).
^ Büyük Larousse Sözlük ve Ansiklopedisi 1986 "Doçent: Üniversite öğretim üyeliğinde yardımcı doçent ile profesör arasında yer alan akademik unvan."
vteAcademic ranks overviewOverview
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vteLevels of academic degreeUndergraduateISCED level 5
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Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"museum docent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_docent"},{"link_name":"Docent Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docent_Software"},{"link_name":"professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"readership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)"},{"link_name":"maître de conférences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_France"},{"link_name":"assistant professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_professor"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"habilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation"},{"link_name":"doctor of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_science"}],"text":"This article is about academic rank and appointment. 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To be awarded the docent title at the Flemish universities, a candidate has to have a doctorate. 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It is a tenured academic post enjoying the status of civil servant (fonctionnaire d'Etat).[1] The French Ministry of Higher Education provided a table summarizing the equivalent academic ranks of professeur and Maître de conférences (MCF) in other countries.[2]","title":"France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"as of?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"former Yugoslav countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Yugoslav_countries"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"associate professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_professor"},{"link_name":"Candidate of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In countries with academic traditions that stem from German-speaking countries, docent is an academic appointment below that of a full professor. This is the situation in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Docent is considered equal to or above the title associate professor as used in Western European countries. In the Czech Republic, a docent holder is considered capable of conducting research independently as well as giving lectures.In Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, docent is an academic title below professor.In Poland, the title of docent used to be mandatory in order to become a full professor. This is no longer a requirement, and the title has nearly vanished in the last 20 years.[as of?] Currently, it may be given to a teacher or instructor not engaged in research. Only a scientific researcher may apply for the title of professor, and therefore docent is the highest title for teachers and instructors.In countries such as Lithuania, Bulgaria,[3] docent is used as an academic title equivalent to associate professor in German-speaking countries.In most former Yugoslav countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia, the system of academic ranks is similar to that of North America. The academic rank of docent corresponds to assistant professor.In Armenia, the title of docent — equivalent to associate professor — is awarded to either a Candidate of Sciences or a Doctor of Sciences before becoming a full professor.[citation needed]","title":"Central and Eastern Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"readership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_language"},{"link_name":"Privatdozent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatdozent"},{"link_name":"reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In Denmark and Norway, docent is traditionally a title ranking between associate professor and professor, similar to a readership in the United Kingdom. All docents at universities in Norway became full professors in 1985 when the traditional title of docent was abolished. In 2006 the title of docent was reintroduced as the new title of the former teaching docents in Norway; while administratively on the same level as professors, the promotion criteria are different and based on teaching.[4]In Finland, Sweden, Estonia, and Latvia, docent (Finnish dosentti, Swedish docent, Estonian dotsent, Latvian docents) is an academic title conferred to a person fulfilling requirements similar to that of a German Privatdozent. Such persons are usually expected to give lectures on their specialties if their professional activities permit this. Most docents are employed at the university where they are docents, but usually in a different position (often with the title senior lecturer; universitetslektor). The Scandinavian title docent as used in e.g. Sweden is often translated into English as reader to avoid confusion with foreign uses of the term docent. In Finland, the Docents' Union of Finland recommends the term associate professor in English,[5] while the University of Helsinki uses the title of docent.[6]","title":"Northern Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_University_of_Agricultural_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalmers_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Sweden","text":"The title of docent is the second highest grade in the Swedish academic system, the highest being (full) professor. A docentship should be regarded as an educational title not connected with the employment pyramid as such. This is rather an assurance of the level of expertise, to enable the person to advance further in his/her academic career. A docent qualification is required of all head doctoral student supervisors. For conferment of the title, there is a requirement that the researcher have a good overview of their research area and have demonstrated both the ability to formulate research problems and to have independently carried out research programs. It is a requirement that the researcher be able to lead research projects. The researcher must have substantial scientific research experience and be well published in scientific journals.In Sweden, there used to be both stipendiary (docentstipendiat) and non-stipendiary (oavlönad docent) docent positions. A stipendiary docent both held the title of docent (for life) and benefited from a stipend that paid for their salary at the university for up to six years. The non-stipendiary alternative was solely an academic title (also for life). Today, most universities only confer a non-stipendiary docent title. The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and the Chalmers University of Technology still maintain the stipendiary docent. The title is in most cases awarded to people employed as an assistant professor (biträdande universitetslektor), or associate professor (universitetslektor/senior lecturer) with a distinguished international reputation after a rigorous review of their research. Docent can be used as an English term for the Swedish title docent. Since the Swedish title docent is rather a mark of competence than a job title, it is in some contexts less appropriate to use the terms reader and associate professor as English translations.[7]","title":"Northern Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"adjunct professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjunct_professor"},{"link_name":"associate professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_professor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"venia legendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venia_legendi"},{"link_name":"professors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"associate professors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_professor"},{"link_name":"assistant professors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_professor"},{"link_name":"university lecturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecturer"},{"link_name":"principal researcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_researcher"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aamulehti-12"}],"sub_title":"Finland","text":"In Finland, docent is solely an academic title (Finnish: dosentti, Swedish: docent) awarded by a university. The title is often translated as adjunct professor or associate professor to make the title more comparable to those of university systems in English-speaking countries. The title of docent can either be awarded for life or for a stipulated period of time, depending on the decision of the unit that confers it. As a prerequisite, a candidate must have comprehensive knowledge of their own field, a capacity for independent research or artistic work demonstrated through publication or some other manner, and good teaching skills.[8][9] The applicant must have scientific publications at least equivalent to the extent of two doctoral theses in their field.[10] Candidates are required to give a lecture demonstrating their teaching skills and are evaluated by an academic committee.While traditionally a docentship used to be a formal position without a salary, the 2009 change in legislation changed it to a title only.[11] Thus, a docentship is nowadays an official recognition of individual expertise as well as a title equivalent to that of an associate professor and also bestowing the right to teach (Latin: venia legendi) and supervise doctoral students independently. Docents may work as professors, associate professors, assistant professors, university lecturers, or researchers at the university or work elsewhere full time. The rank of docent entitles the holder to teach at universities and to be a principal researcher, lead research groups, and act as the responsible supervisor of doctoral students.According to Finnish legislation, The title cannot be revoked under any circumstance. There has been some discussion among academics whether revocation should be possible in cases such as a criminal conviction.[12]","title":"Northern Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"førsteamanuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8rsteamanuensis"},{"link_name":"reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)"},{"link_name":"associate professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_professor"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Norway","text":"Traditional use at universities until 1985In Norway, the title of docent (Norwegian: dosent) was traditionally used for positions immediately below full professors and above those holding the title førsteamanuensis (corresponding to associate professor in the US and senior lecturer in the Commonwealth) until 1985. The requirements were the same as for full university professors, but until then, each department usually only had one professor and other academics with similar qualifications were appointed as docents. Hence, docents could be seen as professors without chair (professor extraordinarius). The title was comparable to reader or associate professor in many Commonwealth countries and professor extraordinarius in continental Europe. All docents were lifted to full professor status in 1985, when the title was abolished at the universities.[13]College docent and (teaching) docentThe title docent remained in use in the rural colleges (Norwegian: distriktshøgskoler), in the form of college docent (Norwegian: høgskoledosent), which is a position focused on teaching that ranks below professors. In the 2000s only a handful of people still held the title college docent. In 1995, the college docents received the right to apply for promotion to professor. In 2003, the position teaching docent (Norwegian: undervisningsdosent) was introduced. The title was changed to just docent (Norwegian: dosent) in 2006, although it is not a successor of the earlier docent position as used in the universities prior to 1985. The position is similar to college docent and focused on teaching activities rather than research.Both the titles college docent and (teaching) docent are almost exclusively used in the colleges and new universities, and usually not used in the old universities. (Teaching) docent is ranked within the state pay grade system as administratively equivalent to the position of professor, but promotion to docent is based on a different set of merits, with more emphasis on teaching qualifications relative to research merits than in professorial appointments. Persons holding a permanent position as senior teaching fellow (Norwegian: førstelektor) at a university or university college may apply for promotion to docent.[14] After the 2006 changes there are three parallel academic career ladders in Norway, one focused on both research and teaching, one focused on research and one focused on teaching.[15]","title":"Northern Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Agency_for_Quality_Assessment_and_Accreditation"}],"text":"In Portugal, Spain and the Netherlands, docente (Portuguese and Spanish) and docent (Dutch) are a synonym for 'teacher' as well as 'professor', and are widely used across all academic ranks.In Spain, an academic with a docent level is one who has been given the accreditation profesor titular de universidad by the National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation (Agencia Nacional de Evaluación de la Calidad y Acreditación, ANECA). This is the equivalent to associate professor in the UK or Dozent in Germany.\nThe following level evaluated by ANECA is catedrático de universidad, that is 'university professor', according to European standards.","title":"Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_South_Africa#Traditional_universities"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"}],"text":"In South Africa, the Afrikaans word dosent refers to any full-time university lecturer, independent of rank, while in Indonesia, the Indonesian word dosen refers to any tertiary education lecturer, independent of rank.","title":"Indonesia and South Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"associate professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_professor"},{"link_name":"instructor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher"},{"link_name":"doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In Turkey, doçent is an academic appointment equivalent to an associate professor, ranking between instructor doctor and professor.[16] A doçent candidate has to have a doctor's degree and must meet the requirements provided by the interuniversity board. The title of docent is mandatory in order to become a full professor. In recent years there is no longer need for a docent thesis; rather a candidate must provide evidence of a number of journal papers, or a research-level book in their field with a detail equivalent to journal article.","title":"Turkey"}] | [] | [{"title":"Museum docent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_docent"}] | [{"reference":"\"Maîtres de conférences\". Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (in French). Retrieved 2020-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/cid22657/maitres-conferences.html#carriere-et-remuneration","url_text":"\"Maîtres de conférences\""}]},{"reference":"French Ministry of Higher Education and Research. \"COMPARAISON DES CARRIERES DES ENSEIGNANTS-CHERCHEURS DE PAYS ETRANGERS\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.galaxie.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/ensup/pdf/EC_pays_etrangers/Tableau_comparaison_au_26_septembre_2012.pdf","url_text":"\"COMPARAISON DES CARRIERES DES ENSEIGNANTS-CHERCHEURS DE PAYS ETRANGERS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forskrift om ansettelse og opprykk i undervisnings- og forskerstillinger\" [Regulations on employment and promotion in teaching and research positions]. Lovdata (in Norwegian). Retrieved 26 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2006-02-09-129","url_text":"\"Forskrift om ansettelse og opprykk i undervisnings- og forskerstillinger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovdata","url_text":"Lovdata"}]},{"reference":"\"Dosentti-nimikkeen kääntäminen\". dosenttiliitto.fi. Retrieved 4 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://dosenttiliitto.fi/suositukset-ja-lausunnot.html","url_text":"\"Dosentti-nimikkeen kääntäminen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Docents\". www.helsinki.fi. Retrieved 4 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/about-us/people/researchers-and-teachers/docents","url_text":"\"Docents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Applying for the Title of Docent at the Faculty of Medicine\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.utu.fi/en/university/faculty-of-medicine/title-of-docent","url_text":"\"Applying for the Title of Docent at the Faculty of Medicine\""}]},{"reference":"Oy, Edita Publishing. \"FINLEX ® - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö: Kumottu säädös Yliopistoasetus (kumoutunut) 115/1998\". www.finlex.fi. Retrieved 2 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1998/19980115","url_text":"\"FINLEX ® - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö: Kumottu säädös Yliopistoasetus (kumoutunut) 115/1998\""}]},{"reference":"Oy, Edita Publishing. \"FINLEX ® - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö: Yliopistolaki 558/2009\". www.finlex.fi. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180310142500/http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2009/20090558","url_text":"\"FINLEX ® - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö: Yliopistolaki 558/2009\""},{"url":"http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2009/20090558","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pitäisikö dosentin arvonimi voida perua? Oikeustieteiden professorin mukaan nykykäytäntö on epäjohdonmukainen\". Aamulehti (in Finnish). 2018-10-30. Retrieved 2019-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aamulehti.fi/a/201279311","url_text":"\"Pitäisikö dosentin arvonimi voida perua? Oikeustieteiden professorin mukaan nykykäytäntö on epäjohdonmukainen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aamulehti","url_text":"Aamulehti"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Docent%22","external_links_name":"\"Docent\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Docent%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Docent%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Docent%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Docent%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Docent%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/cid22657/maitres-conferences.html#carriere-et-remuneration","external_links_name":"\"Maîtres de conférences\""},{"Link":"https://www.galaxie.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/ensup/pdf/EC_pays_etrangers/Tableau_comparaison_au_26_septembre_2012.pdf","external_links_name":"\"COMPARAISON DES CARRIERES DES ENSEIGNANTS-CHERCHEURS DE PAYS ETRANGERS\""},{"Link":"http://www.lex.bg/bg/laws/ldoc/2135680028","external_links_name":"http://www.lex.bg/bg/laws/ldoc/2135680028"},{"Link":"https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2006-02-09-129","external_links_name":"\"Forskrift om ansettelse og opprykk i undervisnings- og forskerstillinger\""},{"Link":"http://dosenttiliitto.fi/suositukset-ja-lausunnot.html","external_links_name":"\"Dosentti-nimikkeen kääntäminen\""},{"Link":"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/about-us/people/researchers-and-teachers/docents","external_links_name":"\"Docents\""},{"Link":"https://www.uhr.se/publikationer/svensk-engelsk-ordbok/docent","external_links_name":"https://www.uhr.se/publikationer/svensk-engelsk-ordbok/docent"},{"Link":"https://www.utu.fi/en/university/faculty-of-medicine/title-of-docent","external_links_name":"\"Applying for the Title of Docent at the Faculty of Medicine\""},{"Link":"http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1998/19980115","external_links_name":"\"FINLEX ® - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö: Kumottu säädös Yliopistoasetus (kumoutunut) 115/1998\""},{"Link":"https://www.utu.fi/sites/default/files/public%3A//media/file/University%20guidelines%20for%20the%20title%20of%20docent.pdf","external_links_name":"https://www.utu.fi/sites/default/files/public%3A//media/file/University%20guidelines%20for%20the%20title%20of%20docent.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180310142500/http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2009/20090558","external_links_name":"\"FINLEX ® - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö: Yliopistolaki 558/2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2009/20090558","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.aamulehti.fi/a/201279311","external_links_name":"\"Pitäisikö dosentin arvonimi voida perua? Oikeustieteiden professorin mukaan nykykäytäntö on epäjohdonmukainen\""},{"Link":"http://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2006-02-09-129","external_links_name":"Forskrift om ansettelse og opprykk i undervisnings- og forskerstillinger"},{"Link":"http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dokumentarkiv/stoltenberg-ii/kd/Lover_og_regler/forskrifter/2006/forskrift-om-ansettelse-og-opprykk-i-und.html?id=92640","external_links_name":"Forskrift om ansettelse og opprykk i undervisnings- og forskerstillinger"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4150507-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4365294-3","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=21147","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder_(football) | Midfielder | ["1 Central midfielder","1.1 Box-to-box midfielder","1.2 Mezzala","1.3 \"Number 8\"","1.4 Wide midfielder","1.5 Wing-half","2 Defensive midfielder","2.1 Holding midfielder","2.2 Deep-lying playmaker","2.3 Centre-half","3 Attacking midfielder","3.1 Advanced playmaker","3.2 False attacking midfielder","3.3 \"False 10\" or \"central winger\"","4 Winger","4.1 Inverted winger and raumdeuter","4.2 False winger","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Association football position
This article is about the association football position. For other uses, see Midfielder (disambiguation).
GK
SW
RB
CB
CB
CB
LB
RWB
LWB
DM
DM
DM
RM
CM
CM
CM
LM
AM
AM
AM
RW
SS
LW
CF
CF
CF
The midfield positions highlighted in relation to other positions in association football
In the sport of association football, a midfielder is an outfield position which plays primarily in the middle of the pitch. Midfielders may play an exclusively defensive role, breaking up attacks, and are in that case known as defensive midfielders. As central midfielders often go across boundaries, with mobility and passing ability, they are often referred to as deep-lying midfielders, play-makers, box-to-box midfielders, or holding midfielders. There are also attacking midfielders with limited defensive assignments.
The size of midfield units on a team and their assigned roles depend on which formation is used; the unit of these players on the pitch is commonly referred to as the midfield. Its name derives from the fact that midfield units typically make up the in-between units to the defensive units and forward units of a formation.
Managers frequently assign one or more midfielders to disrupt the opposing team's attacks, while others may be tasked with creating goals, or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence. Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match. Midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game, and thus they are some of the fittest players on the pitch. Midfielders are often assigned the task of assisting forwards to create scoring opportunities.
Central midfielder
Former Spain midfielder Xavi was voted to the FIFPro World XI six years in a row.
Central or centre midfielders are players whose role is divided mostly equally between attacking and defensive duties to control the play in and around the centre of the pitch. These players will try to pass the ball to the team's attacking midfielders and forwards and may also help their team's attacks by making runs into the opposition's penalty area and attempting shots on goal themselves. They also provide secondary support to attackers, both in and out of possession.
When the opposing team has the ball, a central midfielder may drop back to protect the goal or move forward and press the opposition ball-carrier to recover the ball. A centre midfielder defending their goal will move in front of their centre-backs to block long shots by the opposition and possibly track opposition midfielders making runs towards the goal.
The 4–3–3 and 4–5–1 formations each use three central midfielders. The 4−4−2 formation may use two central midfielders, and in the 4–2–3–1 formation one of the two deeper midfielders may be a central midfielder. Prominent central midfielders are known for their ability to pace the game when their team is in possession of the ball, by dictating the tempo of play from the centre of the pitch.
Box-to-box midfielder
A hardworking box-to-box midfielder, Steven Gerrard has been lauded for his effectiveness both offensively and defensively; and his ability to make late runs from behind into the penalty area.
The term box-to-box midfielder refers to central midfielders who are hard-working and who have good all-round abilities, which makes them skilled at both defending and attacking. These players can therefore track back to their own box to make tackles and block shots and also carry the ball forward or run to the opponents' box to try to score. Beginning in the mid-2000s, the change of trends and the decline of the standard 4–4–2 formation (in many cases making way for the 4–2–3–1 and 4–3–3 formations) imposed restrictions on the typical box-to-box midfielders of the 1980s and 1990s, as teams' two midfield roles were now often divided into "holders" or "creators", with a third variation upon the role being described as that of a "carrier" or "surger". Some notable examples of box-to-box midfielders are Lothar Matthäus, Clarence Seedorf, Bastian Schweinsteiger, Steven Gerrard, Johan Neeskens, Sócrates, Yaya Touré, Arturo Vidal, Patrick Vieira, Frank Lampard, Bryan Robson, Roy Keane, and more recently, Jude Bellingham.
Mezzala
In Italian football, the term mezzala (literally "half-winger" in Italian) is used to describe the position of the one or two central midfielders who play on either side of a holding midfielder and/or playmaker. The term was initially applied to the role of an inside forward in the WM and Metodo formations in Italian, but later described a specific type of central midfielder. The mezzala is often a quick and hard-working attack-minded midfielder, with good skills and noted offensive capabilities, as well as a tendency to make overlapping attacking runs, but also a player who participates in the defensive aspect of the game, and who can give width to a team by drifting out wide; as such, the term can be applied to several different roles. In English, the term has come to be seen as a variant of the box-to-box midfielder role.
"Number 8"
The number 8 generally, refers to the heartbeat of the team, like a box-to-box midfielder, having both offensive and defensive duties, but their main role to control the tempo of the game. For example, Xavi was the Number 8 in the Spanish national team during its highly successful period between 2008 and 2013; in this role, he could act as a double pivot or controller in a box midfield, and in a positional play system. The tiki-taka era of the Spanish national team was where the "Number 8" thrived. These midfielders require a sense of 'what' and 'when,' depending on the phase of buildup, opponent, and the team's style of play. For example, under a manager such as José Mourinho, the number 8's role would be to speed up play, so that the offensive transition is quick and hard to catch up, and would generally be played as a wide midfielder; however under a manager such as Pep Guardiola, Vicente del Bosque, Johan Cruyff, or Zinedine Zidane, the number 8 would be played as a deeper or more central midfielder whose job is to slow down play, hold and pass, or create small breaches to open more passes. Examples under these managers would be Xavi, Guardiola himself during his playing career, and Luka Modrić, respectively.
Wide midfielder
A wide midfielder, David Beckham was lauded for his range of passing, vision, crossing ability and bending free-kicks, which enabled him to create chances for teammates or score goals.
Left and right midfielders have a role balanced between attack and defence whilst they play a lot of crosses in the box for forwards. They are positioned closer to the touchlines of the pitch. They may be asked to cross the ball into the opponent's penalty area to make scoring chances for their teammates, and when defending they may put pressure on opponents who are trying to cross.
Common modern formations that include left and right midfielders are the 4−4−2, the 4−4−1−1, the 4–2–3–1 and the 4−5−1 formations. Jonathan Wilson describes the development of the 4−4−2 formation: "…the winger became a wide midfielder, a shuttler, somebody who might be expected to cross a ball but was also meant to put in a defensive shift." Two notable examples of wide midfielders are David Beckham and Ryan Giggs.
In Italian football, the role of the wide midfielder is known as tornante di centrocampo or simply tornante ("returning"); it originated from the role of an outside forward, and came to be known as such as it often required players in this position to track back and assist the back-line with defensive duties, in addition to aiding the midfield and attacking.
Wing-half
The historic position of wing-half (not to be confused with mezzala) was given to midfielders (half-backs) who played near the side of the pitch. It became obsolete as wide players with defensive duties have tended to become more a part of the defence as full-backs.
Defensive midfielder
Spain holding midfielder Sergio Busquets (16, red) moves to block a shot from Italian striker Mario Balotelli.
Defensive midfielders are midfield players who focus on protecting their team's goal. These players may defend a zone in front of their team's defence, or man mark specific opposition attackers. Defensive midfielders may also move to the full-back or centre-back positions if those players move forward to join in an attack.
Sergio Busquets described his attitude: "The coach knows that I am an obedient player who likes to help out and if I have to run to the wing to cover someone's position, great." A good defensive midfielder needs good positional awareness, anticipation of the opponent's play, marking, tackling, interceptions, passing and great stamina and strength (for their tackling). In South American football, this role is known as a volante de marca, while in Mexico it is known as volante de contención. In Portugal, it is instead known as trinco.
Holding midfielder
Yaya Touré, pictured playing for the Ivory Coast in 2012, was a versatile holding midfielder; although his playing style initially led him to be described by pundits as a "carrier", due to his ability to carry the ball and transition from defence to attack, he later adapted to more of a playmaking role.
A holding or deep-lying midfielder stays close to their team's defence, while other midfielders may move forward to attack. The holding midfielder may also have responsibilities when their team has the ball. This player will make mostly short and simple passes to more attacking members of their team but may try some more difficult passes depending on the team's strategy. Marcelo Bielsa is considered a pioneer in the use of a holding midfielder in defence. This position may be seen in the 4–2–3–1 and 4–4–2 diamond formations. Writer Jonathan Wilson has identified three different types of holding midfielder, namely the destroyer, the creator, and the carrier.
…we knew that Zidane, Raúl and Figo didn't track back, so we had to put a guy in front of the back four who would defend.
Arrigo Sacchi describes Real Madrid's need for Claude Makélélé as a holding midfielder.
Initially, a defensive midfielder, or "destroyer", and a playmaker, or "creator", were often fielded alongside each other as a team's two holding central midfielders. The destroyer was usually responsible for making tackles, regaining possession, and distributing the ball to the creator, while the creator was responsible for retaining possession and keeping the ball moving, often with long passes out to the flanks, in the manner of a more old-fashioned deep-lying playmaker or regista (see below). Earlier examples of a destroyer are Nobby Stiles, Herbert Wimmer, and Marco Tardelli, while later examples include Claude Makélélé and Javier Mascherano, although several of these players also possessed qualities of other types of midfielders, and were therefore not confined to a single role. Early examples of a creator would be Gérson, Glenn Hoddle, and Sunday Oliseh, while more recent examples are Xabi Alonso, as well as Michael Carrick and Keira Walsh.
The latest and third type of holding midfielder developed as a box-to-box midfielder, or "carrier" or "surger", neither entirely destructive nor creative, who is capable of winning back possession and subsequently advancing from deeper positions either by distributing the ball to a teammate and making late runs into the box, or by carrying the ball themselves; recent examples of this type of player are Clarence Seedorf and Bastian Schweinsteiger, while Sami Khedira and Fernandinho are destroyers with carrying tendencies. Luka Modrić is a carrier with several qualities of the regista, and Yaya Touré was a carrier who became a playmaker later in his career after losing his stamina. N'Golo Kanté started out as the quintessential destroyer, but developed carrying tendencies under Antonio Conte at Chelsea.
Deep-lying playmaker
Italian deep-lying playmaker Andrea Pirlo executing a pass for Juventus. Pirlo is often regarded as one of the best deep-lying playmakers of all time.
A deep-lying playmaker (Strolling 10) is a holding midfielder who specializes in ball skills such as passing, rather than defensive skills like tackling. When this player has the ball, they may attempt longer or more complex passes than other holding players. They may try to set the tempo of their team's play, retain possession, or build plays through short exchanges, or they may try to pass the ball long to a centre forward or winger, or even pass short to a teammate in the hole, the area between the opponents' defenders and midfielders. In Italy, the deep-lying playmaker is known as a regista, whereas in Brazil, it is known as a "meia-armador". In Italy, the role of the regista developed from the centre half-back or centromediano metodista position in Vittorio Pozzo's metodo system (a precursor of the central or holding midfield position in the 2–3–2–3 formation), as the metodista's responsibilities were not entirely defensive but also creative; as such, the metodista was not solely tasked with breaking down possession, but also with starting attacking plays after winning back the ball.
Writer Jonathan Wilson instead described Xabi Alonso's holding midfield role as that of a "creator", a player who was responsible for retaining possession in the manner of a more old-fashioned deep-lying playmaker or regista, noting that: "although capable of making tackles, focused on keeping the ball moving, occasionally raking long passes out to the flanks to change the angle of attack."
2–3–5 formation: the wing-halves (yellow) flank the centre half.
Centre-half
The historic central half-back position gradually retreated from the midfield line to provide increased protection to the back line against centre-forwards – that dedicated defensive role in the centre is still commonly referred to as a "centre-half" as a legacy of its origins. In Italian football jargon, this position was known as the centromediano metodista or metodista, as it became an increasingly important role in Vittorio Pozzo's metodo system, although this term was later also applied to describe players who operated in a central holding-midfielder role, but who also had creative responsibilities in addition to defensive duties.
Attacking midfielder
An attacking midfielder is a midfield or forward player who is positioned in an advanced midfield position, usually between central midfield and the team's forwards, and who has a primarily offensive role.
Some attacking midfielders are called trequartista or fantasista (Italian: three-quarter specialist, i.e. a creative playmaker between the forwards and the midfield), who are usually mobile, creative and highly skilful players, known for their deft touch, technical ability, dribbling skills, vision, ability to shoot from long range, and passing prowess.
However, not all attacking midfielders are trequartistas – some attacking midfielders are very vertical and are essentially auxiliary attackers who serve to link-up play, hold up the ball, or provide the final pass, i.e. secondary strikers. As with any attacking player, the role of the attacking midfielder involves being able to create space for attack.
According to positioning along the field, attacking midfield may be divided into left, right and central attacking midfield roles but most importantly they are a striker behind the forwards. A central attacking midfielder may be referred to as a playmaker, or number 10 (due to the association of the number 10 shirt with this position).
Advanced playmaker
See also: Playmaker § Advanced_playmakers
Italian offensive playmaker Francesco Totti in action for Roma in 2013
These players typically serve as the offensive pivot of the team, and are sometimes said to be "playing in the hole", although this term can also be used as deep-lying forward. The attacking midfielder is an important position that requires the player to possess superior technical abilities in terms of passing and dribbling, as well as, perhaps more importantly, the ability to read the opposing defence to deliver defence-splitting passes to the striker.
This specialist midfielder's main role is to create good shooting and goal-scoring opportunities using superior vision, control, and technical skill, by making crosses, through balls, and headed knockdowns to teammates. They may try to set up shooting opportunities for themselves by dribbling or performing a give-and-go with a teammate. Attacking midfielders may also make runs into the opponents' penalty area to shoot from another teammate's pass.
Where a creative attacking midfielder, i.e. an Advanced playmaker, is regularly utilized, they are commonly the team's star player, and often wear the number 10 shirt. As such, a team is often constructed so as to allow their attacking midfielder to roam free and create as the situation demands. One such popular formation is the 4–4–2 "diamond" (or 4–1–2–1–2), in which defined attacking and defensive midfielders replace the more traditional pair of central midfielders. Known as the "fantasista" or "trequartista" in Italy, in Spain, the offensive playmaker is known as the "Mediapunta, in Brazil, the offensive playmaker is known as the "meia atacante", whereas in Argentina and Uruguay, it is known as the "enganche". Some examples of the advanced playmaker would be Zico, Francesco Totti, Kevin De Bruyne, and Michel Platini.
There are also some examples of more flexible advanced playmakers, such as Zinedine Zidane, Rui Costa, Kaká, Andrés Iniesta, Juan Riquelme, David Silva, and Nécib. These players could control the tempo of the game in deeper areas of the pitch while also being able to push forward and play line-breaking through balls.
Mesut Özil can be considered as a classic 10 who adopted a slightly more direct approach and specialised in playing the final ball.
False attacking midfielder
The false attacking midfielder description has been used in Italian football to describe a player who is seemingly playing as an attacking midfielder in a 4–3–1–2 formation, but who eventually drops deeper into midfield, drawing opposing players out of position and creating space to be exploited by teammates making attacking runs; the false-attacking midfielder will eventually sit in a central midfield role and function as a deep-lying playmaker. The false-attacking midfielder is, therefore, usually a creative and tactically intelligent player with good vision, technique, movement, passing ability, and striking ability from a distance. They should also be a hard-working player, who is able to read the game and help the team defensively. Wayne Rooney has been deployed in a similar role, on occasion; seemingly positioned as a number 10 behind the main striker, he would often drop even deeper into midfield to help his team retrieve possession and start attacks.
"False 10" or "central winger"
Advanced playmaker Mesut Özil was used as a false 10 with Germany during the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
The "false 10" or "central winger" is a type of midfielder, which differs from the false-attacking midfielder. Much like the "false 9", their specificity lies in the fact that, although they seemingly play as an attacking midfielder on paper, unlike a traditional playmaker who stays behind the striker in the centre of the pitch, the false 10's goal is to move out of position and drift wide when in possession of the ball to help both the wingers and fullbacks to overload the flanks. This means two problems for the opposing midfielders: either they let the false 10 drift wide, and their presence, along with both the winger and the fullback, creates a three-on-two player advantage out wide; or they follow the false 10, but leave space in the centre of the pitch for wingers or onrushing midfielders to exploit. False 10s are usually traditional wingers who are told to play in the centre of the pitch, and their natural way of playing makes them drift wide and look to provide deliveries into the box for teammates. On occasion, the false-10 can also function in a different manner alongside a false-9, usually in a 4–6–0 formation, disguised as either a 4–3–3 or 4–2–3–1 formation. When other forwards or false-9s drop deep and draw defenders away from the false-10s, creating space in the middle of the pitch, the false-10 will then also surprise defenders by exploiting this space and moving out of position once again, often undertaking offensive dribbling runs forward towards goal, or running on to passes from false-9s, which in turn enables them to create goalscoring opportunities or go for goal themselves.
Winger
"Left winger" redirects here. For the comics character, see Left-Winger (comics). For the political position, see Left-wing politics. For the ice hockey position, see Winger (ice hockey).
"Right winger" redirects here. For the political position, see Right-wing politics.
GK
CB
CB
RB
LB
RWB
LWB
DM
DM
RM
LM
CM
CM
RAM
LAM
CAM
CAM
RW
LW
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CF
Players in the bold positions can be referred to as wingers.
In modern football, the terms winger or wide player refer to a non-defender who plays on the left or right sides of the pitch. These terms can apply to left or right midfielders, left or right attacking midfielders, or left or right forwards. Left or right-sided defenders such as wing-backs or full-backs are generally not called wingers.
In the 2−3−5 formation popular in the late 19th century wingers remained mostly near the touchlines of the pitch, and were expected to cross the ball for the team's inside and centre forwards. Traditionally, wingers were purely attacking players and were not expected to track back and defend. This began to change in the 1960s. In the 1966 World Cup, England manager Alf Ramsey did not select wingers from the quarter-final onwards. This team was known as the "Wingless Wonders" and led to the modern 4–4–2 formation.
This has led to most modern wide players having a more demanding role in the sense that they are expected to provide defensive cover for their full-backs and track back to repossess the ball, as well as provide skillful crosses for centre forwards and strikers. Some forwards are able to operate as wingers behind a lone striker. In a three-man midfield, specialist wingers are sometimes deployed down the flanks alongside the central midfielder or playmaker.
Even more demanding is the role of wing-back, where the wide player is expected to provide both defence and attack. As the role of winger can be classed as a forward or a midfielder, this role instead blurs the divide between defender and midfielder. Italian manager Antonio Conte has been known to use wide midfielders or wingers who act as wing-backs in his trademark 3–5–2 and 3–4–3 formations, for example; these players are expected both to push up and provide width in attack as well as track back and assist their team defensively.
On occasion, the role of a winger can also be occupied by a different type of player. For example, certain managers have been known to use a "wide target man" on the wing, namely a large and physical player who usually plays as a centre-forward, and who will attempt to win aerial challenges and hold up the ball on the flank, or drag full-backs out of position; Romelu Lukaku, for example, has been used in this role on occasion. Another example is Mario Mandžukić under manager Massimiliano Allegri at Juventus during the 2016–17 season; normally a striker, he was instead used on the left flank, and was required to win aerial duels, hold up the ball, and create space, as well as being tasked with pressing opposing players.
Wingers are indicated in red, while the "wide men" (who play to the flanks of the central midfielders) are indicated in blue.
Today, a winger is usually an attacking midfielder who is stationed in a wide position near the touchlines. Wingers such as Stanley Matthews or Jimmy Johnstone used to be classified as outside forwards in traditional W-shaped formations, and were formally known as "Outside Right" or "Outside Left", but as tactics evolved through the last 40 years, wingers have dropped to deeper field positions and are now usually classified as part of the midfield, usually in 4–4–2 or 4–5–1 formations (but while the team is on the attack, they tend to resemble 4–2–4/2–4–4 and 4–3–3 formations respectively).
The responsibilities of the winger include:
Providing a "wide presence" as a passing option on the flank.
To beat the opposing full-back either with skill or with speed.
To read passes from the midfield that give them a clear crossing opportunity, when going wide, or that give them a clear scoring opportunity, when cutting inside towards the goal.
To double up on the opposition winger, particularly when they are being "double-marked" by both the team's full back and winger.
The prototypical winger is fast, tricky and enjoys 'hugging' the touchline, that is, running downfield close to the touchline and delivering crosses. However, players with different attributes can thrive on the wing as well. Some wingers prefer to cut infield (as opposed to staying wide) and pose a threat as playmakers by playing diagonal passes to forwards or taking a shot at goal. Even players who are not considered quick, have been successfully fielded as wingers at club and international level for their ability to create play from the flank. Occasionally wingers are given a free role to roam across the front line and are relieved of defensive responsibilities.
Algerian international Riyad Mahrez has often been deployed as a winger throughout his career.
The typical abilities of wingers include:
Technical skill to beat a full-back in a one-to-one situation.
Pace, to beat the full-back one-on-one.
Crossing ability when out wide.
Good off-the-ball ability when judging a pass from the midfield or from fellow attackers.
Good passing ability and composure, to retain possession while in opposition territory.
The modern winger should also be comfortable on either wing so as to adapt to quick tactical changes required by the coach.
Although wingers are a familiar part of football, the use of wingers is by no means universal. There are many successful football teams who operate without wingers. A famous example is Carlo Ancelotti's late 2000s Milan, who typically plays in a narrow midfield diamond formation or in a Christmas tree formation (4–3–2–1), relying on full-backs to provide the necessary width down the wings.
Inverted winger and raumdeuter
USWNT midfielder Megan Rapinoe (left) has been deployed as an inverted winger throughout her career.
An inverted winger is a modern tactical development of the traditional winger position. Most wingers are assigned to either side of the field based on their footedness, with right-footed players on the right and left-footed players on the left. This assumes that assigning a player to their natural side ensures a more powerful cross as well as greater ball protection along the touch-lines. However, when the position is inverted and a winger instead plays inside-out on the opposite flank (i.e., a right-footed player as a left inverted winger), they effectively become supporting strikers and primarily assume a role in the attack.
As opposed to traditionally pulling the opponent's full-back out and down the flanks before crossing the ball in near the by-line, positioning a winger on the opposite side of the field allows the player to cut-in around the 18-yard box, either threading passes between defenders or shooting on goal using the dominant foot. This offensive tactic has found popularity in the modern game due to the fact that it gives traditional wingers increased mobility as playmakers and goalscorers, such as the left-footed right winger Domenico Berardi of Sassuolo who achieved 30 career goals faster than any player in the past half-century of Serie A football. Not only are inverted wingers able to push full-backs onto their weak sides, but they are also able to spread and force the other team to defend deeper as forwards and wing-backs route towards the goal, ultimately creating more scoring opportunities.
Although naturally left-footed Arjen Robben (left, 11) has often been deployed as an inverted winger on the right flank throughout his career, which allows him to cut inside and shoot on goal with his stronger foot.
Other midfielders within this tactical archetype include Lionel Messi and Eden Hazard, as well as Megan Rapinoe of the USWNT. Clubs such as Real Madrid often choose to play their wingers on the "wrong" flank for this reason; former Real Madrid coach José Mourinho often played Ángel Di María on the right and Cristiano Ronaldo on the left. Former Bayern Munich manager Jupp Heynckes often played the left-footed Arjen Robben on the right and the right-footed Franck Ribéry on the left. One of the foremost practitioners of playing from either flank was German winger Jürgen Grabowski, whose flexibility helped Germany to third place in the 1970 World Cup, and the world title in 1974.
A description that has been used in the media to label a variation upon the inverted winger position is that of an "attacking", "false", or "goalscoring winger", as exemplified by Cristiano Ronaldo's role on the left flank during his time at Real Madrid in particular. This label has been used to describe an offensive-minded inverted winger, who will seemingly operate out wide on paper, but who instead will be given the freedom to make unmarked runs into more advanced central areas inside the penalty area to get on the end of passes and crosses and score goals, effectively functioning as a striker.
This role is somewhat comparable to what is known as the raumdeuter role in German football jargon (literally "space interpreter"), as exemplified by Thomas Müller, as well as Dele Alli and Tim Cahill, namely an attacking-minded wide player, who will move into effective central attacking areas to find spaces from which they can receive passes and score or assist goals, while other teammates create space for their runs by drawing opponents away from them.
False winger
The "false winger" or "seven-and-a-half" is a label which has been used to describe a type of player who normally plays centrally, but who instead is deployed out wide on paper; during the course of a match, however, they will move inside and operate in the centre of the pitch to drag defenders out of position, congest the midfield and give their team a numerical advantage in this area, so that they can dominate possession in the middle of the pitch and create chances for the forwards; this position also leaves space for full-backs to make overlapping attacking runs up the flank. Samir Nasri, who has been deployed in this role, once described it as that of a "non-axial playmaker".
See also
Association football portal
Association football positions
Association football tactics
Defender (association football)
Forward (association football)
Goalkeeper (association football)
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External links
Media related to Association football midfielders at Wikimedia Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midfielder (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boisko.svg"},{"link_name":"GK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"SW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Sweeper_(libero)"},{"link_name":"RB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full-back"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Centre-back"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Centre-back"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Centre-back"},{"link_name":"LB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full-back"},{"link_name":"RWB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Wing-back"},{"link_name":"LWB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Wing-back"},{"link_name":"DM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Defensive_midfielder"},{"link_name":"DM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Defensive_midfielder"},{"link_name":"DM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Defensive_midfielder"},{"link_name":"RM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wide_midfielder"},{"link_name":"CM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Central_midfielder"},{"link_name":"CM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Central_midfielder"},{"link_name":"CM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Central_midfielder"},{"link_name":"LM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wide_midfielder"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"RW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Outside_forward"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Second_striker"},{"link_name":"LW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Outside_forward"},{"link_name":"CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Striker"},{"link_name":"CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Striker"},{"link_name":"CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Striker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boisko.svg"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"outfield position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_association_football_terms#O"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCsport1-1"},{"link_name":"central midfielders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Central_midfielder"},{"link_name":"formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExpertFootball1-2"},{"link_name":"defensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"assisting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(association_football)"}],"text":"This article is about the association football position. For other uses, see Midfielder (disambiguation).GK\nSW\nRB\nCB\nCB\nCB\nLB\nRWB\nLWB\nDM\nDM\nDM\nRM\nCM\nCM\nCM\nLM\nAM\nAM\nAM\nRW\nSS\nLW\nCF\nCF\nCF\n\n\n\nThe midfield positions highlighted in relation to other positions in association footballIn the sport of association football, a midfielder is an outfield position which plays primarily in the middle of the pitch.[1] Midfielders may play an exclusively defensive role, breaking up attacks, and are in that case known as defensive midfielders. As central midfielders often go across boundaries, with mobility and passing ability, they are often referred to as deep-lying midfielders, play-makers, box-to-box midfielders, or holding midfielders. There are also attacking midfielders with limited defensive assignments.The size of midfield units on a team and their assigned roles depend on which formation is used; the unit of these players on the pitch is commonly referred to as the midfield.[2] Its name derives from the fact that midfield units typically make up the in-between units to the defensive units and forward units of a formation.Managers frequently assign one or more midfielders to disrupt the opposing team's attacks, while others may be tasked with creating goals, or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence. Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match. Midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game, and thus they are some of the fittest players on the pitch.[3] Midfielders are often assigned the task of assisting forwards to create scoring opportunities.","title":"Midfielder"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xavi_Hern%C3%A1ndez_-_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Xavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavi"},{"link_name":"FIFPro World XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFPro#FIFPro_World_XI"},{"link_name":"pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"attacking midfielders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"penalty area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_area"},{"link_name":"shots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"attackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_association_football_terms#P"},{"link_name":"centre-backs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Centre-back"},{"link_name":"shots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"4–3–3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#4.E2.80.933.E2.80.933"},{"link_name":"4–5–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#4.E2.80.935.E2.80.931"},{"link_name":"4−4−2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-4-2_formation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"4–2–3–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#Common_modern_formations#4-2-3-1"}],"text":"Former Spain midfielder Xavi was voted to the FIFPro World XI six years in a row.Central or centre midfielders are players whose role is divided mostly equally between attacking and defensive duties to control the play in and around the centre of the pitch. These players will try to pass the ball to the team's attacking midfielders and forwards and may also help their team's attacks by making runs into the opposition's penalty area and attempting shots on goal themselves. They also provide secondary support to attackers, both in and out of possession.When the opposing team has the ball, a central midfielder may drop back to protect the goal or move forward and press the opposition ball-carrier to recover the ball. A centre midfielder defending their goal will move in front of their centre-backs to block long shots by the opposition and possibly track opposition midfielders making runs towards the goal.The 4–3–3 and 4–5–1 formations each use three central midfielders. The 4−4−2 formation may use two central midfielders,[4] and in the 4–2–3–1 formation one of the two deeper midfielders may be a central midfielder. Prominent central midfielders are known for their ability to pace the game when their team is in possession of the ball, by dictating the tempo of play from the centre of the pitch.","title":"Central midfielder"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_big_4-0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Steven Gerrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Gerrard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thetimes.co.uk-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCsport3-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WilsonHolding13-9"},{"link_name":"Lothar Matthäus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Matth%C3%A4us"},{"link_name":"Clarence Seedorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Seedorf"},{"link_name":"Bastian Schweinsteiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastian_Schweinsteiger"},{"link_name":"Steven Gerrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Gerrard"},{"link_name":"Johan Neeskens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Neeskens"},{"link_name":"Sócrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3crates"},{"link_name":"Yaya Touré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaya_Tour%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Arturo Vidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Vidal"},{"link_name":"Patrick Vieira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Vieira"},{"link_name":"Frank Lampard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lampard"},{"link_name":"Bryan Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Robson"},{"link_name":"Roy Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Keane"},{"link_name":"Jude Bellingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jude_Bellingham"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Box-to-box midfielder","text":"A hardworking box-to-box midfielder, Steven Gerrard has been lauded for his effectiveness both offensively and defensively;[5] and his ability to make late runs from behind into the penalty area.[6]The term box-to-box midfielder refers to central midfielders who are hard-working and who have good all-round abilities, which makes them skilled at both defending and attacking.[7] These players can therefore track back to their own box to make tackles and block shots and also carry the ball forward or run to the opponents' box to try to score.[8] Beginning in the mid-2000s, the change of trends and the decline of the standard 4–4–2 formation (in many cases making way for the 4–2–3–1 and 4–3–3 formations) imposed restrictions on the typical box-to-box midfielders of the 1980s and 1990s, as teams' two midfield roles were now often divided into \"holders\" or \"creators\", with a third variation upon the role being described as that of a \"carrier\" or \"surger\".[9] Some notable examples of box-to-box midfielders are Lothar Matthäus, Clarence Seedorf, Bastian Schweinsteiger, Steven Gerrard, Johan Neeskens, Sócrates, Yaya Touré, Arturo Vidal, Patrick Vieira, Frank Lampard, Bryan Robson, Roy Keane, and more recently, Jude Bellingham.[10]","title":"Central midfielder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inside forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Inside_forward"},{"link_name":"WM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#WM"},{"link_name":"Metodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#Metodo_(2%E2%80%933%E2%80%932%E2%80%933)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Mezzala","text":"In Italian football, the term mezzala (literally \"half-winger\" in Italian) is used to describe the position of the one or two central midfielders who play on either side of a holding midfielder and/or playmaker. The term was initially applied to the role of an inside forward in the WM and Metodo formations in Italian, but later described a specific type of central midfielder. The mezzala is often a quick and hard-working attack-minded midfielder, with good skills and noted offensive capabilities, as well as a tendency to make overlapping attacking runs, but also a player who participates in the defensive aspect of the game, and who can give width to a team by drifting out wide; as such, the term can be applied to several different roles. In English, the term has come to be seen as a variant of the box-to-box midfielder role.[11][12][13]","title":"Central midfielder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavi"},{"link_name":"Spanish national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_men%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"tiki-taka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiki-taka"},{"link_name":"José Mourinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho"},{"link_name":"Pep Guardiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pep_Guardiola"},{"link_name":"Vicente del Bosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_del_Bosque"},{"link_name":"Johan Cruyff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Cruyff"},{"link_name":"Zinedine Zidane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane"},{"link_name":"Xavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavi"},{"link_name":"Luka Modrić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_Modri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"\"Number 8\"","text":"The number 8 generally, refers to the heartbeat of the team, like a box-to-box midfielder, having both offensive and defensive duties, but their main role to control the tempo of the game. For example, Xavi was the Number 8 in the Spanish national team during its highly successful period between 2008 and 2013; in this role, he could act as a double pivot or controller in a box midfield, and in a positional play system. The tiki-taka era of the Spanish national team was where the \"Number 8\" thrived. These midfielders require a sense of 'what' and 'when,' depending on the phase of buildup, opponent, and the team's style of play. For example, under a manager such as José Mourinho, the number 8's role would be to speed up play, so that the offensive transition is quick and hard to catch up, and would generally be played as a wide midfielder; however under a manager such as Pep Guardiola, Vicente del Bosque, Johan Cruyff, or Zinedine Zidane, the number 8 would be played as a deeper or more central midfielder whose job is to slow down play, hold and pass, or create small breaches to open more passes. Examples under these managers would be Xavi, Guardiola himself during his playing career, and Luka Modrić, respectively.[citation needed]","title":"Central midfielder"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Beckham_2010_LA_Galaxy.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"bending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curl_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kings_of_the_free-kick-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-United_Legends-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN_2002_Profile-16"},{"link_name":"touchlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch-line"},{"link_name":"pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_pitch"},{"link_name":"cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_(football)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"4−4−2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#4.E2.80.934.E2.80.932"},{"link_name":"4−4−1−1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#4.E2.80.934.E2.80.931.E2.80.931"},{"link_name":"4–2–3–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#4.E2.80.932.E2.80.933.E2.80.931"},{"link_name":"4−5−1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#4.E2.80.935.E2.80.931"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Wilson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"David Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"Ryan Giggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Giggs"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"outside forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Outside_forward"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Wide midfielder","text":"A wide midfielder, David Beckham was lauded for his range of passing, vision, crossing ability and bending free-kicks, which enabled him to create chances for teammates or score goals.[14][15][16]Left and right midfielders have a role balanced between attack and defence whilst they play a lot of crosses in the box for forwards. They are positioned closer to the touchlines of the pitch. They may be asked to cross the ball into the opponent's penalty area to make scoring chances for their teammates, and when defending they may put pressure on opponents who are trying to cross.[17]Common modern formations that include left and right midfielders are the 4−4−2, the 4−4−1−1, the 4–2–3–1 and the 4−5−1 formations.[18] Jonathan Wilson describes the development of the 4−4−2 formation: \"…the winger became a wide midfielder, a shuttler, somebody who might be expected to cross a ball but was also meant to put in a defensive shift.\"[19] Two notable examples of wide midfielders are David Beckham and Ryan Giggs.[20]In Italian football, the role of the wide midfielder is known as tornante di centrocampo or simply tornante (\"returning\"); it originated from the role of an outside forward, and came to be known as such as it often required players in this position to track back and assist the back-line with defensive duties, in addition to aiding the midfield and attacking.[21][22]","title":"Central midfielder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"full-backs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full-back"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Wing-half","text":"The historic position of wing-half (not to be confused with mezzala) was given to midfielders (half-backs) who played near the side of the pitch. It became obsolete as wide players with defensive duties have tended to become more a part of the defence as full-backs.[23][24]","title":"Central midfielder"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mario_Balotelli_shot_Euro_2012_final_02_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sergio Busquets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Busquets"},{"link_name":"Mario Balotelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Balotelli"},{"link_name":"goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_pitch#Goals"},{"link_name":"zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marking_(association_football)#Zonal_marking"},{"link_name":"defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"man mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marking_(association_football)#Man-to-man_marking"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"full-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full-back"},{"link_name":"centre-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Centre-back"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian.com-29"},{"link_name":"Sergio Busquets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Busquets"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian.com-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Spain holding midfielder Sergio Busquets (16, red) moves to block a shot from Italian striker Mario Balotelli.Defensive midfielders are midfield players who focus on protecting their team's goal. These players may defend a zone in front of their team's defence, or man mark specific opposition attackers.[25][26][27] Defensive midfielders may also move to the full-back or centre-back positions if those players move forward to join in an attack.[28][29]Sergio Busquets described his attitude: \"The coach knows that I am an obedient player who likes to help out and if I have to run to the wing to cover someone's position, great.\"[29] A good defensive midfielder needs good positional awareness, anticipation of the opponent's play, marking, tackling, interceptions, passing and great stamina and strength (for their tackling). In South American football, this role is known as a volante de marca, while in Mexico it is known as volante de contención. In Portugal, it is instead known as trinco.[30]","title":"Defensive midfielder"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yaya_Toure_9229.JPG"},{"link_name":"Yaya Touré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaya_Tour%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Bielsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Bielsa"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WilsonHolding13-9"},{"link_name":"4–2–3–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#Common_modern_formations#4-2-3-1"},{"link_name":"4–4–2 diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#Common_modern_formations#4%E2%80%934%E2%80%932_diamond_or_4%E2%80%931%E2%80%932%E2%80%931%E2%80%932"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WilsonHolding13-9"},{"link_name":"Zidane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane"},{"link_name":"Raúl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Figo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Figo"},{"link_name":"back four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Arrigo Sacchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrigo_Sacchi"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F."},{"link_name":"Claude Makélélé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Mak%C3%A9l%C3%A9l%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WilsonHolding13-9"},{"link_name":"Nobby Stiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobby_Stiles"},{"link_name":"Herbert Wimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wimmer"},{"link_name":"Marco Tardelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Tardelli"},{"link_name":"Claude Makélélé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Mak%C3%A9l%C3%A9l%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Javier Mascherano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Mascherano"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WilsonHolding13-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gérson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rson"},{"link_name":"Glenn Hoddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Hoddle"},{"link_name":"Sunday Oliseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Oliseh"},{"link_name":"Xabi Alonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xabi_Alonso"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WilsonHolding13-9"},{"link_name":"Michael Carrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Carrick"},{"link_name":"Keira Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keira_Walsh"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Clarence Seedorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Seedorf"},{"link_name":"Bastian Schweinsteiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastian_Schweinsteiger"},{"link_name":"Sami Khedira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Khedira"},{"link_name":"Fernandinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernandinho_(footballer,_born_May_1985)"},{"link_name":"Luka Modrić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_Modri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Yaya Touré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaya_Tour%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WilsonHolding13-9"},{"link_name":"N'Golo Kanté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27Golo_Kant%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Antonio Conte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Conte"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Holding midfielder","text":"Yaya Touré, pictured playing for the Ivory Coast in 2012, was a versatile holding midfielder; although his playing style initially led him to be described by pundits as a \"carrier\", due to his ability to carry the ball and transition from defence to attack, he later adapted to more of a playmaking role.A holding or deep-lying midfielder stays close to their team's defence, while other midfielders may move forward to attack.[31] The holding midfielder may also have responsibilities when their team has the ball. This player will make mostly short and simple passes to more attacking members of their team but may try some more difficult passes depending on the team's strategy. Marcelo Bielsa is considered a pioneer in the use of a holding midfielder in defence.[9] This position may be seen in the 4–2–3–1 and 4–4–2 diamond formations.[32] Writer Jonathan Wilson has identified three different types of holding midfielder, namely the destroyer, the creator, and the carrier.[9]…we knew that Zidane, Raúl and Figo didn't track back, so we had to put a guy in front of the back four who would defend.\n\n\nArrigo Sacchi describes Real Madrid's need for Claude Makélélé as a holding midfielder.[33]Initially, a defensive midfielder, or \"destroyer\", and a playmaker, or \"creator\", were often fielded alongside each other as a team's two holding central midfielders. The destroyer was usually responsible for making tackles, regaining possession, and distributing the ball to the creator, while the creator was responsible for retaining possession and keeping the ball moving, often with long passes out to the flanks, in the manner of a more old-fashioned deep-lying playmaker or regista (see below).[9] Earlier examples of a destroyer are Nobby Stiles, Herbert Wimmer, and Marco Tardelli, while later examples include Claude Makélélé and Javier Mascherano,[9] although several of these players also possessed qualities of other types of midfielders, and were therefore not confined to a single role.[citation needed] Early examples of a creator would be Gérson, Glenn Hoddle, and Sunday Oliseh, while more recent examples are Xabi Alonso,[9] as well as Michael Carrick and Keira Walsh.[34]The latest and third type of holding midfielder developed as a box-to-box midfielder, or \"carrier\" or \"surger\", neither entirely destructive nor creative, who is capable of winning back possession and subsequently advancing from deeper positions either by distributing the ball to a teammate and making late runs into the box, or by carrying the ball themselves; recent examples of this type of player are Clarence Seedorf and Bastian Schweinsteiger, while Sami Khedira and Fernandinho are destroyers with carrying tendencies. Luka Modrić is a carrier with several qualities of the regista, and Yaya Touré was a carrier who became a playmaker later in his career after losing his stamina.[9] N'Golo Kanté started out as the quintessential destroyer, but developed carrying tendencies under Antonio Conte at Chelsea.[citation needed]","title":"Defensive midfielder"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrea_Pirlo_Juventus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrea Pirlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Pirlo"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revive-35"},{"link_name":"centre forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Centre-forward"},{"link_name":"the hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_association_football_terms#H"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revive-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV:_Playmaker-39"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Pozzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Pozzo"},{"link_name":"metodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#Metodo_(2%E2%80%933%E2%80%932%E2%80%933)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ritiri_e_regista-40"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Wilson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Xabi Alonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xabi_Alonso"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WilsonHolding13-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2-3-5_(pyramid).svg"},{"link_name":"2–3–5 formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#2%E2%80%933%E2%80%935_(Pyramid)"}],"sub_title":"Deep-lying playmaker","text":"Italian deep-lying playmaker Andrea Pirlo executing a pass for Juventus. Pirlo is often regarded as one of the best deep-lying playmakers of all time.A deep-lying playmaker (Strolling 10) is a holding midfielder who specializes in ball skills such as passing, rather than defensive skills like tackling.[35] When this player has the ball, they may attempt longer or more complex passes than other holding players. They may try to set the tempo of their team's play, retain possession, or build plays through short exchanges, or they may try to pass the ball long to a centre forward or winger, or even pass short to a teammate in the hole, the area between the opponents' defenders and midfielders.[35][36][37] In Italy, the deep-lying playmaker is known as a regista,[38] whereas in Brazil, it is known as a \"meia-armador\".[39] In Italy, the role of the regista developed from the centre half-back or centromediano metodista position in Vittorio Pozzo's metodo system (a precursor of the central or holding midfield position in the 2–3–2–3 formation), as the metodista's responsibilities were not entirely defensive but also creative; as such, the metodista was not solely tasked with breaking down possession, but also with starting attacking plays after winning back the ball.[40]Writer Jonathan Wilson instead described Xabi Alonso's holding midfield role as that of a \"creator\", a player who was responsible for retaining possession in the manner of a more old-fashioned deep-lying playmaker or regista, noting that: \"although capable of making tackles, [Alonso] focused on keeping the ball moving, occasionally raking long passes out to the flanks to change the angle of attack.\"[9]2–3–5 formation: the wing-halves (yellow) flank the centre half.","title":"Defensive midfielder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dedicated defensive role in the centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-back"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Pozzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Pozzo"},{"link_name":"metodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#Metodo_(2%E2%80%933%E2%80%932%E2%80%933)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ritiri_e_regista-40"}],"sub_title":"Centre-half","text":"The historic central half-back position gradually retreated from the midfield line to provide increased protection to the back line against centre-forwards – that dedicated defensive role in the centre is still commonly referred to as a \"centre-half\" as a legacy of its origins.[41] In Italian football jargon, this position was known as the centromediano metodista or metodista, as it became an increasingly important role in Vittorio Pozzo's metodo system, although this term was later also applied to describe players who operated in a central holding-midfielder role, but who also had creative responsibilities in addition to defensive duties.[40]","title":"Defensive midfielder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Talk-42"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"playmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playmaker#Advanced_playmakers"},{"link_name":"secondary strikers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Second_striker"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-number10-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"playmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playmaker"},{"link_name":"number 10 shirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squad_number_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"An attacking midfielder is a midfield or forward player who is positioned in an advanced midfield position, usually between central midfield and the team's forwards, and who has a primarily offensive role.[42]Some attacking midfielders are called trequartista or fantasista (Italian: three-quarter specialist, i.e. a creative playmaker between the forwards and the midfield), who are usually mobile, creative and highly skilful players, known for their deft touch, technical ability, dribbling skills, vision, ability to shoot from long range, and passing prowess.However, not all attacking midfielders are trequartistas – some attacking midfielders are very vertical and are essentially auxiliary attackers who serve to link-up play, hold up the ball, or provide the final pass, i.e. secondary strikers.[43] As with any attacking player, the role of the attacking midfielder involves being able to create space for attack.[44]According to positioning along the field, attacking midfield may be divided into left, right and central attacking midfield roles but most importantly they are a striker behind the forwards. A central attacking midfielder may be referred to as a playmaker, or number 10 (due to the association of the number 10 shirt with this position).[45][46]","title":"Attacking midfielder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Playmaker § Advanced_playmakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playmaker#Advanced_playmakers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francesco_Totti_Chelsea_vs_AS-Roma_10AUG2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francesco Totti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Totti"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma"},{"link_name":"dribbling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dribbling#Association_football"},{"link_name":"create good shooting and goal-scoring opportunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(football)"},{"link_name":"crosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_(football)"},{"link_name":"through balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/through_ball"},{"link_name":"knockdowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/knockdown"},{"link_name":"dribbling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dribbling#Association_football"},{"link_name":"give-and-go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give-and-go"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExpertFootball1-2"},{"link_name":"Advanced playmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playmaker#Advanced_playmakers"},{"link_name":"number 10 shirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squad_number_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-number10-43"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV:_Playmaker-39"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Zico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zico_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Francesco Totti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Totti"},{"link_name":"Kevin De Bruyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_De_Bruyne"},{"link_name":"Michel Platini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Platini"},{"link_name":"Zinedine Zidane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane"},{"link_name":"Rui Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui_Costa"},{"link_name":"Kaká","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kak%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Andrés Iniesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Iniesta"},{"link_name":"Juan Riquelme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Rom%C3%A1n_Riquelme"},{"link_name":"David Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Silva"},{"link_name":"Nécib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Cadamuro"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Year_Zero-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scudiero-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-necib_cbc-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-go-to_man-52"},{"link_name":"Mesut Özil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesut_%C3%96zil"}],"sub_title":"Advanced playmaker","text":"See also: Playmaker § Advanced_playmakersItalian offensive playmaker Francesco Totti in action for Roma in 2013These players typically serve as the offensive pivot of the team, and are sometimes said to be \"playing in the hole\", although this term can also be used as deep-lying forward. The attacking midfielder is an important position that requires the player to possess superior technical abilities in terms of passing and dribbling, as well as, perhaps more importantly, the ability to read the opposing defence to deliver defence-splitting passes to the striker.This specialist midfielder's main role is to create good shooting and goal-scoring opportunities using superior vision, control, and technical skill, by making crosses, through balls, and headed knockdowns to teammates. They may try to set up shooting opportunities for themselves by dribbling or performing a give-and-go with a teammate. Attacking midfielders may also make runs into the opponents' penalty area to shoot from another teammate's pass.[2]Where a creative attacking midfielder, i.e. an Advanced playmaker, is regularly utilized, they are commonly the team's star player, and often wear the number 10 shirt. As such, a team is often constructed so as to allow their attacking midfielder to roam free and create as the situation demands. One such popular formation is the 4–4–2 \"diamond\" (or 4–1–2–1–2), in which defined attacking and defensive midfielders replace the more traditional pair of central midfielders. Known as the \"fantasista\" or \"trequartista\" in Italy,[43] in Spain, the offensive playmaker is known as the \"Mediapunta, in Brazil, the offensive playmaker is known as the \"meia atacante\",[39] whereas in Argentina and Uruguay, it is known as the \"enganche\".[47] Some examples of the advanced playmaker would be Zico, Francesco Totti, Kevin De Bruyne, and Michel Platini.There are also some examples of more flexible advanced playmakers, such as Zinedine Zidane, Rui Costa, Kaká, Andrés Iniesta, Juan Riquelme, David Silva, and Nécib. These players could control the tempo of the game in deeper areas of the pitch while also being able to push forward and play line-breaking through balls.[48][49][50][51][52]Mesut Özil can be considered as a classic 10 who adopted a slightly more direct approach and specialised in playing the final ball.","title":"Attacking midfielder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"deep-lying playmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playmaker#Deep-lying_playmakers"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horncastle:_Riccardo_Montolivo_straddles_both_sides_of_the_Germany/Italy_divide-53"},{"link_name":"Wayne Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Rooney"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"False attacking midfielder","text":"The false attacking midfielder description has been used in Italian football to describe a player who is seemingly playing as an attacking midfielder in a 4–3–1–2 formation, but who eventually drops deeper into midfield, drawing opposing players out of position and creating space to be exploited by teammates making attacking runs; the false-attacking midfielder will eventually sit in a central midfield role and function as a deep-lying playmaker. The false-attacking midfielder is, therefore, usually a creative and tactically intelligent player with good vision, technique, movement, passing ability, and striking ability from a distance. They should also be a hard-working player, who is able to read the game and help the team defensively.[53] Wayne Rooney has been deployed in a similar role, on occasion; seemingly positioned as a number 10 behind the main striker, he would often drop even deeper into midfield to help his team retrieve possession and start attacks.[54]","title":"Attacking midfielder"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesut_%C3%96zil.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mesut Özil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesut_%C3%96zil"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2010 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"false 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_9"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_False-10-56"}],"sub_title":"\"False 10\" or \"central winger\"","text":"Advanced playmaker Mesut Özil was used as a false 10 with Germany during the 2010 FIFA World Cup.The \"false 10\" or \"central winger\"[55] is a type of midfielder, which differs from the false-attacking midfielder. Much like the \"false 9\", their specificity lies in the fact that, although they seemingly play as an attacking midfielder on paper, unlike a traditional playmaker who stays behind the striker in the centre of the pitch, the false 10's goal is to move out of position and drift wide when in possession of the ball to help both the wingers and fullbacks to overload the flanks. This means two problems for the opposing midfielders: either they let the false 10 drift wide, and their presence, along with both the winger and the fullback, creates a three-on-two player advantage out wide; or they follow the false 10, but leave space in the centre of the pitch for wingers or onrushing midfielders to exploit. False 10s are usually traditional wingers who are told to play in the centre of the pitch, and their natural way of playing makes them drift wide and look to provide deliveries into the box for teammates. On occasion, the false-10 can also function in a different manner alongside a false-9, usually in a 4–6–0 formation, disguised as either a 4–3–3 or 4–2–3–1 formation. When other forwards or false-9s drop deep and draw defenders away from the false-10s, creating space in the middle of the pitch, the false-10 will then also surprise defenders by exploiting this space and moving out of position once again, often undertaking offensive dribbling runs forward towards goal, or running on to passes from false-9s, which in turn enables them to create goalscoring opportunities or go for goal themselves.[56]","title":"Attacking midfielder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Left-Winger (comics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-Winger_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Left-wing politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"Winger (ice hockey)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winger_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Right-wing politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boisko.svg"},{"link_name":"GK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Centre-back"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Centre-back"},{"link_name":"RB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full-back"},{"link_name":"LB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full-back"},{"link_name":"RWB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Wing-back"},{"link_name":"LWB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Wing-back"},{"link_name":"DM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Defensive_midfielder"},{"link_name":"DM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Defensive_midfielder"},{"link_name":"RM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wide_midfielder"},{"link_name":"LM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wide_midfielder"},{"link_name":"CM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Central_midfielder"},{"link_name":"CM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Central_midfielder"},{"link_name":"RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"LAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"CAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"CAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"RW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Winger"},{"link_name":"LW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Winger"},{"link_name":"CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Centre_forward"},{"link_name":"CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Centre_forward"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boisko.svg"},{"link_name":"forwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"wing-backs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Wing-back"},{"link_name":"full-backs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full-back"},{"link_name":"2−3−5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#2.E2.80.933.E2.80.935_.28Pyramid.29"},{"link_name":"inside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Inside_forward"},{"link_name":"centre forwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Centre-forward"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"1966 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Alf Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIFA-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCsport2-60"},{"link_name":"wing-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Wing-back"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCsport4-61"},{"link_name":"Antonio Conte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Conte"},{"link_name":"3–5–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#3%E2%80%935%E2%80%932"},{"link_name":"3–4–3 formations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#3%E2%80%934%E2%80%933"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Romelu Lukaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romelu_Lukaku"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM1-63"},{"link_name":"Mario Mandžukić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Mand%C5%BEuki%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Massimiliano Allegri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimiliano_Allegri"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:396px-Boisko_PositionsWMidfield.PNG"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCsport2-60"},{"link_name":"Stanley Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Johnstone"},{"link_name":"Outside Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Outside_forward"},{"link_name":"Outside Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Outside_forward"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahrez_free_kick_1_(16476351346).jpg"},{"link_name":"Algerian international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Riyad Mahrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad_Mahrez"},{"link_name":"Carlo Ancelotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Ancelotti"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan"}],"text":"\"Left winger\" redirects here. For the comics character, see Left-Winger (comics). For the political position, see Left-wing politics. For the ice hockey position, see Winger (ice hockey).\"Right winger\" redirects here. For the political position, see Right-wing politics.GK\nCB\nCB\nRB\nLB\nRWB\nLWB\nDM\nDM\nRM\nLM\nCM\nCM\nRAM\nLAM\nCAM\nCAM\nRW\nLW\nCF\nCF\n\n\n\nPlayers in the bold positions can be referred to as wingers.In modern football, the terms winger or wide player refer to a non-defender who plays on the left or right sides of the pitch. These terms can apply to left or right midfielders, left or right attacking midfielders, or left or right forwards.[17] Left or right-sided defenders such as wing-backs or full-backs are generally not called wingers.In the 2−3−5 formation popular in the late 19th century wingers remained mostly near the touchlines of the pitch, and were expected to cross the ball for the team's inside and centre forwards.[57] Traditionally, wingers were purely attacking players and were not expected to track back and defend. This began to change in the 1960s. In the 1966 World Cup, England manager Alf Ramsey did not select wingers from the quarter-final onwards. This team was known as the \"Wingless Wonders\" and led to the modern 4–4–2 formation.[58][59]This has led to most modern wide players having a more demanding role in the sense that they are expected to provide defensive cover for their full-backs and track back to repossess the ball, as well as provide skillful crosses for centre forwards and strikers.[60] Some forwards are able to operate as wingers behind a lone striker. In a three-man midfield, specialist wingers are sometimes deployed down the flanks alongside the central midfielder or playmaker.Even more demanding is the role of wing-back, where the wide player is expected to provide both defence and attack.[61] As the role of winger can be classed as a forward or a midfielder, this role instead blurs the divide between defender and midfielder. Italian manager Antonio Conte has been known to use wide midfielders or wingers who act as wing-backs in his trademark 3–5–2 and 3–4–3 formations, for example; these players are expected both to push up and provide width in attack as well as track back and assist their team defensively.[62]On occasion, the role of a winger can also be occupied by a different type of player. For example, certain managers have been known to use a \"wide target man\" on the wing, namely a large and physical player who usually plays as a centre-forward, and who will attempt to win aerial challenges and hold up the ball on the flank, or drag full-backs out of position; Romelu Lukaku, for example, has been used in this role on occasion.[63] Another example is Mario Mandžukić under manager Massimiliano Allegri at Juventus during the 2016–17 season; normally a striker, he was instead used on the left flank, and was required to win aerial duels, hold up the ball, and create space, as well as being tasked with pressing opposing players.[64]Wingers are indicated in red, while the \"wide men\" (who play to the flanks of the central midfielders) are indicated in blue.Today, a winger is usually an attacking midfielder who is stationed in a wide position near the touchlines.[60] Wingers such as Stanley Matthews or Jimmy Johnstone used to be classified as outside forwards in traditional W-shaped formations, and were formally known as \"Outside Right\" or \"Outside Left\", but as tactics evolved through the last 40 years, wingers have dropped to deeper field positions and are now usually classified as part of the midfield, usually in 4–4–2 or 4–5–1 formations (but while the team is on the attack, they tend to resemble 4–2–4/2–4–4 and 4–3–3 formations respectively).The responsibilities of the winger include:Providing a \"wide presence\" as a passing option on the flank.\nTo beat the opposing full-back either with skill or with speed.\nTo read passes from the midfield that give them a clear crossing opportunity, when going wide, or that give them a clear scoring opportunity, when cutting inside towards the goal.\nTo double up on the opposition winger, particularly when they are being \"double-marked\" by both the team's full back and winger.The prototypical winger is fast, tricky and enjoys 'hugging' the touchline, that is, running downfield close to the touchline and delivering crosses. However, players with different attributes can thrive on the wing as well. Some wingers prefer to cut infield (as opposed to staying wide) and pose a threat as playmakers by playing diagonal passes to forwards or taking a shot at goal. Even players who are not considered quick, have been successfully fielded as wingers at club and international level for their ability to create play from the flank. Occasionally wingers are given a free role to roam across the front line and are relieved of defensive responsibilities.Algerian international Riyad Mahrez has often been deployed as a winger throughout his career.The typical abilities of wingers include:Technical skill to beat a full-back in a one-to-one situation.\nPace, to beat the full-back one-on-one.\nCrossing ability when out wide.\nGood off-the-ball ability when judging a pass from the midfield or from fellow attackers.\nGood passing ability and composure, to retain possession while in opposition territory.\nThe modern winger should also be comfortable on either wing so as to adapt to quick tactical changes required by the coach.Although wingers are a familiar part of football, the use of wingers is by no means universal. There are many successful football teams who operate without wingers. A famous example is Carlo Ancelotti's late 2000s Milan, who typically plays in a narrow midfield diamond formation or in a Christmas tree formation (4–3–2–1), relying on full-backs to provide the necessary width down the wings.","title":"Winger"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rapinoe_candlestick.jpg"},{"link_name":"Megan Rapinoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe"},{"link_name":"footedness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footedness"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"touch-lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch-line"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"full-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full-back"},{"link_name":"by-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_pitch#Pitch_boundary"},{"link_name":"18-yard box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_area"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Domenico Berardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Berardi"},{"link_name":"Sassuolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Sassuolo_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Serie A football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"wing-backs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Wing-back"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arjen_Robben_20120609.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arjen Robben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Robben"},{"link_name":"Lionel Messi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Eden Hazard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Hazard"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Megan Rapinoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe"},{"link_name":"USWNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F."},{"link_name":"José Mourinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho"},{"link_name":"Ángel Di María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Di_Mar%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Cristiano Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich"},{"link_name":"Jupp Heynckes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupp_Heynckes"},{"link_name":"Arjen Robben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Robben"},{"link_name":"Franck Ribéry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck_Rib%C3%A9ry"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Grabowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Grabowski"},{"link_name":"1970 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Striker"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Thomas Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Dele Alli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dele_Alli"},{"link_name":"Tim Cahill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Cahill"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM1-63"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"Inverted winger and raumdeuter","text":"USWNT midfielder Megan Rapinoe (left) has been deployed as an inverted winger throughout her career.An inverted winger is a modern tactical development of the traditional winger position. Most wingers are assigned to either side of the field based on their footedness, with right-footed players on the right and left-footed players on the left.[65] This assumes that assigning a player to their natural side ensures a more powerful cross as well as greater ball protection along the touch-lines. However, when the position is inverted and a winger instead plays inside-out on the opposite flank (i.e., a right-footed player as a left inverted winger), they effectively become supporting strikers and primarily assume a role in the attack.[66]As opposed to traditionally pulling the opponent's full-back out and down the flanks before crossing the ball in near the by-line, positioning a winger on the opposite side of the field allows the player to cut-in around the 18-yard box, either threading passes between defenders or shooting on goal using the dominant foot.[67] This offensive tactic has found popularity in the modern game due to the fact that it gives traditional wingers increased mobility as playmakers and goalscorers,[68] such as the left-footed right winger Domenico Berardi of Sassuolo who achieved 30 career goals faster than any player in the past half-century of Serie A football.[69] Not only are inverted wingers able to push full-backs onto their weak sides, but they are also able to spread and force the other team to defend deeper as forwards and wing-backs route towards the goal, ultimately creating more scoring opportunities.[70]Although naturally left-footed Arjen Robben (left, 11) has often been deployed as an inverted winger on the right flank throughout his career, which allows him to cut inside and shoot on goal with his stronger foot.Other midfielders within this tactical archetype include Lionel Messi[71] and Eden Hazard,[72] as well as Megan Rapinoe of the USWNT.[73] Clubs such as Real Madrid often choose to play their wingers on the \"wrong\" flank for this reason; former Real Madrid coach José Mourinho often played Ángel Di María on the right and Cristiano Ronaldo on the left.[74][75][76] Former Bayern Munich manager Jupp Heynckes often played the left-footed Arjen Robben on the right and the right-footed Franck Ribéry on the left.[77][78] One of the foremost practitioners of playing from either flank was German winger Jürgen Grabowski, whose flexibility helped Germany to third place in the 1970 World Cup, and the world title in 1974.A description that has been used in the media to label a variation upon the inverted winger position is that of an \"attacking\", \"false\", or \"goalscoring winger\", as exemplified by Cristiano Ronaldo's role on the left flank during his time at Real Madrid in particular. This label has been used to describe an offensive-minded inverted winger, who will seemingly operate out wide on paper, but who instead will be given the freedom to make unmarked runs into more advanced central areas inside the penalty area to get on the end of passes and crosses and score goals, effectively functioning as a striker.[79][80][81][82][83]This role is somewhat comparable to what is known as the raumdeuter role in German football jargon (literally \"space interpreter\"), as exemplified by Thomas Müller, as well as Dele Alli and Tim Cahill, namely an attacking-minded wide player, who will move into effective central attacking areas to find spaces from which they can receive passes and score or assist goals, while other teammates create space for their runs by drawing opponents away from them.[63][84]","title":"Winger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samir Nasri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_Nasri"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"sub_title":"False winger","text":"The \"false winger\" or \"seven-and-a-half\" is a label which has been used to describe a type of player who normally plays centrally, but who instead is deployed out wide on paper; during the course of a match, however, they will move inside and operate in the centre of the pitch to drag defenders out of position, congest the midfield and give their team a numerical advantage in this area, so that they can dominate possession in the middle of the pitch and create chances for the forwards; this position also leaves space for full-backs to make overlapping attacking runs up the flank. Samir Nasri, who has been deployed in this role, once described it as that of a \"non-axial playmaker\".[85][86][87][88][89][90][91]","title":"Winger"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Boisko.svg/250px-Boisko.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Boisko.svg/250px-Boisko.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Former Spain midfielder Xavi was voted to the FIFPro World XI six years in a row.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Xavi_Hern%C3%A1ndez_-_001.jpg/151px-Xavi_Hern%C3%A1ndez_-_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"A hardworking box-to-box midfielder, Steven Gerrard has been lauded for his effectiveness both offensively and defensively;[5] and his ability to make late runs from behind into the penalty area.[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_big_4-0.jpg/200px-The_big_4-0.jpg"},{"image_text":"A wide midfielder, David Beckham was lauded for his range of passing, vision, crossing ability and bending free-kicks, which enabled him to create chances for teammates or score goals.[14][15][16]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/David_Beckham_2010_LA_Galaxy.jpg/220px-David_Beckham_2010_LA_Galaxy.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spain holding midfielder Sergio Busquets (16, red) moves to block a shot from Italian striker Mario Balotelli.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mario_Balotelli_shot_Euro_2012_final_02_cropped.jpg/220px-Mario_Balotelli_shot_Euro_2012_final_02_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Yaya Touré, pictured playing for the Ivory Coast in 2012, was a versatile holding midfielder; although his playing style initially led him to be described by pundits as a \"carrier\", due to his ability to carry the ball and transition from defence to attack, he later adapted to more of a playmaking role.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Yaya_Toure_9229.JPG/170px-Yaya_Toure_9229.JPG"},{"image_text":"Italian deep-lying playmaker Andrea Pirlo executing a pass for Juventus. Pirlo is often regarded as one of the best deep-lying playmakers of all time.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Andrea_Pirlo_Juventus.jpg/170px-Andrea_Pirlo_Juventus.jpg"},{"image_text":"2–3–5 formation: the wing-halves (yellow) flank the centre half.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2-3-5_%28pyramid%29.svg/120px-2-3-5_%28pyramid%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Italian offensive playmaker Francesco Totti in action for Roma in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Francesco_Totti_Chelsea_vs_AS-Roma_10AUG2013.jpg/220px-Francesco_Totti_Chelsea_vs_AS-Roma_10AUG2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"Advanced playmaker Mesut Özil was used as a false 10 with Germany during the 2010 FIFA World Cup.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mesut_%C3%96zil.jpg/220px-Mesut_%C3%96zil.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Boisko.svg/250px-Boisko.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Boisko.svg/250px-Boisko.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Wingers are indicated in red, while the \"wide men\" (who play to the flanks of the central midfielders) are indicated in blue.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/396px-Boisko_PositionsWMidfield.PNG/220px-396px-Boisko_PositionsWMidfield.PNG"},{"image_text":"Algerian international Riyad Mahrez has often been deployed as a winger throughout his career.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mahrez_free_kick_1_%2816476351346%29.jpg/220px-Mahrez_free_kick_1_%2816476351346%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"USWNT midfielder Megan Rapinoe (left) has been deployed as an inverted winger throughout her career.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rapinoe_candlestick.jpg/220px-Rapinoe_candlestick.jpg"},{"image_text":"Although naturally left-footed Arjen Robben (left, 11) has often been deployed as an inverted winger on the right flank throughout his career, which allows him to cut inside and shoot on goal with his stronger foot.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Arjen_Robben_20120609.jpg/220px-Arjen_Robben_20120609.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soccer_ball.svg"},{"title":"Association football portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Association_football"},{"title":"Association football positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_positions"},{"title":"Association football tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_tactics"},{"title":"Defender (association football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"title":"Forward (association football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"title":"Goalkeeper (association football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Positions guide: Central midfield\". London: BBC Sport. 1 September 2005. Retrieved 27 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4197190.stm","url_text":"\"Positions guide: Central midfield\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football / Soccer Positions\". Keanu salah. Expert Football. Archived from the original on 23 November 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121123010101/http://expertfootball.com/coaching/positions.php","url_text":"\"Football / Soccer Positions\""},{"url":"http://expertfootball.com/coaching/positions.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Di Salvo, V. (6 October 2005). \"Performance characteristics according to playing position in elite soccer\". International Journal of Sports Medicine. 28 (3): 222–227. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924294. PMID 17024626. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Soo | Frank Soo | ["1 Personal life","2 Playing career","2.1 Stoke City","2.2 World War II","2.3 Leicester City","2.4 Luton Town","2.5 Chelmsford City","3 Style of play","4 Managerial career","4.1 Padova","4.2 Scandinavia","4.3 Scunthorpe United","4.4 Later career","5 Style of management","6 Legacy","7 Career statistics","7.1 Playing statistics","7.2 Managerial statistics","8 Honours","9 References"] | English footballer
Frank Soo
Soo c. 1950Personal informationFull name
Frank SooDate of birth
(1914-03-08)8 March 1914Place of birth
Buxton, Derbyshire, EnglandDate of death
25 January 1991(1991-01-25) (aged 76)Place of death
Cheadle, Staffordshire, EnglandHeight
5 ft 7+1⁄2 in (1.71 m)Position(s)
Inside-left; half-backYouth career
West Derby Boys ClubSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1932–1933
Prescot Cables
1933–1945
Stoke City
173
(5)1945–1946
Leicester City
0
(0)1946–1948
Luton Town
71
(4)1948–1950
Chelmsford City
Total
244
(9)International career1942–1945
England (wartime)
9
(0)Managerial career1949
Helsingin Palloseura1950–1951
St Albans City1951–1952
Padova1952
Norway1952–1953
Eskilstuna1953–1954
Örebro1954–1955
Djurgården1956–1957
Oddevold1958
AIK1959–1960
Scunthorpe United1961
Frigg1963
IFK Stockholm1964
Fredrikstad1965–1966
Akademisk Boldklub
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Frank SooTraditional Chinese蘇衛清Simplified Chinese苏卫清TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinSū WèiqīngWade–GilesSu Wei-ch'ing
Frank Soo (8 March 1914 – 25 January 1991) was an English professional football player and manager of mixed Chinese and English parentage. He was the first player of Chinese origin to play in the English Football League, and the first player of an ethnic minority background to represent England, though in unofficial wartime matches.
He initially began his career at inside-left, though later became more established at half-back. A quick and intelligent player, he was an excellent passer of the ball. He grew up in Liverpool and began his playing career with Prescot Cables before he joined Stoke City for a £400 fee in January 1933. He made his first-team debut in November 1933 and became established in the first-team by the 1935–36 season. He lost most of his best playing years to World War II, leaving him only able to serve in the Royal Air Force and play for Stoke and England in unofficial wartime games, as well as guest for numerous other clubs. He was sold on to Leicester City for a fee of £4,600 in September 1945 and then moved on to Luton Town 10 months later for £5,000. He joined Chelmsford City of the Southern League in May 1948 and retired as a player after two seasons.
A stern task master, he began to coach for European clubs in the 1950s and early 1960s. He briefly coached Finnish club Helsingin Palloseura in 1949 before taking charge at Isthmian League side St Albans City for the 1950–51 season. He was appointed manager of the Italian Serie A club Padova in April 1951 but left the club 11 months later following the sudden death of his wife. He then coached Norway at the 1952 Summer Olympics, then led Eskilstuna to promotion out of the Swedish Division 3 Östra in 1952–53. He briefly managed Örebro before he coached Djurgården to the Allsvenskan title in 1954–55. He then returned to lower league football with Oddevold, securing promotion out of Division 3 Nordvästra Götaland in 1955–56. He coached at AIK in 1958 before returning to England to manage Scunthorpe United in June 1959. He took Scunthorpe to 15th in the Second Division in the 1959–60 season before he resigned in May 1960. From there, he struggled to find work, spending short periods in charge at Frigg (Norway), IFK Stockholm (Sweden), Fredrikstad (Norway), and Akademisk Boldklub (Denmark).
Personal life
Frank Soo was born in Buxton, Derbyshire on 8 March 1914, and brought up in Liverpool. His parents, a Liverpool-based Chinese sailor father, Our Quong-Soo (Chinese: 區君蘇; also Ah Kwong-Soo), and an English mother, Beatrice Whittam, had married in Chorlton, Manchester in 1908. The couple had moved to the village of Fairfield to open a laundry, as was commonly done by Chinese emigrants in England at the time, before eventually moving premises to West Derby, Liverpool around 1920. He had an elder brother, Norman, and several younger siblings: Phyllis, Ronald, Jack, Harold and Kenneth. His brother, Ronald, was killed on 14 January 1944 while serving as an air gunner in No. 166 Squadron.
Soo married hairdressing salon proprietor Beryl Freda Lunt in Stoke-on-Trent on 12 June 1938. The couple honeymooned in Bournemouth. Freda, as she was known, was a keen autograph hunter and had initially introduced herself to Soo to ask for his signature. The couple separated in 1951, and Freda died as a result of a barbiturate overdose on 10 March 1952; it was not known whether her death was intentional or accidental.
Playing career
Stoke City
Soo played for Norwood, West Derby and West Derby Boys' Club and was scouted by both Everton and Liverpool without ever being signed by either club. He instead began his senior career with Cheshire League side Prescot Cables in late 1932, whilst working as an office clerk. He was quickly signed by Stoke City for a £400 fee on 25 January 1933, after being spotted by the club's scouts. Tom Mather handed Soo his debut at the expense of Harry Ware after picking him to play inside-left against Middlesbrough at Ayresome Park on 4 November 1933, making him the first player of Chinese descent to play in the Football League; the match ended in a 6–1 defeat. Despite the heavy defeat, he was praised as Stoke's stand-out performer. He kept his place for the 1–0 defeat to Manchester City at the Victoria Ground seven days later. He made a third appearance in a loss to Arsenal at Highbury, before being dropped for six matches. He scored his first goal in professional football on 3 January 1934, as Stoke beat Bradford Park Avenue 3–0 in the third round of the FA Cup, and then scored again as Stoke defeated Blackpool by the same scoreline in the following round 24 days later. He scored his first league goal for the "Potters" on 29 January, concluding the scoring in a 3–0 victory over Huddersfield Town. He made a total of 16 appearances during the 1933–34 season, scoring three goals, as Stoke posted a 12th-place finish in the First Division.
Soo featured mainly for the Reserves during the 1934–35 campaign, as the forward line of Harry Davies, Joe Johnson, Bobby Liddle, Stanley Matthews and Tommy Sale proved to be highly effective, scoring 60 of the club's 71 league goals on the way to a tenth-place finish. He failed to make a first-team appearance between September and 9 March, only returning to the side following a run of three consecutive defeats. He broke his leg during 1935–36 pre-season training, but made a speedy recovery to feature in a 2–0 defeat to Liverpool at Anfield on 18 September. He found himself a first-team regular under new manager Bob McGrory, who utilised him as a left-sided half-back in the place of ageing veteran Harry Sellars. Playing alongside Arthur Turner and Arthur Tutin, Soo would be a part of one of the club's great half-back lines. He played a total of 40 matches that season, helping Stoke to a fourth-place finish, the highest in the club's history.
Stoke were inconsistent across the 1936–37 season, recording a 10–3 victory over West Bromwich Albion (a game which Soo missed due to injury) in the middle of a run of eight defeats in 11 league fixtures. Soo made 31 appearances, as City finished in tenth place. Soo scored four goals from 45 appearances during the 1937–38 campaign and played at centre-forward on two occasions in November due to injuries to Freddie Steele and James Westland. However, Stoke struggled again, falling to 17th-place in the league and being knocked out of the FA Cup by Bradford Park Avenue. Soo succeeded Turner as acting club captain in March 1938 and was formally named as captain in the summer.
In October 1938, Stoke rejected a bid from Brentford of £5,000 for Soo. Stoke recovered from a poor start to the 1938–39 season to finish in seventh-place, with Soo scoring three goals from 44 appearances, sometimes being asked to play out of position due to injuries to other players. His name was put forward in numerous newspapers for selection in the England team, with the Daily Express stating that "Soo, of Stoke, is one of the finest halves in the game, and it would be no less than he was worth if they put him in". However, he lost the chance to represent England due to the outbreak of World War II, which had also caused Stoke City to cancel their planned 1939 summer tour of Germany and Poland, and then led the Football League to cancel the 1939–40 season after just three matches. Before the league was suspended, Soo's midfield partnership with Turner and Tutin – with Matthews and Steele in attack – had made Stoke one of the favourites for that season's league title.
World War II
Soo initially found work in the engineering department of the Michelin tyre company in Stoke-on-Trent, which allowed him to play wartime matches for Stoke City. Throughout the war he played at full-back, right half-back, left-half-back and inside-left, filling in as need be as team-mates would be unavailable for selection due to service or work commitments. He also appeared for Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, Everton, Chelsea, Reading, Brentford, Port Vale, Crewe Alexandra, Millwall, and Burnley, and played nine times for the England national football team between 1942 and 1945 (in Wartime and Victory Internationals), the first non-white person ever to play for the national team (albeit in semi-official matches only) and the only person of East Asian descent to date. He also played for several FA representative teams not officially described as "England". He played mainly for Stoke City however, scoring three goals in 28 appearances in the 1939–40 season as Stoke won the War League West Regional Championship. He then scored four goals from 18 matches in 1940–41.
He was called up to the Royal Air Force (RAF) on 28 July 1941 and spent most of his time in the RAF working in the technical training of aircrews. As time went on, he was based further away from Stoke and became unable to play for the club; he scored three goals from 12 appearances in 1941–42 and four goals from 13 matches in 1942–43, before he was stripped of the captaincy. He played just two games for Stoke in 1943–44 and scored three goals from eight games in 1944–45. In April 1945, Soo submitted a transfer request after growing tensions between himself and McGrory due to his lack of availability and his frustrations at being played out of position by McGrory, who also had a similarly tense relationship with star player Stanley Matthews.
Leicester City
On 27 September 1945, Soo was sold to Leicester City for a fee of £4,600, rejoining the manager who had signed him for Stoke, Tom Mather. He was named as the "Foxes" new club captain less than two weeks later. However, Leicester struggled in the 1945–46 season, and he was transfer-listed in January despite being one of the better performers at Filbert Street. He was demobilised from the RAF on 26 April 1946.
Luton Town
Soo joined Luton Town in July 1946 for a fee of £5,000. The "Hatters" started the 1946–47 season poorly, losing eight matches by mid-November. However, after going three goals down to league leaders Newcastle United, manager George Martin gave what Soo described as "the most unusual pep talk I have ever heard" and inspired a 4–3 comeback victory. Luton went on to finish the season 13th in the Second Division, with Soo making 38 league and four FA Cup appearances. He then scored five goals in 36 appearances in the 1947–48 season, though new manager Dally Duncan could not take Luton above 13th place, and he allowed Soo to leave Kenilworth Road in the summer.
Chelmsford City
On 28 May 1948, Soo signed with Chelmsford City from Luton for a reported "substantial transfer fee". He was appointed as club captain and as a coach and helped Arthur Rowe's "Clarets" to finish second in the Southern League in 1948–49, before being transfer-listed in the summer after failing to agree terms with the club. He spent the summer coaching Finnish club Helsingin Palloseura. Rowe left to manage Tottenham Hotspur and Soo applied to succeed him as Chelmsford manager, but lost out to Jack Tresadern. He submitted a transfer request in November 1949 so as to try and find a club closer to his wife's family home in Stoke-on-Trent following her father's death, and also due to increasing tensions between himself, Tresadern, and the club's board of directors. Kidderminster Harriers offered Chelmsford £1,000 for his services, but Soo refused to join the club. He was forced to play for Chelmsford Reserves as the dispute rumbled on, before he was reinstated in the first-team in January following outcry from the club's supporters. City finished in fourth-place at the end of the 1949–50 season, and though Soo was named on the club's retained list he instead retired as a player to join St Albans City as manager on 30 May 1950.
Style of play
Soo was quick and intelligent and was noted for his ability to deliver perfectly placed passes. Stan Mortensen wrote in his autobiography, Football Is My Game, that Soo was one of the four best wing-halves he ever played with (alongside George Farrow, Billy Wright and Harry Sellars), and "seemed incapable of a clumsy movement". Arsenal's Alex James described him as "modern for his time".
Managerial career
Padova
Soo spent the summer of 1949 coaching the Finnish club Helsingin Palloseura before entering management full-time at Isthmian League side St Albans City in May 1950. He led the "Saints" to a ninth-place finish at the end of the 1950–51 season. On 12 April 1951, he was appointed as manager of Italian club Padova following Giovanni Ferrari's dismissal as manager. The press had accused the "Patavini" players of laziness, and Soo's reputation as a stern taskmaster was seen as a good solution. Padova beat Napoli 2–0 on the final day of the 1950–51 season to avoid relegation out of Serie A, and finished just a point ahead of 19th-placed Roma. His main summer signing was Norwegian player Knut Andersen, though the transfer was only completed in December when clearance from the Scandinavian Federation was confirmed; on Andersen's debut Padova managed to beat reigning champions Milan 5–2 at the Stadio Silvio Appiani. However, the team struggled in the second half of the 1951–52 season, and Soo left the club on 13 March to return to England following his wife's death; Gastone Prendato was named as his successor at Padova, but could not keep the club out of the relegation zone by the end of the season.
Scandinavia
He signed a one-year contract to manage Swedish club Eskilstuna in May 1952, but took charge of the side after first working as head coach of the Norway national football team for the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. He took charge of just one match, as Norway were defeated 4–1 by neighbours and reigning gold medallists Sweden in the first round of the tournament. Returning to Eskilstuna, he told the press that he wanted to initiate a new playing style of "long, sweeping passes", and in addition to coaching the first-team he also took charge of the youth team and coached at local Eskilstuna schools. He also initiated a total ban on alcohol for his players, which some in the media criticised as totalitarian and unnecessary. The club finished third in the Östra region of Division 3 in 1952–53, but were promoted into Division 2 due to a re-organisation of the league system.
Soo was appointed manager of newly relegated Division 2 Svealand club Örebro in 1953, however, soon became unpopular with some players in his new dressing room due to his strict training methods. Despite his apparent unpopularity, he still managed to take the club to a second-place finish at the end of the 1953–54 season, one place ahead of Eskilstuna. He again did not stay long though. He was appointed as manager at Allsvenskan club Djurgården in June 1954, succeeding Welshman Dai Astley. He was also linked with the Swedish national team job, but the SvFF opted not to appoint a full-time manager following failure to qualify for the 1954 FIFA World Cup. He instead accepted a post as part-time coach of Sweden, still to be officially managed by a committee, but left the post following heavy defeats to the Soviet Union and Hungary. Back at Djurgården, his physical style of play proved to be highly effective, and he led the "Blåränderna" to the league title at the end of the 1954–55 season, after which he tendered his resignation.
Soo was appointed manager of Division 3 Nordvästra Götaland club Oddevold on 21 February 1956 and led the club to promotion as runners-up of their region in 1955–56. However, the team struggled in the Västra Götaland region of Division 2 in the 1956–57 campaign, and Soo left the club in February 1957; his successor, Sven-Ove Svensson, led the club to an eighth-place finish. In December 1957, he was appointed as trainer at Allsvenskan club AIK, working alongside former Sweden selection committee chairman Putte Kock. However, he soon caused controversy after trying to focus his players primarily on football, which angered bandy playing twins Bengt and Björn Anlert. The "Gnaget" finished ninth in 1957–58, and Soo and the players suffered a difficult relationship.
Scunthorpe United
On 8 June 1959, Soo returned to England and was appointed manager of Second Division club Scunthorpe United, and immediately came under fire from vice-chairman Doug Drury, who said the club could not afford Soo's £1,600-a-year salary. He signed defender Dennis John, winger Martin Bakes and centre-forward Barrie Thomas; Thomas went on to score 26 goals as the "Iron" recorded a 15th-place finish at the end of the 1959–60 season. Writing in February 1960, Ipswich Town manager Alf Ramsey described Scunthorpe as "one of the most improved clubs in the country, since manager Frank Soo took over the reins at the Old Showground at the start of the season, the football produced by this little club has at times matched the best". However, Soo resigned in May 1960.
Later career
In 1961, Soo returned to Scandinavia and managed Frigg in Oslo, the capital of Norway, for one season. Two years later Soo was appointed manager of the Israel national team and was due to take charge in October 1963, but a last-minute disagreement between himself and the Israel Football Association meant that he never formally took charge of the team. The job instead went to George Ainsley. He subsequently returned to Scandinavia and briefly took charge at IFK Stockholm before he was appointed manager of Norwegian First Division club Fredrikstad in January 1964. He had a "short and turbulent" reign, again finding his players resentful of his prohibition of alcohol, and led the club to a second-place finish in 1964, before he resigned on 15 December 1964. In November 1965, he was appointed manager of Danish 1st Division club Akademisk Boldklub, and led the "Akademikerne" to fifth-place and sixth-place finishes in 1965 and 1966. However, by this time he had established a reputation as a manager who was difficult to work with, highly demanding both in what he asked of his players and what he asked for financially, and someone who very quickly moved on. He remained in Sweden for the rest of the 1960s, though nearly made a return to coaching with the Hong Kong national team in April 1972, though did not take up the post as the HKFA were only prepared to offer him a one-year contract. He returned to Stoke-on-Trent by the 1980s, and later died due to complications of dementia at a cottage hospital in Cheadle on 25 January 1991.
Style of management
In an interview with the Swedish newspaper Fotboll, Soo said "usually I run with the boys for 90-minutes. Then I try to make that time as intense as possible... I want them to be tired after training". He was described as a slavdrivare (slave driver).
Legacy
A street was named after him on what used to be the site of the Victoria Ground in Stoke. The Frank Soo Foundation was created in Soo's honour in 2016, the aim of which is to promote his story, continue his legacy and encourage more people from East and South East Asian backgrounds to participate in football. An annual five-a-side charity football tournament is held in his honour, with the Player of the Tournament award being named after him. The Frank Soo Cup is also held every year in collaboration with County Football Associations encouraging grassroots participation.
On 8 May 2020, to commemorate the anniversary of his first England cap, Soo was honoured by Google with a Doodle. On 3 November 2023, Soo was inducted into the Stoke-on-Trent Sporting Hall of Fame to mark 90 years since his debut for Stoke City. A campaign lobbying the FA to award Soo with a posthumous honorary England cap was launched shortly after.
Career statistics
Playing statistics
Source:
Club
Season
Division
League
FA Cup
Total
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Stoke City
1933–34
First Division
14
1
2
2
16
3
1934–35
First Division
9
0
0
0
9
0
1935–36
First Division
35
0
5
0
40
0
1936–37
First Division
31
0
0
0
31
0
1937–38
First Division
42
2
3
2
45
4
1938–39
First Division
42
2
2
1
44
3
Total
173
5
12
5
185
10
Leicester City
1945–46
War League
0
0
2
0
2
0
Luton Town
1946–47
Second Division
38
0
4
0
42
0
1947–48
Second Division
33
4
3
1
36
5
Total
71
4
7
1
78
5
Career total
244
9
21
6
265
15
Managerial statistics
Source:
Managerial record by team and tenure
Team
From
To
Record
P
W
D
L
Win %
Norway
June 1952
July 1952
1
0
0
1
000.0
Scunthorpe United
June 1959
May 1960
44
14
10
20
031.8
Total
45
14
10
21
031.1
Honours
Eskilstuna
Division 3 Östra promotion: 1952–53
Djurgården
Allsvenskan: 1954–55
Oddevold
Division 3 Nordvästra Götaland promotion: 1955–56
References
Specific
^ a b Godfrey, Mark (29 February 2016). "The Wanderer – Just who was Frank Soo?". The Football Pink. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
^ a b c d e f g Matthews, Tony (1994). The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. Lion Press. ISBN 0-9524151-0-0.
^ "Stoke City. Record-breaking staff re-engaged for this season". Sunday Dispatch Football Guide. London. 23 August 1936. p. vi – via Newspapers.com.
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 7
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 8
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 14
^ Soo, Ronald, Commonwealth War Graves Commission, cwgc.org; retrieved 2 June 2010.
^ a b Gardiner 2016, p. 35
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 41
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 126
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 15
^ a b Matthews, Tony (18 December 2008). The Legends of Stoke City. Derby, United Kingdom: Breedon Books. pp. 170–71. ISBN 978-1-85983-653-8.
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 26
^ a b c Gardiner 2016, p. 27
^ a b Gardiner 2016, p. 28
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 29
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 30
^ a b c Gardiner 2016, p. 31
^ a b Gardiner 2016, p. 34
^ a b Gardiner 2016, p. 38
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 39
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 45
^ Smith, Peter (8 May 2020). "Stoke City superstar Frank Soo honoured as Google Doodle - and this is why". Stoke Sentinel. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
^ a b Gardiner 2016, p. 49
^ Kent, Jeff (1996). Port Vale Personalities. Witan Books. p. 275. ISBN 0-9529152-0-0.
^ Barrie Courtney. "International caps". RSSSF. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
^ Barrie Courtney. "England - War-Time/Victory Internationals - Details". RSSSF. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
^ White, Jonathan (13 December 2018). "Frank Soo Street hopes to put England's pioneering Asian footballer on the map". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 54
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 56
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 64
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 53
^ a b Stoke City 101 Golden Greats. Desert Islands Books. 2002. pp. 88–90. ISBN 1-874287-55-4.
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 69
^ Matthews, Stanley; Scott, Les (2000), The Way It Was, Headline, p. 238, ISBN 0-7472-6427-9
^ "Stoke City legends: Frank Soo". The Sentinel. 10 August 2010. Archived from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 82
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 88
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 90
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 93
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 94
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 97
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 98
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 104
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 108
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 110
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 113
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 115
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 116
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 121
^ a b Gardiner 2016, p. 143
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 32
^ a b Smith, Peter (9 May 2020). "Who is Frank Soo? The Stoke City legend who made England history". Stoke Sentinel. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 122
^ a b Gardiner 2016, p. 124
^ a b Gardiner 2016, p. 125
^ Landslaget statistikk/rekorder (Norwegian) Retrieved 16 December 2019.
^ "Olympic Football Tournament Helsinki 1952 - Sweden 4:1 (2:0) Norway - Overview". FIFA.com. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 127
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 128
^ a b "Division 3 (3rd level) 1952/53". Swipnet. 25 November 2009. Archived from the original on 25 November 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ a b c Gardiner 2016, p. 129
^ a b c d Gardiner 2016, p. 131
^ a b Colon, Paul (18 June 2013). "Djurgården And Hammarby: A Moving Story – TheInsideLeft". TheInsideLeft. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
^ a b c d Gardiner 2016, p. 133
^ a b Gardiner 2016, p. 134
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 136
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 137
^ a b c Gardiner 2016, p. 138
^ Aftenposten, Viljam Brodahl. ""Den glemte spilleren" var norsk landslagssjef i én kamp. Nå hylles han av milliardselskap". Aftenposten (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ a b Gardiner 2016, p. 139
^ a b Gardiner 2016, p. 141
^ Gardiner 2016, p. 140
^ "Charity | The Frank Soo Foundation". Frank Soo Foundation. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
^ Smith, Peter (9 May 2020). "Google artist explains tribute to Stoke City hero Frank Soo". Stoke Sentinel. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
^ Trehan, Dev (2 November 2023). "England and Stoke City trailblazer Frank Soo to be inducted into Stoke-on-Trent's Sporting Hall of Fame". Sky Sports. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
^ Trehan, Dev (10 November 2023). "Frank Soo: Football Association urged to award honorary cap to Asian trailblazer who played for England during the war". Sky Sports. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
^ a b Frank Soo at the English National Football Archive (subscription required)
^ Frank Soo at Post War English & Scottish Football League A–Z Player's Transfer Database
^ "Frank's Matches | The Frank Soo Foundation". Frank Soo Foundation. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
General
Gardiner, Susan (2016), The Wanderer: The Story of Frank Soo, Electric Blue, ISBN 978-0-9955396-1-7
vteNorway squad – 1952 Summer Olympics
1 A. Hansen
2 Holmberg
3 Karlsen
4 Olsen
5 Svenssen (c)
6 Spydevold
7 Hvidsten
8 Thoresen
9 Sørensen
10 Johannessen
11 Dahlen
12 Blohm
13 O. Hansen
14 Henriksen
15 Nilsen
16 Pedersen
17 Ødegaard
18 Jevne
19 Kristiansen
20 Orre
Coach: Soo
Frank Soo managerial positions
vteCalcio Padova – managers
Treves de'Bonfili (1910–11)
Festa, Pedrina, Appiani (1913–14)
Pedrina (1914–15)
Peyer (1919–22)
Burgess (1922–26)
Peyer (1926)
Fagiuoli (1926–27)
Bell (1927–28)
Burgess (1928–30)
L. Kovács (1930–32)
Vanicsek (1932–35)
Colombati (1932)
E. Kovács (1935–36)
Wilheim (1936–38)
Vereb (1938–39)
Tansini (1939)
Kőszegi (1939–40)
Klein (1940–41)
Bánás (1941–42)
Zamberletti (1942–43)
Tansini (1943–44)
Dentelli (1945–46)
Tansini (1946)
Varglien (1946)
Monti (1946)
Serantoni (1946–47)
Wilheim (1947–48)
Serantoni (1948–49)
Guttmann (1949–50)
Serantoni (1950)
Blasevich (1950–51)
G. Ferrari (1951)
Soo (1951–52)
Prendato (1952)
Pasinati (1952)
Rava (1952–53)
Czeizler (1953)
Tansini (1953)
Rava (1953–54)
Rocco (1954–61)
Mari (1961–62)
Serantoni (1962)
Del Grosso (1962–63)
Maté (1963)
Montez (1963–64)
Maté (1964)
Montarini (1964–66)
Rosa (1966–69)
Maté (1969–72)
Bolognesi (1972)
Perazzolo (1972)
Bolognesi (1972)
Gatti (1972–73)
Bolognesi (1973–74)
Trapanelli (1974–75)
Cappello (1975)
Beraldo (1975–76)
Bergamasco (1976)
Pin (1976–77)
R. Mattè (1977)
Foscarini & Longhin (1977)
Pivatelli (1977–79)
E. Mattè (1979)
Mammi (1979–80)
Caciagli (1980–82)
Giorgi (1982–83)
Sereni (1983)
Agroppi (1983–84)
Rambone (1984)
Di Marzio (1984–85)
Perani (1985–86)
Mammi (1986)
Buffoni (1986–89)
E. Ferrari (1989)
Colautti (1989–91)
Mazzia (1991–92)
Sandreani (1992–96)
Materazzi (1996–97)
Fedele (1997)
Pillon (1997–98)
Fedele (1998–99)
Ottoni (1999)
Beruatto (1999–00)
Varrella (2000–01)
Frosio (2001–03)
Glerean (2003–04)
Ulivieri (2004–05)
Pellegrino (2005–06)
Mandorlini (2006–07)
Rossi (2007–08)
Sabatini (2008–09)
Tesser (2009)
Sabatini (2009–10)
Di Costanzo (2010)
Sabatini (2010)
Calori (2010–11)
Dal Canto (2011–12)
Pea (2012)
Colomba (2012–13)
Pea (2013)
Marcolin (2013)
Mutti (2013–14)
Serena (2014)
Parlato (2014–2015)
Pillon (2015–2016)
Brevi (2016–17)
Bisoli (2017–18)
Foscarini (2018)
Bisoli (2018–19)
Centurioni (2019)
Sullo (2019–20)
Mandorlini (2020–21)
Pavanel (2021–22)
Oddo (2022)
Caneo (2022)
Torrente (2022–24)
Oddo (2024–)
vteNorway national football team – managers
Hayes (1912)
Möller (1918–20)
McPherson (Olympic team) (1920)
Halvorsen (1934–45)
Soo (1952)
Hahn (1953–55)
Lewin (1956–57)
Majowski (1958)
Larsenc (1958)
Henriksen (1959)
Kment (1960–62)
Larsen (1962–66)
Kment (1967–69)
Johannessen (1970–71)
Curtis (1972–74)
Andreassen & Eggen (1974–77)
Fossen (1978–87)
Andreassen & Eggen (Olympic team) (1986–87)
Grip (1987–88)
Stadheim (1988–90)
Olsen (1990–98)
Semb (1998–2003)
Hareide (2003–08)
Olsen (2009–13)
Høgmo (2013–16)
Lagerbäck (2017–20)
Solbakken (2020–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteÖrebro SK – managers
Konrád (1939–42)
Magnusson (1942–44)
Östling (1944–45)
Löwenthal (1945–47)
Magnusson (1947–48)
Dunker (1948–49)
Dunker & Dahl (1949–50)
Kaufeldt (1950–51)
Pettersson (1951–52)
Pettersson & Nordahl (1952–53)
Soo (1953–54)
Lindh (1954–55)
Pettersson (1955–56)
Magnusson (1956–57)
Engvall & Burnikell (1957–58)
Bergmark & Burnikell (1958–59)
Bergmark (1960–61)
Neschy (1962)
Varszegi (1963–64)
Lindh (1965–66)
Samuelsson (1967–70)
Bergmark (1971–73)
Grip (1974–75)
Lenartsson (1976–77)
Lenartsson & Bergmark (1978)
Grip (1979–80)
Rosén (1981–82)
Hodgson (1983–84)
Baxter (1985)
Taaler & Stojanović (1986)
Zetterlund (1987–92)
Karlsson & Dahlqvist (1993)
Dahlqvist (1994–99)
Jingblad (2000–02)
Lundin (2003–04)
Walker (2005–06)
Walker & Hammar (2007)
Boström (2008–12)
Ljung (2012–14)
Axén (2014–17)
Kjäll (2017–21)
Gazimba (2021)
Lantz (2021)
Cedergren (2022)
Kjäll (2022)
Järdler (2022–)
vteDjurgårdens IF Fotboll – managers
Maconnachie (1922)
Nordenskjöld (1923–29)
Lindqvist (1929–32)
Lindqvist & Kock (1932–34)
Svensson (1935–44)
Kaufeldt (1944–50)
Astley (1950–54)
Soo (1954–55)
Cronqvist (1955–57)
Szendrődi (1957–59)
Sandberg & Hallberg (1959)
Raynor (1960)
Probst (1960–63)
Lindberg (1964–66)
Sandberg (1967–71)
Durán (1972–74)
Persson (1975–78)
Ball (1979)
Sandberg & Arnesson (1979)
Mokkelbost (1980–81)
Backe (1982–84)
Westerberg (1985–86)
Söderberg (1987–89)
Wass (1990–91)
T. Lundin (1992)
Pettersson (1993)
Grönhagen (1994–96)
R. Lundin (1997)
Andersson (1998–99)
Åkeby & Lukić (1999–2003)
Lukić (2004)
Jonevret (2004–06)
Grönhagen (2006)
Jónsson (2007–08)
Jeglertz & Lukić (2009)
Jeglertz (2009)
Wass & Banda (2010–11)
Pehrsson & Banda (2011–12)
Pehrsson (2012–13)
Johansson & Sundgren (2013)
Høgmo (2013)
Olsson (2014–16)
Dempsey (2016)
Melkemichel (2017–18)
Bergstrand & Lagerlöf (2018–)
vteAIK Fotboll – managers
Spiksley (1911)
Humenberger (1930–32)
Elliott (1932–34)
Kaufeldt (1934–40)
Simon (1940–43)
Simon & Almgren (1943–44)
Wampetits (1944–48)
Raynor (1948–51)
Raynor & Kaufeldt (1951–52)
Kaufeldt (1952–56)
Carlsson (1956–58)
Soo (1958)
Persson (1959)
Szendrődi (1960–61)
Gustafsson (1962–64)
Carlsson (1965–66)
Ingevik (1967–68)
Lindberg (1969–70)
Lindblom (1971–74)
Spurgeon (1975)
Liander (1975)
Nilsson (1976)
Nordahl (1977–78)
Olsson (1978)
Lindblom (1979)
Petersson (1979–80)
Zetterlund (1981–86)
Nisse Andersson (1987)
Åbergc (1987)
Åslund (1988–90)
Söderberg (1991–93)
Backe (1994)
Backe & Hamrén (1995)
Hamrén (1996–97)
Baxter (1998–2000)
Nordin (2001–02)
Larssonc (2002)
Uhrin (2002)
Money (2003–04)
Englundc (2004)
Norling (2005–08)
Stahre (2009–10)
Wesströmc (2010)
Miller (2010)
Alm (2010–16)
Norling (2016–20)
Grzelak (2020–22)
Goitomc (2022)
Brännström (2022–23)
Berg (2023–)
vteScunthorpe United F.C. – managers
Allcock (1915–36)
Crilly (1936–37)
Allcock (1937–46)
Harper (1946–48)
Allcock (1948–50)
Jones (1950–51)
Corkhill (1952–56)
Suart (1956–58)
McShane (1958–59)
Lambton (1959)
Soo (1959–60)
Duckworth (1960–64)
Goodwin (1964–66)
Burkinshaw (1966–67)
Ashman (1967–73)
Bradley (1973–74)
Rooks (1974–76)
Ashman (1976–81)
Duncan (1981–83)
Clarke (1983–84)
Barlow (1984–87)
Money (1987)
Buxton (1987–91)
Green (1991–93)
Money (1993–94)
Moore (1994–96)
Buxton (1996–97)
Lillis (1997)
Laws (1997–2004)
Wilcoxc (2004)
Laws (2004–06)
Adkins (2006–10)
Baraclough (2010–11)
Knill (2011–12)
Laws (2012–13)
Wilcox (2013–14)
Robins (2014–16)
N.Daws (2016)
Alexander (2016–18)
N.Dawsc (2018)
McCall (2018–19)
Dawsonc (2019)
Hurst (2019–20)
Wilcox (2020)
Cox (2020–21)
Hill (2021–22)
T.Dawsc (2022)
Nelsonc (2022–23)
Dean (2023–24)
Butler (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteAkademisk Boldklub – managers
Jessen (1963–65)
Soo (1965)
Astorri (1966–68)
Netuka (1968–69)
K. Hansen (1970)
Hvidemose (1970–71)
K. Hansen (1972)
Cummings (1973–75)
Rasmussen (1975)
Borsdal (1976–77)
C. Andersen (1978–83)
J. Andersen (1983)
Dahl (1984)
C. Andersen (1985–86)
H. Kurland (1986)
Bjerre (1987)
C. Hansen (1988–90)
H. Kurland (1990)
Larsen (1990–91)
P. Jensen (1991–92)
Petersen (1993–95)
C. Andersen (1995)
Nielsen (1996)
C. Andersen (1996–98)
P. Frandsen (1998)
Mørk (1998–2000)
P. Frandsen & F. Christensen (2000–2001)
O. Christensen (2001–03)
P. Frandsen (2003)
H. Jensen (2003–05)
Michaelsen (2005–06)
C. Andersen (2006–07)
Petersen (2007)
F. Christensen (2007–10)
K. Kurland (2010–12)
Lehm (2012–13)
Nørgaard (2013–15)
P. Frandsen (2015–16)
Bjerg (2017)
Madsen (2018–19)
Braune (2019–23)
Andresen (2023)
Roufpanah (2023–24)
Guðjónsson (2024–)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"English Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"unofficial wartime matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team_results_(unofficial_matches)#World_War_II"},{"link_name":"inside-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"half-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"passer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Prescot Cables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescot_Cables_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Leicester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Luton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Chelmsford City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Helsingin Palloseura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingin_Palloseura"},{"link_name":"Isthmian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_League"},{"link_name":"St Albans City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Padova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Padova"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1952 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Eskilstuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Eskilstuna"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"Division 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_1_(Swedish_football)"},{"link_name":"Örebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_SK"},{"link_name":"Djurgården","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Oddevold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Oddevold"},{"link_name":"Division 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_1_(Swedish_football)"},{"link_name":"AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Scunthorpe United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scunthorpe_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Frigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigg_Oslo_FK"},{"link_name":"IFK Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Fredrikstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrikstad_FK"},{"link_name":"Akademisk Boldklub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademisk_Boldklub"}],"text":"English footballerFrank Soo (8 March 1914 – 25 January 1991) was an English professional football player and manager of mixed Chinese and English parentage. He was the first player of Chinese origin to play in the English Football League, and the first player of an ethnic minority background to represent England, though in unofficial wartime matches.He initially began his career at inside-left, though later became more established at half-back. A quick and intelligent player, he was an excellent passer of the ball. He grew up in Liverpool and began his playing career with Prescot Cables before he joined Stoke City for a £400 fee in January 1933. He made his first-team debut in November 1933 and became established in the first-team by the 1935–36 season. He lost most of his best playing years to World War II, leaving him only able to serve in the Royal Air Force and play for Stoke and England in unofficial wartime games, as well as guest for numerous other clubs. He was sold on to Leicester City for a fee of £4,600 in September 1945 and then moved on to Luton Town 10 months later for £5,000. He joined Chelmsford City of the Southern League in May 1948 and retired as a player after two seasons.A stern task master, he began to coach for European clubs in the 1950s and early 1960s. He briefly coached Finnish club Helsingin Palloseura in 1949 before taking charge at Isthmian League side St Albans City for the 1950–51 season. He was appointed manager of the Italian Serie A club Padova in April 1951 but left the club 11 months later following the sudden death of his wife. He then coached Norway at the 1952 Summer Olympics, then led Eskilstuna to promotion out of the Swedish Division 3 Östra in 1952–53. He briefly managed Örebro before he coached Djurgården to the Allsvenskan title in 1954–55. He then returned to lower league football with Oddevold, securing promotion out of Division 3 Nordvästra Götaland in 1955–56. He coached at AIK in 1958 before returning to England to manage Scunthorpe United in June 1959. He took Scunthorpe to 15th in the Second Division in the 1959–60 season before he resigned in May 1960. From there, he struggled to find work, spending short periods in charge at Frigg (Norway), IFK Stockholm (Sweden), Fredrikstad (Norway), and Akademisk Boldklub (Denmark).","title":"Frank Soo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pink-1"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Chorlton, Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorlton-cum-Hardy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_7-4"},{"link_name":"Fairfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"laundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry"},{"link_name":"West Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Derby"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"air gunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_gunner"},{"link_name":"No. 166 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._166_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_35-8"},{"link_name":"autograph hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograph_collecting"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_41-9"},{"link_name":"barbiturate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbiturate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_126-10"}],"text":"Frank Soo was born in Buxton, Derbyshire on 8 March 1914, and brought up in Liverpool.[1] His parents, a Liverpool-based Chinese sailor father, Our Quong-Soo (Chinese: 區君蘇; also Ah Kwong-Soo), and an English mother, Beatrice Whittam, had married in Chorlton, Manchester in 1908.[4] The couple had moved to the village of Fairfield to open a laundry, as was commonly done by Chinese emigrants in England at the time, before eventually moving premises to West Derby, Liverpool around 1920.[5] He had an elder brother, Norman, and several younger siblings: Phyllis, Ronald, Jack, Harold and Kenneth.[6] His brother, Ronald, was killed on 14 January 1944 while serving as an air gunner in No. 166 Squadron.[7]Soo married hairdressing salon proprietor Beryl Freda Lunt in Stoke-on-Trent on 12 June 1938. The couple honeymooned in Bournemouth.[8] Freda, as she was known, was a keen autograph hunter and had initially introduced herself to Soo to ask for his signature.[9] The couple separated in 1951, and Freda died as a result of a barbiturate overdose on 10 March 1952; it was not known whether her death was intentional or accidental.[10]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scouted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cheshire League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_County_League"},{"link_name":"Prescot Cables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescot_Cables_F.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matthews2008-12"},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-2"},{"link_name":"Tom Mather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Mather"},{"link_name":"Harry Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Ware"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ayresome Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayresome_Park"},{"link_name":"the Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-2"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Victoria Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Ground"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Highbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_27-14"},{"link_name":"Bradford Park Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Park_Avenue_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_27-14"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_27-14"},{"link_name":"1933–34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933%E2%80%9334_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_28-15"},{"link_name":"Reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C._Under-23s_and_Academy"},{"link_name":"1934–35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934%E2%80%9335_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Harry Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Davies_(footballer,_born_1904)"},{"link_name":"Joe Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Johnson_(footballer,_born_1911)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Liddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Liddle"},{"link_name":"Stanley Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Tommy Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Sale"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_28-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_29-16"},{"link_name":"broke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracture"},{"link_name":"1935–36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%E2%80%9336_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Anfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfield"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_30-17"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Bob McGrory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_McGrory"},{"link_name":"Harry Sellars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Sellars"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_31-18"},{"link_name":"Arthur Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Turner_(footballer,_born_1909)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Tutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Tutin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_31-18"},{"link_name":"the club's history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_31-18"},{"link_name":"1936–37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%E2%80%9337_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_34-19"},{"link_name":"1937–38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Freddie Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Steele_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"James Westland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Westland_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_34-19"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_35-8"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford_F.C."},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_38-20"},{"link_name":"1938–39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%E2%80%9339_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_38-20"},{"link_name":"England team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Daily Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_39-21"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"1939–40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_45-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Stoke City","text":"Soo played for Norwood, West Derby and West Derby Boys' Club and was scouted by both Everton and Liverpool without ever being signed by either club.[11] He instead began his senior career with Cheshire League side Prescot Cables in late 1932, whilst working as an office clerk.[12] He was quickly signed by Stoke City for a £400 fee on 25 January 1933, after being spotted by the club's scouts.[2] Tom Mather handed Soo his debut at the expense of Harry Ware after picking him to play inside-left against Middlesbrough at Ayresome Park on 4 November 1933, making him the first player of Chinese descent to play in the Football League; the match ended in a 6–1 defeat.[2] Despite the heavy defeat, he was praised as Stoke's stand-out performer. He kept his place for the 1–0 defeat to Manchester City at the Victoria Ground seven days later.[13] He made a third appearance in a loss to Arsenal at Highbury, before being dropped for six matches.[14] He scored his first goal in professional football on 3 January 1934, as Stoke beat Bradford Park Avenue 3–0 in the third round of the FA Cup, and then scored again as Stoke defeated Blackpool by the same scoreline in the following round 24 days later.[14] He scored his first league goal for the \"Potters\" on 29 January, concluding the scoring in a 3–0 victory over Huddersfield Town.[14] He made a total of 16 appearances during the 1933–34 season, scoring three goals, as Stoke posted a 12th-place finish in the First Division.[15]Soo featured mainly for the Reserves during the 1934–35 campaign, as the forward line of Harry Davies, Joe Johnson, Bobby Liddle, Stanley Matthews and Tommy Sale proved to be highly effective, scoring 60 of the club's 71 league goals on the way to a tenth-place finish.[15] He failed to make a first-team appearance between September and 9 March, only returning to the side following a run of three consecutive defeats.[16] He broke his leg during 1935–36 pre-season training, but made a speedy recovery to feature in a 2–0 defeat to Liverpool at Anfield on 18 September.[17] He found himself a first-team regular under new manager Bob McGrory, who utilised him as a left-sided half-back in the place of ageing veteran Harry Sellars.[18] Playing alongside Arthur Turner and Arthur Tutin, Soo would be a part of one of the club's great half-back lines.[18] He played a total of 40 matches that season, helping Stoke to a fourth-place finish, the highest in the club's history.[18]Stoke were inconsistent across the 1936–37 season, recording a 10–3 victory over West Bromwich Albion (a game which Soo missed due to injury) in the middle of a run of eight defeats in 11 league fixtures.[19] Soo made 31 appearances, as City finished in tenth place. Soo scored four goals from 45 appearances during the 1937–38 campaign and played at centre-forward on two occasions in November due to injuries to Freddie Steele and James Westland.[19] However, Stoke struggled again, falling to 17th-place in the league and being knocked out of the FA Cup by Bradford Park Avenue. Soo succeeded Turner as acting club captain in March 1938 and was formally named as captain in the summer.[8]In October 1938, Stoke rejected a bid from Brentford of £5,000 for Soo.[20] Stoke recovered from a poor start to the 1938–39 season to finish in seventh-place, with Soo scoring three goals from 44 appearances, sometimes being asked to play out of position due to injuries to other players.[20] His name was put forward in numerous newspapers for selection in the England team, with the Daily Express stating that \"Soo, of Stoke, is one of the finest halves in the game, and it would be no less than he was worth if they put him in\".[21] However, he lost the chance to represent England due to the outbreak of World War II, which had also caused Stoke City to cancel their planned 1939 summer tour of Germany and Poland, and then led the Football League to cancel the 1939–40 season after just three matches.[22] Before the league was suspended, Soo's midfield partnership with Turner and Tutin – with Matthews and Steele in attack – had made Stoke one of the favourites for that season's league title.[23]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_49-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_49-24"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Blackburn Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_F.C."},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Crewe Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_Alexandra_F.C."},{"link_name":"Millwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwall_F.C."},{"link_name":"Burnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_F.C."},{"link_name":"Victory Internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_International"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"FA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"1939–40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_54-29"},{"link_name":"1940–41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940%E2%80%9341_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_56-30"},{"link_name":"1941–42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941%E2%80%9342_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"1942–43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942%E2%80%9343_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_64-31"},{"link_name":"1943–44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943%E2%80%9344_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"1944–45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944%E2%80%9345_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_53-32"},{"link_name":"transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101_greats-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_69-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Soo initially found work in the engineering department of the Michelin tyre company in Stoke-on-Trent, which allowed him to play wartime matches for Stoke City.[24] Throughout the war he played at full-back, right half-back, left-half-back and inside-left, filling in as need be as team-mates would be unavailable for selection due to service or work commitments.[24] He also appeared for Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, Everton, Chelsea, Reading, Brentford, Port Vale, Crewe Alexandra, Millwall, and Burnley, and played nine times for the England national football team between 1942 and 1945 (in Wartime and Victory Internationals),[25][26][27] the first non-white person ever to play for the national team (albeit in semi-official matches only) and the only person of East Asian descent to date.[28] He also played for several FA representative teams not officially described as \"England\". He played mainly for Stoke City however, scoring three goals in 28 appearances in the 1939–40 season as Stoke won the War League West Regional Championship.[29] He then scored four goals from 18 matches in 1940–41.[2]He was called up to the Royal Air Force (RAF) on 28 July 1941 and spent most of his time in the RAF working in the technical training of aircrews.[30] As time went on, he was based further away from Stoke and became unable to play for the club; he scored three goals from 12 appearances in 1941–42 and four goals from 13 matches in 1942–43, before he was stripped of the captaincy.[31] He played just two games for Stoke in 1943–44 and scored three goals from eight games in 1944–45.[32] In April 1945, Soo submitted a transfer request after growing tensions between himself and McGrory due to his lack of availability and his frustrations at being played out of position by McGrory, who also had a similarly tense relationship with star player Stanley Matthews.[33][34][35]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leicester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_legends-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_82-37"},{"link_name":"1945–46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%E2%80%9346_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Filbert Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filbert_Street"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_88-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_90-39"}],"sub_title":"Leicester City","text":"On 27 September 1945, Soo was sold to Leicester City for a fee of £4,600, rejoining the manager who had signed him for Stoke, Tom Mather.[36] He was named as the \"Foxes\" new club captain less than two weeks later.[37] However, Leicester struggled in the 1945–46 season, and he was transfer-listed in January despite being one of the better performers at Filbert Street.[38] He was demobilised from the RAF on 26 April 1946.[39]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matthews2008-12"},{"link_name":"1946–47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1946%E2%80%9347_Luton_Town_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_93-40"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"George Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Martin_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_94-41"},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"1947–48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1947%E2%80%9348_Luton_Town_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dally Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dally_Duncan"},{"link_name":"Kenilworth Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenilworth_Road"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_97-42"}],"sub_title":"Luton Town","text":"Soo joined Luton Town in July 1946 for a fee of £5,000.[12] The \"Hatters\" started the 1946–47 season poorly, losing eight matches by mid-November.[40] However, after going three goals down to league leaders Newcastle United, manager George Martin gave what Soo described as \"the most unusual pep talk I have ever heard\" and inspired a 4–3 comeback victory.[41] Luton went on to finish the season 13th in the Second Division, with Soo making 38 league and four FA Cup appearances. He then scored five goals in 36 appearances in the 1947–48 season, though new manager Dally Duncan could not take Luton above 13th place, and he allowed Soo to leave Kenilworth Road in the summer.[42]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chelmsford City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_98-43"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rowe"},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"1948–49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_104-44"},{"link_name":"Helsingin Palloseura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingin_Palloseura"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_108-45"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"Jack Tresadern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Tresadern"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_110-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_113-47"},{"link_name":"Kidderminster Harriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidderminster_Harriers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_115-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_116-49"},{"link_name":"1949–50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350_Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"St Albans City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_121-50"}],"sub_title":"Chelmsford City","text":"On 28 May 1948, Soo signed with Chelmsford City from Luton for a reported \"substantial transfer fee\".[43] He was appointed as club captain and as a coach and helped Arthur Rowe's \"Clarets\" to finish second in the Southern League in 1948–49, before being transfer-listed in the summer after failing to agree terms with the club.[44] He spent the summer coaching Finnish club Helsingin Palloseura.[45] Rowe left to manage Tottenham Hotspur and Soo applied to succeed him as Chelmsford manager, but lost out to Jack Tresadern.[46] He submitted a transfer request in November 1949 so as to try and find a club closer to his wife's family home in Stoke-on-Trent following her father's death, and also due to increasing tensions between himself, Tresadern, and the club's board of directors.[47] Kidderminster Harriers offered Chelmsford £1,000 for his services, but Soo refused to join the club.[48] He was forced to play for Chelmsford Reserves as the dispute rumbled on, before he was reinstated in the first-team in January following outcry from the club's supporters.[49] City finished in fourth-place at the end of the 1949–50 season, and though Soo was named on the club's retained list he instead retired as a player to join St Albans City as manager on 30 May 1950.[50]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_143-51"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101_greats-33"},{"link_name":"Stan Mortensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Mortensen"},{"link_name":"George Farrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Farrow"},{"link_name":"Billy Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Wright_(footballer,_born_1924)"},{"link_name":"Harry Sellars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Sellars"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_32-52"},{"link_name":"Alex James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_James_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-street-53"}],"text":"Soo was quick and intelligent and was noted for his ability to deliver perfectly placed passes.[51][33] Stan Mortensen wrote in his autobiography, Football Is My Game, that Soo was one of the four best wing-halves he ever played with (alongside George Farrow, Billy Wright and Harry Sellars), and \"seemed incapable of a clumsy movement\".[52] Arsenal's Alex James described him as \"modern for his time\".[53]","title":"Style of play"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isthmian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_League"},{"link_name":"1950–51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Isthmian_League"},{"link_name":"Padova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Padova"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_122-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_124-55"},{"link_name":"Napoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli"},{"link_name":"1950–51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"relegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_124-55"},{"link_name":"Knut Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Andersen_(footballer,_born_1930)"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan"},{"link_name":"Stadio Silvio Appiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Silvio_Appiani"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_125-56"},{"link_name":"1951–52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Gastone Prendato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastone_Prendato"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_125-56"}],"sub_title":"Padova","text":"Soo spent the summer of 1949 coaching the Finnish club Helsingin Palloseura before entering management full-time at Isthmian League side St Albans City in May 1950. He led the \"Saints\" to a ninth-place finish at the end of the 1950–51 season. On 12 April 1951, he was appointed as manager of Italian club Padova following Giovanni Ferrari's dismissal as manager.[54] The press had accused the \"Patavini\" players of laziness, and Soo's reputation as a stern taskmaster was seen as a good solution.[55] Padova beat Napoli 2–0 on the final day of the 1950–51 season to avoid relegation out of Serie A, and finished just a point ahead of 19th-placed Roma.[55] His main summer signing was Norwegian player Knut Andersen, though the transfer was only completed in December when clearance from the Scandinavian Federation was confirmed; on Andersen's debut Padova managed to beat reigning champions Milan 5–2 at the Stadio Silvio Appiani.[56] However, the team struggled in the second half of the 1951–52 season, and Soo left the club on 13 March to return to England following his wife's death; Gastone Prendato was named as his successor at Padova, but could not keep the club out of the relegation zone by the end of the season.[56]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_contracts"},{"link_name":"Eskilstuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Eskilstuna"},{"link_name":"head coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_coach"},{"link_name":"Norway national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1952 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"reigning gold medallists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"first round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"youth team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_system"},{"link_name":"Eskilstuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskilstuna"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_127-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_128-60"},{"link_name":"Division 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_1_(Swedish_football)"},{"link_name":"1952–53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_Swedish_football_Division_3"},{"link_name":"Division 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superettan"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prom-61"},{"link_name":"Örebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_SK"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_129-62"},{"link_name":"1953–54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_Swedish_football_Division_2"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_129-62"},{"link_name":"Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Djurgården","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Dai Astley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Astley"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_129-62"},{"link_name":"SvFF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"1954 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_131-63"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_131-63"},{"link_name":"1954–55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_season"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Djurg%C3%A5rden-64"},{"link_name":"Oddevold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Oddevold"},{"link_name":"1955–56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_Swedish_football_Division_3"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_133-65"},{"link_name":"1956–57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956%E2%80%9357_Swedish_football_Division_2"},{"link_name":"Sven-Ove Svensson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven-Ove_Svensson"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_133-65"},{"link_name":"AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Putte Kock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putte_Kock"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_133-65"},{"link_name":"bandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy"},{"link_name":"Bengt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengt_Anlert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Björn Anlert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bj%C3%B6rn_Anlert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_134-66"},{"link_name":"1957–58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%9358_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_134-66"}],"sub_title":"Scandinavia","text":"He signed a one-year contract to manage Swedish club Eskilstuna in May 1952, but took charge of the side after first working as head coach of the Norway national football team for the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.[57] He took charge of just one match, as Norway were defeated 4–1 by neighbours and reigning gold medallists Sweden in the first round of the tournament.[58] Returning to Eskilstuna, he told the press that he wanted to initiate a new playing style of \"long, sweeping passes\", and in addition to coaching the first-team he also took charge of the youth team and coached at local Eskilstuna schools.[59] He also initiated a total ban on alcohol for his players, which some in the media criticised as totalitarian and unnecessary.[60] The club finished third in the Östra region of Division 3 in 1952–53, but were promoted into Division 2 due to a re-organisation of the league system.[61]Soo was appointed manager of newly relegated Division 2 Svealand club Örebro in 1953, however, soon became unpopular with some players in his new dressing room due to his strict training methods.[62] Despite his apparent unpopularity, he still managed to take the club to a second-place finish at the end of the 1953–54 season, one place ahead of Eskilstuna.[62] He again did not stay long though. He was appointed as manager at Allsvenskan club Djurgården in June 1954, succeeding Welshman Dai Astley.[62] He was also linked with the Swedish national team job, but the SvFF opted not to appoint a full-time manager following failure to qualify for the 1954 FIFA World Cup.[63] He instead accepted a post as part-time coach of Sweden, still to be officially managed by a committee, but left the post following heavy defeats to the Soviet Union and Hungary.[63] Back at Djurgården, his physical style of play proved to be highly effective, and he led the \"Blåränderna\" to the league title at the end of the 1954–55 season, after which he tendered his resignation.[64]Soo was appointed manager of Division 3 Nordvästra Götaland club Oddevold on 21 February 1956 and led the club to promotion as runners-up of their region in 1955–56.[65] However, the team struggled in the Västra Götaland region of Division 2 in the 1956–57 campaign, and Soo left the club in February 1957; his successor, Sven-Ove Svensson, led the club to an eighth-place finish.[65] In December 1957, he was appointed as trainer at Allsvenskan club AIK, working alongside former Sweden selection committee chairman Putte Kock.[65] However, he soon caused controversy after trying to focus his players primarily on football, which angered bandy playing twins Bengt and Björn Anlert.[66] The \"Gnaget\" finished ninth in 1957–58, and Soo and the players suffered a difficult relationship.[66]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Scunthorpe United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scunthorpe_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_136-67"},{"link_name":"Dennis John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_John_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Martin Bakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bakes"},{"link_name":"Barrie Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_Thomas"},{"link_name":"1959–60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1959%E2%80%9360_Scunthorpe_United_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_137-68"},{"link_name":"Ipswich Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Alf Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"Old Showground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Showground"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_138-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_138-69"}],"sub_title":"Scunthorpe United","text":"On 8 June 1959, Soo returned to England and was appointed manager of Second Division club Scunthorpe United, and immediately came under fire from vice-chairman Doug Drury, who said the club could not afford Soo's £1,600-a-year salary.[67] He signed defender Dennis John, winger Martin Bakes and centre-forward Barrie Thomas; Thomas went on to score 26 goals as the \"Iron\" recorded a 15th-place finish at the end of the 1959–60 season.[68] Writing in February 1960, Ipswich Town manager Alf Ramsey described Scunthorpe as \"one of the most improved clubs in the country, since manager Frank Soo took over the reins at the Old Showground at the start of the season, the football produced by this little club has at times matched the best\".[69] However, Soo resigned in May 1960.[69]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigg_Oslo_FK"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Israel national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Israel Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"George Ainsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ainsley"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_138-69"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"IFK Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Norwegian First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliteserien"},{"link_name":"Fredrikstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrikstad_FK"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_139-71"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_1._divisjon"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_139-71"},{"link_name":"Danish 1st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_1st_Division"},{"link_name":"Akademisk Boldklub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademisk_Boldklub"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Danish_1st_Division"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Danish_1st_Division"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_141-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_140-73"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"HKFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_141-72"},{"link_name":"dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"},{"link_name":"Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_143-51"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"In 1961, Soo returned to Scandinavia and managed Frigg in Oslo, the capital of Norway, for one season.[70] Two years later Soo was appointed manager of the Israel national team and was due to take charge in October 1963, but a last-minute disagreement between himself and the Israel Football Association meant that he never formally took charge of the team. The job instead went to George Ainsley.[69] He subsequently returned to Scandinavia and briefly took charge at IFK Stockholm before he was appointed manager of Norwegian First Division club Fredrikstad in January 1964.[71] He had a \"short and turbulent\" reign, again finding his players resentful of his prohibition of alcohol, and led the club to a second-place finish in 1964, before he resigned on 15 December 1964.[71] In November 1965, he was appointed manager of Danish 1st Division club Akademisk Boldklub, and led the \"Akademikerne\" to fifth-place and sixth-place finishes in 1965 and 1966.[72] However, by this time he had established a reputation as a manager who was difficult to work with, highly demanding both in what he asked of his players and what he asked for financially, and someone who very quickly moved on.[73] He remained in Sweden for the rest of the 1960s, though nearly made a return to coaching with the Hong Kong national team in April 1972, though did not take up the post as the HKFA were only prepared to offer him a one-year contract.[72] He returned to Stoke-on-Trent by the 1980s, and later died due to complications of dementia at a cottage hospital in Cheadle on 25 January 1991.[51]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_131-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_131-63"}],"text":"In an interview with the Swedish newspaper Fotboll, Soo said \"usually I run with the boys for 90-minutes. Then I try to make that time as intense as possible... I want them to be tired after training\".[63] He was described as a slavdrivare (slave driver).[63]","title":"Style of management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-street-53"},{"link_name":"East and South East Asian backgrounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Asians_in_association_football"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"County Football Associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_football_association"},{"link_name":"cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Doodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Doodle"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"the FA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"text":"A street was named after him on what used to be the site of the Victoria Ground in Stoke.[53] The Frank Soo Foundation was created in Soo's honour in 2016, the aim of which is to promote his story, continue his legacy and encourage more people from East and South East Asian backgrounds to participate in football. An annual five-a-side charity football tournament is held in his honour, with the Player of the Tournament award being named after him.[74] The Frank Soo Cup is also held every year in collaboration with County Football Associations encouraging grassroots participation.On 8 May 2020, to commemorate the anniversary of his first England cap, Soo was honoured by Google with a Doodle.[75] On 3 November 2023, Soo was inducted into the Stoke-on-Trent Sporting Hall of Fame to mark 90 years since his debut for Stoke City.[76] A campaign lobbying the FA to award Soo with a posthumous honorary England cap was launched shortly after.[77]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENFA-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsm-80"}],"sub_title":"Playing statistics","text":"Source:[78][79][80]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENFA-78"}],"sub_title":"Managerial statistics","text":"Source:[78]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Division 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_1_(Swedish_football)"},{"link_name":"1952–53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_Swedish_football_Division_3"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prom-61"},{"link_name":"Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"1954–55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_season"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Djurg%C3%A5rden-64"},{"link_name":"Division 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_1_(Swedish_football)"},{"link_name":"1955–56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_Swedish_football_Division_3"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_133-65"}],"text":"EskilstunaDivision 3 Östra promotion: 1952–53[61]DjurgårdenAllsvenskan: 1954–55[64]OddevoldDivision 3 Nordvästra Götaland promotion: 1955–56[65]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Godfrey, Mark (29 February 2016). \"The Wanderer – Just who was Frank Soo?\". The Football Pink. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161021045137/https://footballpink.net/2016/02/29/the-wanderer-just-who-was-frank-soo/","url_text":"\"The Wanderer – Just who was Frank Soo?\""},{"url":"https://footballpink.net/2016/02/29/the-wanderer-just-who-was-frank-soo/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Tony (1994). The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. Lion Press. ISBN 0-9524151-0-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9524151-0-0","url_text":"0-9524151-0-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke City. Record-breaking staff re-engaged for this season\". Sunday Dispatch Football Guide. London. 23 August 1936. p. vi – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/sunday-dispatch-football-guide-1936-v-di/134566111/","url_text":"\"Stoke City. Record-breaking staff re-engaged for this season\""}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Tony (18 December 2008). The Legends of Stoke City. Derby, United Kingdom: Breedon Books. pp. 170–71. ISBN 978-1-85983-653-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85983-653-8","url_text":"978-1-85983-653-8"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Peter (8 May 2020). \"Stoke City superstar Frank Soo honoured as Google Doodle - and this is why\". Stoke Sentinel. Retrieved 9 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/frank-soo-google-stoke-city-4118261","url_text":"\"Stoke City superstar Frank Soo honoured as Google Doodle - and this is why\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, Jeff (1996). Port Vale Personalities. Witan Books. p. 275. ISBN 0-9529152-0-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Kent_(author)","url_text":"Kent, Jeff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9529152-0-0","url_text":"0-9529152-0-0"}]},{"reference":"Barrie Courtney. \"International caps\". RSSSF. Retrieved 16 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/eng-warvic-intres.html","url_text":"\"International caps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"Barrie Courtney. \"England - War-Time/Victory Internationals - Details\". RSSSF. Retrieved 16 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/eng-warvic-intres.html","url_text":"\"England - War-Time/Victory Internationals - Details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"White, Jonathan (13 December 2018). \"Frank Soo Street hopes to put England's pioneering Asian footballer on the map\". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 23 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/sport/football/article/2177631/frank-soo-street-hopes-put-englands-pioneering-asian-footballer-map","url_text":"\"Frank Soo Street hopes to put England's pioneering Asian footballer on the map\""}]},{"reference":"Stoke City 101 Golden Greats. Desert Islands Books. 2002. pp. 88–90. ISBN 1-874287-55-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874287-55-4","url_text":"1-874287-55-4"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Stanley; Scott, Les (2000), The Way It Was, Headline, p. 238, ISBN 0-7472-6427-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headline_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Headline"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7472-6427-9","url_text":"0-7472-6427-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke City legends: Frank Soo\". The Sentinel. 10 August 2010. Archived from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121229142022/http://www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk/Stoke-City-legends-Frank-Soo/story-12564183-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Stoke City legends: Frank Soo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sentinel_(Staffordshire)","url_text":"The Sentinel"},{"url":"http://www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk/Stoke-City-legends-Frank-Soo/story-12564183-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Peter (9 May 2020). \"Who is Frank Soo? The Stoke City legend who made England history\". Stoke Sentinel. Retrieved 9 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/google-frank-soo-stoke-city-4118355","url_text":"\"Who is Frank Soo? The Stoke City legend who made England history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Football Tournament Helsinki 1952 - Sweden 4:1 (2:0) Norway - Overview\". FIFA.com. Retrieved 14 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/mensolympic/helsinki1952/matches/round=197061/match=32387/index.html","url_text":"\"Olympic Football Tournament Helsinki 1952 - Sweden 4:1 (2:0) Norway - Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Division 3 (3rd level) 1952/53\". Swipnet. 25 November 2009. Archived from the original on 25 November 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091125201616/http://home.swipnet.se/clasglenning/Sweden/3rdlevel/31953.htm","url_text":"\"Division 3 (3rd level) 1952/53\""}]},{"reference":"Colon, Paul (18 June 2013). \"Djurgården And Hammarby: A Moving Story – TheInsideLeft\". TheInsideLeft. Retrieved 1 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://theinsideleft.com/djurgardens-hammarby-moving/","url_text":"\"Djurgården And Hammarby: A Moving Story – TheInsideLeft\""}]},{"reference":"Aftenposten, Viljam Brodahl. \"\"Den glemte spilleren\" var norsk landslagssjef i én kamp. Nå hylles han av milliardselskap\". Aftenposten (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftenposten.no/sport/fotball/i/jd2xjq/den-glemte-fotballspilleren-var-norsk-landslagssjef-i-en-kamp-naa-hylles-han-av-milliardselskap?","url_text":"\"\"Den glemte spilleren\" var norsk landslagssjef i én kamp. Nå hylles han av milliardselskap\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charity | The Frank Soo Foundation\". Frank Soo Foundation. Retrieved 9 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefranksoofoundation.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Charity | The Frank Soo Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Peter (9 May 2020). \"Google artist explains tribute to Stoke City hero Frank Soo\". Stoke Sentinel. Retrieved 9 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/frank-soo-google-stoke-england-4118403","url_text":"\"Google artist explains tribute to Stoke City hero Frank Soo\""}]},{"reference":"Trehan, Dev (2 November 2023). \"England and Stoke City trailblazer Frank Soo to be inducted into Stoke-on-Trent's Sporting Hall of Fame\". Sky Sports. Retrieved 28 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12997250/england-and-stoke-city-trailblazer-frank-soo-to-be-inducted-into-stoke-on-trents-sporting-hall-of-fame","url_text":"\"England and Stoke City trailblazer Frank Soo to be inducted into Stoke-on-Trent's Sporting Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"Trehan, Dev (10 November 2023). \"Frank Soo: Football Association urged to award honorary cap to Asian trailblazer who played for England during the war\". Sky Sports. Retrieved 28 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12016/13001122/frank-soo-football-association-urged-to-award-honorary-cap-to-asian-trailblazer-who-played-for-england-during-the-war","url_text":"\"Frank Soo: Football Association urged to award honorary cap to Asian trailblazer who played for England during the war\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frank's Matches | The Frank Soo Foundation\". Frank Soo Foundation. Retrieved 9 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefranksoofoundation.org.uk/franksoomatches","url_text":"\"Frank's Matches | The Frank Soo Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Susan (2016), The Wanderer: The Story of Frank Soo, Electric Blue, ISBN 978-0-9955396-1-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9955396-1-7","url_text":"978-0-9955396-1-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161021045137/https://footballpink.net/2016/02/29/the-wanderer-just-who-was-frank-soo/","external_links_name":"\"The Wanderer – Just who was Frank Soo?\""},{"Link":"https://footballpink.net/2016/02/29/the-wanderer-just-who-was-frank-soo/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/sunday-dispatch-football-guide-1936-v-di/134566111/","external_links_name":"\"Stoke City. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUTS_1_statistical_regions_of_England | ITL 1 statistical regions of England | ["1 List of regions","2 Sub-structure of the regions","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Statistical regions in England
ITL 1 regions of EnglandAlso known as:NUTS 1 regions of EnglandCategoryStatistical regionsLocationEnglandCreated1994 (as NUTS 1)Number9 (as of 2010)Additional statusRegion of EnglandPopulations2.5–8 millionAreas1,000–23,000 km²SubdivisionsITL 2 regions
International Territorial Level (ITL) is a geocode standard for referencing the subdivisions of the United Kingdom for statistical purposes, used by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). Between 2003 and 2021, as part of the European Union and European Statistical System, the geocode standard used for the United Kingdom were Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics or NUTS. The NUTS code for the UK was UK and the NUTS standard had a hierarchy of three levels, with 12 first level regions, which are currently mirrored by the ITL classification, of which 9 regions are in England. The sub-structure corresponds to administrative divisions within the country. Formerly, the further NUTS divisions IV and V existed; these have now been replaced by Local Administrative Units (LAU-1 and LAU-2 respectively).
Between 1994 and 2011, the nine regions had an administrative role in the implementation of UK Government policy, and as the areas covered by (mostly indirectly) elected bodies.
List of regions
The ITL 1 statistical regions correspond with the regions of England as used by the UK's Office for National Statistics. Prior to 2021, all codes had "UK" instead of "TL" for Territorial Level.
TLC. North East (used in NUTS as UKC)
TLD. North West (used in NUTS as UKD)
TLE. Yorkshire and the Humber (used in NUTS as UKE)
TLF. East Midlands (used in NUTS as UKF)
TLG. West Midlands (used in NUTS as UKG)
TLH. East of England (used in NUTS as UKH)
TLI. London (used in NUTS as UKI)
TLJ. South East (used in NUTS as UKJ)
TLK. South West (used in NUTS as UKK)
Greater London has a directly elected Mayor and Assembly. The other eight regions have Local authority leaders' boards, which have a role in coordinating local government on a regional level, with members appointed by local government bodies. These boards replaced indirectly elected regional assemblies, which were established in 1994 and undertook a range of co-ordinating, lobbying, scrutiny and strategic planning functions until their abolition.
Sub-structure of the regions
Main article: International Territorial Level
Each region of England is divided into a range of metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties. For ITL purposes, these subdivisions are formally known as ITL levels 2 and 3.
London region is divided into
London boroughs (ITL 3, usual grouped)
All other regions are divided into
metropolitan counties (ITL 2)
shire counties (ITL 2 or 3 depending on the region) and
unitary authorities (usually ITL 3).
See also
Regions of England
Historical and alternative regions of England
International Territorial Level
List of articles about local government in the United Kingdom
Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics
References
^ United Kingdom, NUTS 2013, NUTS Maps, Eurostat. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
^ "International Territorial Levels Level 1 (January 2021) Names and Codes in the United Kingdom". geoportal.statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
External links
Local Government Boundary Commission for England
Dept of Communities and Local Government
vteRegions of England
East of England
East Midlands
London
North East
North West
South East
South West
West Midlands
Yorkshire and the Humber
vte Subdivisions of EnglandRegion
Regions
ITL 1 statistical regions of England
County
Ceremonial county
Metropolitan county
Non-metropolitan county
Greater London
District and civil parish
Civil parish
Metropolitan borough
Non-metropolitan district
London borough
Unitary authority
sui generis
City of London
Isles of Scilly | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Territorial Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Territorial_Level"},{"link_name":"geocode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocode"},{"link_name":"standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Office for National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"European Statistical System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Statistical_System"},{"link_name":"Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics"},{"link_name":"first level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_division"},{"link_name":"UK Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_UK"}],"text":"International Territorial Level (ITL) is a geocode standard for referencing the subdivisions of the United Kingdom for statistical purposes, used by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). Between 2003 and 2021, as part of the European Union and European Statistical System, the geocode standard used for the United Kingdom were Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics or NUTS. The NUTS code for the UK was UK and the NUTS standard had a hierarchy of three levels, with 12 first level regions, which are currently mirrored by the ITL classification, of which 9 regions are in England. The sub-structure corresponds to administrative divisions within the country. Formerly, the further NUTS divisions IV and V existed; these have now been replaced by Local Administrative Units (LAU-1 and LAU-2 respectively).\nBetween 1994 and 2011, the nine regions had an administrative role in the implementation of UK Government policy, and as the areas covered by (mostly indirectly) elected bodies.","title":"ITL 1 statistical regions of England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regions of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_England"},{"link_name":"Office for National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"North East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England"},{"link_name":"North West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire and the Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber"},{"link_name":"East Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)"},{"link_name":"East of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_of_England"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"South East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England"},{"link_name":"South West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_London"},{"link_name":"Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Local authority leaders' boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_authority_leaders%27_board"},{"link_name":"local government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_England"},{"link_name":"regional assemblies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_assembly_(England)"}],"text":"The ITL 1 statistical regions correspond with the regions of England as used by the UK's Office for National Statistics.[1][2] Prior to 2021, all codes had \"UK\" instead of \"TL\" for Territorial Level.TLC. North East (used in NUTS as UKC)\nTLD. North West (used in NUTS as UKD)\nTLE. Yorkshire and the Humber (used in NUTS as UKE)\nTLF. East Midlands (used in NUTS as UKF)\nTLG. West Midlands (used in NUTS as UKG)\nTLH. East of England (used in NUTS as UKH)\nTLI. London (used in NUTS as UKI)\nTLJ. South East (used in NUTS as UKJ)\nTLK. South West (used in NUTS as UKK)Greater London has a directly elected Mayor and Assembly. The other eight regions have Local authority leaders' boards, which have a role in coordinating local government on a regional level, with members appointed by local government bodies. These boards replaced indirectly elected regional assemblies, which were established in 1994 and undertook a range of co-ordinating, lobbying, scrutiny and strategic planning functions until their abolition.","title":"List of regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England"},{"link_name":"London boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_borough"},{"link_name":"metropolitan counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_county"},{"link_name":"shire counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_county"},{"link_name":"unitary authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_authority"}],"text":"Each region of England is divided into a range of metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties. For ITL purposes, these subdivisions are formally known as ITL levels 2 and 3.London region is divided intoLondon boroughs (ITL 3, usual grouped)All other regions are divided intometropolitan counties (ITL 2)\nshire counties (ITL 2 or 3 depending on the region) and\nunitary authorities (usually ITL 3).","title":"Sub-structure of the regions"}] | [] | [{"title":"Regions of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_England"},{"title":"Historical and alternative regions of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_and_alternative_regions_of_England"},{"title":"International Territorial Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"List of articles about local government in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_about_local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics"}] | [{"reference":"\"International Territorial Levels Level 1 (January 2021) Names and Codes in the United Kingdom\". geoportal.statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved 2021-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::international-territorial-levels-level-1-january-2021-names-and-codes-in-the-united-kingdom/explore","url_text":"\"International Territorial Levels Level 1 (January 2021) Names and Codes in the United Kingdom\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/345175/7451602/nuts-map-UK.pdf","external_links_name":"United Kingdom, NUTS 2013"},{"Link":"https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::international-territorial-levels-level-1-january-2021-names-and-codes-in-the-united-kingdom/explore","external_links_name":"\"International Territorial Levels Level 1 (January 2021) Names and Codes in the United Kingdom\""},{"Link":"http://www.lgbce.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Local Government Boundary Commission for England"},{"Link":"http://www.communities.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"Dept of Communities and Local Government"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Huon_de_Kermadec | Jean-Michel Huon de Kermadec | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Naval career","2 Legacy","3 See also","4 Notes","5 Citations","6 References","7 External links"] | French Navy officer
Jean-Michel Huon de KermadecBorn12 September 1748 Bohars Died6 May 1793 (aged 44)Balade
Jean-Michel Huon de Kermadec (12 September 1748 – 6 May 1793) was a French Navy officer. He took part in voyages of exploration in the Pacific Ocean under Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, looking for the lost expedition of Jean-François de La Pérouse.
Biography
Early life
Kermadec was born on 12 September 1748 in Bohars, near the city of Brest in France, into a Breton family of old nobility, to Jean-Guillaume Huon de Kermadec and his wife Anne née du Mescam. His family had a long naval tradition, as both his father and grand-father were also Navy officers. His brother, Jean-Marie Huon de Kermadec, and uncle, François Pierre Huon de Kermadec, were also Navy officers.
Naval career
He served in the American War of Independence, and saw action at the Battle of Ushant in 1778 and the following year was serving aboard the Diadème during the Capture of Grenada and the Siege of Savannah.
In 1781, he was made a Knight in the Order of Saint Louis.
Joining the ship Résolution in 1785, Kermadec was second in command to Bruni d'Entrecasteaux on an voyage to China. He commanded his own ship, the Rhône in 1789 and later that year joined the Académie de Marine. From 1790 to 1791, he captained Patriote, part of the squadron under d'Entrecasteaux.
In September 1791 he was chosen to command the Espérance on d'Entrecasteaux's expedition to find the lost ships of Jean-François de La Pérouse. Kermandec supervised the preparations for the vessels selected for the expedition, his own Espérance and d'Entrecasteaux's Recherche.
Departing from Brest, Kermadec received a promotion to Captain on 29 September 1791. The expedition explored Tasmania, New Caledonia, New Guinea and the Santa Cruz Islands without finding any trace of La Perouse, before returning to Tasmania in January 1793. The expedition then sailed for Tonga and onto New Caledonia, where Kermadec died of tuberculosis on 6 May 1793 at Balade. He was discreetly buried on Poudioué, a nearby islet, to prevent the natives from tampering with the body.
Legacy
The Kermadec Islands northeast of New Zealand are named for Huon de Kermadec, as are the Kermadec Trench, Kermandie, and the Kermandie River, both in Tasmania, Huonville, the Huon Valley, Huon River also all in Tasmania, and the Huon Peninsula and Huon Gulf of Papua New Guinea.
Several plants also bear his name, including the Huon Pine (Lagarostrobos franklinii) of Tasmania, the Proteaceae genus Kermadecia of New Caledonia, and the tree Metrosideros kermadecensis of the Kermadec Islands.
See also
European and American voyages of scientific exploration
Notes
Citations
^ a b c d e f Duyker, Edward (2005). "Huon De Kermadec, Jean-Michel (1748–1793)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
^ a b c d Dunmore 1992, pp. 140–141.
^ Lacour-Gayet (1910), p. 656.
^ Nomen (29 July 1911). "Tasmanian Nomenclature: The Placenames of the Island". Mercury. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
References
Dunmore, John (1992). Who's Who in Pacific Navigation. Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-84488-X.
Lacour-Gayet, Georges (1910). La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI. Paris: Honoré Champion.
External links
Rouxel, Jean-Christophe. "Jean Michel HUON de KERMADEC". Parcours de vies dans la Royale. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
People
Australia
2
Trove | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruni d'Entrecasteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Bruni_d%27Entrecasteaux"},{"link_name":"Jean-François de La Pérouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse"}],"text":"Jean-Michel Huon de Kermadec (12 September 1748 – 6 May 1793) was a French Navy officer. He took part in voyages of exploration in the Pacific Ocean under Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, looking for the lost expedition of Jean-François de La Pérouse.","title":"Jean-Michel Huon de Kermadec"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bohars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohars"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duyker-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunmore1992140%E2%80%93141-2"},{"link_name":"Jean-Marie Huon de Kermadec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Huon_de_Kermadec"},{"link_name":"François Pierre Huon de Kermadec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pierre_Huon_de_Kermadec"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacour-Gayet1910656-3"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Kermadec was born on 12 September 1748 in Bohars, near the city of Brest in France, into a Breton family of old nobility, to Jean-Guillaume Huon de Kermadec and his wife Anne née du Mescam.[1] His family had a long naval tradition, [2] as both his father and grand-father were also Navy officers. His brother, Jean-Marie Huon de Kermadec, and uncle, François Pierre Huon de Kermadec, were also Navy officers.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ushant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1778)"},{"link_name":"Diadème","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Diad%C3%A8me_(1756)"},{"link_name":"Capture of Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Grenada_(1779)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Savannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Louis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duyker-1"},{"link_name":"Bruni d'Entrecasteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Bruni_d%27Entrecasteaux"},{"link_name":"Académie de Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_Marine"},{"link_name":"Patriote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Patriote_(1785)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duyker-1"},{"link_name":"Espérance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Esp%C3%A9rance_(1781)"},{"link_name":"Jean-François de La Pérouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duyker-1"},{"link_name":"Recherche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Recherche_(1787)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunmore1992140%E2%80%93141-2"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Islands"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Balade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balade_(New_Caledonia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duyker-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunmore1992140%E2%80%93141-2"}],"sub_title":"Naval career","text":"He served in the American War of Independence, and saw action at the Battle of Ushant in 1778 and the following year was serving aboard the Diadème during the Capture of Grenada and the Siege of Savannah.In 1781, he was made a Knight in the Order of Saint Louis.[1]Joining the ship Résolution in 1785, Kermadec was second in command to Bruni d'Entrecasteaux on an voyage to China. He commanded his own ship, the Rhône in 1789 and later that year joined the Académie de Marine. From 1790 to 1791, he captained Patriote, part of the squadron under d'Entrecasteaux.[1]In September 1791 he was chosen to command the Espérance on d'Entrecasteaux's expedition to find the lost ships of Jean-François de La Pérouse.[1] Kermandec supervised the preparations for the vessels selected for the expedition, his own Espérance and d'Entrecasteaux's Recherche.[2]Departing from Brest, Kermadec received a promotion to Captain on 29 September 1791. The expedition explored Tasmania, New Caledonia, New Guinea and the Santa Cruz Islands without finding any trace of La Perouse, before returning to Tasmania in January 1793. 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Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 2012-02-27.\n\n^ a b c d Dunmore 1992, pp. 140–141.\n\n^ Lacour-Gayet (1910), p. 656.\n\n^ Nomen (29 July 1911). \"Tasmanian Nomenclature: The Placenames of the Island\". Mercury. Retrieved 29 September 2018.","title":"Citations"}] | [] | [{"title":"European and American voyages of scientific exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_and_American_voyages_of_scientific_exploration"}] | [{"reference":"Duyker, Edward (2005). \"Huon De Kermadec, Jean-Michel (1748–1793)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaluddin_Afghani | Jamal al-Din al-Afghani | ["1 Early life and origin","2 Political activism","3 Political and religious views","4 Death and legacy","4.1 Theosophy","5 Works","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | Political activist and Islamic ideologist (1838/1839 – 1897
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Jamal al-Din al-Afghani سید جمالالدین افغانیPersonalBornSayyid Jamaluddin ibn Safdar1839Kunar, Afghanistan or Hamadan, IranDied9 March 1897 (aged 58)Istanbul, Ottoman EmpireCause of deathCancer of the jawResting placeKabul, AfghanistanReligionIslamNationalityDisputedCreedDisputedMovementModernismPan-IslamismNeo-SufismIslamismNotable idea(s)Pan-Islamism α, Sunni-Shia unity,
against the BritishMuslim leader
Influenced by
Alpharabius, Avicenna, Averroes, Avempace, Suhrawardi, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mir Damad, Mulla Sadra
Influenced
Muhammad Abduh, Rashid Rida, Maulana Azad, Saad Zaghloul, Mirza Reza Kermani
Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī (Pashto/Persian: سید جمالالدین افغانی), also known as Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn Asadābādī (Persian: سید جمالالدین اسدآبادی) and commonly known as Al-Afghani (1838/1839 – 9 March 1897), was a political activist and Islamic ideologist who travelled throughout the Muslim world during the late 19th century. He is one of the founders of Islamic Modernism as well as an advocate of Pan-Islamic unity in India against the British. He has been described as having been less interested in minor differences in Islamic jurisprudence than he was in organizing a united response to Western pressure. He is also known for his involvement with his follower Mirza Reza Kermani in the successful plot to assassinate Shah Naser-al-Din, whom Afghani considered to be making too many concessions to foreign powers, especially the British Empire.
Early life and origin
As indicated by his nisba, al-Afghani claimed to be of Afghan origin. His true national and sectarian background has been a subject of controversy. According to one theory and his own account, he was born in Asadabad, Afghanistan, near Kabul. Another theory, championed by Nikki Keddie and accepted by several modern scholars, holds that he was born and raised in a Shia family in Asadabad, Iran near Hamadan. Supporters of the latter theory view his claim to an Afghan origin as motivated by a desire to gain influence among Sunni Muslims or escape oppression by the Iranian emperor Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. One of his main rivals, the sheikh Abū l-Hudā, called him Mutaʾafghin ("the one who claims to be Afghan") and tried to expose his Twelver Shi'a roots. Keddie also asserts that al-Afghani practiced taqiyya, which was more prevalent in the Twelver world.
He was educated first at home and then taken by his father for further education to Qazvin, to Tehran, and finally, while he was still a youth, to the Twelver shrine cities in Ottoman Iraq. It is thought that followers of the Twelver revivalist Shaykh Ahmad influenced him. Other names adopted by al-Afghani were al-Kābulī (" from Kabul") Asadābādī, Sadat-e Kunar ("Sayyids of Kunar") and Hussain. Especially in writings published in Afghanistan, he also used the pseudonym al-Rūmī "the Anatolian".
Political activism
At the age of 17 or 18 in 1856–57, Al-Afghani traveled to British India and spent several years there studying religions. In 1859, a British spy reported that Al-Afghani was possible Russian agent. The British representatives reported that he wore the traditional clothes of the Nogais of Central Asia and spoke Persian, Arabic and Turkish fluently.
After this first Indian tour, he decided to perform the Hajj. His first documents are dated from Fall 1865, where he mentions leaving the "revered place" (makān-i Musharraf) and arriving in Tehran around mid-December of the same year. In the spring of 1866, he left Iran for Afghanistan, passing through Mashhad and Herat.
After the Indian stay, all sources have Afghānī next take a leisurely trip to Mecca, stopping at several points along the way. Both the standard biography and Lutfallāh's account take Afghānī's word that he entered Afghan government service before 1863, but since documents from Afghanistan show that he arrived there only in 1866, we are left with several years unaccounted for. The most probable supposition seems to be that he may have spent longer in India than he later said and that after going to Mecca he traveled elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire. When he arrived in Afghanistan in 1866 he claimed to be from Constantinople, and he might not have made this claim if he had never even seen the city, and could be caught in ignorance of it.— Nikki Keddie, 1983 He was spotted in Afghanistan in 1866 and spent time in Kandahar, Ghazni, and Kabul.
Reports from the colonial British Indian and Afghan government stated that he was a stranger in Afghanistan and spoke Iranian Persian, following a European lifestyle and not observing Muslim practices, including Ramadan. He became counselor to Mohammad Afzal Khan, the eldest son of the former emir, Dost Mohammad Khan, during his war against his half-brother Sher Ali Khan. He encouraged Muhammad Afzal to turn away from his father's British-aligned policy and turn to the Russian Empire for support. In 1868, Sher Ali Khan prevailed against Muhammad Afzal and expelled al-Afghani from the country.
Al-Afghani traveled to Istanbul, passing through India and Cairo on his way there. He stayed in Cairo long enough to meet a young student who would become a devoted disciple of his, Muhammad Abduh. Once in Istanbul, he met with Grand Vizier Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha and secured an appointment to the Council of Education. He spoke at the opening of Istanbul University, giving a speech typifying the Modernist spirit animating the ongoing Tanzimat.
Are we not going to take an example from the civilized nations? Let us cast a glance at the achievement of others. By effort, they have achieved the final degree of knowledge and the peak of elevation. For us too all the means are ready, and there remains no obstacle to our progress. Only laziness, stupidity, and ignorance are obstacles to advance.
However, conservative clerics found his views too radical. The university was closed in 1871 and al-Afghani was expelled. He then moved to the Khedivate of Egypt and began preaching his ideas of political reform. The Egyptian government originally gave him a stipend, but due to his public attacks on France and England, he was exiled to India in August 1879, where he stayed in Hyderabad and Calcutta. He then traveled to Istanbul, London, Paris, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Munich.
While in Egypt, Afghani sought the removal of the ruling regime of Isma'il Pasha of Egypt, which he viewed as pro-British, and used Freemasonry as an organizational base for his political activities. During this period, Afghani had also considered assassinating Khedive Isma'il. He perceived Freemasonry as a means of advancing his anti-colonial, anti-imperialist, pan-Islamic causes. Afghani's political activities would play a decisive role in overthrowing Isma'il from the throne and bringing Tewfik Pasha as khedive.
However, local Masons asserted that they were not interested in politics and sought reconciliation with the British Empire. When Afghani was warned that the lodge was not a political platform, he replied, "I have seen a lot of odd things in this country , but I would never have thought that cowardice would infiltrate the ranks of masonry to such an extent." Around 1875 or 1876, an incident wherein Masons lavishly praised a British imperial visitor was a major reason for Afghani's quitting of Freemasonry. After realizing the indifference of the Masons and their political subservience to the British Empire, Afghani eventually left Freemasonry.
In 1884, he began publishing an Arabic newspaper in Paris entitled al-Urwah al-Wuthqa (Arabic: العرو الوثقى, lit. 'The Indissoluble Link') with Muhammad Abduh; the title is taken from Quran 2:256. The newspaper called for a return to the original principles and ideals of Islam, and greater unity among Islamic peoples. He argued that this would allow the Islamic community to regain its former strength against European powers.
When al-Afgani was visiting Bushehr in southern Iran in the spring of 1886, planning to pick up books he had shipped there and carry on to Russia, he fell ill. He was invited by Naser al-Din Shah Qajar's Minister of Press and Publications to come to Tehran, but fell from favor quite quickly. The Emperor ordered him to be taken to Russia, where al-Afghani spent 1887 to 1889.
From Russia, he traveled to Munich, returning to Iran in late 1889. Due to his political activities, the Shah planned to expel him from Iran, but al-Afghani found out and took sanctuary in the Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine near Tehran. After seven months of preaching to admirers from the shrine, he was arrested in 1891, transported to the border with Ottoman Iraq and expelled from Iran. Although Al-Afghani quarreled with most of his patrons, it is said he "reserved his strongest hatred for the Shah," whom he accused of weakening Islam by granting concessions to Europeans and squandering the money earned thereby. His agitation against the Shah is thought to have been one of the "fountain-heads" of the successful 1891 Tobacco Protest against the grant of a tobacco monopoly to a British company, and the later 1905 Constitutional Revolution.
After Iraq, he went to England in 1891 and 1892. He was later invited by a member of Sultan Abdul Hamid II's court in 1892 to Istanbul. He traveled there with diplomatic immunity from the British Embassy, which raised many eyebrows, but was granted a house and salary by the Sultan. Abdul Hamid II aimed to use al-Afghani for Pan-Islamist propagation.
While in Istanbul in 1895, al-Afghani was visited by a Persian ex-prisoner, Mirza Reza Kermani, who had been his servant and disciple, and together they planned the assassination of Emperor Naser al-Din of Iran. They both collaborated with Mirza Malkam Khan, the former Qajar envoy to London, in his London-based paper Qanun to attack Qajar rule. Kermani later returned to Iran and shot and killed Emperor Naser al-Din on 1 May 1896 while the Emperor was visiting the same shrine al-Afghani had once taken refuge in. Kermani was executed by public hanging in August 1897, but the Iranian government was not successful in extraditing al-Afghani from Turkey. Al-Afghani himself died of cancer the same year a few months before Kermani's hanging.
Political and religious views
Al-Afghani's ideology has been described as a welding of "traditional" religious antipathy toward non-Muslims "to a modern critique of Western imperialism and an appeal for the unity of Islam", urging the adoption of Western sciences and institutions that might strengthen Islam. According to Muhammad Abduh, Al-Afghani's main struggle in life was to decrease British domination of eastern nations and to minimize its power over Muslims.
Al-Afghani's friend, the British poet, and Arabophile Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, considered him a liberal, and in some of his writings he equates the parliamentary system to the shura (consultation) system mentioned in the Qur'an. However, his attitude to the constitutional government was ambiguous because he doubted that it was viable in the Islamic world. According to his biographer, he envisioned instead "the overthrow of individual rulers who were lax or subservient to foreigners and their replacement by strong and patriotic men."
Blunt, Jane Digby and Richard Francis Burton, were close with Emir Abdelkader (1808–1883), an Algerian Islamic scholar, Sufi, and military leader. In 1864, the Lodge "Henry IV" extended an invitation to him to join Freemasonry, which he accepted, being initiated at the Lodge of the Pyramids in Alexandria, Egypt. Blunt had supposedly become a convert to Islam under the influence of al-Afghani and shared his hopes of establishing an Arab Caliphate based in Mecca to replace the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul. When Blunt visited Abdelkader in 1881, he decided that he was the most promising candidate for caliph, an opinion shared by Afghani and his disciple, Muhammad Abduh.
According to another source Al-Afghani was greatly disappointed by the failure of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and came to three principal conclusions from it:
that European imperialism, having conquered India, now threatened the Middle East.
that Asia, including the Middle East, could prevent the onslaught of Western powers only by immediately adopting modern technology like the West.
that Islam, despite its traditionalism, was an effective creed for mobilizing the public against the imperialists.
Al-Afghani held that Hindus and Muslims should work together to overthrow British rule in India, a view rehashed by Hussain Ahmed Madani in Composite Nationalism and Islam five decades later.
He believed that Islam and its revealed law were compatible with rationality and, thus, Muslims could become politically unified while still maintaining their faith based on religious social morality. These beliefs had a profound effect on Muhammad Abduh, who went on to expand on the notion of Mu'amalat, using rationality in the human relations aspect of Islam.
In 1881 he published a collection of polemics titled Al-Radd ʻalā al-dahrīyīn "Refutation of the Materialists", agitating for pan-Islamic unity against Western imperialism. It included one of the earliest pieces of Islamic thought arguing against Charles Darwin's then-recent On the Origin of Species; however, his arguments allegedly incorrectly caricatured evolutionary biology, provoking criticism that he had not read Darwin's writings. In his later work Khatirat Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani "The memoir of Al-Afghani", he accepted the validity of evolution, asserting that the Islamic world had already known and used it. Although he accepted abiogenesis and the evolution of animals, he rejected the theory that the human species is the product of evolution, arguing that humans have souls.
Among the reasons why Al-Afghani was thought to have had a less than deep religious faith was his lack of interest in finding theological common ground between the Shia and the Sunni despite his interest in political unity between the two groups. For example, when he moved to Istanbul he disguised his Twelver Shi'i background by labeling himself "the Afghan".
Death and legacy
Asad Abadi Square in Tehran, Iran
Al-Afghani died of cancer of the jaw on 9 March 1897 in Istanbul and was buried there. In late 1944, at the request of the Afghan government, his remains were taken to Afghanistan via British India. His funeral was offered in Peshawar's Qissa Khwani Bazaar in front of the Afghan Consulate building. Thereafter, his remains were laid in Kabul inside the Kabul University; a mausoleum was also erected there in his memory. In October 2002, the American Ambassador to Afghanistan, Robert Finn, pledged a donation of $25,000 to restore the mausoleum from damage sustained during the civil war. The repairs were completed in 2010.
In Afghanistan, a university is named after him (Syed Jamaluddin Afghan University) in Kabul. There is also a street in the center of Kabul which is called by the name Afghani. In other parts of Afghanistan, there are many places like hospitals, schools, Madrasas, Parks, and roads named after Jamaluddin Afghan.
In Peshawar, Pakistan there is a road named after him as well.
In Tehran, the capital of Iran, there is a square and a street named after him (Asad Abadi Square and "Asad Abadi Avenue" in Yusef Abad)
Theosophy
According to K. Paul Johnson, in The Masters Revealed, H.P. Blavatsky's masters were real people, and "Serapis Bey" was Jamal Afghani, as a purported leader of an order named the "Brotherhood of Luxor". Afghani was introduced to the Star of the East Lodge, of which he became the leader, by its founder Raphael Borg, the British consul in Cairo, who was in communication with Blavatsky. Afghani's friend, a Jewish-Italian actor from Cairo named James Sanua, who with his girlfriend Lydia Pashkov and their friend Lady Jane Digby were travel companions of Blavatsky. As concluded by Joscelyn Godwin in The Theosophical Enlightenment, "If we interpret the 'Brotherhood of Luxor' to refer to the coterie of esotericists and magicians that Blavatsky knew and worked with in Egypt, then we should probably count Sanua and Jamal ad-Din as members."
In the early 1860s, he was in Central Asia and the Caucasus when Blavatsky was in Tbilisi. In the late 1860s, he was in Afghanistan until he was expelled and returned to India. He went to Istanbul and was again expelled in 1871 when he proceeded to Cairo, where his circle of disciples was similar to Blavatsky's Brotherhood of Luxor. Afghani was forced to leave Egypt and settled in Hyderabad, India, in 1879, the year the Theosophical Society's founders arrived in Bombay. He then left India and spent a short time in Egypt before arriving in Paris in 1884. The following year he proceeded to London, and then on to Russia where he collaborated with Blavatsky's publisher, Mikhail Katkov.
Works
"Sayyid Jamāl-ad-Dīn al-Afghānī:", Continued the statement in the history of Afghans Egypt, original in Arabic: تتمة البيان في تاريخ الأفغان Tatimmat al-bayan fi tarikh al-Afghan, 1901 (Mesr, 1318 Islamic lunar year (calendar)
Sayyid Jamāl-ad-Dīn al-Afghānī: Brochure about Naturalism or materialism, original in Dari language: رساله نیچریه (Ressalah e Natscheria) translator of Muhammad Abduh in Arabic.
See also
Tobacco Protest
Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i
Mustafa Sabri
Notes
^α . Some Western academics point out that the term "Pan-Islamism" never existed before al-Afghani. The Arabic term Ummah, which is found in the Quran, however, was historically used to denote the Muslim nation altogether, surpassing race, ethnicity, etc. and this term has been used in a political sense by classical Islamic scholars e.g. such as al-Mawardi in Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah, where he discusses the contract of Imamate of the Ummah, "prescribed to succeed Prophethood" in the protection of the religion and of managing the affairs of the world.
References
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Further reading
Bashiri, Iraj, Bashiri Working Papers on Central Asia and Iran, 2000.
Black, Antony (2001). The History of Islamic Political Thought. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93243-2.
Cleveland, William (2004). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-4048-9.
Keddie, Nikki Ragozin (1972). Sayyid Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani: A Political biography. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01986-7.
Kia, Mehrdad (1996). "Pan-Islamism in Late Nineteenth-Century Iran". Middle Eastern Studies. 32 (1): 30–52. doi:10.1080/00263209608701090. JSTOR 4283774.
Kudsi-Zadeh, Abdallah Albert (1970). Sayyid Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghānī: An Annotated Bibliography. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. OCLC 121322.
Mishra, Pankaj (2012). "The Strange Odyssey of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani". From the Ruins of Empire: The Intellectuals Who Remade Asia. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-24959-5.
Moazzam, Anwar (1984). Jamal Al-Din Al-Afghani, A Muslim Intellectual. New Delhi: Institute of Objective Studies. ISBN 978-81-7022-150-0.
Watt, William Montgomery (1985). Islamic Philosophy and Theology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0749-8.
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Jamal-al-Din Afghani, a comprehensive article in Encyclopædia Iranica.
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İslâm Ansiklopedisi | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JVL-14"},{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"ideologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology"},{"link_name":"Muslim world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world"},{"link_name":"Islamic Modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Modernism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JVL-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIS-18"},{"link_name":"Pan-Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Islamism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2011-9"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TEI-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Mirza Reza Kermani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Reza_Kermani"},{"link_name":"Naser-al-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"}],"text":"Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī[11][12][13][14] (Pashto/Persian: سید جمالالدین افغانی), also known as Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn Asadābādī[15][16][17] (Persian: سید جمالالدین اسدآبادی) and commonly known as Al-Afghani (1838/1839 – 9 March 1897), was a political activist and Islamic ideologist who travelled throughout the Muslim world during the late 19th century. He is one of the founders of Islamic Modernism[14][18] as well as an advocate of Pan-Islamic unity in India against the British.[9][19] He has been described as having been less interested in minor differences in Islamic jurisprudence than he was in organizing a united response to Western pressure.[20][21] He is also known for his involvement with his follower Mirza Reza Kermani in the successful plot to assassinate Shah Naser-al-Din, whom Afghani considered to be making too many concessions to foreign powers, especially the British Empire.[22]","title":"Jamal al-Din al-Afghani"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nisba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OEPSTI-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-2"},{"link_name":"Asadabad, Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asadabad,_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OEPSTI-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keddie-10"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Nikki Keddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Keddie"},{"link_name":"Asadabad, Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asadabad,_Iran"},{"link_name":"Hamadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OEPSTI-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OEIP-death-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keddie-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-13"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BEIP-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEIPT-27"},{"link_name":"Sunni Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OEIP-death-3"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BEIP-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edward_Mortimer_1982_p.110-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kramer-29"},{"link_name":"Naser al-Din Shah Qajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-2"},{"link_name":"sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh"},{"link_name":"Twelver Shi'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"taqiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiyya"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-11"},{"link_name":"Qazvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazvin"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"Twelver shrine cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iraq#Locations"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keddie-10"},{"link_name":"Shaykh Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edward_Mortimer_1982_p.110-28"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Sayyids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid"},{"link_name":"Kunar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunar_Province"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tanwir-31"},{"link_name":"Anatolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keddie-10"}],"text":"As indicated by his nisba, al-Afghani claimed to be of Afghan origin. His true national and sectarian background has been a subject of controversy.[1][2] According to one theory and his own account, he was born in Asadabad, Afghanistan, near Kabul.[1][2][10][23][24][25] Another theory, championed by Nikki Keddie and accepted by several modern scholars, holds that he was born and raised in a Shia family in Asadabad, Iran near Hamadan.[1][2][3][10][11][13][26][27] Supporters of the latter theory view his claim to an Afghan origin as motivated by a desire to gain influence among Sunni Muslims[3][26][28][29] or escape oppression by the Iranian emperor Naser al-Din Shah Qajar.[11][2] One of his main rivals, the sheikh Abū l-Hudā, called him Mutaʾafghin (\"the one who claims to be Afghan\") and tried to expose his Twelver Shi'a roots.[30] Keddie also asserts that al-Afghani practiced taqiyya, which was more prevalent in the Twelver world.[11]He was educated first at home and then taken by his father for further education to Qazvin, to Tehran, and finally, while he was still a youth, to the Twelver shrine cities in Ottoman Iraq.[10] It is thought that followers of the Twelver revivalist Shaykh Ahmad influenced him.[28] Other names adopted by al-Afghani were al-Kābulī (\"[the one] from Kabul\") Asadābādī, Sadat-e Kunar (\"Sayyids of Kunar\") and Hussain.[31] Especially in writings published in Afghanistan, he also used the pseudonym al-Rūmī \"the Anatolian\".[10]","title":"Early life and origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-11"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_agent"},{"link_name":"Nogais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogais"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Astane-32"},{"link_name":"Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"Mashhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad"},{"link_name":"Herat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Nikki Keddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Keddie"},{"link_name":"Kandahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar"},{"link_name":"Ghazni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-13"},{"link_name":"Afghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_Treaty_(1857)"},{"link_name":"Iranian Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Persian"},{"link_name":"Ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Astane-32"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Afzal Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Afzal_Khan"},{"link_name":"emir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir"},{"link_name":"Dost Mohammad Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan"},{"link_name":"war against his half-brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1863%E2%80%931869)"},{"link_name":"Sher Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-11"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-11"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Abduh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_Emin_%C3%82li_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Istanbul University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_University"},{"link_name":"Tanzimat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Khedivate of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-11"},{"link_name":"Isma'il Pasha of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Freemasonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"anti-imperialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialism"},{"link_name":"pan-Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Islamism"},{"link_name":"Tewfik Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewfik_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"al-Urwah al-Wuthqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Urwah_al-Wuthqa"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-13"},{"link_name":"Quran 2:256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_2:256"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bushehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushehr"},{"link_name":"Naser al-Din Shah Qajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-11"},{"link_name":"Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abdol-Azim_Shrine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-11"},{"link_name":"concessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concession_(contract)"},{"link_name":"Tobacco Protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_Protest"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-11"},{"link_name":"Sultan Abdul Hamid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II"},{"link_name":"Mirza Reza Kermani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Reza_Kermani"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-11"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"Mirza Malkam Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Malkam_Khan"},{"link_name":"Qanun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanun_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-11"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"}],"text":"At the age of 17 or 18 in 1856–57,[11] Al-Afghani traveled to British India and spent several years there studying religions. In 1859, a British spy reported that Al-Afghani was possible Russian agent. The British representatives reported that he wore the traditional clothes of the Nogais of Central Asia and spoke Persian, Arabic and Turkish fluently.[32]After this first Indian tour, he decided to perform the Hajj. His first documents are dated from Fall 1865, where he mentions leaving the \"revered place\" (makān-i Musharraf) and arriving in Tehran around mid-December of the same year. In the spring of 1866, he left Iran for Afghanistan, passing through Mashhad and Herat.After the Indian stay, all sources have Afghānī next take a leisurely trip to Mecca, stopping at several points along the way. Both the standard biography and Lutfallāh's account take Afghānī's word that he entered Afghan government service before 1863, but since documents from Afghanistan show that he arrived there only in 1866, we are left with several years unaccounted for. The most probable supposition seems to be that he may have spent longer in India than he later said and that after going to Mecca he traveled elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire. When he arrived in Afghanistan in 1866 he claimed to be from Constantinople, and he might not have made this claim if he had never even seen the city, and could be caught in ignorance of it.[33]— Nikki Keddie, 1983He was spotted in Afghanistan in 1866 and spent time in Kandahar, Ghazni, and Kabul.[13]Reports from the colonial British Indian and Afghan government stated that he was a stranger in Afghanistan and spoke Iranian Persian, following a European lifestyle and not observing Muslim practices, including Ramadan.[32] He became counselor to Mohammad Afzal Khan, the eldest son of the former emir, Dost Mohammad Khan, during his war against his half-brother Sher Ali Khan. He encouraged Muhammad Afzal to turn away from his father's British-aligned policy and turn to the Russian Empire for support.[34] In 1868, Sher Ali Khan prevailed against Muhammad Afzal and expelled al-Afghani from the country.[11]Al-Afghani traveled to Istanbul, passing through India[11] and Cairo on his way there. He stayed in Cairo long enough to meet a young student who would become a devoted disciple of his, Muhammad Abduh.[35] Once in Istanbul, he met with Grand Vizier Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha and secured an appointment to the Council of Education. He spoke at the opening of Istanbul University, giving a speech typifying the Modernist spirit animating the ongoing Tanzimat.Are we not going to take an example from the civilized nations? Let us cast a glance at the achievement of others. By effort, they have achieved the final degree of knowledge and the peak of elevation. For us too all the means are ready, and there remains no obstacle to our progress. Only laziness, stupidity, and ignorance are obstacles to [our] advance.[36]However, conservative clerics found his views too radical. The university was closed in 1871 and al-Afghani was expelled.[37] He then moved to the Khedivate of Egypt and began preaching his ideas of political reform. The Egyptian government originally gave him a stipend, but due to his public attacks on France and England, he was exiled to India in August 1879, where he stayed in Hyderabad and Calcutta.[11] He then traveled to Istanbul, London, Paris, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Munich.While in Egypt, Afghani sought the removal of the ruling regime of Isma'il Pasha of Egypt, which he viewed as pro-British, and used Freemasonry as an organizational base for his political activities. During this period, Afghani had also considered assassinating Khedive Isma'il. He perceived Freemasonry as a means of advancing his anti-colonial, anti-imperialist, pan-Islamic causes. Afghani's political activities would play a decisive role in overthrowing Isma'il from the throne and bringing Tewfik Pasha as khedive.[38][39][40]However, local Masons asserted that they were not interested in politics and sought reconciliation with the British Empire.[41] When Afghani was warned that the lodge was not a political platform, he replied, \"I have seen a lot of odd things in this country [Egypt], but I would never have thought that cowardice would infiltrate the ranks of masonry to such an extent.\"[42] Around 1875 or 1876, an incident wherein Masons lavishly praised a British imperial visitor was a major reason for Afghani's quitting of Freemasonry. After realizing the indifference of the Masons and their political subservience to the British Empire, Afghani eventually left Freemasonry.[43]In 1884, he began publishing an Arabic newspaper in Paris entitled al-Urwah al-Wuthqa (Arabic: العرو الوثقى, lit. 'The Indissoluble Link'[13]) with Muhammad Abduh; the title is taken from Quran 2:256.[44] The newspaper called for a return to the original principles and ideals of Islam, and greater unity among Islamic peoples. He argued that this would allow the Islamic community to regain its former strength against European powers.[citation needed]When al-Afgani was visiting Bushehr in southern Iran in the spring of 1886, planning to pick up books he had shipped there and carry on to Russia, he fell ill. He was invited by Naser al-Din Shah Qajar's Minister of Press and Publications to come to Tehran, but fell from favor quite quickly. The Emperor ordered him to be taken to Russia, where al-Afghani spent 1887 to 1889.[11]From Russia, he traveled to Munich, returning to Iran in late 1889.[11] Due to his political activities, the Shah planned to expel him from Iran, but al-Afghani found out and took sanctuary in the Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine near Tehran.[11] After seven months of preaching to admirers from the shrine, he was arrested in 1891, transported to the border with Ottoman Iraq and expelled from Iran. Although Al-Afghani quarreled with most of his patrons, it is said he \"reserved his strongest hatred for the Shah,\" whom he accused of weakening Islam by granting concessions to Europeans and squandering the money earned thereby. His agitation against the Shah is thought to have been one of the \"fountain-heads\" of the successful 1891 Tobacco Protest against the grant of a tobacco monopoly to a British company, and the later 1905 Constitutional Revolution.[45]After Iraq, he went to England in 1891 and 1892.[11] He was later invited by a member of Sultan Abdul Hamid II's court in 1892 to Istanbul. He traveled there with diplomatic immunity from the British Embassy, which raised many eyebrows, but was granted a house and salary by the Sultan. Abdul Hamid II aimed to use al-Afghani for Pan-Islamist propagation.While in Istanbul in 1895, al-Afghani was visited by a Persian ex-prisoner, Mirza Reza Kermani, who had been his servant and disciple,[11] and together they planned the assassination of Emperor Naser al-Din of Iran.[22] They both collaborated with Mirza Malkam Khan, the former Qajar envoy to London, in his London-based paper Qanun to attack Qajar rule.[46] Kermani later returned to Iran and shot and killed Emperor Naser al-Din on 1 May 1896 while the Emperor was visiting the same shrine al-Afghani had once taken refuge in. Kermani was executed by public hanging in August 1897, but the Iranian government was not successful in extraditing al-Afghani from Turkey.[11] Al-Afghani himself died of cancer the same year a few months before Kermani's hanging.[22]","title":"Political activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kramer-29"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Scawen Blunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Scawen_Blunt"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"shura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shura"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Jane Digby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Digby"},{"link_name":"Richard Francis Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton"},{"link_name":"Emir Abdelkader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"convert to Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convert_to_Islam"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Indian Rebellion of 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Hindus and Muslims should work together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu-Muslim_unity"},{"link_name":"Hussain Ahmed Madani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussain_Ahmed_Madani"},{"link_name":"Composite Nationalism and Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Nationalism_and_Islam"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aslam2011-55"},{"link_name":"Mu'amalat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27amalat"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"On the Origin of Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species"},{"link_name":"evolutionary biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glick1-57"},{"link_name":"abiogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis"},{"link_name":"souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glick1-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Al-Afghani's ideology has been described as a welding of \"traditional\" religious antipathy toward non-Muslims \"to a modern critique of Western imperialism and an appeal for the unity of Islam\", urging the adoption of Western sciences and institutions that might strengthen Islam.[29] According to Muhammad Abduh, Al-Afghani's main struggle in life was to decrease British domination of eastern nations and to minimize its power over Muslims.[47]Al-Afghani's friend, the British poet, and Arabophile Wilfrid Scawen Blunt,[48] considered him a liberal, and in some of his writings he equates the parliamentary system to the shura (consultation) system mentioned in the Qur'an. However, his attitude to the constitutional government was ambiguous because he doubted that it was viable in the Islamic world.[49] According to his biographer, he envisioned instead \"the overthrow of individual rulers who were lax or subservient to foreigners and their replacement by strong and patriotic men.\"[50]Blunt, Jane Digby and Richard Francis Burton, were close with Emir Abdelkader (1808–1883), an Algerian Islamic scholar, Sufi, and military leader. In 1864, the Lodge \"Henry IV\" extended an invitation to him to join Freemasonry, which he accepted, being initiated at the Lodge of the Pyramids in Alexandria, Egypt.[51][52] Blunt had supposedly become a convert to Islam under the influence of al-Afghani and shared his hopes of establishing an Arab Caliphate based in Mecca to replace the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul. When Blunt visited Abdelkader in 1881, he decided that he was the most promising candidate for caliph, an opinion shared by Afghani and his disciple, Muhammad Abduh.[53]According to another source Al-Afghani was greatly disappointed by the failure of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and came to three principal conclusions from it:that European imperialism, having conquered India, now threatened the Middle East.\nthat Asia, including the Middle East, could prevent the onslaught of Western powers only by immediately adopting modern technology like the West.\nthat Islam, despite its traditionalism, was an effective creed for mobilizing the public against the imperialists.[54]Al-Afghani held that Hindus and Muslims should work together to overthrow British rule in India, a view rehashed by Hussain Ahmed Madani in Composite Nationalism and Islam five decades later.[55]He believed that Islam and its revealed law were compatible with rationality and, thus, Muslims could become politically unified while still maintaining their faith based on religious social morality. These beliefs had a profound effect on Muhammad Abduh, who went on to expand on the notion of Mu'amalat, using rationality in the human relations aspect of Islam.[56]In 1881 he published a collection of polemics titled Al-Radd ʻalā al-dahrīyīn \"Refutation of the Materialists\", agitating for pan-Islamic unity against Western imperialism. It included one of the earliest pieces of Islamic thought arguing against Charles Darwin's then-recent On the Origin of Species; however, his arguments allegedly incorrectly caricatured evolutionary biology, provoking criticism that he had not read Darwin's writings.[57] In his later work Khatirat Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani \"The memoir of Al-Afghani\", he accepted the validity of evolution, asserting that the Islamic world had already known and used it. Although he accepted abiogenesis and the evolution of animals, he rejected the theory that the human species is the product of evolution, arguing that humans have souls.[57]Among the reasons why Al-Afghani was thought to have had a less than deep religious faith[58] was his lack of interest in finding theological common ground between the Shia and the Sunni despite his interest in political unity between the two groups.[59] For example, when he moved to Istanbul he disguised his Twelver Shi'i background by labeling himself \"the Afghan\".[60]","title":"Political and religious views"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asadabadi_square,_Tehran2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-11"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"Qissa Khwani Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"Kabul University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_University"},{"link_name":"Robert Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Finn_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mishra-61"},{"link_name":"Syed Jamaluddin Afghan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Jamaluddin_Afghan_University"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Yusef Abad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusef_Abad"}],"text":"Asad Abadi Square in Tehran, IranAl-Afghani died of cancer of the jaw[11] on 9 March 1897 in Istanbul and was buried there. In late 1944, at the request of the Afghan government, his remains were taken to Afghanistan via British India. His funeral was offered in Peshawar's Qissa Khwani Bazaar in front of the Afghan Consulate building. Thereafter, his remains were laid in Kabul inside the Kabul University; a mausoleum was also erected there in his memory. In October 2002, the American Ambassador to Afghanistan, Robert Finn, pledged a donation of $25,000 to restore the mausoleum from damage sustained during the civil war.[61] The repairs were completed in 2010.In Afghanistan, a university is named after him (Syed Jamaluddin Afghan University) in Kabul. There is also a street in the center of Kabul which is called by the name Afghani. In other parts of Afghanistan, there are many places like hospitals, schools, Madrasas, Parks, and roads named after Jamaluddin Afghan.In Peshawar, Pakistan there is a road named after him as well.In Tehran, the capital of Iran, there is a square and a street named after him (Asad Abadi Square and \"Asad Abadi Avenue\" in Yusef Abad)","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K. Paul Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Paul_Johnson"},{"link_name":"H.P. Blavatsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky"},{"link_name":"Brotherhood of Luxor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetic_Brotherhood_of_Luxor"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson_1995-62"},{"link_name":"James Sanua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqub_Sanu"},{"link_name":"Lady Jane Digby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Digby"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson_1995-62"},{"link_name":"Joscelyn Godwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joscelyn_Godwin"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Katkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Katkov"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Theosophy","text":"According to K. Paul Johnson, in The Masters Revealed, H.P. Blavatsky's masters were real people, and \"Serapis Bey\" was Jamal Afghani, as a purported leader of an order named the \"Brotherhood of Luxor\".[62] Afghani was introduced to the Star of the East Lodge, of which he became the leader, by its founder Raphael Borg, the British consul in Cairo, who was in communication with Blavatsky. Afghani's friend, a Jewish-Italian actor from Cairo named James Sanua, who with his girlfriend Lydia Pashkov and their friend Lady Jane Digby were travel companions of Blavatsky.[62] As concluded by Joscelyn Godwin in The Theosophical Enlightenment, \"If we interpret the 'Brotherhood of Luxor' to refer to the coterie of esotericists and magicians that Blavatsky knew and worked with in Egypt, then we should probably count Sanua and Jamal ad-Din as members.\"[63]In the early 1860s, he was in Central Asia and the Caucasus[citation needed] when Blavatsky was in Tbilisi. In the late 1860s, he was in Afghanistan until he was expelled and returned to India. He went to Istanbul and was again expelled in 1871 when he proceeded to Cairo, where his circle of disciples was similar to Blavatsky's Brotherhood of Luxor. Afghani was forced to leave Egypt and settled in Hyderabad, India, in 1879, the year the Theosophical Society's founders arrived in Bombay. He then left India and spent a short time in Egypt before arriving in Paris in 1884. The following year he proceeded to London, and then on to Russia where he collaborated with Blavatsky's publisher, Mikhail Katkov.[64]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Abduh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh"}],"text":"\"Sayyid Jamāl-ad-Dīn al-Afghānī:\", Continued the statement in the history of Afghans Egypt, original in Arabic: تتمة البيان في تاريخ الأفغان Tatimmat al-bayan fi tarikh al-Afghan, 1901 (Mesr, 1318 Islamic lunar year (calendar)[65]\nSayyid Jamāl-ad-Dīn al-Afghānī: Brochure about Naturalism or materialism, original in Dari language: رساله نیچریه (Ressalah e Natscheria) translator of Muhammad Abduh in Arabic.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^α","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Alpha"},{"link_name":"Ummah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummah"},{"link_name":"found in the Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummah#Usage_of_Ummah_in_the_Qur'an"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watt-67"},{"link_name":"al-Mawardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mawardi"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"^α . Some Western academics point out that the term \"Pan-Islamism\" never existed before al-Afghani. The Arabic term Ummah, which is found in the Quran,[66] however, was historically used to denote the Muslim nation altogether, surpassing race, ethnicity, etc.[67] and this term has been used in a political sense by classical Islamic scholars e.g. such as al-Mawardi in Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah, where he discusses the contract of Imamate of the Ummah, \"prescribed to succeed Prophethood\" in the protection of the religion and of managing the affairs of the world.[68][69][70][71]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bashiri, Iraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraj_Bashiri"},{"link_name":"Bashiri Working Papers on Central Asia and Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Afghani/Afghani.html"},{"link_name":"The History of Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofislamic00anto"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-93243-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93243-2"},{"link_name":"A History of the Modern Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00will"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8133-4048-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-4048-9"},{"link_name":"Keddie, Nikki Ragozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Ragozin_Keddie"},{"link_name":"Sayyid Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani: A Political biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sayyidjamaladdin0000kedd"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-520-01986-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01986-7"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/00263209608701090","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F00263209608701090"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4283774","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4283774"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"121322","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/121322"},{"link_name":"Mishra, Pankaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankaj_Mishra"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-374-24959-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-24959-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-7022-150-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-150-0"},{"link_name":"Watt, William Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Montgomery_Watt"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7486-0749-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0749-8"}],"text":"Bashiri, Iraj, Bashiri Working Papers on Central Asia and Iran, 2000.\nBlack, Antony (2001). The History of Islamic Political Thought. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93243-2.\nCleveland, William (2004). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-4048-9.\nKeddie, Nikki Ragozin (1972). Sayyid Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani: A Political biography. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01986-7.\nKia, Mehrdad (1996). \"Pan-Islamism in Late Nineteenth-Century Iran\". Middle Eastern Studies. 32 (1): 30–52. doi:10.1080/00263209608701090. JSTOR 4283774.\nKudsi-Zadeh, Abdallah Albert (1970). Sayyid Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghānī: An Annotated Bibliography. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. OCLC 121322.\nMishra, Pankaj (2012). \"The Strange Odyssey of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani\". From the Ruins of Empire: The Intellectuals Who Remade Asia. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-24959-5.\nMoazzam, Anwar (1984). Jamal Al-Din Al-Afghani, A Muslim Intellectual. New Delhi: Institute of Objective Studies. ISBN 978-81-7022-150-0.\nWatt, William Montgomery (1985). Islamic Philosophy and Theology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0749-8.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Asad Abadi Square in Tehran, Iran","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Asadabadi_square%2C_Tehran2.JPG/220px-Asadabadi_square%2C_Tehran2.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Tobacco Protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_Protest"},{"title":"Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Bakhit_al-Muti%27i"},{"title":"Mustafa Sabri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Sabri"}] | [{"reference":"Nikki R. Keddie, Ibrahim Kalin (2014). \"Afghānī, Jamāl al-Dīn\". In Ibrahim Kalin (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199812578.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199812578.001.0001/acref-9780199812578-e-5","url_text":"\"Afghānī, Jamāl al-Dīn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199812578","url_text":"9780199812578"}]},{"reference":"Nikki R. Keddie, Nael Shama (2014). \"Afghānī, Jamāl al-Dīn al-\". In Oliver Leaman (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199739356.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001/acref-9780199739356-e-0075","url_text":"\"Afghānī, Jamāl al-Dīn al-\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199739356","url_text":"9780199739356"}]},{"reference":"Bentlage, Eggert, Martin Krämer, Reichmuth, Björn, Marion, Hans, Stefan (2017). Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 253. ISBN 978-90-04-32511-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32511-1","url_text":"978-90-04-32511-1"}]},{"reference":"Aydin, Cemil (2017). The idea of the Muslim world: A Global Intellectual History. United States of America: Harvard University Press. pp. 62, 231. ISBN 9780674050372.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674050372","url_text":"9780674050372"}]},{"reference":"Scharbrodt, Oliver (2007). \"The Salafiyya and Sufsm: Muhammad 'Abduh and his Risalat al-Waridat (Treatise on Mystical Inspirations)\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 70 (1). Cambridge University Press: 89–115. doi:10.1017/S0041977X07000031. JSTOR 40378895. S2CID 170641656 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40378895","url_text":"\"The Salafiyya and Sufsm: Muhammad 'Abduh and his Risalat al-Waridat (Treatise on Mystical Inspirations)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X07000031","url_text":"10.1017/S0041977X07000031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40378895","url_text":"40378895"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170641656","url_text":"170641656"}]},{"reference":"Sedgwick, Mark (2013). Muhammad Abduh: Makers of the Muslim World. One World. p. 56. ISBN 978-1851684328.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851684328","url_text":"978-1851684328"}]},{"reference":"A. Dudoignon, Hisao, Yasushi, Stéphane, Komatsu, Kosugi; Gen, Kasuya (2017). \"Chapter 3: THE MANARISTS AND MODERNISM\". THE INFLUENCE OF AL-MANAR ON ISLAMISM IN TURKEY. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36835-3","url_text":"978-0-415-36835-3"}]},{"reference":"\"AFḠĀNĪ, JAMĀL-AL-DĪN\". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 22 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afgani-jamal-al-din","url_text":"\"AFḠĀNĪ, JAMĀL-AL-DĪN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Iranica"}]},{"reference":"Keddie, Nikki R (1983). An Islamic response to imperialism: political and religious writings of Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn \"al-Afghān\". United States: University of California Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780520047747. Retrieved 5 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ThR-B9BmWdYC&q=Al-Afghan+was+Afghan+by+birth","url_text":"An Islamic response to imperialism: political and religious writings of Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn \"al-Afghān\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520047747","url_text":"9780520047747"}]},{"reference":"N.R. Keddie (15 December 1983). \"Afghan, Jamal-ad-Din\". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 5 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afgani-jamal-al-din","url_text":"\"Afghan, Jamal-ad-Din\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Iranica"}]},{"reference":"\"Afghan, Jamal ad-Din al-\". Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140109231447/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e8?_hi=5&_pos=1","url_text":"\"Afghan, Jamal ad-Din al-\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Islamic_Studies","url_text":"Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e8?_hi=5&_pos=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jamāl ad-Dīn al-Afghān\". Elie Kedourie. The Online Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jamal-al-Din-al-Afghani","url_text":"\"Jamāl ad-Dīn al-Afghān\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Jamal ad-Din al-Afghan\". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 5 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Afghani.html","url_text":"\"Jamal ad-Din al-Afghan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library","url_text":"Jewish Virtual Library"}]},{"reference":"Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation, Communication. New horizons in Islamic studies. Taylor & Francis. p. 42. 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Safdar al-Afghan (1838–1897)\". Saudi Aramco World. Center for Islam and Science. 2002. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191028121155/http://cis-ca.org/voices/a/afghni.htm","url_text":"\"Sayyid Jamal ad-Din Muhammad b. Safdar al-Afghan (1838–1897)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco_World","url_text":"Saudi Aramco World"},{"url":"http://www.cis-ca.org/voices/a/afghni.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam-V 2. E.J BRILL. p. 416. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/02.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.LewPelScha.etc.UndPatIUA.v2.C-G.4th.Leid.EJBrill.1965.1991.#page/n440/mode/1up","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam-V 2"}]},{"reference":"Axworthy, Michael (2016). A history of Iran: Empire of the Mind. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-465-09876-7. 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JSTOR 599645 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/599645","url_text":"\"Afghānī and Freemasonry in Egypt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F599645","url_text":"10.2307/599645"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/599645","url_text":"599645"}]},{"reference":"M. Landou, Jacob (1965). \"Prolegomena to a study of secret societies in modern Egypt\". Middle Eastern Studies. 1 (2): 135–186. doi:10.1080/00263206508700010 – via tandfonline.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263206508700010","url_text":"\"Prolegomena to a study of secret societies in modern Egypt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206508700010","url_text":"10.1080/00263206508700010"}]},{"reference":"Kudsi-Zadeh, A. 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JSTOR 599645 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/599645","url_text":"\"Afghānī and Freemasonry in Egypt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F599645","url_text":"10.2307/599645"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/599645","url_text":"599645"}]},{"reference":"\"The Quranic Arabic Corpus – Translation\". corpus.quran.com. Retrieved 10 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=2&verse=256","url_text":"\"The Quranic Arabic Corpus – Translation\""}]},{"reference":"Camron Michael Amin (2015). \"The Press and Public Diplomacy in Iran, 1820–1940\". Iranian Studies. 48 (2): 273. doi:10.1080/00210862.2013.871145. S2CID 144328080.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2013.871145","url_text":"\"The Press and Public Diplomacy in Iran, 1820–1940\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2013.871145","url_text":"10.1080/00210862.2013.871145"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144328080","url_text":"144328080"}]},{"reference":"Richards, Anne R.; Omidvar, Iraj (2014). \"Chapter 5: Two Muslim Travelers to the West in the Nineteenth Century\". Historic Engagements with Occidental Cultures, Religions, Powers. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-137-40502-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-40502-9","url_text":"978-1-137-40502-9"}]},{"reference":"Churchill, Charles Henry (1867). The life of Abdel Kader, ex-sultan of the Arabs of Algeria; written from his dictation, and comp. from other authentic sources. University of California Libraries. London, Chapman and Hall.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifeofabdelkader00churrich","url_text":"The life of Abdel Kader, ex-sultan of the Arabs of Algeria; written from his dictation, and comp. from other authentic sources"}]},{"reference":"Kudsi-Zadeh, A. Albert (1972). \"Afghānī and Freemasonry in Egypt\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 92 (1): 25–35. doi:10.2307/599645. JSTOR 599645.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F599645","url_text":"10.2307/599645"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/599645","url_text":"599645"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, K. Paul (1995). Initiates of Theosophical Masters. SUNY Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeylaq_Marshun | Yeylaq Marshun | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 36°18′11″N 49°23′34″E / 36.30306°N 49.39278°E / 36.30306; 49.39278Village in Zanjan, IranYeylaq Marshun
ييلاق مرشونvillageYeylaq MarshunCoordinates: 36°18′11″N 49°23′34″E / 36.30306°N 49.39278°E / 36.30306; 49.39278Country IranProvinceZanjanCountyAbharBakhshCentralRural DistrictHowmehPopulation (2006) • Total432Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Yeylaq Marshun (Persian: ييلاق مرشون, also Romanized as Yeylāq Marshūn; also known as Marchīn, Marchon, Marchūn, Margun, and Marshūn) is a village in Howmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Abhar County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 432, in 77 families.
References
^ Yeylaq Marshun can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3074178" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Abhar CountyCapital
Abhar
DistrictsCentralCities
Abhar
Hidaj
Sain Qaleh
Rural Districts and villagesAbharrud
Abbasabad-e Olya
Abbasabad-e Sofla
Chal Chuq
Espas
Funeshabad
Kineh Vars
Meymun Darreh
Qafasabad
Qarah Aghaj
Qezeljeh
Zarah Bash
Darsajin
Aqcheh Kand
Arkin
Aznab
Darsajin
Kalangarz
Khalifeh Hesar
Quhajin
Razmejin
Shivarin
Tudeh Bin
Dowlatabad
Aghur
Amir Bostaq
Chang Almas
Chashin
Cheshmeh Bar
Dowlatabad
Eyvanak
Gol Tappeh
Kali
Khvoshnam
Nayjuk
Shekar Cheshmeh
Yengi Kand
Howmeh
Aliabad
Amirabad
Asadabad
Bahavar
Barzabil
Davudgar
Gollejeh
Hesar-e Abd ol Karim
Hesar-e Qajar
Hoseynabad-e Qarqalu
Kalleh Khaneh
Komajin
Nurin
Nurin Industrial Complex
Qamchabad
Qarah Tappeh
Qarluq
Qerveh
Qeshlaq-e Marshun
Queyujuq
Sharifabad
Yeylaq Marshun
Sain Qaleh
Algazir
Amidabad
Arhan
Chargar
Dash Bolagh
Gav Darreh
Jodaqiyeh
Kabud Cheshmeh
Khorasanlu
Kuh Zin
Pir Zagheh
Sarv-e Jahan
Iran portal
This Abhar County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Howmeh Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howmeh_Rural_District_(Abhar_County)"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Abhar_County)"},{"link_name":"Abhar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhar_County"},{"link_name":"Zanjan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanjan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Zanjan, IranYeylaq Marshun (Persian: ييلاق مرشون, also Romanized as Yeylāq Marshūn; also known as Marchīn, Marchon, Marchūn, Margun, and Marshūn)[1] is a village in Howmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Abhar County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 432, in 77 families.[2]","title":"Yeylaq Marshun"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/19.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/19.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yeylaq_Marshun¶ms=36_18_11_N_49_23_34_E_region:IR_type:city(432)","external_links_name":"36°18′11″N 49°23′34″E / 36.30306°N 49.39278°E / 36.30306; 49.39278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yeylaq_Marshun¶ms=36_18_11_N_49_23_34_E_region:IR_type:city(432)","external_links_name":"36°18′11″N 49°23′34″E / 36.30306°N 49.39278°E / 36.30306; 49.39278"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/19.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/19.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeylaq_Marshun&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Plummer_(disambiguation) | Brian Plummer (disambiguation) | [] | Brian Plummer (1936–2003) was a Welsh writer and dog breeder.
Brian Plummer may also refer to:
Brian Plummer (American football), college athlete
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Plummer (American football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Plummer_(American_football)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Brian_Plummer_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Brian Plummer may also refer to:Brian Plummer (American football), college athleteTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Brian Plummer (disambiguation)"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Brian_Plummer_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciro_in_Babilonia | Ciro in Babilonia | ["1 Performance history","2 Roles","3 Synopsis","4 Recordings","5 References","6 External links"] | 1812 opera by Gioachino Rossini
Ciro in Babilonia, ossia La caduta di BaldassareAzione sacra by Gioachino RossiniSet design by Alessandro Sanquirico at La Scala, 1818LibrettistFrancesco AventiLanguageItalianPremiere14 March 1812 (1812-03-14)Teatro Comunale, Ferrara
Ciro in Babilonia, ossia La caduta di Baldassare (Cyrus in Babylon, or The Downfall of Belshazzar) is an azione sacra in two acts by Gioachino Rossini with a libretto by Francesco Aventi. It was first performed at the Teatro Comunale in Ferrara during Lent, 1812. The exact date of the premiere is unknown but is believed to be 14 March. During Lent it was the custom for Italian opera houses either to close or to stage works on themes from the Bible. Ciro in Babilonia is one of two Lenten operas by Rossini (along with Mosè in Egitto) and is based on the Biblical story of the overthrow of the Babylonian king Belshazzar by the Persian ruler Cyrus the Great.
Performance history
In a concert form, the work's UK premiere took place on 30 January 1823 at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane in London. The quasi-opera premiered in the United States on 7 July 2012 at the Caramoor Center for Music and the Arts as part of the Festival, starring contralto Ewa Podleś in the title role, tenor Michael Spyres as Baldassare (Belshazzar), and soprano Jessica Pratt as Amira, with Will Crutchfield conducting. Performances with the same principal singers opened in a more elaborate staging on 10 August 2012 at the Rossini Festival in Pesaro.
Roles
Role
Voice type
Premiere Cast, 14 (?) March 1812 (Conductor: – )
Baldassare, King of Assyria
tenor
Eliodoro Bianchi
Ciro, King of Persia
contralto
Marietta Marcolini
Amira, wife of Ciro, imprisoned by Baldassare
soprano
Elisabetta Manfredini-Guarmani
Argene, confidant of Amira
mezzo-soprano
Anna Savinelli
Zambri, Babylonian prince
bass
Giovanni Layner
Arbace, captain in Baldassare's army
tenor
Francesco Savinelli
Daniello, prophet
bass
Giovanni Fraschi
Synopsis
Time: 539 B.C.
Place: Babylon
https://www.rossinioperafestival.it/en/stories/ciro-in-babilonia/
Recordings
Year
Cast: Baldassare, Ciro, Amira, Argene
Conductor,Opera House and Orchestra
Label
1988
Ernesto Palacio,Caterina Calvi,Daniela Dessi,Oriana Ferraris
Carlo Rizzi,Orchestra Sinfonica di Sanremo and Coro Francesco Cilea di Reggio(Recording of a performance in the Teatro Chiabrera, Savona, 30 October)
Audio CD: Hunt, Cat: 105;Arkadia, Cat: CDAK 105.2;Celestial Audio, Cat: CA 502
2004
Riccardo Botta,Annarita Gemmabella,Luisa Islam-Ali-Zade,Maria Soulis
Antonino Fogliani,Württembergische Philharmonie Orchestra and ARS Brunensis Chamber Choir(Recorded at 3 performances at the Rossini in Wildbad Festival, July)
Audio CD: Naxos RecordsCat: 8.660203/4
2008
Cyril Auvity,Nora Gubisch,Elena de la Merced,Sophie Daneman
Jean-Claude Malgoire,La Grande Écurie et La Chambre du Roy and Choeur de Chambre de Namur(Recording of a concert performance in the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, 12 January)
Audio CD: Premiere OperaCat: ??
2012
Michael Spyres,Ewa Podleś,Jessica Pratt,Carmen Romeu
Will Crutchfield, Orchestra and Chorus of the Teatro Comunale di Bologna,(Recording of a performance at the Rossini Festival in Pesaro, August)
DVD: Opus Arte,Cat: OA1108DBlu-ray: Cat OABD7123D
References
Notes
^ Gossett and Brauner 2001, p. 768
^ Mike Silverman, "Review: US premiere for Rossini opera at Caramoor", San Francisco Chronicle, 9 July 2012 online at sfgate.com. Retrieved 10 July 2012
^ Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). "Ciro in Babilonia". L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia (in Italian).
^ Osborne, Charles 1996, p. 16
^ Recordings of Ciro in Babilonia on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk
^ "Gioacchino Rossini: Ciro in Babilonia". Recording details and review (in French) on concertonet.com 9 December 2013
Sources
Gossett, Philip; Brauner, Patricia (2001), "Ciro in Babilonia", in Holden, Amanda (ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam. ISBN 0-14-029312-4
Osborne, Charles (1994), The Bel Canto Operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini, Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. ISBN 0-931340-71-3
Osborne, Richard (1998), "Ciro in Babilonia", in Stanley Sadie (Ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. One, p. 873. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-333-73432-7 ISBN 1-56159-228-5
External links
Libretto in Italian Retrieved 13 December 2012
vteGioachino Rossini
List of compositions
List of operas
OperasEarly works
Demetrio e Polibio (1812)
La cambiale di matrimonio (1810)
L'equivoco stravagante (1811)
L'inganno felice (1812)
Ciro in Babilonia, ossia La caduta di Baldassare (1812)
La scala di seta (1812)
La pietra del paragone (1812)
L'occasione fa il ladro, ossia Il cambio della valigia (1812)
Il signor Bruschino, ossia Il figlio per azzardo (1813)
Tancredi (1813)
L'italiana in Algeri (1813)
Maturity
Aureliano in Palmira (1813)
Il turco in Italia (1814)
Sigismondo (1814)
Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra (1815)
Torvaldo e Dorliska (1815)
Il barbiere di Siviglia, ossia L'inutile precauzione (1816)
La gazzetta, ossia Il matrimonio per concorso (1816)
Otello, ossia Il Moro di Venezia (1816)
La Cenerentola, ossia La bontà in trionfo (1817)
La gazza ladra (1817)
Armida (1817)
Adelaide di Borgogna, ossia Ottone, re d'Italia (1817)
Mosè in Egitto (1818)
Adina, ossia Il califfo di Bagdad (1826)
Ricciardo e Zoraide (1818)
Ermione (1819)
Eduardo e Cristina (1819)
La donna del lago (1819)
Bianca e Falliero, ossia Il consiglio dei tre (1819)
Maometto II (1820)
Matilde di Shabran, ossia Bellezza e Cuor di Ferro (1821)
Zelmira (1822)
Semiramide (1823)
Later works
Il viaggio a Reims, ossia L'albergo del Giglio d'Oro (1825)
Le siège de Corinthe (1826)
Moïse et Pharaon, ou Le passage de la mer rouge (1827)
Le comte Ory (1828)
Guillaume Tell (1829)
Ugo, re d'Italia (unfinished)
Pastiches
Ivanhoé (1826)
Robert Bruce (1846)
Arias
"Ecco, ridente in cielo"
"Largo al factotum"
"Sombre forêt"
"Una voce poco fa"
Sacred music
Messa di Gloria (1820)
Stabat mater (1831, 1841)
Petite messe solennelle (1864, 1867)
Other works
Six string sonatas (1804)
Edipo a Colono (1817)
La regata veneziana (1835)
La Danza (1835)
Péchés de vieillesse (1857–1868)
Film adaptations
The Barber of Seville (1947 film)
Cultural depictions
Rossini (1942 biographical film)
Rossini! Rossini! (1991 biographical film)
Rossini's Ghost (1996 film)
Named for Rossini
Conservatorio Statale di Musica "Gioachino Rossini"
Prix Rossini
Rossini Opera Festival
Rossini in Wildbad
Related articles
La boutique fantasque
Duetto buffo di due gatti
Matinées musicales
Messa per Rossini
Rossiniana
Category
Authority control databases International
VIAF
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Germany
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"azione sacra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azione_sacra"},{"link_name":"Gioachino Rossini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini"},{"link_name":"libretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"Teatro Comunale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Comunale_(Ferrara)"},{"link_name":"Ferrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara"},{"link_name":"Lent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Mosè in Egitto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos%C3%A8_in_Egitto"},{"link_name":"Belshazzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belshazzar"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Persia"},{"link_name":"Cyrus the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great"}],"text":"Ciro in Babilonia, ossia La caduta di Baldassare (Cyrus in Babylon, or The Downfall of Belshazzar) is an azione sacra in two acts by Gioachino Rossini with a libretto by Francesco Aventi. It was first performed at the Teatro Comunale in Ferrara during Lent, 1812. The exact date of the premiere is unknown but is believed to be 14 March. During Lent it was the custom for Italian opera houses either to close or to stage works on themes from the Bible. Ciro in Babilonia is one of two Lenten operas by Rossini (along with Mosè in Egitto) and is based on the Biblical story of the overthrow of the Babylonian king Belshazzar by the Persian ruler Cyrus the Great.","title":"Ciro in Babilonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theatre Royal Drury Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Drury_Lane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Caramoor Center for Music and the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramoor_Center_for_Music_and_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramoor_International_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"Ewa Podleś","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewa_Podle%C5%9B"},{"link_name":"Michael Spyres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spyres"},{"link_name":"Jessica Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Pratt_(soprano)"},{"link_name":"Will Crutchfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Crutchfield"},{"link_name":"Rossini Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossini_Festival"},{"link_name":"Pesaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesaro"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In a concert form, the work's UK premiere took place on 30 January 1823 at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane in London.[1] The quasi-opera premiered in the United States on 7 July 2012 at the Caramoor Center for Music and the Arts as part of the Festival, starring contralto Ewa Podleś in the title role, tenor Michael Spyres as Baldassare (Belshazzar), and soprano Jessica Pratt as Amira, with Will Crutchfield conducting. Performances with the same principal singers opened in a more elaborate staging on 10 August 2012 at the Rossini Festival in Pesaro. \n[2]","title":"Performance history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"https://www.rossinioperafestival.it/en/stories/ciro-in-babilonia/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rossinioperafestival.it/en/stories/ciro-in-babilonia/"}],"text":"Time: 539 B.C.\nPlace: Babylon[4]https://www.rossinioperafestival.it/en/stories/ciro-in-babilonia/","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recordings"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.rossinioperafestival.it/en/stories/ciro-in-babilonia/","external_links_name":"https://www.rossinioperafestival.it/en/stories/ciro-in-babilonia/"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Review-US-premiere-for-Rossini-opera-at-Caramoor-3693117.php","external_links_name":"\"Review: US premiere for Rossini opera at Caramoor\""},{"Link":"https://almanac-gherardo-casaglia.com/index.php?Testo=Ciro_in_Babilonia&Parola=Stringa","external_links_name":"\"Ciro in Babilonia\""},{"Link":"http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLROCIRO.HTM","external_links_name":"Recordings of Ciro in Babilonia on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk"},{"Link":"http://www.concertonet.com/scripts/livres.php?ID_cd=3031","external_links_name":"\"Gioacchino Rossini: Ciro in Babilonia\". Recording details and review (in French)"},{"Link":"http://www.karadar.com/index.php/en/opera-and-librettos/article/5-librettos/999933128-ciro-in-babilonia-librettopdf.html","external_links_name":"Libretto in Italian"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/182510835","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1043476466","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2004014141","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohd_Qayyum_Marjoni_Sabil | Qayyum Marjoni | ["1 Club career","1.1 Early career","1.2 Harimau Muda B","1.3 Kelantan","1.4 PKNS","2 Career statistics","2.1 Club","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"] | Malaysian footballer
In this Malay name, there is no surname or family name. The name Marjoni Sabil is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by their given name, Muhammad Qayyum.
Muhammad QayyumPersonal informationFull name
Muhammad Qayyumbin Marjoni SabilDate of birth
(1994-03-28) 28 March 1994 (age 30)Place of birth
Kelantan, MalaysiaHeight
1.69 m (5 ft 7 in)Position(s)
Left BackTeam informationCurrent team
PT Athletic F.C.Number
11Youth career2012–2015
Kelantan U-212014
→ Harimau Muda (loan)2014
→ Harimau Muda B (loan)Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2016–2017
Kelantan
32
(0)2018–2019
PKNS
33
(1)2020
Kuala Lumpur City
10
(0)2021–2022
Kelantan United
15
(1)2023
Kuching City
8
(0)2023
Kelantan United
5
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Muhammad Qayyum bin Marjoni Sabil (born 28 March 1994) is a Malaysian professional footballer who plays as a left back.
Club career
Early career
Qayyum started his career with Kelantan FA President's Cup in 2012. He was also be the part of the team after winning the 2013 Malaysian President's Cup. In December 2015, Qayyum along with 4 of his teammates from Kelantan FA President's Cup team has been promoted to the senior squad for 2016 Malaysia Super League campaign.
Harimau Muda B
In 2014, he joined Harimau Muda which competing in the National Premier Leagues Queensland and later in July he joined Harimau Muda B. For 2015 season, he returns to his former club, Kelantan FA U21 team.
Kelantan
After showing a good performances with the youth team, he was selected into the senior team for 2013 Malaysia Cup campaign.
He was later promoted to the senior team squad for 2016 Malaysia Super League campaign and debuted on 23 April during the match against Terengganu FA at Sultan Muhammad IV Stadium with the team won 3–0. After his impressive debut for the team, he retained his position in the team's first eleven even after the changes of the head coach which is at this time under the guidance of Velizar Popov.
At the start of the 2017 season, Qayyum was allocated the number 7 shirt, previously worn by the recently transferred Wan Zack Haikal. He made his first appearance of the season as the first eleven in Kelantan's opening match, a 1–2 away win to FELDA United.
PKNS
On 13 November 2017, Qayyum announced his transferred to PKNS, signing a one-year contract with the option of an additional one.
Career statistics
Club
As of 20 July 2019
Club
Season
League
Cup
League Cup
Continental
Total
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Harimau Muda B
2014
11
0
0
0
1
0
–
–
12
0
Total
11
0
0
0
1
0
–
–
12
0
Kelantan
2016
12
0
0
0
4
0
–
–
16
0
2017
20
0
1
0
6
0
–
–
27
0
Total
32
0
1
0
10
0
–
–
43
0
PKNS
2018
16
1
1
0
6
0
–
–
23
1
2019
17
0
3
0
0
0
–
–
20
0
Total
33
1
4
0
6
0
–
–
43
1
Career Total
76
1
5
0
17
0
–
–
98
1
Honours
Kelantan U-21
Malaysia President Cup: 2013, 2015
References
^ "Kelantan muncul juara Piala Presiden 2013". Sinar Harian. 13 October 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
^ "Harimau Muda A reveal 25 players to play in the Queensland League". Goal.com. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
^ "Mohd Qayyum ke PKNS FC". Sinar Harian. 13 November 2017.
^ "Mohd Qayyum". Soccerway. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
External links
Qayyum Marjoni at Soccerway
vtePKNS F.C. – current squad
1 Zarif
3 Rodney
4 Kozubaev
5 Nik Shahrul
7 Gurusamy
8 Tommy
9 Sherman
10 Morales
11 Jafri
12 Qayyum
13 Surendran
14 Akram
15 Gunalan
16 Faizat
17 Fandi
18 Mahali
20 Guerra
21 Farhan
22 Tauffiq
23 Alif
25 Shahrom
26 Shafiq
27 Ariff
29 Vathanaka
30 Shivan
Head coach: Feichtenbeiner
This biographical article related to Malaysian association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malay name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_names#Malay_names"},{"link_name":"surname or family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"left back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full-back"}],"text":"In this Malay name, there is no surname or family name. 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Sinar Harian. 13 October 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sinarharian.com.my/ultras/liga-malaysia/kelantan-muncul-juara-piala-presiden-2013-1.211309","url_text":"\"Kelantan muncul juara Piala Presiden 2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harimau Muda A reveal 25 players to play in the Queensland League\". Goal.com. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goal.com/en-my/news/3896/malaysia/2014/03/05/4661520/harimau-muda-a-reveal-25-players-to-play-in-the-queensland","url_text":"\"Harimau Muda A reveal 25 players to play in the Queensland League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mohd Qayyum ke PKNS FC\". Sinar Harian. 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sinarharian.com.my/sukan/mohd-qayyum-ke-pkns-fc-1.756349","url_text":"\"Mohd Qayyum ke PKNS FC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mohd Qayyum\". Soccerway. 2 October 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorkSafe_Victoria | WorkSafe Victoria | ["1 History","2 Company Practices","2.1 Corporate objectives","2.2 Workplace health and safety","2.3 Workers compensation and return to work","2.4 Legislation and regulation","3 Director Board","4 Occupational Health and Safety Act","5 References","6 External links"] | Government agency of Victoria, Australia
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
WorkSafe VictoriaVictorian WorkCover AuthorityAuthority overviewFormed1 December 1992; 31 years ago (1992-12-01)Preceding agenciesAccident Compensation CommissionVictorian Accident Rehabilitation CouncilWorkCare Appeals BoardTypeStatutory authorityJurisdictionVictoria, AustraliaHeadquartersGeelongEmployees1,074 (June 2017)Minister responsibleHon. Danny Pearson MP, Assistant Treasurer, Minister for WorkSafe and the TACAuthority executivesJoe Calafiore, CEOBob Cameron, Chair of the BoardKey documentWorkplace Injury Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2013, Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004Websitewww.worksafe.vic.gov.auAgency IDPROV VA 3081Footnotes
WorkSafe Victoria is the trading name of the Victorian WorkCover Authority, a statutory authority of the state government of Victoria, Australia.
History
After being renamed in 2014 as Victorian Work-cover Authority by Minister Gordon Rich-Phillips, it returned to the WorkSafe trading name after the election of the Labor Government in November 2014. It has had a number of previous names including VWA, WorkCare and the Department of Labour. The name WorkSafe became the trading name for the workplace health and safety and workers compensation divisions in mid-2008, as it reflected the objective of encouraging people to work safely and reduce workplace injuries.
The organisation reports to a Minister and has a Board. The Chief Executive is Colin Radford.
A review of WorkSafe and the Geelong-based Transport Accident Commission was announced in February 2015 by the Victorian Government. It is being carried out by a former WorkSafe and TAC Chair, businessman James MacKenzie. In announcing the review, the government confirmed its commitment to moving WorkSafe to Geelong.
From July 2018, WorkSafe's headquarters has been 1 Malop Street, Geelong VIC 3220.
Company Practices
Corporate objectives
WorkSafe's corporate aims are to take a constructive, accountable, transparent, effective, and caring approach to all its operations.
Although being active in carrying out workplace safety inspections across the state and prosecuting breaches of workplace health, safety, and workers' compensation laws, a significant focus of WorkSafe's activity includes communication with internal and external stakeholders, media (including publishing details of significant incidents and prosecutions) and the wider community.
WorkSafe runs advertising and social media campaigns, an annual small/medium business roadshow (May–June), and events such as WorkSafe Health and Safety Month (October of each year), farming sector field days, and conferences where speakers from WorkSafe present information on general and specialist topics.
Workplace health and safety
WorkSafe employs safety inspectors based at 12 offices in Melbourne (City, Dandenong, Essendon Fields, Mulgrave) and regional Victoria (Ballarat, Bendigo, Geelong, Mildura, Shepparton, Traralgon, Wangaratta, and Warrnambool) and conducts targeted visits based on identified high-risk industries and in response to calls where dangers are identified. There is also a 24/7 emergency response assistance.
Workers compensation and return to work
WorkSafe oversees Victoria's workers' compensation system which provides financial as well as health and related support to people who have been hurt in the course of their work. The system is funded by Victorian employers who pay a percentage of their total remuneration which provides insurance cover. In 2011 with increases to the average premium rates in other jurisdictions, the Victoria premium became Australia's lowest at 1.338%.
With the Victorian state budget in May 2012, this position was further reinforced for 2012–13 (June to June) with a further reduction to 1.229%. The amount paid by individual employers varies depending on their personal claims performance and that of their industry—i.e. a 'good' performing employer in an industry with many claims may pay rather less than others, while conversely, a poorly performing employer will pay more. Around 29,000 people a year make a workers' compensation claim (10.58/1000 employees in Victoria in 2010/11).
WorkSafe promotes to employers, injured workers and the people who treat them, the idea of an early and sustainable return to work. This helps keep business and premium costs down and benefits injured workers. Where it is not possible for a worker to return to their old workplace, WorkSafe's support program, WISE, which encourages other employers to step in and take advantage of their skills.
Legislation and regulation
WorkSafe is regulator of a wide range of Acts of Parliament including the Accident Compensation Act 1985; Accident Compensation (Occupational Health and Safety) Act 1996;
Accident Compensation (WorkCover Insurance) Act 1993; Workers Compensation Act 1958;
Occupational Health and Safety Act 1985; Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004;
Dangerous Goods Act 1985; Equipment (Public Safety) Act 1994; Road Transport (Dangerous Goods) Act 1995; Road Transport Reform (Dangerous Goods); Act 1995 (Commonwealth)
Mines Act 1958.
Regulations set out mandatory requirements under the Acts and are linked to copies held at Victorian Law Today.
Accident Compensation Regulations 2001; Dangerous Goods (Explosives) Regulations 2000;
Dangerous Goods (HCDG) Regulations 2005; Dangerous Goods (Storage and Handling) Regulations 2000; Dangerous Goods (Transport by Rail) Regulations 1998; Equipment (Public Safety) Regulations 2007; Magistrates' Court (Occupational Health and Safety) Rules 2005; Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 2007; Road Transport (Dangerous Goods) (Licence Fees) Regulations 1998; Road Transport Reform (Dangerous Goods) Regulations 1997.
Director Board
Mr Krasnostein and Ms Cosgrove were appointed by the previous Liberal Government and were charged with the responsibility of restructuring the organisation. This led to substantial job losses which resulted in the loss of many senior managers and experienced staff. Ms Cosgrove announced the start of the restructure program in June 2012 after the Queens Birthday long weekend in an email to staff which describes how she had had a pleasant weekend at the spa town of Daylesford in regional Victoria and that job losses would be the product of restructuring that would begin immediately. It took some weeks for the story to be reported. Their sudden resignations on 3 March 2015 were announced in a State Government news release were said to have been due to the loss of confidence in WorkSafe's leadership and the handling of chemical contamination of the soil and a cancer cluster at the Country Fire Authority's Fiskville training facility near Ballarat, however there had been a number of other senior officials who had also resigned since the government's election including Country Fire Authority CEO Mick Bourke, and the board of Ambulance Victoria.
In an unusual move after the resignations of Ms Cosgrove and Mr Krasnostein, Minister Robin Scott spoke to staff at WorkSafe's headquarters and re-affirmed the government's support for WorkSafe's health and safety priorities which was widely seen as having been undermined under by the previous government.
Occupational Health and Safety Act
The Occupational Health and Safety Act was enacted in 1985 as a major reform of the Labor government of John Cain II.
The Act was reviewed, by Chris Maxwell QC (Queens Counsel) now a Judge of the Court of Appeal becoming the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004.
The 'new' Act broadly reflected the requirements of the OHS Act 1985.
The most basic of duties requires employers to provide a safe workplace for employees and people other than employees (Sections 23and 24).
The 2004 Act greatly increased potential fines from a maximum of $250,000 to more than $900,000. The highest fine yet was imposed in August 2008 when the brewer, Fosters was convicted and fined $1.125 million for two breaches of the Act.
A range of alternate penalties have also been introduced and are sought in some cases. These include adverse publicity orders (Section 135), safety improvement projects (Section 136), and enforceable undertakings (Section 137).
The Duties of Directors and company officers (Section 144) have also been included along with new powers to obtain information (Section 9), the creation of ARREOs (Authorised Representatives of Employee Associations)(Sections 87-94), a duty to consult on matters affecting health and safety(Sections 35 and 36) and a significant change which allow for the internal review of inspectors decisions (Sections 127 to 129).
References
^ Annual Report 2017 (PDF). Melbourne: WorkSafe Victoria. September 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
^ "ABN Lookup - Historical details for ABN: 90 296 467 627". business.gov.au. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
^ "WorkSafe Victoria web site". Retrieved 8 April 2011.
^ "The WorkSafe Board".
^ "Vision, Mission, and Values - worksafe.gov.au". Retrieved 8 April 2011.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 July 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Report" (PDF). Retrieved 8 April 2011.
^ "Victorian Law Today Act". Retrieved 8 April 2011.
^ "Foster's fined for workplace death - The Age". Melbourne. 6 August 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
External links
Official website
vteOccupational safety and healthOccupational diseasesand injuries
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There is also a 24/7 emergency response assistance.","title":"Company Practices"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Workers compensation and return to work","text":"WorkSafe oversees Victoria's workers' compensation system which provides financial as well as health and related support to people who have been hurt in the course of their work. The system is funded by Victorian employers who pay a percentage of their total remuneration which provides insurance cover. In 2011 with increases to the average premium rates in other jurisdictions, the Victoria premium became Australia's lowest at 1.338%.With the Victorian state budget in May 2012, this position was further reinforced for 2012–13 (June to June) with a further reduction to 1.229%. The amount paid by individual employers varies depending on their personal claims performance and that of their industry—i.e. a 'good' performing employer in an industry with many claims may pay rather less than others, while conversely, a poorly performing employer will pay more. Around 29,000 people a year make a workers' compensation claim (10.58/1000 employees in Victoria in 2010/11).WorkSafe promotes to employers, injured workers and the people who treat them, the idea of an early and sustainable return to work. This helps keep business and premium costs down and benefits injured workers. Where it is not possible for a worker to return to their old workplace, WorkSafe's support program, WISE, which encourages other employers to step in and take advantage of their skills.","title":"Company Practices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Legislation and regulation","text":"WorkSafe is regulator of a wide range of Acts of Parliament including the Accident Compensation Act 1985; Accident Compensation (Occupational Health and Safety) Act 1996; \nAccident Compensation (WorkCover Insurance) Act 1993; Workers Compensation Act 1958; \nOccupational Health and Safety Act 1985; Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004;\nDangerous Goods Act 1985; Equipment (Public Safety) Act 1994; Road Transport (Dangerous Goods) Act 1995; Road Transport Reform (Dangerous Goods); Act 1995 (Commonwealth) \nMines Act 1958.Regulations set out mandatory requirements under the Acts and are linked to copies held at Victorian Law Today.Accident Compensation Regulations 2001; Dangerous Goods (Explosives) Regulations 2000; \nDangerous Goods (HCDG) Regulations 2005; Dangerous Goods (Storage and Handling) Regulations 2000; Dangerous Goods (Transport by Rail) Regulations 1998; Equipment (Public Safety) Regulations 2007; Magistrates' Court (Occupational Health and Safety) Rules 2005; Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 2007; Road Transport (Dangerous Goods) (Licence Fees) Regulations 1998; Road Transport Reform (Dangerous Goods) Regulations 1997.[6]","title":"Company Practices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ms Cosgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.worksafenews.com.au/component/k2/item/265-worksafe-victoria-appoints-new-chief-executive.html"},{"link_name":"Daylesford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.travelvictoria.com.au/daylesford/"},{"link_name":"story to be reported.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.afr.com/p/national/daylesford_great_oh_and_we_re_making_RPNT3l3MQhzbOeH8hHoY6O"},{"link_name":"news release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.premier.vic.gov.au/labor-government-acts-to-restore-public-confidence"},{"link_name":"Country Fire Authority's Fiskville training facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-03/new-health-scare-closes-fiskville-fire-training-facility/6275866"},{"link_name":"CEO Mick Bourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-09/cfa-chief-executive-mick-bourke-stands-down/6081096"},{"link_name":"board of Ambulance Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-05/ambulance-victoria-board-resigns-after-daniel-andrews-request/5946838"}],"text":"Mr Krasnostein and Ms Cosgrove were appointed by the previous Liberal Government and were charged with the responsibility of restructuring the organisation. This led to substantial job losses which resulted in the loss of many senior managers and experienced staff. Ms Cosgrove announced the start of the restructure program in June 2012 after the Queens Birthday long weekend in an email to staff which describes how she had had a pleasant weekend at the spa town of Daylesford in regional Victoria and that job losses would be the product of restructuring that would begin immediately. It took some weeks for the story to be reported. Their sudden resignations on 3 March 2015 were announced in a State Government news release were said to have been due to the loss of confidence in WorkSafe's leadership and the handling of chemical contamination of the soil and a cancer cluster at the Country Fire Authority's Fiskville training facility near Ballarat, however there had been a number of other senior officials who had also resigned since the government's election including Country Fire Authority CEO Mick Bourke, and the board of Ambulance Victoria. \nIn an unusual move after the resignations of Ms Cosgrove and Mr Krasnostein, Minister Robin Scott spoke to staff at WorkSafe's headquarters and re-affirmed the government's support for WorkSafe's health and safety priorities which was widely seen as having been undermined under by the previous government.","title":"Director Board"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Cain II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cain_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Chris Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Maxwell_(jurist)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vlta-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fffwd-9"}],"text":"The Occupational Health and Safety Act was enacted in 1985 as a major reform of the Labor government of John Cain II.The Act was reviewed,[7] by Chris Maxwell QC (Queens Counsel) now a Judge of the Court of Appeal becoming the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004.[8]The 'new' Act broadly reflected the requirements of the OHS Act 1985.The most basic of duties requires employers to provide a safe workplace for employees and people other than employees (Sections 23and 24).The 2004 Act greatly increased potential fines from a maximum of $250,000 to more than $900,000. The highest fine yet was imposed in August 2008 when the brewer, Fosters was convicted and fined $1.125 million for two breaches of the Act.[9]A range of alternate penalties have also been introduced and are sought in some cases. These include adverse publicity orders (Section 135), safety improvement projects (Section 136), and enforceable undertakings (Section 137).The Duties of Directors and company officers (Section 144) have also been included along with new powers to obtain information (Section 9), the creation of ARREOs (Authorised Representatives of Employee Associations)(Sections 87-94), a duty to consult on matters affecting health and safety(Sections 35 and 36) and a significant change which allow for the internal review of inspectors decisions (Sections 127 to 129).","title":"Occupational Health and Safety Act"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Annual Report 2017 (PDF). Melbourne: WorkSafe Victoria. September 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRR_S2 | Pennsylvania Railroad class S2 | ["1 Design specification","2 Service history","3 In popular culture","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | American steam turbine locomotive
Pennsylvania Railroad S2 classPRR 6200 at Baldwin Locomotive Works - circa 1944 (PRR promotional image)Type and originPower typeSteam turbineBuilderBaldwin Locomotive Works, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing CompanyOrder number70900Serial number6200Build date1944Total produced1SpecificationsConfiguration: • Whyte6-8-6 • UIC3D3Gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugeLeading dia.36 in (914 mm)Driver dia.68 in (1,727 mm)Trailing dia.42 in (1,067 mm)Wheelbase108 ft (32.92 m)Length122 ft 7+1⁄4 in (37.37 m)Height16 ft (4,877 mm)Adhesive weight271,450 lb (123 tonnes)Loco weight589,920 lb (268 tonnes)Tender weight442,180 lb (201 tonnes)Total weight1,032,100 lb (468 tonnes)Tender type180-P-85 16-wheel tender (two 4-axle trucks)Fuel typeBituminous coalWater cap.19,500 galTender cap.37 1/2 tonnesFirebox: • Grate area120 sq ft (11 m2)BoilerModified Belpaire type 102 in (2,591 mm) diameter (back)Boiler pressure310 psi (2.1 MPa)Feedwater heaterWorthington CorporationHeating surface: • Tubes18 ft (5,486 mm)Superheater: • TypeWorthington Type E single-loop • Heating area2,050 sq ft (190 m2)TransmissionDirect geared turbinePerformance figuresMaximum speedAt least 110 mph (177 km/h)Power outputForward turbine - 6,900 hp (5,150 kW), reverse turbine - 1,500 hp (1,120 kW)Tractive effort65,000 lbf (289.13 kN)CareerOperatorsPennsylvania RailroadClassS2Number in class1Numbers6200Nicknames"The Big Whoosh"DeliveredNovember 28, 1944First runMarch 26, 1945Last runJune 11, 1949WithdrawnAugust 1949DispositionScrapped May 29, 1952
The Pennsylvania Railroad's S2 class was a steam turbine locomotive designed and built in a collaborative effort by Baldwin Locomotive Works and Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, as an attempt to prolong the dominance of the steam locomotive by adapting technology that had been widely accepted in the marine industry. One was built, #6200, delivered in September 1944. The S2 was the sole example of the 6-8-6 wheel arrangement in the Whyte notation, with a six-wheel leading truck keeping the locomotive stable at speed, eight powered and coupled driving wheels, and a six-wheel trailing truck supporting the large firebox. The S2 used a direct-drive steam turbine provided by the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, geared to the center pair of axles with the outer two axles connected by side rods; the fixed gear ratio was 18.5:1. Such design was to prevent energy loss and S2 achieved a mechanical efficiency of 97% which means only 3% of steam energy was lost within the propulsion equipment. The disadvantage of a direct-drive steam turbine was that the turbine could not operate at optimal speeds over the locomotive's entire speed range. The S2 was the largest, heaviest and fastest direct-drive turbine locomotive design ever built.
Design specification
A diagram showing how the turbine works on PRR S2
The locomotive was to be a 4-8-4, but wartime restrictions on light steel alloys increased weight until six-wheel leading and trailing trucks were needed; its construction was also delayed by World War II. Construction of the locomotive took place at the Baldwin plant in Eddystone. Two turbines were fitted, one for forward travel and a smaller one for reversing at speeds up to 22 mph (35 km/h). Superheated steam at a rate of about 2,000 pounds per hour was directed onto the turbine blades through 4 nozzles; thousands of turbine blades transmitted steam energy to the transmission gear. The maximum rotation speed of the forward turbine is 9,000 rpm, developing 6,900 hp; the reverse turbine generates 1,500 hp at 8,300 rpm. A monitoring system ensured that the forward turbine could only be started when the reverse turbine was switched off. Weight of propulsion equipment was 39,000 lbs., or 5.65 lbs/hp. A large boiler with a Belpaire firebox and long combustion chamber was fitted. An automatic lubrication system was installed, connecting the transmission case, where the driving gear wheels were immersed in a lubricant reservoir filled with lubricating oil. Lubricant goes through all lubrication points, including roller bearings on all axles via the filtered pipes with the help of two steam pumps. A Worthington-pattern feedwater heater was fitted for increased efficiency. Twin air pumps for train braking were fitted below the running boards beside the smokebox front, and a large radiator assembly at the nose cooled the compressed air.
The turbine exhaust was piped through a set of four nozzles in the smokebox, providing an even draft for the fire and exiting through a unique quadruple stack. S2 had no smoke deflector when it was delivered from Baldwin to PRR in September 1944, but, soon after it began its service, PRR found out that the locomotive blew heavy smoke at lower speed during operation. So, a pair of small smoke deflectors was acquired and a thin semi-circular metal plate for smoke lifting was filled a few feet behind the smokestack. Apparently, these weren't adequate, so a much-larger pair which look like the "elephant ears" used on New York Central class S1b 4-8-4 Niagara and Union Pacific FEF-3 4-8-4 was added at Altoona Works in December, 1946. Using a smoke deflector was never a tradition of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Prior to S2 #6200, there were only three K4s-installed smoke deflectors between 1939 and 1941, for an experimental purpose: PRR #5038, #3876 and #3878. Their smoke deflectors were all removed after the war, so the steam turbine #6200 was the only Pennsy locomotive with huge "elephant ears" after the war.
The tender of the PRR S2 #6200 was originally made for a class L1s locomotive with the designation 180-F-82. Later, it was assigned as 180-P-75 for class K4s No. 3768; the tender was rebuilt again and received the designation 180-P-85 for S2 6200 use. This large 16-wheel tender was similar to that used on the PRR's other large passenger locomotives, the T1 and S1. In order to reduce the crew's workload, a "Fluid Pressure Control System" (U.S. patent 2,515,962) designed by Westinghouse engineer Harry C. May was installed on the locomotive. It controlled starting, running, reversing, power output, and speed, and limited speed in both directions of operation, all in one single control lever which was installed in front of the engineer's seat.
The locomotive proved to be powerful and capable, with reserves of power at speed and reasonable fuel economy. The turbine drive was easy on the track and allowed more power at the rail. During a test run officially arranged by PRR on 30 March 1945, S2 #6200 towing a dynamometer car was able to pull a 17-car train over a distance of 48 kilometers (level track) at a speed of 110 mph (180 km/h) between Fort Wayne and Chicago. Engineer Mr. Flaya Cartwright and Fireman Mr. M.E. Brown were assigned to this official test run. E.S. Cox, a British locomotive engineer, once traveled on the footplate and reported that "100mph was maintained and exceeded for 12 consecutive minutes". While economical at speed, the locomotive was highly-uneconomical at lower speed. The turbine used less steam than conventional locomotives above 30 mph (48 km/h), but below that the locomotive used too much steam and fuel. The boiler normally operated at 310 psi (2.1 MPa), but at low speed the pressure could drop as low as 85 psi (0.59 MPa). The increased fuel usage at low speeds caused the firebox to run hotter, which sometimes caused stay bolts to break.
The locomotive's problems, the rapid decline of PRR's ridership since 1947 and the advantages of the emerging diesel locomotive ensured that #6200 would never be duplicated, but S2 still participated in the 1948 Chicago Railroad Fair with a T1 4-4-4-4 Duplex Steam Locomotive. In August 1949, the locomotive suffered severe turbine damage. Since the maintenance costs rose steadily, the S2 was finally stored in Crestline and Altoona. In 1952, she was finally retired and was scrapped the following year.
Service history
The S2 was assigned to the Fort Wayne Division and based at the Crestline enginehouse. It hauled various prestigious passenger trains serving the New York to Chicago corridor such as The Broadway Limited, The Liberty Limited, The Trail Blazer, The General, The Manhattan Limited and The Golden Arrow on the route between Chicago and Crestline, Ohio (283 miles/ 446 km). S2 also hauled troop trains and was seen towing express freight trains. PRR S2 #6200, as an experimental prototype of a direct-drive steam turbine locomotive, ran 103,000 miles in total before it was completely withdrawn from service in August, 1949 and would soon await the scrapper's torch. The 6200 was eventually scrapped in Conway, Pennsylvania.
In popular culture
The model train company Lionel made several models of the S2. The first ones, 671 and 2020, were released in 1946 and were discontinued in 1949. The 681 turbine's first production run was in 1950 and 1951. It was similar to both of the original turbine models but the 681 has Lionel's Magne-Traction feature which makes the wheels magnetic. In 1952, The Korean War caused a shortage of magnetic material, so the 671 was reissued as the 671rr (671 rerun). The 681 returned the next year. In 1954 and 1955, another turbine, numbered 682, was released. The 682 was basically a 681 but with valve gear on the wheels and a white stripe painted on both sides.
See also
LMS Turbomotive
Ljungström locomotives
References
^ Nation Railway Bulletin Vol.63 Number 1 |1993
Rolf Ostendorf (1971), Dampfturbinen-Lokomotiven: Die Entwicklungsgeschichte einer vergangenen Dampflokomotiv-Sonderbauart (in German), Stuttgart: Franckh’sche Verlagshandlung, pp. 59–61
Rolf Ostendorf (1978), Ungewöhnliche Dampflokomotiven von 1803 bis heute: Ein Spiegelbild spezieller Konstruktionen (in German) (2nd ed.), Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag, p. 246, ISBN 3-87943-406-9
Raimar Lehmann (1987), Dampflok-Sonderbauarten (in German) (2nd unchanged ed.), Berlin: VEB Verlag Technik, p. 152, ISBN 3-341-00336-3
George H. Drury (1993), Guide to North American Steam Locomotives (in German) (1st ed.), Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Publishing Co., p. 394, ISBN 0-89024-206-2
"Pennsylvania's Turbine Engine", Trains (in German), Kalmbach Publishing Co., pp. 14–15, January 1945, ISSN 0041-0934
"Driving Gear for Turbine Locomotives", Trains (in German), Kalmbach Publishing Co., pp. 26–29, June 1945, ISSN 0041-0934
Charles Kerr Jr. (June 1947), "The Steam Turbine: Coal's New Hope", Trains (in German), Kalmbach Publishing Co., pp. 15–18, ISSN 0041-0934
External links
The Duplex and Experimental Steam Engines of the PRR
Pennsylvania Railroad S2 steam turbine
"Modern Power For Today's Trains" - A promotional booklet put out by the PRR in 1949 showcasing the railroads latest motive power.
"The Keystone" Magazine - Autumn 2012 Volume 45 - Number 3 - The S2 Turbine 686
S2 6-8-6 Steam Turbine (2014, in Russian)
Pennsylvania Railroad patent drawings (January 20, 2012 Classic Trains Magazine)
"Presenting a Line of Modern Coal-Burning Steam Locomotives, December 1944" - A promotional booklet put out by the PRR in 1949 showcasing the railroads latest steam locomotives.
Douglas Self (29 October 2004). "The Pennsylvania Turbine Locomotive". Unusual Locomotives.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pennsylvania Railroad S2.
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D39
D61
"Odd D" #10003
E (4-4-2):
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
E6
E7
E21
E22
E23
E28
de Glehn
F (2-6-0):
F1
F2
F3
F21
F22
F23
F24
F25
F26
F27
F30
F31
F61
G (4-6-0):
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
G53
H (2-8-0):
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H8
H9
H10
I (2-10-0):
I1
J (2-6-2 and 2-10-4):
J1
J28
K (4-6-2):
K1
K2
K3s
K4s
K5
K21s
K28
K29s
L (2-8-2):
L1s
L2s
L5
L6
M (4-8-2):
M1
N (2-10-2):
N1s
N2s
O (4-4-4):
O1
P (4-6-4):
P5
Q (4-6-4-4 and 4-4-6-4):
Q1
Q2
R (4-8-4):
R1
S (6-4-4-6 and 6-8-6):
S1
S2
T (4-4-4-4):
T1
Articulated steam locomotives:
CC1s
CC2s
HC1s
HH1
HH1s
HH2s
Articulated electric locomotives:
AA1
BB1
BB2
BB3
DD1
DD2
FF1
FF2
GG1
Non-standard:
E2b
E2c
E3b
E44 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad"},{"link_name":"steam turbine locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Baldwin Locomotive Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_%26_Manufacturing_Company"},{"link_name":"6-8-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-8-6"},{"link_name":"wheel arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_arrangement"},{"link_name":"Whyte notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whyte_notation"},{"link_name":"leading truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_truck"},{"link_name":"driving wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_wheel"},{"link_name":"trailing truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing_truck"},{"link_name":"firebox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebox_(steam_engine)"},{"link_name":"steam turbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_%26_Manufacturing_Company"},{"link_name":"side rods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_rod"}],"text":"The Pennsylvania Railroad's S2 class was a steam turbine locomotive designed and built in a collaborative effort by Baldwin Locomotive Works and Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, as an attempt to prolong the dominance of the steam locomotive by adapting technology that had been widely accepted in the marine industry. One was built, #6200, delivered in September 1944. The S2 was the sole example of the 6-8-6 wheel arrangement in the Whyte notation, with a six-wheel leading truck keeping the locomotive stable at speed, eight powered and coupled driving wheels, and a six-wheel trailing truck supporting the large firebox. The S2 used a direct-drive steam turbine provided by the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, geared to the center pair of axles with the outer two axles connected by side rods; the fixed gear ratio was 18.5:1. Such design was to prevent energy loss and S2 achieved a mechanical efficiency of 97% which means only 3% of steam energy was lost within the propulsion equipment. The disadvantage of a direct-drive steam turbine was that the turbine could not operate at optimal speeds over the locomotive's entire speed range. The S2 was the largest, heaviest and fastest direct-drive turbine locomotive design ever built.","title":"Pennsylvania Railroad class S2"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PRR_S2_Forward_and_Backward_Turbine.jpg"},{"link_name":"4-8-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-8-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Belpaire firebox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belpaire_firebox"},{"link_name":"combustion chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_chamber"},{"link_name":"Worthington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthington_Corporation"},{"link_name":"feedwater heater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedwater_heater"},{"link_name":"smokebox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokebox"},{"link_name":"smoke deflector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_deflector"},{"link_name":"New York Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Central"},{"link_name":"class S1b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Central_Niagara"},{"link_name":"4-8-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-8-4"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific"},{"link_name":"FEF-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_FEF_Series"},{"link_name":"Altoona Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altoona_Works"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad"},{"link_name":"K4s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K4s"},{"link_name":"T1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRR_T1"},{"link_name":"S1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRR_S1"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent 2,515,962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US2515962"},{"link_name":"dynamometer car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamometer_car"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne"},{"link_name":"diesel locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Chicago Railroad Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Railroad_Fair"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Crestline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestline,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Altoona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"A diagram showing how the turbine works on PRR S2The locomotive was to be a 4-8-4, but wartime restrictions on light steel alloys increased weight until six-wheel leading and trailing trucks were needed; its construction was also delayed by World War II. Construction of the locomotive took place at the Baldwin plant in Eddystone. Two turbines were fitted, one for forward travel and a smaller one for reversing at speeds up to 22 mph (35 km/h). Superheated steam at a rate of about 2,000 pounds per hour was directed onto the turbine blades through 4 nozzles; thousands of turbine blades transmitted steam energy to the transmission gear. The maximum rotation speed of the forward turbine is 9,000 rpm, developing 6,900 hp; the reverse turbine generates 1,500 hp at 8,300 rpm. A monitoring system ensured that the forward turbine could only be started when the reverse turbine was switched off. Weight of propulsion equipment was 39,000 lbs., or 5.65 lbs/hp. A large boiler with a Belpaire firebox and long combustion chamber was fitted. An automatic lubrication system was installed, connecting the transmission case, where the driving gear wheels were immersed in a lubricant reservoir filled with lubricating oil. Lubricant goes through all lubrication points, including roller bearings on all axles via the filtered pipes with the help of two steam pumps. A Worthington-pattern feedwater heater was fitted for increased efficiency. Twin air pumps for train braking were fitted below the running boards beside the smokebox front, and a large radiator assembly at the nose cooled the compressed air.The turbine exhaust was piped through a set of four nozzles in the smokebox, providing an even draft for the fire and exiting through a unique quadruple stack. S2 had no smoke deflector when it was delivered from Baldwin to PRR in September 1944, but, soon after it began its service, PRR found out that the locomotive blew heavy smoke at lower speed during operation. So, a pair of small smoke deflectors was acquired and a thin semi-circular metal plate for smoke lifting was filled a few feet behind the smokestack. Apparently, these weren't adequate, so a much-larger pair which look like the \"elephant ears\" used on New York Central class S1b 4-8-4 Niagara and Union Pacific FEF-3 4-8-4 was added at Altoona Works in December, 1946. Using a smoke deflector was never a tradition of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Prior to S2 #6200, there were only three K4s-installed smoke deflectors between 1939 and 1941, for an experimental purpose: PRR #5038, #3876 and #3878. Their smoke deflectors were all removed after the war, so the steam turbine #6200 was the only Pennsy locomotive with huge \"elephant ears\" after the war.The tender of the PRR S2 #6200 was originally made for a class L1s locomotive with the designation 180-F-82. Later, it was assigned as 180-P-75 for class K4s No. 3768; the tender was rebuilt again and received the designation 180-P-85 for S2 6200 use. This large 16-wheel tender was similar to that used on the PRR's other large passenger locomotives, the T1 and S1. In order to reduce the crew's workload, a \"Fluid Pressure Control System\" (U.S. patent 2,515,962) designed by Westinghouse engineer Harry C. May was installed on the locomotive. It controlled starting, running, reversing, power output, and speed, and limited speed in both directions of operation, all in one single control lever which was installed in front of the engineer's seat.The locomotive proved to be powerful and capable, with reserves of power at speed and reasonable fuel economy. The turbine drive was easy on the track and allowed more power at the rail. During a test run officially arranged by PRR on 30 March 1945, S2 #6200 towing a dynamometer car was able to pull a 17-car train over a distance of 48 kilometers (level track) at a speed of 110 mph (180 km/h) between Fort Wayne and Chicago. Engineer Mr. Flaya Cartwright and Fireman Mr. M.E. Brown were assigned to this official test run. E.S. Cox, a British locomotive engineer, once traveled on the footplate and reported that \"100mph was maintained and exceeded for 12 consecutive minutes\". While economical at speed, the locomotive was highly-uneconomical at lower speed. The turbine used less steam than conventional locomotives above 30 mph (48 km/h), but below that the locomotive used too much steam and fuel. The boiler normally operated at 310 psi (2.1 MPa), but at low speed the pressure could drop as low as 85 psi (0.59 MPa). The increased fuel usage at low speeds caused the firebox to run hotter, which sometimes caused stay bolts to break.The locomotive's problems, the rapid decline of PRR's ridership since 1947 and the advantages of the emerging diesel locomotive ensured that #6200 would never be duplicated, but S2 still participated in the 1948 Chicago Railroad Fair with a T1 4-4-4-4 Duplex Steam Locomotive.[1] In August 1949, the locomotive suffered severe turbine damage. Since the maintenance costs rose steadily, the S2 was finally stored in Crestline and Altoona. In 1952, she was finally retired and was scrapped the following year.","title":"Design specification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Broadway Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broadway_Limited"},{"link_name":"Liberty Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Limited"},{"link_name":"The Trail Blazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_Blazer_(passenger_train)"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(train)"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Limited"},{"link_name":"Crestline, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestline,_Ohio"}],"text":"The S2 was assigned to the Fort Wayne Division and based at the Crestline enginehouse. It hauled various prestigious passenger trains serving the New York to Chicago corridor such as The Broadway Limited, The Liberty Limited, The Trail Blazer, The General, The Manhattan Limited and The Golden Arrow on the route between Chicago and Crestline, Ohio (283 miles/ 446 km). S2 also hauled troop trains and was seen towing express freight trains. PRR S2 #6200, as an experimental prototype of a direct-drive steam turbine locomotive, ran 103,000 miles in total before it was completely withdrawn from service in August, 1949 and would soon await the scrapper's torch. The 6200 was eventually scrapped in Conway, Pennsylvania.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lionel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Corporation"}],"text":"The model train company Lionel made several models of the S2. The first ones, 671 and 2020, were released in 1946 and were discontinued in 1949. The 681 turbine's first production run was in 1950 and 1951. It was similar to both of the original turbine models but the 681 has Lionel's Magne-Traction feature which makes the wheels magnetic. In 1952, The Korean War caused a shortage of magnetic material, so the 671 was reissued as the 671rr (671 rerun). The 681 returned the next year. In 1954 and 1955, another turbine, numbered 682, was released. The 682 was basically a 681 but with valve gear on the wheels and a white stripe painted on both sides.","title":"In popular culture"}] | [{"image_text":"A diagram showing how the turbine works on PRR S2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/PRR_S2_Forward_and_Backward_Turbine.jpg/220px-PRR_S2_Forward_and_Backward_Turbine.jpg"}] | [{"title":"LMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway"},{"title":"Turbomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMS_Turbomotive"},{"title":"Ljungström locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Ljungstr%C3%B6m#Steam_turbine_locomotives"}] | [{"reference":"Rolf Ostendorf (1971), Dampfturbinen-Lokomotiven: Die Entwicklungsgeschichte einer vergangenen Dampflokomotiv-Sonderbauart (in German), Stuttgart: Franckh’sche Verlagshandlung, pp. 59–61","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rolf Ostendorf (1978), Ungewöhnliche Dampflokomotiven von 1803 bis heute: Ein Spiegelbild spezieller Konstruktionen (in German) (2nd ed.), Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag, p. 246, ISBN 3-87943-406-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87943-406-9","url_text":"3-87943-406-9"}]},{"reference":"Raimar Lehmann (1987), Dampflok-Sonderbauarten (in German) (2nd unchanged ed.), Berlin: VEB Verlag Technik, p. 152, ISBN 3-341-00336-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-341-00336-3","url_text":"3-341-00336-3"}]},{"reference":"George H. Drury (1993), Guide to North American Steam Locomotives (in German) (1st ed.), Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Publishing Co., p. 394, ISBN 0-89024-206-2","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/guidetonorthamer00drur/page/394","url_text":"Guide to North American Steam Locomotives"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/guidetonorthamer00drur/page/394","url_text":"394"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89024-206-2","url_text":"0-89024-206-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Pennsylvania's Turbine Engine\", Trains (in German), Kalmbach Publishing Co., pp. 14–15, January 1945, ISSN 0041-0934","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-0934","url_text":"0041-0934"}]},{"reference":"\"Driving Gear for Turbine Locomotives\", Trains (in German), Kalmbach Publishing Co., pp. 26–29, June 1945, ISSN 0041-0934","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-0934","url_text":"0041-0934"}]},{"reference":"Charles Kerr Jr. (June 1947), \"The Steam Turbine: Coal's New Hope\", Trains (in German), Kalmbach Publishing Co., pp. 15–18, ISSN 0041-0934","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-0934","url_text":"0041-0934"}]},{"reference":"Douglas Self (29 October 2004). \"The Pennsylvania Turbine Locomotive\". Unusual Locomotives.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/LOCOLOCO/pennturb/pennturb.htm","url_text":"\"The Pennsylvania Turbine Locomotive\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US2515962","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 2,515,962"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/guidetonorthamer00drur/page/394","external_links_name":"Guide to North American Steam Locomotives"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/guidetonorthamer00drur/page/394","external_links_name":"394"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-0934","external_links_name":"0041-0934"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-0934","external_links_name":"0041-0934"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-0934","external_links_name":"0041-0934"},{"Link":"http://crestlineprr.com/duplexexperimentals.html#s2","external_links_name":"The Duplex and Experimental Steam Engines of the PRR"},{"Link":"https://revivaler.com/pennsylvania-railroad-s2-steam-turbine/","external_links_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad S2 steam turbine"},{"Link":"http://prr.railfan.net/documents/ModernSteam.html/page5.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Modern Power For Today's Trains\" - A promotional booklet put out by the PRR in 1949 showcasing the railroads latest motive power."},{"Link":"http://www.prrths.com/estore/keystone_magazine.html#2012","external_links_name":"\"The Keystone\" Magazine - Autumn 2012 Volume 45 - Number 3 - The S2 Turbine 686"},{"Link":"http://www.railroader.ru/%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0/%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B8-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C/%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0/s2-6-8-6-steam-turbine","external_links_name":"S2 6-8-6 Steam Turbine (2014, in Russian)"},{"Link":"https://ctr.trains.com/railroad-reference/locomotives/2012/01/patent-drawings-for-the-prr-s2-turbine","external_links_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad patent drawings (January 20, 2012 Classic Trains Magazine)"},{"Link":"http://prr.railfan.net/documents/ModernPower.html/page12.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Presenting a Line of Modern Coal-Burning Steam Locomotives, December 1944\" - A promotional booklet put out by the PRR in 1949 showcasing the railroads latest steam locomotives."},{"Link":"http://www.douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/LOCOLOCO/pennturb/pennturb.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Pennsylvania Turbine Locomotive\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Imhoff | Fritz Imhoff | ["1 Selected filmography","2 External links"] | Austrian actor
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A commemorative plaque at the Habig-Hof , Wiedner Hauptstraße 23, Wieden
Fritz Imhoff, real name: Friedrich Arnold Heinrich Jeschke (January 6, 1891, Alsergrund – February 24, 1961, Wieden) was an Austrian actor. He was a brother of the Wienerlied composer Ernst Arnold (1890–1962).
Selected filmography
Daughter of the Regiment (1933)
Leap into Bliss (1934)
Spring Parade (1934)
Nocturne (1934)
Episode (1935)
Everything for the Company (1935)
Suburban Cabaret (1935)
I Love All the Women (1935)
The Cossack and the Nightingale (1935)
The Emperor's Candlesticks (1936)
Where the Lark Sings (1936)
The Postman from Longjumeau (1936)
Catherine the Last (1936)
Romance (1936)
Thank You, Madame (1936)
The Fairy Doll (1936)
Lumpaci the Vagabond (1936)
Silhouetten (1936)
Rendezvous in Wien (1936)
Millionäre (1937)
The Charm of La Boheme (1937)
Roxy and the Wonderteam (1938)
Little County Court (1938)
Linen from Ireland (1939)
Immortal Waltz (1939)
Hotel Sacher (1939)
A Mother's Love (1939)
Vienna Tales (1940)
Love is Duty Free (1941)
The Secret Countess (1942)
Whom the Gods Love (1942)
Vienna Blood (1942)
Two Happy People (1943)
The White Dream (1943)
Schrammeln (1944)
Viennese Girls (1945)
The Freckle (1948)
The Mozart Story (1948)
The Heavenly Waltz (1948)
Cordula (1950)
The Fourth Commandment (1950)
Call Over the Air (1951)
The Dubarry (1951)
Dance Into Happiness (1951)
Knall and Fall as Imposters (1952)
Season in Salzburg (1952)
1. April 2000 (1952)
That Can Happen to Anyone (1952)
Hannerl (1952)
To Be Without Worries (1953)
Grandstand for General Staff (1953)
Lavender (1953)
Franz Schubert (1953)
The Spendthrift (1953)
Arena of Death (1953)
The Big Star Parade (1954)
The Three from the Filling Station (1955)
Royal Hunt in Ischl (1955)
And Who Is Kissing Me? (1956)
My Aunt, Your Aunt (1956)
Love, Girls and Soldiers (1958)
The Good Soldier Schweik (1960)
Guitars Sound Softly Through the Night (1960)
External links
Fritz Imhoff at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Poland
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Deutsche Biographie
This article about an Austrian actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiedner_Hauptstra%C3%9Fe_23.JPG"},{"link_name":"Habig-Hof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habig-Hof&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habig-Hof"},{"link_name":"Wiedner Hauptstraße","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiedner_Hauptstra%C3%9Fe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wieden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieden"},{"link_name":"Alsergrund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsergrund"},{"link_name":"Wieden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieden"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"Wienerlied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wienerlied"},{"link_name":"Ernst Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Arnold&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Arnold"}],"text":"A commemorative plaque at the Habig-Hof [de], Wiedner Hauptstraße 23, WiedenFritz Imhoff, real name: Friedrich Arnold Heinrich Jeschke (January 6, 1891, Alsergrund – February 24, 1961, Wieden) was an Austrian actor. He was a brother of the Wienerlied composer Ernst Arnold [de] (1890–1962).","title":"Fritz Imhoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daughter of the Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughter_of_the_Regiment_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"Leap into Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_into_Bliss"},{"link_name":"Spring Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Parade_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"Nocturne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nocturne_(1934_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episode_(film)"},{"link_name":"Everything for the Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_for_the_Company_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"Suburban Cabaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburban_Cabaret"},{"link_name":"I Love All the Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_All_the_Women"},{"link_name":"The Cossack and the Nightingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cossack_and_the_Nightingale"},{"link_name":"The Emperor's Candlesticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_Candlesticks_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Where the Lark Sings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_the_Lark_Sings_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Postman from Longjumeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Postman_from_Longjumeau"},{"link_name":"Catherine the Last","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Last"},{"link_name":"Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Thank You, Madame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_You,_Madame"},{"link_name":"The Fairy Doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fairy_Doll"},{"link_name":"Lumpaci the Vagabond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpaci_the_Vagabond_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Silhouetten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silhouetten&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Millionäre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Million%C3%A4re&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Charm of La Boheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Charm_of_La_Boheme"},{"link_name":"Roxy and the Wonderteam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_and_the_Wonderteam"},{"link_name":"Little County Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_County_Court"},{"link_name":"Linen from Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen_from_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Immortal Waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortal_Waltz"},{"link_name":"Hotel Sacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Sacher_(film)"},{"link_name":"A Mother's Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mother%27s_Love_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Vienna Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Tales"},{"link_name":"Love is Duty Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_is_Duty_Free"},{"link_name":"The Secret Countess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Countess_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Whom the Gods Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whom_the_Gods_Love_(1942_film)"},{"link_name":"Vienna Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Blood_(film)"},{"link_name":"Two Happy People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Happy_People"},{"link_name":"The White Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Dream"},{"link_name":"Schrammeln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrammeln"},{"link_name":"Viennese Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennese_Girls"},{"link_name":"The Freckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Freckle"},{"link_name":"The Mozart Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mozart_Story"},{"link_name":"The Heavenly Waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heavenly_Waltz"},{"link_name":"Cordula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordula_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Fourth Commandment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fourth_Commandment_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Call Over the Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_Over_the_Air"},{"link_name":"The Dubarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dubarry_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Dance Into Happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Into_Happiness_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Knall and Fall as Imposters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knall_and_Fall_as_Imposters"},{"link_name":"Season in Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_in_Salzburg_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"1. April 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._April_2000"},{"link_name":"That Can Happen to Anyone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Can_Happen_to_Anyone"},{"link_name":"Hannerl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannerl"},{"link_name":"To Be Without Worries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Be_Without_Worries"},{"link_name":"Grandstand for General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandstand_for_General_Staff_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Lavender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Franz Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schubert_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Spendthrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spendthrift_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Arena of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_of_Death"},{"link_name":"The Big Star Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Star_Parade"},{"link_name":"The Three from the Filling Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_from_the_Filling_Station_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"Royal Hunt in Ischl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hunt_in_Ischl"},{"link_name":"And Who Is Kissing Me?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_Who_Is_Kissing_Me%3F_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"My Aunt, Your Aunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Aunt,_Your_Aunt_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"Love, Girls and Soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_Girls_and_Soldiers"},{"link_name":"The Good Soldier Schweik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Soldier_Schweik_(1960_film)"},{"link_name":"Guitars Sound Softly Through the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitars_Sound_Softly_Through_the_Night"}],"text":"Daughter of the Regiment (1933)\nLeap into Bliss (1934)\nSpring Parade (1934)\nNocturne (1934)\nEpisode (1935)\nEverything for the Company (1935)\nSuburban Cabaret (1935)\nI Love All the Women (1935)\nThe Cossack and the Nightingale (1935)\nThe Emperor's Candlesticks (1936)\nWhere the Lark Sings (1936)\nThe Postman from Longjumeau (1936)\nCatherine the Last (1936)\nRomance (1936)\nThank You, Madame (1936)\nThe Fairy Doll (1936)\nLumpaci the Vagabond (1936)\nSilhouetten (1936)\nRendezvous in Wien (1936)\nMillionäre (1937)\nThe Charm of La Boheme (1937)\nRoxy and the Wonderteam (1938)\nLittle County Court (1938)\nLinen from Ireland (1939)\nImmortal Waltz (1939)\nHotel Sacher (1939)\nA Mother's Love (1939)\nVienna Tales (1940)\nLove is Duty Free (1941)\nThe Secret Countess (1942)\nWhom the Gods Love (1942)\nVienna Blood (1942)\nTwo Happy People (1943)\nThe White Dream (1943)\nSchrammeln (1944)\nViennese Girls (1945)\nThe Freckle (1948)\nThe Mozart Story (1948)\nThe Heavenly Waltz (1948)\nCordula (1950)\nThe Fourth Commandment (1950)\nCall Over the Air (1951)\nThe Dubarry (1951)\nDance Into Happiness (1951)\nKnall and Fall as Imposters (1952)\nSeason in Salzburg (1952)\n1. April 2000 (1952)\nThat Can Happen to Anyone (1952)\nHannerl (1952)\nTo Be Without Worries (1953)\nGrandstand for General Staff (1953)\nLavender (1953)\nFranz Schubert (1953)\nThe Spendthrift (1953)\nArena of Death (1953)\nThe Big Star Parade (1954)\nThe Three from the Filling Station (1955)\nRoyal Hunt in Ischl (1955)\nAnd Who Is Kissing Me? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddock_(field) | Field (agriculture) | ["1 Paddock","2 Image gallery","3 See also","4 References"] | Area of land used for agricultural purposes
A field of sunflowers in Cardejón, Spain (2012)
A field of rapeseeds in Kärkölä, Finland (2010)
In agriculture, a field is an area of land, enclosed or otherwise, used for agricultural purposes such as cultivating crops or as a paddock or other enclosure for livestock. A field may also be an area left to lie fallow or as arable land.
Many farms have a field border, usually composed of a strip of shrubs and vegetation, used to provide food and cover necessary for the survival of wildlife. It has been found that these borders may lead to an increased variety of animals and plants in the area, but also in some cases a decreased yield of crops.
Paddock
Rotational grazing with pasture divided into paddocks, each grazed in turn for a short period
A Black sheep on a New Zealand paddock with Lake Rotorua in the background
In Australian and New Zealand English, any agricultural field may be called a paddock, especially if for keeping sheep or cattle. If stock are grazed there, the space may be called a run, e.g. sheep run; cattle run. The term paddock is used more specifically in animal husbandry for a system in which grazing land is divided into small areas, paddocks, and the stock graze each paddock in turn for a short period. Paddock grazing systems may be designed with, for example, 6 or 11 paddocks used in rotation.
A paddock is normally fenced, usually by wire, and often defined by its natural boundaries, or is otherwise considered distinct. A back paddock is a smaller field that is situated away from the farm house; possibly land of lesser quality. The equivalent concept in North America and the UK is a pasture.
In Australia the word seems to have had its current meaning since at least 1807 and in New Zealand since at least 1842. However, the English meaning of "field" was used earlier in Australia and is still occasionally used. Similarly, meadow was in early use and has appeared later, for example, in 2004. Field remains in regular use in Australasia in expressions such as football field, Field Day and field trip.
In a new style of intensive farming developed in North America, a paddock is a small (perhaps 1 acre) temporary subdivision of a pasture made with electric fencing, which is intensely grazed for a day and then left to rest for perhaps 80 days or more.
Image gallery
A green field or paddock with Hereford cattle
A summer field
Spring fields with trees, Majorca, Spain, 2004
A combine harvester on the field, Pornainen, Finland, 2016
Sown fields in an open field system of farming
Wheat Field Under Clouded Sky by Vincent van Gogh, July 1890
Paddy field
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Field.
Look up field in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Field".
Acre
Coastal plain
Flooded grasslands and savannas
Flood-meadow
Grassland
Hectare
Meadow
Morgen
Paddy field
Pasture
Plain
Plateau
Prairie
Savanna
Steppe
Veld
Vineyard
Water-meadow
Wet meadow
References
^ "Agriculture | Peer reviewed Journal". www.openaccessjournals.com. Retrieved 2024-02-02.
^ Carpenter, Brent; Dailey, Thomas V.; Jones-Farrand, D. Todd; Pierce, Robert A.; White, Bill. "Field Borders for Agronomic, Economic and Wildlife Benefits". missouri.edu. Curators of the University of Missouri. Archived from the original on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
^ The Macquarie Dictionary run n. Def. 113
^ Bertelsen, B. S.; Faulkner, D. B.; Buskirk, D. D.; Castree, J. W. (1993-06-01). "Beef cattle performance and forage characteristics of continuous, 6-paddock, and 11-paddock grazing systems". Journal of Animal Science. 71 (6): 1381–1389. doi:10.2527/1993.7161381x.
^ definition of 'B-1', part of Australia Decoded at artistwd.com
^ "Classified Advertising - The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 - 1842) - 12 Apr 1807". Trove. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
^ "MR. SUTTON'S JOURNAL. (Continued from Number 4.) (New Zealand Colonist and Port Nicholson Advertiser, 1842-08-19)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
^ "HOT WINDS. - The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 - 1842) - 16 Oct 1803". Trove. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
^ "A SUMMER SANS - Woroni (Canberra, ACT : 1950 - 2007) - 1 Feb 2007". Trove. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
^ "NAMBOURG. - The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 - 1842) - 26 Mar 1803". Trove. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
^ "TASMANIAN TRIBULATIONS - Woroni (Canberra, ACT : 1950 - 2007) - 16 Feb 2004". Trove. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
^ Byck, Peter (27 November 2013). "SOIL CARBON COWBOYS" – via Vimeo.
Authority control databases: National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_La_Blanca,_Cardej%C3%B3n,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2012-09-01,_DD_02.JPG"},{"link_name":"sunflowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower"},{"link_name":"Cardejón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardej%C3%B3n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Field_in_K%C3%A4rk%C3%B6l%C3%A4.jpg"},{"link_name":"rapeseeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapeseed"},{"link_name":"Kärkölä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4rk%C3%B6l%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop"},{"link_name":"paddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddock"},{"link_name":"livestock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock"},{"link_name":"fallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallow"},{"link_name":"arable land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-field_borders-2"}],"text":"A field of sunflowers in Cardejón, Spain (2012)A field of rapeseeds in Kärkölä, Finland (2010)In agriculture, a field is an area of land, enclosed or otherwise, used for agricultural purposes such as cultivating crops or as a paddock or other enclosure for livestock. A field may also be an area left to lie fallow or as arable land.[1]Many farms have a field border, usually composed of a strip of shrubs and vegetation, used to provide food and cover necessary for the survival of wildlife. It has been found that these borders may lead to an increased variety of animals and plants in the area, but also in some cases a decreased yield of crops.[2]","title":"Field (agriculture)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NRCSMO02014_-_Missouri_(4753)(NRCS_Photo_Gallery).tif"},{"link_name":"Rotational grazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_grazing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_sheep_on_paddock_with_Lake_Rotorua_in_the_background.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Lake Rotorua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Rotorua"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English"},{"link_name":"New Zealand English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"animal husbandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertelsen_Faulkner_Buskirk_Castree_pp._1381%E2%80%931389-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"pasture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasture"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"football field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football_playing_field"},{"link_name":"Field Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Agricultural_Fieldays"},{"link_name":"field trip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_trip"},{"link_name":"intensive farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Rotational grazing with pasture divided into paddocks, each grazed in turn for a short periodA Black sheep on a New Zealand paddock with Lake Rotorua in the backgroundIn Australian and New Zealand English, any agricultural field may be called a paddock, especially if for keeping sheep or cattle. If stock are grazed there, the space may be called a run, e.g. sheep run; cattle run.[3] The term paddock is used more specifically in animal husbandry for a system in which grazing land is divided into small areas, paddocks, and the stock graze each paddock in turn for a short period. Paddock grazing systems may be designed with, for example, 6 or 11 paddocks used in rotation.[4]A paddock is normally fenced, usually by wire, and often defined by its natural boundaries, or is otherwise considered distinct. A back paddock is a smaller field that is situated away from the farm house; possibly land of lesser quality.[5] The equivalent concept in North America and the UK is a pasture.In Australia the word seems to have had its current meaning since at least 1807[6] and in New Zealand since at least 1842.[7] However, the English meaning of \"field\" was used earlier in Australia[8] and is still occasionally used.[9] Similarly, meadow was in early use[10] and has appeared later, for example, in 2004.[11] Field remains in regular use in Australasia in expressions such as football field, Field Day and field trip.In a new style of intensive farming developed in North America, a paddock is a small (perhaps 1 acre) temporary subdivision of a pasture made with electric fencing, which is intensely grazed for a day and then left to rest for perhaps 80 days or more.[12]","title":"Paddock"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cows_in_green_field_-_nullamunjie_olive_grove.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Field_Hamois_Belgium_Luc_Viatour.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spring_fields_Mallorca.jpg"},{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Pornainen_27.jpg"},{"link_name":"combine harvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvester"},{"link_name":"Pornainen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornainen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moforlogiaagr%C3%A1ria.jpg"},{"link_name":"open field system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_field_system"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_041.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paddy_field_of_near_Gingee_Fort.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paddy field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field"}],"text":"A green field or paddock with Hereford cattle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA summer field\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSpring fields with trees, Majorca, Spain, 2004\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA combine harvester on the field, Pornainen, Finland, 2016\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSown fields in an open field system of farming\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWheat Field Under Clouded Sky by Vincent van Gogh, July 1890\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaddy field","title":"Image gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"A field of sunflowers in Cardejón, Spain (2012)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_La_Blanca%2C_Cardej%C3%B3n%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-09-01%2C_DD_02.JPG/275px-Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_La_Blanca%2C_Cardej%C3%B3n%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-09-01%2C_DD_02.JPG"},{"image_text":"A field of rapeseeds in Kärkölä, Finland (2010)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Field_in_K%C3%A4rk%C3%B6l%C3%A4.jpg/275px-Field_in_K%C3%A4rk%C3%B6l%C3%A4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rotational grazing with pasture divided into paddocks, each grazed in turn for a short period","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/NRCSMO02014_-_Missouri_%284753%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-NRCSMO02014_-_Missouri_%284753%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Black sheep on a New Zealand paddock with Lake Rotorua in the background","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Black_sheep_on_paddock_with_Lake_Rotorua_in_the_background.jpg/220px-Black_sheep_on_paddock_with_Lake_Rotorua_in_the_background.jpg"}] | 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savannas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas"},{"title":"Flood-meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood-meadow"},{"title":"Grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland"},{"title":"Hectare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"title":"Meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow"},{"title":"Morgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgen"},{"title":"Paddy field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field"},{"title":"Pasture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasture"},{"title":"Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain"},{"title":"Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau"},{"title":"Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie"},{"title":"Savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna"},{"title":"Steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe"},{"title":"Veld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veld"},{"title":"Vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard"},{"title":"Water-meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-meadow"},{"title":"Wet meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_meadow"}] | [{"reference":"\"Agriculture | Peer reviewed Journal\". www.openaccessjournals.com. Retrieved 2024-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openaccessjournals.com/journals/agriculture.html","url_text":"\"Agriculture | Peer reviewed Journal\""}]},{"reference":"Carpenter, Brent; Dailey, Thomas V.; Jones-Farrand, D. Todd; Pierce, Robert A.; White, Bill. \"Field Borders for Agronomic, Economic and Wildlife Benefits\". missouri.edu. Curators of the University of Missouri. Archived from the original on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151028020017/http://extension.missouri.edu/p/g9421","url_text":"\"Field Borders for Agronomic, Economic and Wildlife Benefits\""},{"url":"http://extension.missouri.edu/p/g9421","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bertelsen, B. S.; Faulkner, D. B.; Buskirk, D. D.; Castree, J. W. (1993-06-01). \"Beef cattle performance and forage characteristics of continuous, 6-paddock, and 11-paddock grazing systems\". Journal of Animal Science. 71 (6): 1381–1389. doi:10.2527/1993.7161381x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527%2F1993.7161381x","url_text":"10.2527/1993.7161381x"}]},{"reference":"\"Classified Advertising - The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 - 1842) - 12 Apr 1807\". Trove. Retrieved 2017-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article627437","url_text":"\"Classified Advertising - The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 - 1842) - 12 Apr 1807\""}]},{"reference":"\"MR. SUTTON'S JOURNAL. (Continued from Number 4.) (New Zealand Colonist and Port Nicholson Advertiser, 1842-08-19)\". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZCPNA18420819.2.10","url_text":"\"MR. SUTTON'S JOURNAL. (Continued from Number 4.) 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Retrieved 2017-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article625472","url_text":"\"NAMBOURG. - The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 - 1842) - 26 Mar 1803\""}]},{"reference":"\"TASMANIAN TRIBULATIONS - Woroni (Canberra, ACT : 1950 - 2007) - 16 Feb 2004\". Trove. Retrieved 2017-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article140064476","url_text":"\"TASMANIAN TRIBULATIONS - Woroni (Canberra, ACT : 1950 - 2007) - 16 Feb 2004\""}]},{"reference":"Byck, Peter (27 November 2013). \"SOIL CARBON COWBOYS\" – via Vimeo.","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/80518559","url_text":"\"SOIL CARBON COWBOYS\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.openaccessjournals.com/journals/agriculture.html","external_links_name":"\"Agriculture | Peer reviewed Journal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151028020017/http://extension.missouri.edu/p/g9421","external_links_name":"\"Field Borders for Agronomic, Economic and Wildlife Benefits\""},{"Link":"http://extension.missouri.edu/p/g9421","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2527%2F1993.7161381x","external_links_name":"10.2527/1993.7161381x"},{"Link":"http://www.artistwd.com/joyzine/australia/strine/b.php#.UV_UVU2lrcs","external_links_name":"definition of 'B-1'"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article627437","external_links_name":"\"Classified Advertising - The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 - 1842) - 12 Apr 1807\""},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZCPNA18420819.2.10","external_links_name":"\"MR. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_and_Policy_Forum | Strategic and Policy Forum | ["1 Members","2 Resignations and disbandment","3 See also","4 References"] | U.S. presidential business forum
The President's Strategic and Policy Forum was a business forum created by the U.S. President Donald Trump to give the president perspectives from business leaders on how to create jobs and improve growth for the U.S. economy. It consisted of 16 members chaired by Stephen A. Schwarzman, the co-founder of private equity firm The Blackstone Group, and started holding gatherings in February 2017.
Following the withdrawal of several members, on August 16, 2017, Trump disbanded the Strategic and Policy Forum as well as the American Manufacturing Council.
Members
Former members of the forum:
Paul S. Atkins – CEO of Patomak Global Partners and former commissioner of the SEC
Mary Barra – chairwoman and CEO of General Motors
Toby Cosgrove – president and CEO of the Cleveland Clinic
Kenneth C. Griffin – chairman, president, and CEO of Citadel LLC
Jamie Dimon* – chairman, president, and CEO of JPMorgan Chase
Larry Fink – chairman and CEO of BlackRock
Kenneth Frazier* – chairman and CEO of Merck & Co.
Bob Iger* – chairman and CEO of The Walt Disney Company
Travis Kalanick* – chairman and CEO of Uber
Brian Krzanich* – CEO of Intel
Rich Lesser – president and CEO of the Boston Consulting Group
Doug McMillon – president and CEO of Walmart Stores
Jim McNerney – former president and CEO of Boeing
Elon Musk* – president and CEO of Tesla Motors and SpaceX
Indra Nooyi – chairwoman and CEO of PepsiCo
Adebayo Ogunlesi – chairman and managing partner at Global Infrastructure Partners
Kevin Plank* – chairman and CEO of Under Armour
Ginni Rometty – chairwoman, president, and CEO of IBM
Stephen Schwarzman* – co-founder, chairman, and CEO of The Blackstone Group
Kevin Warsh – distinguished visiting fellow in economics at the Hoover Institute and former governor of the Federal Reserve
Mark Weinberger – chairman and CEO of EY
Jack Welch – former chairman and CEO of General Electric
Daniel Yergin – Pulitzer Prize-winning author and vice chairman of IHS Markit
* Resigned prior to dissolution.
Resignations and disbandment
Prior to its dissolution, a number of members had resigned, including Elon Musk (protesting against the US withdrawal from the Paris Climate agreement), Travis Kalanick, Bob Iger, Ken Frazier, Brian Krzanich, Kevin Plank, Stephen Schwarzman and Jamie Dimon. Most of the resignations were in protest of President Trump's statements regarding the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia.
On August 16, 2017, following five members' resignations, President Trump announced via Twitter he was disbanding the forum.
See also
American Manufacturing Council (January–August 2017) – a similar board also disbanded
References
^ "Trump Taps Steve Schwarzman, Jamie Dimon And Mary Barra For Advice On Job Creation, Growth". Forbes.
^ a b Gelles, David; Thomas, Landon Jr.; Kelly, Kate (August 16, 2017). "Trump Ends C.E.O. Advisory Councils as Main Group Acts to Disband". The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
^ "Business councils disband over Trump remarks". BBC News. August 16, 2017.
^ Feloni, Richard. "Here are the 17 executives who met with Trump for his first business advisory council". Business Insider. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
^ "President-Elect Trump Announces Additional Members of President's Strategic and Policy Forum". Donald Trump presidential transition official website. December 14, 2016. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
^ Milliken, Grennan (December 14, 2016). "Trump Critic Elon Musk Chosen for Presidential Advisory Team". Motherboard. Vice Media LLC. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
^ Isaac, Mike (February 2, 2017). "Uber C.E.O. to Leave Trump Advisory Council After Criticism". The New York Times.
^ Edelman, Adam; Ruhle, Stephanie (August 17, 2017). "Trump Dissolves Business Advisory Councils as CEOs Quit". NBC News. Retrieved August 17, 2017. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Stephen A. Schwarzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Schwarzman"},{"link_name":"private equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity"},{"link_name":"The Blackstone Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blackstone_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"American Manufacturing Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Manufacturing_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTDisbanding-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The President's Strategic and Policy Forum was a business forum created by the U.S. President Donald Trump to give the president perspectives from business leaders on how to create jobs and improve growth for the U.S. economy. It consisted of 16 members chaired by Stephen A. Schwarzman, the co-founder of private equity firm The Blackstone Group, and started holding gatherings in February 2017.[1]Following the withdrawal of several members, on August 16, 2017, Trump disbanded the Strategic and Policy Forum as well as the American Manufacturing Council.[2][3]","title":"Strategic and Policy Forum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Paul S. Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_S._Atkins"},{"link_name":"SEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"Mary Barra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Barra"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Toby Cosgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Cosgrove"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic"},{"link_name":"Kenneth C. Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_C._Griffin"},{"link_name":"Citadel LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel_LLC"},{"link_name":"Jamie Dimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Dimon"},{"link_name":"JPMorgan Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase"},{"link_name":"Larry Fink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Fink"},{"link_name":"BlackRock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackRock"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Frazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Frazier"},{"link_name":"Merck & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Bob Iger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Iger"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Travis Kalanick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Kalanick"},{"link_name":"Uber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber"},{"link_name":"Brian Krzanich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Krzanich"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"Rich Lesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Lesser"},{"link_name":"Boston Consulting Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Consulting_Group"},{"link_name":"Doug McMillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_McMillon"},{"link_name":"Walmart Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart_Stores"},{"link_name":"Jim McNerney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McNerney"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"Elon Musk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk"},{"link_name":"Tesla Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc."},{"link_name":"SpaceX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX"},{"link_name":"Indra Nooyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra_Nooyi"},{"link_name":"PepsiCo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PepsiCo"},{"link_name":"Adebayo Ogunlesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adebayo_Ogunlesi"},{"link_name":"Global Infrastructure Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Infrastructure_Partners"},{"link_name":"Kevin Plank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Plank"},{"link_name":"Under Armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Armour"},{"link_name":"Ginni Rometty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginni_Rometty"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"Stephen Schwarzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Schwarzman"},{"link_name":"The Blackstone Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blackstone_Group"},{"link_name":"Kevin Warsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Warsh"},{"link_name":"Hoover Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Institute"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System"},{"link_name":"Mark Weinberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Weinberger"},{"link_name":"EY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young"},{"link_name":"Jack Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Welch"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"Daniel Yergin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Yergin"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"IHS Markit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHS_Markit"}],"text":"Former members of the forum:[4]Paul S. Atkins – CEO of Patomak Global Partners and former commissioner of the SEC\nMary Barra – chairwoman and CEO of General Motors\nToby Cosgrove – president and CEO of the Cleveland Clinic\nKenneth C. Griffin – chairman, president, and CEO of Citadel LLC\nJamie Dimon* – chairman, president, and CEO of JPMorgan Chase\nLarry Fink – chairman and CEO of BlackRock\nKenneth Frazier* – chairman and CEO of Merck & Co.\nBob Iger* – chairman and CEO of The Walt Disney Company\nTravis Kalanick* – chairman and CEO of Uber\nBrian Krzanich* – CEO of Intel\nRich Lesser – president and CEO of the Boston Consulting Group\nDoug McMillon – president and CEO of Walmart Stores\nJim McNerney – former president and CEO of Boeing\nElon Musk* – president and CEO of Tesla Motors and SpaceX\nIndra Nooyi – chairwoman and CEO of PepsiCo\nAdebayo Ogunlesi – chairman and managing partner at Global Infrastructure Partners\nKevin Plank* – chairman and CEO of Under Armour\nGinni Rometty – chairwoman, president, and CEO of IBM\nStephen Schwarzman* – co-founder, chairman, and CEO of The Blackstone Group\nKevin Warsh – distinguished visiting fellow in economics at the Hoover Institute and former governor of the Federal Reserve\nMark Weinberger – chairman and CEO of EY\nJack Welch – former chairman and CEO of General Electric\nDaniel Yergin – Pulitzer Prize-winning author and vice chairman of IHS Markit* Resigned prior to dissolution.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elon Musk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk"},{"link_name":"US withdrawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Paris_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Paris Climate agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Travis Kalanick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Kalanick"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bob Iger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Iger"},{"link_name":"Stephen Schwarzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Schwarzman"},{"link_name":"Jamie Dimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Dimon"},{"link_name":"Unite the Right rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTDisbanding-2"}],"text":"Prior to its dissolution, a number of members had resigned, including Elon Musk (protesting against the US withdrawal from the Paris Climate agreement),[5] Travis Kalanick,[6][7] Bob Iger, Ken Frazier, Brian Krzanich, Kevin Plank, Stephen Schwarzman and Jamie Dimon. Most of the resignations were in protest of President Trump's statements regarding the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia.[8]On August 16, 2017, following five members' resignations, President Trump announced via Twitter he was disbanding the forum.[2]","title":"Resignations and disbandment"}] | [] | [{"title":"American Manufacturing Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Manufacturing_Council"}] | [{"reference":"\"Trump Taps Steve Schwarzman, Jamie Dimon And Mary Barra For Advice On Job Creation, Growth\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2016/12/02/trump-taps-steve-schwarzman-jamie-dimon-and-mary-barra-for-advice-on-job-creation-growth/","url_text":"\"Trump Taps Steve Schwarzman, Jamie Dimon And Mary Barra For Advice On Job Creation, Growth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Gelles, David; Thomas, Landon Jr.; Kelly, Kate (August 16, 2017). \"Trump Ends C.E.O. 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Retrieved August 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/who-is-on-trump-business-advisory-council-2017-2","url_text":"\"Here are the 17 executives who met with Trump for his first business advisory council\""}]},{"reference":"\"President-Elect Trump Announces Additional Members of President's Strategic and Policy Forum\". Donald Trump presidential transition official website. December 14, 2016. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170905120741/https://greatagain.gov/president-elect-trump-announces-additional-members-of-presidents-strategic-and-policy-forum-8aa8822eced9#.4coc2gtxc","url_text":"\"President-Elect Trump Announces Additional Members of President's Strategic and Policy Forum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump","url_text":"Donald Trump presidential transition"},{"url":"https://greatagain.gov/president-elect-trump-announces-additional-members-of-presidents-strategic-and-policy-forum-8aa8822eced9#.4coc2gtxc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Milliken, Grennan (December 14, 2016). \"Trump Critic Elon Musk Chosen for Presidential Advisory Team\". Motherboard. Vice Media LLC. Retrieved December 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://motherboard.vice.com/read/trump-critic-elon-musk-now-named-to-presidential-advisory-team","url_text":"\"Trump Critic Elon Musk Chosen for Presidential Advisory Team\""}]},{"reference":"Isaac, Mike (February 2, 2017). \"Uber C.E.O. to Leave Trump Advisory Council After Criticism\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/02/technology/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick-trump-advisory-council.html","url_text":"\"Uber C.E.O. to Leave Trump Advisory Council After Criticism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Edelman, Adam; Ruhle, Stephanie (August 17, 2017). \"Trump Dissolves Business Advisory Councils as CEOs Quit\". NBC News. Retrieved August 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-dissolves-business-advisory-councils-after-ceos-depart-n793216","url_text":"\"Trump Dissolves Business Advisory Councils as CEOs Quit\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2016/12/02/trump-taps-steve-schwarzman-jamie-dimon-and-mary-barra-for-advice-on-job-creation-growth/","external_links_name":"\"Trump Taps Steve Schwarzman, Jamie Dimon And Mary Barra For Advice On Job Creation, Growth\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/16/business/trumps-council-ceos.html","external_links_name":"\"Trump Ends C.E.O. Advisory Councils as Main Group Acts to Disband\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40952820","external_links_name":"\"Business councils disband over Trump remarks\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.com/who-is-on-trump-business-advisory-council-2017-2","external_links_name":"\"Here are the 17 executives who met with Trump for his first business advisory council\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170905120741/https://greatagain.gov/president-elect-trump-announces-additional-members-of-presidents-strategic-and-policy-forum-8aa8822eced9#.4coc2gtxc","external_links_name":"\"President-Elect Trump Announces Additional Members of President's Strategic and Policy Forum\""},{"Link":"https://greatagain.gov/president-elect-trump-announces-additional-members-of-presidents-strategic-and-policy-forum-8aa8822eced9#.4coc2gtxc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://motherboard.vice.com/read/trump-critic-elon-musk-now-named-to-presidential-advisory-team","external_links_name":"\"Trump Critic Elon Musk Chosen for Presidential Advisory Team\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/02/technology/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick-trump-advisory-council.html","external_links_name":"\"Uber C.E.O. to Leave Trump Advisory Council After Criticism\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-dissolves-business-advisory-councils-after-ceos-depart-n793216","external_links_name":"\"Trump Dissolves Business Advisory Councils as CEOs Quit\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerly_State_Airport | Westerly State Airport | ["1 History","2 Facilities and aircraft","3 Airlines and destinations","3.1 Passenger","4 Accidents at or near WST","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°20′59″N 071°48′12″W / 41.34972°N 71.80333°W / 41.34972; -71.80333
AirportWesterly State AirportUSGS aerial image, April 2001IATA: WSTICAO: KWSTFAA LID: WSTSummaryAirport typePublicOwner/OperatorRhode Island Airport Corp.ServesWesterly, Rhode IslandElevation AMSL81 ft / 25 mCoordinates41°20′59″N 071°48′12″W / 41.34972°N 71.80333°W / 41.34972; -71.80333Websiteflywesterlyairport.comMapRunways
Direction
Length
Surface
ft
m
7/25
4,010
1,222
Asphalt
14/32
3,960
1,207
Asphalt
Statistics (2020)Aircraft operations (year ending 2/13/2020)18,617Based aircraft29Source: Federal Aviation Administration
Aerial view (April 2016)
Westerly State Airport (IATA: WST, ICAO: KWST, FAA LID: WST) is a public use airport in Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. It serves the town of Westerly and is located 2 nmi (2.3 mi; 3.7 km) southeast of its central business district. It is primarily a general aviation airport, but there is also scheduled airline service to Block Island provided by New England Airlines.
As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 11,201 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 8,804 enplanements in 2009, and 11,402 in 2010. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2023–2027 in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility.
Westerly State Airport is one of six active airports operated by the Rhode Island Airport Corporation. The other five airports include T.F. Green State Airport, Newport State Airport, North Central State Airport, Quonset State Airport, and Block Island State Airport.
History
Westerly State began as a grass strip in the 1920s, and became the second state-owned airport in the United States (after T.F. Green Airport) in the 1940s. The airport was paved and expanded when it became a U.S. Navy base during World War II, due to its prime location halfway between Boston and New York City.
Facilities and aircraft
Westerly State Airport covers an area of 321 acres (130 ha; 1.30 km2) at an elevation of 81 ft (25 m) above mean sea level.
It has two runways with asphalt surfaces:
Runway 7/25 is 4,010 by 100 ft (1,222 by 30 m)
Runway 14/32 is 3,960 by 75 ft (1,207 by 23 m)
In 2005, $3,400,000 (equivalent to $5,304,209 in 2023) in federal funding was allocated to repair and improve the main runway and taxiways. As of November 2006, improvements were finished and the main runway is open.
For the 12-month period ending February 13, 2020,, the airport had 18,617 aircraft operations, an average of 51 per day: 54% general aviation, 46% air taxi, and <1% military. At that time there were 29 aircraft based at this airport: 25 single-engine, 3 multi-engine, and 1 helicopter.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
AirlinesDestinationsRefs New England Airlines Block Island
Accidents at or near WST
On September 5, 1999, a New England Airlines Piper PA-32 Cherokee Six crashed after takeoff from Westerly into an open field beyond the departure end of the runway when the pilot lost control of the aircraft and stalled during a turn. There were 3 fatalities out of the 5 occupants on board.
See also
List of airports in Rhode Island
References
^ a b c d e FAA Airport Form 5010 for WST PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. Effective November 15, 2012.
^
"IATA Airport Code Search (WST: Westerly State)". International Air Transport Association. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
^
"Enplanements for CY 2008" (PDF, 1.0 MB). CY 2008 Passenger Boarding and All-Cargo Data. Federal Aviation Administration. December 18, 2009.
^
"Enplanements for CY 2010" (PDF, 189 KB). CY 2010 Passenger Boarding and All-Cargo Data. Federal Aviation Administration. October 4, 2011.
^ "NPIAS Report 2023-2027 Appendix A" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. October 6, 2022. p. 106. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
^ "Block Islands Airline". Retrieved March 14, 2023.
^ Fangzhong Guo (December 28, 2022). "Trip Report: Single-Pilot Flying on a Britten-Norman Islander". Retrieved March 14, 2023.
^ "N4830S". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Westerly State Airport.
Westerly State Airport (WST) page from Rhode Island Airport Corp.
Airfield photos of Westerly State Airport (WST) from U.S. Civil Air Patrol at the Wayback Machine (archived August 14, 2007)
Aerial image as of April 2001 from USGS The National Map
FAA Terminal Procedures for WST, effective June 13, 2024
Resources for this airport:
FAA airport information for WST
AirNav airport information for KWST
ASN accident history for WST
FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days
SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures
vteAirports in Rhode IslandPrimary
Block Island
T. F. Green
Westerly
Reliever
North Central
Quonset
General
Newport
Public use
Richmond
Military
Quonset Point ANGS
Defunct
NAAS Charlestown
NAS Quonset Point | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westerly_State_Airport.jpg"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IATA-2"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"Washington County, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Westerly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerly,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"scheduled airline service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline"},{"link_name":"Block Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Island"},{"link_name":"New England Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"calendar year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_year"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Plan_of_Integrated_Airport_Systems"},{"link_name":"categorized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAA_airport_categories"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPIAS_Airports-5"},{"link_name":"T.F. Green State Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.F._Green_Airport"},{"link_name":"Newport State Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_State_Airport_(Rhode_Island)"},{"link_name":"North Central State Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_State_Airport"},{"link_name":"Quonset State Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quonset_State_Airport"},{"link_name":"Block Island State Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Island_State_Airport"}],"text":"AirportAerial view (April 2016)Westerly State Airport (IATA: WST[2], ICAO: KWST, FAA LID: WST) is a public use airport in Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. It serves the town of Westerly and is located 2 nmi (2.3 mi; 3.7 km) southeast of its central business district.[1] It is primarily a general aviation airport, but there is also scheduled airline service to Block Island provided by New England Airlines.As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 11,201 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008,[3] 8,804 enplanements in 2009, and 11,402 in 2010.[4] It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2023–2027 in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility.[5]Westerly State Airport is one of six active airports operated by the Rhode Island Airport Corporation. The other five airports include T.F. Green State Airport, Newport State Airport, North Central State Airport, Quonset State Airport, and Block Island State Airport.","title":"Westerly State Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"}],"text":"Westerly State began as a grass strip in the 1920s, and became the second state-owned airport in the United States (after T.F. Green Airport) in the 1940s. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanna_Brosio | Vanna Brosio | ["1 Life and career","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"] | Italian singer, television personality, and journalist
Vanna BrosioBorn(1943-04-18)18 April 1943Turin, ItalyDied19 June 2010(2010-06-19) (aged 67)Turin, Italy
Vanna Brosio (18 April 1943 – 19 June 2010) was an Italian singer, television personality and journalist.
Life and career
Born Giovanna Brosio in Turin, the daughter of a well-known antiquarian and the niece of the former NATO Secretary General Manlio Brosio, she started her career in 1948 as a model in Milan, appearing in magazines, fotoromanzi and Carosello commercials. In 1964 she started a more than twenty years musical career during which she recorded songs written for her by Enzo Jannacci, Cristiano Malgioglio and Gianni Boncompagni, among others. In 1971 she hosted the radio program Novità, and between 1972 and 1976 she hosted the RAI musical show Adesso musica. In 1984 she co-presented, alongside Aldo Biscardi, the sport talk-show Il processo del Lunedì. In addition to her musical and television activities, Brosio was also active as a journalist, collaborating for years with the magazine TV Sorrisi e Canzoni.
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1962
Dal sabato al lunedì
1965
Viale della canzone
1969
Mercanti di vergini
1970
Safety Catch
Marilina
1975
White Horses of Summer
Nurse
1978
Le braghe del padrone
TV Interviewer
(final film role)
References
^ Sergio Miravalle. "Intervista Giorgio e Paolo astigiani celebri". La Stampa. 27 July 1996. p.3.
^ a b c d e "Addio a Vanna Brosio, conduttrice e giornalista sportiva". Libero. 19 June 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
^ Gino Castaldo. Dizionario della canzone italiana. Curcio, 1990. p.222.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vanna Brosio.
Official website
Vanna Brosio at AllMusic
Vanna Brosio at Discogs
Vanna Brosio at IMDb
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Vanna Brosio (18 April 1943 – 19 June 2010) was an Italian singer, television personality and journalist.","title":"Vanna Brosio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Manlio Brosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manlio_Brosio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"fotoromanzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoromanzi"},{"link_name":"Carosello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carosello"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Enzo Jannacci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_Jannacci"},{"link_name":"Cristiano Malgioglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Malgioglio"},{"link_name":"Gianni Boncompagni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Boncompagni"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"RAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAI"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Aldo Biscardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Biscardi"},{"link_name":"Il processo del Lunedì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_processo_di_Biscardi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"TV Sorrisi e Canzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Sorrisi_e_Canzoni"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"}],"text":"Born Giovanna Brosio in Turin, the daughter of a well-known antiquarian and the niece of the former NATO Secretary General Manlio Brosio,[1] she started her career in 1948 as a model in Milan, appearing in magazines, fotoromanzi and Carosello commercials.[2] In 1964 she started a more than twenty years musical career during which she recorded songs written for her by Enzo Jannacci, Cristiano Malgioglio and Gianni Boncompagni, among others.[2][3] In 1971 she hosted the radio program Novità, and between 1972 and 1976 she hosted the RAI musical show Adesso musica.[2] In 1984 she co-presented, alongside Aldo Biscardi, the sport talk-show Il processo del Lunedì.[2] In addition to her musical and television activities, Brosio was also active as a journalist, collaborating for years with the magazine TV Sorrisi e Canzoni.[2]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Addio a Vanna Brosio, conduttrice e giornalista sportiva\". Libero. 19 June 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/spettacoli/436789/Addio-a-Vanna-Brosio--conduttrice.html","url_text":"\"Addio a Vanna Brosio, conduttrice e giornalista sportiva\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libero_(newspaper)","url_text":"Libero"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/spettacoli/436789/Addio-a-Vanna-Brosio--conduttrice.html","external_links_name":"\"Addio a Vanna Brosio, conduttrice e giornalista sportiva\""},{"Link":"http://www.vannabrosio.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0002130875","external_links_name":"Vanna Brosio"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/Vanna+Brosio","external_links_name":"Vanna Brosio"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0112470/","external_links_name":"Vanna Brosio"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/f87de60d-0d79-4701-a3ae-b991dbeb2455","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-Funabashi_Station | Shin-Funabashi Station | ["1 Lines","2 Station layout","2.1 Platforms","3 History","4 Passenger statistics","5 Surrounding area","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 35°42′40″N 139°58′48″E / 35.7111°N 139.9800°E / 35.7111; 139.9800Railway station in Funabashi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan
TD34 Shin-Funabashi Station新船橋駅The east entrance in September 2015General informationLocation1-3-1 Yamate, Funabashi-shi, Chiba-ken 273-0045JapanCoordinates35°42′40″N 139°58′48″E / 35.7111°N 139.9800°E / 35.7111; 139.9800Operated by Tobu RailwayLine(s) Tobu Urban Park LineDistance61.3 km from ŌmiyaPlatforms2 side platformsTracks2Other informationStation codeTD-34WebsiteOfficial websiteHistoryOpened15 September 1956; 67 years ago (1956-09-15)PassengersFY201913,943 daily
Services
Preceding station
Tobu Railway
Following station
TsukadaTD33towards Ōmiya
Urban Park LineLocal
FunabashiTD35Terminus
LocationShin-Funabashi StationLocation within Chiba PrefectureShow map of Chiba PrefectureShin-Funabashi StationShin-Funabashi Station (Japan)Show map of Japan
Shin-Funabashi Station (新船橋駅, Shin-Funabashi-eki) is a passenger railway station in the city of Funabashi, Chiba, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Tōbu Railway. The station is numbered "TD-34".
Lines
Shin-Funabashi Station is served by Tobu Urban Park Line (also known as the Tōbu Noda Line), and lies 61.3 km (38.1 mi) from the western terminus of the line at Ōmiya Station.
Station layout
This station consists of two elevated opposed side platforms serving two tracks, with the station building located underneath.
Platforms
1
■ Tobu Urban Park Line
for Funabashi
2
■ Tobu Urban Park Line
for Kashiwa, Nodashi, Kasukabe, and Ōmiya
History
The station opened on 15 September 1956. From 17 March 2012, station numbering was introduced on all Tobu lines, with NIshi-Funabashi Station becoming "TD-34".
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 13,943 passengers daily.
Surrounding area
AEON MALL FUNABASHI
It departs from this commercial complex that AEON MALL FUNABASHI Shuttle Bus bound for Funabashi-Hoten Station
Higashi-Kaijin Station
Seven minutes' walk brings passengers to the station.
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
^ 「東武スカイツリーライン」誕生！ あわせて駅ナンバリングを導入し、よりわかりやすくご案内します (PDF). Tobu News (in Japanese). Tobu Railway. 9 February 2012. Archived from the original (pdf) on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
^ "駅情報（乗降人員)" (in Japanese). Japan: Tōbu Railway. 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
External links
Media related to Shin-Funabashi Station at Wikimedia Commons
Railway station information (in Japanese)
vteStations of the Tobu Urban Park Line
Ōmiya
Kita-Ōmiya
Ōmiya-kōen
Ōwada
Nanasato
Iwatsuki
Higashi-Iwatsuki
Toyoharu
Yagisaki
Kasukabe
Fujino-ushijima
Minami-Sakurai
Kawama
Nanakōdai
Shimizu-kōen
Atago
Nodashi
Umesato
Unga
Edogawadai
Hatsuishi
Nagareyama-ōtakanomori
Toyoshiki
Kashiwa
Shin-Kashiwa
Masuo
Sakasai
Takayanagi
Mutsumi
Shin-Kamagaya
Kamagaya
Magomezawa
Tsukada
Shin-Funabashi
Funabashi | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Funabashi, Chiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funabashi,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Tōbu Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dbu_Railway"}],"text":"Railway station in Funabashi, Chiba Prefecture, JapanShin-Funabashi Station (新船橋駅, Shin-Funabashi-eki) is a passenger railway station in the city of Funabashi, Chiba, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Tōbu Railway. The station is numbered \"TD-34\".","title":"Shin-Funabashi Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tobu Urban Park Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobu_Urban_Park_Line"},{"link_name":"Ōmiya Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cmiya_Station_(Saitama)"}],"text":"Shin-Funabashi Station is served by Tobu Urban Park Line (also known as the Tōbu Noda Line), and lies 61.3 km (38.1 mi) from the western terminus of the line at Ōmiya Station.","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"side platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_platform"}],"text":"This station consists of two elevated opposed side platforms serving two tracks, with the station building located underneath.","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Platforms","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tobu20120209-1"}],"text":"The station opened on 15 September 1956. From 17 March 2012, station numbering was introduced on all Tobu lines, with NIshi-Funabashi Station becoming \"TD-34\".[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tobustats2019-2"}],"text":"In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 13,943 passengers daily.[2]","title":"Passenger statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Funabashi-Hoten Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funabashi-Hoten_Station"},{"link_name":"Higashi-Kaijin Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashi-Kaijin_Station"}],"text":"AEON MALL FUNABASHI\nIt departs from this commercial complex that AEON MALL FUNABASHI Shuttle Bus bound for Funabashi-Hoten Station\nHigashi-Kaijin Station\nSeven minutes' walk brings passengers to the station.","title":"Surrounding area"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of railway stations in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Japan"}] | [{"reference":"「東武スカイツリーライン」誕生！ あわせて駅ナンバリングを導入し、よりわかりやすくご案内します [Tobu Sky Tree Line created! Station numbering to be introduced at same time] (PDF). Tobu News (in Japanese). Tobu Railway. 9 February 2012. Archived from the original (pdf) on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120808143320/http://www.tobu.co.jp/file/pdf/017af1e69f2ac63a8b2dea3d14de7a49/120209_1.pdf?date=20120313092459","url_text":"「東武スカイツリーライン」誕生！ あわせて駅ナンバリングを導入し、よりわかりやすくご案内します"},{"url":"http://www.tobu.co.jp/file/pdf/017af1e69f2ac63a8b2dea3d14de7a49/120209_1.pdf?date=20120313092459","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"駅情報（乗降人員)\" (in Japanese). Japan: Tōbu Railway. 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tobu.co.jp/corporation/rail/station_info/","url_text":"\"駅情報（乗降人員)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shin-Funabashi_Station¶ms=35.7111_N_139.9800_E_type:railwaystation_region:JP","external_links_name":"35°42′40″N 139°58′48″E / 35.7111°N 139.9800°E / 35.7111; 139.9800"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shin-Funabashi_Station¶ms=35.7111_N_139.9800_E_type:railwaystation_region:JP","external_links_name":"35°42′40″N 139°58′48″E / 35.7111°N 139.9800°E / 35.7111; 139.9800"},{"Link":"https://www.tobu.co.jp/railway/guide/station/info/6409/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120808143320/http://www.tobu.co.jp/file/pdf/017af1e69f2ac63a8b2dea3d14de7a49/120209_1.pdf?date=20120313092459","external_links_name":"「東武スカイツリーライン」誕生！ あわせて駅ナンバリングを導入し、よりわかりやすくご案内します"},{"Link":"http://www.tobu.co.jp/file/pdf/017af1e69f2ac63a8b2dea3d14de7a49/120209_1.pdf?date=20120313092459","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.tobu.co.jp/corporation/rail/station_info/","external_links_name":"\"駅情報（乗降人員)\""},{"Link":"https://www.tobu.co.jp/railway/guide/station/info/6409/Tobu","external_links_name":"Railway station information"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repressor_protein | Repressor | ["1 Function","2 Examples of Repressors","2.1 lac operon repressor","2.2 met operon repressor","2.3 L-arabinose operon repressor","2.4 Flowing Locus C (Epigenetic Repressor)","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Sort of RNA-binding protein in molecular genetics
For other uses, see Repression (disambiguation).
The lac operon: 1: RNA Polymerase, 2: lac repressor, 3: Promoter, 4: Operator, 5: Lactose, 6: lacZ, 7: lacY, 8: lacA. Top: The gene is essentially turned off. There is no lactose to inhibit the repressor, so the repressor binds to the operator, which obstructs the RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter and making lactase. Bottom: The gene is turned on. Lactose is inhibiting the repressor, allowing the RNA polymerase to bind with the promoter, and express the genes, which synthesize lactase. Eventually, the lactase will digest all of the lactose, until there is none to bind to the repressor. The repressor will then bind to the operator, stopping the manufacture of lactase.
In molecular genetics, a repressor is a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or associated silencers. A DNA-binding repressor blocks the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter, thus preventing transcription of the genes into messenger RNA. An RNA-binding repressor binds to the mRNA and prevents translation of the mRNA into protein. This blocking or reducing of expression is called repression.
Function
If an inducer, a molecule that initiates the gene expression, is present, then it can interact with the repressor protein and detach it from the operator. RNA polymerase then can transcribe the message (expressing the gene). A co-repressor is a molecule that can bind to the repressor and make it bind to the operator tightly, which decreases transcription.
A repressor that binds with a co-repressor is termed an aporepressor or inactive repressor. One type of aporepressor is the trp repressor, an important metabolic protein in bacteria. The above mechanism of repression is a type of a feedback mechanism because it only allows transcription to occur if a certain condition is present: the presence of specific inducer(s). In contrast, an active repressor binds directly to an operator to repress gene expression.
While repressors are more commonly found in prokaryotes, they are rare in eukaryotes. Furthermore, most known eukaryotic repressors are found in simple organisms (e.g., yeast), and act by interacting directly with activators. This contrasts prokaryotic repressors which can also alter DNA or RNA structure.
Within the eukaryotic genome are regions of DNA known as silencers. These are DNA sequences that bind to repressors to partially or fully repress a gene. Silencers can be located several bases upstream or downstream from the actual promoter of the gene. Repressors can also have two binding sites: one for the silencer region and one for the promoter. This causes chromosome looping, allowing the promoter region and the silencer region to come in proximity of each other.
Examples of Repressors
lac operon repressor
Main article: lac operon
The lacZYA operon houses genes encoding proteins needed for lactose breakdown. The lacI gene codes for a protein called "the repressor" or "the lac repressor", which functions to repressor of the lac operon. The gene lacI is situated immediately upstream of lacZYA but is transcribed from a lacI promoter. The lacI gene synthesizes LacI repressor protein. The LacI repressor protein represses lacZYA by binding to the operator sequence lacO.
The lac repressor is constitutively expressed and usually bound to the operator region of the promoter, which interferes with the ability of RNA polymerase (RNAP) to begin transcription of the lac operon. In the presence of the inducer allolactose, the repressor changes conformation, reduces its DNA binding strength and dissociates from the operator DNA sequence in the promoter region of the lac operong. RNAP is then able to bind to the promoter and begin transcription of the lacZYA gene.
met operon repressor
An example of a repressor protein is the methionine repressor MetJ. MetJ interacts with DNA bases via a ribbon-helix-helix (RHH) motif. MetJ is a homodimer consisting of two monomers, which each provides a beta ribbon and an alpha helix. Together, the beta ribbons of each monomer come together to form an antiparallel beta-sheet which binds to the DNA operator ("Met box") in its major groove. Once bound, the MetJ dimer interacts with another MetJ dimer bound to the complementary strand of the operator via its alpha helices. AdoMet binds to a pocket in MetJ that does not overlap the site of DNA binding.
The Met box has the DNA sequence AGACGTCT, a palindrome (it shows dyad symmetry) allowing the same sequence to be recognized on either strand of the DNA. The junction between C and G in the middle of the Met box contains a pyrimidine-purine step that becomes positively supercoiled forming a kink in the phosphodiester backbone. This is how the protein checks for the recognition site as it allows the DNA duplex to follow the shape of the protein. In other words, recognition happens through indirect readout of the structural parameters of the DNA, rather than via specific base sequence recognition.
Each MetJ dimer contains two binding sites for the cofactor S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) which is a product in the biosynthesis of methionine. When SAM is present, it binds to the MetJ protein, increasing its affinity for its cognate operator site, which halts transcription of genes involved in methionine synthesis. When SAM concentration becomes low, the repressor dissociates from the operator site, allowing more methionine to be produced.
L-arabinose operon repressor
Main article: Arabinose
The L-arabinose operon houses genes coding for arabinose-digesting enzymes. These function to break down arabinose as an alternative source for energy when glucose is low or absent. The operon consists of a regulatory repressor gene (araC), three control sites (ara02, ara01, araI1, and araI2), two promoters (Parac/ParaBAD) and three structural genes (araBAD). Once produced, araC acts as repressor by binding to the araI region to form a loop which prevents polymerases from binding to the promotor and transcribing the structural genes into proteins.
In the absence of Arabinose and araC (repressor), loop formation is not initiated and structural gene expression will be lower. In the absence of Arabinose but presence of araC, araC regions form dimers, and bind to bring ara02 and araI1 domains closer by loop formation. In the presence of both Arabinose and araC, araC binds with the arabinose and acts as an activator. This conformational change in the araC no longer can form a loop, and the linear gene segment promotes RNA polymerase recruitment to the structural araBAD region.
Structure of L-arabinose operon of E. coli. The work was uploaded by Yiktingg1 in wikimedia commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L-arabinose_structure.png#filehistory
+
Flowing Locus C (Epigenetic Repressor)
Main article: Flowering Locus C
The FLC operon is a conserved eukaryotic locus that is negatively associated with flowering via repression of genes needed for the development of the meristem to switch to a floral state in the plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. FLC expression has been shown be regulated by the presence of FRIGIDA, and negatively correlates with decreases in temperature resulting in the prevention of vernalization. The degree to which expression decreases depends on the temperature and exposure time as seasons progress. After the downregulation of FLC expression, the potential for flowering is enabled. The regulation of FLC expression involves both genetic and epigenetic factors such as histone methylation and DNA methylation. Furthermore, a number of genes are cofactors act as negative transcription factors for FLC genes. FLC genes also have a large number of homologues across species that allow for specific adaptations in a range of climates.
See also
Promoter (biology)
Activator (genetics)
Operon
Regulation of gene expression
Transcription factor
lac repressor
P300/CBP
Glossary of gene expression terms
References
^ Clark, David P.; Pazdernik, Nanette J.; McGehee, Michelle R. (2019-01-01), Clark, David P.; Pazdernik, Nanette J.; McGehee, Michelle R. (eds.), "Chapter 17 - Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology (Third Edition), Academic Cell, pp. 560–580, ISBN 978-0-12-813288-3, retrieved 2020-12-02
^ a b c d e f Slonczewski, Joan, and John Watkins. Foster. Microbiology: An Evolving Science. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2009. Print.
^ Somers & Phillips (1992). "Crystal structure of the met repressor-operator complex at 2.8 A resolution reveals DNA recognition by beta-strands". Nature. 359 (6394): 387–393. Bibcode:1992Natur.359..387S. doi:10.1038/359387a0. PMID 1406951. S2CID 29799322.
^ a b Voet, Donald (2011). Biochemistry. Voet, Judith G. (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-57095-1. OCLC 690489261.
^ Harmer, Tara; Wu, Martin; Schleif, Robert (2001-01-16). "The role of rigidity in DNA looping-unlooping by AraC". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (2): 427–431. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98..427H. doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.427. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 14602. PMID 11209047.
^ Shindo, Chikako; Aranzana, Maria Jose; Lister, Clare; Baxter, Catherine; Nicholls, Colin; Nordborg, Magnus; Dean, Caroline (June 2005). "Role of FRIGIDA and FLOWERING LOCUS C in Determining Variation in Flowering Time of Arabidopsis". Plant Physiology. 138 (2): 1163–1173. doi:10.1104/pp.105.061309. ISSN 0032-0889. PMC 1150429. PMID 15908596.
^ Johanson, U.; West, J.; Lister, C.; Michaels, S.; Amasino, R.; Dean, C. (2000-10-13). "Molecular analysis of FRIGIDA, a major determinant of natural variation in Arabidopsis flowering time". Science. 290 (5490): 344–347. Bibcode:2000Sci...290..344J. doi:10.1126/science.290.5490.344. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11030654.
^ Finnegan, E. Jean; Kovac, Kathryn A.; Jaligot, Estelle; Sheldon, Candice C.; Peacock, W. James; Dennis, Elizabeth S. (2005). "The downregulation of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) expression in plants with low levels of DNA methylation and by vernalization occurs by distinct mechanisms". The Plant Journal. 44 (3): 420–432. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02541.x. ISSN 1365-313X. PMID 16236152.
^ Sharma, Neha; Ruelens, Philip; D'hauw, Mariëlla; Maggen, Thomas; Dochy, Niklas; Torfs, Sanne; Kaufmann, Kerstin; Rohde, Antje; Geuten, Koen (February 2017). "A Flowering Locus C Homolog Is a Vernalization-Regulated Repressor in Brachypodium and Is Cold Regulated in Wheat1". Plant Physiology. 173 (2): 1301–1315. doi:10.1104/pp.16.01161. ISSN 0032-0889. PMC 5291021. PMID 28034954.
External links
Repressor+Proteins at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
vteTranscription (Bacterial, Eukaryotic)Transcriptional regulationprokaryotic
Operon
lac operon
trp operon
gab operon
Gua Operon
ara operon
gal operon
Repressor
lac repressor
trp repressor
eukaryoticHistone-modifying enzymes(histone/nucleosome):
Histone methylation/Histone methyltransferase
EZH2
Histone demethylase
Histone acetylation and deacetylation
Histone deacetylase HDAC1
Histone acetyltransferase
DNA methylation:
DNA methyltransferase
Chromatin remodeling:
CHD7
both
Transcription coregulator
Activator
Coactivator
Corepressor
Inducer
Promotion
Promoter
Pribnow box
TATA box
BRE
CAAT box
Response element
Enhancer
E-box
Response element
Insulator
Silencer
Internal control region
Initiation
Bacterial
Eukaryotic
Archaeal transcription factor B
Elongation
bacterial RNA polymerase: rpoB
eukaryotic RNA polymerase: RNA polymerase II
Termination(bacterial, eukaryotic)
Terminator
Intrinsic termination
Rho factor | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Repression (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repression_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lac_Operon.svg"},{"link_name":"lac operon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_operon"},{"link_name":"lac repressor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_repressor"},{"link_name":"molecular genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics"},{"link_name":"DNA-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-binding_protein"},{"link_name":"expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"},{"link_name":"operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_(biology)"},{"link_name":"silencers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silencer_(DNA)"},{"link_name":"RNA polymerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase"},{"link_name":"promoter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"messenger RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA"},{"link_name":"translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(biology)"}],"text":"For other uses, see Repression (disambiguation).The lac operon: 1: RNA Polymerase, 2: lac repressor, 3: Promoter, 4: Operator, 5: Lactose, 6: lacZ, 7: lacY, 8: lacA. Top: The gene is essentially turned off. There is no lactose to inhibit the repressor, so the repressor binds to the operator, which obstructs the RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter and making lactase. Bottom: The gene is turned on. Lactose is inhibiting the repressor, allowing the RNA polymerase to bind with the promoter, and express the genes, which synthesize lactase. Eventually, the lactase will digest all of the lactose, until there is none to bind to the repressor. The repressor will then bind to the operator, stopping the manufacture of lactase.In molecular genetics, a repressor is a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or associated silencers. A DNA-binding repressor blocks the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter, thus preventing transcription of the genes into messenger RNA. An RNA-binding repressor binds to the mRNA and prevents translation of the mRNA into protein. This blocking or reducing of expression is called repression.","title":"Repressor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inducer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inducer_(biology)"},{"link_name":"RNA polymerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase"},{"link_name":"transcribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(biology)"},{"link_name":"co-repressor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corepressor"},{"link_name":"aporepressor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aporepressor"},{"link_name":"trp repressor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trp_repressor"},{"link_name":"inducer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inducer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"silencers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silencer_(DNA)"},{"link_name":"promoter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)"}],"text":"If an inducer, a molecule that initiates the gene expression, is present, then it can interact with the repressor protein and detach it from the operator. RNA polymerase then can transcribe the message (expressing the gene). A co-repressor is a molecule that can bind to the repressor and make it bind to the operator tightly, which decreases transcription.A repressor that binds with a co-repressor is termed an aporepressor or inactive repressor. One type of aporepressor is the trp repressor, an important metabolic protein in bacteria. The above mechanism of repression is a type of a feedback mechanism because it only allows transcription to occur if a certain condition is present: the presence of specific inducer(s). In contrast, an active repressor binds directly to an operator to repress gene expression.While repressors are more commonly found in prokaryotes, they are rare in eukaryotes. Furthermore, most known eukaryotic repressors are found in simple organisms (e.g., yeast), and act by interacting directly with activators.[1] This contrasts prokaryotic repressors which can also alter DNA or RNA structure.Within the eukaryotic genome are regions of DNA known as silencers. These are DNA sequences that bind to repressors to partially or fully repress a gene. Silencers can be located several bases upstream or downstream from the actual promoter of the gene. Repressors can also have two binding sites: one for the silencer region and one for the promoter. This causes chromosome looping, allowing the promoter region and the silencer region to come in proximity of each other.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples of Repressors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foster-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foster-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foster-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foster-2"},{"link_name":"constitutively expressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_gene_expression_terms#C"},{"link_name":"operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operon#Operator"},{"link_name":"promoter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"RNA polymerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foster-2"},{"link_name":"inducer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inducer"},{"link_name":"allolactose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allolactose"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foster-2"}],"sub_title":"lac operon repressor","text":"The lacZYA operon houses genes encoding proteins needed for lactose breakdown.[2] The lacI gene codes for a protein called \"the repressor\" or \"the lac repressor\", which functions to repressor of the lac operon.[2] The gene lacI is situated immediately upstream of lacZYA but is transcribed from a lacI promoter.[2] The lacI gene synthesizes LacI repressor protein. The LacI repressor protein represses lacZYA by binding to the operator sequence lacO.[2]The lac repressor is constitutively expressed and usually bound to the operator region of the promoter, which interferes with the ability of RNA polymerase (RNAP) to begin transcription of the lac operon.[2] In the presence of the inducer allolactose, the repressor changes conformation, reduces its DNA binding strength and dissociates from the operator DNA sequence in the promoter region of the lac operong. RNAP is then able to bind to the promoter and begin transcription of the lacZYA gene.[2]","title":"Examples of Repressors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"methionine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"homodimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homodimer"},{"link_name":"monomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomers"},{"link_name":"beta ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_ribbon"},{"link_name":"alpha helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_helix"},{"link_name":"antiparallel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparallel_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"beta-sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-sheet"},{"link_name":"operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_(biology)"},{"link_name":"dimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_dimer"},{"link_name":"palindrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindrome"},{"link_name":"dyad symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyad_symmetry"},{"link_name":"pyrimidine-purine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyrimidine-purine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"positively supercoiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_supercoil"},{"link_name":"phosphodiester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiester"},{"link_name":"dimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"cofactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"S-Adenosyl methionine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Adenosyl_methionine"}],"sub_title":"met operon repressor","text":"An example of a repressor protein is the methionine repressor MetJ. MetJ interacts with DNA bases via a ribbon-helix-helix (RHH) motif.[3] MetJ is a homodimer consisting of two monomers, which each provides a beta ribbon and an alpha helix. Together, the beta ribbons of each monomer come together to form an antiparallel beta-sheet which binds to the DNA operator (\"Met box\") in its major groove. Once bound, the MetJ dimer interacts with another MetJ dimer bound to the complementary strand of the operator via its alpha helices. AdoMet binds to a pocket in MetJ that does not overlap the site of DNA binding.The Met box has the DNA sequence AGACGTCT, a palindrome (it shows dyad symmetry) allowing the same sequence to be recognized on either strand of the DNA. The junction between C and G in the middle of the Met box contains a pyrimidine-purine step that becomes positively supercoiled forming a kink in the phosphodiester backbone. This is how the protein checks for the recognition site as it allows the DNA duplex to follow the shape of the protein. In other words, recognition happens through indirect readout of the structural parameters of the DNA, rather than via specific base sequence recognition.Each MetJ dimer contains two binding sites for the cofactor S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) which is a product in the biosynthesis of methionine. When SAM is present, it binds to the MetJ protein, increasing its affinity for its cognate operator site, which halts transcription of genes involved in methionine synthesis. When SAM concentration becomes low, the repressor dissociates from the operator site, allowing more methionine to be produced.","title":"Examples of Repressors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L-arabinose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-arabinose_operon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Voet,_Donald,_2011-4"},{"link_name":"operon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operon"},{"link_name":"polymerases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase"},{"link_name":"transcribing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcribing"},{"link_name":"Arabinose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabinose"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"RNA polymerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Voet,_Donald,_2011-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Structure_of_L-arabinose_operon_of_E._coli.tif"}],"sub_title":"L-arabinose operon repressor","text":"The L-arabinose operon houses genes coding for arabinose-digesting enzymes. These function to break down arabinose as an alternative source for energy when glucose is low or absent.[4] The operon consists of a regulatory repressor gene (araC), three control sites (ara02, ara01, araI1, and araI2), two promoters (Parac/ParaBAD) and three structural genes (araBAD). Once produced, araC acts as repressor by binding to the araI region to form a loop which prevents polymerases from binding to the promotor and transcribing the structural genes into proteins.In the absence of Arabinose and araC (repressor), loop formation is not initiated and structural gene expression will be lower. In the absence of Arabinose but presence of araC, araC regions form dimers, and bind to bring ara02 and araI1 domains closer by loop formation.[5] In the presence of both Arabinose and araC, araC binds with the arabinose and acts as an activator. This conformational change in the araC no longer can form a loop, and the linear gene segment promotes RNA polymerase recruitment to the structural araBAD region.[4]Structure of L-arabinose operon of E. coli. The work was uploaded by Yiktingg1 in wikimedia commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L-arabinose_structure.png#filehistory+","title":"Examples of Repressors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FLC operon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_Locus_C"},{"link_name":"meristem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristem"},{"link_name":"Arabidopsis thaliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana"},{"link_name":"FRIGIDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0DH90"},{"link_name":"vernalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernalization"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"epigenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics"},{"link_name":"histone methylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_methylation"},{"link_name":"DNA methylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methylation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"cofactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactors_and_coenzymes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Flowing Locus C (Epigenetic Repressor)","text":"The FLC operon is a conserved eukaryotic locus that is negatively associated with flowering via repression of genes needed for the development of the meristem to switch to a floral state in the plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. FLC expression has been shown be regulated by the presence of FRIGIDA, and negatively correlates with decreases in temperature resulting in the prevention of vernalization.[6] The degree to which expression decreases depends on the temperature and exposure time as seasons progress. After the downregulation of FLC expression, the potential for flowering is enabled. The regulation of FLC expression involves both genetic and epigenetic factors such as histone methylation and DNA methylation.[7] Furthermore, a number of genes are cofactors act as negative transcription factors for FLC genes.[8] FLC genes also have a large number of homologues across species that allow for specific adaptations in a range of climates.[9]","title":"Examples of Repressors"}] | [{"image_text":"The lac operon: 1: RNA Polymerase, 2: lac repressor, 3: Promoter, 4: Operator, 5: Lactose, 6: lacZ, 7: lacY, 8: lacA. Top: The gene is essentially turned off. There is no lactose to inhibit the repressor, so the repressor binds to the operator, which obstructs the RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter and making lactase. Bottom: The gene is turned on. Lactose is inhibiting the repressor, allowing the RNA polymerase to bind with the promoter, and express the genes, which synthesize lactase. Eventually, the lactase will digest all of the lactose, until there is none to bind to the repressor. The repressor will then bind to the operator, stopping the manufacture of lactase.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lac_Operon.svg/300px-Lac_Operon.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Structure of L-arabinose operon of E. coli. The work was uploaded by Yiktingg1 in wikimedia commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L-arabinose_structure.png#filehistory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Structure_of_L-arabinose_operon_of_E._coli.tif/lossless-page1-600px-Structure_of_L-arabinose_operon_of_E._coli.tif.png"}] | [{"title":"Promoter (biology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(biology)"},{"title":"Activator (genetics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activator_(genetics)"},{"title":"Operon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operon"},{"title":"Regulation of gene expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression"},{"title":"Transcription factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor"},{"title":"lac repressor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_repressor"},{"title":"P300/CBP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P300/CBP"},{"title":"Glossary of gene expression terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_gene_expression_terms"}] | [{"reference":"Clark, David P.; Pazdernik, Nanette J.; McGehee, Michelle R. (2019-01-01), Clark, David P.; Pazdernik, Nanette J.; McGehee, Michelle R. (eds.), \"Chapter 17 - Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes\", Molecular Biology (Third Edition), Academic Cell, pp. 560–580, ISBN 978-0-12-813288-3, retrieved 2020-12-02","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128132883000173","url_text":"\"Chapter 17 - Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-813288-3","url_text":"978-0-12-813288-3"}]},{"reference":"Somers & Phillips (1992). \"Crystal structure of the met repressor-operator complex at 2.8 A resolution reveals DNA recognition by beta-strands\". Nature. 359 (6394): 387–393. Bibcode:1992Natur.359..387S. doi:10.1038/359387a0. PMID 1406951. 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(2005). \"The downregulation of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) expression in plants with low levels of DNA methylation and by vernalization occurs by distinct mechanisms\". The Plant Journal. 44 (3): 420–432. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02541.x. ISSN 1365-313X. PMID 16236152.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-313X.2005.02541.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02541.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-313X","url_text":"1365-313X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16236152","url_text":"16236152"}]},{"reference":"Sharma, Neha; Ruelens, Philip; D'hauw, Mariëlla; Maggen, Thomas; Dochy, Niklas; Torfs, Sanne; Kaufmann, Kerstin; Rohde, Antje; Geuten, Koen (February 2017). \"A Flowering Locus C Homolog Is a Vernalization-Regulated Repressor in Brachypodium and Is Cold Regulated in Wheat1[OPEN]\". Plant Physiology. 173 (2): 1301–1315. doi:10.1104/pp.16.01161. ISSN 0032-0889. PMC 5291021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._D._Gordon | A. D. Gordon | ["1 Biography","2 Zionist activism","3 Views and opinions","4 Legacy and commemoration","5 Published works (English)","6 References","7 External links"] | Russian-Jewish philosopher, worker, and educator
A. D. Gordonאהרן דוד גורדוןBornAaron David GordonJune 9, 1856Troyanov, Volhynian Governorate, Russian EmpireDiedFebruary 22, 1922(1922-02-22) (aged 65)Degania Alef, Mandate PalestineEra20th-century philosophyRegionWestern PhilosophySchoolExistential philosophy, Labor ZionismMain interestsEthics, epistemology, Jewish philosophyNotable ideasDirect Experience (Hebrew: חוויה, Chavaya) vs Consciousness
Aaron David Gordon (Hebrew: אהרן דוד גורדון; 9 June 1856 – 22 February 1922), more commonly known as A. D. Gordon, was a Labour Zionist thinker and the spiritual force behind practical Zionism and Labor Zionism. He founded Hapoel Hatzair, a movement that set the tone for the Zionist movement for many years to come. Influenced by Leo Tolstoy and others, it is said that in effect he made a religion of labor. Gordon moved to Ottoman Palestine in 1904, at age 48, where he was revered by younger Zionist pioneers for leading by example.
Biography
Aaron David Gordon was the only child of a well-to-do family of Orthodox Jews. He was self-educated in both religious and general studies, and spoke several languages. For thirty years, he managed an estate, where he proved to be a charismatic educator and community activist. Gordon married his cousin, Faige Tartakov, at a young age and had seven children with her, though only two of them survived.
Gordon died of throat cancer on Kibbutz Degania Alef in 1922 at the age of 65.
Zionist activism
Gordon was an early member of the Hibbat Zion movement and made aliyah to Ottoman Palestine in 1904, when he was 48, after being persuaded by his wife not to emigrate to America. His daughter Yael followed him in 1908 and his wife about a year later, but his son stayed behind to continue his religious studies – he seems to have refused to accompany his father because of differences in their religious outlooks. Four months after she arrived in the country, his wife became ill and died. Gordon lived in Petah Tikva and Rishon LeZion, moved to the Galilee in 1912, travelled the country taking manual jobs and engaging the youth, until finally settling in Kvutzat Degania near the Sea of Galilee in 1919. He lived simply and supported himself as a hired agricultural hand, while writing his emerging philosophy at night. Although he participated in the Zionist Congress of 1911, Gordon refused to become involved in any of the Zionist political parties, out of principle.
In 1905 he founded and led Hapoel Hatzair ("The Young Worker"), a non-Marxist, Zionist movement, as opposed to the Poale Zion movement which was more Marxist in orientation and associated with Ber Borochov and Nahum Syrkin.
Views and opinions
Tombstone in Degania Alef
Gordon believed that all of Jewish suffering could be traced to the parasitic state of Jews in the Diaspora, who were unable to participate in creative labor. To remedy this, he sought to promote physical labor and agriculture as a means of uplifting Jews spiritually. It was the experience of labor, he believed, that linked the individual to the hidden aspects of nature and being, which, in turn were the source of vision, poetry, and the spiritual life. Furthermore, he also believed that working the land was a sacred task, not only for the individual but for the entire Jewish people. Agriculture would unite the people with the land and justify its continued existence there. In his own words: "The Land of Israel is acquired through labor, not through fire and not through blood." Return to the soil would transform the Jewish people and allow its rejuvenation, according to his philosophy. A.D. Gordon elaborated on these themes, writing:
The Jewish people has been completely cut off from nature and imprisoned within city walls for two thousand years. We have been accustomed to every form of life, except a life of labor- of labor done at our behalf and for its own sake. It will require the greatest effort of will for such a people to become normal again. We lack the principal ingredient for national life. We lack the habit of labor… for it is labor which binds a people to its soil and to its national culture, which in its turn is an outgrowth of the people's toil and the people's labor. ... We, the Jews, were the first in history to say: "For all the nations shall go each in the name of its God" and "Nations shall not lift up sword against nation" - and then we proceed to cease being a nation ourselves.
As we now come to re-establish our path among the ways of living nations of the earth, we must make sure that we find the right path. We must create a new people, a human people whose attitude toward other peoples is informed with the sense of human brotherhood and whose attitude toward nature and all within it is inspired by noble urges of life-loving creativity. All the forces of our history, all the pain that has accumulated in our national soul, seem to impel us in that direction... we are engaged in a creative endeavor the like of which is itself not to be found in the whole history of mankind: the rebirth and rehabilitation of a people that has been uprooted and scattered to the winds... (A.D. Gordon, "Our Tasks Ahead" 1920)
Gordon perceived nature as an organic unity. He preferred organic bonds in society, like those of family, community and nation, over "mechanical" bonds, like those of state, party and class. Jews were cut off from their nation, living in Diaspora, they were cut off from direct contact with nature; they were cut off from the experience of sanctity, and the existential bond with the infinite. Gordon wrote:
e are a parasitic people. We have no roots in the soil, there is no ground beneath our feet. And we are parasites not only in an economic sense, but in spirit, in thought, in poetry, in literature, and in our virtues, our ideals, our higher human aspirations. Every alien movement sweeps us along, every wind in the world carries us. We in ourselves are almost non-existent, so of course we are nothing in the eyes of other people either
More than just a theoretician, he insisted on putting this philosophy into practice, and refused to take any clerical position that was offered to him. He was an elderly intellectual of no great physical strength and with no experience doing manual labor, but he took up the hoe and worked in the fields, always focusing on the aesthetics of his work. He served as a model of the pioneering spirit, descending to the people and remaining with them no matter what the consequences were. He experienced the problems faced by the working class, suffering from malaria, poverty, and unemployment. But he did have admirers and followers who turned to him for advice and help.
Gordon had always been a principled individual—even as a young man he refused to allow his parents to pay the customary bribe so that he would be exempted from military service, arguing that if he did not serve, someone else would have to serve instead of him. In the end, he spent six months in the army, but was released when it was discovered that he was not in good enough physical shape. He later refused to accept payment for his articles or the classes he taught, citing the Mishnah that states "Do not turn the Torah into a source of income." At the same time, he did not lapse into dogmatism either. When Rachel Bluwstein (1890–1931), known as 'Rachel the Poetess', asked his opinion about whether she should go overseas to study, an idea that was anathema to most of the Zionist leadership, he encouraged her to do so.
Gordon's moods alternated between enormous frustration and great hope for the future. He believed that an idealistic new generation of creative Jews would emerge in the Land of Israel, with a high sense of morals, a deep spiritual commitment, and a commitment to their fellow human beings. Toward the end of his life, however, he preferred to isolate himself in nature. From a letter he wrote to Rachel the Poetess, it seems that he grew more and more frustrated with people's petty squabbles and selfish interests.
Although formerly an Orthodox Jew, Gordon rejected religion later in his life. Students of his writings have found that Gordon was greatly influenced by Russian author Leo Tolstoy, as well as by the Hassidic movement and Kabbalah. Many have also found parallels between his ideas and those of his contemporary, Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, the spiritual father of Religious Zionism.
Central to Gordon's philosophy is the idea that the cosmos is a unity. This notion in which man and nature are one and all men are organic parts of the cosmos is reflected throughout his thought, including political issues, the role of women in the modern world, and Jewish attitude to the Arabs. He believed the central test for the reborn Jewish nation would be the attitude of the Jews to the Arabs. The Biblical principle regarding "the stranger that sojourns in thy midst" guided his thought on this matter. In his statutes for labor settlements, which he drew up in 1922, Gordon included a clause that said that land should be assigned to Arabs wherever new settlements were founded, to ensure their welfare. He believed that this principle of good neighborliness should be undertaken for moral reasons rather than tactical advantage, and that it would eventually lead to a spirit of universal human solidarity. A summary of his thinking on Jewish-Arab relations can be found in his work Mibachutz, where he wrote:
"Our relations to the Arabs must rest on cosmic foundations. Our attitude toward them must be one of humanity, of moral courage which remains on the highest plane, even if the behavior of the other side is not all that is desired. Indeed their hostility is all the more a reason for our humanity."
Legacy and commemoration
Gordonia, a Zionist youth movement, created in Poland in 1925 in order to put Gordon's teachings into practice, established several kibbutzim in Israel.
Published works (English)
Selected Essays by Aaron David Gordon (tr.: Frances Burnce), New York: League for Labor Palestine, 1938, ISBN 0405052669 (0-405-05266-9) Reprint: Selected Essays by Aaron David Gordon, New York: Arno Press, 1973, ISBN 0405052669 (0-405-05266-9)
References
^ "zionism/hapoel-hatzair/gordon".
^ Aaron David Gordon Biography.
^ Aharon David Gordon on the website of Kibbutz Degania Alef
^ Sternhell, p. 48
^ Bergman, Samuel Hugo. Faith and Reason: An Introduction to Modern Jewish Thought. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations, Inc., 1961, p.103.
^ Bergman 1961. pps.115-116
^ Mibachutz in Gordon's Collected Works, 1952, I, p.478. in Bergman 1961. p.116
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to A. D. Gordon.
Labor and Socialist Zionism at MidEastWeb for Coexistence
Zionism and Israel Information Center Biography Section
Myjewishlearning.com
Haaretz.com, "Far From Reality" Review of New Life: Religion, Motherhood and Supreme Love in the Work of A.D. Gordon,
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Zionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"practical Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practical_Zionism"},{"link_name":"Labor Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Zionism"},{"link_name":"Hapoel Hatzair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapoel_Hatzair"},{"link_name":"Leo Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy"}],"text":"Aaron David Gordon (Hebrew: אהרן דוד גורדון; 9 June 1856 – 22 February 1922), more commonly known as A. D. Gordon, was a Labour Zionist thinker and the spiritual force behind practical Zionism and Labor Zionism. He founded Hapoel Hatzair, a movement that set the tone for the Zionist movement for many years to come. Influenced by Leo Tolstoy and others, it is said that in effect he made a religion of labor. 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His daughter Yael followed him in 1908 and his wife about a year later, but his son stayed behind to continue his religious studies – he seems to have refused to accompany his father because of differences in their religious outlooks. Four months after she arrived in the country, his wife became ill and died. Gordon lived in Petah Tikva and Rishon LeZion, moved to the Galilee in 1912, travelled the country taking manual jobs and engaging the youth, until finally settling in Kvutzat Degania near the Sea of Galilee in 1919.[3] He lived simply and supported himself as a hired agricultural hand, while writing his emerging philosophy at night. Although he participated in the Zionist Congress of 1911, Gordon refused to become involved in any of the Zionist political parties, out of principle.In 1905 he founded and led Hapoel Hatzair (\"The Young Worker\"), a non-Marxist, Zionist movement, as opposed to the Poale Zion movement which was more Marxist in orientation and associated with Ber Borochov and Nahum Syrkin.","title":"Zionist activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Degania_Alef25.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"Diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora"},{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"hoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoe_(tool)"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"},{"link_name":"bribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribe"},{"link_name":"Mishnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"Rachel Bluwstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Bluwstein"},{"link_name":"nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature"},{"link_name":"Leo Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"Hassidic movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Kabbalah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah"},{"link_name":"Abraham Isaac Kook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook"},{"link_name":"Religious Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Zionism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Tombstone in Degania AlefGordon believed that all of Jewish suffering could be traced to the parasitic state of Jews in the Diaspora, who were unable to participate in creative labor. To remedy this, he sought to promote physical labor and agriculture as a means of uplifting Jews spiritually. It was the experience of labor, he believed, that linked the individual to the hidden aspects of nature and being, which, in turn were the source of vision, poetry, and the spiritual life. Furthermore, he also believed that working the land was a sacred task, not only for the individual but for the entire Jewish people. Agriculture would unite the people with the land and justify its continued existence there. In his own words: \"The Land of Israel is acquired through labor, not through fire and not through blood.\" Return to the soil would transform the Jewish people and allow its rejuvenation, according to his philosophy. A.D. Gordon elaborated on these themes, writing:The Jewish people has been completely cut off from nature and imprisoned within city walls for two thousand years. We have been accustomed to every form of life, except a life of labor- of labor done at our behalf and for its own sake. It will require the greatest effort of will for such a people to become normal again. We lack the principal ingredient for national life. We lack the habit of labor… for it is labor which binds a people to its soil and to its national culture, which in its turn is an outgrowth of the people's toil and the people's labor. ... We, the Jews, were the first in history to say: \"For all the nations shall go each in the name of its God\" and \"Nations shall not lift up sword against nation\" - and then we proceed to cease being a nation ourselves.As we now come to re-establish our path among the ways of living nations of the earth, we must make sure that we find the right path. We must create a new people, a human people whose attitude toward other peoples is informed with the sense of human brotherhood and whose attitude toward nature and all within it is inspired by noble urges of life-loving creativity. All the forces of our history, all the pain that has accumulated in our national soul, seem to impel us in that direction... we are engaged in a creative endeavor the like of which is itself not to be found in the whole history of mankind: the rebirth and rehabilitation of a people that has been uprooted and scattered to the winds... (A.D. Gordon, \"Our Tasks Ahead\" 1920)Gordon perceived nature as an organic unity. He preferred organic bonds in society, like those of family, community and nation, over \"mechanical\" bonds, like those of state, party and class. Jews were cut off from their nation, living in Diaspora, they were cut off from direct contact with nature; they were cut off from the experience of sanctity, and the existential bond with the infinite. Gordon wrote:[W]e are a parasitic people. We have no roots in the soil, there is no ground beneath our feet. And we are parasites not only in an economic sense, but in spirit, in thought, in poetry, in literature, and in our virtues, our ideals, our higher human aspirations. Every alien movement sweeps us along, every wind in the world carries us. We in ourselves are almost non-existent, so of course we are nothing in the eyes of other people either[4]More than just a theoretician, he insisted on putting this philosophy into practice, and refused to take any clerical position that was offered to him. He was an elderly intellectual of no great physical strength and with no experience doing manual labor, but he took up the hoe and worked in the fields, always focusing on the aesthetics of his work. He served as a model of the pioneering spirit, descending to the people and remaining with them no matter what the consequences were. He experienced the problems faced by the working class, suffering from malaria, poverty, and unemployment. But he did have admirers and followers who turned to him for advice and help.Gordon had always been a principled individual—even as a young man he refused to allow his parents to pay the customary bribe so that he would be exempted from military service, arguing that if he did not serve, someone else would have to serve instead of him. In the end, he spent six months in the army, but was released when it was discovered that he was not in good enough physical shape. He later refused to accept payment for his articles or the classes he taught, citing the Mishnah that states \"Do not turn the Torah into a source of income.\" At the same time, he did not lapse into dogmatism either. When Rachel Bluwstein (1890–1931), known as 'Rachel the Poetess', asked his opinion about whether she should go overseas to study, an idea that was anathema to most of the Zionist leadership, he encouraged her to do so.\nGordon's moods alternated between enormous frustration and great hope for the future. He believed that an idealistic new generation of creative Jews would emerge in the Land of Israel, with a high sense of morals, a deep spiritual commitment, and a commitment to their fellow human beings. Toward the end of his life, however, he preferred to isolate himself in nature. From a letter he wrote to Rachel the Poetess, it seems that he grew more and more frustrated with people's petty squabbles and selfish interests.Although formerly an Orthodox Jew, Gordon rejected religion later in his life. Students of his writings have found that Gordon was greatly influenced by Russian author Leo Tolstoy, as well as by the Hassidic movement and Kabbalah. Many have also found parallels between his ideas and those of his contemporary, Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, the spiritual father of Religious Zionism.Central to Gordon's philosophy is the idea that the cosmos is a unity. This notion in which man and nature are one and all men are organic parts of the cosmos is reflected throughout his thought, including political issues, the role of women in the modern world, and Jewish attitude to the Arabs.[5] He believed the central test for the reborn Jewish nation would be the attitude of the Jews to the Arabs. The Biblical principle regarding \"the stranger that sojourns in thy midst\" guided his thought on this matter. In his statutes for labor settlements, which he drew up in 1922, Gordon included a clause that said that land should be assigned to Arabs wherever new settlements were founded, to ensure their welfare. He believed that this principle of good neighborliness should be undertaken for moral reasons rather than tactical advantage, and that it would eventually lead to a spirit of universal human solidarity.[6] A summary of his thinking on Jewish-Arab relations can be found in his work Mibachutz, where he wrote:\"Our relations to the Arabs must rest on cosmic foundations. Our attitude toward them must be one of humanity, of moral courage which remains on the highest plane, even if the behavior of the other side is not all that is desired. Indeed their hostility is all the more a reason for our humanity.\"[7]","title":"Views and opinions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordonia_(youth_movement)"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic#Discrimination"},{"link_name":"kibbutzim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbutz"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"}],"text":"Gordonia, a Zionist youth movement, created in Poland in 1925 in order to put Gordon's teachings into practice, established several kibbutzim in Israel.","title":"Legacy and commemoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selected Essays by Aaron David Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/b/OL6377904M"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0405052669","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0405052669"},{"link_name":"Selected Essays by Aaron 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelasia_of_Torres | Adelasia of Torres | ["1 Life","2 Sources","3 See also"] | Judge/Queen of Logudoro/Torres
AdelasiaJudge/Queen of Logudoro/TorresReign1236-1259PredecessorBarisone IIISuccessorPosition abolishedCo-rulerUbaldo (1236–1238)Enzio (1238 –1245/6)Born1207ArdaraDied1259(1259-00-00) (aged 51–52)BurgosSpouseUbaldo, King of GalluraEnzo of Hohenstaufen, King of SardiniaNamesAdelasia de Lacon-GunaleHouseLacon-GunaleFatherMarianus II, King of TorresMotherAgnes of Cagliari
Adelasia (1207–1259), was the Judge of Logudoro from 1236 and the titular Judge of Gallura from 1238.
Life
She was the eldest child of Marianus II of Logudoro by Agnes of Massa, daughter of William I of Cagliari, and successor of her brother, Barisone III.
By a pact signed between her father, who had interests in Gallura, and Gallurese judge, the Pisan Lamberto Visconti in November 1218, Adelasia first married the heir of Gallura, Lamberto's son Ubaldo II in 1219. Pope Honorius III, enemy of the Pisans, immediately sent his chaplain Bartolomeo to annul the marriage, but he failed and the pact between Pisa and Logudoro stood.
Ubaldo inherited the Giudicato of Gallura in 1225. Marianus died in 1232 and, by his will, was succeeded by his son Barisone III. Upon Barisone's death (1236) without heirs, also as stipulated by Marianus' will, the Logudorese magnates could elect one of his daughters, Adelasia or Benedetta, to inherit. They unanimously acclaimed Adelasia, whose husband could well uphold her right. So they in turn elected him judge as well. In 1237, Pope Gregory IX sent his chaplain Alexander to Torres to receive recognition from Adelasia of papal suzerainty over Logudoro, as well as the lands she inherited from her grandfather William of Cagliari, in Pisa, Massa, and Corsica. At the palace of Ardara, in the presence of the Camaldolese abbot and monks of S. Trinità di Saccargia, she made the oath of vassalage and Ubaldo affirmed it, giving over the castle of Monte Acuto to the bishop of Ampurias as a guarantee of his good faith. Ubaldo did not, however, recognise any authority over Gallura other than the ancient authority of the Pisan archdiocese.
By Ubaldo's will, drawn up in January 1237 at Silki, Gallura was to be inherited by his cousin John Visconti. Peter II of Arborea became Adelasia's protector. She remarried quickly to Guelfo dei Porcari, a person devoted to the Holy See. He did not live long after, though. At that time, the Doria family of Genoa, Pisa's main rival, convinced the Emperor Frederick II to marry his bastard son Enzo to Adelasia and create a Kingdom of Sardinia. Enzo arrived from Cremona in October the same year as Ubaldo's death and the two were married and titled King and Queen of Sardinia. Enzo left for the peninsula in July 1239 and never returned, being taken prisoner by the Guelphs, an imprisonment which was to prove lifelong. In 1245 or 1246, the marriage was annulled.
After this date, Adelasia, saddened and tired of active government, retired to her castle of Goceano. She died in 1259, without heirs, and her territory was divided amongst the Doria, Malaspina, and Spinola families, who all held it from Genoa. The neighbouring Giudicato of Arborea succeeded in taking some land. Sassari expelled its Pisan governor with the support of the Doria, refortified its defences, and adopted a republican model of government in alliance with Genoa, which sent an annual podestà.
Sources
Henry Gardiner Adams, ed. (1857). "Adelasia". A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography: 10. Wikidata Q115299077.
Costa, Enrico, Adelasia di Torres, Ilisso, Nuoro 2008.
Ferrabino, Aldo (ed). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: I Aaron – Albertucci. Rome, 1960.
Sperle, Christian (2001). König Enzo von Sardinien und Friedrich von Antiochia. Zwei illegitime Söhne Kaiser Friedrichs II. und ihre Rolle in der Verwaltung des Regnum Italiae. ISBN 3-631-37457-7.
Onnis, Omar; Mureddu, Manuelle (2019). Illustres. Vita, morte e miracoli di quaranta personalità sarde (in Italian). Sestu: Domus de Janas. ISBN 978-88-97084-90-7. OCLC 1124656644.
See also
Enzio of Sardinia
Giudicato of Logudoro
Marianus II of Logudoro
Preceded byBarisone III
Judge of Logudoro 1236–1259
Succeeded bynone
Preceded byUbaldo
— TITULAR — Judge of Gallura 1238–1257with Enzo
Succeeded byJohn
Authority control databases: People
Italian People | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judge of Logudoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giudice_of_Logudoro"},{"link_name":"Judge of Gallura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giudice_of_Gallura"}],"text":"Adelasia (1207–1259), was the Judge of Logudoro from 1236 and the titular Judge of Gallura from 1238.","title":"Adelasia of Torres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marianus II of Logudoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianus_II_of_Torres"},{"link_name":"William I of Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_Cagliari"},{"link_name":"Barisone III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisone_III_of_Torres"},{"link_name":"Gallura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giudicato_of_Gallura"},{"link_name":"Pisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa"},{"link_name":"Lamberto Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamberto_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Ubaldo II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaldo_of_Gallura"},{"link_name":"Pope Honorius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III"},{"link_name":"Giudicato of Gallura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giudicato_of_Gallura"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX"},{"link_name":"Massa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_(river)"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"Ardara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardara,_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Camaldolese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camaldolese"},{"link_name":"S. Trinità di Saccargia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._Trinit%C3%A0_di_Saccargia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monte Acuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monte_Acuto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bishop of Ampurias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ampurias"},{"link_name":"Pisan archdiocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Pisa"},{"link_name":"John Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Gallura"},{"link_name":"Peter II of Arborea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_II_of_Arborea"},{"link_name":"Guelfo dei Porcari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guelfo_dei_Porcari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Doria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doria_(family)"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"Emperor Frederick II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Frederick_II"},{"link_name":"Enzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzio_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Cremona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremona"},{"link_name":"Guelphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines"},{"link_name":"Goceano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goceano"},{"link_name":"Malaspina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaspina_family"},{"link_name":"Spinola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinola_family"},{"link_name":"Giudicato of Arborea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giudicato_of_Arborea"},{"link_name":"Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassari"},{"link_name":"podestà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podest%C3%A0"}],"text":"She was the eldest child of Marianus II of Logudoro by Agnes of Massa, daughter of William I of Cagliari, and successor of her brother, Barisone III.By a pact signed between her father, who had interests in Gallura, and Gallurese judge, the Pisan Lamberto Visconti in November 1218, Adelasia first married the heir of Gallura, Lamberto's son Ubaldo II in 1219. Pope Honorius III, enemy of the Pisans, immediately sent his chaplain Bartolomeo to annul the marriage, but he failed and the pact between Pisa and Logudoro stood.Ubaldo inherited the Giudicato of Gallura in 1225. Marianus died in 1232 and, by his will, was succeeded by his son Barisone III. Upon Barisone's death (1236) without heirs, also as stipulated by Marianus' will, the Logudorese magnates could elect one of his daughters, Adelasia or Benedetta, to inherit. They unanimously acclaimed Adelasia, whose husband could well uphold her right. So they in turn elected him judge as well. In 1237, Pope Gregory IX sent his chaplain Alexander to Torres to receive recognition from Adelasia of papal suzerainty over Logudoro, as well as the lands she inherited from her grandfather William of Cagliari, in Pisa, Massa, and Corsica. At the palace of Ardara, in the presence of the Camaldolese abbot and monks of S. Trinità di Saccargia, she made the oath of vassalage and Ubaldo affirmed it, giving over the castle of Monte Acuto to the bishop of Ampurias as a guarantee of his good faith. Ubaldo did not, however, recognise any authority over Gallura other than the ancient authority of the Pisan archdiocese.By Ubaldo's will, drawn up in January 1237 at Silki, Gallura was to be inherited by his cousin John Visconti. Peter II of Arborea became Adelasia's protector. She remarried quickly to Guelfo dei Porcari, a person devoted to the Holy See. He did not live long after, though. At that time, the Doria family of Genoa, Pisa's main rival, convinced the Emperor Frederick II to marry his bastard son Enzo to Adelasia and create a Kingdom of Sardinia. Enzo arrived from Cremona in October the same year as Ubaldo's death and the two were married and titled King and Queen of Sardinia. Enzo left for the peninsula in July 1239 and never returned, being taken prisoner by the Guelphs, an imprisonment which was to prove lifelong. In 1245 or 1246, the marriage was annulled.After this date, Adelasia, saddened and tired of active government, retired to her castle of Goceano. She died in 1259, without heirs, and her territory was divided amongst the Doria, Malaspina, and Spinola families, who all held it from Genoa. The neighbouring Giudicato of Arborea succeeded in taking some land. Sassari expelled its Pisan governor with the support of the Doria, refortified its defences, and adopted a republican model of government in alliance with Genoa, which sent an annual podestà.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adelasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Cyclopaedia_of_Female_Biography/Adelasia"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q115299077","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115299077"},{"link_name":"Ferrabino, Aldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Ferrabino"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-631-37457-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-631-37457-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-97084-90-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-97084-90-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1124656644","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1124656644"}],"text":"Henry Gardiner Adams, ed. (1857). \"Adelasia\". A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography: 10. Wikidata Q115299077.\nCosta, Enrico, Adelasia di Torres, Ilisso, Nuoro 2008.\nFerrabino, Aldo (ed). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: I Aaron – Albertucci. Rome, 1960.\nSperle, Christian (2001). König Enzo von Sardinien und Friedrich von Antiochia. Zwei illegitime Söhne Kaiser Friedrichs II. und ihre Rolle in der Verwaltung des Regnum Italiae. ISBN 3-631-37457-7.\nOnnis, Omar; Mureddu, Manuelle (2019). Illustres. Vita, morte e miracoli di quaranta personalità sarde (in Italian). Sestu: Domus de Janas. ISBN 978-88-97084-90-7. OCLC 1124656644.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | [{"title":"Enzio of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzio_of_Sardinia"},{"title":"Giudicato of Logudoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giudicato_of_Logudoro"},{"title":"Marianus II of Logudoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianus_II_of_Logudoro"},{"title":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359661#identifiers"},{"title":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adelasia-di-torres_(Dizionario-Biografico)"}] | [{"reference":"Henry Gardiner Adams, ed. (1857). \"Adelasia\". A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography: 10. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hawkins_(bishop) | James Hawkins (bishop) | ["1 Family","2 References"] | Christianity portal
James Hawkins was an Irish Anglican bishop in the 18th and 19th centuries.
A former Dean of Emly (1766–1775), Hawkins was the Bishop of Dromore from 1775 to 1780 and Bishop of Raphoe from then until his death on 23 June 1807.
Family
He married Catherine, the daughter of Gilbert Keene and niece of William Whitshed; they had four sons and three daughters. His son James adopted the additional surname of Whitshed and was created first Baronet Whitshed-Hawkins. His son Thomas became Dean of Clonfert in 1812.
References
^ Tuesday's Post continued, Jackson's Oxford Journal (Oxford, England), 4 July 1807; Issue 2827
^ Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I., (1986), Handbook of British Chronology (Third ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-56350-X
^ "Community Trees". Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
^ Births, Deaths, Marriages and Obituaries, The Morning Post (London, England), 30 June 1807; Issue 11347, 19th Century British Library Newspapers: Part II
^ Burke, Bernard (1812). The genealogy and heraldic history of the landed gentry of Ireland.
Church of Ireland titles
Preceded byWilliam Newcome
Bishop of Dromore 1775–1780
Succeeded byWilliam Beresford
Preceded byJohn Oswald
Bishop of Raphoe 1780–1807
Succeeded byJohn George de la Poer Beresford
vteBishops of Dromore
Ua Ruanada
Geraldus
Andreas
Tigernach
Gervasius
Florentius Mac Donnacáin
Milo
Christophorus
Cornelius
John
Thomas Orwell
John Waltham
Roger Appleby
Richard Payl
John Chourles
Marcus
Seaán Ó Ruanadha
Nicholas Warte
Thomas Rackelf
'William
David Chirbury
Thomas Scrope
Thomas Radcliff
Donatus Ó h-Anluain
Richard Messing
William Egremond
Aonghus
Robert Kirk
Yvo Guillen
Georgios Vranas
Tadhg Ó Raghallaigh
Arthur Magennis
John Todd
John Tanner
Theophilus Buckworth
Robert Leslie
Jeremy Taylor
George Rust
Essex Digby
Capel Wiseman
Tobias Pullen
John Sterne
Ralph Lambert
Charles Cobbe
Henry Maule
Thomas Fletcher
Jemmett Browne
George Marlay
John Oswald
Edward Young
Henry Maxwell
William Newcome
James Hawkins
William Beresford
Thomas Percy
George Hall
John Leslie
James Saurin
see merged to Down, Connor and Dromore
vteBishops of Raphoe
Conn O'Cahan
Art O'Gallagher
Denis Campbell
George Montgomery
Andrew Knox
John Leslie
Robert Leslie
Ezekiel Hopkins
William Smyth
Alexander Cairncross
Robert Huntington
John Pooley
Thomas Lindsay
Edward Synge
Nicholas Forster
William Barnard
Philip Twysden
Robert Downes
John Oswald
James Hawkins
Lord John Beresford
William Magee
William Bissett
united to Derry and Raphoe
This article about an Irish Anglican bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dean of Emly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Emly"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Dromore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Dromore"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Raphoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Raphoe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Christianity portalJames Hawkins was an Irish Anglican bishop in the 18th and 19th centuries.[1][2]A former Dean of Emly (1766–1775), Hawkins was the Bishop of Dromore from 1775 to 1780 and Bishop of Raphoe from then until his death on 23 June 1807.[3][4]","title":"James Hawkins (bishop)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Whitshed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whitshed"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Hawkins-Whitshed,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Dean of Clonfert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Clonfert"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"He married Catherine, the daughter of Gilbert Keene and niece of William Whitshed; they had four sons and three daughters. His son James adopted the additional surname of Whitshed and was created first Baronet Whitshed-Hawkins. His son Thomas became Dean of Clonfert in 1812.[5]","title":"Family"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Community Trees\". Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330202619/http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I109454&tree=Nixon","url_text":"\"Community Trees\""},{"url":"http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I109454&tree=Nixon","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Burke, Bernard (1812). The genealogy and heraldic history of the landed gentry of Ireland.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330202619/http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I109454&tree=Nixon","external_links_name":"\"Community Trees\""},{"Link":"http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I109454&tree=Nixon","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Hawkins_(bishop)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Szczypiorski | Andrzej Szczypiorski | ["1 Life","2 Publications","3 Awards and honours","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"] | Polish writer
Andrzej SzczypiorskiSzczypiorski in 1994Born(1928-02-03)3 February 1928Warsaw, PolandDied16 May 2000(2000-05-16) (aged 72)Warsaw, PolandOccupationnovelist, politician, diplomatNationalityPolishGenrenovel, short storyNotable worksA Mass for Arras (pl.: Msza za miasto Arras)
Andrzej Szczypiorski's grave at the Evangelical Reformed Cemetery in Warsaw
Andrzej Szczypiorski (pronounced ⓘ; 3 February 1928 – 16 May 2000) was a Polish novelist and politician. He served as a member of the Polish legislature, and was a Solidarity activist interned during the military crackdown of 1981. He was a secret police agent in the 1950s.
Life
He was son of Adam Szczypiorski , a political activist, historian and mathematician, and Jadwiga née Epsztajn. Szczypiorski had a sister Wiesława (1924–1945). He spent his childhood in Warsaw.
During World War II Szczypiorski studied at an underground university called the "flying university" due to the regular changing of its location for safety. He was a partisan of the Polish People’s Army, and a participant of the Warsaw Uprising. After the Uprising he was arrested and condemned to imprisonment at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where he survived until 1945.
In 1946–1947 he studied political science in the Warsaw Consular Diplomatic Academy. In 1948–1956, Szczypiorski worked as an editor in the Katowice Silesian Theater. During this period, in 1952, he made his literary debut in the magazine "Życie Literackie" using the pseudonym 'Maurice S. Andrews' and was inducted into the Polish Writers' Union. He won the Austrian State Prize for European Literature in 1988.
In 1956–1958, he was selected to serve in the Polish Embassy to Denmark, after which he returned to work as an editor on the radio and for publications. He later served as a member of the Polish legislature. He was also a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. Prior to his death, Szczypiorski converted to Calvinism, and is buried in the Protestant Reformed Cemetery in Warsaw.
After his death it became known that Szczypiorski was a collaborator of the Polish communist secret police in the years of Stalinism in Poland.
Publications
Source:
1961: Czas przeszły (The Past Time), Iskry, Warsaw.
1966: Podróż do krańca doliny (Journey to the End of the Valley), Iskry, Warsaw.
1967: Karol Świerczewski – Walter. W 20 rocznicę śmierci, ZG ZBoWiD, Krajowa Komisja Dąbrowszczaków: „Sport i Turystyka”, Warsaw.
1968: Niedziela, godzina 21.10: wybór felietonów radiowych, 1964–1967, Czytelnik, Warsaw.
1971: Msza za miasto Arras, Czytelnik, Warsaw.
1980: Trzej ludzie w bardzo długiej podróży (Three People On A Very Long Journey), Czytelnik, Warsaw.
1983: Z notatnika stanu wojennego, Polonia, London.
1986: Początek (The Origin), Instytut Literacki, Paris.
1990: Amerykańska whiskey i inne opowiadania (American Whiskey and Other Stories), Kantor Wydawniczy SAWW, Poznań.
1991: Noc, dzień i noc (Night, Day and Night), Kantor Wydawniczy SAWW, Poznań.
1994: Autoportret z kobietą (Autoportrait with a Woman), Kantor Wydawniczy SAWW, Poznań.
1999: Gra z ogniem (Playing with Fire), Sens, Poznań.
Awards and honours
1972: Polish PEN-Club Prize
1988: Austrian State Prize for European Literature
1989: Nelly Sachs Prize
1994: Herder Prize
1995: Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts
1995: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1997: Order of Polonia Restituta by the President of the Republic for his services to Poland
See also
Polish literature
List of Polish writers
Notes
^ a b "Tajemnica Szczypiorskiego (Szczypiorski's Secret)". Newsweek.pl Polska. 7 May 2006. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
^ a b c d e "Andrzej Szczypiorski". Diogenes Verlag (in German). 9 February 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
^ "Österreichische StaatspreisträgerInnen für Europäische Literatur" (in German). Oesterreich-Bibliotheken im Ausland. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
^ a b "Andrzej Szczypiorski – Bio-Bibliography under Downloads" (PDF). Diogenes Verlag (in German). 9 February 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
^ Krafczyk, Eva (16 May 2000). "Schriftsteller: Andrzej Szczypiorski gestorben". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 1 September 2021.
^ "Hüter der Bundeslade". Der Spiegel (in German). 3 December 1989. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
^ "Pour le Mérite: Andrzej Szczypiorski" (PDF). www.orden-pourlemerite.de. 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
^ "Andrzej Szczypiorski odznaczony przez Romana Herzoga" (in Polish). Retrieved 1 September 2021.
References
University of Silesia in Katowice University Gazette Article, 2000
vteRecipients of the Austrian State Prize for European Literature
Zbigniew Herbert (1965)
W. H. Auden (1966)
Vasko Popa (1967)
Václav Havel (1968)
Not given (1969)
Eugène Ionesco (1970)
Peter Huchel (1971)
Sławomir Mrożek (1972)
Harold Pinter (1973)
Sándor Weöres (1974)
Miroslav Krleža (1975)
Italo Calvino (1976)
Pavel Kohout (1977)
Simone de Beauvoir (1978)
Fulvio Tomizza (1979)
Sarah Kirsch (1980)
Doris Lessing (1981)
Tadeusz Różewicz (1982)
Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1983)
Christa Wolf (1984)
Stanisław Lem (1985)
Giorgio Manganelli (1986)
Milan Kundera (1987)
Andrzej Szczypiorski (1988)
Marguerite Duras (1989)
Helmut Heissenbüttel (1990)
Péter Nádas (1991)
Salman Rushdie (1992)
Chinghiz Aitmatov (1993)
Inger Christensen (1994)
Aleksandar Tišma (1995)
Jürg Laederach (1996)
Antonio Tabucchi (1997)
Dubravka Ugrešić (1998)
Péter Esterházy (1999)
António Lobo Antunes (2000)
Umberto Eco (2001)
Christoph Hein (2002)
Cees Nooteboom (2003)
Julian Barnes (2004)
Claudio Magris (2005)
Jorge Semprún (2006)
A. L. Kennedy (2007)
Ágota Kristóf (2008)
Per Olov Enquist (2009)
Paul Nizon (2010)
Javier Marías (2011)
Patrick Modiano (2012)
John Banville (2013)
Lyudmila Ulitskaya (2014)
Mircea Cărtărescu (2015)
Andrzej Stasiuk (2016)
Karl Ove Knausgård (2017)
Zadie Smith (2018)
Michel Houellebecq (2019)
Drago Jančar (2020)
László Krasznahorkai (2021)
Ali Smith (2022)
Marie NDiaye (2023)
vteHerder Prize laureates1964–1970
1964: Oto Bihalji-Merin
Jan Kott
Stanisław Lorentz
Lucijan Marija Škerjanc
1965: Tudor Arghezi
Manolis Hatzidakis
Emanuel Hruška
Zoltán Kodály
László Németh
Hugo Rokyta
Hristo Vakarelski
1966: Ján Cikker
Dezső Dercsényi
Zlatko Gorjan
Aleksander Kobzdej
Anton Kriesis
Niko Kuret
Dimiter Statkov
1967: Iván Fenyő
Vladimír Kompánek
Witold Lutosławski
Spyridon Marinatos
Alexandru A. Philippide
Mihai Pop
Svetozar Radojčić
1968: Constantin Daicoviciu
Roman Ingarden
Miroslav Krleža
Ludvík Kunz
Anastasios Orlandos
Lajos Vayer
Pancho Vladigerov
1969: Jolán Balogh
Albín Brunovský
Bohuslav Fuchs
Mihail Jora
Marijan Matković
Ksawery Piwocki
France Stele
1970: Jan Białostocki
Jan Filip
Zoltán Franyó
Milovan Gavazzi
Gyula Illyés
Yiannis Papaioannou
Zeko Torbov
1971–1980
1971: Jiří Kolář
Blaže Koneski
Georgios Megas
Kazimierz Michałowski
Mihail Sokolovski
Zaharia Stancu
Bence Szabolcsi
1972: Dragotin Cvetko
Atanas Dalchev
Branko Maksimović
Gyula Ortutay
Jaroslav Pešina
Henryk Stażewski
Virgil Vătășianu
1973: Veselin Beshevliev
Stylianos Harkianakis
János Harmatta
Zbigniew Herbert
Eugen Jebeleanu
Petar Lubarda
Jan Racek
1974: Władysław Czerny
Ivan Duichev
Ivo Frangeš
László Gerő
Stylianos Pelekanidis
Ján Podolák
Zeno Vancea
1975: Józef Burszta
Hristo M. Danov
Stanislav Libenský
Maria Ana Musicescu
Gábor Preisich
Pandelis Prevelakis
Stanojlo Rajičić
1976: Jagoda Buić
Marin Goleminov
Ioannis Kakridis
Dezső Keresztury
Nichita Stănescu
Rudolf Turek
Kazimierz Wejchert
1977: Nikolaos Andriotis
Riko Debenjak
Emmanuel Kriaras
Albert Kutal
Máté Major
Krzysztof Penderecki
Anastas Petrov
Ion Vladutiu
1978: Eugen Barbu
Đurđe Bošković
Kazimierz Dejmek
Stoyan Dzudzev
Béla Gunda
Jiří Hrůza
Yiannis Spyropoulos
1979: Magdalena Abakanowicz
Ferenc Farkas
Zdenko Kolacio
Atanas Natev
András Sütő
Pavel Trost
Apostolos E. Vacalopoulos
1980: Gordana Babić-Đorđević
Iván Balassa
Kamil Lhoták
Manousos Manousakas
Vera Mutafchieva
Alexandru Rosetti
Wiktor Zin
1981–1990
1981: Emil Condurachi
Sándor Csoóri
Stefka Georgieva
Dimitrios Loukatos
Vjenceslav Richter
Eugen Suchoň
Elida Maria Szarota
1982: Athanasios Aravantinos
Ana Blandiana
Vojislav J. Đurić
Sona Kovacevicová
Aleksandar Nichev
Jan Józef Szczepański
Imre Varga
1983: Władysław Bartoszewski
Géza Entz
Jozef Jankovič
Gunther Schuller
Zdenko Škreb
Stefana Stoykova
C. A. Trypanis
1984: Emilijan Cevc
Konstantinos Dimaras
Karel Horálek
György Konrád
Constantin Lucaci
Krasimir Manchev
Krzysztof Meyer
1985: Branko Fučić
Růžena Grebeníčková
Adrian Marino
Demetrios Pallas
Károly Perczel
Simeon Pironkov
Andrzej Wajda
1986: Georgi Baev
Tekla Dömötör
Boris Gaberščik
Konrad Górski
Johannes Karayannopoulos
Jiří Kotalík
Anatol Vieru
1987: Roman Brandstaetter
Doula Mouriki
József Ujfalussy
Vladimir Veličković
Velizar Velkov
Gheorghe Vrabie
1988: Roman Berger
Christos Kapralos
Zoe Dumitrescu-Bușulenga
György Györffy
Donka Petkanova
Mieczysław Porębski
Edvard Ravnikar
1989: Maria Banuș
Ákos Birkás
Jerzy Buszkiewicz
Václav Frolec
Nikolai Genchev
Petar Miljković-Pepek
Nikos Gabriel Pentzikis
1990: Liviu Calin
Bronisław Geremek
Aris Konstantinidis
Dejan Medaković
Virginia Paskaleva
Adriena Šimotová
András Vizkelety
1991–2000
1991: Maja Bošković-Stulli
Gerard Labuda
Andor Pigler
Yorgos Sicilianos
Emil Skála
Marin Sorescu
Stoimen Stoilov
1992: Manolis Andronikos
Jenő Barabás
Blaga Dimitrova
Stefan Kaszynski
Jiří Kořalka
Zmaga Kumer
Jon Nicodim
1993: Vasilka Gerasimova-Tomova
Petro Kononenko
György Kurtág
Jerzy Tchórzewski
Răzvan Theodorescu
Elena Várossová
Māra Zālīte
Dionysis Zivas
Viktor Žmegač
1994: István Borzsák
Dževad Juzbašić
Ștefan Niculescu
Andrzej Szczypiorski
Jitka and Květa Válová
Takis Varvitsiotis
Zigmas Zinkevičius
1995: Sándor Kányádi
Mirko Kovač
Milcho Lalkov
Michael G. Meraklis
Mindaugas Navakas
Wisława Szymborska
Jaan Undusk
1996: Tamás Hofer
Karel Hubáček
Konstantin Iliev
Marin Mincu
Jože Pogačnik
Pēteris Vasks
Marian Zgórniak
1997: Tasos Athanasiadis
Bogdan Bogdanović
Oskár Elschek
Ferenc Glatz
Lech Kalinowski
Jaan Kross
Dunja Rihtman-Auguštin
1998: Imre Bak
Andrei Corbea-Hoișie
Eliška Fučíková
Ismail Kadare
Justinas Marcinkevičius
Dorota Simonides
Elena Toncheva
1999: Svetlana Alexievich
Vera Bitrakova-Grozdanova
Mircea Dinescu
István Fried
Henryk Górecki
Dževad Karahasan
Ferdinand Milučký
2000: Ján Bakoš
Ivan Čolović
Nikola Georgiev
Imre Kertész
Milan Kundera
Karolos Mitsakis
Arvo Pärt
2001–2006
2001: Yurii Andrukhovych
Janez Bernik
János Böhönyey
Maria Kłańska
Marek Kopelent
Andrej Mitrović
Evanghelos Moutsopoulos
2002: George Demetrius Bambiniotis
Māris Čaklais
Péter Esterházy
Radost Ivanova
Nedjeljko Fabrio
Aurel Stroe
Lech Trzeciakowski
2003: Vasil Gyuzelev
Drago Jančar
Károly Manherz
Stanisław Mossakowski
Ales Rasanau
Ludvík Václavek
Ana Maria Zahariade
2004: Theodore Antoniou
Michał Głowiński
Dušan Kováč
Fatos Lubonja
Éva Pócs
Kazimir Popkonstantinov
Romualdas Požerskis
2005: Károly Klimó
Hanna Krall
Primož Kuret
Jiří Kuthan
Andrei Marga
Eimuntas Nekrošius
Krešimir Nemec
2006: Włodzimierz Borodziej
Nicos Hadjinicolaou
Gabriela Kiliánová
Ene Mihkelson
Vojteh Ravnikar
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrzej_Szczypiorski_grave.JPG"},{"link_name":"[ˈandʐɛj ʂt͡ʂɨˈpjɔrskʲi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Pl-Andrzej_Szczypiorski.ogg/Pl-Andrzej_Szczypiorski.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pl-Andrzej_Szczypiorski.ogg"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"novelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"Solidarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)"},{"link_name":"military crackdown of 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-1"}],"text":"Andrzej Szczypiorski's grave at the Evangelical Reformed Cemetery in WarsawAndrzej Szczypiorski (pronounced [ˈandʐɛj ʂt͡ʂɨˈpjɔrskʲi] ⓘ; 3 February 1928 – 16 May 2000) was a Polish novelist and politician. He served as a member of the Polish legislature, and was a Solidarity activist interned during the military crackdown of 1981. He was a secret police agent in the 1950s.[1]","title":"Andrzej Szczypiorski"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam Szczypiorski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_Szczypiorski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Szczypiorski"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"an underground university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Poland_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"People’s Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Ludowa"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diogenes_Verlag_2021-2"},{"link_name":"Sachsenhausen concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diogenes_Verlag_2021-2"},{"link_name":"Polish Writers' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Writers%27_Union"},{"link_name":"Austrian State Prize for European Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1988prize-3"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF_Goodwill_Ambassador"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diogenes_Verlag_2021_2-4"},{"link_name":"Calvinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformed Cemetery in Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformed_Cemetery_in_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Polish communist secret police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Stalinism in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinism_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-1"}],"text":"He was son of Adam Szczypiorski [pl], a political activist, historian and mathematician, and Jadwiga née Epsztajn. Szczypiorski had a sister Wiesława (1924–1945). He spent his childhood in Warsaw.During World War II Szczypiorski studied at an underground university called the \"flying university\" due to the regular changing of its location for safety. He was a partisan of the Polish People’s Army, and a participant of the Warsaw Uprising.[2] After the Uprising he was arrested and condemned to imprisonment at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where he survived until 1945.[2]In 1946–1947 he studied political science in the Warsaw Consular Diplomatic Academy. In 1948–1956, Szczypiorski worked as an editor in the Katowice Silesian Theater. During this period, in 1952, he made his literary debut in the magazine \"Życie Literackie\" using the pseudonym 'Maurice S. Andrews' and was inducted into the Polish Writers' Union. He won the Austrian State Prize for European Literature in 1988.[3]In 1956–1958, he was selected to serve in the Polish Embassy to Denmark, after which he returned to work as an editor on the radio and for publications. He later served as a member of the Polish legislature. He was also a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador.[4] Prior to his death, Szczypiorski converted to Calvinism, and is buried in the Protestant Reformed Cemetery in Warsaw.After his death it became known that Szczypiorski was a collaborator of the Polish communist secret police in the years of Stalinism in Poland.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diogenes_Verlag_2021_2-4"}],"text":"Source:[4]1961: Czas przeszły (The Past Time), Iskry, Warsaw.\n1966: Podróż do krańca doliny (Journey to the End of the Valley), Iskry, Warsaw.\n1967: Karol Świerczewski – Walter. W 20 rocznicę śmierci, ZG ZBoWiD, Krajowa Komisja Dąbrowszczaków: „Sport i Turystyka”, Warsaw.\n1968: Niedziela, godzina 21.10: wybór felietonów radiowych, 1964–1967, Czytelnik, Warsaw.\n1971: Msza za miasto Arras, Czytelnik, Warsaw.\n1980: Trzej ludzie w bardzo długiej podróży (Three People On A Very Long Journey), Czytelnik, Warsaw.\n1983: Z notatnika stanu wojennego, Polonia, London.\n1986: Początek (The Origin), Instytut Literacki, Paris.\n1990: Amerykańska whiskey i inne opowiadania (American Whiskey and Other Stories), Kantor Wydawniczy SAWW, Poznań.\n1991: Noc, dzień i noc (Night, Day and Night), Kantor Wydawniczy SAWW, Poznań.\n1994: Autoportret z kobietą (Autoportrait with a Woman), Kantor Wydawniczy SAWW, Poznań.\n1999: Gra z ogniem (Playing with Fire), Sens, Poznań.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PEN-Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_PEN"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel_2000-5"},{"link_name":"Austrian State Prize for European Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diogenes_Verlag_2021-2"},{"link_name":"Nelly Sachs Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly_Sachs_Prize"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel_1989-6"},{"link_name":"Herder Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herder_Prize"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diogenes_Verlag_2021-2"},{"link_name":"Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Order of Polonia Restituta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diogenes_Verlag_2021-2"}],"text":"1972: Polish PEN-Club Prize[5]\n1988: Austrian State Prize for European Literature[2]\n1989: Nelly Sachs Prize[6]\n1994: Herder Prize[2]\n1995: Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts[7]\n1995: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany[8]\n1997: Order of Polonia Restituta by the President of the Republic for his services to Poland[2]","title":"Awards and honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-newsweek_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-newsweek_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Tajemnica Szczypiorskiego (Szczypiorski's Secret)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130318021500/http://polska.newsweek.pl/tajemnica-szczypiorskiego,14376,1,1.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//polska.newsweek.pl/tajemnica-szczypiorskiego,14376,1,1.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diogenes_Verlag_2021_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diogenes_Verlag_2021_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diogenes_Verlag_2021_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diogenes_Verlag_2021_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diogenes_Verlag_2021_2-4"},{"link_name":"\"Andrzej Szczypiorski\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.diogenes.ch/leser/autoren/s/andrzej-szczypiorski.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1988prize_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Österreichische StaatspreisträgerInnen für Europäische Literatur\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120529161211/http://www.oesterreich-bibliotheken.at/preistraegerinnen.php?preis=preise_euliteratur"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oesterreich-bibliotheken.at/preistraegerinnen.php?preis=preise_euliteratur"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diogenes_Verlag_2021_2_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diogenes_Verlag_2021_2_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Andrzej Szczypiorski – Bio-Bibliography under Downloads\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.diogenes.ch/dam/jcr:18eb6da2-d93f-43e4-93c2-68960b5a7c19/Szczypiorski_810000611.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Spiegel_2000_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Schriftsteller: Andrzej Szczypiorski gestorben\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/schriftsteller-andrzej-szczypiorski-gestorben-a-76643.html"},{"link_name":"Der Spiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Spiegel_1989_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"Hüter der Bundeslade\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.spiegel.de/kultur/hueter-der-bundeslade-a-e346b237-0002-0001-0000-000013496655"},{"link_name":"Der Spiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Pour le Mérite: Andrzej Szczypiorski\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.orden-pourlemerite.de/plm/mgvita/szczypiorski1924_vita.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Andrzej Szczypiorski odznaczony przez Romana Herzoga\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archiwum.rp.pl/artykul/39492-Andrzej-Szczypiorski-odznaczony-przez-Romana-Herzoga.html"}],"text":"^ a b \"Tajemnica Szczypiorskiego (Szczypiorski's Secret)\". Newsweek.pl Polska. 7 May 2006. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Andrzej Szczypiorski\". Diogenes Verlag (in German). 9 February 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Österreichische StaatspreisträgerInnen für Europäische Literatur\" (in German). Oesterreich-Bibliotheken im Ausland. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.\n\n^ a b \"Andrzej Szczypiorski – Bio-Bibliography under Downloads\" (PDF). Diogenes Verlag (in German). 9 February 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.\n\n^ Krafczyk, Eva (16 May 2000). \"Schriftsteller: Andrzej Szczypiorski gestorben\". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 1 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Hüter der Bundeslade\". Der Spiegel (in German). 3 December 1989. Retrieved 1 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Pour le Mérite: Andrzej Szczypiorski\" (PDF). www.orden-pourlemerite.de. 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Andrzej Szczypiorski odznaczony przez Romana Herzoga\" (in Polish). Retrieved 1 September 2021.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Andrzej Szczypiorski's grave at the Evangelical Reformed Cemetery in Warsaw","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Andrzej_Szczypiorski_grave.JPG/264px-Andrzej_Szczypiorski_grave.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Polish literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_literature"},{"title":"List of Polish writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Poles#Prose_literature"}] | [{"reference":"\"Tajemnica Szczypiorskiego (Szczypiorski's Secret)\". Newsweek.pl Polska. 7 May 2006. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130318021500/http://polska.newsweek.pl/tajemnica-szczypiorskiego,14376,1,1.html","url_text":"\"Tajemnica Szczypiorskiego (Szczypiorski's Secret)\""},{"url":"http://polska.newsweek.pl/tajemnica-szczypiorskiego,14376,1,1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Andrzej Szczypiorski\". Diogenes Verlag (in German). 9 February 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diogenes.ch/leser/autoren/s/andrzej-szczypiorski.html","url_text":"\"Andrzej Szczypiorski\""}]},{"reference":"\"Österreichische StaatspreisträgerInnen für Europäische Literatur\" (in German). Oesterreich-Bibliotheken im Ausland. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120529161211/http://www.oesterreich-bibliotheken.at/preistraegerinnen.php?preis=preise_euliteratur","url_text":"\"Österreichische StaatspreisträgerInnen für Europäische Literatur\""},{"url":"http://www.oesterreich-bibliotheken.at/preistraegerinnen.php?preis=preise_euliteratur","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Andrzej Szczypiorski – Bio-Bibliography under Downloads\" (PDF). Diogenes Verlag (in German). 9 February 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diogenes.ch/dam/jcr:18eb6da2-d93f-43e4-93c2-68960b5a7c19/Szczypiorski_810000611.pdf","url_text":"\"Andrzej Szczypiorski – Bio-Bibliography under Downloads\""}]},{"reference":"Krafczyk, Eva (16 May 2000). \"Schriftsteller: Andrzej Szczypiorski gestorben\". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 1 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/schriftsteller-andrzej-szczypiorski-gestorben-a-76643.html","url_text":"\"Schriftsteller: Andrzej Szczypiorski gestorben\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"Hüter der Bundeslade\". Der Spiegel (in German). 3 December 1989. Retrieved 1 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/hueter-der-bundeslade-a-e346b237-0002-0001-0000-000013496655","url_text":"\"Hüter der Bundeslade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"Pour le Mérite: Andrzej Szczypiorski\" (PDF). www.orden-pourlemerite.de. 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/plm/mgvita/szczypiorski1924_vita.pdf","url_text":"\"Pour le Mérite: Andrzej Szczypiorski\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andrzej Szczypiorski odznaczony przez Romana Herzoga\" (in Polish). Retrieved 1 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archiwum.rp.pl/artykul/39492-Andrzej-Szczypiorski-odznaczony-przez-Romana-Herzoga.html","url_text":"\"Andrzej Szczypiorski odznaczony przez Romana Herzoga\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130318021500/http://polska.newsweek.pl/tajemnica-szczypiorskiego,14376,1,1.html","external_links_name":"\"Tajemnica Szczypiorskiego (Szczypiorski's Secret)\""},{"Link":"http://polska.newsweek.pl/tajemnica-szczypiorskiego,14376,1,1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.diogenes.ch/leser/autoren/s/andrzej-szczypiorski.html","external_links_name":"\"Andrzej Szczypiorski\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120529161211/http://www.oesterreich-bibliotheken.at/preistraegerinnen.php?preis=preise_euliteratur","external_links_name":"\"Österreichische StaatspreisträgerInnen für Europäische Literatur\""},{"Link":"http://www.oesterreich-bibliotheken.at/preistraegerinnen.php?preis=preise_euliteratur","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.diogenes.ch/dam/jcr:18eb6da2-d93f-43e4-93c2-68960b5a7c19/Szczypiorski_810000611.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Andrzej Szczypiorski – Bio-Bibliography under Downloads\""},{"Link":"https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/schriftsteller-andrzej-szczypiorski-gestorben-a-76643.html","external_links_name":"\"Schriftsteller: Andrzej Szczypiorski gestorben\""},{"Link":"https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/hueter-der-bundeslade-a-e346b237-0002-0001-0000-000013496655","external_links_name":"\"Hüter der Bundeslade\""},{"Link":"http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/plm/mgvita/szczypiorski1924_vita.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Pour le Mérite: Andrzej Szczypiorski\""},{"Link":"https://archiwum.rp.pl/artykul/39492-Andrzej-Szczypiorski-odznaczony-przez-Romana-Herzoga.html","external_links_name":"\"Andrzej Szczypiorski odznaczony przez Romana Herzoga\""},{"Link":"http://gu.us.edu.pl/node/187331","external_links_name":"University of Silesia in Katowice University Gazette Article, 2000"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000011769908X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000374262006","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/72192753","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbxB7WpGM3W9YqBBvcdcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90393369","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1132323","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11925857n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11925857n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118902458","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV073006","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268593505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14045084","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93118574","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/zw9cgs5h53t2xfv","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990218101&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20201090150&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000187052&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810675846305606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08593154?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118902458.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027153037","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_They_Were_Stars | Before They Were Stars | ["1 Description","1.1 Examples","2 Cast","3 Production credits","4 References","5 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Before They Were Stars" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
American TV series or program
Before They Were StarsGenreDocumentaryWritten byPhilip GurinDirected byEllen BrownPresented byScott BaioNarrated byJohn CramerTheme music composerRay ColcordCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1ProductionExecutive producersTony DanzaBruce NashScott SternbergRunning time30 minutesProduction companiesNash EntertainmentScott Sternberg ProductionsKatie Face ProductionsColumbia Pictures TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkABCRelease1 February (1996-02-01) –1 June 1996 (1996-06-01)
Before They Were Stars is a 30-minute American television show which aired on ABC in 1996 and was hosted by Scott Baio, with John Cramer as announcer and narrator.
The program originated as a series of specials which aired during 1994 and 1995; Joey Lawrence hosted the first two installments, with Karen Duffy taking the reins for the next two, and eventual series host Baio doing so for the fifth and final edition. All of the specials were an hour long, except the third, which was a half-hour.
The term "Before They Were Stars" has since become widely used by television shows and magazines when featuring segments and articles on famous actors in their lesser-known performances (and non-entertainment jobs).
Description
This TV series showed film clips, commercials, television clips and screen tests of celebrities before they became famous, divided into segments spotlighting different genres: "Song of the Week" featured a musical performance by a then-unknown celebrity, while "As the Star Turns" showed celebrities who got their start in minor soap opera roles, and each episode ended with a "Viewer Mail" segment, in which Baio would read letters from home viewers who wanted to see a particular celebrity early in his or her career.
Each episode also featured a segment in which announcer Cramer would call on an audience member, who would be shown a clip of an unnamed celebrity in an early work, and then have the chance to win a cash prize by correctly identifying the celebrity in question.
Examples
Yasmine Bleeth appeared in episode 4. She described the 1980 film Hey Babe!, in which she starred with actor/comedian Buddy Hackett, when she was 12 years old.
In episode 7, Bleeth again appeared to introduce clips from the soap opera Ryan's Hope, on which she appeared as a teenager from 1985 to 1989.
Cast
Scott Baio – host; with various TV and film celebrities.
Production credits
Ellen Brown (Director)
Philip Gurin (Writer)
Tony Danza (Executive Producer)
Steve Sauer (Executive Producer)
Bruce Nash (Executive Producer)
Scott Sternberg (Executive Producer)
Nash Entertainment, Scott Sternberg Productions, Katie Face Productions and Columbia Pictures Television (Production Companies)
Sony Pictures Television (Distributor, 2002–Present)
References
^ "NEW ABC SERIES A CHEAP CLIP JOB". The Sun Sentinel. February 28, 1996. ProQuest 388588940. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
External links
Before They Were Stars at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Scott Baio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Baio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"John Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cramer_(announcer)"},{"link_name":"Joey Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Karen Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Duffy"}],"text":"American TV series or programBefore They Were Stars is a 30-minute American television show which aired on ABC in 1996 and was hosted by Scott Baio,[1] with John Cramer as announcer and narrator.The program originated as a series of specials which aired during 1994 and 1995; Joey Lawrence hosted the first two installments, with Karen Duffy taking the reins for the next two, and eventual series host Baio doing so for the fifth and final edition. All of the specials were an hour long, except the third, which was a half-hour.The term \"Before They Were Stars\" has since become widely used by television shows and magazines when featuring segments and articles on famous actors in their lesser-known performances (and non-entertainment jobs).","title":"Before They Were Stars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"screen tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_test"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"}],"text":"This TV series showed film clips, commercials, television clips and screen tests of celebrities before they became famous, divided into segments spotlighting different genres: \"Song of the Week\" featured a musical performance by a then-unknown celebrity, while \"As the Star Turns\" showed celebrities who got their start in minor soap opera roles, and each episode ended with a \"Viewer Mail\" segment, in which Baio would read letters from home viewers who wanted to see a particular celebrity early in his or her career.Each episode also featured a segment in which announcer Cramer would call on an audience member, who would be shown a clip of an unnamed celebrity in an early work, and then have the chance to win a cash prize by correctly identifying the celebrity in question.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yasmine Bleeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmine_Bleeth"},{"link_name":"Hey Babe!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Babe!_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"Buddy Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Hackett"},{"link_name":"Ryan's Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%27s_Hope"}],"sub_title":"Examples","text":"Yasmine Bleeth appeared in episode 4. She described the 1980 film Hey Babe!, in which she starred with actor/comedian Buddy Hackett, when she was 12 years old.\nIn episode 7, Bleeth again appeared to introduce clips from the soap opera Ryan's Hope, on which she appeared as a teenager from 1985 to 1989.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scott Baio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Baio"},{"link_name":"TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"}],"text":"Scott Baio – host; with various TV and film celebrities.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Danza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Danza"},{"link_name":"Bruce Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Nash"},{"link_name":"Nash Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures_Television"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Television"}],"text":"Ellen Brown (Director)\nPhilip Gurin (Writer)\nTony Danza (Executive Producer)\nSteve Sauer (Executive Producer)\nBruce Nash (Executive Producer)\nScott Sternberg (Executive Producer)\nNash Entertainment, Scott Sternberg Productions, Katie Face Productions and Columbia Pictures Television (Production Companies)\nSony Pictures Television (Distributor, 2002–Present)","title":"Production credits"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"NEW ABC SERIES A CHEAP CLIP JOB\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Edwards | Lewis Edwards | ["1 Life","2 Influence","3 Publications","4 References","5 Sources","6 Further reading"] | For the American businessman and politician, see Lewis A. Edwards.
Photographic portrait by John Thomas (c. 1875)
Portrait by Jerry Barrett (1877)
Lewis Edwards (27 October 1809 – 19 July 1887) was a Welsh educator and Nonconformist minister.
Life
He was born in Pen-llwyn, Ceredigion, Wales, the eldest son of Lewis and Margaret Edward. He was educated at Aberystwyth and at Llangeitho. He ran schools in both these places and then became private tutor to a family in Meidrim, Carmarthenshire.
He had preached for the Calvinistic Methodists and, in 1829, was accepted as a regular preacher by the Calvinistic Methodist congregation at Llangeitho. In 1830 he was accepted for study at the Seceders' College, Belfast, but chose instead to study in London, at a college which later became University College London. After one year in London he became a minister and schoolteacher in Laugharne, Carmarthenshire. in 1833 he went to Edinburgh University, where he studied under Thomas Chalmers and Christopher North. By a special dispensation he graduated after three years instead of the usual four, obtaining an MA with honours. He was awarded an honorary D.D. by the University of Edinburgh in 1865.
He was now better able to further his plans for providing a trained ministry for his church. Previously, the success of the Methodist preachers had been due mainly to their natural gifts. Edwards made his home at Bala, and there, in 1837, with David Charles, his brother-in-law, he opened a school, which ultimately, as Bala College, became the denominational college for north Wales.
In 1836 he married Jane Charles, the granddaughter of Thomas Charles (1755–1814), a prominent Calvinistic Methodist minister. Their son Thomas Charles Edwards became the first principal of the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.
He died on 19 July 1887, and was buried in Llanycil churchyard near the grave of his grandfather-in-law Thomas Charles.
Influence
Edwards may fairly be called one of the makers of modern Wales. Through his hands there passed generation after generation of preachers, who carried his influence to every corner of the principality. By fostering competitive meetings and by his writings, especially in Y Traethodydd, a quarterly magazine which he founded in 1845 and edited for ten years, he did much to inform and educate his countrymen on literary and theological subjects. A new college was built at Bala in 1867, for which he raised £10,000. His chief publication was a noteworthy book on the doctrine of the Atonement, cast in the form of a dialogue between master and pupil; the treatment is forensic, and emphasis is laid on merit. It was due to him that the North and South Wales Calvinistic Methodist Associations united to form an annual General Assembly; he was its moderator in 1866 and again in 1876. He was successful in bringing the various churches of the Presbyterian order into closer touch with each other, and unwearying in his efforts to promote education for his countrymen.
Publications
Edwards was closely involved with several magazines and periodicals. He was editor of Yr Esboniwr and assistant editor of Y Geiniogwerth. In 1845 he founded Y Traethodydd together with Roger Edwards and Thomas Gee.
His published books included:
Athrawiaeth yr Iawn
Traethodau Llenyddol
Traethodau Duwinyddol
Hanes Duwinyddiaeth
Person Crist
Edwards wrote several influential essays, including:
Schools of languages for the Welsh (1849)
Revisers of hymns (1850)
Goethe (1851)
Welsh poetry (1852)
Goronwy Owen (1876)
He translated several English hymns into Welsh.
References
^ a b c d e f g h Evans, Rev. Trebor Lloyd. "Edwards, Lewis (1809-1887)". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Edwards, Lewis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1889). "Edwards, Lewis" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 17. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Further reading
Morgan, D. Densil (2009). Lewis Edwards. University of Wales Press. ISBN 9780708321942.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lewis A. Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_A._Edwards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Revd_Dr_Lewis_Edwards_(1809-87)_NLW3363289.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thomas_(photographer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr_Lewis_Edwards.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jerry Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Nonconformist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)"}],"text":"For the American businessman and politician, see Lewis A. Edwards.Photographic portrait by John Thomas (c. 1875)Portrait by Jerry Barrett (1877)Lewis Edwards (27 October 1809 – 19 July 1887) was a Welsh educator and Nonconformist minister.","title":"Lewis Edwards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pen-llwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen-llwyn"},{"link_name":"Ceredigion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceredigion"},{"link_name":"Aberystwyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth"},{"link_name":"Llangeitho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llangeitho"},{"link_name":"Meidrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meidrim"},{"link_name":"Carmarthenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWB-1"},{"link_name":"Calvinistic Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival"},{"link_name":"Seceders' College, Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seceders%27_College,_Belfast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Laugharne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laugharne"},{"link_name":"Carmarthenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University"},{"link_name":"Thomas Chalmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers"},{"link_name":"D.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.D."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWB-1"},{"link_name":"Bala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala,_Gwynedd"},{"link_name":"David Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Charles_(minister)"},{"link_name":"Bala College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala_College"},{"link_name":"Thomas Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Charles"},{"link_name":"Thomas Charles Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Charles_Edwards"},{"link_name":"University College of Wales, Aberystwyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wales,_Aberystwyth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWB-1"},{"link_name":"Llanycil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanycil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWB-1"}],"text":"He was born in Pen-llwyn, Ceredigion, Wales, the eldest son of Lewis and Margaret Edward. He was educated at Aberystwyth and at Llangeitho. He ran schools in both these places and then became private tutor to a family in Meidrim, Carmarthenshire.[1]He had preached for the Calvinistic Methodists and, in 1829, was accepted as a regular preacher by the Calvinistic Methodist congregation at Llangeitho. In 1830 he was accepted for study at the Seceders' College, Belfast, but chose instead to study in London, at a college which later became University College London. After one year in London he became a minister and schoolteacher in Laugharne, Carmarthenshire. in 1833 he went to Edinburgh University, where he studied under Thomas Chalmers and Christopher North. By a special dispensation he graduated after three years instead of the usual four, obtaining an MA with honours. He was awarded an honorary D.D. by the University of Edinburgh in 1865.[1]He was now better able to further his plans for providing a trained ministry for his church. Previously, the success of the Methodist preachers had been due mainly to their natural gifts. Edwards made his home at Bala, and there, in 1837, with David Charles, his brother-in-law, he opened a school, which ultimately, as Bala College, became the denominational college for north Wales.In 1836 he married Jane Charles, the granddaughter of Thomas Charles (1755–1814), a prominent Calvinistic Methodist minister. Their son Thomas Charles Edwards became the first principal of the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.[1]He died on 19 July 1887, and was buried in Llanycil churchyard near the grave of his grandfather-in-law Thomas Charles.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Y Traethodydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Traethodydd"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"doctrine of the Atonement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"forensic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Assembly_(presbyterian_church)"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"}],"text":"Edwards may fairly be called one of the makers of modern Wales. Through his hands there passed generation after generation of preachers, who carried his influence to every corner of the principality. By fostering competitive meetings and by his writings, especially in Y Traethodydd, a quarterly magazine which he founded in 1845 and edited for ten years, he did much to inform and educate his countrymen on literary and theological subjects. A new college was built at Bala in 1867, for which he raised £10,000[clarification needed]. His chief publication was a noteworthy book on the doctrine of the Atonement, cast in the form of a dialogue between master and pupil; the treatment is forensic, and emphasis is laid on merit. It was due to him that the North and South Wales Calvinistic Methodist Associations united to form an annual General Assembly; he was its moderator in 1866 and again in 1876. 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He was editor of Yr Esboniwr and assistant editor of Y Geiniogwerth. In 1845 he founded Y Traethodydd together with Roger Edwards and Thomas Gee.[1]His published books included:[1]Athrawiaeth yr Iawn\nTraethodau Llenyddol\nTraethodau Duwinyddol\nHanes Duwinyddiaeth\nPerson CristEdwards wrote several influential essays, including:[1]Schools of languages for the Welsh (1849)\nRevisers of hymns (1850)\nGoethe (1851)\nWelsh poetry (1852)\nGoronwy Owen (1876)He translated several English hymns into Welsh.[1]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Edwards, Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Edwards,_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"Stephen, Leslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen"},{"link_name":"\"Edwards, Lewis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Edwards,_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Edwards, Lewis\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.\nStephen, Leslie, ed. (1889). \"Edwards, Lewis\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 17. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concours_de_Dressage_International | Concours de Dressage International | ["1 Other sections","2 Nations Cup","3 Prestigious shows","4 References","5 External links"] | Competition rating for international dressage events
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Concours de Dressage International (CDI) is the competition rating for international dressage events. The rating is given by the equestrian governing body FEI.
A CDI is divided from one to five stars. The height of the star depends on the class in which the rider competes and the prize money.
CDI5*: Big Tour (Minimum of prizemoney €72'200, no maximum)
CDI4*: Big Tour (Minimum of prizemoney €19'200 and maximum of prizemoney €71'099)
CDI3*: Big Tour (Maximum of prizemoney €19'199, no minimum)
CDI2*: Medium Tour (No minimum nor maximum prizemoney)
CDI1*: Small Tour (No minimum nor maximum prizemoney)
To be able to organize a CDI5* you must first have organized a CDI4*. Only when a positive report has been released on the CDI4* by the Foreign Judge can a CDI5* be organized.
Other sections
CDI-W: International World Cup competition or a WC qualifier in Grand Prix.
CDIAm: International amateurs class
CDIYH: International Young Horse class divided into 5 years old, 6 years old, and 7 years old horses.
CDIU25: An international class for Grand Prix riders under the age of 25
CDIY: An international class for Young Riders between the age of 18 and 21
CDIJ: An international class for Juniors between the age of 16 and 18
CDICh-A/B: An international class for Children between the age of 12 and 14 in which the rider can decide to ride on E-ponies and horses. This class is for children who already want to start in a horse division class.
CDIP: An international class for Pony riders between the age of 12 and 16
Nations Cup
A CDI can also be organized as a Nations Cup, well known as a Concours de Dressage International Officiele (CDIO). The CDIO rating is divided between a CDIO2*, CDIO3*, CDIO4*, and CDIO5*. There are currently eight Nations Cup competitions:
Show
Class
CHIO Aachen
CDIO5*
CHIO Rotterdam
CDIO4*
Falsterbo Horse Show
CDIO5*
CDI Budapest Pilisjaszfalu
CDIO3*
Compiègne Equestre
CDIO5*
Global Dressage Festival, Wellington FL
CDIO3*
Former Dressage Nations Cup shows
Show
Class
CDI Aarhus, Vilhelmsborg
CDIO2*
CDI Lipica
CDIO2*
CDI Kiyv
CDIO3*
Grande Semaine de Saumur
CDIO2*
CDIO Kristiansand
CDIO3*
CDIO Taipei
CDIO2*
CDIO Mondorf less Bains
CDIO3*
All England Jumping Course at Hickstead
CDIO3*
Domaine Equestre Vidauban
CDIO3*
Equitour Denmark, Uggerhalne
CDIO4*
Nordic Horse Show, Drammen
CDIO3*
CDI Helsinki
CDIO3*
Hamina Horse Show
CDIO3*
Equitour Aalborg
CDIO3*
CDIO Hagen
CDIO5*
Odense Horse Show
CDIO3*
CDI Ypäjä
CDIO3*
CSI Twente, Geesteren
CDIO3*
Järvenpää Horse Show
CDIO4*
In the youth classes, there is also a Nations Cup. This exists of the CDIOU25, CDIOY, CDIOJ, CDIOP, and CDIOCh.
Prestigious shows
There are several major competitions that have the prestigious 5 * status. The best riders and horses come together at these competitions.
Shows as Aachen, München-Riem and Frankfurt (Germany), Rotterdam (Netherlands), Falsterbo (Sweden), Doha (Qatar), Herning (Denmark), Wellington (USA), Geneva (Switzerland) and Compiegne (France) are prestigious CDI5* shows.
References
^ "CDI Requirements | usdf-region-6".
^ "Equestrian Life - Dressage: Know your C's". www.equestrianlife.com.au.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-06-27. Retrieved 2020-06-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Main FEI Dressage Nations Cup". FEI. April 10, 2013.
^ https://data.fei.org/Calendar/Search.aspx
^ https://data.fei.org/Calendar/ShowDetail.aspx?p=9034B3F9D07550A067508B80DD21D0B5
^ "2015 German Nations Cup to Take Place in Hagen". Eurodressage.
^ "Na kwart eeuw weer een Nations Cup in Geesteren". Tubbergen. June 5, 2019.
External links
FEI Dressage tests | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dressage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressage"},{"link_name":"FEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_for_Equestrian_Sports"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressage_judge"}],"text":"Concours de Dressage International (CDI) is the competition rating for international dressage events. The rating is given by the equestrian governing body FEI.[1][2]A CDI is divided from one to five stars. The height of the star depends on the class in which the rider competes and the prize money.[3]CDI5*: Big Tour (Minimum of prizemoney €72'200, no maximum)\nCDI4*: Big Tour (Minimum of prizemoney €19'200 and maximum of prizemoney €71'099)\nCDI3*: Big Tour (Maximum of prizemoney €19'199, no minimum)\nCDI2*: Medium Tour (No minimum nor maximum prizemoney)\nCDI1*: Small Tour (No minimum nor maximum prizemoney)To be able to organize a CDI5* you must first have organized a CDI4*. 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This class is for children who already want to start in a horse division class.\nCDIP: An international class for Pony riders between the age of 12 and 16","title":"Other sections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A CDI can also be organized as a Nations Cup, well known as a Concours de Dressage International Officiele (CDIO). The CDIO rating is divided between a CDIO2*, CDIO3*, CDIO4*, and CDIO5*.[4] There are currently eight Nations Cup competitions:Former Dressage Nations Cup shows[5]In the youth classes, there is also a Nations Cup. This exists of the CDIOU25, CDIOY, CDIOJ, CDIOP, and CDIOCh.","title":"Nations Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIO_Aachen"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIO_Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"Falsterbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Falsterbo_Horse_Show"}],"text":"There are several major competitions that have the prestigious 5 * status. The best riders and horses come together at these competitions.Shows as Aachen, München-Riem and Frankfurt (Germany), Rotterdam (Netherlands), Falsterbo (Sweden), Doha (Qatar), Herning (Denmark), Wellington (USA), Geneva (Switzerland) and Compiegne (France) are prestigious CDI5* shows.","title":"Prestigious shows"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"CDI Requirements | usdf-region-6\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usdfregion6.org/cdi-entryrequirements","url_text":"\"CDI Requirements | usdf-region-6\""}]},{"reference":"\"Equestrian Life - Dressage: Know your C's\". www.equestrianlife.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equestrianlife.com.au/articles/Dressage-Know-your-Cs","url_text":"\"Equestrian Life - Dressage: Know your C's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-06-27. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterostylis_timothyi | Pterostylis timothyi | ["1 Description","2 Taxonomy and naming","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Conservation status","5 References"] | Species of orchid
Brittle snail orchid
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Orchidaceae
Subfamily:
Orchidoideae
Tribe:
Cranichideae
Genus:
Pterostylis
Species:
P. timothyi
Binomial name
Pterostylis timothyi(D.L.Jones) Janes & Duretto
Synonyms
Linguella timothyi D.L.Jones
Pterostylis timothyi, commonly known as the brittle snail orchid or fawn snail orchid is a species of orchid which is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a rosette of leaves at its base, and when flowering, a single green, fawn and white with erect lateral sepals.
Description
Pterostylis timothyi is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a rosette of bright green, pointed leaves 5–11 mm (0.2–0.4 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide with prominent veins. A single bright green, fawn and white flower, 11–13 mm (0.4–0.5 in) long and 3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide is borne on a stalk 60–130 mm (2–5 in) high. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or "galea" over the column, the sepal and petals with a sharp point on the end. The lateral sepals are erect, in close contact with the galea and have thread-like tips 12–18 mm (0.5–0.7 in) long. The sinus between the lateral sepals has a small notch in the centre a brownish central area. The labellum is 3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long, about 2 mm (0.08 in) wide and hidden inside the flower. Flowering occurs in July and August.
Taxonomy and naming
The brittle snail orchid was first formally described in 2006 by David Jones who gave it the name Linguella timothyi. The description was published in Australian Orchid Research from a specimen collected near Jerramungup. In 2010 Jasmine Janes and Marco Duretto changed the name to Pterostylis timothyi. The specific epithet (timothyi) honours Timothy Jones, the son of the author of this species.
Distribution and habitat
The brittle snail orchid grows in woodland and heath between Hyden and Israelite Bay in the Avon Wheatbelt, Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest and Mallee biogeographic regions.
Conservation status
This species is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.
References
^ a b "Pterostylis russellii". APNI. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
^ "Pterostylis timothyi". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
^ a b c Brown, Andrew; Dundas, Pat; Dixon, Kingsley; Hopper, Stephen (2008). Orchids of Western Australia. Crawley, Western Australia: University of Western Australia Press. p. 353. ISBN 9780980296457.
^ a b c Hoffman, Noel; Brown, Andrew (2011). Orchids of South-West Australia (3rd ed.). Gooseberry Hill: Noel Hoffman. p. 413. ISBN 9780646562322.
^ Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. p. 299. ISBN 978-1877069123.
^ "Linguella timothyi". APNI. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
^ a b "Pterostylis timothyi". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
Taxon identifiersPterostylis timothyi
Wikidata: Q17329279
Wikispecies: Pterostylis timothyi
APNI: 227718
CoL: 4Q6L5
FloraBase: 41981
GBIF: 6316252
iNaturalist: 1090870
IPNI: 77107141-1
Open Tree of Life: 191065
Plant List: kew-463930
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77107141-1
Species+: 79555
WFO: wfo-0000918520 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APB-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman-4"},{"link_name":"orchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"south-west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Australia"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"rosette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette_(botany)"},{"link_name":"lateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lateral"},{"link_name":"sepals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepal"}],"text":"Pterostylis timothyi, commonly known as the brittle snail orchid[3] or fawn snail orchid[4] is a species of orchid which is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. 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Flowering occurs in July and August.[5][3][4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Jones_(botanist)"},{"link_name":"Jerramungup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerramungup,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APNI(1)-6"},{"link_name":"Jasmine Janes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jasmine_K._Janes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marco Duretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_F._Duretto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APNI-1"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APB-3"}],"text":"The brittle snail orchid was first formally described in 2006 by David Jones who gave it the name Linguella timothyi. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altan_Khan_of_the_Khotgoid | Altan Khan of the Khalkha | ["1 Background","2 Rulers","3 References"] | Mongol leaders (17th century)
Realm of the Altan Khan in 1636
The Altan Khans (lit. Golden Khan) ruled north-western Mongolia from about 1609 to 1691 at the latest. Altan Khan of Khalkha also known as Altan Khan of Khotogoid ruled over the Khotogoids in northwestern Mongolia and belonged to the Left Wing of the Khalkha (Eastern) Mongols. Although they claimed to be Khan, Mongolian chronicles call them Hun Taij, which was a
noble rank equivalent to prince.
Background
After the death of Dayan Khan some time after 1517 his empire was split between his descendants and became a kind of family federation. His grandson, a different Altan Khan (1507–1582) of Tumet had successful military campaigns against the Oirats. Dayan Khan's youngest son, Gersendze Huangtaizi, was given lands approximately matching the territory of present-day Mongolia. By the early 17th century most of Outer Mongolia was held by his descendants. These formed four khanates, from west to east:
The Altan Khan (great-grandson of Geresandza) in the far west.
Dzasagtu-khan, khanate founded by Laikhor-khan, a cousin of the Altan Khan.
Tushetu Khan at örgöö (ᠥᠷᠭᠦᠭᠡ/Өргөө, today Ulan Bator) founded by Abtai Sain Khan, another grandson. This was the senior branch.
Sechen-khan at the eastern end of modern Mongolia, founded by Shului, a great-grandson.
The Altan Khan was important circa 1609-1682. The Tushetu Khan, with his control of the religious capital, was long the leading figure in Khalkha.
In the 17th century, to the west, the Oirat Dzungar Khanate was gradually consolidated in modern-day Xinjiang; to the north, the Russians increased their hold over the Siberian forests; and, to the east, the Manchus moved south to conquer the Ming dynasty, eventually forming the Qing dynasty.
Rulers
Ubasi Khong Tayiji (Shului Ubasha Khong Tayiji) (?-1623) was the first to take the name Altan Khan. Ubasi was killed by the Oirats in 1623 and was succeeded by his son Badma Erdeni Khong Tayiji.
Badma Erdeni Khong Tayiji (1623-?) his son. In 1652, he abdicated the throne and his son Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji succeeded.
Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji (or Lobdzang or Rinchen Sayin Khong Tayiji) (ca.1658-91): In 1662 he attacked, captured and put to death his eastern neighbor, the Dzasagtu Khan. This led the senior Tushetu Khan (Chaghun Dorji) to form a league and drive out the Altan-khan. With the help of the Dzungar and Qing (divide and conquer), he was able to reinstate himself, but in 1682 he was captured by the Dzasagtu Khan. In 1691 he, and his khanate, disappeared from the records.
References
René Grousset, 'The Empire of the Steppes, 1970
vteNorthern Yuan (1368–1635)Political organizationList of KhansIndependent khans
Six Tumen MongolsFour OiratNotable citiesTitles
Three Eastern Tumens
Khalkha
Chahar
Uriankhai
Three Western Tumens
Ordos
Tumed
Yunshebu Tümen
Choros
Torghut
Khoid
Dörbet Oirat
Yingchang
Karakorum
Hohhot
Khagan
Khan
Khatun
Taishi
Jinong
Khong Tayiji
Noyan
Tarkhan
Councellor
Wang
UnifiedChahar
Ukhaantu Khan Toghun-Temur (1368–1370)
Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara (1370–1378)
Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür (1378–1388)
Jorightu Khan Yesüder (1388–1391)
Engke Khan (1391–1394)
Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan (1394–1399)
Gün Temür Khan (1399–1402)
Örüg Temür Khan Gulichi (1402–1408)
Öljei Temür Khan Bunyashiri (1403–1412)
Delbeg Khan (1411–1415)
Oyiradai Khan (1415–1425)
Adai Khan (1425–1438)
Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha (1433–1452)
Agbarjin (1453)
Esen Taishi (1453–1454)
Markörgis Khan (Ükegtü) (1454–1465)
Molon Khan (1465–1466)
Manduul Khan (1475–1479)
Dayan Khan (1480–1516)
Bars Bolud Jinong (deputy)
Bodi Alagh Khan (1516–1547)
Darayisung Gödeng Khan (1547–1557)
Tümen Jasaghtu Khan (1557–1592)
Buyan Sechen Khan (1592–1604)
Ligdan Khan (1604–1634)
Ejei Khan (1634–1635)
TumedOrdosTüsheetJasagtuSechenKhotogoid
Altan Khan (1521–1582)
Sengge Düüreng Khan (1583–1585)
Namudai Sechen Khan (1586–1607)
Boshugtu Khung Taiji (1608–1636)
Barsu-Bolod (d. 1521)
Mergen Jinong (d. 1542)
Noyandara Jinong (1543–1572)
Buyan Baatur Taiji (1573–1576)
Boshugtu Jinong (1577–1624)
Erinchen Jinong (1624–1636)
Abtai Sain Khan (1567–1588)
Eriyekhei Mergen Khan (1589–?)
Gombodorji Khan (d. 1655)
Chakhun Dorji Khan (1654–1698)
Laikhur Khan
Subandai Khan
Norbu Bisireltü Khan (d. 1661)
Chambun Khan (1670?–)
Zenggün
Shara (d. 1687)
Soloi Maqasamadi Sechen Khan (1577–1652)
Baba Sechen Khan (1653–?)
Sechen Khan (d. 1686)
Ubasi Khong Tayiji (c.1609–1623)
Badma Erdeni Khong Tayiji (1623–1652)
Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji (1652–1667)
This article related to Central Asian history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mongolia_in_1636.svg"},{"link_name":"Khotogoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khotogoid"},{"link_name":"Khalkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalkha"},{"link_name":"Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols"},{"link_name":"Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_(title)"},{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"Hun Taij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khong_Tayiji"}],"text":"Realm of the Altan Khan in 1636The Altan Khans (lit. Golden Khan) ruled north-western Mongolia from about 1609 to 1691 at the latest. Altan Khan of Khalkha also known as Altan Khan of Khotogoid ruled over the Khotogoids in northwestern Mongolia and belonged to the Left Wing of the Khalkha (Eastern) Mongols. Although they claimed to be Khan, Mongolian chronicles call them Hun Taij, which was a \nnoble rank equivalent to prince.","title":"Altan Khan of the Khalkha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dayan Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayan_Khan"},{"link_name":"Altan Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altan_Khan"},{"link_name":"Oirats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oirats"},{"link_name":"Outer Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Tushetu Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCsheet_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ulan Bator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulan_Bator"},{"link_name":"Abtai Sain Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abtai_Sain_Khan"},{"link_name":"Dzungar Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Manchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_people"},{"link_name":"conquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"}],"text":"After the death of Dayan Khan some time after 1517 his empire was split between his descendants and became a kind of family federation. His grandson, a different Altan Khan (1507–1582) of Tumet had successful military campaigns against the Oirats. Dayan Khan's youngest son, Gersendze Huangtaizi, was given lands approximately matching the territory of present-day Mongolia. By the early 17th century most of Outer Mongolia was held by his descendants. These formed four khanates, from west to east:The Altan Khan (great-grandson of Geresandza) in the far west.\nDzasagtu-khan, khanate founded by Laikhor-khan, a cousin of the Altan Khan.\nTushetu Khan at örgöö (ᠥᠷᠭᠦᠭᠡ/Өргөө, today Ulan Bator) founded by Abtai Sain Khan, another grandson. This was the senior branch.\nSechen-khan at the eastern end of modern Mongolia, founded by Shului, a great-grandson.The Altan Khan was important circa 1609-1682. The Tushetu Khan, with his control of the religious capital, was long the leading figure in Khalkha.In the 17th century, to the west, the Oirat Dzungar Khanate was gradually consolidated in modern-day Xinjiang; to the north, the Russians increased their hold over the Siberian forests; and, to the east, the Manchus moved south to conquer the Ming dynasty, eventually forming the Qing dynasty.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ubasi Khong Tayiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubasi_Khong_Tayiji"},{"link_name":"Badma Erdeni Khong Tayiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badma_Erdeni_Khong_Tayiji"},{"link_name":"Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinchin_Lobsang_Tayiji"}],"text":"Ubasi Khong Tayiji (Shului Ubasha Khong Tayiji) (?-1623) was the first to take the name Altan Khan. Ubasi was killed by the Oirats in 1623 and was succeeded by his son Badma Erdeni Khong Tayiji.\nBadma Erdeni Khong Tayiji (1623-?) his son. In 1652, he abdicated the throne and his son Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji succeeded.\nErinchin Lobsang Tayiji (or Lobdzang or Rinchen Sayin Khong Tayiji) (ca.1658-91): In 1662 he attacked, captured and put to death his eastern neighbor, the Dzasagtu Khan. This led the senior Tushetu Khan (Chaghun Dorji) to form a league and drive out the Altan-khan. With the help of the Dzungar and Qing (divide and conquer), he was able to reinstate himself, but in 1682 he was captured by the Dzasagtu Khan. In 1691 he, and his khanate, disappeared from the records.","title":"Rulers"}] | [{"image_text":"Realm of the Altan Khan in 1636","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mongolia_in_1636.svg/400px-Mongolia_in_1636.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altan_Khan_of_the_Khalkha&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Karen_Buddhist_Army | Democratic Karen Buddhist Army | ["1 History","1.1 Formation","1.2 2000s","1.3 2010s","1.4 Resurgence","2 References","3 External links"] | Former insurgent group in Myanmar
Not to be confused with DKBA-5.
Democratic Karen Buddhist Armyတိုးတက်သော ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ကရင်အမျိုးသား တပ်ဖွဲ့LeadersU ThuzanaDates of operation1994 (1994)–2010 (2010)Active regionsKayin State, MyanmarIdeologyKaren nationalismTheravāda BuddhismSize6,000Allies Union of Myanmar
Tatmadaw
OpponentsState opponents
Union of Myanmar (until 1994)
Non-state opponents
Karen National Union
Karen National Liberation Army
Battles and warsInternal conflict in Myanmar
Karen conflict
Fall of Manerplaw
Battle of Kawmoora
Preceded by Karen National UnionSucceeded by DKBA-5Kayin Border Guard Force
The Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA; Burmese: တိုးတက်သော ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ကရင်အမျိုးသား တပ်ဖွဲ့) was an insurgent group of Buddhist soldiers and officers in Myanmar that split from the predominantly Christian-led Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA), one of the largest rebel factions in Myanmar. Shortly after splitting from the KNLA in December 1994, the DKBA signed a ceasefire agreement with the government of Myanmar in exchange for military and financial assistance; provided that it supported government offensives against the KNU (the political wing of the KNLA) and its allies.
History
Formation
The DKBA was formed for a variety of reasons. A Buddhist monk named U Thuzana had started a campaign in 1992 of constructing pagodas in Karen State, including at the KNU headquarters of Manerplaw. As the KNU leadership would not grant permission for construction of the pagodas, claiming they would attract government air strikes, Thuzana began to encourage KNLA soldiers to desert the organisation. Following a couple skirmishes and failed negotiations in early December 1994, the DKBA announced its formation and its split from the KNU on 1 January 1995. Its political wing composed of Buddhist officers, Democratic Karen Buddhist Organisation, was established on 21 December 1994.
2000s
Pado Mahn Shar, the secretary-general of the Karen National Union, was assassinated at his home in Mae Sot, Thailand, on 14 February 2008. Several analysts claim that the assassination was possibly carried out by soldiers of the DKBA, though this has never been confirmed.
2010s
Main article: 2010–2012 Myanmar border clashes
In 2010, DKBA soldiers split away from the organisation and renamed themselves the Democratic Karen Benevolent Army – Brigade 5 (DKBA-5), which was led by Bo Nat Khann Mway (Saw Lah Pwe). The newly formed group originally had five brigades under its control (hence its name), but currently commands only three.
Resurgence
DKBA under the original name of Democratic Karen Buddhist Army reemerged under the command of Saw Kyaw Thet, a brigadier general who split away from DKBA-5. In early June 2021, a combined force of five armed groups; Democratic Karen Buddhist Army, PDF, KNU/KNLA Peace Council (KPC), Karen National Defence Organisation (KNDO) and a Karen Border Guard Force (BGF) splinter group clashed with Tatmadaw and Karen BGF in Phlu village, Karen state. Brigadier General Saw Kyaw Thet, stated that the five armed groups are cooperating throughout Karen state.
References
^ a b Gravers, Mikael (2018). "A Saint in Command? Spiritual Protection, Justice and Religious Tensions in the Karen State". Independent Journal of Burmese Scholarship. 2020, Vol.1: Unknown. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023.
^ Radnofsky, Louise (14 February 2008). "Burmese rebel leader shot dead". London: www.guardian.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
^ "Burmese rebel leader is shot dead". BBC News. 14 February 2008. Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
^ Radnofsky, Louise (14 February 2008). "Burmese rebel leader shot dead". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
^ Noreen, Naw (7 November 2010). "DKBA renegades seize border town". Democratic Voice of Burma. Archived from the original on 30 December 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
^ Weng, Lawi (8 November 2010). "DKBA Troops Seize Three Pagodas Pass". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
^ Wade, Francis (3 August 2010). "KNU general-secretary says Saw La Bwe may come home". Danielpedersen.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
^ "Burma attack 'a warning of possible civil war'" (Press release). Burma Campaign UK. 8 November 2010. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
^ a b "Karen Rebel Leader Warns Myanmar Regime of More Fighting". The Irrawaddy. 3 June 2021. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
External links
Revolution Reviewed: The Karens' Struggle for Right to Self-determination and Hope for the Future Saw Kapi, 26 February 2006, retrieved on 2006-11-30
Fifty Years of Struggle: A Review of the Fight for the Karen People's Autonomy (abridged) Ba Saw Khin, 1998 (revised 2005), retrieved on 2006-11-30
Determined Resistance: An Interview with Gen. Bo Mya The Irrawaddy, October 2003
Photos by James Robert Fuller
vteEthnic armed organisations in MyanmarActive
AA (ULA)
AA (ANC)
ABSDF
ALA (ALP)
ARSA
BLA
BPLA
CDF
CNA (CNF)
CNDF
DKBA-5
KIA (KIO)
KNA
KNA(B)
KNLA (KNLP)
KNDO / KNLA (KNU)
KA (KNPP)
KNPLF
KTLA
KPC
LDU
MNDAA (MNTJP )
MNLA (NMSP)
MRDA/BNRA
NDAA (PSC)
NSCN-K
PDF (NUG)
PLA (CPB)
PNA (PNO)
PNLA (PNLO)
PRA-Magway
RSO
SNA
SSA-N (SSPP)
SSA-S (RCSS)
TNLA (PSLF)
UWSA (UWSP)
WNA (WNO)
ZRA (ZRO)
Defunct
ARIF
CPA
DKBA
God's Army
KDA
MTA
MRA
MRDA
Mujahideen
NDA-K
NUPA
RFCP
RLP
RPF
RRF
RNA
SSA
SSCP
SSNA
SURA
VBSW
Coalitions
4K Coalition
7 EAO Alliance
Chin Brotherhood Alliance
Federal Political Negotiation and Consultative Committee
Federal Union Army
Northern Alliance
Three Brotherhood Alliance
United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia
Armed conflicts
Communist (1948–1988)
China–Myanmar border (1960–1961)
Kachin
Karen
Karen–Mon
Kokang
2009
2015
Rohingya
1978
1991–1992
2016–present
post-2021 coup
Peace process
Ceasefires
Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement
Union Peace Conference – 21st Century Panglong
Internal conflict in Myanmar
Tatmadaw | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DKBA-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DKBA-5"},{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"insurgent group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Karen National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"government of Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Myanmar"},{"link_name":"KNU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_National_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asaint-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with DKBA-5.The Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA; Burmese: တိုးတက်သော ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ကရင်အမျိုးသား တပ်ဖွဲ့) was an insurgent group of Buddhist soldiers and officers in Myanmar that split from the predominantly Christian-led Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA), one of the largest rebel factions in Myanmar. Shortly after splitting from the KNLA in December 1994, the DKBA signed a ceasefire agreement with the government of Myanmar in exchange for military and financial assistance; provided that it supported government offensives against the KNU (the political wing of the KNLA) and its allies.[1]","title":"Democratic Karen Buddhist Army"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buddhist monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_monk"},{"link_name":"U Thuzana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Thuzana"},{"link_name":"pagodas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_pagoda"},{"link_name":"Karen State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_State"},{"link_name":"Manerplaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manerplaw"},{"link_name":"air strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_strikes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asaint-1"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"The DKBA was formed for a variety of reasons. A Buddhist monk named U Thuzana had started a campaign in 1992 of constructing pagodas in Karen State, including at the KNU headquarters of Manerplaw. As the KNU leadership would not grant permission for construction of the pagodas, claiming they would attract government air strikes, Thuzana began to encourage KNLA soldiers to desert the organisation. Following a couple skirmishes and failed negotiations in early December 1994, the DKBA announced its formation and its split from the KNU on 1 January 1995. Its political wing composed of Buddhist officers, Democratic Karen Buddhist Organisation, was established on 21 December 1994.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pado Mahn Shar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pado_Mahn_Shar"},{"link_name":"assassinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"Mae Sot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Sot"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tg-4"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"Pado Mahn Shar, the secretary-general of the Karen National Union, was assassinated at his home in Mae Sot, Thailand, on 14 February 2008. Several analysts claim that the assassination was possibly carried out by soldiers of the DKBA, though this has never been confirmed.[2][3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic Karen Benevolent Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Karen_Benevolent_Army"},{"link_name":"Bo Nat Khann Mway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Nat_Khann_Mway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated6-8"}],"sub_title":"2010s","text":"In 2010, DKBA soldiers split away from the organisation and renamed themselves the Democratic Karen Benevolent Army – Brigade 5 (DKBA-5), which was led by Bo Nat Khann Mway (Saw Lah Pwe). The newly formed group originally had five brigades under its control (hence its name), but currently commands only three.[5][6][7][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KNU/KNLA Peace Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNU/KNLA_Peace_Council"},{"link_name":"Karen National Defence Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_National_Defence_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Border Guard Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Guard_Forces"},{"link_name":"Tatmadaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatmadaw"},{"link_name":"BGF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Guard_Forces"},{"link_name":"Karen state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_state"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phlu-9"},{"link_name":"Karen state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_state"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phlu-9"}],"sub_title":"Resurgence","text":"DKBA under the original name of Democratic Karen Buddhist Army reemerged under the command of Saw Kyaw Thet, a brigadier general who split away from DKBA-5. In early June 2021, a combined force of five armed groups; Democratic Karen Buddhist Army, PDF, KNU/KNLA Peace Council (KPC), Karen National Defence Organisation (KNDO) and a Karen Border Guard Force (BGF) splinter group clashed with Tatmadaw and Karen BGF in Phlu village, Karen state.[9] Brigadier General Saw Kyaw Thet, stated that the five armed groups are cooperating throughout Karen state.[9]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Gravers, Mikael (2018). \"A Saint in Command? Spiritual Protection, Justice and Religious Tensions in the Karen State\". Independent Journal of Burmese Scholarship. 2020, Vol.1: Unknown. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231203215949/https://ijbs.online/journal-issues/2020-vol-1/","url_text":"\"A Saint in Command? 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Bo Mya"},{"Link":"http://jamesrobertfuller.photoshelter.com/gallery/Burma-Democratic-Karen-Buddhist-Army/G0000oY1E880Jm3Q/P00006Ps7UEJ3dAw","external_links_name":"Photos by James Robert Fuller"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Rock_a_Party | Cold Rock a Party | ["1 Critical reception","2 Track listings","3 Charts","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","4 Certifications","5 Release history","6 References"] | 1996 single by MC Lyte
"Cold Rock a Party"Single by MC Lyte featuring Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliottfrom the album Bad As I Wanna B B-side
"Have U Ever"
"Paper Thin"
ReleasedNovember 12, 1996 (1996-11-12)Length4:17LabelEastWestSongwriter(s)
Lana Moorer
Melissa Elliott
Nile Rodgers
Bernard Edwards
Producer(s)
Rashad "Ringo" Smith (original)
Sean "Puffy" Combs (remix)
MC Lyte singles chronology
"Keep On, Keepin' On" (1996)
"Cold Rock a Party" (1996)
"Everyday" (1997)
Missy Elliott singles chronology
"You Don't Have to Worry"(1996)
"Cold Rock a Party"(1996)
"Can We"(1997)
"Cold Rock a Party" is the lead single released from American rapper MC Lyte's fifth studio album, Bad As I Wanna B (1996). While the original version of the song that appears on the album was produced by Rashad Smith and samples Audio Two's "Top Billin", the single version features Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott, was produced by Sean Combs, and samples Diana Ross' 1980 hit "Upside Down".
The song became MC Lyte's second-highest-charting single in the United States (after her previous single "Keep On, Keepin' On"), peaking at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100, and it received a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), selling over 600,000 units by the end of 1997. It is MC Lyte's last single to appear on the Billboard Hot 100. "Cold Rock a Party" also became a hit in several other countries, including New Zealand, where it reached No. 1 for two weeks.
Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard described "Cold Rock a Party" as "a classic party rocker", noting that it is combining "Lyte's melodic flow" with the high-powered instrumental to "Upside Down". Peter Miro from Cash Box declared it a "gem" of the Bad As I Wanna B album. A reviewer from Music Week rated the song five out of five, adding that the veteran female rapper "returns with a hip hop biggie", that is "already receiving big club and media exposure. A good bet for the charts."
Track listings
US CD single
"Cold Rock a Party" (Bad Boy remix—main version) – 4:37
"Cold Rock a Party" (Bad Boy remix—MC Lyte main version) – 4:37
"Cold Rock a Party" (original album version) – 4:17
"Have U Ever" (album version) – 3:33
"Cold Rock a Party" (Milk remix) – 3:19
"Paper Thin" (album version) – 5:14
US cassette single
"Cold Rock a Party" (Bad Boy remix—clean radio edit) – 4:05
"Have U Ever" (LP version) – 3:33
European cassette single
"Cold Rock a Party" (Bad Boy remix—clean radio edit) – 4:11
"Cold Rock a Party" (original version—clean) – 4:17
European and Australian maxi-CD single
"Cold Rock a Party" (Bad Boy remix—clean radio edit) – 4:05
"Cold Rock a Party" (Bad Boy remix—main version) – 4:37
"Cold Rock a Party" (original version—clean) – 4:17
"Cold Rock a Party" (Milk remix) – 3:19
"Cold Rock a Party" (Bad Boy remix—a cappella) – 4:17
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1996–1997)
Peakposition
Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)
12
Canada (Nielsen SoundScan)
11
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)
38
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)
12
France (SNEP)
33
Germany (Official German Charts)
15
Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)
15
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
33
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
36
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
1
Scotland (OCC)
36
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
6
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
22
UK Singles (OCC)
15
UK Dance (OCC)
6
UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC)
2
US Billboard Hot 100
11
US Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)
2
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
5
US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard)
1
US Rhythmic (Billboard)
17
Year-end charts
Chart (1997)
Position
Germany (Official German Charts)
95
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
6
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
93
US Billboard Hot 100
61
US Hot R&B Singles (Billboard)
34
US Hot Rap Singles (Billboard)
3
US Maxi-Singles Sales (Billboard)
16
US Rhythmic Top 40 (Billboard)
52
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
New Zealand (RMNZ)
Platinum
10,000*
United States (RIAA)
Gold
600,000
* Sales figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Region
Date
Format(s)
Label(s)
Ref(s).
United States
November 12, 1996
CDcassette
EastWest
November 19, 1996
Rhythmic contemporary radio
United Kingdom
January 6, 1997
12-inch vinylCDcassette
References
^ Caulfield, Kevin (5 February 2000). "Nile by Numbers: A Life on the Charts". Billboard. Vol. 112, no. 6. p. 64. ISSN 0006-2510.
^ Flick, Larry (November 9, 1996). "Single Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 108, no. 45. p. 68. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
^ Miro, Peter (September 14, 1996). "Urban" (PDF). Cash Box. p. 11. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
^ "Reviews: Singles" (PDF). Music Week. December 21, 1996. p. 12. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ Cold Rock a Party (US CD single liner notes). MC Lyte. EastWest Records. 1996. 63985-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Cold Rock a Party (US cassette single sleeve). MC Lyte. EastWest Records. 1996. 64212-4.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Cold Rock a Party (European cassette single sleeve). MC Lyte. EastWest Records. 1996. 7559-64203-4.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Cold Rock a Party (European & Australian maxi-CD single liner notes). MC Lyte. EastWest Records. 1996. A 3975CD, 7559 63975-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "MC Lyte – Cold Rock a Party" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ "MC Lyte Chart History (Canadian Digital Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 14, no. 12. March 22, 1997. p. 17. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
^ "MC Lyte: Cold Rock a Party" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ "MC Lyte – Cold Rock a Party" (in French). Les classement single.
^ "MC Lyte – Cold Rock a Party" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (NR. 206 Vikuna 30.1. '97 – 5.2. '97)". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). January 31, 1997. p. 16. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 9, 1997" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ "MC Lyte – Cold Rock a Party" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
^ "MC Lyte – Cold Rock a Party". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ "MC Lyte – Cold Rock a Party". Singles Top 100.
^ "MC Lyte – Cold Rock a Party". Swiss Singles Chart.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ "Official Hip Hop and R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ "MC Lyte Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
^ "MC Lyte Chart History (Dance Singles Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
^ "MC Lyte Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
^ "MC Lyte Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
^ "MC Lyte Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
^ "Top 100 Single–Jahrescharts 1997" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
^ "End of Year Charts 1997". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
^ "Årslista Singlar, 1997" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
^ "Billboard Top 100 – 1997". Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
^ "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1997". Billboard. Archived from the original on July 25, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
^ "1997 The Year in Music: Hot Rap Singles". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 52. December 27, 1997. p. YE-42.
^ "1997 The Year in Music: Hot Dance Maxi-Singles Sales". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 52. December 27, 1997. p. YE-45.
^ "Best of '97: Rhythmic Top 40 Singles". Airplay Monitor. Vol. 5, no. 52. December 26, 1997. p. 42.
^ "New Zealand single certifications – MC Lyte – Cold Rock a Party". Recorded Music NZ.
^ "Best-Selling Records of 1997". Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 5. January 31, 1998. p. 76. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
^ "American single certifications – MC Lyte – Cold Rock a Party". Recording Industry Association of America.
^ "Cold Rock a Party / Have You Ever > MC Lyte". Amazon.com. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
^ "Cold Rock a Party". Amazon.com. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
^ "New Releases" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1172. November 15, 1996. p. 42. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
^ "New Releases: Singles" (PDF). Music Week. December 28, 1996. p. 19. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
vteMC LyteStudio albums
Lyte as a Rock (1988)
Eyes on This (1989)
Act Like You Know (1991)
Ain't No Other (1993)
Bad as I Wanna B (1996)
Seven & Seven (1998)
Da Undaground Heat, Vol. 1 (2003)
Legend (2015)
Compilation albums
Badder Than B-Fore (1997)
The Very Best of MC Lyte (2001)
Singles
"I Cram to Understand U (Sam)"
"10% Dis"
"Paper Thin"
"Cha Cha Cha"
"Stop, Look, Listen"
"Cappucino"
"When in Love"
"Poor Georgie"
"Eyes Are the Soul"
"Ruffneck"
"Keep On Keepin' On"
"Cold Rock a Party"
"Ride Wit Me"
"Fighting Temptation"
Featured singles
"I Want Your (Hands on Me)"
Related
Discography
Almost September
vteMissy Elliott
Discography
Production discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Supa Dupa Fly
Da Real World
Miss E... So Addictive
Under Construction
This Is Not a Test!
The Cookbook
Compilations
Respect M.E.
Extended plays
Iconology
Singles
"The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)"
"Sock It 2 Me"
"Beep Me 911"
"Hit Em wit da Hee"
"She's a Bitch"
"All n My Grill"
"Hot Boyz"
"Get Ur Freak On"
"Lick Shots"
"One Minute Man"
"Take Away"
"4 My People"
"Work It"
"Gossip Folks"
"Fighting Temptation"
"Pass That Dutch"
"I'm Really Hot"
"Lose Control"
"Teary Eyed"
"We Run This"
"Ching-a-Ling"
"Shake Your Pom Pom"
"WTF (Where They From)"
"I'm Better"
"Throw It Back"
Featured singles
"That's What Little Girls Are Made Of"
"Brand New"
"Ooh, Ooh Baby"
"The Things That You Do (Bad Boy Remix)"
"Steelo"
"Do Thangz (Main Pass Remix)"
"You Don't Have to Worry (Remix)"
"Cold Rock a Party"
"Can We"
"Not Tonight (Remix)"
"Up Jumps Da Boogie"
"What About Us?"
"Make It Hot"
"5 Minutes"
"Trippin'"
"I Want You Back"
"Here We Come"
"I Like Control"
"Ya Di Ya"
"Take That"
"Is That Yo Chick"
"Son of a Gun"
"Bootylicious (Rockwilder Remix)"
"Oops (Oh My)"
"The Knoc"
"Burnin' Up (Remix)"
"Crew Deep"
"Honk Your Horn"
"Cop That Shit"
"Party to Damascus"
"Tush"
"Turn da Lights Off"
"1, 2 Step"
"Car Wash"
"Touch It (Remix)"
"Love Me or Hate Me (Remix)"
"Let It Go"
"Do It (Remix)"
"Bad Girl"
"Need U Bad"
"Whatcha Think About That"
"Let's Just Do It"
"Work"
"Fakin' It"
"Get Involved"
"Nobody's Perfect"
"Bad Girls (N.A.R.S & Switch Remixes)"
"How Ya Doin'?"
"Without Me"
"Niliria"
"I Deserve It"
"Ghostbusters (I'm Not Afraid)"
"Tempo"
"Levitating"
"Fly Girl"
Promotional singles
"Back in the Day"
"Best, Best"
"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.) (Remix)"
"9th Inning"
"Triple Threat"
"Burnitup!"
"Pep Rally"
Related articles
4 All the Sistas Around da World
Verizon Ladies First Tour
The Goldmind Inc.
"Boulevard of Broken Songs"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MC Lyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC_Lyte"},{"link_name":"Bad As I Wanna B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_As_I_Wanna_B"},{"link_name":"Rashad Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashad_Smith_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Audio Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Two"},{"link_name":"Top Billin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Billin"},{"link_name":"Missy \"Misdemeanor\" Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Sean Combs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Combs"},{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"Upside Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upside_Down_(Diana_Ross_song)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Keep On, Keepin' On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_On,_Keepin%27_On_(MC_Lyte_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"}],"text":"\"Cold Rock a Party\" is the lead single released from American rapper MC Lyte's fifth studio album, Bad As I Wanna B (1996). While the original version of the song that appears on the album was produced by Rashad Smith and samples Audio Two's \"Top Billin\", the single version features Missy \"Misdemeanor\" Elliott, was produced by Sean Combs, and samples Diana Ross' 1980 hit \"Upside Down\".[1]The song became MC Lyte's second-highest-charting single in the United States (after her previous single \"Keep On, Keepin' On\"), peaking at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100, and it received a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), selling over 600,000 units by the end of 1997. It is MC Lyte's last single to appear on the Billboard Hot 100. \"Cold Rock a Party\" also became a hit in several other countries, including New Zealand, where it reached No. 1 for two weeks.","title":"Cold Rock a Party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry Flick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Flick"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Upside Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upside_Down_(Diana_Ross_song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Bad As I Wanna B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_As_I_Wanna_B"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Larry Flick from Billboard described \"Cold Rock a Party\" as \"a classic party rocker\", noting that it is combining \"Lyte's melodic flow\" with the high-powered instrumental to \"Upside Down\".[2] Peter Miro from Cash Box declared it a \"gem\" of the Bad As I Wanna B album.[3] A reviewer from Music Week rated the song five out of five, adding that the veteran female rapper \"returns with a hip hop biggie\", that is \"already receiving big club and media exposure. A good bet for the charts.\"[4]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"US CD single[5]\"Cold Rock a Party\" (Bad Boy remix—main version) – 4:37\n\"Cold Rock a Party\" (Bad Boy remix—MC Lyte main version) – 4:37\n\"Cold Rock a Party\" (original album version) – 4:17\n\"Have U Ever\" (album version) – 3:33\n\"Cold Rock a Party\" (Milk remix) – 3:19\n\"Paper Thin\" (album version) – 5:14US cassette single[6]\"Cold Rock a Party\" (Bad Boy remix—clean radio edit) – 4:05\n\"Have U Ever\" (LP version) – 3:33European cassette single[7]\"Cold Rock a Party\" (Bad Boy remix—clean radio edit) – 4:11\n\"Cold Rock a Party\" (original version—clean) – 4:17European and Australian maxi-CD single[8]\"Cold Rock a Party\" (Bad Boy remix—clean radio edit) – 4:05\n\"Cold Rock a Party\" (Bad Boy remix—main version) – 4:37\n\"Cold Rock a Party\" (original version—clean) – 4:17\n\"Cold Rock a Party\" (Milk remix) – 3:19\n\"Cold Rock a Party\" (Bad Boy remix—a cappella) – 4:17","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_Rock_a_Party&action=edit§ion=4"},{"link_name":"Ultratip Bubbling Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop#Ultratip"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Tip_MC_Lyte-9"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Finland_MC_Lyte-12"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_MC_Lyte-13"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_MC_Lyte-14"},{"link_name":"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslenski_listinn"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-16"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_MC_Lyte-17"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_MC_Lyte-18"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-19"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_MC_Lyte-20"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_MC_Lyte-21"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-22"},{"link_name":"UK Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKdance_-23"},{"link_name":"UK Hip Hop/R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKrandb_-24"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_MC_Lyte-25"},{"link_name":"Dance Singles Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Singles_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddancesales_MC_Lyte-26"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrandbhiphop_MC_Lyte-27"},{"link_name":"Hot Rap Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Rap_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrapsongs_MC_Lyte-28"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrhythmic_MC_Lyte-29"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_Rock_a_Party&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1996–1997)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)[9]\n\n12\n\n\nCanada (Nielsen SoundScan)[10]\n\n11\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[11]\n\n38\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[12]\n\n12\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[13]\n\n33\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[14]\n\n15\n\n\nIceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[15]\n\n15\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[16]\n\n33\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[17]\n\n36\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[18]\n\n1\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[19]\n\n36\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[20]\n\n6\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[21]\n\n22\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[22]\n\n15\n\n\nUK Dance (OCC)[23]\n\n6\n\n\nUK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC)[24]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[25]\n\n11\n\n\nUS Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)[26]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[27]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Hot Rap Songs (Billboard)[28]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[29]\n\n17\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1997)\n\nPosition\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[30]\n\n95\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[31]\n\n6\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[32]\n\n93\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[33]\n\n61\n\n\nUS Hot R&B Singles (Billboard)[34]\n\n34\n\n\nUS Hot Rap Singles (Billboard)[35]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Maxi-Singles Sales (Billboard)[36]\n\n16\n\n\nUS Rhythmic Top 40 (Billboard)[37]\n\n52","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Caulfield, Kevin (5 February 2000). \"Nile by Numbers: A Life on the Charts\". Billboard. Vol. 112, no. 6. p. 64. ISSN 0006-2510.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1A0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64","url_text":"\"Nile by Numbers: A Life on the Charts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Flick, Larry (November 9, 1996). \"Single Reviews\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 108, no. 45. p. 68. Retrieved February 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Flick","url_text":"Flick, Larry"},{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1996/BB-1996-11-09.pdf","url_text":"\"Single Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Miro, Peter (September 14, 1996). \"Urban\" (PDF). Cash Box. p. 11. Retrieved November 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/90s/1996/CB-1996-09-14.pdf","url_text":"\"Urban\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)","url_text":"Cash Box"}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews: Singles\" (PDF). Music Week. December 21, 1996. p. 12. Retrieved October 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1996/Music-Week-1996-12-21.pdf","url_text":"\"Reviews: Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"Cold Rock a Party (US CD single liner notes). MC Lyte. EastWest Records. 1996. 63985-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC_Lyte","url_text":"MC Lyte"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_West_Records","url_text":"EastWest Records"}]},{"reference":"Cold Rock a Party (US cassette single sleeve). MC Lyte. EastWest Records. 1996. 64212-4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cold Rock a Party (European cassette single sleeve). MC Lyte. EastWest Records. 1996. 7559-64203-4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cold Rock a Party (European & Australian maxi-CD single liner notes). MC Lyte. EastWest Records. 1996. A 3975CD, 7559 63975-2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"MC Lyte Chart History (Canadian Digital Songs)\". Billboard. Retrieved November 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/mc-lyte/chart-history/cns/","url_text":"\"MC Lyte Chart History (Canadian Digital Songs)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 14, no. 12. March 22, 1997. p. 17. Retrieved March 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1997/MM-1997-03-22.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (NR. 206 Vikuna 30.1. '97 – 5.2. '97)\". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). January 31, 1997. p. 16. Retrieved July 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timarit.is/page/2950587#page/n1/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (NR. 206 Vikuna 30.1. '97 – 5.2. '97)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagbla%C3%B0i%C3%B0_V%C3%ADsir","url_text":"Dagblaðið Vísir"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Single–Jahrescharts 1997\" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved April 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1997","url_text":"\"Top 100 Single–Jahrescharts 1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts","url_text":"GfK Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"End of Year Charts 1997\". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/index_chart?chart=3886","url_text":"\"End of Year Charts 1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"Årslista Singlar, 1997\" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=1997&dspp=1","url_text":"\"Årslista Singlar, 1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan","url_text":"Sverigetopplistan"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Top 100 – 1997\". Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved May 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090611194337/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1997","url_text":"\"Billboard Top 100 – 1997\""},{"url":"http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1997","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1997\". Billboard. Archived from the original on July 25, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725010648/https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1997/hot-r-and-and-b-hip-hop-songs","url_text":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1997\""},{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1997/hot-r-and-and-b-hip-hop-songs","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1997 The Year in Music: Hot Rap Singles\". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 52. December 27, 1997. p. YE-42.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"1997 The Year in Music: Hot Dance Maxi-Singles Sales\". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 52. December 27, 1997. p. YE-45.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Best of '97: Rhythmic Top 40 Singles\". Airplay Monitor. Vol. 5, no. 52. December 26, 1997. p. 42.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplay_Monitor","url_text":"Airplay Monitor"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand single certifications – MC Lyte – Cold Rock a Party\". Recorded Music NZ.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=3775","url_text":"\"New Zealand single certifications – MC Lyte – Cold Rock a Party\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"Best-Selling Records of 1997\". Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 5. January 31, 1998. p. 76. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved May 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76","url_text":"\"Best-Selling Records of 1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – MC Lyte – Cold Rock a Party\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=MC+Lyte&ti=Cold+Rock+a+Party&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – MC Lyte – Cold Rock a Party\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"Cold Rock a Party / Have You Ever > MC Lyte\". Amazon.com. Retrieved April 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Cold-Rock-Party-Have-Ever/dp/B000002HST","url_text":"\"Cold Rock a Party / Have You Ever > MC Lyte\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com","url_text":"Amazon.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Cold Rock a Party\". Amazon.com. Retrieved August 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Cold-Rock-a-Party/dp/B000002HUA","url_text":"\"Cold Rock a Party\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases\" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1172. November 15, 1996. p. 42. Retrieved August 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1996/R&R-1996-11-15.pdf","url_text":"\"New Releases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records","url_text":"Radio & Records"}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases: Singles\" (PDF). Music Week. December 28, 1996. p. 19. Retrieved August 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1996/Music-Week-1996-12-28.pdf","url_text":"\"New Releases: Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1A0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64","external_links_name":"\"Nile by Numbers: A Life on the Charts\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1996/BB-1996-11-09.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Single Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/90s/1996/CB-1996-09-14.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Urban\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1996/Music-Week-1996-12-21.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Reviews: Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=MC+Lyte&titel=Cold+Rock+a+Party&cat=s","external_links_name":"MC Lyte – Cold Rock a Party\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/mc-lyte/chart-history/cns/","external_links_name":"\"MC Lyte Chart History (Canadian Digital Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1997/MM-1997-03-22.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.ifpi.fi/lista/artistit/MC+Lyte/Cold+Rock+a+Party/","external_links_name":"MC Lyte: Cold Rock a Party\""},{"Link":"https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=MC+Lyte&titel=Cold+Rock+a+Party&cat=s","external_links_name":"MC Lyte – Cold Rock a Party\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-3377","external_links_name":"MC Lyte – Cold Rock a Party\""},{"Link":"https://timarit.is/page/2950587#page/n1/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (NR. 206 Vikuna 30.1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_of_the_Spires | Songs of the Spires | ["1 History","2 Release","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Songs of the Spires" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1981 studio album by Gleaming SpiresSongs of the SpiresStudio album by Gleaming SpiresReleased1981Recorded1980–1981GenreNew waveLength35:27LabelPosh Boy RecordsProducerStephen HagueGleaming Spires chronology
Songs of the Spires(1981)
Walk on Well Lighted Streets(1983)
Songs of the Spires is the debut album by American new wave pop group Gleaming Spires. It features the single "Are You Ready for the Sex Girls?" and was produced by Stephen Hague.
History
Gleaming Spires began as a side project of Leslie Bohem and David Kendrick. In 1980, they were enlisted as the bassist and drummer, respectively, for the art pop band Sparks, consisting of brothers Ron and Russell Mael. While in Sparks, Bohem and Kendrick convened with producer Stephen Hague to record a series of demos. The demo tape made its way to K-ROQ in Los Angeles, and according to Kendrick, when Posh Boy founder Robbie Fields heard the tape, he decided to release the songs as they were; the Songs of the Spires album consists of these demos.
While the Spires themselves originally did not want it released as a single, "Are You Ready for the Sex Girls?" went on to become the band's only hit. A music video was created for the song, featuring Bohem and Kendrick making coffee and baking a lemon meringue pie, as well as for "How to Get Girls Thru Hypnotism," featuring Bohem's head being shaved. For the former, Kendrick observed that "one could easily make the worst contrived, hackneyed, sexist, insulting, exploitative and ridiculous video in the world to 'Sex Girls,' so why not leave sex and girls out altogether Some people got it I hope." "Sex Girls" later saw renewed popularity when it appeared in the 1984 film Revenge of the Nerds. Unlike the film the accompanying soundtrack album featured the later re-recording of the song.
The tongue-in-cheek liner notes were written by the Mael brothers. Russell Mael praises the album's virtues despite "not personally the time to listen to ", and Ron Mael facetiously calls it "the best Gleaming Spires album ... ever."
Release
Songs of the Spires was originally released on vinyl in 1981 by Posh Boy Records. In 2015, the album was reissued on vinyl by Futurismo, and again in 2021 for CD and streaming by Omnivore Recordings.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Les Bohem and David Kendrick, except where notedSide oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Going Hey Hey" 3:142."Are You Ready for the Sex Girls?" 4:013."While We Can"Les Bohem4:214."When Love Goes Under Glass" 3:125."The End of All Good Things" 3:30
Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length6."Watch Your Blood Beat" 4:497."How to Get Girls Thru Hypnotism"Les Bohem5:368."Talking in the Dark"Les Bohem3:149."Big Hotels" 3:30
Personnel
Credits adopted from the Songs of the Spires liner notes.
Leslie Bohem - vocals, bass guitar, acoustic guitar, synthesizers
David Kendrick - drums, percussion
S.R. Jade - "vocal harangue" on "How to Get Girls Thru Hypnotism"
Stephen Hague - producer
The Bunker Ent. - graphics
Kevin J. Walker - cover art illustration
Russell Mael, Ron Mael - liner notes
References
^ a b "Gleaming Spires — Songs Of The Spires – Omnivore Recordings". Retrieved 2022-05-09.
^ postpunkmonk (2021-09-16). "An Interview With Gleaming Spires' David Kendrick ". Post-Punk Monk. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
^ a b c "Sparks, Christian girls, drugs & lemon meringue pie: Meet obscure new wavers Gleaming Spires". DangerousMinds. 2014-11-24. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
^ "Gleaming Spires Biography, Songs, & Albums". AllMusic. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
^ a b Gleaming Spires - Songs Of The Spires, retrieved 2022-05-08
^ "Futurismo". Discogs. Retrieved 2022-05-09. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album"},{"link_name":"Gleaming Spires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaming_Spires"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hague"}],"text":"1981 studio album by Gleaming SpiresSongs of the Spires is the debut album by American new wave pop group Gleaming Spires. It features the single \"Are You Ready for the Sex Girls?\" and was produced by Stephen Hague.","title":"Songs of the Spires"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leslie Bohem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Bohem"},{"link_name":"David Kendrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kendrick"},{"link_name":"Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparks_(band)"},{"link_name":"Ron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Mael"},{"link_name":"Russell Mael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Mael"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hague"},{"link_name":"K-ROQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KROQ-FM"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Revenge of the Nerds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Nerds"},{"link_name":"Russell Mael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Mael"},{"link_name":"Ron Mael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Mael"}],"text":"Gleaming Spires began as a side project of Leslie Bohem and David Kendrick. In 1980, they were enlisted as the bassist and drummer, respectively, for the art pop band Sparks, consisting of brothers Ron and Russell Mael. While in Sparks, Bohem and Kendrick convened with producer Stephen Hague to record a series of demos. The demo tape made its way to K-ROQ in Los Angeles,[1] and according to Kendrick, when Posh Boy founder Robbie Fields heard the tape, he decided to release the songs as they were; the Songs of the Spires album consists of these demos.[2][3]While the Spires themselves originally did not want it released as a single, \"Are You Ready for the Sex Girls?\" went on to become the band's only hit.[4] A music video was created for the song, featuring Bohem and Kendrick making coffee and baking a lemon meringue pie, as well as for \"How to Get Girls Thru Hypnotism,\" featuring Bohem's head being shaved.[3] For the former, Kendrick observed that \"one could easily make the worst contrived, hackneyed, sexist, insulting, exploitative and ridiculous video in the world to 'Sex Girls,' so why not leave sex and girls out altogether[?] Some people got it I hope.\"[3] \"Sex Girls\" later saw renewed popularity when it appeared in the 1984 film Revenge of the Nerds. Unlike the film the accompanying soundtrack album featured the later re-recording of the song.The tongue-in-cheek liner notes were written by the Mael brothers. Russell Mael praises the album's virtues despite \"not personally [having had] the time to listen to [the album]\", and Ron Mael facetiously calls it \"the best Gleaming Spires album ... ever.\"","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Posh Boy Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posh_Boy_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Songs of the Spires was originally released on vinyl in 1981 by Posh Boy Records.[5] In 2015, the album was reissued on vinyl by Futurismo,[6] and again in 2021 for CD and streaming by Omnivore Recordings.[1]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All tracks are written by Les Bohem and David Kendrick, except where notedSide oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Going Hey Hey\" 3:142.\"Are You Ready for the Sex Girls?\" 4:013.\"While We Can\"Les Bohem4:214.\"When Love Goes Under Glass\" 3:125.\"The End of All Good Things\" 3:30Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length6.\"Watch Your Blood Beat\" 4:497.\"How to Get Girls Thru Hypnotism\"Les Bohem5:368.\"Talking in the Dark\"Les Bohem3:149.\"Big Hotels\" 3:30","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Leslie Bohem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Bohem"},{"link_name":"David Kendrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kendrick"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hague"},{"link_name":"Russell Mael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Mael"},{"link_name":"Ron Mael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Mael"}],"text":"Credits adopted from the Songs of the Spires liner notes.[5]Leslie Bohem - vocals, bass guitar, acoustic guitar, synthesizers\nDavid Kendrick - drums, percussion\nS.R. Jade - \"vocal harangue\" on \"How to Get Girls Thru Hypnotism\"\nStephen Hague - producer\nThe Bunker Ent. - graphics\nKevin J. Walker - cover art illustration\nRussell Mael, Ron Mael - liner notes","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Gleaming Spires — Songs Of The Spires – Omnivore Recordings\". Retrieved 2022-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://omnivorerecordings.com/shop/songs-of-the-spires/","url_text":"\"Gleaming Spires — Songs Of The Spires – Omnivore Recordings\""}]},{"reference":"postpunkmonk (2021-09-16). \"An Interview With Gleaming Spires' David Kendrick [part 1]\". Post-Punk Monk. Retrieved 2022-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://postpunkmonk.com/2021/09/16/an-interview-with-gleaming-spires-david-kendrick-part-1/","url_text":"\"An Interview With Gleaming Spires' David Kendrick [part 1]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sparks, Christian girls, drugs & lemon meringue pie: Meet obscure new wavers Gleaming Spires\". DangerousMinds. 2014-11-24. Retrieved 2022-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://dangerousminds.net/comments/meet_obscure_new_wavers_gleaming_spires","url_text":"\"Sparks, Christian girls, drugs & lemon meringue pie: Meet obscure new wavers Gleaming Spires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gleaming Spires Biography, Songs, & Albums\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2022-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/gleaming-spires-mn0000558007/biography","url_text":"\"Gleaming Spires Biography, Songs, & Albums\""}]},{"reference":"Gleaming Spires - Songs Of The Spires, retrieved 2022-05-08","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/1040224-Gleaming-Spires-Songs-Of-The-Spires","url_text":"Gleaming Spires - Songs Of The Spires"}]},{"reference":"\"Futurismo\". Discogs. Retrieved 2022-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/label/763900-Futurismo","url_text":"\"Futurismo\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Songs+of+the+Spires%22","external_links_name":"\"Songs of the Spires\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Songs+of+the+Spires%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Songs+of+the+Spires%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Songs+of+the+Spires%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Songs+of+the+Spires%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Songs+of+the+Spires%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://omnivorerecordings.com/shop/songs-of-the-spires/","external_links_name":"\"Gleaming Spires — Songs Of The Spires – Omnivore Recordings\""},{"Link":"https://postpunkmonk.com/2021/09/16/an-interview-with-gleaming-spires-david-kendrick-part-1/","external_links_name":"\"An Interview With Gleaming Spires' David Kendrick [part 1]\""},{"Link":"https://dangerousminds.net/comments/meet_obscure_new_wavers_gleaming_spires","external_links_name":"\"Sparks, Christian girls, drugs & lemon meringue pie: Meet obscure new wavers Gleaming Spires\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/gleaming-spires-mn0000558007/biography","external_links_name":"\"Gleaming Spires Biography, Songs, & Albums\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/1040224-Gleaming-Spires-Songs-Of-The-Spires","external_links_name":"Gleaming Spires - Songs Of The Spires"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/label/763900-Futurismo","external_links_name":"\"Futurismo\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Wheel_Works | Western Wheel Works | ["1 History","1.1 American Bicycle Company (1899-1903)","2 Gallery","3 References"] | Bicycle manufacturer
Western Wheel WorksWestern Wheel Works bicycle, 1892IndustryManufacturingFounded1866; 158 years ago (1866) in Chicago, U.S.FounderAdolph SchoeningerHeadquartersChicagoProductsBicyclesNumber of employees1500
Western Wheel Works was a Chicago bicycle company started by Adolph Schoeninger in 1866. It was one of the largest bicycle makers in the world. In 1899 it joined a trust which controlled 95 percent of the bicycle manufacturing market.
History
1875 WTW ad
In 1865, Schoeninger and his partner F. Westermann started out manufacturing toys and other novelties under the name Western Toy Company. The factory burned down in 1866. In 1866 Western toy Works took over another factory which produced toy and baby carriages. The Western toy Company specialized in toy wagons.
The toy company operated until the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. By 1872 Schoeninger obtained financing from European banks and rebuilt. In 1887 The Western Toy Company purchased the Vergho Rubling Co., a former toy dealer.
The company began making safety bicycles bicycles in the late 1880s, under the Crescent name. It also manufactured tricycles and children's bikes in 1890. By 1890 it was among the largest bicycle manufacturers in the world. It is known as a pioneer in the mass production of bicycles: rather than machining bicycle "parts such as hubs, sprockets, chain guards, fenders, and rims", it employed the much faster process of stamping them, thereby more than doubling the output of the factory in 1891.
In 1893 Schoeninger transferred his ownership of the company to his two sons-in-law and he started a new company called the Home Rattan Company.
By 1897 the company employed 1,500 people and produced 350 bicycles a day.
American Bicycle Company (1899-1903)
In 1899 the company joined a trust which was set up to control the bicycle market in the United States. Forty-two factories were part of the trust; the major barrier to organizing it was the manufacturer of rubber tires. It was decided that tires would be purchased from the "Rubber King", Charles R. Flint. The trust which formed under the name American Bicycle Company only lasted a few years. Historians have not determined why the company failed but they have several theories. One idea was that the company was poorly organized, and another theory is that the various manufacturers involved in the company had different objectives. After the breakup the many different companies went back to competing.
Gallery
Crescent bicycle advertisement, July 1896
"The Procession of Crescent riders is increasing daily"
1896 baby ad
1896 marketing to women
Advertisement for 1894 model Crescent bicycles
1895 hill climbing
1895 ad
1895 catalogue advertisement
Inside Western Wheel Works, 1899
Baby advertisement for Western Wheel Works, 1896
References
^ "Crescent Wheels for 1899". Birmingham Age Herald. 22 November 1898. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
^ "Only One Bicycle Trust". Daily Times. 21 May 1899. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
^ La Touche, Royal L. (1 January 1892). Chicago and Its Resources Twenty Years After 1871-1891 A Commercial History Showing the Progress and Growth of Two Decades from the Great Fire to the Present Time. Chicago Illinois: The Chicago Times Company. p. 143. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
^ a b c d Unrivaled Chicago. Chicago and New York: Rand McNally and Company. 1897. p. 69. ISBN 978-0484513128. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
^ a b Hounshell, David A. (1984). From the American system to mass production, 1800-1932 : the development of manufacturing technology in the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0801831584. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ Moses, John (2010). Biographical dictionary and portrait gallery of the representative men of. Chicago Illinois: The Lewis Publishing company. p. 521. ISBN 978-1149752647. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
^ "Heavy Failure". Decatur Daily Review. 11 January 1887. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
^ "Boys and Girls". Fort Wayne Weekly Gazette. 14 August 1890. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
^ "Cycling Chicago". Philadelphia Inquirer. 27 July 1890. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
^ Dodge, Pryor (1996). The Bicycle. Paris: Flammarion. p. 162.
^ Tatarsky, Daniel (2016). The splendid book of the bicycle. London: Portico. ISBN 978-1910232569. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
^ "The Bicycle Trust". Cincinnati Commercial Tribune. 29 July 1899. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
^ Epperson, Bruce D. (1 November 2011). "'The finances stagger these fellows': the Great American Bicycle Trust, 1899–1903". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 28 (18). Taylor Francis Group: 2633–2652. doi:10.1080/09523367.2011.611408. S2CID 153677588. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
Authority control databases
VIAF
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Western Wheel Works.
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Adolph Schoeninger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Schoeninger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crescent_Wheels-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trust-2"}],"text":"Western Wheel Works was a Chicago bicycle company started by Adolph Schoeninger in 1866. It was one of the largest bicycle makers in the world.[1] In 1899 it joined a trust which controlled 95 percent of the bicycle manufacturing market.[2]","title":"Western Wheel Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1875_Western_Toy_Works_advertisement.png"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-La_Touche-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hounshell-5"},{"link_name":"Great Chicago Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Chicago_Fire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moses-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Failure-7"},{"link_name":"safety bicycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_bicycle"},{"link_name":"Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_(bicycle)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hounshell-5"},{"link_name":"tricycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-child-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cycling-9"},{"link_name":"hubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_wheel#Hub"},{"link_name":"sprockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprocket"},{"link_name":"chain guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_guard"},{"link_name":"fenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"rims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_wheel#Rim"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tatarsky-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago-4"}],"text":"1875 WTW adIn 1865, Schoeninger and his partner F. Westermann started out manufacturing toys and other novelties under the name Western Toy Company. The factory burned down in 1866.[3] In 1866 Western toy Works took over another factory which produced toy and baby carriages.[4] The Western toy Company specialized in toy wagons.[5]The toy company operated until the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.[6] By 1872 Schoeninger obtained financing from European banks and rebuilt.[4] In 1887 The Western Toy Company purchased the Vergho Rubling Co., a former toy dealer.[7]The company began making safety bicycles bicycles in the late 1880s, under the Crescent name.[5] It also manufactured tricycles and children's bikes in 1890.[8] By 1890 it was among the largest bicycle manufacturers in the world.[9] It is known as a pioneer in the mass production of bicycles: rather than machining bicycle \"parts such as hubs, sprockets, chain guards, fenders, and rims\", it employed the much faster process of stamping them,[10] thereby more than doubling the output of the factory in 1891.[11]In 1893 Schoeninger transferred his ownership of the company to his two sons-in-law and he started a new company called the Home Rattan Company.[4]By 1897 the company employed 1,500 people and produced 350 bicycles a day.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_(business)"},{"link_name":"Charles R. Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ranlett_Flint"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cincinnati-12"},{"link_name":"American Bicycle Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bicycle_Company"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Epperson-13"}],"sub_title":"American Bicycle Company (1899-1903)","text":"In 1899 the company joined a trust which was set up to control the bicycle market in the United States. Forty-two factories were part of the trust; the major barrier to organizing it was the manufacturer of rubber tires. It was decided that tires would be purchased from the \"Rubber King\", Charles R. Flint.[12] The trust which formed under the name American Bicycle Company only lasted a few years. Historians have not determined why the company failed but they have several theories. One idea was that the company was poorly organized, and another theory is that the various manufacturers involved in the company had different objectives. After the breakup the many different companies went back to competing.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crescent_July_1896.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Procession_of_Crescent_riders_is_increasing_daily_.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Western_Wheel_Works_Crescent_Bicycles_advertisement_1896.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1896_Woman%27s_bike_Western_Wheel_Works_Crescent_Bicycles_advertisement.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Western_Wheel_Works_Family.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hills_riding_1895_Western_Wheel_Works_Crescent_Bicycles_advertisement.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1895_Crescent_Bicycles,_Western_Wheel_Works_advertisement_75.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1895_Western_Wheel_Works_Crescent_catalog.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1899_photos_of_inside_the_Western_Wheel_Works_Crescent_Bicycles_factory.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Creepy_baby_ad_from_1896_Western_Wheel_Works_Crescent_advertisement.jpg"}],"text":"Crescent bicycle advertisement, July 1896\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"The Procession of Crescent riders is increasing daily\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1896 baby ad\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1896 marketing to women\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdvertisement for 1894 model Crescent bicycles\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1895 hill climbing\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1895 ad\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1895 catalogue advertisement\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside Western Wheel Works, 1899\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBaby advertisement for Western Wheel Works, 1896","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"1875 WTW ad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1875_Western_Toy_Works_advertisement.png/120px-1875_Western_Toy_Works_advertisement.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Crescent Wheels for 1899\". Birmingham Age Herald. 22 November 1898. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-nov-22-1898-2876325/","url_text":"\"Crescent Wheels for 1899\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211211192900/https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-nov-22-1898-2876325/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Only One Bicycle Trust\". Daily Times. 21 May 1899. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-may-21-1899-2876040/","url_text":"\"Only One Bicycle Trust\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211211192753/https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-may-21-1899-2876040/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"La Touche, Royal L. (1 January 1892). Chicago and Its Resources Twenty Years After 1871-1891 A Commercial History Showing the Progress and Growth of Two Decades from the Great Fire to the Present Time. Chicago Illinois: The Chicago Times Company. p. 143. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EMZEAQAAMAAJ&dq=adolph+schoeninger+1833&pg=PA142-IA3","url_text":"Chicago and Its Resources Twenty Years After 1871-1891 A Commercial History Showing the Progress and Growth of Two Decades from the Great Fire to the Present Time"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220226150534/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Chicago_and_Its_Resources_Twenty_Years_A/EMZEAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adolph+schoeninger+1833&pg=PA142-IA3&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Unrivaled Chicago. Chicago and New York: Rand McNally and Company. 1897. p. 69. ISBN 978-0484513128. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension_agent | Agricultural extension | ["1 Extension terminology","2 Historical definitions","3 History","3.1 Origins of agricultural extension","3.2 Four generations of extension in Asia","4 Communication processes","5 Four paradigms of agricultural extension","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Farm efficiency through education
Not to be confused with Agricultural expansion.
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Agricultural extension is the application of scientific research and new knowledge to agricultural practices through farmer education. The field of 'extension' now encompasses a wider range of communication and learning activities organized for rural people by educators from different disciplines, including agriculture, agricultural marketing, health, and business studies.
Extension practitioners can be found throughout the world, usually working for government agencies. They are represented by several professional organizations, networks and extension journals.
Agricultural extension agencies in developing countries receive large amounts of support from international development organizations such as the World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Extension terminology
The use of the word 'extension' originated in england in 1866. Modern extension began in Dublin, Ireland in 1847 with Lord Clarendon's itinerant instructors during the great famine. It expanded in Germany in the 1850s, through the itinerant agricultural teachers Wanderlehrer and later in the USA via the cooperative extension system authorized by the Smith-Lever Act in 1914. The term was later adopted in the United States of America, while in Britain it was replaced with "advisory service" in the 20th century. A number of other terms are used in different parts of the world to describe the same or similar concept:
Arabic: Al-Ershad ("guidance")
Bengali: সম্প্রসারণ (shomprosharon 'extension')
Dutch: Voorlichting ("lighting the path")
German: Beratung ("advisory work")
French: Vulgarisation ("popularization")
Italian: Assistenza tecnica e divulgazione agricola
Spanish: Capacitación ("training", "capacity building")
Thai, Lao: Song-Suem ("to promote")
Persian: Tarvij & Gostaresh ("to promote and to extend") - ترویج و گسترش
Hindi: vistaar ("to extend")- विस्तार
Somali: hormarin & ballaarin' ("to promote and extend"')
In the US, an extension agent is a university employee who develops and delivers educational programs to assist people in economic and community development, leadership, family issues, agriculture and environment. Another program area provided by extension agents is 4-H and youth activities. Many extension agents work for cooperative extension service programs at land-grant universities. They are sometimes referred to as county agents, or extension educators. Often confused with Extension agents, Extension specialists are subject matter experts usually employed as scientists and university professors in various departments in the land-grant university system. Subjects range from agriculture, life sciences, economics, engineering, food safety, pest management, veterinary medicine, and various other allied disciplines. These subject matter specialists work with agents (usually in a statewide or regional team environment) to support programs within the cooperative extension system.
Historical definitions
The examples given below are taken from a number of books on extension published over a period of more than 50 years:
1949: The central task of extension is to help rural families help themselves by applying science, whether physical or social, to the daily routines of farming, homemaking, and family and community living.
1965: Agricultural extension has been described as a system of out-of-school education for rural people.
1966: Extension personnel have the task of bringing scientific knowledge to farm families in the farms and homes. The object of the task is to improve the efficiency of agriculture.
1973: Extension is a service or system which assists farm people, through educational procedures, in improving farming methods and techniques, increasing production efficiency and income, bettering their standard of living and lifting social and educational standards.
1974: Extension involves the conscious use of communication of information to help people form sound opinions and make good decisions.
1982: Agricultural Extension: Assistance to farmers to help them identify and analyze their production problems and become aware of the opportunities for improvement.
1988: Extension is a professional communication intervention deployed by an institution to induce change in voluntary behaviors with a presumed public or collective utility.
1997: Extension is the organized exchange of information and the deliberate transfer of skills.
1999: The essence of agricultural extension is to facilitate interplay and nurture synergies within a total information system involving agricultural research, agricultural education and a vast complex of information-providing businesses.
2004: Extension is a series of embedded communicative interventions that are meant, among other goals, to develop and/or induce innovations which help to resolve (usually multi-actor) problematic situations.
2006: Extension is the process of enabling change in individuals, communities and industries involved in the primary industry sector and in natural resource management.
History
Agricultural extension meeting in Sweden village in 1800s
Origins of agricultural extension
It is not known where or when the first extension activities took place. It is known, however, that Chinese officials were creating agricultural policies, documenting practical knowledge, and disseminating advice to farmers at least 2,000 years ago. For example, in approximately 800 BC, the minister responsible for agriculture under one of the Zhou dynasty emperors organized the teaching of crop rotation and drainage to farmers. The minister also leased equipment to farmers, built grain stores and supplied free food during times of famine.
The birth of the modern extension service has been attributed to events that took place in Ireland in the middle of the 19th century. Between 1845–51 the Irish potato crop was destroyed by fungal diseases and a severe famine occurred. The British Government arranged for "practical instructors" to travel to rural areas and teach small farmers how to cultivate alternative crops. This scheme attracted the attention of government officials in Germany, who organized their own system of traveling instructors. By the end of the 19th century, the idea had spread to Denmark, Netherlands, Italy, and France.
The term "university extension" was first used by the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford in 1867 to describe teaching activities that extended the work of the institution beyond the campus. Most of these early activities were not, however, related to agriculture. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century, when colleges in the United States started conducting demonstrations at agricultural shows and giving lectures to farmer’s clubs, that the term "extension service" was applied to the type of work that we now recognize by that name.
In the United States, the Hatch Act of 1887 established a system of agricultural experiment stations in conjunction with each state's land-grant university, and the Smith-Lever Act of 1914 created a system of cooperative extension to be operated by those universities in order to inform people about current developments in agriculture, home economics, and related subjects.
In 1966 the National Sea Grant College Program was established and Bill Wick developed the first Marine Advisory Program in Oregon using the Extension model. The first Marine Extension agent was Bob Jacobsen, and was known as "an agricultural agent in hip-boots".
Four generations of extension in Asia
Agricultural extension meeting in Nepal, 2002
Agricultural extension meeting in Laos, 2006
The development of extension services in modern Asia has differed from country to country. Despite the variations, it is possible to identify a general sequence of four periods or "generations":
Colonial agriculture: Experimental stations were established in many Asian countries by the colonial powers. The focus of attention was usually on export crops such as rubber, tea, cotton, and sugar. Technical advice was provided to plantation managers and large landowners. Assistance to small farmers who grew subsistence crops was rare, except in times of crisis.
Diverse top-down extension: After independence, commodity-based extension services emerged from the remnants of the colonial system, with production targets established as part of five-year development plans. In addition, various schemes were initiated to meet the needs of small farmers, with support from foreign donors.
Unified top-down extension: During the 1970s and 1980s, the Training and Visit system (T&V) was introduced by the World Bank. Existing organizations were merged into a single national service. Regular messages were delivered to groups of farmers, promoting the adoption of "Green Revolution" technologies.
Diverse bottom-up extension: When World Bank funding came to an end, the T&V system collapsed in many countries, leaving behind a patchwork of programs and projects funded from various other sources. The decline of central planning, combined with a growing concern for sustainability and equity, has resulted in participatory methods gradually replacing top-down approaches.
The fourth generation is well established in some countries, while it has only just begun in other places. While it seems likely that participatory approaches will continue to spread in the next few years, it is impossible to predict the long-term future of extension. Compared to 20 years ago, agricultural extension now receives considerably less support from donor agencies. Among academics working in this field, some have recently argued that agricultural extension needs to be reinvented as a professional practice. Other authors have abandoned the idea of extension as a distinct concept and prefer to think in terms of "knowledge systems" in which farmers are seen as experts rather than adopters.
Aspects of future extension education:
Evolution of extension system and operationalisation of approaches
Future extension education initiatives
Collegiate participation of farmers
Web enabled technology dissemination
Developing cases as tools for technology dissemination
Agriculture as a profitable venture
Scaling up of group mobilization
Micro-enterprises promotion
Several of the institutional innovations that have come up in response to the weaknesses in public research and extension system have given enough indications of the emergence of an agricultural innovation system in India. This has resulted in the blurring of the clearly demarcated institutional boundaries between research, extension, farmers, farmers' groups, NGOs and private enterprises. Extension should play the role of facilitating the access to and transfer of knowledge among the different entities involved in the innovation system and create competent institutional modes to improve the overall performance of the innovation system. Inability to play this important role would further marginalize extension efforts.
Communication processes
The term "extension" has been used to cover widely differing communication systems. Two particular issues help to define the type of extension: how communication takes place, and why it takes place.
The related but separate field of agricultural communication has emerged to contribute to in-depth examinations of the communication processes among various actors within and external to the agricultural system. This field refers to the participatory extension model as a form of public relations-rooted two-way symmetric communication based on mutual respect, understanding, and influence between an organization and its stakeholders.
Agricultural communication can take three modes—face-to-face training, training "products" such as manuals and videos, or information and communication technologies (ICTs), such as radio and short message system (SMS). The most effective systems facilitate two-way communication and often combine different modes.
Four paradigms of agricultural extension
Announcement by a county agricultural agent of a farmers conference held in Philadelphia, Mississippi on January 24, 1929. Any particular extension system can be described in terms of both how communication takes place and why it takes place. It is not the case that paternalistic systems are always persuasive, nor is it the case that participatory projects are necessarily educational. Instead, there are four possible combinations, each of which represents a different extension paradigm, as follows:
Technology transfer (persuasive + paternalistic): This paradigm was prevalent in colonial times and reappeared in the 1970s and 1980s when the "Training and Visit" system was established across Asia. Technology transfer involves a top-down approach that delivers specific recommendations to farmers about the practices they should adopt.
Advisory work (persuasive + participatory): This paradigm can be seen today where government organizations or private consulting companies respond to farmers' inquiries with technical prescriptions. It also takes the form of projects managed by donor agencies and NGOs that use participatory approaches to promote predetermined packages of technology.
Human resource development (educational + paternalistic): This paradigm dominated the earliest days of extension in Europe and North America, when universities gave training to rural people who were too poor to attend full-time courses. It continues today in the outreach activities of colleges around the world. Top-down teaching methods are employed, but students are expected to make their own decisions about how to use the knowledge they acquire.
Facilitation for empowerment (educational + participatory): This paradigm involves methods such as experiential learning and farmer-to-farmer exchanges. Knowledge is gained through interactive processes and the participants are encouraged to make their own decisions. The best known examples in Asia are projects that use Farmer Field Schools (FFS) or participatory technology development (PTD).
There is some disagreement about whether or not the concept and name of 'extension' really encompasses all four paradigms. Some experts believe that the term should be restricted to persuasive approaches, while others believe it should only be used for educational activities. Paulo Freire has argued that the terms ‘extension’ and ‘participation’ are contradictory. There are philosophical reasons behind these disagreements. From a practical point of view, however, communication processes that conform to each of these four paradigms are currently being organized under the name of extension in one part of the world or another. Pragmatically, if not ideologically, all of these activities are considered to be represented in agricultural extension.
See also
Cooperative extension service
Diffusion of innovations
Extension agency
Farmer Field School
Farmer Research Committee
Home demonstration clubs
Participatory technology development
Participatory video
Spore (agricultural publication)
Krishi Vigyan Kendra
References
^ Jones, Gwyn E.; Garforth, Chris (1997). Chapter 1 - The history, development, and future of agricultural extension. Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 92-5-104007-9. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ "কৃষি সম্প্রসারণ অধিদপ্তর".
^ Brunner, E. and Hsin Pao Yang, E. (1949) Rural America and the Extension Service, Columbia University
^ Saville, A. H. (1965) Extension in Rural Communities: A Manual for Agricultural and Home Extension technician Workers. Oxford University Press.
^ State Extension Leaders Network (SELN) 2006 'Enabling Change in Rural and Regional Australia: The role of extension in achieving sustainable and productive futures', online resource: www.seln.org.au.
^ Trager, J. (1996) The Food Chronology, Aurum Press, London
^ Jones, G.E. and Garforth, C. (1997) The history, development, and future of agricultural extension in Swanson, B. “Improving Agricultural Extension: A Reference Manual (3rd Edition)” FAO
^ a b c NAFES (2005) Consolidating Extension in the Lao PDR, National Agricultural and Forestry Extension Service, Vientiane
^ Leeuwis, C. and van den Ban, A. Communication for Rural Innovation: Rethinking Agricultural Extension (3rd Edition), Blackwell Publishing
^ Roling, N. and Wagemakers, A. Editors.(1998), Facilitating Sustainable Agriculture: Participatory learning and adaptive management in times of environmental uncertainty, Cambridge University Press
^ Encyclopedia of public relations Archived April 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, by Robert L. Heath, 2005. Retrieved October 7, 2009.
^ International Finance Corporation (2013). Working with Smallholders: A Handbook for Firms Building Sustainable Supply Chains. "Farms 2 Firms". Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-11-18.
^ Freire, P. (1969) Extension y Comunicacion, translated by Louise Bigwood & Margaret Marshall and re-printed in 'Education: The Practice of Freedom' (1976), Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agricultural extension.
Extension pages at the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Extension at the National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Extension education
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Israel
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They are represented by several professional organizations, networks and extension journals.Agricultural extension agencies in developing countries receive large amounts of support from international development organizations such as the World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.","title":"Agricultural extension"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"economic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development"},{"link_name":"community development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_development"},{"link_name":"4-H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-H"},{"link_name":"cooperative extension service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_extension_service"},{"link_name":"land-grant universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-grant_university"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)"}],"text":"The use of the word 'extension' originated in england in 1866. Modern extension began in Dublin, Ireland in 1847 with Lord Clarendon's itinerant instructors during the great famine.[1] It expanded in Germany in the 1850s, through the itinerant agricultural teachers Wanderlehrer and later in the USA via the cooperative extension system authorized by the Smith-Lever Act in 1914. The term was later adopted in the United States of America, while in Britain it was replaced with \"advisory service\" in the 20th century. A number of other terms are used in different parts of the world to describe the same or similar concept:Arabic: Al-Ershad (\"guidance\")\nBengali: সম্প্রসারণ (shomprosharon 'extension') [2]\nDutch: \t Voorlichting (\"lighting the path\")\nGerman: Beratung (\"advisory work\")\nFrench: Vulgarisation (\"popularization\")\nItalian: Assistenza tecnica e divulgazione agricola\nSpanish: Capacitación (\"training\", \"capacity building\")\nThai, Lao: Song-Suem (\"to promote\")\nPersian: Tarvij & Gostaresh (\"to promote and to extend\") - ترویج و گسترش\nHindi: vistaar (\"to extend\")- विस्तार\nSomali: hormarin & ballaarin' (\"to promote and extend\"')In the US, an extension agent is a university employee who develops and delivers educational programs to assist people in economic and community development, leadership, family issues, agriculture and environment. Another program area provided by extension agents is 4-H and youth activities. Many extension agents work for cooperative extension service programs at land-grant universities. They are sometimes referred to as county agents, or extension educators. Often confused with Extension agents, Extension specialists are subject matter experts usually employed as scientists and university professors in various departments in the land-grant university system. Subjects range from agriculture, life sciences, economics, engineering, food safety, pest management, veterinary medicine, and various other allied disciplines. These subject matter specialists work with agents (usually in a statewide or regional team environment) to support programs within the cooperative extension system.","title":"Extension terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The examples given below are taken from a number of books on extension published over a period of more than 50 years:1949: The central task of extension is to help rural families help themselves by applying science, whether physical or social, to the daily routines of farming, homemaking, and family and community living.[3]\n1965: Agricultural extension has been described as a system of out-of-school education for rural people.[4]\n1966: Extension personnel have the task of bringing scientific knowledge to farm families in the farms and homes. The object of the task is to improve the efficiency of agriculture.\n1973: Extension is a service or system which assists farm people, through educational procedures, in improving farming methods and techniques, increasing production efficiency and income, bettering their standard of living and lifting social and educational standards.\n1974: Extension involves the conscious use of communication of information to help people form sound opinions and make good decisions.\n1982: Agricultural Extension: Assistance to farmers to help them identify and analyze their production problems and become aware of the opportunities for improvement.\n1988: Extension is a professional communication intervention deployed by an institution to induce change in voluntary behaviors with a presumed public or collective utility.\n1997: Extension is the organized exchange of information and the deliberate transfer of skills.\n1999: The essence of agricultural extension is to facilitate interplay and nurture synergies within a total information system involving agricultural research, agricultural education and a vast complex of information-providing businesses.\n2004: Extension is a series of embedded communicative interventions that are meant, among other goals, to develop and/or induce innovations which help to resolve (usually multi-actor) problematic situations.\n2006: Extension is the process of enabling change in individuals, communities and industries involved in the primary industry sector and in natural resource management.[5]","title":"Historical definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Byst%C3%A4mma_%C3%85berg.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"}],"text":"Agricultural extension meeting in Sweden village in 1800s","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhou dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty"},{"link_name":"crop rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"severe famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Irish_Famine"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Hatch Act of 1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1887"},{"link_name":"agricultural experiment stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_experiment_station"},{"link_name":"land-grant university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-grant_university"},{"link_name":"Smith-Lever Act of 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith-Lever_Act_of_1914"},{"link_name":"cooperative extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_extension"},{"link_name":"National Sea Grant College Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sea_Grant_College_Program"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//seagrant.oregonstate.edu/about/brief-history"}],"sub_title":"Origins of agricultural extension","text":"It is not known where or when the first extension activities took place. It is known, however, that Chinese officials were creating agricultural policies, documenting practical knowledge, and disseminating advice to farmers at least 2,000 years ago. For example, in approximately 800 BC, the minister responsible for agriculture under one of the Zhou dynasty emperors organized the teaching of crop rotation and drainage to farmers. The minister also leased equipment to farmers, built grain stores and supplied free food during times of famine.[6]The birth of the modern extension service has been attributed to events that took place in Ireland in the middle of the 19th century.[7] Between 1845–51 the Irish potato crop was destroyed by fungal diseases and a severe famine occurred. The British Government arranged for \"practical instructors\" to travel to rural areas and teach small farmers how to cultivate alternative crops. This scheme attracted the attention of government officials in Germany, who organized their own system of traveling instructors. By the end of the 19th century, the idea had spread to Denmark, Netherlands, Italy, and France.The term \"university extension\" was first used by the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford in 1867 to describe teaching activities that extended the work of the institution beyond the campus. Most of these early activities were not, however, related to agriculture. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century, when colleges in the United States started conducting demonstrations at agricultural shows and giving lectures to farmer’s clubs, that the term \"extension service\" was applied to the type of work that we now recognize by that name.In the United States, the Hatch Act of 1887 established a system of agricultural experiment stations in conjunction with each state's land-grant university, and the Smith-Lever Act of 1914 created a system of cooperative extension to be operated by those universities in order to inform people about current developments in agriculture, home economics, and related subjects.In 1966 the National Sea Grant College Program was established and Bill Wick developed the first Marine Advisory Program in Oregon using the Extension model. The first Marine Extension agent was Bob Jacobsen, and was known as \"an agricultural agent in hip-boots\".[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bartlett_-_Extension_Meeting_-_Nepal_2002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bartlett_-_Extension_Meeting_-_Laos(2006).jpg"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAFES05-8"},{"link_name":"colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber"},{"link_name":"plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation"},{"link_name":"subsistence crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsistence_crop"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"Green Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution"},{"link_name":"sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability"},{"link_name":"timeframe?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"operationalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operationalisation"},{"link_name":"Micro-enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-enterprise"}],"sub_title":"Four generations of extension in Asia","text":"Agricultural extension meeting in Nepal, 2002Agricultural extension meeting in Laos, 2006The development of extension services in modern Asia has differed from country to country. Despite the variations, it is possible to identify a general sequence of four periods or \"generations\":[8]Colonial agriculture: Experimental stations were established in many Asian countries by the colonial powers. The focus of attention was usually on export crops such as rubber, tea, cotton, and sugar. Technical advice was provided to plantation managers and large landowners. Assistance to small farmers who grew subsistence crops was rare, except in times of crisis.\nDiverse top-down extension: After independence, commodity-based extension services emerged from the remnants of the colonial system, with production targets established as part of five-year development plans. In addition, various schemes were initiated to meet the needs of small farmers, with support from foreign donors.\nUnified top-down extension: During the 1970s and 1980s, the Training and Visit system (T&V) was introduced by the World Bank. Existing organizations were merged into a single national service. Regular messages were delivered to groups of farmers, promoting the adoption of \"Green Revolution\" technologies.\nDiverse bottom-up extension: When World Bank funding came to an end, the T&V system collapsed in many countries, leaving behind a patchwork of programs and projects funded from various other sources. The decline of central planning, combined with a growing concern for sustainability and equity, has resulted in participatory methods gradually replacing top-down approaches.The fourth generation is well established in some countries, while it has only just begun in other places. While it seems likely that participatory approaches will continue to spread in the next few years, it is impossible to predict the long-term future of extension. Compared to 20 years ago[timeframe?], agricultural extension now receives considerably less support from donor agencies. Among academics working in this field, some have recently argued that agricultural extension needs to be reinvented as a professional practice.[9] Other authors have abandoned the idea of extension as a distinct concept and prefer to think in terms of \"knowledge systems\" in which farmers are seen as experts rather than adopters.[10]Aspects of future extension education:Evolution of extension system and operationalisation of approaches\nFuture extension education initiatives\nCollegiate participation of farmers\nWeb enabled technology dissemination\nDeveloping cases as tools for technology dissemination\nAgriculture as a profitable venture\nScaling up of group mobilization\nMicro-enterprises promotionSeveral of the institutional innovations that have come up in response to the weaknesses in public research and extension system have given enough indications of the emergence of an agricultural innovation system in India. This has resulted in the blurring of the clearly demarcated institutional boundaries between research, extension, farmers, farmers' groups, NGOs and private enterprises. Extension should play the role of facilitating the access to and transfer of knowledge among the different entities involved in the innovation system and create competent institutional modes to improve the overall performance of the innovation system. Inability to play this important role would further marginalize extension efforts.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAFES05-8"},{"link_name":"agricultural communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_communication"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The term \"extension\" has been used to cover widely differing communication systems. Two particular issues help to define the type of extension: how communication takes place, and why it takes place.[8]The related but separate field of agricultural communication has emerged to contribute to in-depth examinations of the communication processes among various actors within and external to the agricultural system. This field refers to the participatory extension model as a form of public relations-rooted two-way symmetric communication based on mutual respect, understanding, and influence between an organization and its stakeholders.[11]Agricultural communication can take three modes—face-to-face training, training \"products\" such as manuals and videos, or information and communication technologies (ICTs), such as radio and short message system (SMS). The most effective systems facilitate two-way communication and often combine different modes.[12]","title":"Communication processes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Announcement_of_Farmers_Conference_in_Philadelphia,_Mississippi_from_1929.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAFES05-8"},{"link_name":"empowerment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowerment"},{"link_name":"experiential learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiential_learning"},{"link_name":"Farmer Field Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer_Field_Schools"},{"link_name":"participatory technology development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_technology_development"},{"link_name":"Paulo Freire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Freire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Announcement by a county agricultural agent of a farmers conference held in Philadelphia, Mississippi on January 24, 1929.Any particular extension system can be described in terms of both how communication takes place and why it takes place. It is not the case that paternalistic systems are always persuasive, nor is it the case that participatory projects are necessarily educational. Instead, there are four possible combinations, each of which represents a different extension paradigm, as follows:[8]Technology transfer (persuasive + paternalistic): This paradigm was prevalent in colonial times and reappeared in the 1970s and 1980s when the \"Training and Visit\" system was established across Asia. Technology transfer involves a top-down approach that delivers specific recommendations to farmers about the practices they should adopt.\nAdvisory work (persuasive + participatory): This paradigm can be seen today where government organizations or private consulting companies respond to farmers' inquiries with technical prescriptions. It also takes the form of projects managed by donor agencies and NGOs that use participatory approaches to promote predetermined packages of technology.\nHuman resource development (educational + paternalistic): This paradigm dominated the earliest days of extension in Europe and North America, when universities gave training to rural people who were too poor to attend full-time courses. It continues today in the outreach activities of colleges around the world. Top-down teaching methods are employed, but students are expected to make their own decisions about how to use the knowledge they acquire.\nFacilitation for empowerment (educational + participatory): This paradigm involves methods such as experiential learning and farmer-to-farmer exchanges. Knowledge is gained through interactive processes and the participants are encouraged to make their own decisions. The best known examples in Asia are projects that use Farmer Field Schools (FFS) or participatory technology development (PTD).There is some disagreement about whether or not the concept and name of 'extension' really encompasses all four paradigms. Some experts believe that the term should be restricted to persuasive approaches, while others believe it should only be used for educational activities. Paulo Freire has argued that the terms ‘extension’ and ‘participation’ are contradictory.[13] There are philosophical reasons behind these disagreements. From a practical point of view, however, communication processes that conform to each of these four paradigms are currently being organized under the name of extension in one part of the world or another. Pragmatically, if not ideologically, all of these activities are considered to be represented in agricultural extension.","title":"Four paradigms of agricultural extension"}] | [{"image_text":"Agricultural extension meeting in Sweden village in 1800s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Byst%C3%A4mma_%C3%85berg.JPG/220px-Byst%C3%A4mma_%C3%85berg.JPG"},{"image_text":"Agricultural extension meeting in Nepal, 2002","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bartlett_-_Extension_Meeting_-_Nepal_2002.jpg/220px-Bartlett_-_Extension_Meeting_-_Nepal_2002.jpg"},{"image_text":"Agricultural extension meeting in Laos, 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bartlett_-_Extension_Meeting_-_Laos%282006%29.jpg/220px-Bartlett_-_Extension_Meeting_-_Laos%282006%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Announcement by a county agricultural agent of a farmers conference held in Philadelphia, Mississippi on January 24, 1929.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Announcement_of_Farmers_Conference_in_Philadelphia%2C_Mississippi_from_1929.jpg/220px-Announcement_of_Farmers_Conference_in_Philadelphia%2C_Mississippi_from_1929.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Cooperative extension service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_State_Research,_Education,_and_Extension_Service"},{"title":"Diffusion of innovations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations"},{"title":"Extension agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension_agency"},{"title":"Farmer Field School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer_Field_School"},{"title":"Farmer Research Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer_Research_Committee"},{"title":"Home demonstration clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_demonstration_clubs"},{"title":"Participatory technology development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_technology_development"},{"title":"Participatory video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_video"},{"title":"Spore (agricultural publication)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore_(agricultural_publication)"},{"title":"Krishi Vigyan Kendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishi_Vigyan_Kendra"}] | [{"reference":"Jones, Gwyn E.; Garforth, Chris (1997). Chapter 1 - The history, development, and future of agricultural extension. Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 92-5-104007-9.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fao.org/docrep/w5830e/w5830e03.htm","url_text":"Chapter 1 - The history, development, and future of agricultural extension"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization","url_text":"Food and Agriculture Organization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-5-104007-9","url_text":"92-5-104007-9"}]},{"reference":"\"কৃষি সম্প্রসারণ অধিদপ্তর\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dae.gov.bd/site/page/545aac27-134b-49ee-aa31-3eb9a5aed928/-","url_text":"\"কৃষি সম্প্রসারণ অধিদপ্তর\""}]},{"reference":"\"Farms 2 Firms\". Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020932/http://www.farms2firms.org/","url_text":"\"Farms 2 Firms\""},{"url":"https://www.farms2firms.org/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://seagrant.oregonstate.edu/about/brief-history","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.fao.org/docrep/w5830e/w5830e03.htm","external_links_name":"Chapter 1 - The history, development, and future of agricultural extension"},{"Link":"http://www.dae.gov.bd/site/page/545aac27-134b-49ee-aa31-3eb9a5aed928/-","external_links_name":"\"কৃষি সম্প্রসারণ অধিদপ্তর\""},{"Link":"http://newarrivals.nlb.gov.sg/itemdetail.aspx?bid=12303638","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of public relations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090416210130/http://newarrivals.nlb.gov.sg/itemdetail.aspx?bid=12303638","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020932/http://www.farms2firms.org/","external_links_name":"\"Farms 2 Firms\""},{"Link":"https://www.farms2firms.org/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180628010446/http://www.engrais-agricole.com/","external_links_name":"Extension pages at the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)"},{"Link":"https://nifa.usda.gov/extension","external_links_name":"Extension at the National Institute of Food and Agriculture"},{"Link":"https://www.agriculturenotes.com/extension-education/","external_links_name":"Extension education"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4034407-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293810905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85002298","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Taylor | Lynn Taylor | ["1 Life and career","2 Personal life","3 Performances","3.1 Television","3.2 Stage","4 References","5 External links"] | English and Australian actress
Lynn TaylorBorn (1938-06-16) 16 June 1938 (age 85)United KingdomOccupationActressYears active1963–1993SpouseJohn Faassen
Lynn Taylor (born 16 June 1938) is an English and Australian actress, singer and dancer.
Life and career
Taylor was born in the UK. She began her stage career with the Manchester Repertory Theatre, and studied at the Royal College of Music for one year.
In England, she worked in TV series such as "The Saint", "The Avengers" and "Danger Man" and was also Elizabeth Taylor’s stand-in in the movie Cleopatra. In October 1964, she moved to Sydney to launch a new TV career. Besides Australian TV series and stage productions, she co-anchored live TV talk shows and featured on TV commercials.
Taylor was an international promotional representative for Elizabeth Arden, Inc. She taught at National Institute of Dramatic Art.
Personal life
Lynn married Sydney businessman in the mid-1950s. They had three sons. She had a daughter with her second husband, TV and theatre producer, actor and writer John Faassen.
Performances
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1963
The Avengers
Valerie
Episode: "Box of Tricks"
1964
Danger Man
Stewardess
Episode: "Yesterday's Enemies"
1966
Homicide
Dolores Briggs
Episode: "Wasp Nest"
1968
Hunter
Eva
Episode: "The Visitor"
1970
Division 4
Sally Page
Episode: "Mr. Fifty Percent"
Stage
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1965
The Worst Woman in London
Frances Vere
The Music Hall, Neutral Bay, Sydney
1971
The Rocks Push
The Old Sydney Tavern, The Rocks, Sydney
1974
Up a Gum Tree
Miss Molly
The Wild Colonial Theatre Restaurant, St Leonard's, Sydney
1987
To Catch a Thief
Footloose Theatre Restaurant, Thornleigh
1988
A Frantic French Affair
Footloose Theatre Restaurant, Thornleigh
1990
We're No Angels
Babe Botticelli
Footloose Theatre Restaurant, Thornleigh
1991
Her Wicked Ways
Lavinia de Ville
Footloose Dinner Theatre, Thornleigh, Sydney
1992
Vampires Don't Cry
Gorgeous Gussie, the Wayward Witch
Footloose Dinner Theatre, Thornleigh, Sydney
1993
The Fright of Her Life
Luscious Lola
Johnny's Stage Door Theatre Restaurant
1993
Always Look On The Bright Side Of Life
Herself
Zenith Theatre, Chatswood, Sydney
References
^ "Lynn Taylor". www.jesst.com.au.
^ a b O'Neill, Josephine (22 March 1965). "Curtain Call". The Sun-Herald. Sydney, New South Wales. p. 134. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ a b c Gaind, Rama (13 June 1979). "Happy to be rid of 'look-alike' image". The Canberra Times. Vol. 53, no. 15, 969. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. p. 23. Retrieved 28 July 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
^ a b c "The Reluctant Cleopatra". The Age. Melbourne, Victoria. 12 October 1964. p. 2.
^ a b Hickman, Lorraine (12 August 1970). "TV models have "The Look of the Moment"". The Australian Women's Weekly. Vol. 38, no. 11. Australia. pp. 20, 23. Retrieved 31 July 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
^ Grose, Michael (22 March 1998). "The age of uncertainty". The Age SundayLife!. Melbourne, Victoria. p. 7. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ "No, not THAT Taylor". The Sun-Herald. Sydney, New South Wales. 5 June 1966. p. 96. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ "TV Monday". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. 28 May 1970. p. 12, TV–Radio Guide. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ "TV Tuesday". The Age. Melbourne, Victoria. 27 February 1970. p. 9, TV–Radio Guide. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ H.L.C. (8 April 1965). "Music Hall Drama". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney, New South Wales. p. 12. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ Pinne, Peter (Spring 2010). "The Magic of George Miller's Music Halls" (PDF). On Stage. 11 (4). Theatre Heritage Australia Inc.: 7. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ Walford, Leslie (11 July 1971). "The night I got among the Rocks Push". The Sun-Herald. Sydney, New South Wales. p. 126. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ "Dishing up feasts of local history". The Australian Women's Weekly. Vol. 42, no. 1. Australia. 5 June 1974. p. 55. Retrieved 31 July 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
^ Saw, Bill (5 November 1987). "Fun and Games at the Footloose". The Northern Herald (Weekly free supplement to The Sydney Morning Herald). Sydney, New South Wales. p. 21. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ Saw, Bill (10 March 1988). "Frantic and French at the Footloose". The Northern Herald (Weekly free supplement to The Sydney Morning Herald). Sydney, New South Wales. p. 16. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ Saw, Bill (28 June 1990). "Footloose Theatre Restaurant - a riotous romp of laughs and songs". The Northern Herald (Weekly free supplement to The Sydney Morning Herald). Sydney, New South Wales. p. 21. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ a b Forrest, Betty (12 December 1991). "Fancy Free Fun at Footloose". The Northern Herald (Weekly free supplement to The Sydney Morning Herald). Sydney, New South Wales. Avanti Productions. p. 24. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ Saw, Bill (14 March 1991). "Footloose Dinner Theatre. Gala new show opens tomorrow night". The Northern Herald (Weekly free supplement to The Sydney Morning Herald). Sydney, New South Wales. p. 13. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ Offner, Steve (25 November 1993). "Enter tap-dancing Inspector". The Northern Herald (Weekly free supplement to The Sydney Morning Herald). Sydney, New South Wales. p. 12. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ Forrest, Betty (15 April 1993). "Lyn's Journey Down the Scales". The Northern Herald (Weekly free supplement to The Sydney Morning Herald). Sydney, New South Wales. Avanti Productions. p. 21. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
External links
Lynn Taylor at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Lynn Taylor (born 16 June 1938) is an English and Australian actress, singer and dancer.[1]","title":"Lynn Taylor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONeill-2"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_(1963_film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaind-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reluctant-4"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reluctant-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hickman-5"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Arden, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaind-3"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Dramatic_Art"}],"text":"Taylor was born in the UK. She began her stage career with the Manchester Repertory Theatre, and studied at the Royal College of Music for one year.[2]In England, she worked in TV series such as \"The Saint\", \"The Avengers\" and \"Danger Man\" and was also Elizabeth Taylor’s stand-in in the movie Cleopatra.[3][4] In October 1964, she moved to Sydney to launch a new TV career.[4] Besides Australian TV series and stage productions, she co-anchored live TV talk shows and featured on TV commercials.[5]Taylor was an international promotional representative for Elizabeth Arden, Inc.[3] She taught at National Institute of Dramatic Art.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaind-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reluctant-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hickman-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grose-6"}],"text":"Lynn married Sydney businessman in the mid-1950s. They had three sons.[3][4][5] She had a daughter with her second husband, TV and theatre producer, actor and writer John Faassen.[6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Performances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Performances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Stage","title":"Performances"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Lynn Taylor\". www.jesst.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jesst.com.au/lynn-taylor","url_text":"\"Lynn Taylor\""}]},{"reference":"O'Neill, Josephine (22 March 1965). \"Curtain Call\". The Sun-Herald. Sydney, New South Wales. p. 134. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/124007396/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","url_text":"\"Curtain Call\""}]},{"reference":"Gaind, Rama (13 June 1979). \"Happy to be rid of 'look-alike' image\". The Canberra Times. Vol. 53, no. 15, 969. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. p. 23. Retrieved 28 July 2019 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110951629","url_text":"\"Happy to be rid of 'look-alike' image\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The Reluctant Cleopatra\". The Age. Melbourne, Victoria. 12 October 1964. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sE0RAAAAIBAJ&pg=2352%2C2048088","url_text":"\"The Reluctant Cleopatra\""}]},{"reference":"Hickman, Lorraine (12 August 1970). \"TV models have \"The Look of the Moment\"\". The Australian Women's Weekly. Vol. 38, no. 11. Australia. pp. 20, 23. Retrieved 31 July 2019 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51274620","url_text":"\"TV models have \"The Look of the Moment\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian_Women%27s_Weekly","url_text":"The Australian Women's Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Grose, Michael (22 March 1998). \"The age of uncertainty\". The Age SundayLife!. Melbourne, Victoria. p. 7. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/122997058/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","url_text":"\"The age of uncertainty\""}]},{"reference":"\"No, not THAT Taylor\". The Sun-Herald. Sydney, New South Wales. 5 June 1966. p. 96. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/122815198/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","url_text":"\"No, not THAT Taylor\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV Monday\". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. 28 May 1970. p. 12, TV–Radio Guide. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/121210234/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","url_text":"\"TV Monday\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV Tuesday\". The Age. Melbourne, Victoria. 27 February 1970. p. 9, TV–Radio Guide. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/121989869/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","url_text":"\"TV Tuesday\""}]},{"reference":"H.L.C. (8 April 1965). \"Music Hall Drama\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney, New South Wales. p. 12. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/123947814/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","url_text":"\"Music Hall Drama\""}]},{"reference":"Pinne, Peter (Spring 2010). \"The Magic of George Miller's Music Halls\" (PDF). On Stage. 11 (4). Theatre Heritage Australia Inc.: 7. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://theatreheritage.org.au/images/OnStage/backissues/2010-4.pdf","url_text":"\"The Magic of George Miller's Music Halls\""}]},{"reference":"Walford, Leslie (11 July 1971). \"The night I got among the Rocks Push\". The Sun-Herald. Sydney, New South Wales. p. 126. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/122836115/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","url_text":"\"The night I got among the Rocks Push\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dishing up feasts of local history\". The Australian Women's Weekly. Vol. 42, no. 1. Australia. 5 June 1974. p. 55. Retrieved 31 July 2019 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47814866","url_text":"\"Dishing up feasts of local history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian_Women%27s_Weekly","url_text":"The Australian Women's Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Saw, Bill (5 November 1987). \"Fun and Games at the Footloose\". The Northern Herald (Weekly free supplement to The Sydney Morning Herald). Sydney, New South Wales. p. 21. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/120495085/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","url_text":"\"Fun and Games at the Footloose\""}]},{"reference":"Saw, Bill (10 March 1988). \"Frantic and French at the Footloose\". The Northern Herald (Weekly free supplement to The Sydney Morning Herald). Sydney, New South Wales. p. 16. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/122757848/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","url_text":"\"Frantic and French at the Footloose\""}]},{"reference":"Saw, Bill (28 June 1990). \"Footloose Theatre Restaurant - a riotous romp of laughs and songs\". The Northern Herald (Weekly free supplement to The Sydney Morning Herald). Sydney, New South Wales. p. 21. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/120769356/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","url_text":"\"Footloose Theatre Restaurant - a riotous romp of laughs and songs\""}]},{"reference":"Forrest, Betty (12 December 1991). \"Fancy Free Fun at Footloose\". The Northern Herald (Weekly free supplement to The Sydney Morning Herald). Sydney, New South Wales. Avanti Productions. p. 24. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/125534404/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","url_text":"\"Fancy Free Fun at Footloose\""}]},{"reference":"Saw, Bill (14 March 1991). \"Footloose Dinner Theatre. Gala new show opens tomorrow night\". The Northern Herald (Weekly free supplement to The Sydney Morning Herald). Sydney, New South Wales. p. 13. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/121191950/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","url_text":"\"Footloose Dinner Theatre. Gala new show opens tomorrow night\""}]},{"reference":"Offner, Steve (25 November 1993). \"Enter tap-dancing Inspector\". The Northern Herald (Weekly free supplement to The Sydney Morning Herald). Sydney, New South Wales. p. 12. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/120098058/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","url_text":"\"Enter tap-dancing Inspector\""}]},{"reference":"Forrest, Betty (15 April 1993). \"Lyn's Journey Down the Scales\". The Northern Herald (Weekly free supplement to The Sydney Morning Herald). Sydney, New South Wales. Avanti Productions. p. 21. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/120084328/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","url_text":"\"Lyn's Journey Down the Scales\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.jesst.com.au/lynn-taylor","external_links_name":"\"Lynn Taylor\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/124007396/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","external_links_name":"\"Curtain Call\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110951629","external_links_name":"\"Happy to be rid of 'look-alike' image\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sE0RAAAAIBAJ&pg=2352%2C2048088","external_links_name":"\"The Reluctant Cleopatra\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51274620","external_links_name":"\"TV models have \"The Look of the Moment\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/122997058/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","external_links_name":"\"The age of uncertainty\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/122815198/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","external_links_name":"\"No, not THAT Taylor\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/121210234/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","external_links_name":"\"TV Monday\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/121989869/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","external_links_name":"\"TV Tuesday\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/123947814/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","external_links_name":"\"Music Hall Drama\""},{"Link":"https://theatreheritage.org.au/images/OnStage/backissues/2010-4.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Magic of George Miller's Music Halls\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/122836115/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","external_links_name":"\"The night I got among the Rocks Push\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47814866","external_links_name":"\"Dishing up feasts of local history\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/120495085/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","external_links_name":"\"Fun and Games at the Footloose\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/122757848/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","external_links_name":"\"Frantic and French at the Footloose\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/120769356/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","external_links_name":"\"Footloose Theatre Restaurant - a riotous romp of laughs and songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/125534404/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","external_links_name":"\"Fancy Free Fun at Footloose\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/121191950/?terms=%22Lynn%2BTaylor%22","external_links_name":"\"Footloose Dinner Theatre. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Zapata_de_C%C3%A1rdenas | Luis Zapata de Cárdenas | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 Literature","4 External links and additional sources"] | Archbishop of Santafé
Most ReverendLuis Zapata de CárdenasArchbishop of SantaféChurchCatholic ChurchArchdioceseArchdiocese of Santafé en Nueva GranadaIn office1570–1590PredecessorJuan de los BarriosSuccessorAlfonso López de AvilaOrdersConsecrationMay 1571by Giovanni Battista CastagnaPersonal detailsBorn1515 (1515)Llerena, SpainDied24 February 1590 (aged 79–80)Bogotá
Friar Luis Zapata de Cárdenas, O.F.M. Rec. (1515 – 24 February 1590) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Santafé de Bogotá, capital of the New Kingdom of Granada (1573–1590).
Biography
Luis Zapata de Cárdenas was born in Llerena, Spain, in 1515. His father, Rodrigo de Cárdenas, was Comendador de Oliva in the Order of Santiago.
Zapata served in the armies of Charles V in the Holy Roman Empire and Flanders. He rose to the ranks of maestre de campo and became a member of the Order of Santiago.
He left the military and became a friar in a Franciscan convent of San Ildefonso in Hornachos, which had recently been reconquered by Christian armies from Muslim rule. He became Superior (guardián) over multiple monasteries in the same province.
In 1560, the Franciscan Order named Zapata General Commissary for Peru. He arrived in South America in 1561 with fifty friars. He returned to Spain in 1565, serving as Provincial in the Franciscan province of San Miguel (Extremadura) between 1566 and 1572.
In 1569, Philip II named Zapata the first bishop of Cartagena de Indias, but Zapata declined the position.
On 8 November 1570 he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Pius V as Archbishop of Santafé en Nueva Granada.
In May 1571, he was consecrated bishop by Giovanni Battista Castagna, Archbishop of Rossano.
He arrived in Santafé in 1573, serving as Archbishop of Santafé en Nueva Granada until his death on 24 Feb 1590. As archbishop, he published pro-indigenous statements and ordained mestizos.
While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Dionisio de Santos, Bishop of Cartagena (1575).
References
^ a b c Eubel, Konrad (1923). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi. Vol. III (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. p. 196. (in Latin)
^ a b c d e f g h i Deardorff, Max, ed. (2023), "Cultivating the Christian Republic: The New Kingdom of Granada and the Archbishop Zapata de Cárdenas", A Tale of Two Granadas: Custom, Community, and Citizenship in the Spanish Empire, 1568–1668, Cambridge Latin American Studies, Cambridge University Press, pp. 116–141, doi:10.1017/9781009335447.005, ISBN 978-1-009-33542-3
^ a b c d Cheney, David M. "Archbishop Luis Zapata de Cárdenas, O.F.M. Rec". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.self-published
^ Deardorff, Max, ed. (2023), "The Mestizo Priesthood", A Tale of Two Granadas: Custom, Community, and Citizenship in the Spanish Empire, 1568–1668, Cambridge Latin American Studies, Cambridge University Press, pp. 208–238, doi:10.1017/9781009335447.008, ISBN 978-1-009-33542-3
Literature
Hildegard Ernst (1999). "Zapata de Cardenas, Luis". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 15. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 1555–1556. ISBN 3-88309-077-8.
External links and additional sources
Cheney, David M. "Archdiocese of Bogotá". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops)
Chow, Gabriel. "Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bogotá (Colombia)". GCatholic.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops)
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byJuan de los Barrios
Archbishop of Santafé en Nueva Granada 1570–1590
Succeeded byAlfonso López de Avila
vteOrdinaries of the Archdiocese of BogotáArchbishops of Santaféen Nueva Granada
Juan de los Barrios
Luis Zapata de Cárdenas
Alfonso López de Avila
Bartolomé Martinez Menacho y Mesa
Bartolomé Lobo Guerrero
Juan Castro
Pedro Ordóñez y Flórez
Hernando de Arias y Ugarte
Julián de Cortázar
Bernardino de Almansa Carrión
Cristóbal de Torres
Juan de Arguinao
Antonio Sanz Lozano
Ignacio de Urbina
Francisco de Cosío y Otero
Francisco del Rincón
Antonio Álvarez de Quiñones
Juan de Galavís
Diego Fermín de Vergara
Pedro de Azúa e Iturgoyen
José Javier de Arauz y Rojas
Manuel Sosa Betencourt
Francisco de la Riva
Lucas Ramírez Galán
Agustín Camacho y Rojas
Agustín de Alvarado y Castillo
Antonio Caballero y Góngora
Baltazar Martínez de Compañón
Fernando del Portillo y Torres
Juan Bautista Sacristán y Galiano
Isidoro Domínguez
Fernando Caycedit Florez
Manuel José Mosquera y Arboleda
Antonio Herrán y Zaldúa
Vicente Arbeláez
José Telésforo Paúl
Ignacio León Velasco
Bernardo Herrera Restrepo
Archbishops of Bogotá
Bernardo Herrera Restrepo
Ismael Perdomo Borrero
Crisanto Luque Sánchez
Luis Concha Córdoba
Aníbal Muñoz Duque
Mario Revollo Bravo
Pedro Rubiano Sáenz
Rubén Salazar Gómez
Luis José Rueda Aparicio
Auxiliary bishops,current
Luis Alí Herrera
Pedro Salamanca Mantilla
Auxiliary bishops,former
José Carrión y Marfil
José Antonio Chaves
Indalecio Barreto
Mosé Higuera
Leonidas Medina
Luis Andrade Valderrama
Emilio de Brigard Ortiz
Luis Pérez Hernández
José Martinez Vargas
Gabriel Montalvo Higuera
Pablo Correa León
José Calderón Contreras
Rubén Buitrago Trujillo
Alfonso López Trujillo
Luis Parra Mora
Mario Revollo Bravo
Víctor López Forero
Ramón Molina Jaramillo
Luis Romero Franco
Jorge Ardila Serrano
Guillermo Alvaro Ortiz Carrillo
Enrique Sarmiento Angulo
Fabio Suescún Mutis
Agustín Otero Largacha
José Falla Robles
Oscar Urbina Ortega
José Ruiz Arenas
Fernando Sabogal Viana
Daniel Caro Borda
José Ospina Leongómez
Francisco Nieto Súa
Priests who becamebishops elsewhere
Eduardo Maldonado Calvo
Alfredo Rubio Díaz
Alberto Uribe Urdaneta
Héctor Luis Gutiérrez Pabón
Héctor Cubillos Peña
Mario E. Dorsonville
Portals: Biography Catholicism Colombia
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Germany
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O.F.M. Rec.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.F.M._Rec."},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Santafé de Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIII-1"}],"text":"Friar Luis Zapata de Cárdenas, O.F.M. Rec. (1515 – 24 February 1590) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Santafé de Bogotá, capital of the New Kingdom of Granada (1573–1590).[1]","title":"Luis Zapata de Cárdenas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Llerena, Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llerena,_Badajoz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Order of Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Santiago"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"reconquered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Cartagena de Indias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_V"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Santafé en Nueva Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Santaf%C3%A9_en_Nueva_Granada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIII-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierLuZapCar-3"},{"link_name":"consecrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrated"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Castagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Castagna"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Rossano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rossano"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierLuZapCar-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIII-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierLuZapCar-3"},{"link_name":"mestizos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"principal consecrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_consecrator"},{"link_name":"Dionisio de Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisio_de_Santos"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cartagena_in_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierLuZapCar-3"}],"text":"Luis Zapata de Cárdenas was born in Llerena, Spain, in 1515.[2] His father, Rodrigo de Cárdenas, was Comendador de Oliva in the Order of Santiago.[2]Zapata served in the armies of Charles V in the Holy Roman Empire and Flanders.[2] He rose to the ranks of maestre de campo and became a member of the Order of Santiago.[2]He left the military and became a friar in a Franciscan convent of San Ildefonso in Hornachos, which had recently been reconquered by Christian armies from Muslim rule.[2] He became Superior (guardián) over multiple monasteries in the same province.[2]In 1560, the Franciscan Order named Zapata General Commissary for Peru.[2] He arrived in South America in 1561 with fifty friars. He returned to Spain in 1565, serving as Provincial in the Franciscan province of San Miguel (Extremadura) between 1566 and 1572.[2]In 1569, Philip II named Zapata the first bishop of Cartagena de Indias, but Zapata declined the position.[2]On 8 November 1570 he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Pius V as Archbishop of Santafé en Nueva Granada.[1][3] \nIn May 1571, he was consecrated bishop by Giovanni Battista Castagna, Archbishop of Rossano.[3] \nHe arrived in Santafé in 1573, serving as Archbishop of Santafé en Nueva Granada until his death on 24 Feb 1590.[1][3] As archbishop, he published pro-indigenous statements and ordained mestizos.[4]While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Dionisio de Santos, Bishop of Cartagena (1575).[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hildegard Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hildegard_Ernst&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bbkl.de/.shtml"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-88309-077-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88309-077-8"}],"text":"Hildegard Ernst (1999). \"Zapata de Cardenas, Luis\". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 15. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 1555–1556. ISBN 3-88309-077-8.","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Archdiocese of Bogotá\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dbogo.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"[self-published]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS"},{"link_name":"\"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bogotá (Colombia)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/bogo0.htm"},{"link_name":"[self-published]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ordinaries_of_the_Archdiocese_of_Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ordinaries_of_the_Archdiocese_of_Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ordinaries_of_the_Archdiocese_of_Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Juan de los Barrios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_los_Barrios"},{"link_name":"Luis Zapata de Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Alfonso López de Avila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_de_Avila"},{"link_name":"Bartolomé Martinez Menacho y Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Martinez_Menacho_y_Mesa"},{"link_name":"Bartolomé Lobo Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Lobo_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Juan Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Castro_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Pedro Ordóñez y Flórez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez_y_Fl%C3%B3rez"},{"link_name":"Hernando de Arias y Ugarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_de_Arias_y_Ugarte"},{"link_name":"Julián de Cortázar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_de_Cort%C3%A1zar"},{"link_name":"Bernardino de Almansa Carrión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_de_Almansa_Carri%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Cristóbal de Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Torres"},{"link_name":"Juan de Arguinao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Arguinao"},{"link_name":"Antonio Sanz Lozano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Sanz_Lozano"},{"link_name":"Ignacio de Urbina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_de_Urbina"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Cosío y Otero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Cos%C3%ADo_y_Otero"},{"link_name":"Francisco del Rincón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_del_Rinc%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Antonio Álvarez de Quiñones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Claudio_%C3%81lvarez_de_Qui%C3%B1ones"},{"link_name":"Juan de Galavís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Galav%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"Diego Fermín de Vergara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diego_Ferm%C3%ADn_de_Vergara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pedro de Azúa e Iturgoyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Felipe_de_Az%C3%BAa_e_Iturgoyen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Javier de Arauz y Rojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Javier_de_Arauz_y_Rojas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manuel Sosa Betencourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Sosa_Betencourt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francisco de la Riva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Antonio_de_la_Riva_Mazo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lucas Ramírez Galán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Ram%C3%ADrez_Gal%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Agustín Camacho y Rojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agust%C3%ADn_Manuel_Camacho_y_Rojas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agustín de Alvarado y Castillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agust%C3%ADn_de_Alvarado_y_Castillo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antonio Caballero y Góngora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Caballero_y_G%C3%B3ngora"},{"link_name":"Baltazar Martínez de Compañón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltazar_Jaime_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_Compa%C3%B1%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fernando del Portillo y Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_del_Portillo_y_Torres"},{"link_name":"Juan Bautista Sacristán y Galiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Bautista_Sacrist%C3%A1n_y_Galiano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Isidoro Domínguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isidoro_Dom%C3%ADnguez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fernando Caycedit Florez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Caycedit_Florez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manuel José Mosquera y Arboleda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Jos%C3%A9_Mosquera_y_Arboleda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antonio Herrán y Zaldúa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Herr%C3%A1n_y_Zald%C3%BAa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vicente Arbeláez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicente_Arbel%C3%A1ez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Telésforo Paúl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tel%C3%A9sforo_Pa%C3%BAl"},{"link_name":"Ignacio León Velasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignacio_Le%C3%B3n_Velasco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Herrera Restrepo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_Herrera_Restrepo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Herrera Restrepo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_Herrera_Restrepo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ismael Perdomo Borrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Perdomo_Borrero"},{"link_name":"Crisanto Luque Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisanto_Luque_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"Luis Concha Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Concha_C%C3%B3rdoba"},{"link_name":"Aníbal Muñoz Duque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Mu%C3%B1oz_Duque"},{"link_name":"Mario Revollo Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Revollo_Bravo"},{"link_name":"Pedro Rubiano Sáenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Rubiano_S%C3%A1enz"},{"link_name":"Rubén Salazar Gómez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Salazar_G%C3%B3mez"},{"link_name":"Luis José Rueda Aparicio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Jos%C3%A9_Rueda_Aparicio"},{"link_name":"Luis Alí Herrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Manuel_Al%C3%AD_Herrera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pedro Salamanca Mantilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Manuel_Salamanca_Mantilla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Carrión y Marfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Carri%C3%B3n_y_Marfil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Chaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Chaves"},{"link_name":"Indalecio Barreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indalecio_Barreto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mosé Higuera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos%C3%A9_Higuera"},{"link_name":"Leonidas Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonidas_Medina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luis Andrade Valderrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Andrade_Valderrama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emilio de Brigard Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_de_Brigard_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"Luis Pérez Hernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Martinez Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Jes%C3%BAs_Martinez_Vargas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Montalvo Higuera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Montalvo_Higuera"},{"link_name":"Pablo Correa León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Correa_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Calderón Contreras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Gabriel_Calder%C3%B3n_Contreras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rubén Buitrago Trujillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rub%C3%A9n_Buitrago_Trujillo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alfonso López Trujillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_Trujillo"},{"link_name":"Luis Parra Mora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Parra_Mora"},{"link_name":"Mario Revollo Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Revollo_Bravo"},{"link_name":"Víctor López Forero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Forero"},{"link_name":"Ramón Molina Jaramillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Dar%C3%ADo_Molina_Jaramillo"},{"link_name":"Luis Romero Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Gabriel_Romero_Franco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jorge Ardila Serrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Ardila_Serrano"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Alvaro Ortiz Carrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo_Alvaro_Ortiz_Carrillo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Enrique Sarmiento Angulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enrique_Sarmiento_Angulo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fabio Suescún Mutis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabio_Suesc%C3%BAn_Mutis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agustín Otero Largacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agust%C3%ADn_Otero_Largacha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Falla Robles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Daniel_Falla_Robles"},{"link_name":"Oscar Urbina Ortega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Urbina_Ortega"},{"link_name":"José Ruiz Arenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Octavio_Ruiz_Arenas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fernando Sabogal Viana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Sabogal_Viana"},{"link_name":"Daniel Caro Borda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Caro_Borda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Ospina Leongómez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Roberto_Ospina_Leong%C3%B3mez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francisco Nieto Súa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Antonio_Nieto_S%C3%BAa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Maldonado Calvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Maldonado_Calvo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Rubio Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Rubio_D%C3%ADaz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alberto Uribe Urdaneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Uribe_Urdaneta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Héctor Luis Gutiérrez Pabón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A9ctor_Luis_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Pab%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Héctor Cubillos Peña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A9ctor_Cubillos_Pe%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mario E. Dorsonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_E._Dorsonville"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Colombia"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11175986#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000078907332"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/60729141"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbH3wc6CchJ3gyD4GkRrq"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169324791"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169324791"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/141385472"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n91107058"}],"text":"Cheney, David M. \"Archdiocese of Bogotá\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]\nChow, Gabriel. \"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bogotá (Colombia)\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]vteOrdinaries of the Archdiocese of BogotáArchbishops of Santaféen Nueva Granada\nJuan de los Barrios\nLuis Zapata de Cárdenas\nAlfonso López de Avila\nBartolomé Martinez Menacho y Mesa\nBartolomé Lobo Guerrero\nJuan Castro\nPedro Ordóñez y Flórez\nHernando de Arias y Ugarte\nJulián de Cortázar\nBernardino de Almansa Carrión\nCristóbal de Torres\nJuan de Arguinao\nAntonio Sanz Lozano\nIgnacio de Urbina\nFrancisco de Cosío y Otero\nFrancisco del Rincón\nAntonio Álvarez de Quiñones\nJuan de Galavís\nDiego Fermín de Vergara\nPedro de Azúa e Iturgoyen\nJosé Javier de Arauz y Rojas\nManuel Sosa Betencourt\nFrancisco de la Riva\nLucas Ramírez Galán\nAgustín Camacho y Rojas\nAgustín de Alvarado y Castillo\nAntonio Caballero y Góngora\nBaltazar Martínez de Compañón\nFernando del Portillo y Torres\nJuan Bautista Sacristán y Galiano\nIsidoro Domínguez\nFernando Caycedit Florez\nManuel José Mosquera y Arboleda\nAntonio Herrán y Zaldúa\nVicente Arbeláez\nJosé Telésforo Paúl\nIgnacio León Velasco\nBernardo Herrera Restrepo\nArchbishops of Bogotá\nBernardo Herrera Restrepo\nIsmael Perdomo Borrero\nCrisanto Luque Sánchez\nLuis Concha Córdoba\nAníbal Muñoz Duque\nMario Revollo Bravo\nPedro Rubiano Sáenz\nRubén Salazar Gómez\nLuis José Rueda Aparicio\nAuxiliary bishops,current\nLuis Alí Herrera\nPedro Salamanca Mantilla\nAuxiliary bishops,former\nJosé Carrión y Marfil\nJosé Antonio Chaves\nIndalecio Barreto\nMosé Higuera\nLeonidas Medina\nLuis Andrade Valderrama\nEmilio de Brigard Ortiz\nLuis Pérez Hernández\nJosé Martinez Vargas\nGabriel Montalvo Higuera\nPablo Correa León\nJosé Calderón Contreras\nRubén Buitrago Trujillo\nAlfonso López Trujillo\nLuis Parra Mora\nMario Revollo Bravo\nVíctor López Forero\nRamón Molina Jaramillo\nLuis Romero Franco\nJorge Ardila Serrano\nGuillermo Alvaro Ortiz Carrillo\nEnrique Sarmiento Angulo\nFabio Suescún Mutis\nAgustín Otero Largacha\nJosé Falla Robles\nOscar Urbina Ortega\nJosé Ruiz Arenas\nFernando Sabogal Viana\nDaniel Caro Borda\nJosé Ospina Leongómez\nFrancisco Nieto Súa\nPriests who becamebishops elsewhere\nEduardo Maldonado Calvo\nAlfredo Rubio Díaz\nAlberto Uribe Urdaneta\nHéctor Luis Gutiérrez Pabón\nHéctor Cubillos Peña\nMario E. DorsonvillePortals: Biography Catholicism ColombiaAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nUnited States","title":"External links and additional sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Eubel, Konrad (1923). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi. Vol. III (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. p. 196.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/hierarchiacathol03eube#page/196/mode/2up","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi"}]},{"reference":"Deardorff, Max, ed. (2023), \"Cultivating the Christian Republic: The New Kingdom of Granada and the Archbishop Zapata de Cárdenas\", A Tale of Two Granadas: Custom, Community, and Citizenship in the Spanish Empire, 1568–1668, Cambridge Latin American Studies, Cambridge University Press, pp. 116–141, doi:10.1017/9781009335447.005, ISBN 978-1-009-33542-3","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/tale-of-two-granadas/cultivating-the-christian-republic-the-new-kingdom-of-granada-and-the-archbishop-zapata-de-cardenas/D38910A6FB0B51ABE16BDB53B755B1E8","url_text":"\"Cultivating the Christian Republic: The New Kingdom of Granada and the Archbishop Zapata de Cárdenas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009335447.005","url_text":"10.1017/9781009335447.005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-33542-3","url_text":"978-1-009-33542-3"}]},{"reference":"Cheney, David M. \"Archbishop Luis Zapata de Cárdenas, O.F.M. Rec\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcardl.html","url_text":"\"Archbishop Luis Zapata de Cárdenas, O.F.M. Rec\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"Deardorff, Max, ed. (2023), \"The Mestizo Priesthood\", A Tale of Two Granadas: Custom, Community, and Citizenship in the Spanish Empire, 1568–1668, Cambridge Latin American Studies, Cambridge University Press, pp. 208–238, doi:10.1017/9781009335447.008, ISBN 978-1-009-33542-3","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/tale-of-two-granadas/mestizo-priesthood/142C3FF52B0A70C3C1464D638C13A81E","url_text":"\"The Mestizo Priesthood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009335447.008","url_text":"10.1017/9781009335447.008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-33542-3","url_text":"978-1-009-33542-3"}]},{"reference":"Hildegard Ernst (1999). \"Zapata de Cardenas, Luis\". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 15. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 1555–1556. ISBN 3-88309-077-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hildegard_Ernst&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Hildegard Ernst"},{"url":"http://www.bbkl.de/.shtml","url_text":"Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88309-077-8","url_text":"3-88309-077-8"}]},{"reference":"Cheney, David M. \"Archdiocese of Bogotá\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dbogo.html","url_text":"\"Archdiocese of Bogotá\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"Chow, Gabriel. \"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bogotá (Colombia)\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/bogo0.htm","url_text":"\"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bogotá (Colombia)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/hierarchiacathol03eube#page/196/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/tale-of-two-granadas/cultivating-the-christian-republic-the-new-kingdom-of-granada-and-the-archbishop-zapata-de-cardenas/D38910A6FB0B51ABE16BDB53B755B1E8","external_links_name":"\"Cultivating the Christian Republic: The New Kingdom of Granada and the Archbishop Zapata de Cárdenas\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009335447.005","external_links_name":"10.1017/9781009335447.005"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcardl.html","external_links_name":"\"Archbishop Luis Zapata de Cárdenas, O.F.M. Rec\""},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/tale-of-two-granadas/mestizo-priesthood/142C3FF52B0A70C3C1464D638C13A81E","external_links_name":"\"The Mestizo Priesthood\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009335447.008","external_links_name":"10.1017/9781009335447.008"},{"Link":"http://www.bbkl.de/.shtml","external_links_name":"Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dbogo.html","external_links_name":"\"Archdiocese of Bogotá\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/bogo0.htm","external_links_name":"\"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bogotá (Colombia)\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078907332","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/60729141","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbH3wc6CchJ3gyD4GkRrq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169324791","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169324791","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/141385472","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91107058","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratina_Cup | Petrov Cup | ["1 Winners","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Major hockey league trophy
The Petrov Cup, previously Bratina Cup (Russian: Кубок "Братина", Kubok "Bratina") is the trophy awarded to the winner of the play-off of the Major League (Vysshaya Liga) until 2010 and the trophy awarded to the winner of the play-off of the Major Hockey League (VHL) since the 2010–11 season. The names of winning clubs inscribed on the trophy are from the 1999–00 season onward. The trophy weights almost 19 kg (41.89 lbs).
The current 2021 holders of the trophy is HC Yugra, The team with the most Petrov/Bratina Cup championships, is Toros Neftekamsk, with three wins, who defeated HC Izhstal in the Best-of-seven final series 4 games to 2 in 2015.
Winners
Season
Petrov Cup winner
Finalist
2010–11
Rubin Tyumen
Neftyanik Almetyevsk
2011–12
Toros Neftekamsk
Rubin Tyumen
2012–13
Toros Neftekamsk
Saryarka Karagandy
2013–14
Saryarka Karagandy
Rubin Tyumen
2014–15
Toros Neftekamsk
HC Izhstal
2015–16
Neftyanik Almetyevsk
HC Izhstal
2016–17
Dynamo Balashikha
Kazzinc-Torpedo
2017–18
Dinamo Saint Petersburg
SKA-Neva
2018–19
Saryarka Karagandy
Rubin Tyumen
2019–20
Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
2020–21
HC Yugra
Metallurg Novokuznetsk
See also
Gagarin Cup, KHL main trophy
Kharlamov Cup, MHL main trophy
References
^ Press Service of the Ice Hockey Federation of Russia (9 April 2010). Валерий Фесюк избран Председателем Правления НП "Высшая хоккейная лига" (in Russian). Ice Hockey Federation of Russia. Archived from the original on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
^ a b Begishev, Sergei (7 May 2010). Николай Урюпин: По дороге никого не растеряли (in Russian). Sovetsky Sport. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
^ Победитель Высшей лиги получит "Братину" (in Russian). Championat.ru. 16 April 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
^ ФХР представила Кубок высшей лиги (in Russian). Sports.ru. 16 April 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
^ "«Торос» чемпион-2012!". Retrieved 10 May 2018.
External links
An article on Sports.ru with the photo of the trophy
Bratina Cup displayed on the front page of the VHL website
vteSupreme Hockey LeagueConference 1Conference 2
Division A Dynamo MO Dinamo Saint Petersburg Humo Tashkent Khimik KRS-BSU ORG Beijing SKA-Neva Tsen Tou Jilin City Zvezda Chekhov
Division B Bars Kazan Buran Voronezh Dizel Penza Lada Togliatti HC Rostov Torpedo-Gorky Nizhny Novgorod HC Ryazan HC Tambov CSK VVS Samara
Division C Chelmet Chelyabinsk Gornyak Miner Uchaly Izhstal Izhevsk Molot-Prikamye Perm Neftyanik Almetyevsk Toros Neftekamsk Yuzhny Ural Orsk Zauralie Kurgan
Division D Metallurg Novokuznetsk Nomad Nur-Sultan Rubin Tyumen Saryarka Karagandy Sokol Krasnoyarsk Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk HC Yugra Yermak Angarsk
Former teams
Ariada Volzhsk
Dynamo Balashikha
HC Donbass
HC Kuban
HC Lipetsk
Kristall Saratov
Krylya Sovetov
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl
HC Sarov
Sputnik Nizhny Tagil
THK Tver
Titan Klin
Yunost Minsk
Zvezda-VDV Dmitrov
VL seasons
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
VHL seasons
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
Related articles
Russian Superleague (top-level, 1996–2008)
Kontinental Hockey League (top-level, from 2008)
Petrov Cup (trophy for the winner) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2trophies-1"},{"link_name":"Major Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uryupin_interview-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uryupin_interview-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chemp_bratina-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports_bratina-4"},{"link_name":"HC Yugra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Yugra"},{"link_name":"Toros Neftekamsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toros_Neftekamsk"},{"link_name":"HC Izhstal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Izhstal"},{"link_name":"Best-of-seven final series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playoff_format#Best-of-seven_playoff"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Petrov Cup, previously Bratina Cup (Russian: Кубок \"Братина\", Kubok \"Bratina\") is the trophy awarded to the winner of the play-off of the Major League (Vysshaya Liga) until 2010 and the trophy[1] awarded to the winner of the play-off of the Major Hockey League (VHL) since the 2010–11 season.[2] The names of winning clubs inscribed on the trophy are from the 1999–00 season onward.[2] The trophy weights almost 19 kg (41.89 lbs).[3][4]The current 2021 holders of the trophy is HC Yugra, The team with the most Petrov/Bratina Cup championships, is Toros Neftekamsk, with three wins, who defeated HC Izhstal in the Best-of-seven final series 4 games to 2 in 2015.[5]","title":"Petrov Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners"}] | [] | [{"title":"Gagarin Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin_Cup"},{"title":"KHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League"},{"title":"trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophy"},{"title":"Kharlamov Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharlamov_Cup"},{"title":"MHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Hockey_League_(Russia)"}] | [{"reference":"Press Service of the Ice Hockey Federation of Russia (9 April 2010). Валерий Фесюк избран Председателем Правления НП \"Высшая хоккейная лига\" (in Russian). Ice Hockey Federation of Russia. Archived from the original on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Hockey_Federation_of_Russia","url_text":"Ice Hockey Federation of Russia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100416174223/http://fhr.ru/content/news/5907.html","url_text":"Валерий Фесюк избран Председателем Правления НП \"Высшая хоккейная лига\""},{"url":"http://fhr.ru/content/news/5907.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Begishev, Sergei (7 May 2010). Николай Урюпин: По дороге никого не растеряли [Nikolay Uryupin: We did not lose anybody on the way] (in Russian). Sovetsky Sport. Retrieved 10 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sovsport.ru/hockey/articles/384874-po-doroge-nikogo-ne-rasterjali-rukovodstvo-fhr-podvelo-itogi-sezona-v-otkrytom-vserossijskom-sorevnovanii-po-hokkeju","url_text":"Николай Урюпин: По дороге никого не растеряли"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovetsky_Sport","url_text":"Sovetsky Sport"}]},{"reference":"Победитель Высшей лиги получит \"Братину\" [The winner of the Higher League will receive \"Bratina\"] (in Russian). Championat.ru. 16 April 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.championat.com/hockey/news-103668-pobeditel-vysshej-ligi-poluchit-bratinu.html","url_text":"Победитель Высшей лиги получит \"Братину\""}]},{"reference":"ФХР представила Кубок высшей лиги (in Russian). Sports.ru. 16 April 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports.ru/hockey/4532829.html","url_text":"ФХР представила Кубок высшей лиги"}]},{"reference":"\"«Торос» чемпион-2012!\". Retrieved 10 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vhlru.ru/lenta/19972/","url_text":"\"«Торос» чемпион-2012!\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100416174223/http://fhr.ru/content/news/5907.html","external_links_name":"Валерий Фесюк избран Председателем Правления НП \"Высшая хоккейная лига\""},{"Link":"http://fhr.ru/content/news/5907.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sovsport.ru/hockey/articles/384874-po-doroge-nikogo-ne-rasterjali-rukovodstvo-fhr-podvelo-itogi-sezona-v-otkrytom-vserossijskom-sorevnovanii-po-hokkeju","external_links_name":"Николай Урюпин: По дороге никого не растеряли"},{"Link":"https://www.championat.com/hockey/news-103668-pobeditel-vysshej-ligi-poluchit-bratinu.html","external_links_name":"Победитель Высшей лиги получит \"Братину\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports.ru/hockey/4532829.html","external_links_name":"ФХР представила Кубок высшей лиги"},{"Link":"http://www.vhlru.ru/lenta/19972/","external_links_name":"\"«Торос» чемпион-2012!\""},{"Link":"http://www.sports.ru/hockey/4532829.html","external_links_name":"An article on Sports.ru with the photo of the trophy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311170639/http://www.vhlru.ru/i/pic.jpg","external_links_name":"Bratina Cup displayed on the front page of the VHL website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_200 | Minnesota State Highway 200 | ["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 References"] | Route map: State highway in Minnesota, United States
Trunk Highway 200MN 200 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by MnDOTLength201.203 mi (323.805 km)Existed1969–presentMajor junctionsWest end ND 200 at the Red River in HalstadMajor intersections
US 75 at Halstad
MN 9 at Ada
US 59 at Mahnomen
US 71 at Kabekona
MN 64 near Laporte
MN 34 / MN 371 at Walker
MN 6 at Remer
US 169 at Hill City
MN 65 at Jacobson
East end US 2 in Northeast Aitkin
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountiesNorman, Mahnomen, Clearwater, Hubbard, Cass, Aitkin
Highway system
Minnesota Trunk Highway System
Interstate
US
State
Legislative
Scenic
← MN 197→ MN 210
Minnesota State Highway 200 (MN 200) is a 201.203-mile-long (323.805 km) highway in northwest and northeast Minnesota, which runs from North Dakota Highway 200 at the North Dakota state line near Halstad, and continues east to its eastern terminus at its intersection with U.S. Highway 2 in Northeast Aitkin County, 9-miles west of Floodwood.
At the western terminus, upon crossing the Red River, the roadway continues westward as state highways numbered 200 all the way to Idaho, a total distance of about 1,356 miles (2,182 km).
The route runs across Minnesota from west to east, connecting Ada, Mahnomen, Walker, and Floodwood.
Route description
Highway 200 serves as an east–west route in northwest and northeast Minnesota between Halstad, Ada, Mahnomen, Walker, Remer, Hill City, and Floodwood. Highway 200 parallels U.S. Highway 2 throughout its route
For part of its route (8-miles), Highway 200 is concurrent with Highway 371 through the city of Walker.
Highway 200 also runs together with U.S. Highway 71 for 13 miles (21 km) in Hubbard County between the town of Kabekona and Itasca State Park.
Highway 200 passes through the following forests:
Savanna State Forest in northern Aitkin County
Hill River State Forest in northern Aitkin County
Chippewa National Forest in Cass County
Paul Bunyan State Forest in Hubbard County
White Earth State Forest in Clearwater and Mahnomen counties
Highway 200 crosses the Mississippi River twice: once at Jacobson in northeast Aitkin County, and once near Itasca State Park in southeast Clearwater County. Itasca State Park is located on Highways 200 and 71 at the headwaters of the Mississippi River. The north park entrance is located on Highways 92 / 200 between Park Rapids and Bagley.
Highway 200 is also known as Minnesota Avenue in Walker and Main Street in Remer.
History
Highway 200 was designated and signed c. 1969 as part of a link of state routes numbered 200 stretching from Minnesota to Idaho.
The route in Minnesota was previously numbered:
State Highway 116 (from the North Dakota state line to U.S. 75.)
State Highway 31 (from U.S. 75, later the North Dakota state line to State Highway 92; later extended to Highway 371 near Walker.)
State Highway 92 (from the intersection of present-day Highways 92 and 200 to U.S. 71; then later extended to Highway 371 near Walker.)
State Highway 85 (from U.S. 71 to Highway 371 near Walker.)
State Highway 34 (from Highway 371 at Walker to U.S. 2, west of Floodwood.)
The route was mostly gravel in 1940, mostly paved by 1953, and completely paved by 1960.
Major intersections
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Red River of the North0.0000.000 ND 200 west – HillsboroContinuation into North Dakota
Minnesota–North Dakota line
NormanHalstad0.9101.465 US 75 north – CrookstonNorthern end of US 75 concurrency
Hendrum Township4.9107.902 US 75 south – MoorheadSouthern end of US 75 concurrency
Ada18.84130.322 MN 9 – US 10, Crookston
Wild Rice Township29.85848.052 MN 32 south – Twin ValleySouthern end of MN 32 concurrency
31.88551.314 MN 32 north / CSAH 23 – Gary, FertileNorthern end of MN 32 concurrency
MahnomenMarsh Creek–Pembinatownship line46.67475.115 US 59 – Detroit Lakes, Thief River Falls
ClearwaterZerkel74.368119.684 MN 92 north / CSAH 37 – BagleySouthern terminus of MN 92
Itasca Township84.197135.502 CSAH 2 / CR 102 / Great River Road (National Route) – Itasca State Park, La Salle Lake State Recreation Area
HubbardLake Alice Township91.359147.028 US 71 south / Lake Country Scenic Byway – Park RapidsWestern end of US 71 concurrency
Kabekona105.034169.036 US 71 north – BemidjiEastern end of US 71 concurrency
Hendrickson Township109.660176.481 MN 64 south – Akeley
CassShingobee Township119.594192.468 MN 371 north – Cass LakeNorthern end of MN 371 concurrency
Walker123.674199.034 MN 34 west / Lake Country Scenic Byway – Akeley, Park Rapids
Ah-gwah-ching126.439203.484 CSAH 37 (Ah-gwah-ching Road west)Former MN 290
Shingobee Township128.419206.670 MN 371 south – Pine River, BrainerdSouthern end of MN 371 concurrency
Kego Township144.030231.794 MN 84 south / CSAH 8 – Longville, Federal Dam
Remer Township158.137254.497 MN 6 south – CrosbyWestern end of MN 6 concurrency
Remer158.908255.738 MN 6 north – Deer RiverEastern end of MN 6 concurrency
AitkinHill Lake Township175.181281.926 US 169 – Aitkin, Grand Rapids
Mississippi River191.381–191.419307.998–308.059Jacobson Bridge
Jacobson191.552308.273 MN 65 south – McGregorSouthern end of MN 65 concurrency
Ball Bluff Township191.949308.912 MN 65 north / CR 70 – Range CitiesNorthern end of MN 65 concurrency
Northeast Aitkin201.318323.990 US 2 – Duluth, Grand Rapids
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
References
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Minnesota State Highway 200KML is from Wikidata
^ a b Staff (August 20, 2010). "Trunk Highway Log Point Listing: Construction District 1" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 4, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
^ a b Riner, Steve. "Details of routes 152–218". The Unofficial Minnesota Highways Page. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
^ Staff (August 23, 2010). "Trunk Highway Log Point Listing: Construction District 2" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 4, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
^ Staff (August 23, 2010). "Trunk Highway Log Point Listing: Construction District 4" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 4, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
^ Staff (August 23, 2010). "Trunk Highway Log Point Listing: Construction District 3" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 4, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2010. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"North Dakota Highway 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_Highway_200"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Halstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halstad,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_2_in_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Northeast Aitkin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Aitkin,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_of_the_North"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"Ada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Mahnomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahnomen,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Floodwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodwood,_Minnesota"}],"text":"State highway in Minnesota, United StatesMinnesota State Highway 200 (MN 200) is a 201.203-mile-long (323.805 km) highway in northwest and northeast Minnesota, which runs from North Dakota Highway 200 at the North Dakota state line near Halstad, and continues east to its eastern terminus at its intersection with U.S. Highway 2 in Northeast Aitkin County, 9-miles west of Floodwood.At the western terminus, upon crossing the Red River, the roadway continues westward as state highways numbered 200 all the way to Idaho, a total distance of about 1,356 miles (2,182 km).The route runs across Minnesota from west to east, connecting Ada, Mahnomen, Walker, and Floodwood.","title":"Minnesota State Highway 200"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halstad,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Ada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Mahnomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahnomen,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Remer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remer,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Hill City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_City,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Floodwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodwood,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_2_in_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Highway 371","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_371"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_71"},{"link_name":"Hubbard County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbard_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Kabekona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabekona,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Itasca State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itasca_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Savanna State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"Aitkin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitkin_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Hill River State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_River_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"Aitkin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitkin_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Chippewa National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippewa_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Cass County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Paul Bunyan State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bunyan_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"Hubbard County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbard_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"White Earth State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Earth_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearwater_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Mahnomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahnomen_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Jacobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobson,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Aitkin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitkin_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Itasca State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itasca_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Clearwater County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearwater_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Itasca State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itasca_State_Park"},{"link_name":"headwaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_(river_or_stream)"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Park Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Rapids,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Bagley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagley,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Remer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remer,_Minnesota"}],"text":"Highway 200 serves as an east–west route in northwest and northeast Minnesota between Halstad, Ada, Mahnomen, Walker, Remer, Hill City, and Floodwood. Highway 200 parallels U.S. Highway 2 throughout its routeFor part of its route (8-miles), Highway 200 is concurrent with Highway 371 through the city of Walker.Highway 200 also runs together with U.S. Highway 71 for 13 miles (21 km) in Hubbard County between the town of Kabekona and Itasca State Park.Highway 200 passes through the following forests:Savanna State Forest in northern Aitkin County\nHill River State Forest in northern Aitkin County\nChippewa National Forest in Cass County\nPaul Bunyan State Forest in Hubbard County\nWhite Earth State Forest in Clearwater and Mahnomen countiesHighway 200 crosses the Mississippi River twice: once at Jacobson in northeast Aitkin County, and once near Itasca State Park in southeast Clearwater County. Itasca State Park is located on Highways 200 and 71 at the headwaters of the Mississippi River. The north park entrance is located on Highways 92 / 200 between Park Rapids and Bagley.Highway 200 is also known as Minnesota Avenue in Walker and Main Street in Remer.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riner-2"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"U.S. 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_75"},{"link_name":"State Highway 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_92"},{"link_name":"Highway 371","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_371"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"U.S. 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_71"},{"link_name":"State Highway 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_34"},{"link_name":"U.S. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_2_in_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Floodwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodwood,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riner-2"}],"text":"Highway 200 was designated and signed c. 1969 as part of a link of state routes numbered 200 stretching from Minnesota to Idaho.[2]The route in Minnesota was previously numbered:State Highway 116 (from the North Dakota state line to U.S. 75.)\nState Highway 31 (from U.S. 75, later the North Dakota state line to State Highway 92; later extended to Highway 371 near Walker.)\nState Highway 92 (from the intersection of present-day Highways 92 and 200 to U.S. 71; then later extended to Highway 371 near Walker.)\nState Highway 85 (from U.S. 71 to Highway 371 near Walker.)\nState Highway 34 (from Highway 371 at Walker to U.S. 2, west of Floodwood.)The route was mostly gravel in 1940, mostly paved by 1953, and completely paved by 1960.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Staff (August 20, 2010). \"Trunk Highway Log Point Listing: Construction District 1\" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 4, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204174552/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadway/data/reports/logpoint/d1.pdf","url_text":"\"Trunk Highway Log Point Listing: Construction District 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Minnesota Department of Transportation"},{"url":"http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadway/data/reports/logpoint/d1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Riner, Steve. \"Details of routes 152–218\". The Unofficial Minnesota Highways Page. Retrieved November 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.steve-riner.com/mnhighways/r152%E2%80%93218.htm#200","url_text":"\"Details of routes 152–218\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (August 23, 2010). \"Trunk Highway Log Point Listing: Construction District 2\" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 4, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204174621/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadway/data/reports/logpoint/d2.pdf","url_text":"\"Trunk Highway Log Point Listing: Construction District 2\""},{"url":"http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadway/data/reports/logpoint/d2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staff (August 23, 2010). \"Trunk Highway Log Point Listing: Construction District 4\" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 4, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204174823/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadway/data/reports/logpoint/d4.pdf","url_text":"\"Trunk Highway Log Point Listing: Construction District 4\""},{"url":"http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadway/data/reports/logpoint/d4.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staff (August 23, 2010). \"Trunk Highway Log Point Listing: Construction District 3\" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 4, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204174800/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadway/data/reports/logpoint/d3.pdf","url_text":"\"Trunk Highway Log Point Listing: Construction District 3\""},{"url":"http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadway/data/reports/logpoint/d3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Minnesota_State_Highway_200&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Minnesota_State_Highway_200&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204174552/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadway/data/reports/logpoint/d1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Trunk Highway Log Point Listing: Construction District 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadway/data/reports/logpoint/d1.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.steve-riner.com/mnhighways/r152%E2%80%93218.htm#200","external_links_name":"\"Details of routes 152–218\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204174621/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadway/data/reports/logpoint/d2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Trunk Highway Log Point Listing: Construction District 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadway/data/reports/logpoint/d2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204174823/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadway/data/reports/logpoint/d4.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Trunk Highway Log Point Listing: Construction District 4\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadway/data/reports/logpoint/d4.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204174800/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadway/data/reports/logpoint/d3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Trunk Highway Log Point Listing: Construction District 3\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadway/data/reports/logpoint/d3.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimme_Dat_Ding | Gimme Dat Ding | ["1 Chart history","1.1 Weekly charts","1.2 Year-end charts","2 Song profile","3 Cover versions","4 References"] | For the compilation album, see Gimme Dat Ding (album).
1970 single by The Pipkins"Gimme Dat Ding"Single by The Pipkinsfrom the album Gimme Dat Ding B-side"To Love You"ReleasedMay 1970Genre
Novelty
music hall
bubblegum pop
Length2:10LabelEMISongwriter(s)Albert Hammond and Mike HazlewoodProducer(s)John BurgessOfficial Audio"Gimme Dat Ding" on YouTube
"Gimme Dat Ding" is a 1970 popular UK song, of the novelty type, sung by "one-hit wonder" The Pipkins, and written and composed by Albert Hammond and Mike Hazlewood. Released as a single, it is the title selection of an album which The Pipkins recorded and released on the EMI Columbia Records label. It also appeared on a compilation album of the same name, which The Pipkins shared with another up-and-coming UK group, The Sweet. It has also been included on many other compilation albums. "Gimme Dat Ding" was arranged by Big Jim Sullivan.
Chart history
The song peaked at number 6 on the UK Chart in March/April 1970. It reached number 7 in Canada, number 9 on the US Hot 100 and number 20 in US Easy Listening. It did best in New Zealand, where it reached number 1.
Weekly charts
Chart (1970)
Peakposition
Australia (Kent Music Report)
61
Canada RPM Top Singles
7
Ireland (IRMA)
7
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
8
New Zealand (Listener)
1
South Africa (Springbok)
15
UK (The Official Charts Company)
6
US Billboard Hot 100
9
US Billboard Easy Listening
20
US Cash Box Top 100
7
Year-end charts
Chart (1970)
Rank
Canada
94
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
96
UK
87
US Billboard Hot 100
86
US Cash Box
73
Song profile
"Gimme Dat Ding" is a call-and-response duet between a deep, gravelly voice, that of Tony Burrows, and a high tenor, that of Roger Greenaway. The voices are said to represent a piano and a metronome. The piano is honky-tonk style.
When Hammond and Hazlewood wrote and composed "Gimme Dat Ding," it was one selection from their musical sequence "Oliver in the Overworld," which formed part of the British children's show Little Big Time, hosted by Freddie and the Dreamers; this narrated a surreal story of a little boy seeking the parts to mend his grandfather clock. The lyrics relate to this story, the song being sung by a metronome who has been expelled by the Clockwork King. The "ding" has been stolen from the metronome by the "Undercog". The original version, as performed by Freddie Garrity, was released on the album Oliver in the Overworld in 1970.
Cover versions
Comedian Frankie Davidson and pop group Maple Lace each released a cover version in Australia in 1970, reaching 21 on the local charts, which was credited to both artists. A Czech version "Gimi Det Ding" was also released in 1970 as a vinyl single with alternate Czech lyrics (a silence-loving man complaining about his noisy female neighbour singing). The Norwegian vocal group Bjelleklang covered the song on their album YppeRu’ dOnK in 1994. The song was called Gummihatt (Swing) which is Rubberhat (Swing) in English.
In the UK, interest in the song resurfaced in the 1990s when the Maynards confectionery company used it in a popular television commercial for their Just Fruits fruit pastille and fruit gum range between 1992 and 1994; the song began reappearing on radio playlists during that era. In 1997, Dairylea also used the song in a series of advertisements in the UK.
An instrumental version arranged by Ronnie Aldrich was frequently used as background music during comedy sketches in The Benny Hill Show.
The song is also played in the year finale of the Russian game show 'What? Where? When' while a TV viewer who wrote the question currently played sits alongside the 'experts'.
The Shaggs, a foundational outsider music rock band formed by three sisters living in Fremont, New Hampshire, released a cover of the song on the album Shaggs' Own Thing. It was recorded live at a dance party in the Fremont, NH, town hall.
References
^ Stanley, Bob (13 September 2013). "1970: Everything's Gone Gray". Yeah Yeah Yeah: The Story of Modern Pop. Faber & Faber. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-571-28198-5.
^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 188.
^ Flavour of New Zealand, 13 July 1970
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 233. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Gimme Dat Ding". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1970" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
^ Flavour of New Zealand, 13 July 1970
^ "SA Charts 1965–March 1989". Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ "Official Charts Company". Retrieved 2018-11-05.
^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955–1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 188.
^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, July 18, 1970
^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca. 17 July 2013.
^ "Google Translate".
^ "Top 100 Hits of 1970/Top 100 Songs of 1970". musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/1970YESP.html Archived 2019-07-22 at the Wayback Machine Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 26, 1970
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 83. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
^ McFarlane, Ian (1999). "Encyclopedia entry for 'Maple Lace'". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 3 August 2004.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Miluše Voborníková & Jiří Grossmann - Gimi Det Ding ". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-05.
^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Bjelleklang - Gummihatt (Swing)". YouTube.
^ "The Shaggs – 'Gimme Dat Ding'". YouTube.
vteAlbert HammondStudio albums
It Never Rains in Southern California
The Free Electric Band
Albert Hammond
Compilation albums
It Never Rains in Southern California
Singles
"Down by the River"
"It Never Rains in Southern California"
"The Free Electric Band"
"I'm a Train"
"99 Miles from L.A."
"When I'm Gone"
Songwriting
"Be Tender with Me Baby"
"Don't Turn Around"
"Gimme Dat Ding"
"I Don't Wanna Live Without Your Love"
"I Don't Wanna Lose You"
"I Need to Be in Love"
"It Isn't, It Wasn't, It Ain't Never Gonna Be"
"Just Walk Away"
"Little Arrows"
"Lonely Is the Night"
"Love Thing"
"Make Me an Island"
"Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now"
"One Moment in Time"
"Room in Your Heart"
"Tall, Dark Handsome Stranger"
"The Air That I Breathe"
"To All the Girls I've Loved Before"
"Way of the World"
"When I Need You"
"When You Tell Me That You Love Me"
"Where Were You"
"You're Such a Good Looking Woman"
Languages
"Cantaré, cantarás"
"Sensualité"
"Y Tú También Llorarás"
Related articles
Discography
Albert Hammond Jr.
John Bettis
Mike Hazlewood
Holly Knight
Carole Bayer Sager
The Family Dogg
Diane Warren
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gimme Dat Ding (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimme_Dat_Ding_(album)"},{"link_name":"novelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelty_song"},{"link_name":"one-hit wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-hit_wonder"},{"link_name":"The Pipkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pipkins"},{"link_name":"Albert Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hammond"},{"link_name":"Mike Hazlewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hazlewood"},{"link_name":"EMI Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company"},{"link_name":"of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimme_Dat_Ding_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sweet"},{"link_name":"Big Jim Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Jim_Sullivan"}],"text":"For the compilation album, see Gimme Dat Ding (album).1970 single by The Pipkins\"Gimme Dat Ding\" is a 1970 popular UK song, of the novelty type, sung by \"one-hit wonder\" The Pipkins, and written and composed by Albert Hammond and Mike Hazlewood. Released as a single, it is the title selection of an album which The Pipkins recorded and released on the EMI Columbia Records label. It also appeared on a compilation album of the same name, which The Pipkins shared with another up-and-coming UK group, The Sweet. It has also been included on many other compilation albums. \"Gimme Dat Ding\" was arranged by Big Jim Sullivan.","title":"Gimme Dat Ding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gimme_Dat_Ding&action=edit§ion=2"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-4"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-5"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Listener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Listener"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Springbok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springbok_Radio"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"The Official Charts Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Easy Listening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_Listening"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gimme_Dat_Ding&action=edit§ion=3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The song peaked at number 6 on the UK Chart in March/April 1970. It reached number 7 in Canada, number 9 on the US Hot 100 and number 20 in US Easy Listening.[2] It did best in New Zealand, where it reached number 1.[3]Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1970)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[4]\n\n61\n\n\nCanada RPM Top Singles[citation needed]\n\n7\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[5]\n\n7\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[6]\n\n8\n\n\nNew Zealand (Listener)[7]\n\n1\n\n\nSouth Africa (Springbok)[8]\n\n15\n\n\nUK (The Official Charts Company)[9]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[10]\n\n9\n\n\nUS Billboard Easy Listening[11]\n\n20\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100[12]\n\n7\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1970)\n\nRank\n\n\nCanada[13]\n\n94\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[14]\n\n96\n\n\nUK[citation needed]\n\n87\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[15]\n\n86\n\n\nUS Cash Box[16]\n\n73","title":"Chart history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"call-and-response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call-and-response"},{"link_name":"Tony Burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Burrows"},{"link_name":"Roger Greenaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Greenaway"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"metronome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronome"},{"link_name":"honky-tonk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky-tonk_piano"},{"link_name":"Freddie and the Dreamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_and_the_Dreamers"},{"link_name":"Freddie Garrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Garrity"}],"text":"\"Gimme Dat Ding\" is a call-and-response duet between a deep, gravelly voice, that of Tony Burrows, and a high tenor, that of Roger Greenaway. The voices are said to represent a piano and a metronome. The piano is honky-tonk style.When Hammond and Hazlewood wrote and composed \"Gimme Dat Ding,\" it was one selection from their musical sequence \"Oliver in the Overworld,\" which formed part of the British children's show Little Big Time, hosted by Freddie and the Dreamers; this narrated a surreal story of a little boy seeking the parts to mend his grandfather clock. The lyrics relate to this story, the song being sung by a metronome who has been expelled by the Clockwork King. The \"ding\" has been stolen from the metronome by the \"Undercog\". The original version, as performed by Freddie Garrity, was released on the album Oliver in the Overworld in 1970.","title":"Song profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frankie Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Davidson"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus2-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-18"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegians"},{"link_name":"Bjelleklang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelleklang"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Maynards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynards"},{"link_name":"Dairylea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairylea_(cheese)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Aldrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Aldrich"},{"link_name":"The Benny Hill Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Benny_Hill_Show"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Shaggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shaggs"},{"link_name":"outsider music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsider_music"},{"link_name":"Shaggs' Own Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaggs%27_Own_Thing"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Comedian Frankie Davidson and pop group Maple Lace each released a cover version in Australia in 1970, reaching 21 on the local charts, which was credited to both artists.[17][18] A Czech version \"Gimi Det Ding\" was also released in 1970 as a vinyl single with alternate Czech lyrics (a silence-loving man complaining about his noisy female neighbour singing).[19] The Norwegian vocal group Bjelleklang covered the song on their album YppeRu’ dOnK in 1994. The song was called Gummihatt (Swing) which is Rubberhat (Swing) in English.[20]In the UK, interest in the song resurfaced in the 1990s when the Maynards confectionery company used it in a popular television commercial for their Just Fruits fruit pastille and fruit gum range between 1992 and 1994; the song began reappearing on radio playlists during that era. In 1997, Dairylea also used the song in a series of advertisements in the UK.[citation needed]An instrumental version arranged by Ronnie Aldrich was frequently used as background music during comedy sketches in The Benny Hill Show.[citation needed]The song is also played in the year finale of the Russian game show 'What? Where? When' while a TV viewer who wrote the question currently played sits alongside the 'experts'.The Shaggs, a foundational outsider music rock band formed by three sisters living in Fremont, New Hampshire, released a cover of the song on the album Shaggs' Own Thing. It was recorded live at a dance party in the Fremont, NH, town hall. [21]","title":"Cover versions"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Stanley, Bob (13 September 2013). \"1970: Everything's Gone Gray\". Yeah Yeah Yeah: The Story of Modern Pop. Faber & Faber. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-571-28198-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9emZAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7","url_text":"\"1970: Everything's Gone Gray\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-28198-5","url_text":"978-0-571-28198-5"}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 188.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 233. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 1970\" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1970&cat=s","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 1970\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Top_100","url_text":"Single Top 100"}]},{"reference":"\"SA Charts 1965–March 1989\". Retrieved 5 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rock.co.za/files/springbok_top_20_(P).html","url_text":"\"SA Charts 1965–March 1989\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Charts Company\". Retrieved 2018-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://officialcharts.com/","url_text":"\"Official Charts Company\""}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 188.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]},{"reference":"\"Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada\". collectionscanada.gc.ca. 17 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.3740&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.3740.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.3740","url_text":"\"Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google Translate\".","urls":[{"url":"https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=nl&u=http://www.dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp%3Fcat%3Ds&prev=search","url_text":"\"Google Translate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Hits of 1970/Top 100 Songs of 1970\". musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 1 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1970.htm","url_text":"\"Top 100 Hits of 1970/Top 100 Songs of 1970\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 83. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"McFarlane, Ian (1999). \"Encyclopedia entry for 'Maple Lace'\". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 3 August 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McFarlane","url_text":"McFarlane, Ian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040803170215/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=462","url_text":"\"Encyclopedia entry for 'Maple Lace'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Australian_Rock_and_Pop","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Leonards,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Leonards, NSW"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin","url_text":"Allen & Unwin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86508-072-1","url_text":"1-86508-072-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Miluše Voborníková & Jiří Grossmann - Gimi Det Ding [1970 Vinyl Records 45rpm]\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WWFnN_xpwZ4","url_text":"\"Miluše Voborníková & Jiří Grossmann - Gimi Det Ding [1970 Vinyl Records 45rpm]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/WWFnN_xpwZ4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bjelleklang - Gummihatt (Swing)\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3bf6xl66Xc","url_text":"\"Bjelleklang - Gummihatt (Swing)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"The Shaggs – 'Gimme Dat Ding'\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morten_S%C3%A6ther | Morten Sæther | ["1 Personal life","2 References","3 External links"] | Norwegian cyclist
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Morten SætherMorten Sæther in 1987Personal informationBorn (1959-05-13) 13 May 1959 (age 65)Lillehammer, NorwayHeight1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)Weight80 kg (176 lb)
Medal record
Representing Norway
World championships
1979 Valkenburg
Team time trial
Morten Sæther (born 13 May 1959) is a Norwegian cyclist. He won a bronze medal at the 1979 UCI Road World Championships in the 100 km team time trial. He missed the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow due to their boycott by Norway, but competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, where he placed fourth in the individual road race. He won the Tour of Berlin in 1979 and 1983 and finished second in the Tour of Austria and Sealink Race in 1980. He also won the Norwegian National Road Race Championship in 1981 and 1983.
Personal life
Sæther was born in Lillehammer on 13 May 1959.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Morten Sæther.
^ a b Morten Sæther. cyclingarchives.com
^ "Morten Sæther". Sports-Reference. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
^ "National Championship, Road, Elite, Norway". Cycling Archives. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
^ Bryhn, Rolf. "Morten Sæther". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
External links
Morten Sæther at Cycling Archives
Morten Sæther at Olympedia
vteNorwegian National Road Race Champions (men)1940–1959
Odd Westbye (1940)
Leif Ekås (1946)
Erling Kristiansen (1947)
Per Thorkildsen (1948)
Erling Kristiansen (1949)
Arild Andersen (1950)
Odd Berg (1951–1952)
Erling Kristiansen (1953)
Kjell Pedersen (1954)
Odd Berg (1955)
Kåre Vårvik (1956)
Aage Kjelstrup (1957)
Kjell Pedersen (1958)
Trygve Lullau (1959)
1960–1979
Per Digerud (1960–1961)
Fredrik Kveil (1962–1963)
Per Digerud (1964)
Cato Nordbeck (1965)
Karl Helland (1966)
Tore Milsett (1967–1968)
Thorleif Andresen (1969)
Tom Martin Biseth (1970)
Thorleif Andresen (1971)
Knut Knudsen (1972–1973)
Tom Martin Biseth (1974)
Svein Langholm (1975)
Magne Orre (1976)
Geir Digerud (1977–1979)
1980–1999
Jon Rangfred Hanssen (1980)
Morten Sæther (1981)
Ole Kristian Silseth (1982)
Morten Sæther (1983)
Dag Otto Lauritzen (1984)
Atle Pedersen (1985–1986)
Jørn Skaane (1987)
Erik Johan Sæbø (1988)
Finn Vegard Nordhagen (1989)
Bjørn Stenersen (1990)
Bo André Namtvedt (1991)
Dag Erik Pedersen (1992)
Johnny Sæther (1993)
Steffen Kjærgaard (1994)
Bo André Namtvedt (1995)
Frode Flesjå (1996)
Kurt Asle Arvesen (1997–1998)
Svein Gaute Hølestøl (1999)
2000–2019
Rune Jogert (2000)
Erlend Engelsvoll (2001)
Kurt Asle Arvesen (2002)
Gabriel Rasch (2003)
Thor Hushovd (2004)
Morten Christiansen (2005)
Lars Petter Nordhaug (2006)
Alexander Kristoff (2007)
Kurt Asle Arvesen (2008–2009)
Thor Hushovd (2010)
Alexander Kristoff (2011)
Edvald Boasson Hagen (2012)
Thor Hushovd (2013)
Tormod Hausken Jacobsen (2014)
Edvald Boasson Hagen (2015–2016)
Rasmus Tiller (2017)
Vegard Stake Laengen (2018)
Amund Grøndahl Jansen (2019)
2020–2039
Sven Erik Bystrøm (2020)
Tobias Foss (2021)
Rasmus Tiller (2022)
Fredrik Dversnes (2023)
This biographical article relating to Norwegian cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1979 UCI Road World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_UCI_Road_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r2-1"},{"link_name":"1980 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott"},{"link_name":"1984 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sref-2"},{"link_name":"Tour of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r2-1"},{"link_name":"Norwegian National Road Race Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RoadRace-3"}],"text":"Morten Sæther (born 13 May 1959) is a Norwegian cyclist. He won a bronze medal at the 1979 UCI Road World Championships in the 100 km team time trial.[1] He missed the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow due to their boycott by Norway, but competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, where he placed fourth in the individual road race.[2] He won the Tour of Berlin in 1979 and 1983 and finished second in the Tour of Austria and Sealink Race in 1980.[1] He also won the Norwegian National Road Race Championship in 1981 and 1983.[3]","title":"Morten Sæther"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lillehammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillehammer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-4"}],"text":"Sæther was born in Lillehammer on 13 May 1959.[4]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Morten Sæther\". Sports-Reference. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418034819/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/morten-saether-1.html","url_text":"\"Morten Sæther\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/morten-saether-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Championship, Road, Elite, Norway\". Cycling Archives. Retrieved 6 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/wedstrijdfiche.php?wedstrijdid=3192","url_text":"\"National Championship, Road, Elite, Norway\""}]},{"reference":"Bryhn, Rolf. \"Morten Sæther\". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 29 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/Morten_S%C3%A6ther","url_text":"\"Morten Sæther\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMorten_S%C3%A6ther&sl=no&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMorten_S%C3%A6ther&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=5147","external_links_name":"Morten Sæther"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418034819/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/morten-saether-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Morten Sæther\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/morten-saether-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/wedstrijdfiche.php?wedstrijdid=3192","external_links_name":"\"National Championship, Road, Elite, Norway\""},{"Link":"https://snl.no/Morten_S%C3%A6ther","external_links_name":"\"Morten Sæther\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=5147","external_links_name":"Morten Sæther"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125611#P1409"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/16767","external_links_name":"Morten Sæther"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125611#P8286"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morten_S%C3%A6ther&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KA24DE | Nissan KA engine | ["1 KA20","1.1 KA20DE","2 KA24","2.1 KA24E","2.2 KA24DE","3 See also","4 References"] | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Nissan KA engine" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018)Reciprocating internal combustion engine
Nissan KA engineOverviewManufacturerNissan (Nissan Machinery)Production1988–2021LayoutConfigurationNaturally aspirated Inline-4Displacement2.0 L (1,998 cc)2.4 L (2,389 cc)Cylinder bore86 mm (3.4 in)89 mm (3.5 in)Piston stroke86 mm (3.4 in)96 mm (3.78 in)Cylinder block materialCast ironCylinder head materialAluminumValvetrainSOHC 2- or 3 valves x cyl. (1988-1997)DOHC 4 valves x cyl. (1991-2016)Compression ratio8.6:1, 9.1:1, 9.2:1, 9.5:1CombustionFuel systemSequential electronic FIManagementHitachiFuel typeGasolineCooling systemWater-cooledOutputPower output134 hp (100 kW) (1988-1996)155 hp (116 kW) (1996-2004)143 hp (107 kW) (1998-2004 Frontier & Xterra)Torque output152 lb⋅ft (206 N⋅m) at 4400 rpm (1988-1996)160 lb⋅ft (217 N⋅m) at 4400 rpm (1996-2004)ChronologyPredecessorNissan Z engineSuccessorNissan QR engine
The KA engines were a series of four-stroke inline-four gasoline piston engines manufactured by Nissan, which were offered in 2.0 and 2.4 L. The engines blocks were made of cast-iron, while the cylinder heads were made of aluminum.
Despite their large capacity, this motor was not equipped with balance shafts.
When used in the passenger cars both versions of the KA24 used a crankshaft girdle, as opposed to individual main bearing caps. In the Nissan Hardbody and Frontier applications a crank girdle was not used.
KA20
KA20DE
The KA20DE was a DOHC 16-valve engine produced from June 1999 through August 2007. It was mainly used in Japanese Domestic Market commercial vehicles.
Specifications
Bore × Stroke: 86 mm × 86 mm (3.39 in × 3.39 in)
Max power: 120 PS (88 kW) at 5200 rpm (Caravan E24/E25, Atlas F23); 125 PS (92 kW) at 5600 rpm (Datsun Truck D22)
Max torque: 169 N⋅m (125 lb⋅ft) at 2800 rpm (Caravan E24/Atlas F23); 171 N⋅m (126 lb⋅ft) at 2800 rpm (Caravan E25); 175 N⋅m (129 lb⋅ft) at 3200 rpm (Datsun Truck D22)
Valve Configuration: DOHC, 16 valves
Compression ratio: 9.5:1
Applications
1999.06-2007.06 Nissan Atlas (F23)
1999.06-2001.04 Nissan Caravan (E24)
2001.04-2007.08 Nissan Caravan (E25)
1999.06-2002.08 Nissan Datsun Truck (D22)
KA24
KA24E
The KA24E was a SOHC 12-valve engine produced from July 1988 through January 1997. It uses Hitachi sequential electronic fuel injection, and features cast steel connecting rods, a half-counterweighted cast steel crankshaft, and a cast aluminum cylinder head.
Specifications
Bore × Stroke: 89 mm × 96 mm (3.50 in × 3.78 in)
Max power: 134 hp (100 kW) at 5600 rpm (Navara/Hardbody(D21) 134 hp (100 kW) at 5200 rpm)
Max torque: 206 N⋅m (152 lb⋅ft) at 4400 rpm (Navara/Hardbody(D21) 209 N⋅m (154 lb⋅ft) at 3600 rpm)
Valve Configuration: SOHC, 12 valves
Compression ratio: 8.6:1 (9.1:1 for early 1989 240SX)
Timing Chain (not Timing Belt a.k.a. Cambelt)
Applications
1989–1990 Nissan 240SX
1990–1997 Nissan D21 Truck - ("Hardbody")
1990-1998 Sunny (B13)
1997-1999 D22 Navara (Australia)
1990-1995 Nissan Pathfinder
1989–1995 Nissan Axxess / Nissan Prairie (not UK except parallel imports for wheelchair conversions post 1991)
1999-2001 Isuzu Fargo (Rebadged Nissan Caravan)
1990–1992 Nissan Stanza (USA-spec)
1989–1992 Nissan Pintara / Ford Corsair
1993-1996 Nissan Terrano II Europe
KA24DE
KA24DE Engine in an S14 240SX
The 2.4 L (2,389 cc) KA24DE was used in many Nissan cars and trucks. Most KA24DEs bound for the US were built in the city of Aguascalientes, Mexico, with the exceptions of the 240SX, 1994-97 Altima (re-badged Bluebird SSS), and the U13 Bluebird released in Australia with FWD configuration, which were manufactured in Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. The KA24DE is very similar to the KA24E. The KA24E is SOHC with three valves per cylinder actuated by rocker arms, and the KA24DE is DOHC with 4 valves per cylinder and shim-over-bucket valve actuation. Design improvements of the dual cam engine include the use of a knock sensor, larger diameter girdled main bearings in the Japanese block, different oil pan (not interchangeable between Japanese and Mexican blocks), different oil pickup (front pickup on Japanese block and side on Mexican block), dipstick location (toward the rear of block on Mexican and mid block on Japanese) and piston oil squirters. In addition to the increased power and torque, the KA24DE has a higher redline than the KA24E.
KA24DE-A is an Altima specific model of the KA24DE. The head and block are non-interchangeable between all other models and are uniquely cast for front wheel drive operation.
Differences in the Japanese block to Mexican are also present. The Mexico blocks (all DEs except those found in the S series) implemented a distributor and oil pump drive similar to the L series; from the crank nose. They also used a single row chain for the upper timing assembly without valve cover mounted guide. In addition to this, they removed the rearmost cam journal in the Mexico head. The crank rides on individually capped bearings with a slightly smaller diameter than the Japanese block, with shorter, slightly lower compression pistons in cylinders that have thicker walls than the Japanese DE. They retained the knock sensor and piston oilers.
Specifications
Bore × Stroke: 89 mm × 96 mm (3.50 in × 3.78 in)
Displacement: 2,389 cc (2.4 L; 145.8 cu in)
Max. power: 155 bhp (157 PS; 116 kW) at 5,600 rpm (Navara/Frontier (D22) 110 kW (148 hp) at 5600 rpm) (Xterra engine: 143 bhp (107 kW) at 5200 rpm)
Max. torque: 160 lb⋅ft (217 N⋅m) at 4,400 rpm (Navara/Frontier (D22) 208 N⋅m (153 lb⋅ft) at 3600 rpm) 154 lb⋅ft (209 N⋅m) at 4000 RPM (2000-2004 Nissan Xterra).
Valvetrain configuration: DOHC, 4 valves per cylinder
Compression ratio: 9.5:1 (240SX 91-98), 9.2:1 (Navara/Frontier (D22)), 9.2:1 (Xterra Engines)
Timing Chain
Applications
KA24DE
2000-2004 Nissan Xterra
1998-2016 Nissan Navara/Frontier (D22)
1991-1998 Nissan 240SX
1997-2000 Nissan R'nessa (4WD model, Japan)
1998-2001 Nissan Presage U30 (Japan)
1999-2001 Nissan Bassara U30 (Japan)
1993-1997 Nissan Bluebird U13
Isuzu COMO (Japanese: Isuzu COMO)
Nissan Largo
KA24DE-A
1993-1999 Nissan Altima
2000-2001 Nissan Altima
See also
List of Nissan engines
References
^ "Nissan KA24DE Engine | Turbo, specs, performance upgrades".
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"four-stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_cycle"},{"link_name":"inline-four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline-four_engine"},{"link_name":"gasoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_engine"},{"link_name":"piston engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_engine"},{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan"},{"link_name":"engines blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_block"},{"link_name":"cast-iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast-iron"},{"link_name":"cylinder heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_head"},{"link_name":"aluminum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum"},{"link_name":"balance shafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_shaft"},{"link_name":"crankshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankshaft"},{"link_name":"main bearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_bearing"},{"link_name":"Nissan Hardbody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Hardbody_Truck"},{"link_name":"Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Frontier"}],"text":"Reciprocating internal combustion engineThe KA engines were a series of four-stroke inline-four gasoline piston engines manufactured by Nissan, which were offered in 2.0 and 2.4 L. The engines blocks were made of cast-iron, while the cylinder heads were made of aluminum.Despite their large capacity, this motor was not equipped with balance shafts.When used in the passenger cars both versions of the KA24 used a crankshaft girdle, as opposed to individual main bearing caps. In the Nissan Hardbody and Frontier applications a crank girdle was not used.","title":"Nissan KA engine"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"KA20"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DOHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_camshaft#DOHC"},{"link_name":"Caravan E24/E25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Caravan"},{"link_name":"Atlas F23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Atlas#F23"},{"link_name":"Datsun Truck D22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Navara#D22"},{"link_name":"DOHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOHC"},{"link_name":"Nissan Atlas (F23)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Atlas#F23"},{"link_name":"Nissan Caravan (E24)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Caravan#E24"},{"link_name":"Nissan Caravan (E25)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Caravan#E25"},{"link_name":"Nissan Datsun Truck (D22)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Navara#D22"}],"sub_title":"KA20DE","text":"The KA20DE was a DOHC 16-valve engine produced from June 1999 through August 2007. It was mainly used in Japanese Domestic Market commercial vehicles.SpecificationsBore × Stroke: 86 mm × 86 mm (3.39 in × 3.39 in)\nMax power: 120 PS (88 kW) at 5200 rpm (Caravan E24/E25, Atlas F23); 125 PS (92 kW) at 5600 rpm (Datsun Truck D22)\nMax torque: 169 N⋅m (125 lb⋅ft) at 2800 rpm (Caravan E24/Atlas F23); 171 N⋅m (126 lb⋅ft) at 2800 rpm (Caravan E25); 175 N⋅m (129 lb⋅ft) at 3200 rpm (Datsun Truck D22)\nValve Configuration: DOHC, 16 valves\nCompression ratio: 9.5:1Applications1999.06-2007.06 Nissan Atlas (F23)\n1999.06-2001.04 Nissan Caravan (E24)\n2001.04-2007.08 Nissan Caravan (E25)\n1999.06-2002.08 Nissan Datsun Truck (D22)","title":"KA20"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"KA24"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SOHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_overhead_cam"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi"},{"link_name":"sequential electronic fuel injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_fuel_injection"},{"link_name":"connecting rods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecting_rod"},{"link_name":"cast steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_steel"},{"link_name":"SOHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOHC"},{"link_name":"Timing Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_belt_(camshaft)"},{"link_name":"Nissan 240SX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_240SX"},{"link_name":"Nissan D21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_D21"},{"link_name":"Nissan Pathfinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Pathfinder"},{"link_name":"Nissan Axxess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Axxess"},{"link_name":"Nissan Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Prairie"},{"link_name":"Nissan Stanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Stanza"},{"link_name":"Nissan Pintara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Pintara"},{"link_name":"Ford Corsair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Corsair"},{"link_name":"Nissan Terrano II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Terrano_II"}],"sub_title":"KA24E","text":"The KA24E was a SOHC 12-valve engine produced from July 1988 through January 1997. It uses Hitachi sequential electronic fuel injection, and features cast steel connecting rods, a half-counterweighted cast steel crankshaft, and a cast aluminum cylinder head.SpecificationsBore × Stroke: 89 mm × 96 mm (3.50 in × 3.78 in)\nMax power: 134 hp (100 kW) at 5600 rpm (Navara/Hardbody(D21) 134 hp (100 kW) at 5200 rpm)\nMax torque: 206 N⋅m (152 lb⋅ft) at 4400 rpm (Navara/Hardbody(D21) 209 N⋅m (154 lb⋅ft) at 3600 rpm)\nValve Configuration: SOHC, 12 valves\nCompression ratio: 8.6:1 (9.1:1 for early 1989 240SX)\nTiming Chain (not Timing Belt a.k.a. Cambelt)Applications1989–1990 Nissan 240SX\n1990–1997 Nissan D21 Truck - (\"Hardbody\")\n1990-1998 Sunny (B13)\n1997-1999 D22 Navara (Australia)\n1990-1995 Nissan Pathfinder\n1989–1995 Nissan Axxess / Nissan Prairie (not UK except parallel imports for wheelchair conversions post 1991)\n1999-2001 Isuzu Fargo (Rebadged Nissan Caravan)\n1990–1992 Nissan Stanza (USA-spec)\n1989–1992 Nissan Pintara / Ford Corsair\n1993-1996 Nissan Terrano II Europe","title":"KA24"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KA24DE-1998-Nissan-240SX.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aguascalientes, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguascalientes_City"},{"link_name":"Yokohama, Kanagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"three valves per cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-valve#Three_valves"},{"link_name":"rocker arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocker_arm"},{"link_name":"DOHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOHC"},{"link_name":"4 valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-valve#Four-valve_cylinder_head"},{"link_name":"cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore_(engine)"},{"link_name":"Stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_(engine)"},{"link_name":"Displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_displacement"},{"link_name":"torque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque#Machine_torque"},{"link_name":"Valvetrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvetrain"},{"link_name":"DOHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOHC"},{"link_name":"4 valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-valve#Four-valve_cylinder_head"},{"link_name":"Compression ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratio"},{"link_name":"Timing Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_belt_(camshaft)"},{"link_name":"Nissan Xterra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra"},{"link_name":"Nissan Navara/Frontier (D22)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Navara#D22_series_.281997.E2.80.932004.29"},{"link_name":"Nissan 240SX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_240SX"},{"link_name":"Nissan R'nessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_R%27nessa"},{"link_name":"Nissan Presage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Presage"},{"link_name":"Nissan Bassara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Bassara"},{"link_name":"Nissan Bluebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Bluebird"},{"link_name":"Isuzu COMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuzu_Como"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Isuzu COMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%84%E3%81%99%E3%82%9E%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A2"},{"link_name":"Nissan Largo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Largo"},{"link_name":"Nissan Altima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Altima"},{"link_name":"Nissan Altima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Altima"}],"sub_title":"KA24DE","text":"KA24DE Engine in an S14 240SXThe 2.4 L (2,389 cc) KA24DE was used in many Nissan cars and trucks. Most KA24DEs bound for the US were built in the city of Aguascalientes, Mexico, with the exceptions of the 240SX, 1994-97 Altima (re-badged Bluebird SSS), and the U13 Bluebird released in Australia with FWD configuration, which were manufactured in Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.[1] The KA24DE is very similar to the KA24E. The KA24E is SOHC with three valves per cylinder actuated by rocker arms, and the KA24DE is DOHC with 4 valves per cylinder and shim-over-bucket valve actuation. Design improvements of the dual cam engine include the use of a knock sensor, larger diameter girdled main bearings in the Japanese block, different oil pan (not interchangeable between Japanese and Mexican blocks), different oil pickup (front pickup on Japanese block and side on Mexican block), dipstick location (toward the rear of block on Mexican and mid block on Japanese) and piston oil squirters. In addition to the increased power and torque, the KA24DE has a higher redline than the KA24E.[citation needed]KA24DE-A is an Altima specific model of the KA24DE. The head and block are non-interchangeable between all other models and are uniquely cast for front wheel drive operation.Differences in the Japanese block to Mexican are also present. The Mexico blocks (all DEs except those found in the S series) implemented a distributor and oil pump drive similar to the L series; from the crank nose. They also used a single row chain for the upper timing assembly without valve cover mounted guide. In addition to this, they removed the rearmost cam journal in the Mexico head. The crank rides on individually capped bearings with a slightly smaller diameter than the Japanese block, with shorter, slightly lower compression pistons in cylinders that have thicker walls than the Japanese DE. They retained the knock sensor and piston oilers.SpecificationsBore × Stroke: 89 mm × 96 mm (3.50 in × 3.78 in)\nDisplacement: 2,389 cc (2.4 L; 145.8 cu in)\nMax. power: 155 bhp (157 PS; 116 kW) at 5,600 rpm (Navara/Frontier (D22) 110 kW (148 hp) at 5600 rpm) (Xterra engine: 143 bhp (107 kW) at 5200 rpm)\nMax. torque: 160 lb⋅ft (217 N⋅m) at 4,400 rpm (Navara/Frontier (D22) 208 N⋅m (153 lb⋅ft) at 3600 rpm) 154 lb⋅ft (209 N⋅m) at 4000 RPM (2000-2004 Nissan Xterra).\nValvetrain configuration: DOHC, 4 valves per cylinder\nCompression ratio: 9.5:1 (240SX 91-98), 9.2:1 (Navara/Frontier (D22)), 9.2:1 (Xterra Engines)\nTiming ChainApplicationsKA24DE2000-2004 Nissan Xterra\n1998-2016 Nissan Navara/Frontier (D22)\n1991-1998 Nissan 240SX\n1997-2000 Nissan R'nessa (4WD model, Japan)\n1998-2001 Nissan Presage U30 (Japan)\n1999-2001 Nissan Bassara U30 (Japan)\n1993-1997 Nissan Bluebird U13\nIsuzu COMO (Japanese: Isuzu COMO)\nNissan LargoKA24DE-A1993-1999 Nissan Altima [150 hp (112 kW) - Max torque 154 lb⋅ft (209 N⋅m). Compression ratio: 9.5:1]\n2000-2001 Nissan Altima [Change hp & Torque]","title":"KA24"}] | [{"image_text":"KA24DE Engine in an S14 240SX","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/KA24DE-1998-Nissan-240SX.jpg/220px-KA24DE-1998-Nissan-240SX.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Nissan engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nissan_engines"}] | [{"reference":"\"Nissan KA24DE Engine | Turbo, specs, performance upgrades\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mywikimotors.com/ka24de/","url_text":"\"Nissan KA24DE Engine | Turbo, specs, performance upgrades\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_KA_engine&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nissan+KA+engine%22","external_links_name":"\"Nissan KA engine\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nissan+KA+engine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nissan+KA+engine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nissan+KA+engine%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nissan+KA+engine%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nissan+KA+engine%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://mywikimotors.com/ka24de/","external_links_name":"\"Nissan KA24DE Engine | Turbo, specs, performance upgrades\""},{"Link":"http://mywikimotors.com/ka24de/","external_links_name":"[1]"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%3DMC%C2%B2_(Count_Basie_album) | The Atomic Mr. Basie | ["1 Recording","2 Release","3 Reception","4 Track listing","5 Personnel","6 Notes and references","6.1 Notes","6.2 References"] | 1958 studio album by Count Basie and his orchestraThe Atomic Mr. BasieStudio album by Count Basie and his orchestraReleasedJanuary 1958 (1958)Recorded21–22 October 1957StudioCapitol (New York)GenreSwing, big bandLength39:3056:34 (1994 Reissue)LabelRouletteProducerTeddy ReigCount Basie and his orchestra chronology
Count Basie at Newport(1957)
The Atomic Mr. Basie(1958)
Count Basie Presents Eddie Davis Trio + Joe Newman(1957)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicEncyclopedia of Popular MusicThe Penguin Guide to JazzTom HullA−
The Atomic Mr. Basie (originally called Basie, also known as E=MC2 and reissued in 1994 as The Complete Atomic Basie) is a 1958 album by Count Basie, featuring the song arrangements of Neal Hefti and the Count Basie Orchestra. Allmusic gave it 5 stars, reviewer Bruce Eder saying: "it took Basie's core audience and a lot of other people by surprise, as a bold, forward-looking statement within the context of a big-band recording." It is included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, Will Fulford-Jones calling it "Basie's last great record." It was voted number 411 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000).
Recording
The tracks were recorded 21–22 October 1957. The tracks on the original release were all composed and arranged by Hefti. Part of the second day was used for recording tracks by Jimmy Mundy - "Silks and Satins" and "Sleepwalker's Serenade". It also featured recordings of "The Late, Late Show", which had been a hit for Dakota Staton that year, also likely arranged by Mundy. These additional tracks were released in 1994 on The Complete Atomic Basie.
Release
This was the first Basie album released by Roulette Records.
Reception
The album won Best Jazz Performance, Group and Best Performance by a Dance Band awards at the 1st Annual Grammy Awards.
The success of the album led to Basie, Hefti and producer Teddy Reig collaborating together again six months later to record Basie Plays Hefti.
Track listing
All tracks composed and arranged by Neal Hefti, except where indicated.
Original Release (1958)No.TitleLength1."Kid from Red Bank"2:382."Duet"4:103."After Supper"3:224."Flight of the Foo Birds"3:215."Double-O"2:456."Teddy the Toad"3:407."Whirlybird"3:468."Midnite Blue"4:259."Splanky"3:3510."Fantail"2:5011."Li'l Darlin'"4:47
The Complete Atomic Basie Bonus Tracks (1994)No.TitleLength12."Silks and Satins" (Jimmy Mundy)4:0513."Sleepwalker's Serenade (Alternative Take)" (Mundy, Hefti)3:3714."Sleepwalker's Serenade" (Mundy, Hefti)3:3915."The Late, Late Show" (Roy Alfred, Murray Berlin)2:5216."The Late, Late Show (Vocal Version)" (Alfred, Berlin)3:02
Personnel
Wendell Culley — trumpet
Snooky Young — trumpet
Thad Jones — trumpet
Joe Newman — trumpet
Henry Coker — trombone
Al Grey — trombone
Benny Powell — trombone
Marshal Royal — reeds
Frank Wess — reeds
Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis — reeds
Frank Foster — reeds
Charles Fowlkes — reeds
Count Basie — piano
Eddie Jones — bass
Freddie Green — guitar
Sonny Payne — drums
Joe Williams — vocals (track 16)
Neal Hefti — arrangements (tracks 1–11)
Jimmy Mundy — arrangements (tracks 12–14)
Notes and references
Notes
^ Basie's session for the Atomic album was at Capitol Studios Studio A (Capitol Records, Inc.), located in the Theater District, Midtown Manhattan, on the first floor (one floor up) in the Eaves Building at 151 West 46th Street. The Eaves Costume Company occupied the ground floor. (The Sound Studies Reader, Jonathan Sterne, ed., Routledge, 2012, pps. 310–311; OCLC 916524063)
References
^ a b Robert Dimery; Michael Lydon (2008). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Octopus Books, London. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-8440-3624-0.
^ a b Eder, Bruce. The Atomic Mr. Basie at AllMusic
^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2006). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings. Penguin Books. pp. 91–92.
^ Larkin, Colin (2007). Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0857125958.
^ Hull, Tom (n.d.). "Essential Jazz Albums of the 1950s". tomhull.com. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
^ Colin Larkin, ed. (2006). All Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd ed.). Virgin Books. p. 153. ISBN 0-7535-0493-6.
^ a b c Cuscuna, Michael (1994). The Complete Atomic Basie liner notes.
^ "1958 Grammy Winners". Grammy.com. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
^ "Count Basie – The Atomic Mr. Basie (Vinyl, LP) at Discogs". Retrieved 30 June 2012.
^ "Count Basie – Count Basie – The Complete Atomic Basie (CD, Album, Mono) at Discogs". Retrieved 30 June 2012.
vteCount Basie OrchestraCount BasieMembers
John Duke (Bass)
Sal Nistico (Tenor Sax)
Frank Wess (Alto Sax/Flute)
Joe Williams (Vocals)
Earle Warren (Alto Sax/Occasional Singer)
Preston Love (Alto Sax)
Danny House (Alto Sax)
Sonny Cohn (trumpet)
Reunald Jones (Trumpet)
Neal Hefti (Trumpet)
Harry Edison (Trumpet)
Joe Newman (Trumpet)
Lester Young (Tenor Sax)
Herschel Evans (Tenor Sax)
Jo Jones (Drums)
Walter Page (Bass)
Bill Hughes (trombone)
Dennis Wilson (lead trombone)
Grover Mitchell (trombone)
Freddie Green (Guitar)
Billie Holiday (Vocals)
Buck Clayton (Trumpet)
Jimmy Rushing (Vocals)
Marshal Royal (Alto Sax)
Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis (Tenor Sax)
Thad Jones (Trumpet)
Al Grey (Trombone)
John Clayton (Bass)
Cleveland Eaton (Bass)
Gregg Field (drums)
Dennis Rowland (Vocals)
Chris Murrell (vocals)
Dave Gibson (Drums)
Jack Washington (Baritone Sax)
Johnny Williams (Baritone Sax)
Butch Miles (Drums)
Sonny Payne (Drums)
Frank Foster (Tenor Sax)
George Caldwell (Piano)
Charlton Johnson (Guitar)
Tony Suggs (Piano)
Scotty Barnhart (Trumpet)
James Leary (Bass)
Brian Gryce (Drums)
Will Matthews (guitar)
Mel Wanzo (trombone)
Kris Johnson (trumpet)
Ed Shaughnessy (drums)
Bobby Floyd (piano/organ)
1951–1960
Dance Session (1952–54, Clef)
Count Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings (with Joe Williams) (1955, Clef)
April in Paris (1955–56, Verve)
The Greatest!! Count Basie Plays, Joe Williams Sings Standards (with Joe Williams) (1956, Verve)
Basie in London (live) (1956, Verve)
One O'Clock Jump (with Joe Williams and Ella Fitzgerald) (1957, Verve)
Count Basie at Newport (live) (1957, Verve)
E = MC² (1958, Roulette)
Basie Plays Hefti (1958, Roulette)
No Count Sarah (with Sarah Vaughan) (1958, EmArcy)
Breakfast Dance and Barbecue (1959, Roulette)
Welcome to the Club (Uncredited) (Nat King Cole) (1959, Capitol)
In Person! (with Tony Bennett) (1959, Columbia)
Chairman of the Board (1959, Roulette)
Strike Up the Band (with Tony Bennett) (1959, Roulette)
Basie/Eckstine Incorporated (with Billy Eckstine) (1959, Roulette)
Everyday I Have the Blues (with Joe Williams) (1959, Roulette)
The Count Basie Story (1960, Roulette)
I Gotta Right to Swing (Uncredited) (Sammy Davis Jr.) (1960, Decca)
1961–1970
First Time! The Count Meets the Duke (with Duke Ellington) (1961, Columbia)
The Legend (1961, Roulette)
Count Basie/Sarah Vaughan (with Sarah Vaughan) (1961, Roulette)
Basie at Birdland (live) (1961, Roulette)
Easin' It (1962, Roulette)
Sinatra–Basie: An Historic Musical First (with Frank Sinatra) (1962, Reprise)
On My Way & Shoutin' Again! (1963, Verve)
Li'l Ol' Groovemaker...Basie! (1963, Verve)
This Time by Basie! (1963, Verve)
Ella and Basie! (with Ella Fitzgerald) (1963, Verve)
Basie Land (1964, Verve)
It Might as Well Be Swing (with Frank Sinatra) (1964, Reprise)
Basie Picks the Winners (1965, Verve)
Our Shining Hour (with Sammy Davis Jr.) (1965, Verve)
Arthur Prysock and Count Basie (with Arthur Prysock) (1965, Verve)
Basie's Beatle Bag (1965, Verve)
Broadway Basie's...Way (1966, Command)
Basie Meets Bond (1966, United Artists)
Hollywood...Basie's Way (1966, Command)
Sinatra at the Sands (live, with Frank Sinatra) (1966, Reprise)
Basie's Beat (1967, Verve)
Half a Sixpence (1967, Dot)
The Board of Directors (with The Mills Brothers) (1968, Dot)
The Board of Directors Annual Report (with The Mills Brothers) (1968, Dot)
Basie Straight Ahead (1969, Dot)
Standing Ovation (1969, Dot)
Afrique (1970, RCA Victor)
Basie on the Beatles (1970, Happy Tiger)
1971–1980
Have A Nice Day (1971, Daybreak)
Bing 'n' Basie (with Bing Crosby) (1972, Daybreak)
Jazz at Santa Monica Civic '72 (live) (1972, Pablo)
The Bosses (with Big Joe Turner) (1973, Pablo)
Basie Big Band (1975, Pablo)
Fun Time (1975, Pablo)
I Told You So (1976, Pablo)
Prime Time (1977, Pablo)
Montreux '77 (live) (1977, Pablo)
Live in Japan '78 (live) (1978, Pablo)
On the Road (1979, Pablo)
Digital III at Montreux (live) (1979, Pablo)
A Classy Pair (with Ella Fitzgerald) (1979, Pablo)
A Perfect Match (live, with Ella Fitzgerald) (1979, Pablo)
Kansas City Shout (1980, Pablo)
1981–1990
Warm Breeze (1981, Pablo)
Send in the Clowns (Sarah Vaughan) (1981, Pablo)
Farmer's Market Barbecue (1982, Pablo)
88 Basie Street (1983, Pablo)
Me and You (1983, Pablo)
Fancy Pants (final album with Count Basie) (1983, Pablo)
Long Live the Chief (1987, Denon)
Diane Schuur & the Count Basie Orchestra (live, with Diane Schuur) (1987, GRP)
The Legend, the Legacy (1990, Denon)
1991–2000
The George Benson Big Boss Band featuring The Count Basie Orchestra (1991, Warner Bros.)
The Count Basie Orchestra Live at El Morocco (1992, Telarc)
Joe Williams and the Count Basie Orchestra (1993, Telarc)
Live at Manchester Craftsmen's Guild: The Count Basie Orchestra (1997, Blue Jackel)
At Long Last (with Rosemary Clooney) (1998, Concord)
Count Plays Duke (1998, MAMA)
Swing Shift (1999, MAMA)
2001–present
Ray Sings, Basie Swings (2006, Concord)
Basie is Back (2007, MAMA)
Midnight in Manhattan (2007, Aspirion)
A Swingin' Christmas (Featuring The Count Basie Big Band) (with Tony Bennett) (2008, Columbia)
A Very Swingin' Basie Christmas! (2015)
Small-groupsessions
Basie Jam (1973, Pablo)
For the First Time (1974, Pablo)
Basie & Zoot (with Zoot Sims) (1975, Pablo)
For the Second Time (1975, Pablo)
Basie Jam 2 (1976, Pablo)
Basie Jam 3 (1976, Pablo)
Kansas City 5 (1977, Pablo)
The Gifted Ones (with Dizzy Gillespie) (1977, Pablo)
Basie Jam: Montreux '77 (live) (1977, Pablo)
Satch and Josh...Again (with Oscar Peterson) (1977, Pablo)
Night Rider (with Oscar Peterson) (1978, Pablo)
Count Basie Meets Oscar Peterson – The Timekeepers (with Oscar Peterson) (1978, Pablo)
Yessir, That's My Baby (with Oscar Peterson) (1978, Pablo)
Kansas City 7 (1980, Pablo)
Kansas City 6 (1981, Pablo)
Mostly Blues...and Some Others (1983, Pablo)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
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Barbecue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer%27s_Market_Barbecue"},{"link_name":"88 Basie Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88_Basie_Street"},{"link_name":"Me and You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_and_You_(Count_Basie_album)"},{"link_name":"Fancy Pants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fancy_Pants_(album)"},{"link_name":"Count Basie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Basie"},{"link_name":"Diane Schuur & the Count Basie Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Schuur_%26_the_Count_Basie_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Diane Schuur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Schuur"},{"link_name":"At Long Last","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Long_Last"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Clooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Clooney"},{"link_name":"Ray Sings, Basie Swings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Sings,_Basie_Swings"},{"link_name":"A Swingin' Christmas (Featuring The Count Basie Big Band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Swingin%27_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Tony Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bennett"},{"link_name":"A Very Swingin' Basie Christmas!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Very_Swingin%27_Basie_Christmas!"},{"link_name":"Basie Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basie_Jam"},{"link_name":"For the First Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_First_Time_(Count_Basie_album)"},{"link_name":"Basie & Zoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basie_%26_Zoot"},{"link_name":"Zoot Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoot_Sims"},{"link_name":"For the Second Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_Second_Time"},{"link_name":"Basie Jam 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basie_Jam_2"},{"link_name":"Basie Jam 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basie_Jam_3"},{"link_name":"Kansas City 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_5"},{"link_name":"The Gifted Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gifted_Ones"},{"link_name":"Dizzy Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie"},{"link_name":"Basie Jam: Montreux '77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basie_Jam:_Montreux_%2777"},{"link_name":"Satch and Josh...Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satch_and_Josh...Again"},{"link_name":"Oscar Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Peterson"},{"link_name":"Night Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Rider_(album)"},{"link_name":"Count Basie Meets Oscar Peterson – The Timekeepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Basie_Meets_Oscar_Peterson_%E2%80%93_The_Timekeepers"},{"link_name":"Yessir, That's My Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yessir,_That%27s_My_Baby_(album)"},{"link_name":"Kansas City 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_7"},{"link_name":"Kansas City 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_6"},{"link_name":"Mostly Blues...and Some Others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostly_Blues...and_Some_Others"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225173#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz release group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/release-group/1b464368-017c-3aba-8a2d-437bcf43b5d0"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/release-group/20e6552b-6988-40e6-b07d-84a8406c87c9"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ a b Robert Dimery; Michael Lydon (2008). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Octopus Books, London. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-8440-3624-0.\n\n^ a b Eder, Bruce. The Atomic Mr. Basie at AllMusic\n\n^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2006). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings. Penguin Books. pp. 91–92.\n\n^ Larkin, Colin (2007). Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0857125958.\n\n^ Hull, Tom (n.d.). \"Essential Jazz Albums of the 1950s\". tomhull.com. Retrieved March 12, 2020.\n\n^ Colin Larkin, ed. (2006). All Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd ed.). Virgin Books. p. 153. ISBN 0-7535-0493-6.\n\n^ a b c Cuscuna, Michael (1994). The Complete Atomic Basie liner notes.\n\n^ \"1958 Grammy Winners\". Grammy.com. Retrieved November 15, 2015.\n\n^ \"Count Basie – The Atomic Mr. Basie (Vinyl, LP) at Discogs\". Retrieved 30 June 2012.\n\n^ \"Count Basie – Count Basie – The Complete Atomic Basie (CD, Album, Mono) at Discogs\". Retrieved 30 June 2012.vteCount Basie OrchestraCount BasieMembers\nJohn Duke (Bass)\nSal Nistico (Tenor Sax)\nFrank Wess (Alto Sax/Flute)\nJoe Williams (Vocals)\nEarle Warren (Alto Sax/Occasional Singer)\nPreston Love (Alto Sax)\nDanny House (Alto Sax)\nSonny Cohn (trumpet)\nReunald Jones (Trumpet)\nNeal Hefti (Trumpet)\nHarry Edison (Trumpet)\nJoe Newman (Trumpet)\nLester Young (Tenor Sax)\nHerschel Evans (Tenor Sax)\nJo Jones (Drums)\nWalter Page (Bass)\nBill Hughes (trombone)\nDennis Wilson (lead trombone)\nGrover Mitchell (trombone)\nFreddie Green (Guitar)\nBillie Holiday (Vocals)\nBuck Clayton (Trumpet)\nJimmy Rushing (Vocals)\nMarshal Royal (Alto Sax)\nEddie \"Lockjaw\" Davis (Tenor Sax)\nThad Jones (Trumpet)\nAl Grey (Trombone)\nJohn Clayton (Bass)\nCleveland Eaton (Bass)\nGregg Field (drums)\nDennis Rowland (Vocals)\nChris Murrell (vocals)\nDave Gibson (Drums)\nJack Washington (Baritone Sax)\nJohnny Williams (Baritone Sax)\nButch Miles (Drums)\nSonny Payne (Drums)\nFrank Foster (Tenor Sax)\nGeorge Caldwell (Piano)\nCharlton Johnson (Guitar)\nTony Suggs (Piano)\nScotty Barnhart (Trumpet)\nJames Leary (Bass)\nBrian Gryce (Drums)\nWill Matthews (guitar)\nMel Wanzo (trombone)\nKris Johnson (trumpet)\nEd Shaughnessy (drums)\nBobby Floyd (piano/organ)\n1951–1960\nDance Session (1952–54, Clef)\nCount Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings (with Joe Williams) (1955, Clef)\nApril in Paris (1955–56, Verve)\nThe Greatest!! Count Basie Plays, Joe Williams Sings Standards (with Joe Williams) (1956, Verve)\nBasie in London (live) (1956, Verve)\nOne O'Clock Jump (with Joe Williams and Ella Fitzgerald) (1957, Verve)\nCount Basie at Newport (live) (1957, Verve)\nE = MC² (1958, Roulette)\nBasie Plays Hefti (1958, Roulette)\nNo Count Sarah (with Sarah Vaughan) (1958, EmArcy)\nBreakfast Dance and Barbecue (1959, Roulette)\nWelcome to the Club (Uncredited) (Nat King Cole) (1959, Capitol)\nIn Person! (with Tony Bennett) (1959, Columbia)\nChairman of the Board (1959, Roulette)\nStrike Up the Band (with Tony Bennett) (1959, Roulette)\nBasie/Eckstine Incorporated (with Billy Eckstine) (1959, Roulette)\nEveryday I Have the Blues (with Joe Williams) (1959, Roulette)\nThe Count Basie Story (1960, Roulette)\nI Gotta Right to Swing (Uncredited) (Sammy Davis Jr.) (1960, Decca)\n1961–1970\nFirst Time! The Count Meets the Duke (with Duke Ellington) (1961, Columbia)\nThe Legend (1961, Roulette)\nCount Basie/Sarah Vaughan (with Sarah Vaughan) (1961, Roulette)\nBasie at Birdland (live) (1961, Roulette)\nEasin' It (1962, Roulette)\nSinatra–Basie: An Historic Musical First (with Frank Sinatra) (1962, Reprise)\nOn My Way & Shoutin' Again! (1963, Verve)\nLi'l Ol' Groovemaker...Basie! (1963, Verve)\nThis Time by Basie! (1963, Verve)\nElla and Basie! (with Ella Fitzgerald) (1963, Verve)\nBasie Land (1964, Verve)\nIt Might as Well Be Swing (with Frank Sinatra) (1964, Reprise)\nBasie Picks the Winners (1965, Verve)\nOur Shining Hour (with Sammy Davis Jr.) (1965, Verve)\nArthur Prysock and Count Basie (with Arthur Prysock) (1965, Verve)\nBasie's Beatle Bag (1965, Verve)\nBroadway Basie's...Way (1966, Command)\nBasie Meets Bond (1966, United Artists)\nHollywood...Basie's Way (1966, Command)\nSinatra at the Sands (live, with Frank Sinatra) (1966, Reprise)\nBasie's Beat (1967, Verve)\nHalf a Sixpence (1967, Dot)\nThe Board of Directors (with The Mills Brothers) (1968, Dot)\nThe Board of Directors Annual Report (with The Mills Brothers) (1968, Dot)\nBasie Straight Ahead (1969, Dot)\nStanding Ovation (1969, Dot)\nAfrique (1970, RCA Victor)\nBasie on the Beatles (1970, Happy Tiger)\n1971–1980\nHave A Nice Day (1971, Daybreak)\nBing 'n' Basie (with Bing Crosby) (1972, Daybreak)\nJazz at Santa Monica Civic '72 (live) (1972, Pablo)\nThe Bosses (with Big Joe Turner) (1973, Pablo)\nBasie Big Band (1975, Pablo)\nFun Time (1975, Pablo)\nI Told You So (1976, Pablo)\nPrime Time (1977, Pablo)\nMontreux '77 (live) (1977, Pablo)\nLive in Japan '78 (live) (1978, Pablo)\nOn the Road (1979, Pablo)\nDigital III at Montreux (live) (1979, Pablo)\nA Classy Pair (with Ella Fitzgerald) (1979, Pablo)\nA Perfect Match (live, with Ella Fitzgerald) (1979, Pablo)\nKansas City Shout (1980, Pablo)\n1981–1990\nWarm Breeze (1981, Pablo)\nSend in the Clowns (Sarah Vaughan) (1981, Pablo)\nFarmer's Market Barbecue (1982, Pablo)\n88 Basie Street (1983, Pablo)\nMe and You (1983, Pablo)\nFancy Pants (final album with Count Basie) (1983, Pablo)\nLong Live the Chief (1987, Denon)\nDiane Schuur & the Count Basie Orchestra (live, with Diane Schuur) (1987, GRP)\nThe Legend, the Legacy (1990, Denon)\n1991–2000\nThe George Benson Big Boss Band featuring The Count Basie Orchestra (1991, Warner Bros.)\nThe Count Basie Orchestra Live at El Morocco (1992, Telarc)\nJoe Williams and the Count Basie Orchestra (1993, Telarc)\nLive at Manchester Craftsmen's Guild: The Count Basie Orchestra (1997, Blue Jackel)\nAt Long Last (with Rosemary Clooney) (1998, Concord)\nCount Plays Duke (1998, MAMA)\nSwing Shift (1999, MAMA)\n2001–present\nRay Sings, Basie Swings (2006, Concord)\nBasie is Back (2007, MAMA)\nMidnight in Manhattan (2007, Aspirion)\nA Swingin' Christmas (Featuring The Count Basie Big Band) (with Tony Bennett) (2008, Columbia)\nA Very Swingin' Basie Christmas! (2015)\nSmall-groupsessions\nBasie Jam (1973, Pablo)\nFor the First Time (1974, Pablo)\nBasie & Zoot (with Zoot Sims) (1975, Pablo)\nFor the Second Time (1975, Pablo)\nBasie Jam 2 (1976, Pablo)\nBasie Jam 3 (1976, Pablo)\nKansas City 5 (1977, Pablo)\nThe Gifted Ones (with Dizzy Gillespie) (1977, Pablo)\nBasie Jam: Montreux '77 (live) (1977, Pablo)\nSatch and Josh...Again (with Oscar Peterson) (1977, Pablo)\nNight Rider (with Oscar Peterson) (1978, Pablo)\nCount Basie Meets Oscar Peterson – The Timekeepers (with Oscar Peterson) (1978, Pablo)\nYessir, That's My Baby (with Oscar Peterson) (1978, Pablo)\nKansas City 7 (1980, Pablo)\nKansas City 6 (1981, Pablo)\nMostly Blues...and Some Others (1983, Pablo)Authority control databases \nMusicBrainz release group\n2","title":"Notes and references"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Robert Dimery; Michael Lydon (2008). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Octopus Books, London. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-8440-3624-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/1001albumsyoumus0000unse/page/31","url_text":"1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/1001albumsyoumus0000unse/page/31","url_text":"31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8440-3624-0","url_text":"978-1-8440-3624-0"}]},{"reference":"Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2006). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings. Penguin Books. pp. 91–92.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2007). Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0857125958.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin","url_text":"Larkin, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Press","url_text":"Omnibus Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857125958","url_text":"978-0857125958"}]},{"reference":"Hull, Tom (n.d.). \"Essential Jazz Albums of the 1950s\". tomhull.com. Retrieved March 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hull_(critic)","url_text":"Hull, Tom"},{"url":"http://tomhull.com/ocston/nm/jnotes/ej1950s.php","url_text":"\"Essential Jazz Albums of the 1950s\""}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (2006). All Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd ed.). Virgin Books. p. 153. ISBN 0-7535-0493-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Time_Top_1000_Albums","url_text":"All Time Top 1000 Albums"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7535-0493-6","url_text":"0-7535-0493-6"}]},{"reference":"Cuscuna, Michael (1994). The Complete Atomic Basie liner notes.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cuscuna","url_text":"Cuscuna, Michael"}]},{"reference":"\"1958 Grammy Winners\". Grammy.com. Retrieved November 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=&title=&year=1958&genre=All","url_text":"\"1958 Grammy Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Count Basie – The Atomic Mr. Basie (Vinyl, LP) at Discogs\". Retrieved 30 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Count-Basie-The-Atomic-Mr-Basie/release/1207884","url_text":"\"Count Basie – The Atomic Mr. Basie (Vinyl, LP) at Discogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Count Basie – Count Basie – The Complete Atomic Basie (CD, Album, Mono) at Discogs\". Retrieved 30 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Count-Basie-The-Complete-Atomic-Basie/release/2959624","url_text":"\"Count Basie – Count Basie – The Complete Atomic Basie (CD, Album, Mono) at Discogs\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kbufJrm6c9YC&pg=PA310&lpg=PA310&dq=%22studio+A%22+151+West+46th%22+%22capitol+records","external_links_name":"The Sound Studies Reader"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/916524063","external_links_name":"916524063"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/1001albumsyoumus0000unse/page/31","external_links_name":"1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/1001albumsyoumus0000unse/page/31","external_links_name":"31"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r203799","external_links_name":"The Atomic Mr. Basie"},{"Link":"http://tomhull.com/ocston/nm/jnotes/ej1950s.php","external_links_name":"\"Essential Jazz Albums of the 1950s\""},{"Link":"http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=&title=&year=1958&genre=All","external_links_name":"\"1958 Grammy Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Count-Basie-The-Atomic-Mr-Basie/release/1207884","external_links_name":"\"Count Basie – The Atomic Mr. Basie (Vinyl, LP) at Discogs\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Count-Basie-The-Complete-Atomic-Basie/release/2959624","external_links_name":"\"Count Basie – Count Basie – The Complete Atomic Basie (CD, Album, Mono) at Discogs\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/1b464368-017c-3aba-8a2d-437bcf43b5d0","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/20e6552b-6988-40e6-b07d-84a8406c87c9","external_links_name":"2"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standiford_Field | Louisville International Airport | ["1 History","2 Facilities","2.1 Terminal","2.2 Runways","2.3 Worldport","3 Airlines and destinations","3.1 Passenger","3.2 Cargo","4 Statistics","4.1 Top destinations","4.2 Airline market share","4.3 Airport traffic","4.4 Annual traffic and cargo","5 Accidents and incidents","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°10′27″N 085°44′11″W / 38.17417°N 85.73639°W / 38.17417; -85.73639Airport serving Louisville, Kentucky, United States
Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport Standiford FieldIATA: SDFICAO: KSDFFAA LID: SDFSummaryAirport typePublicOwner/OperatorLouisville Regional Airport Authority (LRAA)ServesLouisville metropolitan areaHub forUPS AirlinesElevation AMSL501 ft / 153 mCoordinates38°10′27″N 085°44′11″W / 38.17417°N 85.73639°W / 38.17417; -85.73639Websiteflylouisville.comMapsFAA airport diagramRunways
Direction
Length
Surface
ft
m
17R/35L
11,887
3,623
Concrete
17L/35R
8,579
2,615
Concrete
11/29
7,250
2,210
Concrete
Statistics (2023)Aircraft operations172,855Passengers4,659,648Cargo handled6,013,812,675 lbs.Sources: Louisville International Airport, FAA
Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport (IATA: SDF, ICAO: KSDF, FAA LID: SDF), formerly known as simply Louisville International Airport, is a civil-military airport in Louisville in Jefferson County, Kentucky. The airport covers 1,500 acres (6.1 km2) and has three runways. Its IATA airport code, SDF, is based on the airport's former name, Standiford Field. Despite being called an international airport, it has no regularly-scheduled international passenger flights, but is a port of entry, handling many UPS Airlines international cargo flights through the United Parcel Service's worldwide air hub, often referred to as UPS Worldport.
Over 4.6 million passengers passed through the airport in 2023, while over 6.7 billion pounds (3.38 million tons) of cargo passed through in 2022. It is also the second-busiest in the United States in terms of cargo traffic, and fourth-busiest for such in the world. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a "primary commercial service" airport since it has over 10,000 passenger boardings (enplanements) per year. Federal Aviation Administration records show the airport had 1,877,861 revenue enplanements in 2018, an increase of 11.46% from 1,684,738 in 2017.
Because of UPS Airlines' operations, Louisville International Airport is the second-busiest cargo airport in the United States, only falling short of FedEx's SuperHub at Memphis International Airport, and also the world's fourth-busiest airport by cargo traffic, behind Shanghai Pudong, Memphis and Hong Kong. The Kentucky Air National Guard's 123d Airlift Wing operates C-130 transport aircraft from the co-located Louisville Air National Guard Base.
On January 16, 2019, the Regional Airport Authority voted to change the name of the airport to Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport in honor of the boxer and Louisville native Muhammad Ali. On June 6, 2019, the airport unveiled its new logo, featuring "Ali's silhouette, arms up and victorious, against the background of a butterfly."
History
Standiford Field was built by the Army Corps of Engineers in 1941 on a parcel of land south of Louisville that was found not to have flooded during the Ohio River flood of 1937. It was named for Dr. Elisha David Standiford, a local businessman and politician, who was active in transportation issues and owned part of the land. The field remained under Army control until 1947, when it was turned over to the Louisville Air Board for commercial operations.
Until around 1947, Bowman Field was Louisville's main airport, which was too close to downtown to expand. For many years, passenger traffic went through the small brick Lee Terminal at Standiford Field. Today's more modern and much larger facilities were built in the 1980s. Most of the Lee Terminal was later torn down.
When Standiford Field was built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1941, it had one 4,000-foot (1,200 m) runway. The airfield opened to the public in 1947 and all commercial service from Bowman Field moved to Standiford Field. American, Eastern, and TWA were the first airlines and had 1,300 passengers a week. The airlines used World War II barracks on the east side of the field until May 25, 1950, when a proper terminal opened. Lee Terminal could handle 150,000 passengers annually and included 6 new gates, which increased terminal space to 114,420 square feet (10,630 m2). The three runways (1, 6 and 11) were all 5000 ft.
The April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows 45 weekday departures on Eastern Airlines, 19 American, 9 TWA, 4 Piedmont and 2 Ozark. Scheduled jet flights (Eastern 720s to Idlewild) began in January–February 1962.
In 1970, the terminal again expanded; the main lobby was extended and the 33,000-square-foot (3,100 m2) Delta Air Lines concourse was built.
The 1980s brought plans for a new terminal, the Louisville Airport Improvement plan (LAIP). Construction of a new landside terminal designed by Bickel-Gibson Associated Architects Inc. began, costing $35 million with capacity for nearly 2 million passengers in 1985. Parallel runways, needed for expanded UPS operations, were part of the airport expansion. Most of the improvements were completed in the 1990s and the airport was totally renewed.
During the 1990s, Southwest Airlines began service to the airport which helped passenger boardings increase 97.3 percent. In 1995, the airport's name was changed from Standiford Field to Louisville International Airport. Around that time SDF opened the two new parallel runways: runway 17L/35R, 8,578 feet (2,615 m) long and runway 17R/35L, 11,887 feet (3,623 m); both are 150 feet (46 m) wide. The Kentucky Air National Guard moved its base to SDF with 8 military aircraft; a new UPS air mail facility, new corporate hangars, a four-level parking garage and a new control tower were also added. A new FBO was added, run by Atlantic Aviation and managed by Michael Perry.
In 2005, a $26 million terminal renovation designed by Gensler Inc. was completed. As of 2024, the airport is in the midst of a major renovation project called SDF Next, which includes more than $400 million in planned enhancements to the Jerry E. Abramson Terminal, work on the baggage claim, updates to security and lighting, and changes to the rental car counters, among other improvements.
On January 16, 2019, the Louisville Regional Airport Authority voted to rename the airport Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport, after boxing legend Muhammad Ali, a Louisville native.
Facilities
Terminal
Concourse B
The Jerry E. Abramson Terminal is the airport's main commercial terminal. It consists of two floors with ground transportation and baggage claim services on the first floor and ticketing, passenger drop off, and concourse access on the second floor. There are 24 gates in the two concourses. These concourses are connected by a rotunda and connector that contains a unified security checkpoint located in the main section of the terminal.
Concourse A contains 12 gates
Concourse B contains 12 gates
Runways
Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport has three concrete runways, two of which are parallel with one crosswind. The westernmost runway (17R/35L) is the longest of the three at 11,887 feet (3,623 m) and was extended in 2007 to accommodate larger aircraft flying nonstop to destinations as far away as the Pacific Rim and Asia.
Worldport
UPS Worldport Air Hub at Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport
Worldport is the worldwide air hub for UPS (United Parcel Service) located at Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport. Because of UPS, Louisville is the fourth-busiest cargo airport in the world, and the second busiest in the United States. Although UPS has had a hub at Louisville since 1980, the term was not used officially by the company until 2002, after a $1 billion, five-year expansion. Previously, the project was named Hub 2000. The facility is currently the size of 5.2 million square feet (48 ha; 80 football fields) and capable of handling 115 packages per second, or 416,000 per hour. With more than 20,000 employees, UPS is one of the largest employers in both the city of Louisville and Kentucky as a whole. The facility, which serves all of the company's major international and domestic hubs, mainly handles express and international packages and letters.
A 1,000,000-square-foot (93,000 m2) expansion was completed in spring 2006 to integrate heavy freight into the UPS system. The expansion was prefaced by the purchase of Menlo Worldwide Forwarding, formerly Emery Worldwide. The new facility, designated Worldport Freight Facility (HWP), went online in April 2006 and was the first of the company's regional hubs to begin integrating the Menlo volume into the system. Menlo's facility in Dayton, Ohio, was taken offline in June 2006.
In May 2006, UPS announced that for the third time in seven years it would significantly expand its Worldport hub, with a second investment of $1 billion. The second expansion was completed in April 2010, with the facility now measuring 5,200,000 square feet (480,000 m2), with a perimeter of 7.2 miles (11.6 km). The plan was for more than 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) to be added to its existing facility, with another 334,500 square feet (31,080 m2) of space to be renovated with new technology and equipment. Worldport sorting capacity was to expand from 300,000 packages per hour to 416,000 packages per hour. Additionally, several ramps at the Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport were to be built or altered bringing a total increase of just over 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2).
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
AirlinesDestinationsRefs Allegiant Air Austin, Fort Lauderdale, Orlando/Sanford, Punta Gorda (FL), St. Petersburg/ClearwaterSeasonal: Charleston (SC), Destin/Fort Walton Beach, Myrtle Beach, New Orleans, Sarasota, Savannah
American Airlines Charlotte, Dallas/Fort WorthSeasonal: Miami
American Eagle Boston, Charlotte, Chicago–O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Miami, New York–LaGuardia, Philadelphia, Washington–National
Breeze Airways Charleston (SC), New Orleans, San Francisco, TampaSeasonal: Fort Myers
Delta Air Lines Atlanta
Delta Connection Boston, Detroit, Minneapolis/St. Paul, New York–LaGuardia
Southwest Airlines Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago–Midway, Dallas–Love, Denver, Houston–Hobby, Las Vegas, Orlando, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, TampaSeasonal: Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers
Spirit Airlines Fort Lauderdale, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Orlando
Sun Country Airlines Seasonal: Minneapolis/St. Paul
United Airlines Denver, Houston–Intercontinental
United Express Chicago–O'Hare, Denver, Houston–Intercontinental, Newark, Washington–Dulles
Cargo
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
AirlinesDestinations Air Cargo Carriers Charleston (WV), Decatur, Madison, Warsaw (IN), Traverse City (MI)
Ameriflight Huntsville, Knoxville, Moline/Quad Cities, Smyrna (TN), South Bend
FedEx Express Cincinnati, Greensboro (NC), Indianapolis, Memphis, Roanoke
SkyLink Express Hamilton (ON)
UPS Airlines Albany (GA), Albany (NY), Albuquerque, Anchorage, Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Billings, Birmingham (AL), Bogotá, Boise, Boston, Buffalo, Burbank, Campinas, Casablanca, Cedar Rapids, Charlotte, Chicago–O'Hare, Cleveland, Cologne/Bonn, Columbia (SC), Columbus–Rickenbacker, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Des Moines, Detroit, Dubai–International, Dublin, East Midlands, Fargo, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Fort Wayne, Gary/Chicago, Greensboro (NC), Greenville/Spartanburg, Hamilton (ON), Harrisburg, Hartford, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Houston–Intercontinental, Jackson (MS), Jacksonville (FL), Kansas City, Knoxville, Lafayette, Lansing, Las Vegas, Little Rock, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Manchester (NH), McAllen, Memphis, Mexico City, Miami, Milwaukee, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Montréal–Mirabel, Newark, Newburgh, New Orleans, New York–JFK, Oakland, Oklahoma City, Omaha, Ontario, Orange County (CA), Orlando, Peoria, Philadelphia, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Pittsburgh, Portland (OR), Providence, Raleigh/Durham, Richmond, Sacramento–Mather, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), San Juan, Seattle–Boeing, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Sioux Falls, Spokane, Springfield/Branson, Syracuse, Tampa, Tokyo–Narita, Toronto–Pearson, Tulsa, Vancouver, Washington–Dulles, West Palm Beach
Statistics
Top destinations
Busiest domestic routes from SDF (April 2023 – March 2024)
Rank
City
Passengers
Carriers
1
Atlanta, Georgia
353,780
Delta, Southwest
2
Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas
196,690
American
3
Charlotte, North Carolina
162,430
American
4
Chicago–O'Hare, Illinois
138,530
American, United
5
Orlando, Florida
134,670
Southwest, Spirit
6
Denver, Colorado
133,100
Southwest, United
7
Chicago–Midway, Illinois
98,030
Southwest
8
Baltimore, Maryland
89,970
Southwest
9
Las Vegas, Nevada
78,710
Southwest, Spirit
10
New York-LaGuardia, New York
75,660
American, Delta
Airline market share
Largest Airlines at SDF (April 2023 – March 2024)
Rank
Airline
Passengers
Share
1
Southwest Airlines
1,076,000
23.25%
2
American Airlines
634,000
13.70%
3
Delta Air Lines
605,000
13.09%
4
Republic Airways
585,000
12.65%
5
Spirit Airlines
398,000
8.60%
6
Others
1,328,000
28.71%
Airport traffic
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Annual passenger traffic at SDF airport.
See Wikidata query.
Annual traffic and cargo
SDF Airport Annual Passengers and Cargo 2004-Present
Year
Passengers
Total Cargo (lbs.)
Year
Passengers
Total Cargo (lbs.)
Year
Passengers
Total Cargo (lbs.)
2004
3,438,138
3,834,924,928
2014
3,355,811
5,055,706,407
2024
2005
3,730,678
4,001,736,489
2015
3,359,472
5,182,270,067
2025
2006
3,663,041
4,372,563,774
2016
3,346,545
5,372,687,454
2026
2007
3,819,154
4,584,225,636
2017
3,474,340
5,737,961,328
2027
2008
3,682,420
4,353,419,373
2018
3,866,057
5,782,767,038
2028
2009
3,263,812
4,297,972,629
2019
4,239,064
6,151,136,493
2029
2010
3,349,162
4,777,478,457
2020
1,636,931
6,431,419,629
2030
2011
3,398,864
4,824,644,236
2021
3,176,874
6,729,100,374
2031
2012
3,365,115
4,780,426,911
2022
3,888,332
6,761,880,348
2032
2013
3,404,080
4,885,617,722
2023
4,659,648
6,013,812,675
2033
Accidents and incidents
September 28, 1953: Resort Airlines Flight 1081, a Curtiss C-46 Commando leased from the USAF, crashed on landing at Louisville-Standiford Field when the aircraft ballooned slightly during the flare-out, causing a loss of control when it climbed to 300 feet and stalled. Out of the 41 on board, 22 passengers and 3 crew were killed. Failure of the left elevator during landing was the cause.
March 10, 1957: Eastern Airlines Flight 181, a Martin 4-0-4 crash-landed at SDF. All 34 passengers and crew aboard survived with just one serious injury. The pilot's improper landing approach caused an excessive sink rate, causing a portion of the left wing to separate inboard of the #1 engine and left the aircraft partially inverted. The plane was damaged beyond repair.
September 8, 1970: Delta Air Lines Flight 439, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 inbound from Chicago–O'Hare attempting an instrument landing at night at SDF landed 156 feet short of the runway threshold, hitting sloping terrain, becoming airborne, bouncing and then skidding down the runway for nearly 1,500 yards before coming to a stop. All five crew and 89 passengers survived. The aircraft was substantially damaged, but repaired and later put back into service. Pilot error was the cause.
June 7, 2005: UPS Airlines Flight 6971, a McDonnell Douglas MD-11 with four occupants aboard, suffered a collapse of the nose gear assembly after touchdown due to improper handling of the aircraft by the flying pilot after the main landing gear touchdown and the pilot-in-command's inadequate supervision during landing. The aircraft had substantial damage but was repaired and returned to service.
See also
Bowman Field
Kentucky World War II Army Airfields
List of busiest airports by cargo traffic
Transportation in Louisville, Kentucky
UPS Airlines
References
^ a b "By the Numbers in 2023" (PDF). Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 19, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
^ a b "Louisville Regional Airport Authority Aviation Statistics" (PDF). Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport. December 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
^ FAA Airport Form 5010 for SDF PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. effective January 19, 2024.
^ "Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport (SDF)". flylouisville.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021. Airport Statistics
^ "US Customs and Border Patrol". Archived from the original on October 30, 2012.
^ "Table 2 – TOTAL CARGO TRAFFIC 2013 – Preliminary World Airport Traffic and Rankings 2013 – High Growth Dubai Moves Up to 7th Busiest Airport – Mar 31, 2014". Airports Council International. March 31, 2014. Archived from the original on April 1, 2014. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
^
"2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A" (PDF). faa.gov. Federal Aviation Administration. October 4, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF, 2.03 MB) on September 27, 2012.
^ "Calendar Year 2018 Final Revenue Enplanements at All Airports" (PDF). faa.gov. Federal Aviation Administration. October 9, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ a b "ACI reveals top 20 airports for passenger traffic, cargo, and aircraft movements – ACI World". May 25, 2020. Archived from the original on May 25, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
^ "Mayor Fischer celebrates decision to rename Louisville airport to honor Muhammad Ali" (PDF) (Press release). Louisville Metro Government and Louisville Regional Airport Authority. January 16, 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 22, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
^ Ladd, Sarah (June 7, 2019). "Louisville's renamed Muhammad Ali International Airport debuts logo". usatoday.com. Louisville Courier Journal. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
^ a b c "History". Louisville International Airport. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ "". Engineering News-Record. 209. McGraw-Hill. 1982. Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
^ Adams, Brent (June 17, 2002). "Capital projects at Louisville Airport proceed; officials keep eye on security costs". Louisville Business First. archives.californiaaviation.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
^ "SDF Next". Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
^ Kobin, Billy (January 16, 2019). "Louisville is renaming its airport after Muhammad Ali". Courier Journal. courier-journal.com. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
^ a b c Louisville Regional Airport Authority. "Terminal Map". Archived from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ "Louisville Regional Airport Authority 2017 Annual Report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ "Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport". Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ "UPS Pressroom". November 6, 2002. Archived from the original on November 6, 2002.
^ "UPS Worldport Facts". Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2013.
^ Reddy, Frank. "A world of packages flows through UPS air hub: ISEs play key logistics roles at Worldport facility in Louisville". ISE Magazine
^ "Destinations – Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport (SDF)". Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
^ a b "Flight schedules and notifications". American Airlines. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
^ "Breeze Airways". Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
^ a b "FLIGHT SCHEDULES". Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
^ "Check Flight Schedules". Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
^ "Spirit Airlines Lines up for a Landing in Louisville" (Press release). Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
^ "Route Map". Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
^ a b "Timetable". Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
^ a b "RITA | BTS | Transtats – Louisville, KY: Louisville International-Standiford Field (SDF)". March 2014. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
^ "SDF Airport Reports and Statistics 2004-2017". flylouisville.com. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
^ "SDF Airport Reports and Statistics 2018-Present". flylouisville.com. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
^ Accident description for N66534 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on April 30, 2019.
^ Accident description for N453A at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on March 20, 2022.
^ "Investigation of Aircraft Accident: EASTERN AIRLINES: LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY: 1957-03-10". National Transportation Library. March 10, 1957. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
^ Accident description for N3329L at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on March 19, 2022.
^ Accident description for N250UP at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on March 20, 2022.
Further reading
Santos, Alexis (January 3, 2013). "Inside UPS' Worldport: How a shipping titan moves 2,000 packages every 17 seconds". Engadget. Archived from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louisville International Airport.
Official website
Kentucky Air National Guard
FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective June 13, 2024
FAA Terminal Procedures for SDF, effective June 13, 2024
Resources for this airport:
AirNav airport information for KSDF
ASN accident history for SDF
FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days
SkyVector aeronautical chart for KSDF
FAA current SDF delay information
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
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MediaBooks
The Greatest: My Own Story (1975 autobiography)
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a.k.a. Cassius Clay (1970)
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Clay v. United States
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville"},{"link_name":"Jefferson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"runways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"port of entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_entry"},{"link_name":"UPS Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPS_Airlines"},{"link_name":"United Parcel Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Parcel_Service"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flylouisville.com-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Louisville_Aviation_Stats-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Plan_of_Integrated_Airport_Systems"},{"link_name":"categorized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAA_airport_categories"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"FedEx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx"},{"link_name":"SuperHub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperHub"},{"link_name":"Memphis International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"fourth-busiest airport by cargo traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_cargo_traffic"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Pudong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACI_World-9"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"123d Airlift Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/123d_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"C-130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Airport serving Louisville, Kentucky, United StatesLouisville Muhammad Ali International Airport (IATA: SDF, ICAO: KSDF, FAA LID: SDF), formerly known as simply Louisville International Airport, is a civil-military airport in Louisville in Jefferson County, Kentucky. The airport covers 1,500 acres (6.1 km2)[4] and has three runways. Its IATA airport code, SDF, is based on the airport's former name, Standiford Field. Despite being called an international airport, it has no regularly-scheduled international passenger flights, but is a port of entry, handling many UPS Airlines international cargo flights through the United Parcel Service's worldwide air hub, often referred to as UPS Worldport.[5]Over 4.6 million passengers passed through the airport in 2023,[1] while over 6.7 billion pounds (3.38 million tons) of cargo passed through in 2022.[2] It is also the second-busiest in the United States in terms of cargo traffic, and fourth-busiest for such in the world.[6] The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a \"primary commercial service\" airport since it has over 10,000 passenger boardings (enplanements) per year.[7] Federal Aviation Administration records show the airport had 1,877,861 revenue enplanements in 2018, an increase of 11.46% from 1,684,738 in 2017.[8]Because of UPS Airlines' operations, Louisville International Airport is the second-busiest cargo airport in the United States, only falling short of FedEx's SuperHub at Memphis International Airport, and also the world's fourth-busiest airport by cargo traffic, behind Shanghai Pudong, Memphis and Hong Kong.[9] The Kentucky Air National Guard's 123d Airlift Wing operates C-130 transport aircraft from the co-located Louisville Air National Guard Base.On January 16, 2019, the Regional Airport Authority voted to change the name of the airport to Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport in honor of the boxer and Louisville native Muhammad Ali.[10] On June 6, 2019, the airport unveiled its new logo, featuring \"Ali's silhouette, arms up and victorious, against the background of a butterfly.\"[11]","title":"Louisville International Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Ohio River flood of 1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River_flood_of_1937"},{"link_name":"Dr. Elisha David Standiford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_David_Standiford"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-12"},{"link_name":"Bowman Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowman_Field_(Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"UPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Parcel_Service"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-12"},{"link_name":"Gensler Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gensler"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisville_International_Airport&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Standiford Field was built by the Army Corps of Engineers in 1941 on a parcel of land south of Louisville that was found not to have flooded during the Ohio River flood of 1937. It was named for Dr. Elisha David Standiford, a local businessman and politician, who was active in transportation issues and owned part of the land. The field remained under Army control until 1947, when it was turned over to the Louisville Air Board for commercial operations.[12]Until around 1947, Bowman Field was Louisville's main airport, which was too close to downtown to expand. For many years, passenger traffic went through the small brick Lee Terminal at Standiford Field. Today's more modern and much larger facilities were built in the 1980s. Most of the Lee Terminal was later torn down.[citation needed]When Standiford Field was built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1941, it had one 4,000-foot (1,200 m) runway. The airfield opened to the public in 1947 and all commercial service from Bowman Field moved to Standiford Field. American, Eastern, and TWA were the first airlines and had 1,300 passengers a week. The airlines used World War II barracks on the east side of the field until May 25, 1950, when a proper terminal opened. Lee Terminal could handle 150,000 passengers annually and included 6 new gates, which increased terminal space to 114,420 square feet (10,630 m2). The three runways (1, 6 and 11) were all 5000 ft.The April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows 45 weekday departures on Eastern Airlines, 19 American, 9 TWA, 4 Piedmont and 2 Ozark. Scheduled jet flights (Eastern 720s to Idlewild) began in January–February 1962.In 1970, the terminal again expanded; the main lobby was extended and the 33,000-square-foot (3,100 m2) Delta Air Lines concourse was built.[12]The 1980s brought plans for a new terminal, the Louisville Airport Improvement plan (LAIP). Construction of a new landside terminal designed by Bickel-Gibson Associated Architects Inc. began, costing $35 million with capacity for nearly 2 million passengers in 1985.[13] Parallel runways, needed for expanded UPS operations, were part of the airport expansion.[12] Most of the improvements were completed in the 1990s and the airport was totally renewed.During the 1990s, Southwest Airlines began service to the airport which helped passenger boardings increase 97.3 percent. In 1995, the airport's name was changed from Standiford Field to Louisville International Airport. Around that time SDF opened the two new parallel runways: runway 17L/35R, 8,578 feet (2,615 m) long and runway 17R/35L, 11,887 feet (3,623 m); both are 150 feet (46 m) wide. The Kentucky Air National Guard moved its base to SDF with 8 military aircraft; a new UPS air mail facility, new corporate hangars, a four-level parking garage and a new control tower were also added. A new FBO was added, run by Atlantic Aviation and managed by Michael Perry.In 2005, a $26 million terminal renovation designed by Gensler Inc. was completed.[14] As of 2024[update], the airport is in the midst of a major renovation project called SDF Next, which includes more than $400 million in planned enhancements to the Jerry E. Abramson Terminal, work on the baggage claim, updates to security and lighting, and changes to the rental car counters, among other improvements.[15]On January 16, 2019, the Louisville Regional Airport Authority voted to rename the airport Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport, after boxing legend Muhammad Ali, a Louisville native.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louisville_airport_interior.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jerry E. Abramson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_E._Abramson"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terminal_Map-17"},{"link_name":"rotunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terminal_Map-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terminal_Map-17"}],"sub_title":"Terminal","text":"Concourse BThe Jerry E. Abramson Terminal is the airport's main commercial terminal. It consists of two floors with ground transportation and baggage claim services on the first floor and ticketing, passenger drop off, and concourse access on the second floor.[17] There are 24 gates in the two concourses. These concourses are connected by a rotunda and connector that contains a unified security checkpoint located in the main section of the terminal.Concourse A contains 12 gates[17]\nConcourse B contains 12 gates[17]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Airfield_Enhancements-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA_Information_Effective_10_October_2019-19"}],"sub_title":"Runways","text":"Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport has three concrete runways, two of which are parallel with one crosswind. The westernmost runway (17R/35L) is the longest of the three at 11,887 feet (3,623 m) and was extended in 2007 to accommodate larger aircraft flying nonstop to destinations as far away as the Pacific Rim and Asia.[18][19]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ups_worldport.jpg"},{"link_name":"UPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPS_Airlines"},{"link_name":"United Parcel Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Parcel_Service"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACI_World-9"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"square feet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_feet"},{"link_name":"ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"football fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football#Field_and_equipment"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Emery Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emery_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"Dayton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"}],"sub_title":"Worldport","text":"UPS Worldport Air Hub at Louisville Muhammad Ali International AirportWorldport is the worldwide air hub for UPS (United Parcel Service) located at Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport. Because of UPS, Louisville is the fourth-busiest cargo airport in the world, and the second busiest in the United States.[9] Although UPS has had a hub at Louisville since 1980, the term was not used officially by the company until 2002, after a $1 billion, five-year expansion.[20] Previously, the project was named Hub 2000. The facility is currently the size of 5.2 million square feet (48 ha; 80 football fields) and capable of handling 115 packages per second, or 416,000 per hour.[21][22] With more than 20,000 employees, UPS is one of the largest employers in both the city of Louisville and Kentucky as a whole. The facility, which serves all of the company's major international and domestic hubs, mainly handles express and international packages and letters.A 1,000,000-square-foot (93,000 m2) expansion was completed in spring 2006 to integrate heavy freight into the UPS system. The expansion was prefaced by the purchase of Menlo Worldwide Forwarding, formerly Emery Worldwide. The new facility, designated Worldport Freight Facility (HWP), went online in April 2006 and was the first of the company's regional hubs to begin integrating the Menlo volume into the system. Menlo's facility in Dayton, Ohio, was taken offline in June 2006.In May 2006, UPS announced that for the third time in seven years it would significantly expand its Worldport hub, with a second investment of $1 billion. The second expansion was completed in April 2010, with the facility now measuring 5,200,000 square feet (480,000 m2), with a perimeter of 7.2 miles (11.6 km). The plan was for more than 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) to be added to its existing facility, with another 334,500 square feet (31,080 m2) of space to be renovated with new technology and equipment. Worldport sorting capacity was to expand from 300,000 packages per hour to 416,000 packages per hour. Additionally, several ramps at the Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport were to be built or altered bringing a total increase of just over 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2).","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Passenger","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cargo","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top destinations","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Airline market share","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"},{"link_name":"Wikidata query","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.wikidata.org/embed.html#%23%20Scroll%20down%20and%20hit%20blue%20arrow%20down%20to%20run%20and%20see%20the%20results%20%2B%20the%20sources%0ASELECT%20%3Fyear%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumber%29%20AS%20%3Fpassengers%29%20%20%20%28SAMPLE%28COALESCE%28%3Freference_URL%2C%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%29%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0AWITH%0A%7B%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fstatement%20%3Fdate%20%3Fyear%20%3Ftimevalue%20%3Fnumberperperiod%20%3Freference_URL%0A%20%20WHERE%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP238%20%3Fairport_code%0A%20%20%20%20VALUES%20%3Fairport_code%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%22SDF%22%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP3872%20%3Fstatement.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstatement%20pqv%3AP585%20%3Ftimevalue%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20ps%3AP3872%20%3Fnumberperperiod.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimeValue%20%3Fdate.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20pq%3AP518%20%3Fapplies.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%2F%20%28pr%3AP854%7Cpr%3AP4656%29%20%3Freference_URL.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28BOUND%28%3Fapplies%29%3Dfalse%20%7C%7C%20%3Fapplies%20%3D%20wd%3AQ2165236%20%29%0A%20%20%20%20MINUS%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20wikibase%3Arank%20wikibase%3ADeprecatedRank%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28YEAR%28%3Fdate%29%20AS%20%3Fyear%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3E1949%29.%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3C%20YEAR%28NOW%28%29%29%29%0A%20%20%7D%20%7D%20AS%20%25airport%0AWHERE%0A%7B%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20sum%20of%20monthly%20values%20within%20a%20year%0A%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28SUM%28%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%0A%20%20%20%20WHERE%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20maximal%20value%20and%20a%20sample%20reference%20URL%20for%20each%20unique%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Freference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20WHERE%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecmonth.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecmonth%20%20%3D10%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%3Fdate%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%0A%20%20%7D%20%20UNION%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecyear.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecyear%20%20%3D9%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20year%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Fnumberperperiod%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Freference_URL%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP1813%20%3Fthis.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20has%20shortname%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28LANG%28%3Fthis%29%3D%22en%22%29%20%20%7D%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%2Cen%22.%20%3Fitem%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FitemLabel.%7D%0ABIND%28COALESCE%28%3Fthis%2C%3FitemLabel%29%20as%20%3Fshortname%29%0A%7D%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%3Fyear%20ORDER%20BY%20%3Fitem%20DESC%20%28%3Fyear%29"}],"sub_title":"Airport traffic","text":"Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.\n\nAnnual passenger traffic at SDF airport.\nSee Wikidata query.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Annual traffic and cargo","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Resort Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resort_Airlines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Curtiss C-46 Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_C-46_Commando"},{"link_name":"USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAF"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Eastern Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Martin 4-0-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_4-0-4"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Delta Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9"},{"link_name":"Chicago–O'Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%E2%80%93O%27Hare"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"UPS Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPS_Airlines"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas MD-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"September 28, 1953: Resort Airlines Flight 1081, a Curtiss C-46 Commando leased from the USAF, crashed on landing at Louisville-Standiford Field when the aircraft ballooned slightly during the flare-out, causing a loss of control when it climbed to 300 feet and stalled. Out of the 41 on board, 22 passengers and 3 crew were killed. Failure of the left elevator during landing was the cause.[34]\nMarch 10, 1957: Eastern Airlines Flight 181, a Martin 4-0-4 crash-landed at SDF. All 34 passengers and crew aboard survived with just one serious injury. The pilot's improper landing approach caused an excessive sink rate, causing a portion of the left wing to separate inboard of the #1 engine and left the aircraft partially inverted. The plane was damaged beyond repair.[35][36]\nSeptember 8, 1970: Delta Air Lines Flight 439, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 inbound from Chicago–O'Hare attempting an instrument landing at night at SDF landed 156 feet short of the runway threshold, hitting sloping terrain, becoming airborne, bouncing and then skidding down the runway for nearly 1,500 yards before coming to a stop. All five crew and 89 passengers survived. The aircraft was substantially damaged, but repaired and later put back into service. Pilot error was the cause.[37]\nJune 7, 2005: UPS Airlines Flight 6971, a McDonnell Douglas MD-11 with four occupants aboard, suffered a collapse of the nose gear assembly after touchdown due to improper handling of the aircraft by the flying pilot after the main landing gear touchdown and the pilot-in-command's inadequate supervision during landing. The aircraft had substantial damage but was repaired and returned to service.[38]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Inside UPS' Worldport: How a shipping titan moves 2,000 packages every 17 seconds\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230128114517/https://www.engadget.com/2013-01-03-inside-ups-worldport-sorting-hub.html"},{"link_name":"Engadget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.engadget.com/2013-01-03-inside-ups-worldport-sorting-hub.html"}],"text":"Santos, Alexis (January 3, 2013). \"Inside UPS' Worldport: How a shipping titan moves 2,000 packages every 17 seconds\". Engadget. Archived from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved May 12, 2024.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Concourse B","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louisville_airport_interior.jpg/220px-Louisville_airport_interior.jpg"},{"image_text":"UPS Worldport Air Hub at Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ups_worldport.jpg/500px-Ups_worldport.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Bowman Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowman_Field_(Kentucky)"},{"title":"Kentucky World War II Army Airfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_World_War_II_Army_Airfields"},{"title":"List of busiest airports by cargo traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_cargo_traffic"},{"title":"Transportation in Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"title":"UPS Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPS_Airlines"}] | [{"reference":"\"By the Numbers in 2023\" (PDF). Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 19, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flylouisville.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/SDF-by-the-Numbers-in-2023_FINAL.pdf","url_text":"\"By the Numbers in 2023\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240119212833/https://www.flylouisville.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/SDF-by-the-Numbers-in-2023_FINAL.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Louisville Regional Airport Authority Aviation Statistics\" (PDF). Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport. December 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flylouisville.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Aviation-Stats-2022-12-revised-3.pdf","url_text":"\"Louisville Regional Airport Authority Aviation Statistics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230604203607/https://www.flylouisville.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Aviation-Stats-2022-12-revised-3.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport (SDF)\". flylouisville.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021. Airport Statistics","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flylouisville.com/corporate/louisville-muhammad-ali-international-airport-sdf/","url_text":"\"Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport (SDF)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210122192816/https://www.flylouisville.com/corporate/louisville-muhammad-ali-international-airport-sdf/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"US Customs and Border Patrol\". Archived from the original on October 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121030094249/http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/toolbox/contacts/ports/ky/4115.xml","url_text":"\"US Customs and Border Patrol\""},{"url":"http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/toolbox/contacts/ports/ky/4115.xml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Table 2 – TOTAL CARGO TRAFFIC 2013 – Preliminary World Airport Traffic and Rankings 2013 – High Growth Dubai Moves Up to 7th Busiest Airport – Mar 31, 2014\". Airports Council International. March 31, 2014. Archived from the original on April 1, 2014. 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Archived from the original (PDF, 2.03 MB) on September 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120927084535/http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/npias/reports/media/2011/npias_2011_appA.pdf","url_text":"\"2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A\""},{"url":"http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/npias/reports/media/2011/npias_2011_appA.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Calendar Year 2018 Final Revenue Enplanements at All Airports\" (PDF). faa.gov. Federal Aviation Administration. October 9, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 17, 2019. 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Retrieved February 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flylouisville.com/flight-information/destinations/","url_text":"\"Destinations – Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport (SDF)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212130928/https://www.flylouisville.com/flight-information/destinations/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Flight schedules and notifications\". American Airlines. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com/travelInformation/flights/schedule","url_text":"\"Flight schedules and notifications\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010611/https://www.aa.com/travelInformation/flights/schedule","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Breeze Airways\". Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. 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Retrieved January 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.suncountry.com/route-map","url_text":"\"Route Map\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180815090927/https://www.suncountry.com/Explore/Route-Map.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Timetable\". Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.united.com/web/en-US/apps/travel/timetable/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Timetable\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170128165254/https://www.united.com/web/en-US/apps/travel/timetable/default.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"RITA | BTS | Transtats – Louisville, KY: Louisville International-Standiford Field (SDF)\". March 2014. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. 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Retrieved June 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://flylouisville.com/corporate/reports-statistics","url_text":"\"SDF Airport Reports and Statistics 2018-Present\""}]},{"reference":"\"Investigation of Aircraft Accident: EASTERN AIRLINES: LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY: 1957-03-10\". National Transportation Library. March 10, 1957. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/33572","url_text":"\"Investigation of Aircraft Accident: EASTERN AIRLINES: LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY: 1957-03-10\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230709013735/https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/33572","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Santos, Alexis (January 3, 2013). \"Inside UPS' Worldport: How a shipping titan moves 2,000 packages every 17 seconds\". Engadget. Archived from the original on January 28, 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churubusco_(disambiguation) | Churubusco (disambiguation) | [] | Churubusco could be referring to:
Churubusco, a neighbourhood in the Federal District, Mexico
Battle of Churubusco, fought there on 20 August 1847
Estudios Churubusco, motion picture studios located in the Churubusco district
Río Churubusco, a river that formerly ran through the area
Churubusco, Indiana, United States, a town named after the above battle
Churubusco, New York, United States, an unincorporated town named in honor of the U.S. troops from New York who fought in the above battle
Huitzilopochco, a pre-Columbian polity also called Churubusco
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Churubusco.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Churubusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churubusco"},{"link_name":"Battle of Churubusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco"},{"link_name":"Estudios Churubusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudios_Churubusco"},{"link_name":"Río Churubusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%ADo_Churubusco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Churubusco, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churubusco,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Churubusco, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churubusco,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Huitzilopochco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huitzilopochco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Churubusco_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Churubusco, a neighbourhood in the Federal District, Mexico\nBattle of Churubusco, fought there on 20 August 1847\nEstudios Churubusco, motion picture studios located in the Churubusco district\nRío Churubusco, a river that formerly ran through the area\nChurubusco, Indiana, United States, a town named after the above battle\nChurubusco, New York, United States, an unincorporated town named in honor of the U.S. troops from New York who fought in the above battle\nHuitzilopochco, a pre-Columbian polity also called ChurubuscoTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Churubusco.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Churubusco (disambiguation)"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Churubusco_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulde_event | Mulde event | ["1 Notes","2 References"] | Anoxic event causing mass extinctions during the Silurian period
Silurian graphical timelineThis box: viewtalkedit−444 —–−442 —–−440 —–−438 —–−436 —–−434 —–−432 —–−430 —–−428 —–−426 —–−424 —–−422 —–−420 —–−418 —PaleozoicOrdovicianSilurianDevonianLlandoveryWenlockLudlowPřídolíRhuddanianAeronianTelychianSheinwoodianHomerianGorstianLudfordian ←Lau event←Mulde event←Ireviken eventSubdivision of the Silurian according to the ICS, as of 2021.Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
The Mulde event was an anoxic event, and marked the second of three1 relatively minor mass extinctions (the Ireviken, Mulde, and Lau events) during the Silurian period. It coincided with a global drop in sea level, and is closely followed by an excursion in geochemical isotopes. Its onset is synchronous with the deposition of the Fröjel Formation in Gotland. Perceived extinction in the conodont fauna, however, likely represent a change in the depositional environment of sedimentary sequences rather than a genuine biological extinction.
Higher resolution δ13C isotope analysis identifies differences in the organic and carbonate carbon isotope curves (Δ13C), allowing the inference of a sustained drop in CO2 levels coincident with the extinction once sedimentological data are taken into account.
Notes
^1 The Ireviken, Mulde, and Lau events were all closely followed by isotopic excursions.
References
^ Jeppsson, L.; Calner, M. (2007). "The Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo—secundo events". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 93 (02): 135–154. doi:10.1017/S0263593300000377.
^ Munnecke, A.; Samtleben, C.; Bickert, T. (2003). "The Ireviken Event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden-relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 195 (1): 99–124. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00304-3.
^ "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
^ a b Samtleben, C.; Munnecke, A.; Bickert, T. (2000). "Development of facies and C/O-isotopes in transects through the Ludlow of Gotland: Evidence for global and local influences on a shallow-marine environment". Facies. 43 (1): 1–38. Bibcode:2000Faci...43....1S. doi:10.1007/BF02536983. S2CID 130640332.
^ Jarochowska, Emilia; Ray, David C; Röstel, Philipp; Worton, Graham; Munnecke, Axel (2017). "Harnessing stratigraphic bias at the section scale: Conodont diversity in the Homerian (Silurian) of the Midland Platform, England". Palaeontology. 61: 57–76. doi:10.1111/pala.12326. S2CID 135200300.
^ Biebesheimer, Ellie J.; Cramer, Bradley D.; Calner, Mikael; Barnett, Bruce A.; Oborny, Stephan C.; Bancroft, Alyssa M. (2021). "Asynchronous δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg records during the onset of the Mulde (Silurian) positive carbon isotope excursion from the Altajme core, Gotland, Sweden". Chemical Geology. 576: 120256. Bibcode:2021ChGeo.57620256B. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120256. ISSN 0009-2541. S2CID 234817512.
vteExtinction events
Minor events↓End-Ediacaran?↓Lau event↓Toarcian turnover↓Aptian↓Cenomanian-Turonian↓Middle Miocene↓Rainforest collaps↓Capitanian↓Smithian-Spathian↓Cambrian-Ordovician↓Olson's↓Ordovician-Silurian↓Late Devonian↓Permo-Triassic↓Triassic–Jurassic↓Cretaceous–Paleogene↓Holocene Major eventsEdiacaranCambrianOrdovicianSilurianDevonianCarboniferousPermianTriassicJurassicCretaceousPaleogeneNeogeneQuaternaryNeoproterozoicPalæozoicMesozoicCenozoic│−600│−550│−500│−450│−400│−350│−300│−250│−200│−150│−100│−50│0Millions of years before present | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anoxic event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxic_event#Paleozoic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samtleben2000-4"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_otherEvents"},{"link_name":"mass extinctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_extinction"},{"link_name":"Ireviken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireviken_event"},{"link_name":"Lau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lau_event"},{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"geochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry"},{"link_name":"isotopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope"},{"link_name":"Fröjel Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B6jel_Formation"},{"link_name":"Gotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samtleben2000-4"},{"link_name":"conodont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conodont"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Mulde event was an anoxic event,[4] and marked the second of three1 relatively minor mass extinctions (the Ireviken, Mulde, and Lau events) during the Silurian period. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomaly_in_software | Software bug | ["1 History","2 Terminology","3 Controversy","4 Prevention","4.1 Language support","4.2 Techniques","4.3 Specification","4.4 Software testing","4.5 Agile practices","4.6 Static analysis","4.7 Instrumentation","4.8 Open source","5 Debugging","6 Management","6.1 Severity","6.2 Priority","6.3 Patch","6.4 Maintenance release","6.5 Known issue","6.6 Implications","6.7 Cost","6.8 Benchmark","7 Types","7.1 Design error","7.2 Arithmetic","7.3 Control flow","7.4 Interfacing","7.5 Concurrency","7.6 Resourcing","7.7 Syntax","7.8 Teamwork","8 In politics","8.1 \"Bugs in the System\" report","9 In popular culture","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"] | A bug in software
To report a MediaWiki error on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Bug reports.
Part of a series onSoftware development
Core activities
Data modeling
Processes
Requirements
Design
Construction
Engineering
Testing
Debugging
Deployment
Maintenance
Paradigms and models
Agile
Cleanroom
Incremental
Prototyping
Spiral
V model
Waterfall
Methodologies and frameworks
ASD
DevOps
DAD
DSDM
FDD
IID
Kanban
Lean SD
LeSS
MDD
MSF
PSP
RAD
RUP
SAFe
Scrum
SEMAT
TDD
TSP
OpenUP
UP
XP
Supporting disciplines
Configuration management
Documentation
Software quality assurance
Project management
User experience
Practices
ATDD
BDD
CCO
CI
CD
DDD
PP
SBE
Stand-up
TDD
Tools
Compiler
Debugger
Profiler
GUI designer
UML Modeling
IDE
Build automation
Release automation
Infrastructure as code
Standards and bodies of knowledge
CMMI
IEEE standards
ISO 9001
ISO/IEC standards
PMBOK
SWEBOK
ITIL
IREB
OMG
Glossaries
Artificial intelligence
Computer science
Electrical and electronics engineering
Outlines
Outline of software development
vte
A software bug is a bug in computer software.
A computer program with many or serious bugs may be described as buggy.
The effects of a software bug range from minor (such as a misspelled word in the user interface) to severe (such as frequent crashing).
Software bugs have been linked to disasters. Software bugs in the Therac-25 radiation therapy machine were directly responsible for patient deaths in the 1980s. In 1996, the European Space Agency's US$1 billion prototype Ariane 5 rocket was destroyed less than a minute after launch due to a bug in the on-board guidance computer program.
In 1994, an RAF Chinook helicopter crashed, killing 29; was initially blamed on pilot error, but was later thought to have been caused by a software bug in the engine-control computer.
Buggy software caused the early 21st century British Post Office scandal.
In 2002, a study commissioned by the US Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology concluded that "software bugs, or errors, are so prevalent and so detrimental that they cost the US economy an estimated $59 billion annually, or about 0.6 percent of the gross domestic product".
Since the 1950s, some computer systems have been designed to detect or auto-correct various software errors during operations.
History
Further information: Bug (engineering) § History
Terminology
Mistake metamorphism (from Greek meta = "change", morph = "form") refers to the evolution of a defect in the final stage of software deployment. Transformation of a "mistake" committed by an analyst in the early stages of the software development lifecycle, which leads to a "defect" in the final stage of the cycle has been called 'mistake metamorphism'.
Different stages of a mistake in the development cycle may be described as mistake,: 31
anomaly,: 10
fault,: 31
failure,: 31
error,: 31
exception,: 31
crash,: 22
glitch,
bug,: 14
defect,
incident,: 39
or side effect.
Controversy
Sometimes the use of bug to describe the behavior of software is contentious due to perception. Some suggest that the term should be abandoned; replaced with defect or error.
Some contend that bug implies that the defect arose on its own and push to use defect instead since it more clearly connotates caused by a human.
Some contend that bug may be used to coverup an intentional design decision. In 2011, after receiving scrutiny from US Senator Al Franken for recording and storing users' locations in unencrypted files,
Apple called the behavior a bug. However, Justin Brookman of the Center for Democracy and Technology directly challenged that portrayal, stating "I'm glad that they are fixing what they call bugs, but I take exception with their strong denial that they track users."
Prevention
Error resulting from a software bug displayed on two screens at La Croix de Berny station in France
Preventing bugs as early as possible in the software development process is a target of investment and innovation.
Language support
Newer programming languages tend to be designed to prevent common bugs based on vulnerabilities of existing languages. Lessons learned from older languages such as BASIC and C are used to inform the design of later languages such as C# and Rust.
Languages may include features such as a static type system, restricted namespaces and modular programming. For example, for a typed, compiled language (like C):
float num = "THREE AND A BIT";
is syntactically correct, but fails type checking since the right side, a string, cannot be assigned to a float variable. Compilation fails – forcing this defect to be fixed before development progress can resume. With an interpreted language, a failure would not occur until later at runtime.
Some languages exclude features that easily lead to bugs, at the expense of slower performance – the principle being that it is usually better to write simpler, slower correct code than complicated, buggy code. For example, the Java does not support pointer arithmetic which is generally fast, but is considered dangerous; relatively easy to cause a major bug.
Some languages include features that add runtime overhead in order to prevent some bugs. For example, many languages include runtime bounds checking and a way to handle out-of-bounds conditions instead of crashing.
A compiled language allows for detecting some typos (such as a misspelled identifier) before runtime which is earlier in the software development process than for an interpreted language.
Techniques
Programming techniques such as programming style and defensive programming are intended to prevent typos.
For example, a bug may be caused by a relatively minor, typographical error (typo) in the code. For example, this code executes function foo only if conditionis true.
if (condition) foo();
But this code always executes foo:
if (condition); foo();
A convention that tends to prevent this particular issue is to require braces for a block even if it has just one line.
if (condition) {
foo();
}
Enforcement of conventions may be manual (i.e. via code review) or via automated tools.
Specification
Some contend that writing a program specification which states the behavior of a program, can prevent bugs.
Some contend that formal specifications are impractical for anything but the shortest programs, because of problems of combinatorial explosion and indeterminacy.
Software testing
One goal of software testing is to find bugs.
Measurements during testing can provide an estimate of the number of likely bugs remaining. This becomes more reliable the longer a product is tested and developed.
Agile practices
Agile software development may involve frequent software releases with relatively small changes. Defects are revealed by user feedback.
With test-driven development (TDD), unit tests are written while writing the production code, and the production code is not considered complete until all tests complete successfully.
Static analysis
Tools for static code analysis help developers by inspecting the program text beyond the compiler's capabilities to spot potential problems. Although in general the problem of finding all programming errors given a specification is not solvable (see halting problem), these tools exploit the fact that human programmers tend to make certain kinds of simple mistakes often when writing software.
Instrumentation
Tools to monitor the performance of the software as it is running, either specifically to find problems such as bottlenecks or to give assurance as to correct working, may be embedded in the code explicitly (perhaps as simple as a statement saying PRINT "I AM HERE"), or provided as tools. It is often a surprise to find where most of the time is taken by a piece of code, and this removal of assumptions might cause the code to be rewritten.
Open source
Open source development allows anyone to examine source code. A school of thought popularized by Eric S. Raymond as Linus's law says that popular open-source software has more chance of having few or no bugs than other software, because "given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow". This assertion has been disputed, however: computer security specialist Elias Levy wrote that "it is easy to hide vulnerabilities in complex, little understood and undocumented source code," because, "even if people are reviewing the code, that doesn't mean they're qualified to do so." An example of an open-source software bug was the 2008 OpenSSL vulnerability in Debian.
Debugging
Main article: Debugging
Debugging can be a significant part of the software development lifecycle. Maurice Wilkes, an early computing pioneer, described his realization in the late 1940s that
“a good part of the remainder of my life was going to be spent in finding errors in my own programs”.
A program known as a debugger can help a programmer find faulty code by examining the inner workings of a program such as executing code line-by-line and viewing variable values.
As an alternative to using a debugger, code may be instrumented with logic to output debug information to trace program execution and view values. Output is typically to console, window, log file or a hardware output (i.e. LED).
Some contend that locating a bug is something of an art.
It is not uncommon for a bug in one section of a program to cause failures in a different section, thus making it difficult to track, in an apparently unrelated part of the system. For example, an error in a graphics rendering routine causing a file I/O routine to fail.
Sometimes, the most difficult part of debugging is finding the cause of the bug. Once found, correcting the problem is sometimes easy if not trivial.
Sometimes, a bug is not an isolated flaw, but represents an error of thinking or planning on the part of the programmers. Often, such a logic error requires a section of the program to be overhauled or rewritten.
Some contend that as a part of code review, stepping through the code and imagining or transcribing the execution process may often find errors without ever reproducing the bug as such.
Typically, the first step in locating a bug is to reproduce it reliably. If unable to reproduce the issue, a programmer cannot find the cause of the bug and therefore cannot fix it.
Some bugs are revealed by inputs that may be difficult for the programmer to re-create. One cause of the Therac-25 radiation machine deaths was a bug (specifically, a race condition) that occurred only when the machine operator very rapidly entered a treatment plan; it took days of practice to become able to do this, so the bug did not manifest in testing or when the manufacturer attempted to duplicate it. Other bugs may stop occurring whenever the setup is augmented to help find the bug, such as running the program with a debugger; these are called heisenbugs (humorously named after the Heisenberg uncertainty principle).
Since the 1990s, particularly following the Ariane 5 Flight 501 disaster, interest in automated aids to debugging rose, such as static code analysis by abstract interpretation.
Often, bugs come about during coding, but faulty design documentation may cause a bug.
In some cases, changes to the code may eliminate the problem even though the code then no longer matches the documentation.
In an embedded system, the software is often modified to work around a hardware bug since it's cheaper than modifying the hardware.
Management
Example bug history (GNU Classpath project data). A new bug is initially unconfirmed. Once reproducibility is confirmed, it is changed to confirmed. Once the issue is resolved, it is changed to fixed.
Bugs are managed via activities like documenting, categorizing, assigning, reproducing, correcting and releasing the corrected code.
Tools are often used to track bugs and other issues with software. Typically, different tools
are used by the software development team to track their workload than by customer service to track user feedback.
A tracked item is often called bug, defect, ticket, issue, feature, or for agile software development, story or epic. Items are often categorized by aspects such as severity, priority and version number.
In a process sometimes called triage, choices are made for each bug about whether and when to fix it based on information such as the bug's severity and priority and external factors such as development schedules. Triage generally does not include investigation into cause. Triage may occur regularly. Triage generally consists of reviewing new bugs since the previous triage and maybe all open bugs. Attendees may include project manager, development manager, test manager, build manager, and technical experts.
Severity
Severity is a measure of impact the bug has. This impact may be data loss, financial, loss of goodwill and wasted effort. Severity levels are not standardized, but differ by context such as industry and tracking tool. For example, a crash in a video game has a different impact than a crash in a bank server. Severity levels might be crash or hang, no workaround (user cannot accomplish a task), has workaround (user can still accomplish the task), visual defect (a misspelling for example), or documentation error. Another example set of severities: critical, high, low, blocker, trivial. The severity of a bug may be a separate category to its priority for fixing, or the two may be quantified and managed separately.
A bug severe enough to delay the release of the product is called a show stopper.
Priority
Priority describes the importance of resolving the bug in relation to other bugs. Priorities might be numerical, such as 1 through 5, or named, such as critical, high, low, and deferred. The values might be similar or identical to severity ratings, even though priority is a different aspect.
Priority may be a combination of the bug's severity with the level of effort to fix. A bug with low severity but easy to fix may get a higher priority than a bug with moderate severity that requires significantly more effort to fix.
Patch
Bugs of sufficiently high priority may warrant a special release which is sometimes called a patch.
Maintenance release
A software release that emphasizes bug fixes may be called a maintenance release – to differentiate it from a release that emphasizes new features or other changes.
Known issue
It is common practice to release software with known, low-priority bugs or other issues. Possible reasons include but are not limited to:
A deadline must be met and resources are insufficient to fix all bugs by the deadline
The bug is already fixed in an upcoming release, and it is not of high priority
The changes required to fix the bug are too costly or affect too many other components, requiring a major testing activity
It may be suspected, or known, that some users are relying on the existing buggy behavior; a proposed fix may introduce a breaking change
The problem is in an area that will be obsolete with an upcoming release; fixing it is unnecessary
"It's not a bug, it's a feature" A misunderstanding exists between expected and actual behavior or undocumented feature
Implications
The amount and type of damage a software bug may cause affects decision-making, processes and policy regarding software quality. In applications such as human spaceflight, aviation, nuclear power, health care, public transport or automotive safety, since software flaws have the potential to cause human injury or even death, such software will have far more scrutiny and quality control than, for example, an online shopping website. In applications such as banking, where software flaws have the potential to cause serious financial damage to a bank or its customers, quality control is also more important than, say, a photo editing application.
Other than the damage caused by bugs, some of their cost is due to the effort invested in fixing them. In 1978, Lientz et al. showed that the median of projects invest 17 percent of the development effort in bug fixing. In 2020, research on GitHub repositories showed the median is 20%.
Cost
In 1994, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center managed to reduce their average number of errors from 4.5 per 1000 lines of code (SLOC) down to 1 per 1000 SLOC.
Another study in 1990 reported that exceptionally good software development processes can achieve deployment failure rates as low as 0.1 per 1000 SLOC. This figure is iterated in literature such as Code Complete by Steve McConnell, and the NASA study on Flight Software Complexity.
Some projects even attained zero defects: the firmware in the IBM Wheelwriter typewriter which consists of 63,000 SLOC, and the Space Shuttle software with 500,000 SLOC.
Benchmark
To facilitate reproducible research on testing and debugging, researchers use curated benchmarks of bugs:
the Siemens benchmark
ManyBugs is a benchmark of 185 C bugs in nine open-source programs.
Defects4J is a benchmark of 341 Java bugs from 5 open-source projects. It contains the corresponding patches, which cover a variety of patch type.
Types
Some notable types of bugs:
Design error
A bug can be caused by insufficient or incorrect design based on the specification. For example, given that the specification is to alphabetize a list of words, a design bug might occur if the design does not account for symbols; resulting in incorrect alphabetization of words with symbols.
Arithmetic
Numerical operations can result in unexpected output, slow processing, or crashing.
Such a bug can be from a lack of awareness of the qualities of the data storage such as a loss of precision due to rounding, numerically unstable algorithms, arithmetic overflow and underflow, or from lack of awareness of how calculations are handled by different software coding languages such as division by zero which in some languages may throw an exception, and in others may return a special value such as NaN or infinity.
Control flow
See also: Logic error
A control flow bug, a.k.a. logic error, is characterized by code that does not fail with an error, but does not have the expected behavior, such as infinite looping, infinite recursion, incorrect comparison in a conditional such as using the wrong comparison operator, and the off-by-one error.
Interfacing
Incorrect API usage.
Incorrect protocol implementation.
Incorrect hardware handling.
Incorrect assumptions of a particular platform.
Incompatible systems. A new API or communications protocol may seem to work when two systems use different versions, but errors may occur when a function or feature implemented in one version is changed or missing in another. In production systems which must run continually, shutting down the entire system for a major update may not be possible, such as in the telecommunication industry or the internet. In this case, smaller segments of a large system are upgraded individually, to minimize disruption to a large network. However, some sections could be overlooked and not upgraded, and cause compatibility errors which may be difficult to find and repair.
Incorrect code annotations.
Concurrency
Deadlock – a task cannot continue until a second finishes, but at the same time, the second cannot continue until the first finishes.
Race condition – multiple simultaneous tasks compete for resources.
Errors in critical sections, mutual exclusions and other features of concurrent processing. Time-of-check-to-time-of-use (TOCTOU) is a form of unprotected critical section.
Resourcing
See also: Runtime error
Null pointer dereference.
Using an uninitialized variable.
Using an otherwise valid instruction on the wrong data type (see packed decimal/binary-coded decimal).
Access violations.
Resource leaks, where a finite system resource (such as memory or file handles) become exhausted by repeated allocation without release.
Buffer overflow, in which a program tries to store data past the end of allocated storage. This may or may not lead to an access violation or storage violation. These are frequently security bugs.
Excessive recursion which—though logically valid—causes stack overflow.
Use-after-free error, where a pointer is used after the system has freed the memory it references.
Double free error.
Syntax
See also: Syntax error
Use of the wrong token, such as performing assignment instead of equality test. For example, in some languages x=5 will set the value of x to 5 while x==5 will check whether x is currently 5 or some other number. Interpreted languages allow such code to fail. Compiled languages can catch such errors before testing begins.
Teamwork
Unpropagated updates; e.g. programmer changes "myAdd" but forgets to change "mySubtract", which uses the same algorithm. These errors are mitigated by the Don't Repeat Yourself philosophy.
Comments out of date or incorrect: many programmers assume the comments accurately describe the code.
Differences between documentation and product.
In politics
"Bugs in the System" report
The Open Technology Institute, run by the group, New America, released a report "Bugs in the System" in August 2016 stating that U.S. policymakers should make reforms to help researchers identify and address software bugs. The report "highlights the need for reform in the field of software vulnerability discovery and disclosure." One of the report's authors said that Congress has not done enough to address cyber software vulnerability, even though Congress has passed a number of bills to combat the larger issue of cyber security.
Government researchers, companies, and cyber security experts are the people who typically discover software flaws. The report calls for reforming computer crime and copyright laws.
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the Electronic Communications Privacy Act criminalize and create civil penalties for actions that security researchers routinely engage in while conducting legitimate security research, the report said.
In popular culture
In video gaming, the term "glitch" is sometimes used to refer to a software bug. An example is the glitch and unofficial Pokémon species MissingNo.
In both the 1968 novel 2001: A Space Odyssey and the corresponding 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, a spaceship's onboard computer, HAL 9000, attempts to kill all its crew members. In the follow-up 1982 novel, 2010: Odyssey Two, and the accompanying 1984 film, 2010, it is revealed that this action was caused by the computer having been programmed with two conflicting objectives: to fully disclose all its information, and to keep the true purpose of the flight secret from the crew; this conflict caused HAL to become paranoid and eventually homicidal.
In the English version of the Nena 1983 song 99 Luftballons (99 Red Balloons) as a result of "bugs in the software", a release of a group of 99 red balloons are mistaken for an enemy nuclear missile launch, requiring an equivalent launch response, resulting in catastrophe.
In the 1999 American comedy Office Space, three employees attempt (unsuccessfully) to exploit their company's preoccupation with the Y2K computer bug using a computer virus that sends rounded-off fractions of a penny to their bank account—a long-known technique described as salami slicing.
The 2004 novel The Bug, by Ellen Ullman, is about a programmer's attempt to find an elusive bug in a database application.
The 2008 Canadian film Control Alt Delete is about a computer programmer at the end of 1999 struggling to fix bugs at his company related to the year 2000 problem.
See also
Anti-pattern
Bug bounty program
Glitch removal
Hardware bug
ISO/IEC 9126, which classifies a bug as either a defect or a nonconformity
List of software bugs
Orthogonal Defect Classification
Racetrack problem
RISKS Digest
Software defect indicator
Software regression
Software rot
Automatic bug fixing
References
^ "ARIANE 5 Flight 501 Failure Report by the Inquiry Board". The European Space Agency. Ariane 501 Inquiry Board report (33–1996). July 23, 1996.
^ Simon Rogerson (April 2002). "The Chinook Helicopter Disaster" (PDF). IMIS Journal. 12 (2). Archived from the original on September 15, 1993. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
^ "Post Office scandal ruined lives, inquiry hears". BBC News. February 14, 2022.
^ "Software bugs cost US economy dear". June 10, 2009. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
^ "Testing experience : te : the magazine for professional testers". Testing Experience. Germany: testingexperience: 42. March 2012. ISSN 1866-5705. (subscription required)
^ a b c d e f g h i 610.12-1990: IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology. IEEE. December 31, 1990. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.1990.101064. ISBN 978-0-7381-0391-4.
^ "News at SEI September 1999". SEI Interactive. 2 (3). Carnegie Mellon University: Software Engineering Institute. September 1, 1999.
^ Gregg Keizer (April 21, 2011). "Apple faces questions from Congress about iPhone tracking". Computerworld.
^ Gregg Keizer (April 27, 2011). "Apple denies tracking iPhone users, but promises changes". Computerworld.
^ Dorota Huizinga; Adam Kolawa (September 2007). Automated Defect Prevention: Best Practices in Software Management. Wiley-IEEE Computer Society Press. ISBN 978-0-470-04212-0.
^ McDonald, Marc; Musson, Robert; Smith, Ross (2007). The Practical Guide to Defect Prevention. Microsoft Press. p. 480. ISBN 978-0-7356-2253-1.
^ "Release Early, Release Often" Archived May 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Eric S. Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar
^ "Wide Open Source" Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Elias Levy, SecurityFocus, April 17, 2000
^ "Maurice Wilkes Quotes". QuoteFancy. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
^ "PolySpace Technologies history". christele.faure.pagesperso-orange.fr. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
^ Allen, Mitch (May–June 2002). "Bug Tracking Basics: A beginner's guide to reporting and tracking defects". Software Testing & Quality Engineering Magazine. Vol. 4, no. 3. pp. 20–24. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
^ Rex Black (2002). Managing The Testing Process (2nd ed.). Wiley India Pvt. Limited. p. 139. ISBN 978-8126503131. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
^ Chris Vander Mey (2012). Shipping Greatness - Practical Lessons on Building and Launching Outstanding Software, Learned on the Job at Google and Amazon. O'Reilly Media. pp. 79–81. ISBN 978-1449336608.
^ Soleimani Neysiani, Behzad; Babamir, Seyed Morteza; Aritsugi, Masayoshi (October 1, 2020). "Efficient feature extraction model for validation performance improvement of duplicate bug report detection in software bug triage systems". Information and Software Technology. 126: 106344. doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2020.106344. S2CID 219733047.
^ "5.3. Anatomy of a Bug". bugzilla.org. Archived from the original on May 23, 2013.
^ Jones, Wilbur D. Jr., ed. (1989). "Show stopper". Glossary: defense acquisition acronyms and terms (4 ed.). Fort Belvoir, Virginia: Department of Defense, Defense Systems Management College. p. 123. hdl:2027/mdp.39015061290758 – via Hathitrust.
^ Zachary, G. Pascal (1994). Show-stopper!: the breakneck race to create Windows NT and the next generation at Microsoft. New York: The Free Press. p. 158. ISBN 0029356717 – via archive.org.
^ "The Next Generation 1996 Lexicon A to Z: Slipstream Release". Next Generation. No. 15. March 1996. p. 41.
^ Carr, Nicholas (2018). "'It's Not a Bug, It's a Feature.' Trite – or Just Right?". wired.com.
^ Lientz, B. P.; Swanson, E. B.; Tompkins, G. E. (1978). "Characteristics of Application Software Maintenance". Communications of the ACM. 21 (6): 466–471. doi:10.1145/359511.359522. S2CID 14950091.
^ Amit, Idan; Feitelson, Dror G. (2020). "The Corrective Commit Probability Code Quality Metric". arXiv:2007.10912 .
^ "An Overview of the Software Engineering Laboratory" (PDF). Software Engineering Laboratory Series (SEL-94-005). December 1994.
^ a b Cobb, Richard H.; Mills, Harlan D. (1990). "Engineering software under statistical quality control". IEEE Software. 7 (6): 46. doi:10.1109/52.60601. ISSN 1937-4194. S2CID 538311 – via University of Tennessee – Harlan D. Mills Collection.
^ McConnell, Steven C. (1993). Code Complete. Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Press. p. 611. ISBN 978-1556154843 – via archive.org. (Cobb and Mills 1990)
^ Gerard Holzmann (March 5, 2009). "Appendix D – Software Complexity" (PDF). Final Report: NASA Study on Flight Software Complexity (Daniel L. Dvorak (ed.)). NASA Office of Chief Engineer Technical Excellence Program.
^ Le Goues, Claire; Holtschulte, Neal; Smith, Edward K.; Brun, Yuriy; Devanbu, Premkumar; Forrest, Stephanie; Weimer, Westley (2015). "The ManyBugs and IntroClass Benchmarks for Automated Repair of C Programs". IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. 41 (12): 1236–1256. doi:10.1109/TSE.2015.2454513. ISSN 0098-5589.
^ Just, René; Jalali, Darioush; Ernst, Michael D. (2014). "Defects4J: a database of existing faults to enable controlled testing studies for Java programs". Proceedings of the 2014 International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis – ISSTA 2014. pp. 437–440. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.646.3086. doi:10.1145/2610384.2628055. ISBN 9781450326452. S2CID 12796895.
^ Anthony Di Franco; Hui Guo; Cindy Rubio-González (November 23, 2017). A comprehensive study of real-world numerical bug characteristics. 2017 32nd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE). IEEE. doi:10.1109/ASE.2017.8115662.
^ Kimbler, K. (1998). Feature Interactions in Telecommunications and Software Systems V. IOS Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-90-5199-431-5.
^ Syed, Mahbubur Rahman (2001). Multimedia Networking: Technology, Management and Applications: Technology, Management and Applications. Idea Group Inc (IGI). p. 398. ISBN 978-1-59140-005-9.
^ Wu, Chwan-Hwa (John); Irwin, J. David (2016). Introduction to Computer Networks and Cybersecurity. CRC Press. p. 500. ISBN 978-1-4665-7214-0.
^ RFC 1263: "TCP Extensions Considered Harmful" quote: "the time to distribute the new version of the protocol to all hosts can be quite long (forever in fact). ... If there is the slightest incompatibly between old and new versions, chaos can result."
^ Wilson, Andi; Schulman, Ross; Bankston, Kevin; Herr, Trey. "Bugs in the System" (PDF). Open Policy Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
^ a b c d Rozens, Tracy (August 12, 2016). "Cyber reforms needed to strengthen software bug discovery and disclosure: New America report – Homeland Preparedness News". Retrieved August 23, 2016.
^ Ullman, Ellen (2004). The Bug. Picador. ISBN 978-1-250-00249-5.
External links
MediaWiki has documentation related to: Bug management
"Common Weakness Enumeration" – an expert webpage focus on bugs, at NIST.gov
BUG type of Jim Gray – another Bug type
Picture of the "first computer bug" at the Wayback Machine (archived January 12, 2015)
"The First Computer Bug!" – an email from 1981 about Adm. Hopper's bug
"Toward Understanding Compiler Bugs in GCC and LLVM". A 2016 study of bugs in compilers
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MediaWiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Bug reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bug_reports"},{"link_name":"bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"computer software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software"},{"link_name":"computer program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program"},{"link_name":"user interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface"},{"link_name":"crashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Therac-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therac-25"},{"link_name":"radiation therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy"},{"link_name":"European Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"Ariane 5 rocket was destroyed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_flight_V88"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"RAF Chinook helicopter crashed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Scotland_RAF_Chinook_crash"},{"link_name":"engine-control computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FADEC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"British Post Office scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Post_Office_scandal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beeb182-3"},{"link_name":"Department of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"To report a MediaWiki error on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Bug reports.A software bug is a bug in computer software.A computer program with many or serious bugs may be described as buggy.The effects of a software bug range from minor (such as a misspelled word in the user interface) to severe (such as frequent crashing).Software bugs have been linked to disasters. Software bugs in the Therac-25 radiation therapy machine were directly responsible for patient deaths in the 1980s. In 1996, the European Space Agency's US$1 billion prototype Ariane 5 rocket was destroyed less than a minute after launch due to a bug in the on-board guidance computer program.[1]\nIn 1994, an RAF Chinook helicopter crashed, killing 29; was initially blamed on pilot error, but was later thought to have been caused by a software bug in the engine-control computer.[2]\nBuggy software caused the early 21st century British Post Office scandal.[3]In 2002, a study commissioned by the US Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology concluded that \"software bugs, or errors, are so prevalent and so detrimental that they cost the US economy an estimated $59 billion annually, or about 0.6 percent of the gross domestic product\".[4]Since the 1950s, some computer systems have been designed to detect or auto-correct various software errors during operations.","title":"Software bug"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bug (engineering) § History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_(engineering)#History"}],"text":"Further information: Bug (engineering) § History","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metamorph-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-6"}],"text":"Mistake metamorphism (from Greek meta = \"change\", morph = \"form\") refers to the evolution of a defect in the final stage of software deployment. Transformation of a \"mistake\" committed by an analyst in the early stages of the software development lifecycle, which leads to a \"defect\" in the final stage of the cycle has been called 'mistake metamorphism'.[5]Different stages of a mistake in the development cycle may be described as mistake,[6]: 31 \nanomaly,[6]: 10 \nfault,[6]: 31 \nfailure,[6]: 31 \nerror,[6]: 31 \nexception,[6]: 31 \ncrash,[6]: 22 \nglitch,\nbug,[6]: 14 \ndefect,\nincident,[6]: 39 \nor side effect.","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"coverup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverup"},{"link_name":"Al Franken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Center for Democracy and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Sometimes the use of bug to describe the behavior of software is contentious due to perception. Some suggest that the term should be abandoned; replaced with defect or error.Some contend that bug implies that the defect arose on its own and push to use defect instead since it more clearly connotates caused by a human.[7]Some contend that bug may be used to coverup an intentional design decision. In 2011, after receiving scrutiny from US Senator Al Franken for recording and storing users' locations in unencrypted files,[8]\nApple called the behavior a bug. However, Justin Brookman of the Center for Democracy and Technology directly challenged that portrayal, stating \"I'm glad that they are fixing what they call bugs, but I take exception with their strong denial that they track users.\"[9]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Software_bug_displayed_on_two_screens_at_La_Croix_de_Berny_station_in_France_-_2021-10-28.jpg"},{"link_name":"La Croix de Berny station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Croix_de_Berny_station"},{"link_name":"software development process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_process"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Error resulting from a software bug displayed on two screens at La Croix de Berny station in FrancePreventing bugs as early as possible in the software development process is a target of investment and innovation.[10][11]","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"programming languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"},{"link_name":"BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"C#","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Rust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"type system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_system"},{"link_name":"namespaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namespace"},{"link_name":"modular programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_programming"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"pointer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)"},{"link_name":"bounds checking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounds_checking"},{"link_name":"compiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler"},{"link_name":"runtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runtime_(program_lifecycle_phase)"},{"link_name":"software development process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_process"},{"link_name":"interpreted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)"}],"sub_title":"Language support","text":"Newer programming languages tend to be designed to prevent common bugs based on vulnerabilities of existing languages. Lessons learned from older languages such as BASIC and C are used to inform the design of later languages such as C# and Rust.Languages may include features such as a static type system, restricted namespaces and modular programming. For example, for a typed, compiled language (like C):float num = \"THREE AND A BIT\";is syntactically correct, but fails type checking since the right side, a string, cannot be assigned to a float variable. Compilation fails – forcing this defect to be fixed before development progress can resume. With an interpreted language, a failure would not occur until later at runtime.Some languages exclude features that easily lead to bugs, at the expense of slower performance – the principle being that it is usually better to write simpler, slower correct code than complicated, buggy code. For example, the Java does not support pointer arithmetic which is generally fast, but is considered dangerous; relatively easy to cause a major bug.Some languages include features that add runtime overhead in order to prevent some bugs. For example, many languages include runtime bounds checking and a way to handle out-of-bounds conditions instead of crashing.A compiled language allows for detecting some typos (such as a misspelled identifier) before runtime which is earlier in the software development process than for an interpreted language.","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"programming style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_style"},{"link_name":"defensive programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_programming"},{"link_name":"code review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_review"}],"sub_title":"Techniques","text":"Programming techniques such as programming style and defensive programming are intended to prevent typos.For example, a bug may be caused by a relatively minor, typographical error (typo) in the code. For example, this code executes function foo only if conditionis true.if (condition) foo();But this code always executes foo:if (condition); foo();A convention that tends to prevent this particular issue is to require braces for a block even if it has just one line.if (condition) {\n foo();\n}Enforcement of conventions may be manual (i.e. via code review) or via automated tools.","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"program specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_specification"},{"link_name":"combinatorial explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_explosion"},{"link_name":"indeterminacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondeterministic_algorithm"}],"sub_title":"Specification","text":"Some contend that writing a program specification which states the behavior of a program, can prevent bugs.Some contend that formal specifications are impractical for anything but the shortest programs, because of problems of combinatorial explosion and indeterminacy.","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Software testing","text":"One goal of software testing is to find bugs.Measurements during testing can provide an estimate of the number of likely bugs remaining. This becomes more reliable the longer a product is tested and developed.[citation needed]","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agile software development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development"},{"link_name":"test-driven development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-driven_development"},{"link_name":"unit tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing"}],"sub_title":"Agile practices","text":"Agile software development may involve frequent software releases with relatively small changes. Defects are revealed by user feedback.With test-driven development (TDD), unit tests are written while writing the production code, and the production code is not considered complete until all tests complete successfully.","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"static code analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_code_analysis"},{"link_name":"halting problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem"}],"sub_title":"Static analysis","text":"Tools for static code analysis help developers by inspecting the program text beyond the compiler's capabilities to spot potential problems. Although in general the problem of finding all programming errors given a specification is not solvable (see halting problem), these tools exploit the fact that human programmers tend to make certain kinds of simple mistakes often when writing software.","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bottlenecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottleneck_(engineering)"}],"sub_title":"Instrumentation","text":"Tools to monitor the performance of the software as it is running, either specifically to find problems such as bottlenecks or to give assurance as to correct working, may be embedded in the code explicitly (perhaps as simple as a statement saying PRINT \"I AM HERE\"), or provided as tools. It is often a surprise to find where most of the time is taken by a piece of code, and this removal of assumptions might cause the code to be rewritten.","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source"},{"link_name":"Eric S. Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond"},{"link_name":"Linus's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus%27s_law"},{"link_name":"open-source software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Elias Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Levy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2008 OpenSSL vulnerability in Debian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian#2008_OpenSSL_vulnerability"}],"sub_title":"Open source","text":"Open source development allows anyone to examine source code. A school of thought popularized by Eric S. Raymond as Linus's law says that popular open-source software has more chance of having few or no bugs than other software, because \"given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow\".[12] This assertion has been disputed, however: computer security specialist Elias Levy wrote that \"it is easy to hide vulnerabilities in complex, little understood and undocumented source code,\" because, \"even if people are reviewing the code, that doesn't mean they're qualified to do so.\"[13] An example of an open-source software bug was the 2008 OpenSSL vulnerability in Debian.","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software development lifecycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_lifecycle"},{"link_name":"Maurice Wilkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"debugger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger"},{"link_name":"console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_console"},{"link_name":"window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_(computing)"},{"link_name":"log file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_file"},{"link_name":"hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware"},{"link_name":"LED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"rendering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"I/O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output"},{"link_name":"logic error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_error"},{"link_name":"code review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_review"},{"link_name":"Therac-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therac-25"},{"link_name":"race condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_condition"},{"link_name":"heisenbugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisenbug"},{"link_name":"Heisenberg uncertainty principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle"},{"link_name":"Ariane 5 Flight 501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_5_Flight_501"},{"link_name":"static code analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_code_analysis"},{"link_name":"abstract interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_interpretation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"embedded system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system"},{"link_name":"work around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workaround"}],"text":"Debugging can be a significant part of the software development lifecycle. Maurice Wilkes, an early computing pioneer, described his realization in the late 1940s that\n“a good part of the remainder of my life was going to be spent in finding errors in my own programs”.[14]A program known as a debugger can help a programmer find faulty code by examining the inner workings of a program such as executing code line-by-line and viewing variable values.As an alternative to using a debugger, code may be instrumented with logic to output debug information to trace program execution and view values. Output is typically to console, window, log file or a hardware output (i.e. LED).Some contend that locating a bug is something of an art.It is not uncommon for a bug in one section of a program to cause failures in a different section,[citation needed] thus making it difficult to track, in an apparently unrelated part of the system. For example, an error in a graphics rendering routine causing a file I/O routine to fail.Sometimes, the most difficult part of debugging is finding the cause of the bug. Once found, correcting the problem is sometimes easy if not trivial.Sometimes, a bug is not an isolated flaw, but represents an error of thinking or planning on the part of the programmers. Often, such a logic error requires a section of the program to be overhauled or rewritten.Some contend that as a part of code review, stepping through the code and imagining or transcribing the execution process may often find errors without ever reproducing the bug as such.Typically, the first step in locating a bug is to reproduce it reliably. If unable to reproduce the issue, a programmer cannot find the cause of the bug and therefore cannot fix it.Some bugs are revealed by inputs that may be difficult for the programmer to re-create. One cause of the Therac-25 radiation machine deaths was a bug (specifically, a race condition) that occurred only when the machine operator very rapidly entered a treatment plan; it took days of practice to become able to do this, so the bug did not manifest in testing or when the manufacturer attempted to duplicate it. Other bugs may stop occurring whenever the setup is augmented to help find the bug, such as running the program with a debugger; these are called heisenbugs (humorously named after the Heisenberg uncertainty principle).Since the 1990s, particularly following the Ariane 5 Flight 501 disaster, interest in automated aids to debugging rose, such as static code analysis by abstract interpretation.[15]Often, bugs come about during coding, but faulty design documentation may cause a bug. \nIn some cases, changes to the code may eliminate the problem even though the code then no longer matches the documentation.In an embedded system, the software is often modified to work around a hardware bug since it's cheaper than modifying the hardware.","title":"Debugging"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Classpath_bugs.png"},{"link_name":"GNU Classpath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Classpath"},{"link_name":"Tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_tool"},{"link_name":"track their workload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_tracking_system"},{"link_name":"customer service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_service"},{"link_name":"track user feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issue_tracking_system"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"agile software development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development"},{"link_name":"version number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_number"},{"link_name":"triage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triage"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Example bug history (GNU Classpath project data). A new bug is initially unconfirmed. Once reproducibility is confirmed, it is changed to confirmed. Once the issue is resolved, it is changed to fixed.Bugs are managed via activities like documenting, categorizing, assigning, reproducing, correcting and releasing the corrected code.Tools are often used to track bugs and other issues with software. Typically, different tools\nare used by the software development team to track their workload than by customer service to track user feedback.[16]A tracked item is often called bug, defect, ticket, issue, feature, or for agile software development, story or epic. Items are often categorized by aspects such as severity, priority and version number.In a process sometimes called triage, choices are made for each bug about whether and when to fix it based on information such as the bug's severity and priority and external factors such as development schedules. Triage generally does not include investigation into cause. Triage may occur regularly. Triage generally consists of reviewing new bugs since the previous triage and maybe all open bugs. Attendees may include project manager, development manager, test manager, build manager, and technical experts.[17][18]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoD_Glossary1989-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zachary1994-22"}],"sub_title":"Severity","text":"Severity is a measure of impact the bug has.[19] This impact may be data loss, financial, loss of goodwill and wasted effort. Severity levels are not standardized, but differ by context such as industry and tracking tool. For example, a crash in a video game has a different impact than a crash in a bank server. Severity levels might be crash or hang, no workaround (user cannot accomplish a task), has workaround (user can still accomplish the task), visual defect (a misspelling for example), or documentation error. Another example set of severities: critical, high, low, blocker, trivial.[20] The severity of a bug may be a separate category to its priority for fixing, or the two may be quantified and managed separately.A bug severe enough to delay the release of the product is called a show stopper.[21][22]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Priority","text":"Priority describes the importance of resolving the bug in relation to other bugs. Priorities might be numerical, such as 1 through 5, or named, such as critical, high, low, and deferred. The values might be similar or identical to severity ratings, even though priority is a different aspect.Priority may be a combination of the bug's severity with the level of effort to fix. A bug with low severity but easy to fix may get a higher priority than a bug with moderate severity that requires significantly more effort to fix.","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_(computing)"}],"sub_title":"Patch","text":"Bugs of sufficiently high priority may warrant a special release which is sometimes called a patch.","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Maintenance release","text":"A software release that emphasizes bug fixes may be called a maintenance release – to differentiate it from a release that emphasizes new features or other changes.","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"breaking change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/breaking_change"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-24"},{"link_name":"undocumented feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undocumented_feature"}],"sub_title":"Known issue","text":"It is common practice to release software with known, low-priority bugs or other issues. Possible reasons include but are not limited to:A deadline must be met and resources are insufficient to fix all bugs by the deadline[23]The bug is already fixed in an upcoming release, and it is not of high priorityThe changes required to fix the bug are too costly or affect too many other components, requiring a major testing activityIt may be suspected, or known, that some users are relying on the existing buggy behavior; a proposed fix may introduce a breaking changeThe problem is in an area that will be obsolete with an upcoming release; fixing it is unnecessary\"It's not a bug, it's a feature\"[24] A misunderstanding exists between expected and actual behavior or undocumented feature","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human spaceflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight"},{"link_name":"aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation"},{"link_name":"nuclear power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power"},{"link_name":"health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care"},{"link_name":"public transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport"},{"link_name":"automotive safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_safety"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"GitHub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Implications","text":"The amount and type of damage a software bug may cause affects decision-making, processes and policy regarding software quality. In applications such as human spaceflight, aviation, nuclear power, health care, public transport or automotive safety, since software flaws have the potential to cause human injury or even death, such software will have far more scrutiny and quality control than, for example, an online shopping website. In applications such as banking, where software flaws have the potential to cause serious financial damage to a bank or its customers, quality control is also more important than, say, a photo editing application.Other than the damage caused by bugs, some of their cost is due to the effort invested in fixing them. In 1978, Lientz et al. showed that the median of projects invest 17 percent of the development effort in bug fixing.[25] In 2020, research on GitHub repositories showed the median is 20%.[26]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center"},{"link_name":"SLOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_lines_of_code"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA1994-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CobbMills1990-28"},{"link_name":"Code Complete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Complete"},{"link_name":"Steve McConnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McConnell"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McConnel1993-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"firmware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware"},{"link_name":"IBM Wheelwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Wheelwriter"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CobbMills1990-28"}],"sub_title":"Cost","text":"In 1994, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center managed to reduce their average number of errors from 4.5 per 1000 lines of code (SLOC) down to 1 per 1000 SLOC.[27]Another study in 1990 reported that exceptionally good software development processes can achieve deployment failure rates as low as 0.1 per 1000 SLOC.[28] This figure is iterated in literature such as Code Complete by Steve McConnell,[29] and the NASA study on Flight Software Complexity.[30]\nSome projects even attained zero defects: the firmware in the IBM Wheelwriter typewriter which consists of 63,000 SLOC, and the Space Shuttle software with 500,000 SLOC.[28]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Le_GouesHoltschulte2015-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JustJalali2014-32"}],"sub_title":"Benchmark","text":"To facilitate reproducible research on testing and debugging, researchers use curated benchmarks of bugs:the Siemens benchmark\nManyBugs[31] is a benchmark of 185 C bugs in nine open-source programs.\nDefects4J[32] is a benchmark of 341 Java bugs from 5 open-source projects. It contains the corresponding patches, which cover a variety of patch type.","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Some notable types of bugs:","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Design error","text":"A bug can be caused by insufficient or incorrect design based on the specification. For example, given that the specification is to alphabetize a list of words, a design bug might occur if the design does not account for symbols; resulting in incorrect alphabetization of words with symbols.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"loss of precision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_precision"},{"link_name":"rounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding"},{"link_name":"numerically unstable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_stability"},{"link_name":"arithmetic overflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_overflow"},{"link_name":"underflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_underflow"},{"link_name":"division by zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_by_zero#Computer_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"NaN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaN"},{"link_name":"infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity#Computing"}],"sub_title":"Arithmetic","text":"Numerical operations can result in unexpected output, slow processing, or crashing.[33]\nSuch a bug can be from a lack of awareness of the qualities of the data storage such as a loss of precision due to rounding, numerically unstable algorithms, arithmetic overflow and underflow, or from lack of awareness of how calculations are handled by different software coding languages such as division by zero which in some languages may throw an exception, and in others may return a special value such as NaN or infinity.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Logic error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_error"},{"link_name":"control flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_flow"},{"link_name":"infinite looping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_loop"},{"link_name":"recursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"conditional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_(computer_programming)"},{"link_name":"comparison operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_operator"},{"link_name":"off-by-one error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-by-one_error"}],"sub_title":"Control flow","text":"See also: Logic errorA control flow bug, a.k.a. logic error, is characterized by code that does not fail with an error, but does not have the expected behavior, such as infinite looping, infinite recursion, incorrect comparison in a conditional such as using the wrong comparison operator, and the off-by-one error.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Incompatible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_incompatibility"},{"link_name":"API","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API"},{"link_name":"communications protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocol"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimbler1998-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rahman2001-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WuIrwin2016-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Interfacing","text":"Incorrect API usage.\nIncorrect protocol implementation.\nIncorrect hardware handling.\nIncorrect assumptions of a particular platform.\nIncompatible systems. A new API or communications protocol may seem to work when two systems use different versions, but errors may occur when a function or feature implemented in one version is changed or missing in another. In production systems which must run continually, shutting down the entire system for a major update may not be possible, such as in the telecommunication industry[34] or the internet.[35][36][37] In this case, smaller segments of a large system are upgraded individually, to minimize disruption to a large network. However, some sections could be overlooked and not upgraded, and cause compatibility errors which may be difficult to find and repair.\nIncorrect code annotations.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deadlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlock"},{"link_name":"Race condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_condition"},{"link_name":"critical sections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_section"},{"link_name":"mutual exclusions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_exclusion"},{"link_name":"concurrent processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_programming#Coordinating_access_to_resources"},{"link_name":"Time-of-check-to-time-of-use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-of-check-to-time-of-use"}],"sub_title":"Concurrency","text":"Deadlock – a task cannot continue until a second finishes, but at the same time, the second cannot continue until the first finishes.\nRace condition – multiple simultaneous tasks compete for resources.\nErrors in critical sections, mutual exclusions and other features of concurrent processing. Time-of-check-to-time-of-use (TOCTOU) is a form of unprotected critical section.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Runtime error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runtime_error"},{"link_name":"Null pointer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_pointer"},{"link_name":"uninitialized variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninitialized_variable"},{"link_name":"data type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_type"},{"link_name":"packed decimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packed_decimal"},{"link_name":"binary-coded decimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal"},{"link_name":"Access violations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_violation"},{"link_name":"memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_leak"},{"link_name":"file handles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle_leak"},{"link_name":"Buffer overflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_overflow"},{"link_name":"storage violation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_violation"},{"link_name":"security bugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_bug"},{"link_name":"stack overflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_overflow"},{"link_name":"pointer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)"}],"sub_title":"Resourcing","text":"See also: Runtime errorNull pointer dereference.\nUsing an uninitialized variable.\nUsing an otherwise valid instruction on the wrong data type (see packed decimal/binary-coded decimal).\nAccess violations.\nResource leaks, where a finite system resource (such as memory or file handles) become exhausted by repeated allocation without release.\nBuffer overflow, in which a program tries to store data past the end of allocated storage. This may or may not lead to an access violation or storage violation. These are frequently security bugs.\nExcessive recursion which—though logically valid—causes stack overflow.\nUse-after-free error, where a pointer is used after the system has freed the memory it references.\nDouble free error.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syntax error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_error"},{"link_name":"token","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_analysis#Token"},{"link_name":"equality test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%3D%3D#Equality"}],"sub_title":"Syntax","text":"See also: Syntax errorUse of the wrong token, such as performing assignment instead of equality test. For example, in some languages x=5 will set the value of x to 5 while x==5 will check whether x is currently 5 or some other number. Interpreted languages allow such code to fail. Compiled languages can catch such errors before testing begins.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don't Repeat Yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself"}],"sub_title":"Teamwork","text":"Unpropagated updates; e.g. programmer changes \"myAdd\" but forgets to change \"mySubtract\", which uses the same algorithm. These errors are mitigated by the Don't Repeat Yourself philosophy.\nComments out of date or incorrect: many programmers assume the comments accurately describe the code.\nDifferences between documentation and product.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_America_(organization)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-39"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-39"}],"sub_title":"\"Bugs in the System\" report","text":"The Open Technology Institute, run by the group, New America,[38] released a report \"Bugs in the System\" in August 2016 stating that U.S. policymakers should make reforms to help researchers identify and address software bugs. The report \"highlights the need for reform in the field of software vulnerability discovery and disclosure.\"[39] One of the report's authors said that Congress has not done enough to address cyber software vulnerability, even though Congress has passed a number of bills to combat the larger issue of cyber security.[39]Government researchers, companies, and cyber security experts are the people who typically discover software flaws. The report calls for reforming computer crime and copyright laws.[39]The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the Electronic Communications Privacy Act criminalize and create civil penalties for actions that security researchers routinely engage in while conducting legitimate security research, the report said.[39]","title":"In politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitch#Video_game_glitches"},{"link_name":"unofficial Pokémon species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pok%C3%A9mon"},{"link_name":"MissingNo.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MissingNo."},{"link_name":"2001: A Space Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(novel)"},{"link_name":"2001: A Space Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)"},{"link_name":"HAL 9000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_9000"},{"link_name":"2010: Odyssey Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010:_Odyssey_Two"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_(film)"},{"link_name":"99 Luftballons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99_Luftballons"},{"link_name":"Office Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Space"},{"link_name":"salami slicing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salami_slicing_tactics"},{"link_name":"Ellen Ullman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Ullman"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Control Alt Delete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Alt_Delete_(film)"}],"text":"In video gaming, the term \"glitch\" is sometimes used to refer to a software bug. An example is the glitch and unofficial Pokémon species MissingNo.\nIn both the 1968 novel 2001: A Space Odyssey and the corresponding 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, a spaceship's onboard computer, HAL 9000, attempts to kill all its crew members. In the follow-up 1982 novel, 2010: Odyssey Two, and the accompanying 1984 film, 2010, it is revealed that this action was caused by the computer having been programmed with two conflicting objectives: to fully disclose all its information, and to keep the true purpose of the flight secret from the crew; this conflict caused HAL to become paranoid and eventually homicidal.\nIn the English version of the Nena 1983 song 99 Luftballons (99 Red Balloons) as a result of \"bugs in the software\", a release of a group of 99 red balloons are mistaken for an enemy nuclear missile launch, requiring an equivalent launch response, resulting in catastrophe.\nIn the 1999 American comedy Office Space, three employees attempt (unsuccessfully) to exploit their company's preoccupation with the Y2K computer bug using a computer virus that sends rounded-off fractions of a penny to their bank account—a long-known technique described as salami slicing.\nThe 2004 novel The Bug, by Ellen Ullman, is about a programmer's attempt to find an elusive bug in a database application.[40]\nThe 2008 Canadian film Control Alt Delete is about a computer programmer at the end of 1999 struggling to fix bugs at his company related to the year 2000 problem.","title":"In popular culture"}] | [{"image_text":"Error resulting from a software bug displayed on two screens at La Croix de Berny station in France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Software_bug_displayed_on_two_screens_at_La_Croix_de_Berny_station_in_France_-_2021-10-28.jpg/220px-Software_bug_displayed_on_two_screens_at_La_Croix_de_Berny_station_in_France_-_2021-10-28.jpg"},{"image_text":"Example bug history (GNU Classpath project data). A new bug is initially unconfirmed. Once reproducibility is confirmed, it is changed to confirmed. Once the issue is resolved, it is changed to fixed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Classpath_bugs.png/350px-Classpath_bugs.png"},{"image_text":"vectorial version","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CIAJMK1209-en.svg/150px-CIAJMK1209-en.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Anti-pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-pattern"},{"title":"Bug bounty program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_bounty_program"},{"title":"Glitch removal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitch_removal"},{"title":"Hardware bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_bug"},{"title":"ISO/IEC 9126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126"},{"title":"List of software bugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_bugs"},{"title":"Orthogonal Defect Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_Defect_Classification"},{"title":"Racetrack problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racetrack_problem"},{"title":"RISKS Digest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISKS_Digest"},{"title":"Software defect indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_defect_indicator"},{"title":"Software regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_regression"},{"title":"Software rot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_rot"},{"title":"Automatic bug fixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_bug_fixing"}] | [{"reference":"\"ARIANE 5 Flight 501 Failure Report by the Inquiry Board\". The European Space Agency. Ariane 501 Inquiry Board report (33–1996). July 23, 1996.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/Ariane_501_-_Presentation_of_Inquiry_Board_report","url_text":"\"ARIANE 5 Flight 501 Failure Report by the Inquiry Board\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Space_Agency","url_text":"The European Space Agency"}]},{"reference":"Simon Rogerson (April 2002). \"The Chinook Helicopter Disaster\" (PDF). IMIS Journal. 12 (2). Archived from the original on September 15, 1993. Retrieved May 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Rogerson","url_text":"Simon Rogerson"},{"url":"https://www5.in.tum.de/~huckle/chinook_software.pdf","url_text":"\"The Chinook Helicopter Disaster\""},{"url":"http://www.ccsr.cse.dmu.ac.uk/resources/general/ethicol/Ecv12no2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Post Office scandal ruined lives, inquiry hears\". BBC News. February 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-60374182","url_text":"\"Post Office scandal ruined lives, inquiry hears\""}]},{"reference":"\"Software bugs cost US economy dear\". June 10, 2009. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090610052743/http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n02-10.htm","url_text":"\"Software bugs cost US economy dear\""},{"url":"http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n02-10.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Testing experience : te : the magazine for professional testers\". Testing Experience. Germany: testingexperience: 42. March 2012. ISSN 1866-5705.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1866-5705","url_text":"1866-5705"}]},{"reference":"610.12-1990: IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology. IEEE. December 31, 1990. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.1990.101064. ISBN 978-0-7381-0391-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE","url_text":"IEEE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.1990.101064","url_text":"10.1109/IEEESTD.1990.101064"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-0391-4","url_text":"978-0-7381-0391-4"}]},{"reference":"\"News at SEI September 1999\". SEI Interactive. 2 (3). Carnegie Mellon University: Software Engineering Institute. September 1, 1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/library/news-at-sei-september-1999","url_text":"\"News at SEI September 1999\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University","url_text":"Carnegie Mellon University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Engineering_Institute","url_text":"Software Engineering Institute"}]},{"reference":"Gregg Keizer (April 21, 2011). \"Apple faces questions from Congress about iPhone tracking\". Computerworld.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.computerworld.com/article/1546216/apple-faces-questions-from-congress-about-iphone-tracking2.html","url_text":"\"Apple faces questions from Congress about iPhone tracking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerworld","url_text":"Computerworld"}]},{"reference":"Gregg Keizer (April 27, 2011). \"Apple denies tracking iPhone users, but promises changes\". Computerworld.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.computerworld.com/article/1534426/apple-denies-tracking-iphone-users-but-promises-changes","url_text":"\"Apple denies tracking iPhone users, but promises changes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerworld","url_text":"Computerworld"}]},{"reference":"Dorota Huizinga; Adam Kolawa (September 2007). Automated Defect Prevention: Best Practices in Software Management. Wiley-IEEE Computer Society Press. ISBN 978-0-470-04212-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?bknumber=5201515","url_text":"Automated Defect Prevention: Best Practices in Software Management"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04212-0","url_text":"978-0-470-04212-0"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Marc; Musson, Robert; Smith, Ross (2007). The Practical Guide to Defect Prevention. Microsoft Press. p. 480. ISBN 978-0-7356-2253-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/practicalguideto00/page/480","url_text":"The Practical Guide to Defect Prevention"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/practicalguideto00/page/480","url_text":"480"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-2253-1","url_text":"978-0-7356-2253-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Maurice Wilkes Quotes\". QuoteFancy. Retrieved April 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://quotepark.com/quotes/1810905-maurice-wilkes-by-june-1949-people-had-begun-to-realize-that-it-w","url_text":"\"Maurice Wilkes Quotes\""}]},{"reference":"\"PolySpace Technologies history\". christele.faure.pagesperso-orange.fr. Retrieved August 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://christele.faure.pagesperso-orange.fr/polyspace.html","url_text":"\"PolySpace Technologies history\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Mitch (May–June 2002). \"Bug Tracking Basics: A beginner's guide to reporting and tracking defects\". Software Testing & Quality Engineering Magazine. Vol. 4, no. 3. pp. 20–24. Retrieved December 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stickyminds.com/better-software-magazine/bug-tracking-basics","url_text":"\"Bug Tracking Basics: A beginner's guide to reporting and tracking defects\""}]},{"reference":"Rex Black (2002). Managing The Testing Process (2nd ed.). Wiley India Pvt. Limited. p. 139. ISBN 978-8126503131. Retrieved June 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XN0izRhGylYC&dq=bug+triage&pg=PA139","url_text":"Managing The Testing Process"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8126503131","url_text":"978-8126503131"}]},{"reference":"Chris Vander Mey (2012). Shipping Greatness - Practical Lessons on Building and Launching Outstanding Software, Learned on the Job at Google and Amazon. O'Reilly Media. pp. 79–81. ISBN 978-1449336608.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BKj-M_FlU_kC&dq=bug+triage&pg=PA80","url_text":"Shipping Greatness - Practical Lessons on Building and Launching Outstanding Software, Learned on the Job at Google and Amazon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media","url_text":"O'Reilly Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1449336608","url_text":"978-1449336608"}]},{"reference":"Soleimani Neysiani, Behzad; Babamir, Seyed Morteza; Aritsugi, Masayoshi (October 1, 2020). \"Efficient feature extraction model for validation performance improvement of duplicate bug report detection in software bug triage systems\". Information and Software Technology. 126: 106344. doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2020.106344. S2CID 219733047.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950584920301117","url_text":"\"Efficient feature extraction model for validation performance improvement of duplicate bug report detection in software bug triage systems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.infsof.2020.106344","url_text":"10.1016/j.infsof.2020.106344"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219733047","url_text":"219733047"}]},{"reference":"\"5.3. Anatomy of a Bug\". bugzilla.org. Archived from the original on May 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bugzilla.org/docs/4.4/en/html/bug_page.html","url_text":"\"5.3. Anatomy of a Bug\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130523121753/http://www.bugzilla.org/docs/4.4/en/html/bug_page.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Wilbur D. Jr., ed. (1989). \"Show stopper\". Glossary: defense acquisition acronyms and terms (4 ed.). Fort Belvoir, Virginia: Department of Defense, Defense Systems Management College. p. 123. hdl:2027/mdp.39015061290758 – via Hathitrust.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015061290758?urlappend=%3Bseq=163","url_text":"\"Show stopper\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Systems_Management_College","url_text":"Defense Systems Management College"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015061290758?urlappend=%3Bseq=163","url_text":"2027/mdp.39015061290758"}]},{"reference":"Zachary, G. Pascal (1994). Show-stopper!: the breakneck race to create Windows NT and the next generation at Microsoft. New York: The Free Press. p. 158. ISBN 0029356717 – via archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/showstopperbreak00zach/page/158/mode/1up?q=%22showstopper+bug%22","url_text":"Show-stopper!: the breakneck race to create Windows NT and the next generation at Microsoft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)","url_text":"The Free Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0029356717","url_text":"0029356717"}]},{"reference":"\"The Next Generation 1996 Lexicon A to Z: Slipstream Release\". Next Generation. No. 15. March 1996. p. 41.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"Next Generation"}]},{"reference":"Carr, Nicholas (2018). \"'It's Not a Bug, It's a Feature.' Trite – or Just Right?\". wired.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/story/its-not-a-bug-its-a-feature/","url_text":"\"'It's Not a Bug, It's a Feature.' Trite – or Just Right?\""}]},{"reference":"Lientz, B. P.; Swanson, E. B.; Tompkins, G. E. (1978). \"Characteristics of Application Software Maintenance\". Communications of the ACM. 21 (6): 466–471. doi:10.1145/359511.359522. S2CID 14950091.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F359511.359522","url_text":"\"Characteristics of Application Software Maintenance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F359511.359522","url_text":"10.1145/359511.359522"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14950091","url_text":"14950091"}]},{"reference":"Amit, Idan; Feitelson, Dror G. (2020). \"The Corrective Commit Probability Code Quality Metric\". arXiv:2007.10912 [cs.SE].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.10912","url_text":"2007.10912"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.SE","url_text":"cs.SE"}]},{"reference":"\"An Overview of the Software Engineering Laboratory\" (PDF). Software Engineering Laboratory Series (SEL-94-005). December 1994.","urls":[{"url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19950022293/downloads/19950022293.pdf","url_text":"\"An Overview of the Software Engineering Laboratory\""}]},{"reference":"Cobb, Richard H.; Mills, Harlan D. (1990). \"Engineering software under statistical quality control\". IEEE Software. 7 (6): 46. doi:10.1109/52.60601. ISSN 1937-4194. S2CID 538311 – via University of Tennessee – Harlan D. Mills Collection.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_Mills","url_text":"Mills, Harlan D."},{"url":"https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_harlan/14/","url_text":"\"Engineering software under statistical quality control\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Software","url_text":"IEEE Software"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F52.60601","url_text":"10.1109/52.60601"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1937-4194","url_text":"1937-4194"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:538311","url_text":"538311"}]},{"reference":"McConnell, Steven C. (1993). Code Complete. Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Press. p. 611. ISBN 978-1556154843 – via archive.org. (Cobb and Mills 1990)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McConnell","url_text":"McConnell, Steven C."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/codecompleteprac0000mcco/page/611/mode/1up?q=%22space+shuttle%22","url_text":"Code Complete"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1556154843","url_text":"978-1556154843"}]},{"reference":"Gerard Holzmann (March 5, 2009). \"Appendix D – Software Complexity\" (PDF). Final Report: NASA Study on Flight Software Complexity (Daniel L. Dvorak (ed.)). NASA Office of Chief Engineer Technical Excellence Program.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/418878main_fswc_final_report.pdf","url_text":"\"Appendix D – Software Complexity\""}]},{"reference":"Le Goues, Claire; Holtschulte, Neal; Smith, Edward K.; Brun, Yuriy; Devanbu, Premkumar; Forrest, Stephanie; Weimer, Westley (2015). \"The ManyBugs and IntroClass Benchmarks for Automated Repair of C Programs\". IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. 41 (12): 1236–1256. doi:10.1109/TSE.2015.2454513. 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S2CID 12796895.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.646.3086","url_text":"10.1.1.646.3086"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2610384.2628055","url_text":"10.1145/2610384.2628055"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450326452","url_text":"9781450326452"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12796895","url_text":"12796895"}]},{"reference":"Anthony Di Franco; Hui Guo; Cindy Rubio-González (November 23, 2017). A comprehensive study of real-world numerical bug characteristics. 2017 32nd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Pacheco | Gregorio Pacheco | ["1 Early life","1.1 Beginnings","2 Electoral victory and presidency","2.1 Administrative acts","3 Later life, philanthropy and personality","3.1 Death","4 Personal life","5 References"] | 21st President of Bolivia
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Pacheco and the second or maternal family name is Leyes.
Gregorio Pacheco21st President of BoliviaIn office4 September 1884 – 15 August 1888Vice PresidentMariano BaptistaJorge OblitasPreceded byNarciso CamperoSucceeded byAniceto Arce
Personal detailsBornGregorio Pacheco Leyes(1823-07-04)4 July 1823Livi Livi, United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (now Bolivia)Died20 August 1899(1899-08-20) (aged 76)Potosí, BoliviaPolitical partyDemocratic PartyConservative PartySpouseCorina AparicioParent(s)Brígido Jose PachecoJosefa LeyesRelativesNarciso Campero (cousin)EducationUniversity of Saint Francis XavierSignature
Gregorio Pacheco Leyes (4 July 1823 – 20 August 1899) was a Bolivian businessman and entrepreneur who served as the 21st president of Bolivia from 1884 to 1888. Pacheco won a disputed election that was a virtual three-way tie between him, Conservative leader Aniceto Arce, and Liberal leader Eliodoro Camacho. Pacheco had earned a fortune in the silver mining industry and was one of the country's foremost philanthropists.
Early life
Beginnings
Pacheco was born in Livi Livi, son of José Brígido Pacheco and Josefa Leyes. He studied at the Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca but did not finish his higher studies, since from a very young age he dedicated himself to mining activity in which he made a rapid and vast fortune. This allowed him to travel to Europe, where he acquired some culture and a lot of experience. He was a first cousin of Narciso Campero.
Electoral victory and presidency
Atanasio de Urioste Velasco, one of Pacheco's most important political allies.
At a young age he became interested in politics and became the main leader of the Democratic Party of Bolivia. In 1884, he won a tight general election, defeating Aniceto Arce, of the Conservative Party, and Eliodoro Camacho, of the Liberal Party. Pacheco was accused by the other candidates of bribery since he was, after all, the richest man in Bolivia. While electoral frauds have been common in Bolivian history, it is uncertain whether Pacheco did so.
It was now up to Pacheco to guide his nation to the path of peace and order, since it was only four years prior that the War of the Pacific, in which Bolivia lost its coastal provinces, devastated the country. In 1884, he negotiated a truce agreement with this nation; the final peace treaty would not be signed until 1904. In 1886, he negotiated a boundary treaty with Peru.
Pacheco was a magnanimous president, he built the Sucre Psychiatric Institute at his own expense and several other social institutions to aid the lower classes of Bolivia. In order to incorporate distant territories into the national sphere, he founded Puerto Pacheco on 13 July 1885, located on the right bank of the Paraguay River. During his presidency, the first international telegraphic service from La Paz to Lima was inaugurated and the Banco Hipotecario was opened in Sucre. He was a promoter of science and technology together with Aniceto Arce and, with their combined efforts, were able to bring electricity to the country.
The young congressman Atanasio de Urioste Velasco was one of Pacheco's staunchest allies and, although a liberal, always ardently defended the revolutionary innovations brought by Pacheco's administration. In fact, Pacheco furthered Urioste's career in hopes of his support in the future. Furthermore, he kept Urioste by his side because the congressman was the brother-in-law of Francisco Argandoña, one of the wealthiest and most important men in Bolivia at the time.
Administrative acts
Throughout his administration, Pacheco began the industrialization and modernization process in Bolivia. He would be the founder and patron of several social institutions. Other acts include:
The modernization of the country with the installation of electric light in the city of La Paz and the telegraph, which connected the country with the world through an international line to Lima.
The foundation of Puerto Pacheco, which later fell to Paraguay.
The construction of the Psychiatric Center in Sucre that today bears his name.
The signing of a boundary treaty with Paraguay.
The exploration of the Chaco by a commission headed by Arthur Thouar and Antonio Tovar.
The construction of the first steel and cement factories in Bolivia.
The expansion of silver mines and the first real economic growth Bolivia had seen in the 19th century.
Later life, philanthropy and personality
A unique characteristic of Pacheco was his philanthropy since he partook in many charitable works with his own money, spending his vast wealth he had acquired as silver tycoon. He also paid, with his own money, a debt from the country to Peru, which amounted to the then high sum of 50,000 Bolivian pesos. He had strong support from the military, something that civilian administrations of the past lacked to acquire. This was because, unlike previous civilian presidents, he did not dedicate his internal policy to antagonize or debilitate the Army. He finished his term with the satisfaction of having fulfilled his duty and supporting the electoral campaign of Aniceto Arce in 1888, as he had agreed with the Conservatives at the beginning of his term.
Although conservative by temperament, he was originally not a member of Arce's party, and ran against him, as well as against the Liberals, on the basis of his personal resources and fame as an efficient administrator. Arce, in fact, initially resented Pacheco's intrusion in politics, understanding that no one in the country could match his personal fortune, which would no doubt make him hard to beat.
Death
Pacheco died in the mining town of Guadalupe, in Potosí, on 23 August 1899. A vast portion of his fortune was donated to charities in Bolivia and the remainder was inherited by his two eldest sons.
Personal life
Pacheco was married to Corina Aparicio, with who he had two sons: Gregorio and Daniel. Fearing reprisals against his family when he was president, he sent them to Europe. His sons would leave Bolivia and move the headquarters of the Pacheco family mining company to London.
References
^ a b c d e f Mendoza, Jaime (1924). Figuras del pasado: Gregorio Pacheco, expresidente de la república de Bolivia. (Rasgos biográficos) (in Spanish). Soc. imp. y lit. universo.
^ Argandoña, Alberto Marion; Pacheco, Gregorio (2010). Gregorio Pacheco Leyes: boletín confidencial, político y familiar (in Spanish). Editorial Pasanaku.
^ a b c (Campero Y Pacheco) (in Spanish). 1887.
^ Lora, Guillermo (18 January 2009). A History of the Bolivian Labour Movement 1848-1971. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-10021-2.
^ Alonso, Severo Fernández Alonso (1887). Defensa del señor Gregorio Pacheco en el litijio suscitado contra él (in Spanish). Tip. del Cruzado.
^ Bolivia (1912). Anuario de Leyes Y Disposiciones Supremas (in Spanish).
^ Klein, Herbert S. (9 December 2021). A Concise History of Bolivia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-84482-6.
^ Mathews, Edward Davis (1879). Up the Amazon and Madeira Rivers: Through Bolivia and Peru. S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington.
^ Klein, Herbert S. (9 December 2021). A Concise History of Bolivia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-84482-6.
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vtePresidents of Bolivia
▌Simón Bolívar (1825)
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▌José María Pérez de Urdininea (1828)
▌José Miguel de Velasco (1828)
▌Pedro Blanco Soto (1828–1829)
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▌Hernán Siles Zuazo (1956–1960)
▌Víctor Paz Estenssoro (1960–1964)
▌René Barrientos (1964–1966)
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▌René Barrientos (1966–1969)
▌Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas (1969)
▌Alfredo Ovando Candía (1969–1970)
▌Juan José Torres (1970–1971)
▌Hugo Banzer (1971–1978)
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▌Alberto Natusch (1979)
▌Lidia Gueiler Tejada (1979–1980)
▌Luis García Meza (1980–1981)
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▌Guido Vildoso (1982)
▌Hernán Siles Zuazo (1982–1985)
▌Víctor Paz Estenssoro (1985–1989)
▌Jaime Paz Zamora (1989–1993)
▌Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada (1993–1997)
▌Hugo Banzer (1997–2001)
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Preceded byNew political party
Democratic nominee for President of Bolivia 1884
Succeeded byParty dissolved
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Preceded byNarciso Campero
President of Bolivia 1884–1888
Succeeded byAniceto Arce
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NARA | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Pacheco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacheco"},{"link_name":"Bolivian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivians"},{"link_name":"president of Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Bolivia)"},{"link_name":"Aniceto Arce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniceto_Arce"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Bolivia)"},{"link_name":"Eliodoro Camacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliodoro_Camacho"}],"text":"21st President of BoliviaIn this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Pacheco and the second or maternal family name is Leyes.Gregorio Pacheco Leyes (4 July 1823 – 20 August 1899) was a Bolivian businessman and entrepreneur who served as the 21st president of Bolivia from 1884 to 1888. Pacheco won a disputed election that was a virtual three-way tie between him, Conservative leader Aniceto Arce, and Liberal leader Eliodoro Camacho. Pacheco had earned a fortune in the silver mining industry and was one of the country's foremost philanthropists.","title":"Gregorio Pacheco"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco_Xavier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Narciso Campero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narciso_Campero"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings","text":"Pacheco was born in Livi Livi, son of José Brígido Pacheco and Josefa Leyes. He studied at the Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca but did not finish his higher studies, since from a very young age he dedicated himself to mining activity in which he made a rapid and vast fortune. This allowed him to travel to Europe, where he acquired some culture and a lot of experience.[1] He was a first cousin of Narciso Campero.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atanasio_de_Urioste_Velasco_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aniceto Arce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniceto_Arce"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"War of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Paraguay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_River"},{"link_name":"La Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Sucre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Atanasio de Urioste Velasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasio_de_Urioste_Velasco"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Francisco Argandoña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Argando%C3%B1a"}],"text":"Atanasio de Urioste Velasco, one of Pacheco's most important political allies.At a young age he became interested in politics and became the main leader of the Democratic Party of Bolivia. In 1884, he won a tight general election, defeating Aniceto Arce, of the Conservative Party, and Eliodoro Camacho, of the Liberal Party. Pacheco was accused by the other candidates of bribery since he was, after all, the richest man in Bolivia. While electoral frauds have been common in Bolivian history, it is uncertain whether Pacheco did so.[2]It was now up to Pacheco to guide his nation to the path of peace and order, since it was only four years prior that the War of the Pacific, in which Bolivia lost its coastal provinces, devastated the country. In 1884, he negotiated a truce agreement with this nation; the final peace treaty would not be signed until 1904.[3] In 1886, he negotiated a boundary treaty with Peru.[1]Pacheco was a magnanimous president, he built the Sucre Psychiatric Institute at his own expense and several other social institutions to aid the lower classes of Bolivia.[4] In order to incorporate distant territories into the national sphere, he founded Puerto Pacheco on 13 July 1885, located on the right bank of the Paraguay River. During his presidency, the first international telegraphic service from La Paz to Lima was inaugurated and the Banco Hipotecario was opened in Sucre. He was a promoter of science and technology together with Aniceto Arce and, with their combined efforts, were able to bring electricity to the country.[5]The young congressman Atanasio de Urioste Velasco was one of Pacheco's staunchest allies and, although a liberal, always ardently defended the revolutionary innovations brought by Pacheco's administration.[6] In fact, Pacheco furthered Urioste's career in hopes of his support in the future. Furthermore, he kept Urioste by his side because the congressman was the brother-in-law of Francisco Argandoña, one of the wealthiest and most important men in Bolivia at the time.","title":"Electoral victory and presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio Tovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Tovar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Administrative acts","text":"Throughout his administration, Pacheco began the industrialization and modernization process in Bolivia. He would be the founder and patron of several social institutions. Other acts include:The modernization of the country with the installation of electric light in the city of La Paz and the telegraph, which connected the country with the world through an international line to Lima.\nThe foundation of Puerto Pacheco, which later fell to Paraguay.\nThe construction of the Psychiatric Center in Sucre that today bears his name.\nThe signing of a boundary treaty with Paraguay.\nThe exploration of the Chaco by a commission headed by Arthur Thouar and Antonio Tovar.\nThe construction of the first steel and cement factories in Bolivia.[7]\nThe expansion of silver mines and the first real economic growth Bolivia had seen in the 19th century.[8]","title":"Electoral victory and presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"A unique characteristic of Pacheco was his philanthropy since he partook in many charitable works with his own money,[1] spending his vast wealth he had acquired as silver tycoon. He also paid, with his own money, a debt from the country to Peru, which amounted to the then high sum of 50,000 Bolivian pesos.[1][9] He had strong support from the military, something that civilian administrations of the past lacked to acquire. This was because, unlike previous civilian presidents, he did not dedicate his internal policy to antagonize or debilitate the Army.[3] He finished his term with the satisfaction of having fulfilled his duty and supporting the electoral campaign of Aniceto Arce in 1888, as he had agreed with the Conservatives at the beginning of his term.Although conservative by temperament, he was originally not a member of Arce's party, and ran against him, as well as against the Liberals, on the basis of his personal resources and fame as an efficient administrator.[3] Arce, in fact, initially resented Pacheco's intrusion in politics, understanding that no one in the country could match his personal fortune, which would no doubt make him hard to beat.[1]","title":"Later life, philanthropy and personality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Potosí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potos%C3%AD"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Pacheco died in the mining town of Guadalupe, in Potosí, on 23 August 1899. A vast portion of his fortune was donated to charities in Bolivia and the remainder was inherited by his two eldest sons.","title":"Later life, philanthropy and personality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Pacheco was married to Corina Aparicio, with who he had two sons: Gregorio and Daniel. Fearing reprisals against his family when he was president, he sent them to Europe. His sons would leave Bolivia and move the headquarters of the Pacheco family mining company to London.[1]","title":"Personal life"}] | [{"image_text":"Atanasio de Urioste Velasco, one of Pacheco's most important political allies.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Atanasio_de_Urioste_Velasco_2.jpg/220px-Atanasio_de_Urioste_Velasco_2.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Mendoza, Jaime (1924). Figuras del pasado: Gregorio Pacheco, expresidente de la república de Bolivia. (Rasgos biográficos) (in Spanish). Soc. imp. y lit. universo.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jPsuAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Figuras del pasado: Gregorio Pacheco, expresidente de la república de Bolivia. (Rasgos biográficos)"}]},{"reference":"Argandoña, Alberto Marion; Pacheco, Gregorio (2010). Gregorio Pacheco Leyes: boletín confidencial, político y familiar (in Spanish). Editorial Pasanaku.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qZTsZwEACAAJ","url_text":"Gregorio Pacheco Leyes: boletín confidencial, político y familiar"}]},{"reference":"(Campero Y Pacheco) (in Spanish). 1887.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mTElAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"(Campero Y Pacheco)"}]},{"reference":"Lora, Guillermo (18 January 2009). A History of the Bolivian Labour Movement 1848-1971. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-10021-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H_JT7tpWd24C","url_text":"A History of the Bolivian Labour Movement 1848-1971"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-10021-2","url_text":"978-0-521-10021-2"}]},{"reference":"Alonso, Severo Fernández Alonso (1887). Defensa del señor Gregorio Pacheco en el litijio suscitado contra él (in Spanish). Tip. del Cruzado.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yhljHQAACAAJ","url_text":"Defensa del señor Gregorio Pacheco en el litijio suscitado contra él"}]},{"reference":"Bolivia (1912). Anuario de Leyes Y Disposiciones Supremas (in Spanish).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EpYWAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Anuario de Leyes Y Disposiciones Supremas"}]},{"reference":"Klein, Herbert S. (9 December 2021). A Concise History of Bolivia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-84482-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tA9NEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"A Concise History of Bolivia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84482-6","url_text":"978-1-108-84482-6"}]},{"reference":"Mathews, Edward Davis (1879). Up the Amazon and Madeira Rivers: Through Bolivia and Peru. S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OmYBAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"Up the Amazon and Madeira Rivers: Through Bolivia and Peru"}]},{"reference":"Klein, Herbert S. (9 December 2021). A Concise History of Bolivia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-84482-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tA9NEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"A Concise History of Bolivia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84482-6","url_text":"978-1-108-84482-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jPsuAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Figuras del pasado: Gregorio Pacheco, expresidente de la república de Bolivia. (Rasgos biográficos)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qZTsZwEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Gregorio Pacheco Leyes: boletín confidencial, político y familiar"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mTElAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"(Campero Y Pacheco)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H_JT7tpWd24C","external_links_name":"A History of the Bolivian Labour Movement 1848-1971"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yhljHQAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Defensa del señor Gregorio Pacheco en el litijio suscitado contra él"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EpYWAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Anuario de Leyes Y Disposiciones Supremas"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tA9NEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"A Concise History of Bolivia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OmYBAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"Up the Amazon and Madeira Rivers: Through Bolivia and Peru"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tA9NEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"A Concise History of Bolivia"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1773549/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000025481665","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/65434674","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqFRW9j3tVqMxh3fWBtrq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85080400","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10570418","external_links_name":"NARA"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron%27s_Court | Barons Court tube station | ["1 Location","2 History","2.1 Notable fatality","3 The station today","4 Name","5 Services","5.1 District line","5.2 Piccadilly line","6 Nearby places","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°29′26″N 0°12′49″W / 51.49056°N 0.21361°W / 51.49056; -0.21361"Barons Court" redirects here. For the constituency, see Barons Court (UK Parliament constituency).
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London Underground station
Barons Court Station entranceBarons CourtLocation of Barons Court in Greater LondonLocationWest KensingtonLocal authorityHammersmith & FulhamManaged byLondon UndergroundNumber of platforms4Fare zone2London Underground annual entry and exit2018 6.65 million2019 6.82 million2020 3.13 million2021 2.90 million2022 5.11 millionRailway companiesOriginal companyDistrict RailwayGreat Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton RailwayKey dates9 September 1874DR line opened9 October 1905DR station opened15 December 1906GNP&B platforms openedListed statusListing gradeIIEntry number1358562Added to list14 February 1985Other informationExternal links
TfL station info page
Coordinates51°29′26″N 0°12′49″W / 51.49056°N 0.21361°W / 51.49056; -0.21361 London transport portal
Barons Court is a London Underground station in West Kensington in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, Greater London. This station serves the District line and the Piccadilly line. Barons Court is between West Kensington and Hammersmith on the District line, and between Earl's Court and Hammersmith on the Piccadilly line and is in Travelcard Zone 2. East of the station, the Piccadilly line descends into tunnel towards Earl's Court and the District line continues in a cutting to West Kensington. The station is the last open air stop for eastbound trains on the Piccadilly line until Arnos Grove and has cross-platform interchange with the District line.
Location
The station is located on Gliddon Road, a short distance from Talgarth Road (A4). East of the station, the Piccadilly line descends into tunnel towards Earl's Court and the District line continues on the surface to West Kensington. West of the station, both Piccadilly line and District line continue to Hammersmith station. The station is located in a deep, brick sided cutting.
History
The station in May 1962 looking east with a westbound Piccadilly line train to Uxbridge.
The tracks through Barons Court were first laid on 9 September 1874 when the District Railway (DR, now the District line) opened an extension from Earl's Court to Hammersmith. When the line was constructed the area now known as "Barons Court" was open fields and market gardens to the west of the hamlet of North End and there was no call for a station between North End, Fulham and Hammersmith stations.
However, by the beginning of the 20th century, the area had been developed for housing and, on 9 October 1905, the District Railway (DR) opened a station to serve these new developments and in preparation for the opening of the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (GNP&BR, now the Piccadilly line), then under construction. The GNP&BR began operations on 15 December 1906, running between Hammersmith and Finsbury Park.
In the 1990s, the Grade II listed station was carefully restored to its original appearance.
Notable fatality
The former Formula One driver B. Bira, who was a member of the Thai Royal family, was found dead at the station on 23 December 1985.
The unique bench on the eastbound island platform.
The station today
The station building was constructed to a design by Harry Ford in a style similar to that used at Earl's Court and Hammersmith and is now a Grade II listed building as it retains many of its original features, including terracotta facing and Art Nouveau lettering. The wooden benches on the platform with the station name along the back on enamelled metal panels are a unique feature on the entire London Underground. The station has two island platforms to provide an interchange between the two lines - the inner pair of tracks is used by the Piccadilly line and the outer tracks by the District line. The station building has been Grade II listed since 14 February 1985.
Name
The name Barons Court is possibly inspired by the Baronscourt estate in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, where Sir William Palliser, who built part of the area, may have had connections. Unlike Earl's Court station, Barons Court is written without an apostrophe.
Services
A 1973 stock Piccadilly line train stands at the eastbound platform.
District line
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:
12tph eastbound to Upminster (6tph to Barking on Sundays)
6tph westbound to Ealing Broadway
6tph westbound to Richmond
There is also a morning service every day from Acton Town (Ealing Broadway on Saturdays) to Edgware Road and a late evening service from Edgware Road to Ealing Broadway on Sundays only.
Piccadilly line
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is as follows:
18 tph eastbound to Cockfosters
3 tph eastbound to Arnos Grove
6 tph westbound to Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 and 5
6 tph westbound to Heathrow Terminals 4 and 2 & 3
3 tph westbound to Northfields
3 tph westbound to Rayners Lane
3 tph westbound to Uxbridge
Nearby places
Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College's Hammersmith site is across Talgarth Road on Gliddon Road.
The Queen's Club, location of the Aegon Championships tennis tournament, is at the end of Palliser Road.
The London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, (LAMDA), is on the Talgarth Road.
Margravine Cemetery
Charing Cross Hospital is nearby, and is advertised at the station exit.
References
^ "Station Usage Data" (CSV). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2018. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2019. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2020. Transport for London. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2021. Transport for London. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2022. Transport for London. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ a b c Historic England. "Barons Court Underground Station (1358562)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
^ Standard Tube Map (PDF) (Map). Not to scale. Transport for London. April 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Barons Court tube station". Google Maps. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Feather, Clive. "Piccadilly line". Clive's Underground Line Guides. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
^ a b c d e f g Feather, Clive. "District line". Clive's Underground Line Guides. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
^ "Baron's Court Ceremony". London Transport. 19 May 1997. Archived from the original on 4 August 1997. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
^ "The Prince And I: The story of the last Thai F1 driver". BBC. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
^ Barons Court station image caption at the Museum of London
^ "London 1994 - Incident on the Tube". Just for my boys. 9 November 2011. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012.
^ "District line timetable: From Barons Court Underground Station to West Kensington Underground Station". Transport for London. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
^ a b "District line timetable: From Barons Court Underground Station to Hammersmith (Dist&Picc Line) Underground Station". Transport for London. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
^ a b "Piccadilly line timetable: From Barons Court Underground Station to Earl's Court Underground Station". Transport for London. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
^ a b c d e "Piccadilly line timetable: From Barons Court Underground Station to Hammersmith (Dist&Picc Line) Underground Station". Transport for London. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barons Court tube station.
London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
Entrance to GNP&BR tunnel between District Railway tracks, 1906. In the distance can be seen the Great Ferris wheel at Earl's Court exhibition ground.
Barons Court station, 1916
Booking hall, 1939
View of platforms, 1983
Preceding station
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Following station
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London Underground
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London transport portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barons Court (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barons_Court_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"West Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kensington"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hammersmith_and_Fulham"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"District line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_line"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_line"},{"link_name":"West Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kensington_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_tube_station_(Piccadilly_and_District_lines)"},{"link_name":"Earl's Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%27s_Court_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Travelcard Zone 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stations_in_London_fare_zone_2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_line"},{"link_name":"Arnos Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnos_Grove_tube_station"},{"link_name":"cross-platform interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-platform_interchange"},{"link_name":"District line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_line"}],"text":"\"Barons Court\" redirects here. For the constituency, see Barons Court (UK Parliament constituency).London Underground stationBarons Court is a London Underground station in West Kensington in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, Greater London. This station serves the District line and the Piccadilly line. Barons Court is between West Kensington and Hammersmith on the District line, and between Earl's Court and Hammersmith on the Piccadilly line and is in Travelcard Zone 2.[7] East of the station, the Piccadilly line descends into tunnel towards Earl's Court and the District line continues in a cutting to West Kensington. The station is the last open air stop for eastbound trains on the Piccadilly line until Arnos Grove and has cross-platform interchange with the District line.","title":"Barons Court tube station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A4_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culgpiccadilly-9"}],"text":"The station is located on Gliddon Road, a short distance from Talgarth Road (A4).[8] East of the station, the Piccadilly line descends into tunnel towards Earl's Court and the District line continues on the surface to West Kensington.[9] West of the station, both Piccadilly line and District line continue to Hammersmith station. The station is located in a deep, brick sided cutting.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barons_Court_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1762897.jpg"},{"link_name":"District Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Railway"},{"link_name":"Earl's Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%27s_Court"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culgdistrict-10"},{"link_name":"Barons Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barons_Court_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"market gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_gardening"},{"link_name":"North End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_End,_Fulham"},{"link_name":"North End, Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kensington_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_tube_station_(District_and_Piccadilly_lines)"},{"link_name":"Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern,_Piccadilly_and_Brompton_Railway"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culgdistrict-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culgpiccadilly-9"},{"link_name":"Finsbury Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Park_station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culgpiccadilly-9"},{"link_name":"Grade II listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The station in May 1962 looking east with a westbound Piccadilly line train to Uxbridge.The tracks through Barons Court were first laid on 9 September 1874 when the District Railway (DR, now the District line) opened an extension from Earl's Court to Hammersmith.[10] When the line was constructed the area now known as \"Barons Court\" was open fields and market gardens to the west of the hamlet of North End and there was no call for a station between North End, Fulham and Hammersmith stations.However, by the beginning of the 20th century, the area had been developed for housing and, on 9 October 1905, the District Railway (DR) opened a station to serve these new developments and in preparation for the opening of the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (GNP&BR, now the Piccadilly line), then under construction.[10][9] The GNP&BR began operations on 15 December 1906, running between Hammersmith and Finsbury Park.[9]In the 1990s, the Grade II listed station was carefully restored to its original appearance.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"B. Bira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birabongse_Bhanudej"},{"link_name":"Thai Royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakri_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barons_Court_stn_bench.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Notable fatality","text":"The former Formula One driver B. Bira, who was a member of the Thai Royal family, was found dead at the station on 23 December 1985.[12]The unique bench on the eastbound island platform.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grade II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"terracotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EH_1358562-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culgpiccadilly-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culgdistrict-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EH_1358562-6"}],"text":"The station building was constructed to a design by Harry Ford in a style similar to that used at Earl's Court and Hammersmith and is now a Grade II listed building as it retains many of its original features, including terracotta facing and Art Nouveau lettering. The wooden benches on the platform with the station name along the back on enamelled metal panels are a unique feature on the entire London Underground.[6] The station has two island platforms to provide an interchange between the two lines - the inner pair of tracks is used by the Piccadilly line and the outer tracks by the District line.[9][10] The station building has been Grade II listed since 14 February 1985.[6]","title":"The station today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baronscourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronscourt"},{"link_name":"County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"William Palliser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Palliser"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-london1994-14"}],"text":"The name Barons Court is possibly inspired by the Baronscourt estate in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, where Sir William Palliser, who built part of the area, may have had connections.[13] Unlike Earl's Court station, Barons Court is written without an apostrophe.[14]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1973_stock_at_Barons_Court.JPG"}],"text":"A 1973 stock Piccadilly line train stands at the eastbound platform.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upminster_station"},{"link_name":"Barking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barking_station"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culgdistrict-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ealing Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Broadway_station"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culgdistrict-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-westdistrict-16"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_station_(London)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culgdistrict-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-westdistrict-16"},{"link_name":"Edgware Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware_Road_tube_station_(Circle,_District_and_Hammersmith_%26_City_lines)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culgdistrict-10"}],"sub_title":"District line","text":"The typical off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:12tph eastbound to Upminster (6tph to Barking on Sundays)[10][15]\n6tph westbound to Ealing Broadway[10][16]\n6tph westbound to Richmond[10][16]There is also a morning service every day from Acton Town (Ealing Broadway on Saturdays) to Edgware Road and a late evening service from Edgware Road to Ealing Broadway on Sundays only.[10]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cockfosters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockfosters_tube_station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culgpiccadilly-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eastpicc-17"},{"link_name":"Arnos Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnos_Grove_tube_station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culgpiccadilly-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eastpicc-17"},{"link_name":"Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Terminals_1,2,3_tube_station"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Terminal_5_station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culgpiccadilly-9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-westpicc-18"},{"link_name":"Heathrow Terminals 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Terminal_4_tube_station"},{"link_name":"2 & 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Terminals_2_%26_3_tube_station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culgpiccadilly-9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-westpicc-18"},{"link_name":"Northfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northfields_tube_station"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-westpicc-18"},{"link_name":"Rayners Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayners_Lane_tube_station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culgpiccadilly-9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-westpicc-18"},{"link_name":"Uxbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxbridge_tube_station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culgpiccadilly-9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-westpicc-18"}],"sub_title":"Piccadilly line","text":"The typical off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is as follows:18 tph eastbound to Cockfosters[9][17]\n3 tph eastbound to Arnos Grove[9][17]\n6 tph westbound to Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 and 5[9][18]\n6 tph westbound to Heathrow Terminals 4 and 2 & 3[9][18]\n3 tph westbound to Northfields[18]\n3 tph westbound to Rayners Lane[9][18]\n3 tph westbound to Uxbridge[9][18]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing,_Hammersmith_and_West_London_College"},{"link_name":"The Queen's Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Club"},{"link_name":"Aegon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegon_Championships"},{"link_name":"London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Academy_of_Music_and_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"Margravine Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margravine_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_Hospital"}],"text":"Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College's Hammersmith site is across Talgarth Road on Gliddon Road.\nThe Queen's Club, location of the Aegon Championships tennis tournament, is at the end of Palliser Road.\nThe London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, (LAMDA), is on the Talgarth Road.\nMargravine Cemetery\nCharing Cross Hospital is nearby, and is advertised at the station exit.","title":"Nearby places"}] | [{"image_text":"The station in May 1962 looking east with a westbound Piccadilly line train to Uxbridge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Barons_Court_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1762897.jpg/220px-Barons_Court_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1762897.jpg"},{"image_text":"The unique bench on the eastbound island platform.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Barons_Court_stn_bench.JPG/220px-Barons_Court_stn_bench.JPG"},{"image_text":"A 1973 stock Piccadilly line train stands at the eastbound platform.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1973_stock_at_Barons_Court.JPG/220px-1973_stock_at_Barons_Court.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (CSV). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2018. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2018/AnnualisedEntryExit_2018.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230114012549/http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2018/AnnualisedEntryExit_2018.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2019. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2019/AnnualisedEntryExit_2019.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201109221122/http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2019/AnnualisedEntryExit_2019.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2020. Transport for London. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2020/AC2020_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2021. Transport for London. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2021/AC2021_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2022. Transport for London. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2022/AC2022_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Barons Court Underground Station (1358562)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1358562","url_text":"\"Barons Court Underground Station (1358562)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Standard Tube Map (PDF) (Map). Not to scale. Transport for London. April 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.tfl.gov.uk/standard-tube-map.pdf","url_text":"Standard Tube Map"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240528121138/https://content.tfl.gov.uk/standard-tube-map.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Barons Court tube station\". Google Maps. Retrieved 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps?q=barons+court+tube+station&es_sm=122&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=X&ei=_k1sVZaUKMWxuASrt4PYCw&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ","url_text":"\"Barons Court tube station\""}]},{"reference":"Feather, Clive. \"Piccadilly line\". Clive's Underground Line Guides. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.davros.org/rail/culg/piccadilly.html","url_text":"\"Piccadilly line\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150601111208/http://www.davros.org/rail/culg/piccadilly.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Feather, Clive. \"District line\". Clive's Underground Line Guides. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.davros.org/rail/culg/district.html","url_text":"\"District line\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150601104148/http://www.davros.org/rail/culg/district.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Baron's Court Ceremony\". London Transport. 19 May 1997. Archived from the original on 4 August 1997. Retrieved 27 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19970804082029/http://www.londontransport.co.uk/press/baron.html","url_text":"\"Baron's Court Ceremony\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Transport_(brand)","url_text":"London Transport"},{"url":"http://www.londontransport.co.uk/press/baron.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Prince And I: The story of the last Thai F1 driver\". BBC. Retrieved 29 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/46344810","url_text":"\"The Prince And I: The story of the last Thai F1 driver\""}]},{"reference":"\"London 1994 - Incident on the Tube\". Just for my boys. 9 November 2011. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://justformyboys.blogspot.com/2011/11/london-1994-incident-on-tube.html","url_text":"\"London 1994 - Incident on the Tube\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323140530/http://justformyboys.blogspot.com/2011/11/london-1994-incident-on-tube.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"District line timetable: From Barons Court Underground Station to West Kensington Underground Station\". Transport for London. Retrieved 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tfl.gov.uk/tube/timetable/district?FromId=940GZZLUBSC&ToId=940GZZLUWKN&SelectedTime=5","url_text":"\"District line timetable: From Barons Court Underground Station to West Kensington Underground Station\""}]},{"reference":"\"District line timetable: From Barons Court Underground Station to Hammersmith (Dist&Picc Line) Underground Station\". Transport for London. Retrieved 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tfl.gov.uk/tube/timetable/district?FromId=940GZZLUBSC&ToId=940GZZLUHSD&SelectedTime=5","url_text":"\"District line timetable: From Barons Court Underground Station to Hammersmith (Dist&Picc Line) Underground Station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Piccadilly line timetable: From Barons Court Underground Station to Earl's Court Underground Station\". Transport for London. Retrieved 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tfl.gov.uk/tube/timetable/piccadilly?FromId=940GZZLUBSC&ToId=940GZZLUECT&SelectedTime=5","url_text":"\"Piccadilly line timetable: From Barons Court Underground Station to Earl's Court Underground Station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Piccadilly line timetable: From Barons Court Underground Station to Hammersmith (Dist&Picc Line) Underground Station\". Transport for London. Retrieved 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tfl.gov.uk/tube/timetable/piccadilly?FromId=940GZZLUBSC&ToId=940GZZLUHSD&SelectedTime=6","url_text":"\"Piccadilly line timetable: From Barons Court Underground Station to Hammersmith (Dist&Picc Line) Underground Station\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barons_Court_tube_station¶ms=51_29_26_N_0_12_49_W_type:railwaystation_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°29′26″N 0°12′49″W / 51.49056°N 0.21361°W / 51.49056; -0.21361"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Barons+Court+tube+station%22","external_links_name":"\"Barons Court tube station\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Barons+Court+tube+station%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Barons+Court+tube+station%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Barons+Court+tube+station%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Barons+Court+tube+station%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Barons+Court+tube+station%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://tfl.gov.uk/tube/stop/940GZZLUBSC/barons-court-underground-station","external_links_name":"TfL station info page"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barons_Court_tube_station¶ms=51_29_26_N_0_12_49_W_type:railwaystation_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°29′26″N 0°12′49″W / 51.49056°N 0.21361°W / 51.49056; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Delmedigo | Joseph Solomon Delmedigo | ["1 Works","2 Descendants","3 See also","4 Notes","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | Greek rabbi
From the frontispiece to his "Sefer Elim."
Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (or Del Medigo), also known as Yashar Mi-Qandia (Hebrew: יש"ר מקנדיא) (16 June 1591 – 16 October 1655), was a rabbi, author, physician, mathematician, and music theorist.
Born in Candia, Crete, a descendant of Elia del Medigo, Joseph Solomon or Yashar Mi-Qandia is a member of Del Medigo de'Candia lineage from the Geiger family of Germany that settled first in Crete and then in Italy. Eventually, he moved to Padua, Italy, studying medicine and taking classes with Galileo in astronomy. After graduating in 1613 he moved to Venice and spent a year in the company of Leon de Modena and Simone Luzzatto. From Venice he went back to Candia and from there started traveling in the near East, reaching Alexandria and Cairo. There he went into a public contest in mathematics against a local mathematician. From Egypt he moved to Istanbul, there he observed the comet of 1619. After Istanbul he wandered along the Karaite communities in Eastern Europe, finally arriving at Amsterdam in 1623. He died in Prague. Yet in his lifetime wherever he sojourned he earned his living as a physician and or teacher. His only known works are Elim (Palms), dealing with mathematics, astronomy, the natural sciences, and metaphysics, as well as some letters and essays.
As Delmedigo writes in his book, he followed the lectures by Galileo Galilei, during the academic year 1609–1610, and was accorded the rare privilege of using Galileo's own telescope. In the following years he often refers to Galilei as "rabbi Galileo," an ambiguous phrase which may simply mean "my master, Galileo." (Delmedigo never calls him "our teacher and master, Rabbi Galileo," which would be the typical way of referring to an actual rabbi.) Elijah Montalto, physician of Maria de Medici, is also mentioned as one of his teachers.
Works
Sefer Elim
Elim (1629, published by Menasseh ben Israel, Amsterdam) is written in Hebrew, in response to 12 general and 70 specific religious and scientific questions sent to Delmedigo by a Karaite Jew, Zerach ben Natan from Troki (Lithuania). The format of the book is taken from the number of fountains and palm trees at Elim in the Sinai Peninsula, as given in Numbers, xxxiii, 9: since there are 12 fountains and 70 palm trees at Elim, Delmedigo divided his book into twelve major problems and seventy minor problems. The book, however, was heavily censored, so only four of the original twelve major problems appeared in the published work. The subjects discussed include astronomy, physics, mathematics, medicine, and music theory. In the area of music, Delmedigo discusses the physics of music including string resonance, intervals and their proportions, consonance and dissonance. Delmedigo argued that the Jews did not take part in the Scientific Revolution because of Ashkenazi exclusive intellectual interest in the Talmud, whereas the Sepharadim and the Karaites were more interested in natural philosophy and philosophy in general. He called the Jews to reclaim their prominence in philosophy and to incorporate into the non-Jewish surrounding via the exploration of natural sciences.
Some parts of the book were as follows:
Ma'ayan Chatum (Closed or Sealed Fountain - Heb. מעין חתום) is the second part of Sefer Elim, containing the 70 questions and answers.
Ma'ayan Ganim (Fountain of the Gardens - Heb. מעין גנים) is a continuation of Sefer Elim, consisting of the following short treatises: on trigonometry, on the first two books of the Almagest, on astronomy, on astronomical instruments, on Kabbalah (mainly the Ari) and the supernatural, on astrology, on algebra, on chemistry, on the aphorisms of Hippocrates, on the opinion of the ancients concerning the substance of the heavens, on the astronomy of the ancients, who considered the motion of the higher spheres due to spirits (Delmedigo shows that their motion is similar to that of the earth), on the principles of religion, and mathematical paradoxes.
Chukkot Shamayim is a part of Mayan Ganim dealing with the first two books of the Almagest.
Gevurot Hashem is a treatise on astronomy.
He also wrote a defense of the Kabbalah called Matzreif LaChachma (Heb. מצרף לחכמה) against the attack upon it by his great grandfather Eliyahu Delmedigo. In the preface of the book the publisher writes that the author himself admitted once that when he was young (18 years old when he went to study in the university of Padua) he used to mock the Kabbalah and fiercely opposed those who studied it, but when he turned twenty seven he had a change of heart when he met two great philosophers, R' Yaakov ibn Nachmias and R' Shlomo Aravi, who were also firm adherents of the Kabbalah and they showed him how closely it resembles the philosophy of Plato, since then there was a renewed spirit within him.
Descendants
Some of Delmedigo's descendants settled in and took on the Surname Gorodinsky (after the town of Gorodin). A member of this family, Mordechai Gorodinsky (later hebraized to Nachmani) was one of the founders of the Israeli city of Rehovot.
See also
Baruch Spinoza
Notes
^ Yashar is an acronym that includes both his two Hebrew initials, Yosef Shlomo, and his profession, rofe ('physician'). Yashar from Candia (יש"ר מקנדיה) is also a Hebrew pun, since Yashar means straight, as in 'the straight from Candia'. The drawing (reproduced above to the right) on the frontispiece of his only printed work gives his name simply as Ioseph Del Medico 'Cretensis', or 'Joseph the Physician, from Crete, Philosopher and Physician'. It is hard to determine which of the two, the family name Delmedigo on the one hand or the profession (physician), existed in the first place, giving origin to the other. The Hebrew title page to Sefer Elim gives his occupations specifically as a "complete" rabbi (shalem; this may mean that he had some sort of official smicha), philosopher, physician, and "nobleman" (aluf).
^ Eliahu del Medigo, the Last Averroist, by Josep Puig Montada, EXCHANGE AND TRANSMISSION ACROSS CULTURAL BOUNDARIES 2005, The Institute for Advanced Studies, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, ISBN 978-965-208-188-9
^ Geiger family Archive, 1874, founders of Reform Judaism. See ‘Ibn Rushd al-ḥafîdh,’ in J. L. Delgado (ed.), Biblioteca de al-Andalus, IV, Almeria 2006, no. 1006, pp. 517– 617; and Ludwig Geiger, Abraham Geiger: Leben und Werk für ein Judentum in der Moderne, Berlin 2001.
^ J. d'Ancona, "Delmedigo, Menasseh ben Israel en Spinoza," Bijdragen en Mededeelingin van het Genootschap voor de Joodsche Wetenschap in Nederland 5 (1940): 105-152.
^ The early Acahronim, The Artscroll history series, p. 157
Further reading
Adler, Jacob. "Epistemological categories in Delmedigo and Spinoza". Studia Spinozana 15 (1999) 205-227.
______. "J.S. Delmedigo as Teacher of Spinoza: The Case of Noncomplex Propositions". Studia Spinozana 16 (2008), 177-83.
_____. "Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Student of Galileo, Teacher of Spinoza". Intellectual History Review 23(2013), 141-57.
Encyclopaedia Judaica (Jerusalem, 1972), Vol. 5, 1477-8
Barzilay, Isaac, Yoseph Shlomoh Delmedigo (Yashar of Candia): His Life, Work and Times, Leiden, 1974
Israel, Jonathan I. Spinoza, Life & Legacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2023. ISBN 9780198857488
Langermann, Tzvi, An Alchemical Treatise Attributed to Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Aleph: Historical Studies in Science and Judaism Volume 13, Number 1, 2013, pp. 77–94
Don Harrán. "Joseph Solomon Delmedigo", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed February 5, 2005), grovemusic.com Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine (subscription access).
Ben-Zaken, Avner (2010). "Transcending Time in the Scribal East". Cross-Cultural Scientific Exchanges in the Eastern Mediterranean 1560-1660. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 76–103.
External links
Jewish Encyclopedia (1906) article on Delmedigo
Encyclopaedia Judaica (2007) article on Delmedigo
The Gorodinsky Family
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delmedigo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Del Medigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Medigo"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"music theorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Candia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklion"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Elia del Medigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elia_del_Medigo"},{"link_name":"Geiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Leon de Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_de_Modena"},{"link_name":"Simone Luzzatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Luzzatto"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Galileo Galilei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei"},{"link_name":"Elijah Montalto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Montalto"},{"link_name":"Maria de Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_de_Medici"}],"text":"From the frontispiece to his \"Sefer Elim.\"Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (or Del Medigo), also known as Yashar Mi-Qandia (Hebrew: יש\"ר מקנדיא) (16 June 1591 – 16 October 1655), was a rabbi, author, physician, mathematician, and music theorist.[1]Born in Candia, Crete, a descendant of Elia del Medigo, Joseph Solomon or Yashar Mi-Qandia is a member of Del Medigo de'Candia lineage from the Geiger family of Germany that settled first in Crete and then in Italy.[2][3] Eventually, he moved to Padua, Italy, studying medicine and taking classes with Galileo in astronomy. After graduating in 1613 he moved to Venice and spent a year in the company of Leon de Modena and Simone Luzzatto. From Venice he went back to Candia and from there started traveling in the near East, reaching Alexandria and Cairo. There he went into a public contest in mathematics against a local mathematician. From Egypt he moved to Istanbul, there he observed the comet of 1619. After Istanbul he wandered along the Karaite communities in Eastern Europe, finally arriving at Amsterdam in 1623. He died in Prague. Yet in his lifetime wherever he sojourned he earned his living as a physician and or teacher. His only known works are Elim (Palms), dealing with mathematics, astronomy, the natural sciences, and metaphysics, as well as some letters and essays.As Delmedigo writes in his book, he followed the lectures by Galileo Galilei, during the academic year 1609–1610, and was accorded the rare privilege of using Galileo's own telescope. In the following years he often refers to Galilei as \"rabbi Galileo,\" an ambiguous phrase which may simply mean \"my master, Galileo.\" (Delmedigo never calls him \"our teacher and master, Rabbi Galileo,\" which would be the typical way of referring to an actual rabbi.) 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The format of the book is taken from the number of fountains and palm trees at Elim in the Sinai Peninsula, as given in Numbers, xxxiii, 9: since there are 12 fountains and 70 palm trees at Elim, Delmedigo divided his book into twelve major problems and seventy minor problems. The book, however, was heavily censored, so only four of the original twelve major problems appeared in the published work.[4] The subjects discussed include astronomy, physics, mathematics, medicine, and music theory. In the area of music, Delmedigo discusses the physics of music including string resonance, intervals and their proportions, consonance and dissonance. Delmedigo argued that the Jews did not take part in the Scientific Revolution because of Ashkenazi exclusive intellectual interest in the Talmud, whereas the Sepharadim and the Karaites were more interested in natural philosophy and philosophy in general. He called the Jews to reclaim their prominence in philosophy and to incorporate into the non-Jewish surrounding via the exploration of natural sciences.Some parts of the book were as follows:Ma'ayan Chatum (Closed or Sealed Fountain - Heb. מעין חתום) is the second part of Sefer Elim, containing the 70 questions and answers.\nMa'ayan Ganim (Fountain of the Gardens - Heb. מעין גנים) is a continuation of Sefer Elim, consisting of the following short treatises: on trigonometry, on the first two books of the Almagest, on astronomy, on astronomical instruments, on Kabbalah (mainly the Ari) and the supernatural, on astrology, on algebra, on chemistry, on the aphorisms of Hippocrates, on the opinion of the ancients concerning the substance of the heavens, on the astronomy of the ancients, who considered the motion of the higher spheres due to spirits (Delmedigo shows that their motion is similar to that of the earth), on the principles of religion, and mathematical paradoxes.\nChukkot Shamayim is a part of Mayan Ganim dealing with the first two books of the Almagest.\nGevurot Hashem is a treatise on astronomy.He also wrote a defense of the Kabbalah called Matzreif LaChachma (Heb. מצרף לחכמה) against the attack upon it by his great grandfather Eliyahu Delmedigo. In the preface of the book the publisher writes that the author himself admitted once that when he was young (18 years old when he went to study in the university of Padua) he used to mock the Kabbalah and fiercely opposed those who studied it, but when he turned twenty seven he had a change of heart when he met two great philosophers, R' Yaakov ibn Nachmias and R' Shlomo Aravi, who were also firm adherents of the Kabbalah and they showed him how closely it resembles the philosophy of Plato, since then there was a renewed spirit within him.[5]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Some of Delmedigo's descendants settled in [[Belarus|Belorussia] and took on the Surname Gorodinsky (after the town of Gorodin). A member of this family, Mordechai Gorodinsky (later hebraized to Nachmani) was one of the founders of the Israeli city of Rehovot.[citation needed]","title":"Descendants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ Yashar is an acronym that includes both his two Hebrew initials, Yosef Shlomo, and his profession, rofe ('physician'). Yashar from Candia (יש\"ר מקנדיה) is also a Hebrew pun, since Yashar means straight, as in 'the straight [man] from Candia'. The drawing (reproduced above to the right) on the frontispiece of his only printed work gives his name simply as Ioseph Del Medico 'Cretensis', or 'Joseph [of] the Physician, from Crete, Philosopher and Physician'. It is hard to determine which of the two, the family name Delmedigo on the one hand or the profession (physician), existed in the first place, giving origin to the other. The Hebrew title page to Sefer Elim gives his occupations specifically as a \"complete\" rabbi (shalem; this may mean that he had some sort of official smicha), philosopher, physician, and \"nobleman\" (aluf).\n\n^ Eliahu del Medigo, the Last Averroist, by Josep Puig Montada, EXCHANGE AND TRANSMISSION ACROSS CULTURAL BOUNDARIES 2005, The Institute for Advanced Studies, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, ISBN 978-965-208-188-9\n\n^ Geiger family Archive, 1874, founders of Reform Judaism. See ‘Ibn Rushd al-ḥafîdh,’ in J. L. Delgado (ed.), Biblioteca de al-Andalus, IV, Almeria 2006, no. 1006, pp. 517– 617; and Ludwig Geiger, Abraham Geiger: Leben und Werk für ein Judentum in der Moderne, Berlin 2001.\n\n^ J. d'Ancona, \"Delmedigo, Menasseh ben Israel en Spinoza,\" Bijdragen en Mededeelingin van het Genootschap voor de Joodsche Wetenschap in Nederland 5 (1940): 105-152.\n\n^ The early Acahronim, The Artscroll history series, p. 157","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel, Jonathan I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_I._Israel"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780198857488","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198857488"},{"link_name":"Langermann, Tzvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tzvi_Langermann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/265904678_An_Alchemical_Treatise_Attributed_to_Joseph_Solomon_Delmedigo"},{"link_name":"Don Harrán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Harr%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Grove Music Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians"},{"link_name":"grovemusic.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.grovemusic.com/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"Adler, Jacob. \"Epistemological categories in Delmedigo and Spinoza\". Studia Spinozana 15 (1999) 205-227.\n______. \"J.S. Delmedigo as Teacher of Spinoza: The Case of Noncomplex Propositions\". Studia Spinozana 16 (2008), 177-83.\n_____. \"Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Student of Galileo, Teacher of Spinoza\". Intellectual History Review 23(2013), 141-57.\nEncyclopaedia Judaica (Jerusalem, 1972), Vol. 5, 1477-8\nBarzilay, Isaac, Yoseph Shlomoh Delmedigo (Yashar of Candia): His Life, Work and Times, Leiden, 1974\nIsrael, Jonathan I. Spinoza, Life & Legacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2023. ISBN 9780198857488\nLangermann, Tzvi, An Alchemical Treatise Attributed to Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Aleph: Historical Studies in Science and Judaism Volume 13, Number 1, 2013, pp. 77–94 [1]\nDon Harrán. \"Joseph Solomon Delmedigo\", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed February 5, 2005), grovemusic.com Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine (subscription access).\nBen-Zaken, Avner (2010). \"Transcending Time in the Scribal East\". Cross-Cultural Scientific Exchanges in the Eastern Mediterranean 1560-1660. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 76–103.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"From the frontispiece to his \"Sefer Elim.\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Delmedigo.jpg/220px-Delmedigo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sefer Elim","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sefer_Elim_-_2%2C_Joseph_Delmedigo.jpg/200px-Sefer_Elim_-_2%2C_Joseph_Delmedigo.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Baruch Spinoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza"}] | [{"reference":"Ben-Zaken, Avner (2010). \"Transcending Time in the Scribal East\". Cross-Cultural Scientific Exchanges in the Eastern Mediterranean 1560-1660. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 76–103.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265904678_An_Alchemical_Treatise_Attributed_to_Joseph_Solomon_Delmedigo","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.grovemusic.com/","external_links_name":"grovemusic.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=228&letter=D&search=delmedigo","external_links_name":"Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)"},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/delmedigo-joseph-solomon","external_links_name":"Encyclopaedia Judaica (2007)"},{"Link":"http://ha-historion.blogspot.com/2007/09/colorful-jewish-historical-figure.html","external_links_name":"The Gorodinsky Family"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/183548/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000066332041","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/66524426","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMyTj3tbR3QM4XpkfDv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122623548","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122623548","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/12242901X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260320905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85252409","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20010098532&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0175292&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073680109","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1729290","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/263013","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/39891","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/433252","external_links_name":"MathSciNet"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:delmedigo.j-s","external_links_name":"zbMATH"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd12242901X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x42vwb","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/031402631","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muchi | Muchi | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Type of soft confectionery made of pounded glutinous rice
Muchi wrapped in a shell ginger leaf.
For the similar Filipino dish of Chinese origin, see Moche (food).
Muchi (ムーチー or 餅, Mūchī), also known as onimochi (鬼餅), is a type of soft confectionery made of pounded glutinous rice and eaten in Okinawa Prefecture. Muchi means "rice cake" in the Okinawan language, sometimes called "Casa Muchi" from the fact that it is wrapped in the leaves of shell ginger. After the muchi is seasoned with brown sugar,
white sugar, purple yam and so on, it is wrapped and steamed.
In December, it is eaten as a lucky charm for the prayer of health and longevity. Also, from the end of January to early February of the Gregorian calendar is the coldest season in Okinawa, and it is called “Muchibisa” over this period in Okinawan. “Families will prepare Muchi together, making dozens of individual ones called Kassa Muchi, and may even make a huge one, called Chikara Muchi, and eat the big one together. The Muchi treats are tied up in string and hung from the ceiling as pretty decorations in the house."
The origin of the "Onimochi" is from a folktale of the main island of Okinawa. It was written about 800 years ago in “Kyuuyo”, which was compiled in the 18th century at the time of Nao Takashi reign. It states that a man who moved from Shuri city to Osato city was attacking humans and animals and became a demon known as an "oni". His younger sister was sorrowful and put iron nails in Muchi, which the man loved and fed. Then, she pushed away the brother, who was weakened, to the sea and killed him. From this Okinawan tale, it is also called “Onimochi” because Muchi was used to exterminate the oni.
See also
Mochi
References
^ Krisuti, Nakashima. “What is Muchi?” Mensore Girl. Mensore Girl. Web. 1 May 2016.
^ "Onimochi" Okinawa City. Okinawa City. 2002. Web. May 1, 2016. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muuchii.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moche (food)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_(food)"},{"link_name":"pounded glutinous rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochi"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Okinawan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_language"},{"link_name":"shell ginger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinia_zerumbet"},{"link_name":"Okinawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Muchi wrapped in a shell ginger leaf.For the similar Filipino dish of Chinese origin, see Moche (food).Muchi (ムーチー or 餅, Mūchī), also known as onimochi (鬼餅), is a type of soft confectionery made of pounded glutinous rice and eaten in Okinawa Prefecture. Muchi means \"rice cake\" in the Okinawan language, sometimes called \"Casa Muchi\" from the fact that it is wrapped in the leaves of shell ginger. After the muchi is seasoned with brown sugar,\nwhite sugar, purple yam and so on, it is wrapped and steamed.In December, it is eaten as a lucky charm for the prayer of health and longevity. Also, from the end of January to early February of the Gregorian calendar is the coldest season in Okinawa, and it is called “Muchibisa” over this period in Okinawan. “Families will prepare Muchi together, making dozens of individual ones called Kassa Muchi, and may even make a huge one, called Chikara Muchi, and eat the big one together. The Muchi treats are tied up in string and hung from the ceiling as pretty decorations in the house.\"[1]The origin of the \"Onimochi\" is from a folktale of the main island of Okinawa. It was written about 800 years ago in “Kyuuyo”, which was compiled in the 18th century at the time of Nao Takashi reign.[2] It states that a man who moved from Shuri city to Osato city was attacking humans and animals and became a demon known as an \"oni\". His younger sister was sorrowful and put iron nails in Muchi, which the man loved and fed. Then, she pushed away the brother, who was weakened, to the sea and killed him. From this Okinawan tale, it is also called “Onimochi” because Muchi was used to exterminate the oni.","title":"Muchi"}] | [{"image_text":"Muchi wrapped in a shell ginger leaf.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Muuchii.jpg/220px-Muuchii.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Mochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochi"}] | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockface_timetable | Clock-face scheduling | ["1 Line-based","2 Network-based","2.1 Emergence of integrated timetables","2.2 Switzerland","2.3 Germany","3 References","4 External links"] | Type of public transport timetable
Example of integrated timetables between interregional and regional services on the Swiss network. The two trains are programmed to meet in the hub of Geneva around 15:30 and also share a platform to minimise transfer times.
A clock-face schedule, also cyclic schedule, is a timetable system under which public transport services run at consistent intervals, as opposed to a timetable that is purely driven by demand and has irregular headways. The name derives from the fact that departures take place at the same time or times during the day. For example, services with a half-hourly frequency might leave at 5:15, 5:45, 6:15, 6:45, 7:15, 7:45 etc.
The goal is to enhance the attractiveness and versatility of public transport. Clock-face schedules are easy for passengers to memorise because departure and arrival times occur at consistent intervals, repeating during the day. A regular repeating schedule over the whole day can also improve services during off-peak hours. Clock-face timetables can be attractive for transport operators because the repeating pattern can allow the more efficient use of personnel, infrastructure and vehicles, and also make resource-planning easier.
Repeating timetables were first developed at the end of the 19th century, for local public transport, such as trams, rapid transit, and trains in the vicinity of large cities like New York City. A clock-face schedule is used currently for railways in many countries such as the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Germany. It is also used for urban transport systems like the New York City Subway system and London Underground.
Line-based
Individual lines can have a regular schedule, even without connections to other lines. Nevertheless, it could be necessary to co-ordinate the schedules of different modes of transport if links are made between them, such as at the terminal stop of a tram network if a journey can be continued by bus, so that passengers do not have to wait long at transfer point until the next service arrives.
Clock-face timetables can be attractive even if services provide no connections to other public transport because they allow a continuous use of vehicles and personnel.
Line-bound regular timetables are especially useful for lines with high service frequencies. If vehicles with the same destination follow each other in short intervals, transfer times are short even if there are delays. However, if the service intervals are 20 minutes or longer, it is important for schedules on each line to be officially co-ordinated. One simple way of doing that is to shift the departure times of one of the lines to match the other.
Network-based
Buses meet in Herford, Alter Markt
An integrated schedule is a clock-face schedule that covers not individual lines but all public transport services in a given area. A characteristic of integrated clock-face timetables is that there is more than one central hub. A hub-and-spoke approach is then applied to the whole transport network.
Having several services meet at hubs where all of them arrive and leave at the same time is the most effective way of connecting multiple routes and modes. The goal is to reduce transfer times to a few minutes, with a default time of no more than five minutes.
In actual operation, the time span can be longer because of services running early or late, high passenger volume (such as rush hour), or the need to assist passengers with disabilities. Efficient operation is even more essential than normal with integrated clock-face timetabling. If the policy is to hold connecting services to ensure a connection with a late-running service, waiting times at interchange stops can become unattractive, and other services will run late as a consequence.
Examples of such networks are often night and city bus networks. The connections might be optimized only within the network but not for transfers to rail or intercity bus lines. Such concepts need purpose-built stations, which can handle high passenger volumes. The space constraints within cities can be a reason to use other concepts.
An integrated regular timetable with half-hourly or hourly headways requires routes on which a service ideally takes a little less than 30, 60 or 90 minutes to make it from one hub to another (accounting for a few minutes of changing, recovery, and waiting time at the hub). A service that takes 40 minutes would be bad because passengers and vehicles have to wait uselessly for their connections (unless the timetables at the different hubs are offset from each other to compensate, which is only practical for networks with very few hubs), and it generates nearly the same cost as a route that takes 54 minutes because vehicles and personnel cannot be used during the remaining 20 minutes. Therefore, when an integrated timetable is introduced running times might be cut or extended to meet the ideal duration.
Emergence of integrated timetables
The first integrated regular timetables were developed for railways. After the successful introduction of a line-bound regular timetable on one line in Switzerland in 1968, the development continued in the Netherlands. In 1970 and 1971, the Dutch Railways introduced a regular timetable with multiple hubs. In Germany, the first large-scale use of regular timetables was the InterCity network of 1979, which provided hourly long-distance services between cities. In 1982, a nationwide integrated regular timetable was introduced in Switzerland, which covered all but a few railway and bus lines. The base frequency was once an hour. The system was improved every two years and resulted in the Rail 2000 project of Swiss Federal Railways.
A regional bus service meets an interregional train service at Leuk (Switzerland) train station
Switzerland
Services on the Swiss railway network are integrated with one another and with other forms of public transport. Unlike its larger European neighbors, compact Switzerland has not developed a comprehensive high-speed rail network, with the running speed on its few stretches of relatively high-speed line being 200 km/h (124 mph). Instead, the priority is not so much the speeding up of trains between cities but the reduction of connection times throughout the nodal system. Swiss Federal Railways have adapted their infrastructure in such a way that journey times on main lines between hubs are multiples of 30 minutes so that on the hour or half-hour, all trains stand in the main stations at the same time, thus minimising connection times. Indeed, the Mattstetten–Rothrist line reduces journey times from Bern to Zurich from 72 minutes to 56 minutes in keeping with the clock-face scheduling. The Swiss approach is sometimes called "as fast as necessary" with a schedule being written mandating specific travel times and infrastructure later upgraded in line with the proposed schedule. This was the main idea behind the Bahn 2000 project and has also been used for the passenger travel through the NRLA tunnels.
However, on some single tracked lines the timetables may be 30/30 or 60/60 minutes, with the actual timetables being asymmetrical (such as 20/40 minutes), because passing loops are not positioned ideally, or alternate connections at either ends have to be reached.
Germany
Since the mid-1990s, the states of Germany are responsible for Regional Rail Provision and have introduced integrated timetables, running hourly or every two hours, such as Allgäu-Schwaben-Takt (commencing in 1993), Rheinland-Pfalz-Takt (1994) and NRW-Takt (1998). Local transport associations have introduced regular timetables with base frequencies of 20 or 30 minutes, which are partially changed to 10 or 5 or even 15 or 7.5 minutes when locations are served by overlapping multiple lines. In some areas, local buses are also integrated, such as RegioTakt in Northrhine-Westphalia and in parts of Lower Saxony.
These developments have led to "integrated timetable islands", which all adhere to the Germany-wide symmetry minute (58½), which is used also in Switzerland and in other European countries, while local public transport in (mostly rural) areas in between still adheres to an irregular, demand-driven timetable. Major problems exist in regions where transport associations of different states interact (like in Osnabrück). In order to introduce a Germany-wide integrated regular timetable, the alliance "Deutschland-Takt" was founded in 2008.
In 2015, the Federal Ministry of Transport had a feasibility study conducted for a Germany-wide integrated timetable ("Deutschlandtakt") Similar to the Swiss example, where infrastructure demands are derived from the desired timetable and not vice versa, the Deutschlandtakt calls for several new and upgraded lines. Introduction of the Deutschlandtakt has become a declared political goal of successive governments on the federal Level around 2020, and detailed desired timetables have been drafted.
References
^ "Der Einzug der Bahn in die Schweiz". ned.gschieder.ch (in German). 6 March 2008. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "Railway upgrades include no fast track". swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
^ Mattstetten - Rothrist line, Lötschberg Base Tunnel and Gotthard Base Tunnel (to open in 2016)
^ European Railway Review (3): 98. 2007. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ p3. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2015-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Timetable Olten - Zürich (field 650)" (PDF). www.fahrplanfelder.ch. Federal Office of Transport SBB, The Swiss Railway. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^ Alonso Martínez, Lydia. "LEARNING FROM SWISS TRANSPORT POLICY" (PDF). www.upc.edu. UPC. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. BarcelonaTech. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^ "deutschland-takt.de". deutschland-takt.de. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
^ "Infrastruktur für einen Deutschland-Takt im Schienenverkehr" (in German). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
^ ARGE IGES Institut GmbH; Institut für Verkehrswesen, Eisenbahnbau und ‐betrieb der Technischen Universität Carolo‐Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig (IVE) (30 March 2015). Machbarkeitsstudie zur Prüfung eines Deutschland‐Takts im Schienenverkehr (PDF) (Report) (in German). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure.
External links
Integrated timed transfer
Links to graphical timetables for Swiss long distance railways and the Zürich S-Bahn - The numbers are minutes, timetable repeats every hour
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Transport portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Correspondance_of_trains_at_Geneva.jpg"},{"link_name":"timetable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport_timetable"},{"link_name":"headways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headway"},{"link_name":"trams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams"},{"link_name":"rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York City Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Example of integrated timetables between interregional and regional services on the Swiss network. The two trains are programmed to meet in the hub of Geneva around 15:30 and also share a platform to minimise transfer times.A clock-face schedule, also cyclic schedule, is a timetable system under which public transport services run at consistent intervals, as opposed to a timetable that is purely driven by demand and has irregular headways. The name derives from the fact that departures take place at the same time or times during the day. For example, services with a half-hourly frequency might leave at 5:15, 5:45, 6:15, 6:45, 7:15, 7:45 etc.The goal is to enhance the attractiveness and versatility of public transport. Clock-face schedules are easy for passengers to memorise because departure and arrival times occur at consistent intervals, repeating during the day. A regular repeating schedule over the whole day can also improve services during off-peak hours. Clock-face timetables can be attractive for transport operators because the repeating pattern can allow the more efficient use of personnel, infrastructure and vehicles, and also make resource-planning easier.Repeating timetables were first developed at the end of the 19th century, for local public transport, such as trams, rapid transit, and trains in the vicinity of large cities like New York City. A clock-face schedule is used currently for railways in many countries such as the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Germany. It is also used for urban transport systems like the New York City Subway system and London Underground.","title":"Clock-face scheduling"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Individual lines can have a regular schedule, even without connections to other lines. Nevertheless, it could be necessary to co-ordinate the schedules of different modes of transport if links are made between them, such as at the terminal stop of a tram network if a journey can be continued by bus, so that passengers do not have to wait long at transfer point until the next service arrives.Clock-face timetables can be attractive even if services provide no connections to other public transport because they allow a continuous use of vehicles and personnel.Line-bound regular timetables are especially useful for lines with high service frequencies. If vehicles with the same destination follow each other in short intervals, transfer times are short even if there are delays. However, if the service intervals are 20 minutes or longer, it is important for schedules on each line to be officially co-ordinated. One simple way of doing that is to shift the departure times of one of the lines to match the other.","title":"Line-based"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VMR_Herford_Alter_Markt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Herford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herford"},{"link_name":"hub-and-spoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub-and-spoke"},{"link_name":"rush hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_hour"}],"text":"Buses meet in Herford, Alter MarktAn integrated schedule is a clock-face schedule that covers not individual lines but all public transport services in a given area. A characteristic of integrated clock-face timetables is that there is more than one central hub. A hub-and-spoke approach is then applied to the whole transport network.Having several services meet at hubs where all of them arrive and leave at the same time is the most effective way of connecting multiple routes and modes. The goal is to reduce transfer times to a few minutes, with a default time of no more than five minutes.In actual operation, the time span can be longer because of services running early or late, high passenger volume (such as rush hour), or the need to assist passengers with disabilities. Efficient operation is even more essential than normal with integrated clock-face timetabling. If the policy is to hold connecting services to ensure a connection with a late-running service, waiting times at interchange stops can become unattractive, and other services will run late as a consequence.Examples of such networks are often night and city bus networks. The connections might be optimized only within the network but not for transfers to rail or intercity bus lines. Such concepts need purpose-built stations, which can handle high passenger volumes. The space constraints within cities can be a reason to use other concepts.An integrated regular timetable with half-hourly or hourly headways requires routes on which a service ideally takes a little less than 30, 60 or 90 minutes to make it from one hub to another (accounting for a few minutes of changing, recovery, and waiting time at the hub). A service that takes 40 minutes would be bad because passengers and vehicles have to wait uselessly for their connections (unless the timetables at the different hubs are offset from each other to compensate, which is only practical for networks with very few hubs), and it generates nearly the same cost as a route that takes 54 minutes because vehicles and personnel cannot be used during the remaining 20 minutes. Therefore, when an integrated timetable is introduced running times might be cut or extended to meet the ideal duration.","title":"Network-based"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dutch Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Spoorwegen"},{"link_name":"Rail 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_2000"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Integration_of_local_bus_and_train_service.JPG"},{"link_name":"Leuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuk"}],"sub_title":"Emergence of integrated timetables","text":"The first integrated regular timetables were developed for railways. After the successful introduction of a line-bound regular timetable on one line in Switzerland in 1968,[1] the development continued in the Netherlands. In 1970 and 1971, the Dutch Railways introduced a regular timetable with multiple hubs. In Germany, the first large-scale use of regular timetables was the InterCity network of 1979, which provided hourly long-distance services between cities. In 1982, a nationwide integrated regular timetable was introduced in Switzerland, which covered all but a few railway and bus lines. The base frequency was once an hour. The system was improved every two years and resulted in the Rail 2000 project of Swiss Federal Railways.A regional bus service meets an interregional train service at Leuk (Switzerland) train station","title":"Network-based"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss railway network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sbb-timetable-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alonso-7"},{"link_name":"Bahn 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahn_2000"},{"link_name":"NRLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRLA"},{"link_name":"passing loops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_loop"}],"sub_title":"Switzerland","text":"Services on the Swiss railway network are integrated with one another and with other forms of public transport. Unlike its larger European neighbors, compact Switzerland has not developed a comprehensive high-speed rail network,[2] with the running speed on its few stretches[3] of relatively high-speed line being 200 km/h (124 mph).[4] Instead, the priority is not so much the speeding up of trains between cities but the reduction of connection times throughout the nodal system.[5] Swiss Federal Railways have adapted their infrastructure in such a way that journey times on main lines between hubs are multiples of 30 minutes so that on the hour or half-hour, all trains stand in the main stations at the same time, thus minimising connection times. Indeed, the Mattstetten–Rothrist line reduces journey times from Bern to Zurich from 72 minutes to 56 minutes[6] in keeping with the clock-face scheduling.[7] The Swiss approach is sometimes called \"as fast as necessary\" with a schedule being written mandating specific travel times and infrastructure later upgraded in line with the proposed schedule. This was the main idea behind the Bahn 2000 project and has also been used for the passenger travel through the NRLA tunnels.However, on some single tracked lines the timetables may be 30/30 or 60/60 minutes, with the actual timetables being asymmetrical (such as 20/40 minutes), because passing loops are not positioned ideally, or alternate connections at either ends have to be reached.","title":"Network-based"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"states of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"transport associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_association"},{"link_name":"Northrhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"symmetry minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_minute"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Federal Ministry of Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Transport_and_Digital_Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"Deutschlandtakt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deutschlandtakt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"Since the mid-1990s, the states of Germany are responsible for Regional Rail Provision and have introduced integrated timetables, running hourly or every two hours, such as Allgäu-Schwaben-Takt (commencing in 1993), Rheinland-Pfalz-Takt (1994) and NRW-Takt (1998). Local transport associations have introduced regular timetables with base frequencies of 20 or 30 minutes, which are partially changed to 10 or 5 or even 15 or 7.5 minutes when locations are served by overlapping multiple lines. In some areas, local buses are also integrated, such as RegioTakt in Northrhine-Westphalia and in parts of Lower Saxony.These developments have led to \"integrated timetable islands\", which all adhere to the Germany-wide symmetry minute (58½), which is used also in Switzerland and in other European countries, while local public transport in (mostly rural) areas in between still adheres to an irregular, demand-driven timetable. Major problems exist in regions where transport associations of different states interact (like in Osnabrück). In order to introduce a Germany-wide integrated regular timetable, the alliance \"Deutschland-Takt\" was founded in 2008.[8]\nIn 2015, the Federal Ministry of Transport had a feasibility study conducted for a Germany-wide integrated timetable (\"Deutschlandtakt\")[9][10] Similar to the Swiss example, where infrastructure demands are derived from the desired timetable and not vice versa, the Deutschlandtakt calls for several new and upgraded lines. Introduction of the Deutschlandtakt has become a declared political goal of successive governments on the federal Level around 2020, and detailed desired timetables have been drafted.","title":"Network-based"}] | [{"image_text":"Example of integrated timetables between interregional and regional services on the Swiss network. The two trains are programmed to meet in the hub of Geneva around 15:30 and also share a platform to minimise transfer times.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Correspondance_of_trains_at_Geneva.jpg/300px-Correspondance_of_trains_at_Geneva.jpg"},{"image_text":"Buses meet in Herford, Alter Markt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/VMR_Herford_Alter_Markt.jpg/270px-VMR_Herford_Alter_Markt.jpg"},{"image_text":"A regional bus service meets an interregional train service at Leuk (Switzerland) train station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Integration_of_local_bus_and_train_service.JPG/300px-Integration_of_local_bus_and_train_service.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Der Einzug der Bahn in die Schweiz\". ned.gschieder.ch (in German). 6 March 2008. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080306143156/http://ned.gschieder.ch/download/bahn/bahn.htm","url_text":"\"Der Einzug der Bahn in die Schweiz\""},{"url":"http://ned.gschieder.ch/download/bahn/bahn.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Railway upgrades include no fast track\". swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 21 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss_news/Railway_upgrades_include_no_fast_track.html?cid=8540784","url_text":"\"Railway upgrades include no fast track\""}]},{"reference":"European Railway Review (3): 98. 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Railway_Review","url_text":"European Railway Review"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2015-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131012013539/http://www.osaka-sandai.ac.jp/ce/rt/19xx/07/WCTR-070501j.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.osaka-sandai.ac.jp/ce/rt/19xx/07/WCTR-070501j.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Timetable Olten - Zürich (field 650)\" (PDF). www.fahrplanfelder.ch. Federal Office of Transport SBB, The Swiss Railway. Retrieved 5 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fahrplanfelder.ch/fileadmin/fap_pdf_fields/2014/650.pdf","url_text":"\"Timetable Olten - Zürich (field 650)\""}]},{"reference":"Alonso Martínez, Lydia. \"LEARNING FROM SWISS TRANSPORT POLICY\" (PDF). www.upc.edu. UPC. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. BarcelonaTech. Retrieved 5 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://upcommons.upc.edu/pfc/bitstream/2099.1/13979/1/LEARNING%20FROM%20SWISS%20TRANSPORT%20POLICY_Lydia%20Alonso.pdf","url_text":"\"LEARNING FROM SWISS TRANSPORT POLICY\""}]},{"reference":"\"deutschland-takt.de\". deutschland-takt.de. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161011044621/http://www.deutschland-takt.de/deutschlandtakt/","url_text":"\"deutschland-takt.de\""},{"url":"http://www.deutschland-takt.de/deutschlandtakt/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Infrastruktur für einen Deutschland-Takt im Schienenverkehr\" (in German). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved 10 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/DE/Artikel/G/BVWP/bundesverkehrswegeplan-2030-deutschlandtakt.html","url_text":"\"Infrastruktur für einen Deutschland-Takt im Schienenverkehr\""}]},{"reference":"ARGE IGES Institut GmbH; Institut für Verkehrswesen, Eisenbahnbau und ‐betrieb der Technischen Universität Carolo‐Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig (IVE) (30 March 2015). Machbarkeitsstudie zur Prüfung eines Deutschland‐Takts im Schienenverkehr (PDF) (Report) (in German). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/DE/Anlage/VerkehrUndMobilitaet/Schiene/deutschland-takt-machbarkeitsstudie-schienenverkehr-bericht.pdf","url_text":"Machbarkeitsstudie zur Prüfung eines Deutschland‐Takts im Schienenverkehr"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080306143156/http://ned.gschieder.ch/download/bahn/bahn.htm","external_links_name":"\"Der Einzug der Bahn in die Schweiz\""},{"Link":"http://ned.gschieder.ch/download/bahn/bahn.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss_news/Railway_upgrades_include_no_fast_track.html?cid=8540784","external_links_name":"\"Railway upgrades include no fast track\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131012013539/http://www.osaka-sandai.ac.jp/ce/rt/19xx/07/WCTR-070501j.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.osaka-sandai.ac.jp/ce/rt/19xx/07/WCTR-070501j.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fahrplanfelder.ch/fileadmin/fap_pdf_fields/2014/650.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Timetable Olten - Zürich (field 650)\""},{"Link":"http://upcommons.upc.edu/pfc/bitstream/2099.1/13979/1/LEARNING%20FROM%20SWISS%20TRANSPORT%20POLICY_Lydia%20Alonso.pdf","external_links_name":"\"LEARNING FROM SWISS TRANSPORT POLICY\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161011044621/http://www.deutschland-takt.de/deutschlandtakt/","external_links_name":"\"deutschland-takt.de\""},{"Link":"http://www.deutschland-takt.de/deutschlandtakt/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/DE/Artikel/G/BVWP/bundesverkehrswegeplan-2030-deutschlandtakt.html","external_links_name":"\"Infrastruktur für einen Deutschland-Takt im Schienenverkehr\""},{"Link":"https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/DE/Anlage/VerkehrUndMobilitaet/Schiene/deutschland-takt-machbarkeitsstudie-schienenverkehr-bericht.pdf","external_links_name":"Machbarkeitsstudie zur Prüfung eines Deutschland‐Takts im Schienenverkehr"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831030442/http://thinkmetric.com/pubs/itt/itt.pdf","external_links_name":"Integrated timed transfer"},{"Link":"https://www.sma-partner.com/de/downloads/netzgrafiken","external_links_name":"Links to graphical timetables for Swiss long distance railways and the Zürich S-Bahn"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_58 | Focke-Wulf Fw 58 Weihe | ["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Variants","4 Operators","5 Surviving aircraft","6 Specifications (Fw 58B)","7 See also","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 External links"] | 1935 military aircraft family by Focke-Wulf
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Fw 58 Weihe
Role
Trainer, Transport, Air AmbulanceType of aircraft
Manufacturer
Focke-Wulf
First flight
1935
Introduction
1937
Retired
1940s
Primary user
Luftwaffe
Number built
1,350
The Focke-Wulf Fw 58 Weihe (Harrier) was a German aircraft, built to fill a request by the Luftwaffe for a multi-role aircraft, to be used as an advanced trainer for pilots, gunners and radio operators.
Design and development
The Fw 58 was a low-wing monoplane with two piston engines mounted in nacelles on the wing leading edges. The crew sat under an enclosed canopy. Aft of the flight deck, the fuselage was open to form a moveable machine gun station. The tailwheel undercarriage was retractable.
Operational history
The Fw 58 was widely used for training Luftwaffe personnel. It was also used as a VIP transport, ambulance, feeder airliner, photo reconnaissance and weather research aircraft. It was built under license in Bulgaria, Hungary and Brazil. It was also operated by several countries such as the Netherlands, Romania, Croatia and Turkey.
Variants
Fw 58 V1
First prototype, first flown in 1934
Fw 58 V2
Second prototype.
Fw 58 V3
Third prototype.
Fw 58 V4
Fourth prototype.
Fw 58 V14
Fw 58 V14, D- OPDR, was fitted with Fowler flaps and boundary-layer suction for high-lift experiments at AVA, Göttingen. The suction system was powered by a Hirth aircraft engine in the fuselage and the air exited through two circumferential, parallel rows of slots in the rear fuselage section.
Fw 58B
Fw 58B-1
Fw 58B-2
This version had a glazed nose and was armed with a 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 15 machine gun.
Fw 58C
Solid-nosed, the main wartime production variant, six passenger transport with 260hp Hirth HM 508D engines
Fw 58W
Twin-floatplane version.
Operators
Austria
Austrian Air Force
Argentina
Argentine Air Force - 3 imported, (1938–1952)
Brazil
Brazilian Navy - license-built from 1938
Brazilian Air Force
Syndicato Condor
Varig
Bulgaria
Bulgarian Air Force - 8 imported in 1937-1939
Croatia
Croatian Air Force
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakian Air Force
Finland
Finnish Air Force
Nazi Germany
Luftwaffe
Hungary
Hungarian Air Force - license production
Netherlands
Royal Netherlands Air Force
Norway
Royal Norwegian Air Force (Postwar)
Poland
Polish Air Force
Romania
Royal Romanian Air Force
Romanian Air Force (Postwar)
Transnistrian air section
Slovakia
Slovak Air Force (1939–1945)
Spain
Spanish Air Force
Turkey
Turkish Air Force - at least 6, received 1937
Soviet Union
Soviet Air Force
Surviving aircraft
The only Fw 58 on display is at Museu Aeroespacial in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Brazil used this airplane mainly for maritime patrols and the example on display was one of the 25 Fw 58B-2 units license-built in Brazil by Fábrica de Galeão, circa 1941.
An Fw 58 C-2 is stored in the Norwegian Aviation Museum in Bodø.
An Fw 58 C crashed on 30 March 1943 in the Lac du Bourget, France, after a low-flying training pass over the lake went wrong. Two of the four airmen on board were rescued by local fishermen. The wreckage lies at a depth of over 112 meters. Due to the dark and cold water, it is still fairly well preserved, though the canvas over the tube frame light structure is gradually deteriorating. A proposal has been made to raise the wreckage, but local divers are strongly opposed because of its status as a war grave, and the risks of damaging it.
Specifications (Fw 58B)
Focke-Wulf Fw.58 3-view drawing from L'Aerophile February 1936
Data from Die Deutsche Luftrüstung 1933–1945 Vol.2 – Flugzeugtypen Erla-HeinkelGeneral characteristics
Crew: 4
Length: 14.1 m (46 ft 3 in)
Wingspan: 21 m (68 ft 11 in)
Height: 4.2 m (13 ft 9 in)
Wing area: 47 m2 (510 sq ft)
Airfoil: NACA 2212
Empty weight: 2,000 kg (4,409 lb)
Gross weight: 2,930 kg (6,460 lb)
Fuel capacity: 340 L (90 US gal; 75 imp gal) in two centre-section tanks, with a 34 L (9.0 US gal; 7.5 imp gal) oil tank
Powerplant: 2 × Argus As 10C V-8 inverted air-cooled piston engines 240 PS (240 hp; 180 kW)
Propellers: 2-bladed variable-pitch propeller, 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) diameter
Performance
Maximum speed: 254 km/h (158 mph, 137 kn) at sea level
Cruise speed: 238 km/h (148 mph, 129 kn) * Landing speed: 76 km/h (47 mph; 41 kn)
Range: 690 km (430 mi, 370 nmi)
Service ceiling: 5,400 m (17,700 ft)
Rate of climb: 4.67 m/s (919 ft/min)
Time to altitude: 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in 3 minutes 48 seconds
Wing loading: 59.8 kg/m2 (12.2 lb/sq ft)
Armament
Guns: * 2 × 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 15 machine guns
See also
Related lists
List of aircraft of World War II
List of World War II military aircraft of Germany
List of military aircraft of Germany
References
^ Wilson, James (2007). Propaganda Postcards of the Luftwaffe. England: Pen and Sword. p. 60. ISBN 978-1844154913.
^ a b Nowarra, Heinz J. (1993). Die Deutsche Luftrüstung 1933–1945 Vol.2 – Flugzeugtypen Erla-Heinkel (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. pp. 60–63, 264–265. ISBN 3-7637-5464-4.
^ Munson 1978, p. 55.
^ Luftfahrt international 18 (1976), pp. 2829ff
^ FR010 Fw 58B South America
^ "THE FOCKE WULF Fw 58 IN BRAZIL". Archived from the original on 2017-08-21. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
^ Focke-Wulf Fw 58 Gulub
^ Oryx. "Bye Bye Berlin: Türkiye's He 111 Bombers". Oryx. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
^ Norsk Luftfartsmuseum Archived 2011-08-25 at the Wayback Machine
^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
Bibliography
Kulikov, Victor (March 2000). "Des occasions en or pour Staline, ou les avions allemands en URSS" . Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (84): 16–23. ISSN 1243-8650.
Kulikov, Victor (April 2000). "Des occasions en or pour Staline, ou les avions allemands en URSS". Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (85): 44–49. ISSN 1243-8650.
Munson, Kenneth (1978). German Aircraft Of World War 2 in colour. Poole, Dorsett, UK: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-0860-3.
Sinnhuber, Karl (2012). Salzburg To Stalingrad. UK: Milton Keynes. ISBN 978-1-471-70222-8.
External links
Media related to Focke-Wulf Fw 58 at Wikimedia Commons
vteFocke-Wulf aircraftCompany designations, pre-1933
A 3
A 4
A 5
A 6
A 7
A 16
A 17
GL 18
F 19
A 20
A 21
GL 22
K 23
S 24
A 26
A 28
A 29
A 32
A 33
A 36
A 38
S 39
A 43
A 47
S 48
S 1
S 2
W 4
W 7
C.20 (Cierva under licence)
C.30 (Cierva under licence)
Names
Buchfink
Bussard
Condor
Ente
Falke
Falke (2)
Habicht
Höhengeier
Kiebitz
Mastgans
Moskito
Möwe
Möwe (2)
Photomöwe
Sperber
Stieglitz
Stösser
Weihe
Würger
Uhu
RLM designations, 1933–1945
Fw 40
Fw 42
Fw 43
Fw 44
Fw 47
Fw 55
Fw 56
Fw 57
Fw 58
Fw 61
Fw 62
Ta 152
Ta 154
Fw 159
Ta 183
Fw 186
Fw 187
Fw 189
Fw 190
Fw 191
Fw 200
Fw 206
Ta 254
Fw 300
Ta 400
Company designations, post-1945
Fw 260
Fw 300
Projects
Entwurf I
Entwurf II
Entwurf III
Entwurf IV
Entwurf V
Entwurf VI
Entwurf VII "Peterle"
Entwurf VIII
1000x1000x1000
Nr. 238 Fernkampfflugzeug
Grosstransporter
Nr. 261 Fernkampfflugzeug
Rochen
Strahlrohrjäger
Super Lorin
Super TL
Triebflügel
Volksjäger
vteReich Air Ministry (RLM) aircraft designations (list)1 to 100
8-11
Fi 2
8-31
8-41
Fi 5
DFS 6
8-71
Gö 8
Gö 9
Do 10
Do 11/Wn 11
8-124/Do 12
Do 13
Do 14
Do 15
Do 16/Wn 16
Do 17
Do 18
Do 19
Do 20
8-211
Do 22
Do 23
Do 24
Do 253/Kl 25
Do 26/Kl 26
8-27/Do 273/Kl 275
8-281
8-29/Do 29
Fw 30
Kl 31
Kl 32
Ju 33
Ju 34
Kl 35
Kl 36
He 373
He 38/Ju 38
DFS 39
BV 40/DFS 40
He 413
Fw 42/He 42
Fw 43
Fw 44
He 45
He 46/Ju 46
Fw 47/He 47
Ju 48
He 49/Ju 49
He 50/Ju 50
He 51
He 52/Ju 52
Ju 53
DFS 54/NR 54
Fw 55/NR 55
Fw 56
8-574/Fw 57
Fw 58/He 58
He 59
He 60/Ju 60
Fa 61/Fw 61/He 61
Fw 62/He 62
8-634/He 63
Ar 64/He 64
Ar 65/He 65
Ar 66/He 66
Ar 67
Ar 68
Ar 69
He 70
8-714/He 71
He 72
He 733
He 74
Al 75
Ar 76/FZG 766
Ar 77
Ar 783
Ar 79
Ar 80
Ar 81
8-824
8-831
Al 84
Ju 85
Ju 86
Ju 87
Ju 88
Ju 89
Ju 90
Ju 913
Ju 92
Ju 933
Ju 943
Ar 95
Ar 96
Fi 97
Fi 98
Fi 99
Fi 1003/He 100
101 to 200
Al 101
Al 102
Al 103/Fi 103
R
Fh 104
Kl 105
Kl 106
Kl 107
Bf 108
Bf 109/Bf 109R6
Bf 110
He 111/He 111U6
He 112
He 1136
He 114
He 115
He 116
He 1173/Hs 117
He 118
He 119
He 120
Hs 121
Hs 122
Hs 123
Hs 124
Hs 125
Hs 126
Hs 127
Hs 128
Hs 129
Hs 130
Bü 131
Bü 1323/Hs 132
Bü 133
Bü 134
Ha 135
Ha 136/Hü 136
Ha 137
BV 138
Ha 139
Ha 140
BV 141
BV 142
BV 143
BV 144
Go 145
Go 146
Go 147/Ju 147
Go 1483
Go 149
Go 150
Kl 151
Kl 152/Ta 152
Kl 1533/Ta 153
Kl 1543/Ta 154
BV 155/Kl 1553/Me 155
Fi 156
Fi 157
Fi 158
Fw 159
Ju 160
Bf 161
Bf 162/He 162
Bf 163/Li 163/Me 163
Me 164/MeC 164
Bf 165
Fi 166/FK 166
Fi 167
Fi 168
Fi 1693
He 170
He 1713
He 172
He 1733
He 1743
8-1754
He 176
He 177
He 178
He 1795
Bü 180/He 180
Bü 181
Bü 182
Bü 1833/Ta 183
Fl 184
Fl 185
Fw 186/Ju 186
Fw 187/Ju 1872
Fw 1883/Ju 188
Fw 189
Fw 190
Fw 191
Ao 192
Ao 1933/DFS 193
DFS 194/Me 194
Ar 195
Ar 196
Ar 197
Ar 198
Ar 199
Do 2004,6/Fw 200
201 to 300
Si 201
Si 202
DFS 203
Si 204
8-2051
Fw 206
8-2071
Me 208
Me 209 (I)/Me 209 (II)
Me 210
Hü 211
8-2124/Do 212
8-2131
Do 214
Do 215
Do 216
Do 217/Hs 217
Do 2183
He 219
He 220
Do 2213
BV 222
Fa 223
Fa 224
Ao 225/Fa 225
BV 226/Ho 226
FGP 227
DFS 228
Go 229/Ho 229
8-230/DFS 230
Ar 231
Ar 232
Ar 233
Ar 234
Do 2355
Fa 2363
BV 237
BV 238
8-2391
Ar 240
Go 241
Go 242
Me 2433
Go 244
Go 2453
BV 246
8-2471
Ju 248
BV 250/Ho 250
Ho 251
Ho 252
Ju 252
Fi 253/Ho 253
Ho 254/Ta 254
8-2551
Fi 256
SK 257
8-2581
Fw 259
8-2601
Me 261/Me 261w
Me 262
Me 263 (1941)/Me 263 (1942)/Me 263 (1945)
Me 264
Fl 265/Me 265
Fa 266/Go 2663
Ho 267
Ju 268
Fa 269
He 270
We 271
He 2723
He 2733
He 274
He 2755
He 2763
He 277
He 278
He 2793
He 280
He 2813
Fl 282
Fa 283
Fa 284
Fl 285
Ju 286
Ju 287
Do 2884,6/Ju 288
Ju 2893
Ju 290
Hs 291
As 292/Hs 2923
Hs 293
Hs 294
Hs 295
Ar 296/Hs 296
Hs 297
Hs 298
Ju 2993
Fw 300
301 to 349
DFS 301
8-3021
8-3031
8-3041
8-3051
8-3061
8-3071
8-3081
Me 309
Zwilling
Me 310
8-3111
8-3121
8-3134
8-3141
Hs 315
8-3161
Do 317
Do 318
He 319
Me 3203
Me 321
Ju 322
Me 323/ZMe 323
8-3241
Fa 325/Fw 3253
8-3261
Me 327
Me 328
Me 329
Fa 330
DFS 331
DFS 332
Fi 333
Ar 3343/Me 334
Do 335
Fa 336
Ju 3373
8-3381
Fl 339
Ar 340
8-341
WNF 342
He 343
Rk 344/So 3445
Go 345
DFS 346
Rk 347
8-3481
Ba 349
Post-349 (non-sequential)
Ju 352
Fi 356/Ju 356
Me 362
Me 3642
Me 3683
Ju 388
Ju 390
Fw 391
Ar 3933
Ar 396
Ta 400
Me 409
Me 410
Do 417
He 419
ZMe 423
Ar 430/Ka 430
Ar 432
Do 435
Ar 440
8-4454
DFS 446
Ju 452
Me 4622
DFS 468
Ju 488
Fw 491
He 500
Me 509
Me 510
He 519
8-5204
ZSO 523
Ar 532
8-5344
Do 535/He 535
Me 6002
Me 609
Ar 632
Do 635/He 635/Ju 635
1 Not assigned
2 Unofficial/proposed
3 Assigned, but not used before RLM was dissolved
4 Assigned to captured aircraft
5 Unconfirmed
6 Propaganda/cover designation
Note: Official RLM designations had the prefix "8-", but this was usually dropped and replaced with the manufacturer's prefix.
vteSwedish military aircraft designations 1926–currentAttack aircraft (A)
A 1
A 28
A 29
A 32
A 36
AJ 37
A 38
JAS 39
Bombers (B)
B 1
B 2
B 3
B 4
B 5
B 6
B 7
B 8
B 16
B 17
B 18
B 24
B 26
Army aeroplanes (Fpl)
Fpl 51
Fpl 53
Fpl 54
Fpl 61
Gliders (G/Lg/Se)
G 101
Se 102
Se 103
Se 104
Lg 105
Helicopter (Hkp)
Hkp 1
Hkp 2
Hkp 3
Hkp 4
Hkp 5
HKP 6
HKP 9
HKP 10
HKP 11
HKP 14
HKP 15
HKP 16
Fighters (J)
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
J 6
J 7
J 8
J 9
J 10
J 11
J 12
J 19
J 20
J 21/21R
J 22
J 23
J 24
J 26
J 27
J 28
J 29
J 30
J 31
J 32
J 33
J 34
J 35
JA 37
JAS 39
Advanced trainers (Ö)
Ö 1
Ö 2
Ö 3
Ö 4
Ö 5
Ö 6
Ö 7
Ö 8
Ö 9
Trials aircraft (P)
P 1
P 2
P 3
P 4
P 5
P 6
P 7
P 8/P 8A/P 8B
P 9A/P 9B
Reconnaissance (S)
S 1
S 2
S 3
S 4
S 5
S 6
S 7
S 8
S 9
S 10
S 11
S 12
S 13
S 14
S 15
S 16
S 17
S 18
S 22
S 26
S 29
S 31
S 32
S 35
SF 37/SH 37
JAS 39
S 100
Trainers (Sk)
Sk 1
Sk 2
Sk 3
Sk 4
Sk 5
Sk 6
Sk 7
Sk 8
Sk 9
Sk 10
Sk 11
Sk 12
Sk 14
Sk 15
Sk 16
Sk 25
Sk 26
Sk 28
Sk 35
Sk 38
Sk 40
Sk 50
Sk 60
Sk 61
Torpedo bombers (T)
T 1
T 2
T 16
T 18
Transports (Trp/Tp)
Trp 1
Trp 2/2A
Trp 3
Trp 4
Tp 5
Tp 6
Tp 7
Tp 8/8A
Tp 9
Tp 10
Tp 16
Tp 24
Tp 45
Tp 46
Tp 47
Tp 52
Tp 53
Tp 54
Tp 55
Tp 78
Tp 79
Tp 80
Tp 81
Tp 82
Tp 83
Tp 84
Tp 85
Tp 86
Tp 87
Tp 88
Tp 89
Tp 91
Tp 100
Tp 101
Tp 102
Tp 103
vteCzechoslovak Air Force transport aircraft designations, 1945–1958Transport(Dopravní)
D-2
D-41
D-42
D-43
D-44
D-47
D-52
D-54
D-58
D-141
D-352
vteBrazilian Naval Aviation aircraft designationsCurrent systemFighter (F)
F-1
Helicopter (H)
H-1 (I)
H-1 (II)
H-2 (I)
H-2 (II)
H-3
H-5
H-6
H-11
H-12
H-13
H-14
Trainer (I)
I-6
Utility (U)
U-1
U-3
Old systemFighter (C)Boeing (B)
C1B
Courier (D)Navy (AvN)
D1AvN1
D2AvN
Beechcraft (Be)
D1Be
Consolidated (C)
D1C
Focke-Wulf (FW)
D1FW1
D2FW
Luscombe (L)
D1L
Waco (W)
D1W
D2W
D3W
Reconnaissance (E)Fairey (F)
E1F
Training helicopter (HT)Fairey (F)
HTH
Utility helicopter (HU)Westland (W)
HUW
HU2W
Trainer (I)Avro (A)
I1A
I2A
Navy (AvN)
I1AvN
de Havilland (H)
I1H
I2H
I3H
Observation (O)Vought (V)
O1V
O2V
Patrol (P)Martin (M)
P1M
Savoia-Marchetti (S)
P1S
Advanced trainer (V)North American (NA)
V1NA
1 Not assigned Designations carried over from American designation systems are not included unless the designations were modified.
Authority control databases: National
Germany
http://www2.fab.mil.br/musal/index.php/anvs/312-weihe | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrier_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer_(aircraft)"}],"text":"The Focke-Wulf Fw 58 Weihe (Harrier) was a German aircraft, built to fill a request by the Luftwaffe for a multi-role aircraft, to be used as an advanced trainer for pilots, gunners and radio operators.","title":"Focke-Wulf Fw 58 Weihe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monoplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplane"},{"link_name":"piston engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_engine"},{"link_name":"nacelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacelle"},{"link_name":"leading edges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge"},{"link_name":"canopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_canopy"},{"link_name":"flight deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit"},{"link_name":"fuselage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselage"},{"link_name":"machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"tailwheel undercarriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear"}],"text":"The Fw 58 was a low-wing monoplane with two piston engines mounted in nacelles on the wing leading edges. The crew sat under an enclosed canopy. Aft of the flight deck, the fuselage was open to form a moveable machine gun station. The tailwheel undercarriage was retractable.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_training"},{"link_name":"airliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airliner"},{"link_name":"photo reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMINT#Aerial"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Independent_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"}],"text":"The Fw 58 was widely used for training Luftwaffe personnel. It was also used as a VIP transport, ambulance, feeder airliner, photo reconnaissance and weather research aircraft.[1] It was built under license in Bulgaria, Hungary and Brazil. It was also operated by several countries such as the Netherlands, Romania, Croatia and Turkey.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prototype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nowarra-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunson197855-3"},{"link_name":"Hirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirth"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"MG 15 machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_15_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"floatplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floatplane"}],"text":"Fw 58 V1\nFirst prototype, first flown in 1934[2][3]\nFw 58 V2\nSecond prototype.\nFw 58 V3\nThird prototype.\nFw 58 V4\nFourth prototype.\nFw 58 V14\nFw 58 V14, D- OPDR, was fitted with Fowler flaps and boundary-layer suction for high-lift experiments at AVA, Göttingen. The suction system was powered by a Hirth aircraft engine in the fuselage and the air exited through two circumferential, parallel rows of slots in the rear fuselage section.[4]\nFw 58B\n\nFw 58B-1\n\nFw 58B-2\nThis version had a glazed nose and was armed with a 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 15 machine gun.\nFw 58C\nSolid-nosed, the main wartime production variant, six passenger transport with 260hp Hirth HM 508D engines\nFw 58W\nTwin-floatplane version.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Austrian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Air_Force_(1927%E2%80%931938)"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentine Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Navy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Syndicato Condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicato_Condor"},{"link_name":"Varig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Croatian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_of_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Finnish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Royal Norwegian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Royal Romanian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Romanian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Romanian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Transnistrian air section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate#Air_section"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovak Air Force (1939–1945)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Air_Force_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force"}],"text":"AustriaAustrian Air ForceArgentinaArgentine Air Force - 3 imported, (1938–1952)[5]BrazilBrazilian Navy - license-built from 1938[6]\nBrazilian Air Force\nSyndicato Condor\nVarigBulgariaBulgarian Air Force - 8 imported in 1937-1939[7]CroatiaCroatian Air ForceCzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakian Air ForceFinlandFinnish Air ForceNazi GermanyLuftwaffeHungaryHungarian Air Force - license productionNetherlandsRoyal Netherlands Air ForceNorwayRoyal Norwegian Air Force (Postwar)PolandPolish Air ForceRomaniaRoyal Romanian Air Force\nRomanian Air Force (Postwar)\nTransnistrian air sectionSlovakiaSlovak Air Force (1939–1945)SpainSpanish Air ForceTurkeyTurkish Air Force - at least 6, received 1937[8]Soviet UnionSoviet Air Force","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Museu Aeroespacial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museu_Aeroespacial"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Bodø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bod%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lac du Bourget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_du_Bourget"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The only Fw 58 on display is at Museu Aeroespacial in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Brazil used this airplane mainly for maritime patrols and the example on display was one of the 25 Fw 58B-2 units license-built in Brazil by Fábrica de Galeão, circa 1941.An Fw 58 C-2 is stored in the Norwegian Aviation Museum in Bodø.[9]An Fw 58 C crashed on 30 March 1943 in the Lac du Bourget, France, after a low-flying training pass over the lake went wrong. Two of the four airmen on board were rescued by local fishermen. The wreckage lies at a depth of over 112 meters. Due to the dark and cold water, it is still fairly well preserved, though the canvas over the tube frame light structure is gradually deteriorating. A proposal has been made to raise the wreckage, but local divers are strongly opposed because of its status as a war grave, and the risks of damaging it.[citation needed]","title":"Surviving aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Focke_Wulf_Fw.58_3-view_L%27Aerophile_February_1936.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nowarra-2"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 2212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selig-10"},{"link_name":"Argus As 10C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_As_10C"},{"link_name":"MG 15 machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_15_machine_gun"}],"text":"Focke-Wulf Fw.58 3-view drawing from L'Aerophile February 1936Data from Die Deutsche Luftrüstung 1933–1945 Vol.2 – Flugzeugtypen Erla-Heinkel[2]General characteristicsCrew: 4\nLength: 14.1 m (46 ft 3 in)\nWingspan: 21 m (68 ft 11 in)\nHeight: 4.2 m (13 ft 9 in)\nWing area: 47 m2 (510 sq ft)\nAirfoil: NACA 2212[10]\nEmpty weight: 2,000 kg (4,409 lb)\nGross weight: 2,930 kg (6,460 lb)\nFuel capacity: 340 L (90 US gal; 75 imp gal) in two centre-section tanks, with a 34 L (9.0 US gal; 7.5 imp gal) oil tank\nPowerplant: 2 × Argus As 10C V-8 inverted air-cooled piston engines 240 PS (240 hp; 180 kW)\nPropellers: 2-bladed variable-pitch propeller, 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) diameterPerformanceMaximum speed: 254 km/h (158 mph, 137 kn) at sea level\nCruise speed: 238 km/h (148 mph, 129 kn) * Landing speed: 76 km/h (47 mph; 41 kn)\nRange: 690 km (430 mi, 370 nmi)\nService ceiling: 5,400 m (17,700 ft)\nRate of climb: 4.67 m/s (919 ft/min)\nTime to altitude: 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in 3 minutes 48 seconds\nWing loading: 59.8 kg/m2 (12.2 lb/sq ft)ArmamentGuns: * 2 × 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 15 machine guns","title":"Specifications (Fw 58B)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1243-8650","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1243-8650"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1243-8650","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1243-8650"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7137-0860-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-0860-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-471-70222-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-471-70222-8"}],"text":"Kulikov, Victor (March 2000). \"Des occasions en or pour Staline, ou les avions allemands en URSS\" [Golden Opportunities for Stalin, or German Aircraft in the USSR]. Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (84): 16–23. ISSN 1243-8650.\nKulikov, Victor (April 2000). \"Des occasions en or pour Staline, ou les avions allemands en URSS\". Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (85): 44–49. ISSN 1243-8650.\nMunson, Kenneth (1978). German Aircraft Of World War 2 in colour. Poole, Dorsett, UK: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-0860-3.\nSinnhuber, Karl (2012). Salzburg To Stalingrad. UK: Milton Keynes. ISBN 978-1-471-70222-8.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Focke-Wulf Fw.58 3-view drawing from L'Aerophile February 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Focke_Wulf_Fw.58_3-view_L%27Aerophile_February_1936.jpg/220px-Focke_Wulf_Fw.58_3-view_L%27Aerophile_February_1936.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of aircraft of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II"},{"title":"List of World War II military aircraft of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_aircraft_of_Germany"},{"title":"List of military aircraft of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Germany"}] | [{"reference":"Wilson, James (2007). Propaganda Postcards of the Luftwaffe. England: Pen and Sword. p. 60. ISBN 978-1844154913.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844154913","url_text":"978-1844154913"}]},{"reference":"Nowarra, Heinz J. (1993). Die Deutsche Luftrüstung 1933–1945 Vol.2 – Flugzeugtypen Erla-Heinkel (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. pp. 60–63, 264–265. ISBN 3-7637-5464-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7637-5464-4","url_text":"3-7637-5464-4"}]},{"reference":"\"THE FOCKE WULF Fw 58 IN BRAZIL\". Archived from the original on 2017-08-21. Retrieved 2017-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170821084736/http://www.rudnei.cunha.nom.br/FAB/en/fw-58","url_text":"\"THE FOCKE WULF Fw 58 IN BRAZIL\""},{"url":"http://www.rudnei.cunha.nom.br/FAB/en/fw-58","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Oryx. \"Bye Bye Berlin: Türkiye's He 111 Bombers\". Oryx. Retrieved 2023-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2023/01/bye-bye-berlin-turkiyes-he-111-bombers.html","url_text":"\"Bye Bye Berlin: Türkiye's He 111 Bombers\""}]},{"reference":"Lednicer, David. \"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","url_text":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""}]},{"reference":"Kulikov, Victor (March 2000). \"Des occasions en or pour Staline, ou les avions allemands en URSS\" [Golden Opportunities for Stalin, or German Aircraft in the USSR]. Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (84): 16–23. ISSN 1243-8650.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1243-8650","url_text":"1243-8650"}]},{"reference":"Kulikov, Victor (April 2000). \"Des occasions en or pour Staline, ou les avions allemands en URSS\". Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (85): 44–49. ISSN 1243-8650.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1243-8650","url_text":"1243-8650"}]},{"reference":"Munson, Kenneth (1978). German Aircraft Of World War 2 in colour. Poole, Dorsett, UK: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-0860-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-0860-3","url_text":"0-7137-0860-3"}]},{"reference":"Sinnhuber, Karl (2012). Salzburg To Stalingrad. UK: Milton Keynes. ISBN 978-1-471-70222-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-471-70222-8","url_text":"978-1-471-70222-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Focke-Wulf+Fw+58+Weihe%22","external_links_name":"\"Focke-Wulf Fw 58 Weihe\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Focke-Wulf+Fw+58+Weihe%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Focke-Wulf+Fw+58+Weihe%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Focke-Wulf+Fw+58+Weihe%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Focke-Wulf+Fw+58+Weihe%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Focke-Wulf+Fw+58+Weihe%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.frrom.com/index.php?page=fr010-fw-58b-south-america","external_links_name":"FR010 Fw 58B South America"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170821084736/http://www.rudnei.cunha.nom.br/FAB/en/fw-58","external_links_name":"\"THE FOCKE WULF Fw 58 IN BRAZIL\""},{"Link":"http://www.rudnei.cunha.nom.br/FAB/en/fw-58","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/bulgaria/af/types/fockewulf.htm","external_links_name":"Focke-Wulf Fw 58 Gulub"},{"Link":"https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2023/01/bye-bye-berlin-turkiyes-he-111-bombers.html","external_links_name":"\"Bye Bye Berlin: Türkiye's He 111 Bombers\""},{"Link":"http://www.luftfart.museum.no/Utstillinger/Focke%20Wulf.htm","external_links_name":"Norsk Luftfartsmuseum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110825085559/http://www.luftfart.museum.no/Utstillinger/Focke%20Wulf.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","external_links_name":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1243-8650","external_links_name":"1243-8650"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1243-8650","external_links_name":"1243-8650"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4769634-5","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://www2.fab.mil.br/musal/index.php/anvs/312-weihe","external_links_name":"http://www2.fab.mil.br/musal/index.php/anvs/312-weihe"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Comic | I Am Comic | ["1 Overview","2 Festivals","3 References","4 External links"] | 2010 American filmI Am ComicDirected byJordan BradyWritten byJordan BradyRitch ShydnerStarringRitch ShydnerSarah SilvermanPhyllis DillerJaneane GarofaloLewis BlackLouis C.K.Roseanne BarrJim GaffiganTommy DavidsonDana GouldTim AllenWayne FedermanCarlos MenciaCarrot TopMargaret ChoBrody StevensBobcat GoldthwaitJeff FoxworthyKathy GriffinJimmy DoreGreg GiraldoNarrated byRitch ShydnerCinematographyJeanne LipseyJoe C. MaxwellEdited byKaroliina TuovinenMusic byDavid ReynoldsDistributed byIFC FilmsRelease date
January 28, 2010 (2010-01-28) (Slamdance)
Running time87 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
I Am Comic is a 2010 documentary about the stand-up comedy world directed by Jordan Brady.
Overview
Directed by former stand-up comic Jordan Brady and starring and narrated by ex-comedian turned comedy writer Ritch Shydner, the film explores the world of stand-up comedy and features interviews with some of the top comedians working today.
The film had its world premiere at the 2010 Slamdance Film Festival and is distributed by Monterey Media and IFC Films.
Festivals
I Am Comic has been screened at the following film festivals:
The Feel Good Film Festival
Laugh Your Ashville Off Comedy Festival
Just For Laughs Comedy Festival
Cinefamily's Comedy Festival
Little Rock Film Festival
Slamdance
Bridgetown Comedy Festival
Atlanta Film Festival
Kansas City Jubilee
James River Film Festival
Laugh Factory V.I.P. Screening
References
^ "Hollywood Reporter - Entertainment News". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
^ "Variety". Retrieved 20 October 2017.
^ TV.com. "TV News, Previews, Reviews and Analysis - TV.com". www.tv.com. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
^ "Atlanta Film Festival lightens up in 2010". Creative Loafing Atlanta. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
^ "Showtime". Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
External links
I Am Comic at IMDb
Official website
vteFilms directed by Jordan Brady
Dill Scallion (1999)
The Third Wheel (2002)
American Girl (2002)
Waking Up in Reno (2002)
I Am Comic (2010)
This article about a documentary film about the arts is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jordan Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Brady"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"I Am Comic is a 2010 documentary about the stand-up comedy world directed by Jordan Brady.[1][2]","title":"I Am Comic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ritch Shydner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritch_Shydner"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Monterey Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Media"}],"text":"Directed by former stand-up comic Jordan Brady and starring and narrated by ex-comedian turned comedy writer Ritch Shydner, the film explores the world of stand-up comedy and features interviews with some of the top comedians working today.[3][4][5]The film had its world premiere at the 2010 Slamdance Film Festival and is distributed by Monterey Media and IFC Films.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Feel Good Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Feel_Good_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Little Rock Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Slamdance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slamdance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Bridgetown Comedy Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgetown_Comedy_Festival"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Film_Festival"}],"text":"I Am Comic has been screened at the following film festivals:The Feel Good Film Festival\nLaugh Your Ashville Off Comedy Festival\nJust For Laughs Comedy Festival\nCinefamily's Comedy Festival\nLittle Rock Film Festival\nSlamdance\nBridgetown Comedy Festival\nAtlanta Film Festival\nKansas City Jubilee\nJames River Film Festival\nLaugh Factory V.I.P. Screening","title":"Festivals"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Hollywood Reporter - Entertainment News\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/awards/news/e3i5a83a539b5b6744290df702efb431dae","url_text":"\"Hollywood Reporter - Entertainment News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Variety\". Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118012846.html?categoryid=&cs=1","url_text":"\"Variety\""}]},{"reference":"TV.com. \"TV News, Previews, Reviews and Analysis - TV.com\". www.tv.com. Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tv.com/showtimes-i-am-comic-sheds-sobering-light-on-the-lives-of-comedians/story/23176.html","url_text":"\"TV News, Previews, Reviews and Analysis - TV.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlanta Film Festival lightens up in 2010\". Creative Loafing Atlanta. Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://clatl.com/atlanta/atlanta-film-festival-lightens-up-in-2010/Content?oid=1431778","url_text":"\"Atlanta Film Festival lightens up in 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Showtime\". Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130202135413/http://www.sho.com/site/schedules/product.do?episodeid=136510&seriesid=0&seasonid=0","url_text":"\"Showtime\""},{"url":"http://www.sho.com/site/schedules/product.do?episodeid=136510&seriesid=0&seasonid=0","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/awards/news/e3i5a83a539b5b6744290df702efb431dae","external_links_name":"\"Hollywood Reporter - Entertainment News\""},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118012846.html?categoryid=&cs=1","external_links_name":"\"Variety\""},{"Link":"http://www.tv.com/showtimes-i-am-comic-sheds-sobering-light-on-the-lives-of-comedians/story/23176.html","external_links_name":"\"TV News, Previews, Reviews and Analysis - TV.com\""},{"Link":"http://clatl.com/atlanta/atlanta-film-festival-lightens-up-in-2010/Content?oid=1431778","external_links_name":"\"Atlanta Film Festival lightens up in 2010\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130202135413/http://www.sho.com/site/schedules/product.do?episodeid=136510&seriesid=0&seasonid=0","external_links_name":"\"Showtime\""},{"Link":"http://www.sho.com/site/schedules/product.do?episodeid=136510&seriesid=0&seasonid=0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1568926/","external_links_name":"I Am Comic"},{"Link":"http://www.iamcomicmovie.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Am_Comic&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Finland | Russian Orthodox Church in Finland | ["1 History","2 Churches","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: lots of red links. Please help improve this article if you can. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Russian Orthodox Church in FinlandChurch of the Protection of the Theotokos in HelsinkiPrimatePatriarch of Moscow and All Russia KirillHeadquartersPatriarchal: Moscow, Russia Jurisdictional: Helsinki, FinlandTerritoryFinlandIndependence1926RecognitionSemi-AutonomousMembers~ 3,000Official websitewww.finland.orthodoxy.ru
The Russian Orthodox Church in Finland (Finnish: Venäjän ortodoksinen kirkko Suomessa, Russian: Русская православная церковь в Финляндии) is a semi-autonomous part of the Russian Orthodox Church formed in 1926. An official headquarters of the Moscow Patriarchate, led by Father Viktor Lyutik, was opened in Helsinki in 1999.
The Russian Orthodox Church in Finland is organized in two parishes, St. Nikolaos Orthodox Parish in Helsinki and the Intercession Orthodox Parish. They are maintaining six churches in Helsinki, Turku, Pori and Sastamala. The total number of registered members in the early 2000s was 3,000, most of them held Finnish citizenship. The largest community was the St. Nikolaos Orthodox Parish with more than 2,400 members. The Spaso-Preobrazenskaja community in Tampere is under the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia.
History
The Finnish Orthodox Church disengaged from the Russian Orthodox Church in 1923 as a result of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Independence of Finland. Some of the Orthodox in Finland wanted to retain the traditional Russian ways, like the use of Church Slavonic in liturgy and the Julian calendar, so they formed their own congregation. The first parish, Private Orthodox Society, was established in Vyborg. From 1931 to 1945 Russian Orthodox Church in Finland was under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
Churches
Church of the Protection of the Theotokos, Munkkiniemi, Helsinki
Saint Nicholas Church, Hietaniemi, Helsinki
Church of Xenia of Saint Petersburg, Mellunmäki, Helsinki
Church of the Dormition, Turku
Church of Our Lady of Kazan, Pori
Church of St. Serafim of Sarov, Sastamala
See also
Religion in Finland
Christianity in Finland
Catholic Church in Finland
Orthodox Church of Finland
References
^ Представительство Московского Патриархата в Финляндии Russian Orthodox Church in Finland Official Homepage (in Russian). Retrieved 8 June 2014.
^ a b "Moscow-affiliated Russian Orthodox church grows in Helsinki". Helsingin Sanomat. 21 September 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
^ St. Nicholas Orthodox Parish, Helsinki Retrieved 8 June 2014.
External links
Media related to Russian Orthodox church in Finland at Wikimedia Commons
vteEastern Orthodox ChurchAutocephalous and autonomous churches of Eastern OrthodoxyAutocephalous churchesFour ancient patriarchates
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History
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^ The ROC severed full communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 2018, and later severed full communion with the primates of the Church of Greece, the Patriarchate of Alexandria, and the Church of Cyprus in 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h Autocephaly or autonomy is not universally recognized.
^ UOC-MP was moved to formally cut ties with the ROC as of May 27th 2022.
^ a b Semi-autonomous part of the Russian Orthodox Church whose autonomy is not universally recognized.
vteEastern Orthodoxy in EuropeSovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
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Estonia
Finland
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Germany
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Transnistria
vteChristianity in FinlandEastern ChristianityEastern Orthodox
Orthodox Church of Finland (Constantinople)
Russian Orthodox Church in Finland (Moscow)
Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Britain and Scandinavia
Catholic
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
Western ChristianityCatholic(Main article)
Roman Catholic Church
ProtestantLutheran
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland
Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese of Finland
The Union of Independent Evangelical Lutheran Congregations in Finland
Anglican
Anglican Church in Finland
Baptist
Finnish Baptist Church
Swedish Baptist Union of Finland
Methodist
Methodist Church
Swedish Methodist Church of Finland
Salvation Army
Adventist
Adventist Church of Finland
Swedish Adventist Church of Finland
Pentecostal
The Pentecostal Church of Finland
Swedish Pentecostal Union of Finland
Other
Finnish Free Church
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Restorationist
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Finland
Interdenominationalorganisations
Suomen Evankelinen Allianssi
^ a b Part of the Porvoo Communion
^ Part of the Communion of Nordic Lutheran Dioceses | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"link_name":"Pori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pori"},{"link_name":"Sastamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastamala"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hs-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia"}],"text":"The Russian Orthodox Church in Finland (Finnish: Venäjän ortodoksinen kirkko Suomessa, Russian: Русская православная церковь в Финляндии) is a semi-autonomous part of the Russian Orthodox Church formed in 1926. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Connolly | Herb Connolly | ["1 Early life","2 Business career","3 Politics","4 Personal life","5 Death","6 References"] | American politician
Herb ConnollyMember of theMassachusetts Governor's CouncilIn office1969–1989Preceded byJohn J. Craven Jr.Succeeded byRobert B. KennedyConstituency2nd District (1969–75)3rd District (1975–89)
Personal detailsBornFebruary 28, 1922Brookline, MassachusettsDiedApril 8, 1995 (aged 73)Framingham, MassachusettsResting placeNewton CemeteryNewton, MassachusettsPolitical partyDemocraticAlma materBoston UniversityOccupationAuto dealerGovernor's Councilor
Herbert L. Connolly (1922–1995) was an American auto dealer and politician who was a member of the Massachusetts Governor's Council from 1969 to 1989.
Early life
Connolly was born on February 28, 1922, in Brookline, Massachusetts. He attended Boston Public Schools and graduated from Boston University. After graduation, Connolly worked as an instructor at the Wentworth Institute. During World War II he served in the United States Army in the European theater.
Business career
After the war, Connolly joined his family's auto business in Brighton, then called Herb Connolly Buick. In 1974, the business moved to Framingham. He also established Herb Connolly Acura in Framingham.
Politics
In 1962, Connolly was a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts. He lost to Francis X. Belotti 57% to 43% in the Democratic primary. After the loss, Connolly served as a secretary to Governor Endicott Peabody. He ran for Lieutenant Governor a second time in 1966, but once again lost the in primary, this time to Joseph E. McGuire 55% to 45%.
In 1968, Connolly was elected to the Massachusetts Governor's Council. In 1988 he lost the Democratic primary to Lowell City Councilor Robert B. Kennedy by one vote - 14,716 to 14,715. At the time of his defeat, Connolly's residency was being challenged by Republican candidate Jody Dow. The address Connolly used on the ballot was a Newton home that he had sold in May 1981. He insisted that he had kept an apartment at the Newton home and used it as his voting address. He and his family moved to a smaller house in Framingham in the early 1980s when car sales dipped. Framingham was not in Connolly's district. Connolly would later admit that he had not voted for himself because he was busy campaigning and did not get to the polls until after they had closed.
Personal life
Connolly was married to Mary Uhl. They had had three sons.
Connolly was active in many charitable organizations. For 25 years he was president of United Cerebral Palsy of Greater Boston. He also served as a director of the Massachusetts Cancer Control Clinic, the Kennedy Memorial Hospital, the Denver Jewish Hospital, Massachusetts Association of the Blind, the Massachusetts Kidney Foundation, the Children's Asthma Research Institute, and the Massachusetts Chamber of Commerce.
Death
Connolly died on April 8, 1995, at his home in Framingham.
References
^ Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts 1987-1988.
^ a b c d e f g "Herbert L. Connolly, car dealer was executive councilor; at 73". The Boston Globe. April 10, 1995.
^ Election Statistics: The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 1962.
^ Election Statistics.
^ Phillips, Frank (September 30, 1988). "Governor's Councilor Lost by One Vote, Recount Shows". The Boston Globe.
^ "Candidate Is Culprit in 1-Vote Loss". The New York Times. October 3, 1988. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ "Candidate Loses by One Vote - His Own". Desert News. October 3, 1988. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ "Man loses election by 1 vote, his own". The Telegraph. October 3, 1988. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ "A Strange Story". Allegheny Times. October 2, 1988. Retrieved December 19, 2013. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massachusetts Governor's Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council"}],"text":"Herbert L. Connolly (1922–1995) was an American auto dealer and politician who was a member of the Massachusetts Governor's Council from 1969 to 1989.","title":"Herb Connolly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brookline, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PublicOfficers-1"},{"link_name":"Wentworth Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"European theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-2"}],"text":"Connolly was born on February 28, 1922, in Brookline, Massachusetts. He attended Boston Public Schools and graduated from Boston University.[1] After graduation, Connolly worked as an instructor at the Wentworth Institute. During World War II he served in the United States Army in the European theater.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Framingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framingham,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-2"}],"text":"After the war, Connolly joined his family's auto business in Brighton, then called Herb Connolly Buick. In 1974, the business moved to Framingham. He also established Herb Connolly Acura in Framingham.[2]","title":"Business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election,_1962"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Francis X. Belotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_X._Belotti"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Endicott Peabody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endicott_Peabody"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-2"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election,_1966"},{"link_name":"Joseph E. 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Belotti 57% to 43% in the Democratic primary.[3] After the loss, Connolly served as a secretary to Governor Endicott Peabody.[2] He ran for Lieutenant Governor a second time in 1966, but once again lost the in primary, this time to Joseph E. McGuire 55% to 45%.[4]In 1968, Connolly was elected to the Massachusetts Governor's Council.[2] In 1988 he lost the Democratic primary to Lowell City Councilor Robert B. Kennedy by one vote - 14,716 to 14,715. At the time of his defeat, Connolly's residency was being challenged by Republican candidate Jody Dow. The address Connolly used on the ballot was a Newton home that he had sold in May 1981. He insisted that he had kept an apartment at the Newton home and used it as his voting address. He and his family moved to a smaller house in Framingham in the early 1980s when car sales dipped. Framingham was not in Connolly's district.[5] Connolly would later admit that he had not voted for himself because he was busy campaigning and did not get to the polls until after they had closed.[6][7][8][9]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-2"},{"link_name":"United Cerebral Palsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Cerebral_Palsy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-2"}],"text":"Connolly was married to Mary Uhl. They had had three sons.[2]Connolly was active in many charitable organizations. For 25 years he was president of United Cerebral Palsy of Greater Boston. He also served as a director of the Massachusetts Cancer Control Clinic, the Kennedy Memorial Hospital, the Denver Jewish Hospital, Massachusetts Association of the Blind, the Massachusetts Kidney Foundation, the Children's Asthma Research Institute, and the Massachusetts Chamber of Commerce.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-2"}],"text":"Connolly died on April 8, 1995, at his home in Framingham.[2]","title":"Death"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts 1987-1988.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/publicofficersof19871988bost#page/30/mode/2up","url_text":"Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts 1987-1988"}]},{"reference":"\"Herbert L. Connolly, car dealer was executive councilor; at 73\". The Boston Globe. 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Retrieved December 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2004&dat=19881002&id=YrUiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7rQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4344,531591","url_text":"\"A Strange Story\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/publicofficersof19871988bost#page/30/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts 1987-1988"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/electionstatisti19651966mass#page/136/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Election Statistics"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/03/us/candidate-is-culprit-in-1-vote-loss.html","external_links_name":"\"Candidate Is Culprit in 1-Vote Loss\""},{"Link":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/19131/CANDIDATE-LOSES-ELECTION-BY-ONLY-1-VOTE--HIS-OWN.html","external_links_name":"\"Candidate Loses by One Vote - His Own\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19881003&id=vBImAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ePsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4609,834957","external_links_name":"\"Man loses election by 1 vote, his own\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2004&dat=19881002&id=YrUiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7rQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4344,531591","external_links_name":"\"A Strange Story\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anachronism_Tango | Man discography | ["1 Contemporary albums","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 Live albums","2 Archive albums","3 Compilation albums","4 Tribute album","5 References"] | A discography of the Welsh rock band Man.
Contemporary albums
This includes studio albums and those live albums that were released contemporaneously. For live albums that were issued much later, see Archive albums below. The 2007/2008 re-issues were remastered, and included bonus tracks and/or bonus CDs.
Studio albums
Year
Title
UK Chart Peak
Label, Cat.No.
Musicians
1969
Revelation
Pye
Micky Jones, Deke Leonard, Ray Williams, Jeff Jones, Clive John
1969
2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle
Dawn
Jones, Leonard, R Williams, Jones, John
1971
Man
Liberty
Jones, Leonard, Martin Ace, Terry Williams, John
1971
Do You Like It Here Now, Are You Settling In?
United Artists
Jones, Leonard, M.Ace, T.Williams, John
1972
Be Good to Yourself at Least Once a Day
United Artists
Jones, Will Youatt, T.Williams, Phil Ryan, John
1973
Back into the Future
23
United Artists
Jones, Tweke Lewis, Will Youatt, T.Williams, Ryan
1974
Rhinos, Winos and Lunatics
24
United Artists
Jones, Leonard, Ken Whaley, T.Williams, Malcolm Morley
1974
Slow Motion
United Artists
Jones, Leonard, Whaley, T.Williams
1976
The Welsh Connection
40
MCA
Jones, Leonard, McKenzie, T.Williams, Ryan
1992
The Twang Dynasty
Road Goes On Forever
Jones, Leonard, M.Ace, John Weathers
1995
Call Down the Moon
Hypertension HYCD 200 154
Jones, Leonard, M.Ace, Weathers
2000
Endangered Species
Evangeline GEL 4001
Jones, Leonard, M.Ace, Bob Richards, Ryan
2002
Undrugged
Point PNTVP 121CD
Jones, Leonard, M.Ace, T.Williams, Richards, Gareth Llewellyn Thorrington
2006
Diamonds and Coal
Point PNTVP 134 CD
George Jones, Josh Ace, M.Ace, Richards, Thorrington
2009
Kingdom of Noise
Point PNTVP 135 CD
J.Ace, James Beck, M.Ace, Rene Robrahn, Ryan
2015
Reanimated Memories
Cherry Red EANTCD1046
J.Ace, James Beck, M.Ace, Robrahn, Ryan
2019
Anachronism Tango
Point PNTGZ109 CD
J.Ace, James Beck, M.Ace, Robrahn
Live albums
Year
Title
UK Chart Peak
Label, Cat.No.
Musicians
1972
Greasy Truckers Party
United Artists UDX 203/4
Jones, Leonard, M.Ace, T.Williams
1972
Live at the Padget Rooms, Penarth
United Artists USP1000
Jones, Leonard, M.Ace, T.Williams
1973
Christmas at the Patti
United Artists
Jones, Will Youatt, T.Williams, Ryan, John with Dave Edmunds, Stan Pfeiffer
1973
Back into the Future
23
United Artists
Jones, Lewis, W.Youatt, T.Williams, Ryan
1975
Maximum Darkness
25
United Artists
Jones, Leonard, M.Ace, T.Williams, John Cipollina
1977
All's Well That Ends Well
MCA MCF2815
Jones, Leonard, McKenzie, T.Williams, Ryan
1984
Friday 13th
Jones, Leonard, M.Ace, Weathers
1998
1998 at the Star Club
LC5768/LD5768
Jones, Leonard, M.Ace, Richards, Ryan
2002
Down Town Live
Altrichter Music AM 310559
Jones, Leonard, M.Ace, Richards
Archive albums
These Man albums were compiled and released retrospectively from previously unissued archive tapes.
Some were issued as bootlegs, before being "ripped off" by the band and issued officially.
Greasy Truckers Party (Recorded 1972) CD (1997) Point PNTVP104CD
Micky Jones, Deke Leonard, Martin Ace, Terry Williams (the 2 Man tracks from the various-artists Greasy Truckers Party)
To Live For To Die (Recorded 1970) CD issued as The Honest One (1992) CD (1997) Point PNTVP108CD
Micky Jones, Deke Leonard, Martin Ace, Terry Williams, Clive John
Live At The Rainbow 1972 CD (1998) Point EAMCD060
Micky Jones, Clive John, Will Youatt, Terry Williams, Phil Ryan
The 1999 Party Tour (Recorded 1974) CD (1998) Point EAMCD069
Micky Jones, Deke Leonard, Malcolm Morley, Ken Whaley, Terry Williams (Morley is credited in the booklet, but not on the back cover)
Live In London 1975 CD (1998) Eagle Records EAMCD061
Micky Jones, Deke Leonard, Ken Whaley, Terry Williams
Live At Reading '83 (Recorded 1983) CD (1993) Raw Fruit FRSCD 010
Micky Jones, Deke Leonard, Martin Ace, John Weathers
The Official Bootleg (Recorded 1994) CD (June 2001) Point PNTVP109CD
Micky Jones, Deke Leonard, Martin Ace, John Weathers
Live at Crosskeys Institute 25th May 1984: Official Bootleg Series, Vol 1 CD - Effigy Music
Micky Jones, Deke Leonard, Martin Ace, John Weathers
Live at the Keystone Berkeley, 9th August 1976: Official Bootleg Series, Vol 2 Double CD - Effigy Music
Micky Jones, Deke Leonard, John McKenzie, Terry Williams, Phil Ryan + John Cippolina on 4 tracks
Live at Hebden Bridge Trades Club 11th December 2004: Official Bootleg Series, Vol 3 CD - Effigy Music
Micky Jones, George Jones, Martin Ace, Bob Richards, Gareth Thorrington
Compilation albums
Golden Hour Of Man Golden Hour Records LP (1973)
Album on the Pye Golden Hour series: tracks from Revelation and 2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle
Green Fly Cherry Red Records LP (1986) D Late 1
Double LP with 11 Tracks from Be Good to Yourself..., Back into the Future, Rhinos, Winos and Lunatics, Slow Motion, and Maximum Darkness
Perfect Timing - The U.A. Years EMI LP (1991) 7 96542 1 CD (1991) CDP 7 96542 2 / CDEMS 1403
12 Tracks (11 studio & 1 live) from Man, Do You Like It Here Now..., Be Good to Yourself..., Back into the Future, Rhinos, Winos and Lunatics, Slow Motion, and Maximum Darkness
The Dawn Of Man CD (1997) Recall SMD CD 124
All of Revelation and 2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle plus the bonus singles
The Definitive Collection CD (1998) Castle CCSCD 832
All of Revelation and 2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle plus the Bystanders singles
3 Decades Of Man CD (2000) Point EAMCD099
From:- Do You Like It …? 1999 Party, Live In London, Welsh Connection, All’s Well…, Friday 13th, Twang Dynasty, and Live Official Bootleg
Rare Man CD (June 2001) Point PNTVP120CD
Singles, cassette-only tracks, outtakes etc.
Man Alive CD (2003) Snapper Music SMDCD 478
From:- Greasy Truckers, Rainbow 1972, 1999 Party, BBC In Concert, All’s Well…, Friday 13th, and Glastonbury 1994
And In The Beginning (The Complete Early Man 1968-69) Double CD (December 2004) Castle Music CCDCD 921
All of Revelation and 2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle, the Pye singles, and 2 unreleased tracks from the 2 Ozs... session
Keep On Crinting (The Liberty/UA Years Anthology 1971-1975) Double CD (2006) EMI 94636066028
Album selections from Man through Slow Motion, plus live version of "The Storm" and the single "I'm Dreaming"
Sixty Minutes With Man CD (April 2007) Voiceprint VP6001CD
From:- Man, Do You Like It...?, Twang Dynasty, Call Down The Moon, "Diamonds & Coal & Bananas" single
Tribute album
Man We're Glad We Know You (2000) Pete Gifford Records PGRSCD
References
^ a b "UK Official Charts".
vteMan
Martin Ace
Josh Ace
James Beck
Shane Dixon
Malcolm Morley
John Cipollina
Clive John
George Jones
Jeff Jones
Micky Jones
Deke Leonard
Tweke Lewis
John McKenzie
Rick Martinez
Bob Richards
Rene Robrahn
Phil Ryan
Gareth Llewellyn Thorrington
John Weathers
Ken Whaley
Ray Williams
Terry Williams
Will Youatt
Studio albums
Revelation
2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle
Man
Do You Like It Here Now, Are You Settling In?
Be Good to Yourself at Least Once a Day
Back into the Future
Rhinos, Winos and Lunatics
Slow Motion
The Welsh Connection
The Twang Dynasty
Call Down the Moon
Endangered Species
Undrugged
Diamonds and Coal
Kingdom of Noise
Reanimated Memories
Anachronism Tango
Live albums
Greasy Truckers Party
Live at the Padget Rooms, Penarth
Christmas at the Patti
Back into the Future
Maximum Darkness
All's Well That Ends Well
Friday 13th
1998 at the Star Club
Down Town Live
Related articles
Discography | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Man discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archive albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Archive_albums"}],"text":"This includes studio albums and those live albums that were released contemporaneously. For live albums that were issued much later, see Archive albums below. The 2007/2008 re-issues were remastered, and included bonus tracks and/or bonus CDs.","title":"Contemporary albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Contemporary albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Live albums","title":"Contemporary albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malcolm Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Morley_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Eagle Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Records"},{"link_name":"Raw Fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_Fruit_Records"},{"link_name":"Effigy Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effigy_Music&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"These Man albums were compiled and released retrospectively from previously unissued archive tapes.\nSome were issued as bootlegs, before being \"ripped off\" by the band and issued officially.Greasy Truckers Party (Recorded 1972) CD (1997) Point PNTVP104CDMicky Jones, Deke Leonard, Martin Ace, Terry Williams (the 2 Man tracks from the various-artists Greasy Truckers Party)To Live For To Die (Recorded 1970) CD issued as The Honest One (1992) CD (1997) Point PNTVP108CDMicky Jones, Deke Leonard, Martin Ace, Terry Williams, Clive JohnLive At The Rainbow 1972 CD (1998) Point EAMCD060Micky Jones, Clive John, Will Youatt, Terry Williams, Phil RyanThe 1999 Party Tour (Recorded 1974) CD (1998) Point EAMCD069Micky Jones, Deke Leonard, Malcolm Morley, Ken Whaley, Terry Williams (Morley is credited in the booklet, but not on the back cover)Live In London 1975 CD (1998) Eagle Records EAMCD061Micky Jones, Deke Leonard, Ken Whaley, Terry WilliamsLive At Reading '83 (Recorded 1983) CD (1993) Raw Fruit FRSCD 010Micky Jones, Deke Leonard, Martin Ace, John WeathersThe Official Bootleg (Recorded 1994) CD (June 2001) Point PNTVP109CDMicky Jones, Deke Leonard, Martin Ace, John WeathersLive at Crosskeys Institute 25th May 1984: Official Bootleg Series, Vol 1 CD - Effigy MusicMicky Jones, Deke Leonard, Martin Ace, John WeathersLive at the Keystone Berkeley, 9th August 1976: Official Bootleg Series, Vol 2 Double CD - Effigy MusicMicky Jones, Deke Leonard, John McKenzie, Terry Williams, Phil Ryan + John Cippolina on 4 tracksLive at Hebden Bridge Trades Club 11th December 2004: Official Bootleg Series, Vol 3 CD - Effigy MusicMicky Jones, George Jones, Martin Ace, Bob Richards, Gareth Thorrington","title":"Archive albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden Hour Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Hour_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cherry Red Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Red_Records"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Records"},{"link_name":"Recall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recall_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Records"},{"link_name":"Snapper Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapper_Music"},{"link_name":"Voiceprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceprint_Records"}],"text":"Golden Hour Of Man Golden Hour Records LP (1973)Album on the Pye Golden Hour series: tracks from Revelation and 2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the MiddleGreen Fly Cherry Red Records LP (1986) D Late 1Double LP with 11 Tracks from Be Good to Yourself..., Back into the Future, Rhinos, Winos and Lunatics, Slow Motion, and Maximum DarknessPerfect Timing - The U.A. Years EMI LP (1991) 7 96542 1 CD (1991) CDP 7 96542 2 / CDEMS 140312 Tracks (11 studio & 1 live) from Man, Do You Like It Here Now..., Be Good to Yourself..., Back into the Future, Rhinos, Winos and Lunatics, Slow Motion, and Maximum DarknessThe Dawn Of Man CD (1997) Recall SMD CD 124All of Revelation and 2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle plus the bonus singlesThe Definitive Collection CD (1998) Castle CCSCD 832All of Revelation and 2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle plus the Bystanders singles3 Decades Of Man CD (2000) Point EAMCD099From:- Do You Like It …? 1999 Party, Live In London, Welsh Connection, All’s Well…, Friday 13th, Twang Dynasty, and Live Official BootlegRare Man CD (June 2001) Point PNTVP120CDSingles, cassette-only tracks, outtakes etc.Man Alive CD (2003) Snapper Music SMDCD 478From:- Greasy Truckers, Rainbow 1972, 1999 Party, BBC In Concert, All’s Well…, Friday 13th, and Glastonbury 1994And In The Beginning (The Complete Early Man 1968-69) Double CD (December 2004) Castle Music CCDCD 921All of Revelation and 2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle, the Pye singles, and 2 unreleased tracks from the 2 Ozs... sessionKeep On Crinting (The Liberty/UA Years Anthology 1971-1975) Double CD (2006) EMI 94636066028Album selections from Man through Slow Motion, plus live version of \"The Storm\" and the single \"I'm Dreaming\"Sixty Minutes With Man CD (April 2007) Voiceprint VP6001CDFrom:- Man, Do You Like It...?, Twang Dynasty, Call Down The Moon, \"Diamonds & Coal & Bananas\" single","title":"Compilation albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pete Gifford Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete_Gifford&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Man We're Glad We Know You (2000) Pete Gifford Records PGRSCD","title":"Tribute album"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"UK Official Charts\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/2858/man/","url_text":"\"UK Official Charts\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/2858/man/","external_links_name":"\"UK Official Charts\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enraged_Musician | The Enraged Musician | ["1 Background","2 Picture","3 Variations","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"] | The Enraged MusicianArtistWilliam HogarthYear1741
The Enraged Musician is a 1741 etching and engraving by English artist William Hogarth which depicts a comic scene of a violinist driven to distraction by the cacophony outside his window. It was issued as companion piece to the third state of his print of The Distrest Poet.
Background
In November 1740, Hogarth advertised his intention to issue a three-image set: The Provok'd Musician, The Distrest Poet, and a third image on the subject of "Painting". The third image was never completed, and the two other prints were issued together in November 1741. The engraving appears to be based on an oil sketch held in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, though there are some differences between the monochrome sketch and the engraving.
Picture
The image is ostensibly a purely comic scene. While the violinist attempts to rehearse, the noisiest inhabitants of London pass by his window. On the far left a squawking parrot perches above a pregnant ballad-seller singing "The Ladies' Fall" while holding her bawling baby. A young girl holding a ratchet looks with amazement at a boy urinating below the musician's window (this is an often repeated image in Hogarth's work: similar scenes can be seen in The March to Finchley and in his illustrations for Hudibras and may be a reference to John Gay's "Trivia"). The boy has a cord tied round his waist attached to a trailing slate which would clatter along the ground as he ran. In the centre of the picture a young milk-seller calling her wares provides the real focus of the picture; though set back more from the viewer than some of the subjects, she appears larger than the children and the crouching figure of the cutler. She balances a large pail of milk on her head and is the only subject that looks out at the viewer. This, combined with the large expanse of white apron, draws the viewer's eye towards her. Ronald Paulson, the modern authority on Hogarth, suggests that she is singing and that her beauty and grace—she delicately lifts her skirt to avoid dragging it through the boy's urine—mark her out as the only natural musician in the scene; while the other inhabitants of the street produce discordant notes, the music of the violinist would be no better, because he has restricted himself by his studies and by removing himself from nature. He covers his ears to block out the cacophony of the street noise, but at the same time he denies himself the sweet music of the milkmaid's voice.
John Savage's etching of Marcellus Laroon's (c.1688) The Merry Milk Maid. Images of the Cryes genre may have been a target of Hogarth's satire; Laroon's The Cryes of the City of London was the most popular series of this type during Hogarth's lifetime.
The milkmaid is flanked on either side by street musicians: to her right a man plays a hautboy, metaphorically thumbing his nose at the violinist; and to her left a small boy beats a drum. Behind the milkmaid, a paviour beats the ground with a heavy rammer. In the lower right-hand corner a dog barks at the racket created by a knife-grinder sharpening a cleaver. Behind these characters, a host of street vendors noisily announce their services: a dustman with a basket on his back rings a handbell, a sow-gelder blows a horn, and a fishmonger cups his hand to his mouth as he shouts. In the distance there is a hint of yet more noise. A church—traditionally identified as St Martin-in-the-Fields yet closer in form to St Giles-in-the-Fields—flies a flag, suggesting perhaps an important event during which bells would be rung. The building to the right is the works of pewterer John Long, from which would issue a constant ring of hammers, and on its roof two hissing cats with arched backs prepare to fight. Appearing from the chimney is a sweep who may be calling to an unseen colleague that his work is done. In the lower left corner some loose bricks—suggestive of building works out of view—have been piled up (no doubt noisily) into a little house. The long-nosed violinist framed in the open window clamps his hands to ears in frustration.
While the image entertains purely by the number of references to noisy activities crammed into the scene, the play-bill for Gay's The Beggar's Opera, prominently displayed on the wall next to the musician's window, hints at developments in British music at the time. The Beggar's Opera had enjoyed extraordinary success and had caused, or at least coincided with, a shift in the taste of audiences away from Italian opera and towards "British" music and homegrown culture. Hogarth was an enthusiastic supporter of the change in public tastes. He had mocked the vogue for continental fashions in many of his works (A Rake's Progress and Marriage à-la-mode both have scenes dedicated to the foolishness of the Levée, and, in 1724, even before The Beggar's Opera, in the earliest of his self-published satirical prints The Bad Taste of the Town Hogarth mocked the fashion for Italian opera and Italian opera singers). The play-bill here is anachronistic as it advertises the play with the original 1728 cast. The musician's identity has never been satisfactorily established. He is identified as an Italian both by Jean André Rouquet, whose French notes on the prints were approved by Hogarth, and by John Trusler who claimed Hogarth's widow's approval for his Hogarth Moralized. He has been variously identified as a number of foreign musicians of the time, including "Corvetto, well known by the name of Nosee" (probably Giacobbe Cervetto, often caricaturized for his large nose), and Pietro Castrucci, the leader of Handel's orchestra. Handel had noted the shift in public taste himself, and from the 1730s he composed more English oratorio and theatre works, including the setting the works of Milton, Dryden and Congreve to music. Hogarth, as well as comically juxtaposing high and low culture, could be suggesting that a foreign tradition is being silenced by a burgeoning sense of Britishness. This may have been an afterthought though, as the playbill was not present in the earliest impressions, and the hautboy player and paver are usually respectively identified as Jewish and Irish, while the drummer boy is dressed in the same fashion as the young Huguenot leaving the church in Noon, the second scene of Hogarth's Four Times of the Day. The musician has also been identified as John Festin (mistakenly rendered as Foster in some accounts), a teacher of the flute and hautboy, by Hogarth's friend and biographer John Ireland and later by the commentator John Trusler. The story Festin told Hogarth obviously provided the inspiration for at least part of the scene:
I once waited upon my lord Spencer, but his lordship being out of town, from him I went to Mr. V——n. It was so early that he was not arisen. I went into his chamber, and, opening a shutter, sat down in the window-seat. Before the rails was a fellow playing upon the hautboy. A man with a barrow full of onions offered the piper an onion if he would play him a tune. That ended, he offered a second onion for a second tune; the same for a third, and was going on: but this was too much; I could not bear it; it angered my very soul—'Zounds!' said I, 'stop here! This fellow is ridiculing my profession; he is playing on the hautboy for onions!'
The hautboy player has similarly defied identification. Charles Frederick Weideman, a leading London flautist, who had played the oboe earlier in his career, has been suggested as the flautist seen playing in plate 4 of Marriage à-la-mode, and in The Enraged Musician: Hogarth's Musical Imagery, Jeremy Barlow claims that he and the hautboy player are one and the same.
The presence of many street traders may also satirise Marcellus Laroon's much-copied 17th-century prints of The Cryes of the City of London and more recent images by Hogarth's rival, Giacomo Amiconi.
Variations
The early trial was not as crowded or, by extension, as noisy, as the issued print. The character of the drummer boy was most changed between versions, but other subjects also underwent alterations, and more features were added.
An early trial impression was missing the church steeple, cats, the man blowing the horn and the play-bill. In this version the dustman was missing his nose (a sign that he was syphilitic), a doll was placed in the model brick house in the foreground, and the drummer boy sported a Grenadier's cap. The drummer was handsome and had turned to look towards the little girl. By the time the print was issued this suggestion of a domestic theme with the boy, girl, and house with "child" had been removed. The boy had his cap removed and his handsome face turned away from the girl and replaced by features which Charles Lamb described as "idiotic". The doll was removed and the girl given a rattle to add to the image of pure noise. Later copies featured a black horse in place of the white horse ridden by the horn blower and showed cross-hatching on the sleeves of the ballad-seller and the play-bill. Later impressions also made the dog and grinder darker, while lightening the cap of the sow-gelder.
See also
List of works by William Hogarth
Notes
^ "The Enraged Musician". Tate. Retrieved 7 January 2008.
^ Paulson p.145
^ Paulson p.115
^ Barlow p.200
^ a b Hallett p.138
^ Barlow p.201
^ a b c Hogarth p.209
^ Trusler p.64
^ Barlow p.204
^ Paulson. p.116
^ Hogarth p.210
References
Barlow, Jeremy (2005). The Enraged Musician: Hogarth's Musical Imagery. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 184014615X.
Hallett, Mark; Riding, Christine (2006). Hogarth. Tate Publishing. ISBN 1854376624.
Hogarth, William (1833). "Remarks on various prints". Anecdotes of William Hogarth, Written by Himself: With Essays on His Life and Genius, and Criticisms on his Work. J.B. Nichols and Son. p. 416.
Paulson, Ronald (1992). Hogarth: High Art and Low, 1732–50 Vol 2. Lutterworth Press. p. 508. ISBN 0718828550.
Trusler, John (1833). The Works of William Hogarth. London: Jones and Co. p. 119.
vteWilliam HogarthPrints
List of works
Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme (1721)
The Bad Taste of the Town (1724)
A Just View of the British Stage (1724)
Before and After (1736)
The Company of Undertakers (1736)
Strolling Actresses Dressing in a Barn (1738)
The Distrest Poet (1741)
The Enraged Musician (1741)
Characters and Caricaturas (1743)
Industry and Idleness (1747)
Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751)
The Four Stages of Cruelty (1751)
Columbus Breaking the Egg (1752)
Satire on False Perspective (1754)
Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism (1761)
Five Orders of Periwigs (1761)
John Wilkes Esq. (1763)
Paintings
The Assembly at Wanstead House (c. 1728–1732)
Before and After (1730–31)
A Harlot's Progress (1731)
A Rake's Progress (1732–33, The Tavern Scene)
Scene from Shakespeare's The Tempest (c.1735)
Four Times of the Day (1736)
The Distrest Poet (1736)
The Shrimp Girl (c.1740)
Portrait of Captain Thomas Coram (1740)
Taste in High Life (1742)
The Graham Children (1742)
Captain Lord George Graham in his Cabin (1745)
David Garrick as Richard III (1745)
Painter and his Pug (1745)
The Gate of Calais (1748)
Hogarth's Servants (c.1750)
The March of the Guards to Finchley (1750)
Humours of an Election (1755)
Sealing the Tomb (1755)
Hogarth Painting the Comic Muse (1757)
The Bench (1758)
The Lady's Last Stake (1759)
Sigismunda mourning over the Heart of Guiscardo (1759)
Marriage A-la-Mode (1745)
The Marriage Settlement
The Tête à Tête
The Inspection
The Toilette
The Bagnio
The Lady's Death
Books
The Analysis of Beauty (1753)
Theories
Line of beauty
Museums
Hogarth's House
Related
Trump
Sarah Malcolm
Hogarth Club
Mary Edwards (Patron) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"etching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching"},{"link_name":"engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving"},{"link_name":"William Hogarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hogarth"},{"link_name":"The Distrest Poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Distrest_Poet"}],"text":"The Enraged Musician is a 1741 etching and engraving by English artist William Hogarth which depicts a comic scene of a violinist driven to distraction by the cacophony outside his window. It was issued as companion piece to the third state of his print of The Distrest Poet.","title":"The Enraged Musician"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Distrest Poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Distrest_Poet"},{"link_name":"Ashmolean Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In November 1740, Hogarth advertised his intention to issue a three-image set: The Provok'd Musician, The Distrest Poet, and a third image on the subject of \"Painting\". The third image was never completed, and the two other prints were issued together in November 1741. The engraving appears to be based on an oil sketch held in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, though there are some differences between the monochrome sketch and the engraving.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ratchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchet_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"urinating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination"},{"link_name":"The March to Finchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_March_to_Finchley"},{"link_name":"Hudibras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudibras"},{"link_name":"John Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gay"},{"link_name":"Trivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivia_(poem)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ronald Paulson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Paulson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laroon_the_merry_milk_maid.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Savage_(engraver)"},{"link_name":"Marcellus Laroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellus_Laroon"},{"link_name":"hautboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"fishmonger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishmonger"},{"link_name":"St Martin-in-the-Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields"},{"link_name":"St Giles-in-the-Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles-in-the-Fields"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hallett-5"},{"link_name":"The Beggar's Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beggar%27s_Opera"},{"link_name":"A Rake's Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Rake%27s_Progress"},{"link_name":"Marriage à-la-mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_%C3%A0-la-mode_(Hogarth)"},{"link_name":"Levée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"The Bad Taste of the Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bad_Taste_of_the_Town"},{"link_name":"John Trusler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Trusler"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hogarth-7"},{"link_name":"Giacobbe Cervetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacobbe_Cervetto"},{"link_name":"Pietro Castrucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Castrucci"},{"link_name":"Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel"},{"link_name":"Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton"},{"link_name":"Dryden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dryden"},{"link_name":"Congreve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Congreve_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hallett-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hogarth-7"},{"link_name":"Huguenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot"},{"link_name":"Four Times of the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Times_of_the_Day"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Marriage à-la-mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_%C3%A0-la-mode_(Hogarth)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Marcellus Laroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellus_Laroon"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Amiconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Amiconi"}],"text":"The image is ostensibly a purely comic scene. While the violinist attempts to rehearse, the noisiest inhabitants of London pass by his window. On the far left a squawking parrot perches above a pregnant ballad-seller singing \"The Ladies' Fall\" while holding her bawling baby. A young girl holding a ratchet looks with amazement at a boy urinating below the musician's window (this is an often repeated image in Hogarth's work: similar scenes can be seen in The March to Finchley and in his illustrations for Hudibras and may be a reference to John Gay's \"Trivia\").[2] The boy has a cord tied round his waist attached to a trailing slate which would clatter along the ground as he ran. In the centre of the picture a young milk-seller calling her wares provides the real focus of the picture; though set back more from the viewer than some of the subjects, she appears larger than the children and the crouching figure of the cutler. She balances a large pail of milk on her head and is the only subject that looks out at the viewer. This, combined with the large expanse of white apron, draws the viewer's eye towards her. Ronald Paulson, the modern authority on Hogarth, suggests that she is singing and that her beauty and grace—she delicately lifts her skirt to avoid dragging it through the boy's urine—mark her out as the only natural musician in the scene; while the other inhabitants of the street produce discordant notes, the music of the violinist would be no better, because he has restricted himself by his studies and by removing himself from nature. He covers his ears to block out the cacophony of the street noise, but at the same time he denies himself the sweet music of the milkmaid's voice.[3]John Savage's etching of Marcellus Laroon's (c.1688) The Merry Milk Maid. Images of the Cryes genre may have been a target of Hogarth's satire; Laroon's The Cryes of the City of London was the most popular series of this type during Hogarth's lifetime.The milkmaid is flanked on either side by street musicians: to her right a man plays a hautboy, metaphorically thumbing his nose at the violinist; and to her left a small boy beats a drum. Behind the milkmaid, a paviour beats the ground with a heavy rammer. In the lower right-hand corner a dog barks at the racket created by a knife-grinder sharpening a cleaver. Behind these characters, a host of street vendors noisily announce their services: a dustman with a basket on his back rings a handbell, a sow-gelder blows a horn, and a fishmonger cups his hand to his mouth as he shouts. In the distance there is a hint of yet more noise. A church—traditionally identified as St Martin-in-the-Fields yet closer in form to St Giles-in-the-Fields[4]—flies a flag, suggesting perhaps an important event during which bells would be rung. The building to the right is the works of pewterer John Long, from which would issue a constant ring of hammers, and on its roof two hissing cats with arched backs prepare to fight. Appearing from the chimney is a sweep who may be calling to an unseen colleague that his work is done. In the lower left corner some loose bricks—suggestive of building works out of view—have been piled up (no doubt noisily) into a little house. The long-nosed violinist framed in the open window clamps his hands to ears in frustration.[5]While the image entertains purely by the number of references to noisy activities crammed into the scene, the play-bill for Gay's The Beggar's Opera, prominently displayed on the wall next to the musician's window, hints at developments in British music at the time. The Beggar's Opera had enjoyed extraordinary success and had caused, or at least coincided with, a shift in the taste of audiences away from Italian opera and towards \"British\" music and homegrown culture. Hogarth was an enthusiastic supporter of the change in public tastes. He had mocked the vogue for continental fashions in many of his works (A Rake's Progress and Marriage à-la-mode both have scenes dedicated to the foolishness of the Levée, and, in 1724, even before The Beggar's Opera, in the earliest of his self-published satirical prints The Bad Taste of the Town Hogarth mocked the fashion for Italian opera and Italian opera singers). The play-bill here is anachronistic as it advertises the play with the original 1728 cast. The musician's identity has never been satisfactorily established. He is identified as an Italian both by Jean André Rouquet, whose French notes on the prints were approved by Hogarth, and by John Trusler who claimed Hogarth's widow's approval for his Hogarth Moralized.[6] He has been variously identified as a number of foreign musicians of the time, including \"Corvetto, well known by the name of Nosee\"[7] (probably Giacobbe Cervetto, often caricaturized for his large nose), and Pietro Castrucci, the leader of Handel's orchestra. Handel had noted the shift in public taste himself, and from the 1730s he composed more English oratorio and theatre works, including the setting the works of Milton, Dryden and Congreve to music.[5][7] Hogarth, as well as comically juxtaposing high and low culture, could be suggesting that a foreign tradition is being silenced by a burgeoning sense of Britishness. This may have been an afterthought though, as the playbill was not present in the earliest impressions, and the hautboy player and paver are usually respectively identified as Jewish and Irish, while the drummer boy is dressed in the same fashion as the young Huguenot leaving the church in Noon, the second scene of Hogarth's Four Times of the Day. The musician has also been identified as John Festin (mistakenly rendered as Foster in some accounts), a teacher of the flute and hautboy, by Hogarth's friend and biographer John Ireland and later by the commentator John Trusler. The story Festin told Hogarth obviously provided the inspiration for at least part of the scene:I once waited upon my lord Spencer, but his lordship being out of town, from him I went to Mr. V——n. It was so early that he was not arisen. I went into his chamber, and, opening a shutter, sat down in the window-seat. Before the rails was a fellow playing upon the hautboy. A man with a barrow full of onions offered the piper an onion if he would play him a tune. That ended, he offered a second onion for a second tune; the same for a third, and was going on: but this was too much; I could not bear it; it angered my very soul—'Zounds!' said I, 'stop here! This fellow is ridiculing my profession; he is playing on the hautboy for onions!'[8]The hautboy player has similarly defied identification. Charles Frederick Weideman, a leading London flautist, who had played the oboe earlier in his career, has been suggested as the flautist seen playing in plate 4 of Marriage à-la-mode, and in The Enraged Musician: Hogarth's Musical Imagery, Jeremy Barlow claims that he and the hautboy player are one and the same.[9]\nThe presence of many street traders may also satirise Marcellus Laroon's much-copied 17th-century prints of The Cryes of the City of London and more recent images by Hogarth's rival, Giacomo Amiconi.","title":"Picture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enragedmusician_trial.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lamb_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hogarth-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hogarth2-11"}],"text":"The early trial was not as crowded or, by extension, as noisy, as the issued print. The character of the drummer boy was most changed between versions, but other subjects also underwent alterations, and more features were added.An early trial impression was missing the church steeple, cats, the man blowing the horn and the play-bill. In this version the dustman was missing his nose (a sign that he was syphilitic), a doll was placed in the model brick house in the foreground, and the drummer boy sported a Grenadier's cap. The drummer was handsome and had turned to look towards the little girl. By the time the print was issued this suggestion of a domestic theme with the boy, girl, and house with \"child\" had been removed. The boy had his cap removed and his handsome face turned away from the girl and replaced by features which Charles Lamb described as \"idiotic\".[7] The doll was removed and the girl given a rattle to add to the image of pure noise.[10] Later copies featured a black horse in place of the white horse ridden by the horn blower and showed cross-hatching on the sleeves of the ballad-seller and the play-bill. Later impressions also made the dog and grinder darker, while lightening the cap of the sow-gelder.[11]","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Enraged Musician\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999961&workid=6634&searchid=10433&tabview=text"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hallett_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hallett_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hogarth_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hogarth_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hogarth_7-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hogarth2_11-0"}],"text":"^ \"The Enraged Musician\". Tate. Retrieved 7 January 2008.\n\n^ Paulson p.145\n\n^ Paulson p.115\n\n^ Barlow p.200\n\n^ a b Hallett p.138\n\n^ Barlow p.201\n\n^ a b c Hogarth p.209\n\n^ Trusler p.64\n\n^ Barlow p.204\n\n^ Paulson. p.116\n\n^ Hogarth p.210","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"John Savage's etching of Marcellus Laroon's (c.1688) The Merry Milk Maid. Images of the Cryes genre may have been a target of Hogarth's satire; Laroon's The Cryes of the City of London was the most popular series of this type during Hogarth's lifetime.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Laroon_the_merry_milk_maid.jpg/220px-Laroon_the_merry_milk_maid.jpg"},{"image_text":"The early trial was not as crowded or, by extension, as noisy, as the issued print. The character of the drummer boy was most changed between versions, but other subjects also underwent alterations, and more features were added.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Enragedmusician_trial.jpg/220px-Enragedmusician_trial.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of works by William Hogarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_William_Hogarth"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Enraged Musician\". Tate. Retrieved 7 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999961&workid=6634&searchid=10433&tabview=text","url_text":"\"The Enraged Musician\""}]},{"reference":"Barlow, Jeremy (2005). The Enraged Musician: Hogarth's Musical Imagery. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 184014615X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/184014615X","url_text":"184014615X"}]},{"reference":"Hallett, Mark; Riding, Christine (2006). Hogarth. Tate Publishing. ISBN 1854376624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Publishing_Ltd","url_text":"Tate Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1854376624","url_text":"1854376624"}]},{"reference":"Hogarth, William (1833). \"Remarks on various prints\". Anecdotes of William Hogarth, Written by Himself: With Essays on His Life and Genius, and Criticisms on his Work. J.B. Nichols and Son. p. 416.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nwgIAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Anecdotes of William Hogarth, Written by Himself: With Essays on His Life and Genius, and Criticisms on his Work"}]},{"reference":"Paulson, Ronald (1992). Hogarth: High Art and Low, 1732–50 Vol 2. Lutterworth Press. p. 508. ISBN 0718828550.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0718828550","url_text":"0718828550"}]},{"reference":"Trusler, John (1833). The Works of William Hogarth. London: Jones and Co. p. 119.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/workswilliamhog00hogagoog","url_text":"The Works of William Hogarth"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/workswilliamhog00hogagoog/page/n339","url_text":"119"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999961&workid=6634&searchid=10433&tabview=text","external_links_name":"\"The Enraged Musician\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nwgIAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Anecdotes of William Hogarth, Written by Himself: With Essays on His Life and Genius, and Criticisms on his Work"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/workswilliamhog00hogagoog","external_links_name":"The Works of William Hogarth"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/workswilliamhog00hogagoog/page/n339","external_links_name":"119"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_Berkeley | Joanne Berkeley | ["1 Life","2 References"] | Joanne BerkeleyBorn1555/6Beverston CastleDied2 August 1616NationalityKingdom of EnglandOccupationnunKnown forabbess of a Convent in Brussels
Joanne Berkeley (1555/6 – 2 August 1616) was an English abbess of the Convent of the Assumption of Our Blessed Lady, Brussels which was established by and for English Catholic women.
Life
Berkeley was born in Beverston Castle in Gloucestershire. Her parents were Frances (born Poyntz) and Sir John Berkeley.
On 14 September 1580 Berkeley received the Benedictine habit at the French monastery of Saint-Pierre-les-Dames, Reims, in a clothing ceremony that was recorded in some detail. Berkeley spent seventeen years as a nun at Rheims.
In 1598 Mary Percy, desiring to live as a nun in an English community, decided to found an English Benedictine monastery in Brussels. This was the first community of English nuns to be established since the Reformation, but it was followed by over a dozen others within the subsequent few decades. Percy asked Berkeley to join the monastery and lead it.
On 14 November 1599 Mathias Hovius, the third Archbishop of Mechelen, installed Berkeley as the first abbess of the English Benedictine monastery in Brussels. The new convent had been approved by the pope and the local authorities and it was funded by novice nuns, Mary Percy, Dorothy and Gertrude Arundell. Percy who was one of the first nuns.
In 1608 Mary Lovel entered the English Benedictine convent in Brussels, attracting criticism for giving her two children into the care of others in order to do so. Lovel left the community again the following year, as Berkeley sought to limit nuns' access to outside confessors. The abbess first sought to establish a separate house for those nuns who insisted on having Jesuit confessors, but was unable to get the necessary permission. She then decided to ban Jesuit confessors from visiting, which caused Lovel, Elizabeth Knatchbull and Elizabeth Digby to leave the house in protest. After another sister interceded, Knatchbull and Digby returned to the community in 1609, but Lovel did not.
Berkeley died in 1616 and she was succeeded by Mary Percy.
References
^ "Who were the Nuns?". wwtn.history.qmul.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-02-12.
^ a b c d e f "Berkeley, Joanne (1555/6–1616), abbess of the Convent of the Assumption of Our Blessed Lady, Brussels". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/105817. ISBN 9780198614111. Retrieved 2021-02-12. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Catholic Record Society. (Great Britain) (1914). Miscellanea IX. Kelly - University of Toronto. London : Privately printed for the Society at the Mercat Press, Edinburgh. p. 175/6.
^ "Percy, Lady Mary (c. 1570–1642), abbess of the Convent of the Assumption of Our Blessed Lady, Brussels". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/66980. Retrieved 2021-02-12. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Aughterson, Kate (2004-09-23). Arundell, Dorothy (1559/60–1613), author and Benedictine nun. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68019. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"}],"text":"Joanne Berkeley (1555/6 – 2 August 1616) was an English abbess of the Convent of the Assumption of Our Blessed Lady, Brussels which was established by and for English Catholic women.","title":"Joanne Berkeley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beverston Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverston_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joey-2"},{"link_name":"habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_habit#Nuns"},{"link_name":"Saint-Pierre-les-Dames, Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Pierre-les-Dames,_Reims"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mary Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Percy_(abbess)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joey-2"},{"link_name":"Mathias Hovius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathias_Hovius"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joey-2"},{"link_name":"Dorothy and Gertrude Arundell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Arundell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joey-2"},{"link_name":"Mary Lovel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lovel"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Knatchbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Knatchbull"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Digby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Digby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joey-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joey-2"}],"text":"Berkeley was born in Beverston Castle in Gloucestershire.[1] Her parents were Frances (born Poyntz) and Sir John Berkeley.[2]On 14 September 1580 Berkeley received the Benedictine habit at the French monastery of Saint-Pierre-les-Dames, Reims, in a clothing ceremony that was recorded in some detail.[3] Berkeley spent seventeen years as a nun at Rheims.In 1598 Mary Percy, desiring to live as a nun in an English community, decided to found an English Benedictine monastery in Brussels.[4] This was the first community of English nuns to be established since the Reformation, but it was followed by over a dozen others within the subsequent few decades. Percy asked Berkeley to join the monastery and lead it.[2]On 14 November 1599 Mathias Hovius, the third Archbishop of Mechelen, installed Berkeley as the first abbess of the English Benedictine monastery in Brussels. The new convent had been approved by the pope and the local authorities and it was funded by novice nuns, Mary Percy,[2] Dorothy and Gertrude Arundell.[5] Percy who was one of the first nuns.[2]In 1608 Mary Lovel entered the English Benedictine convent in Brussels, attracting criticism for giving her two children into the care of others in order to do so. Lovel left the community again the following year, as Berkeley sought to limit nuns' access to outside confessors. The abbess first sought to establish a separate house for those nuns who insisted on having Jesuit confessors, but was unable to get the necessary permission. She then decided to ban Jesuit confessors from visiting, which caused Lovel, Elizabeth Knatchbull and Elizabeth Digby to leave the house in protest. After another sister interceded, Knatchbull and Digby returned to the community in 1609, but Lovel did not.[2]Berkeley died in 1616 and she was succeeded by Mary Percy.[2]","title":"Life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Who were the Nuns?\". wwtn.history.qmul.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwtn.history.qmul.ac.uk/search/csearch.php?uid="e=no&cid=0&sdate=0&edate=0&occupation=1&loc=","url_text":"\"Who were the Nuns?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Berkeley, Joanne [name in religion Joanna] (1555/6–1616), abbess of the Convent of the Assumption of Our Blessed Lady, Brussels\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/105817. ISBN 9780198614111. Retrieved 2021-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-105817","url_text":"\"Berkeley, Joanne [name in religion Joanna] (1555/6–1616), abbess of the Convent of the Assumption of Our Blessed Lady, Brussels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F105817","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/105817"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198614111","url_text":"9780198614111"}]},{"reference":"Catholic Record Society. (Great Britain) (1914). Miscellanea IX. Kelly - University of Toronto. London : Privately printed for the Society at the Mercat Press, Edinburgh. p. 175/6.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/miscellaneaix14unknuoft","url_text":"Miscellanea IX"}]},{"reference":"\"Percy, Lady Mary (c. 1570–1642), abbess of the Convent of the Assumption of Our Blessed Lady, Brussels\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/66980. Retrieved 2021-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-66980","url_text":"\"Percy, Lady Mary (c. 1570–1642), abbess of the Convent of the Assumption of Our Blessed Lady, Brussels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F66980","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/66980"}]},{"reference":"Aughterson, Kate (2004-09-23). Arundell, Dorothy (1559/60–1613), author and Benedictine nun. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-68019","url_text":"Arundell, Dorothy (1559/60–1613), author and Benedictine nun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F68019","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/68019"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://wwtn.history.qmul.ac.uk/search/csearch.php?uid="e=no&cid=0&sdate=0&edate=0&occupation=1&loc=","external_links_name":"\"Who were the Nuns?\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-105817","external_links_name":"\"Berkeley, Joanne [name in religion Joanna] (1555/6–1616), abbess of the Convent of the Assumption of Our Blessed Lady, Brussels\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F105817","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/105817"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/miscellaneaix14unknuoft","external_links_name":"Miscellanea IX"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-66980","external_links_name":"\"Percy, Lady Mary (c. 1570–1642), abbess of the Convent of the Assumption of Our Blessed Lady, Brussels\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F66980","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/66980"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-68019","external_links_name":"Arundell, Dorothy (1559/60–1613), author and Benedictine nun"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F68019","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/68019"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium(III)_acetylacetonate | Ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate | ["1 Preparation","2 Structure and properties","3 References"] | Ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate
Names
IUPAC name
Tris(acetylacetonato)ruthenium(III)
Other names
Ru(acac)3; Ruthenium(III) 2,4-Pentanedionate; Ruthenium(III) acetylacetonato, 2,4-pentanedione ruthenium(III)
Identifiers
CAS Number
14284-93-6 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ECHA InfoCard
100.034.705
EC Number
238-193-0
PubChem CID
16057901
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID10904287
InChI
InChI=1S/3C5H8O2.Ru/c3*1-4(6)3-5(2)7;/h3*3H2,1-2H3;Key: GNHBILLJFGEMKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES
CC(=O)CC(=O)C.CC(=O)CC(=O)C.CC(=O)CC(=O)C.
Properties
Chemical formula
(C5H7O2)3Ru
Molar mass
398.39 g/mol
Appearance
Dark violet solid
Density
1.54 g/cm3
Melting point
260 °C (500 °F; 533 K)
Solubility in water
insoluble in water
Solubility
soluble in most organic solvents
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word
Warning
Hazard statements
H302, H315, H319, H335, H413
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate is a coordination complex with the formula Ru(O2C5H7)3. O2C5H7− is the ligand called acetylacetonate. This compound exists as a dark violet solid that is soluble in most organic solvents. It is used as a precursor to other compounds of ruthenium.
Preparation
In 1914 tris(acetylacetonato)ruthenium(III) was first prepared by the reaction of ruthenium(III) chloride and acetylacetone in the presence of potassium bicarbonate. Since then, alternative synthetic routes have been examined, but the original procedure remains useful with minor variations:
RuCl3•3H2O + MeCOCH2COMe → Ru(acac)3 + 3 HCl + 3 H2O
Structure and properties
This compound has idealized D3 symmetry. Six oxygen atoms surround the central ruthenium atom in an octahedral arrangement. The average Ru-O bond length in Ru(acac)3 is 2.00 Å. Because Ru(acac)3 is low spin, there is one unpaired d electron, causing this compound to be paramagnetic. Ru(acac)3 has a magnetic susceptibility, χM, of 3.032×10−6 cm3/mol with an effective magnetic moment, μeff, of 1.66 μB. As a solution in dimethylformamide, the compound oxidizes at 0.593 and reduces at -1.223 V vs the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple.
Reduction of Ru(acac)3 in the presence of alkenes affords the related diolefin complexes. Typically, such reactions are conducted with zinc amalgam in moist tetrahydrofuran:
2 Ru(acac)3 + 4 alkene + Zn → 2 Ru(acac)2(alkene)2 + Zn(acac)2
The resulting compounds are rare examples of metal-alkene complexes that reversibly sustain oxidation:
Ru(acac)2(alkene)2 ⇌ + + e−
The complex has been resolved into individual enantiomers by separation of its adduct with dibenzoyltartaric acid.
References
^ a b Chao, G.; Sime, R. L.; Sime, R. J. (1973). "Crystal and molecular structure of tris(acetylacetonato)ruthenium(III)". Acta Crystallographica B. 29 (12): 2845. doi:10.1107/S0567740873007636.
^ "C&L Inventory". echa.europa.eu.
^ R. C. Mehrotra, R. Bohra, and D.P. Gaur "Metal β-Diketonates and Allied Derivatives", 1st ed.; Academic Press inc.: New York, 1978. ISBN 0-12-488150-5.
^ Barbieri, G. A. (1914). "Systematic chemical investigations: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium". Atti Accad, Lincei. 23 (1): 334–40.
^ Gupta, A. (2000). "Improved synthesis and reactivity of tris(acetylacetonato)ruthenium(III)". Indian Journal of Chemistry, Section A. 39A (4): 457. ISSN 0376-4710.
^ Grobelny, R. (1966). "The absorption spectra and magnetic properties of the chelated compounds of Ru(III) with β-diketones". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 28 (11): 2715–2718. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(66)80398-6.
^ Paul Sharpe; N. George Alameddin; David E. Richardson (1994). "Alkyl Substituent Effects in the Redox Thermochemistry of Coordination Compounds: Oxidation and Reduction Energetics for Ruthenium Tris(β-diketonate) Complexes in Solution and the Gas Phase". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 116 (24): 11098–11108. doi:10.1021/ja00103a027.
^ Bennett, M. A.; Byrnes, Matthew J.; Kováčik, Ivan (2004). "The fragment bis(acetylacetonato)ruthenium: a meeting-point of coordination and organometallic chemistry". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 689 (24): 4463. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.07.027.
^ Drake, A. F.; Gould, J. M.; Mason, S. F.; Rosini, C.; Woodley, F. J. (1983). "The optical resolution of tris(pentane-2,4-dionato)metal(III) complexes". Polyhedron. 2 (6): 537–538. doi:10.1016/S0277-5387(00)87108-9.
vteRuthenium compoundsRu(0)
Ru(CO)5
Ru3(CO)12
Ru(P(C6H5)3)3(CO)2
Ru(I)
(C5(C6H5)4O)2H(Ru(CO)2)2H
Ru(II)
RuCl2
RuB2
Na4Ru(N2C12H6(C6H4SO3)2)3
(Ru((NC5H4)2)3)Cl2
Ru(P(C6H5)3)3Cl2
Ru(SO(CH3)2)4Cl2
(RuCl2C6H4CH3CH(CH3)2)2
RuClC5H5(P(C6H5)3)2
C43H72Cl2P2Ru
(C5H5)2Ru
Ru(II,III)
Cl
Ru(III)
Ru(CH3COO)3
Ru(O2C5H7)3
RuF3
RuCl3
RuBr3
RuI3
Ru(NO3)3
Ru(IV)
RuO2
SrRuO3
Sr2RuO4
Li2RuO3
BaRuO3
RuCl4
RuF4
Ru(V)
RuF5
Ru(VI)
RuF6
Ru(VII)
N(C3H7)4RuO4
Ru(VIII)
RuO4
vteMetal acetylacetonate complexes
H(acac)
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na(acac)
Mg
Al(acac)3
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
Sc(acac)3
Ti(acac)2Cl2 Ti(acac)3
V(acac)3 VO(acac)2
Cr(acac)2 Cr(acac)3
Mn
Fe(acac)2Fe(acac)3
Co(acac)2Co(acac)3
3
Cu(acac)2
Zn(acac)2
Ga(acac)3
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
Rb
Sr
Y(acac)3
Zr(acac)4
Nb
MoO2(acac)2
Tc
Ru(acac)3
Rh(acac)(CO)2 Rh(acac)3
Pd(acac)2
Ag
Cd
In(acac)3
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
Cs
Ba(acac)2
*
Lu(acac)3
Hf(acac)4
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir(acac)3
Pt(acac)2
Au
Hg
Tl(acac)
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
Fr
Ra
**
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og
*
La(acac)3
Ce(acac)3
Pr(acac)3
Nd(acac)3
Pm
Sm(acac)3
Eu(fod)3 Eu(acac)3
Gd(acac)3
Tb(acac)3
Dy(acac)3
Ho(acac)3
Er(acac)3
Tm(acac)3
Yb(acac)3
**
Ac
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coordination complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_complex"},{"link_name":"Ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium"},{"link_name":"acetylacetonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylacetonate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Chemical compoundRuthenium(III) acetylacetonate is a coordination complex with the formula Ru(O2C5H7)3. O2C5H7− is the ligand called acetylacetonate. This compound exists as a dark violet solid that is soluble in most organic solvents.[3] It is used as a precursor to other compounds of ruthenium.","title":"Ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ruthenium(III) chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium(III)_chloride"},{"link_name":"acetylacetone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylacetone"},{"link_name":"potassium bicarbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_bicarbonate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1914 tris(acetylacetonato)ruthenium(III) was first prepared by the reaction of ruthenium(III) chloride and acetylacetone in the presence of potassium bicarbonate.[4] Since then, alternative synthetic routes have been examined, but the original procedure remains useful with minor variations:[5]RuCl3•3H2O + MeCOCH2COMe → Ru(acac)3 + 3 HCl + 3 H2O","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ActaCryst-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"dimethylformamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylformamide"},{"link_name":"ferrocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocene"},{"link_name":"ferrocenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocenium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"alkenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkenes"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"amalgam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"tetrahydrofuran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrofuran"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"enantiomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiomer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"This compound has idealized D3 symmetry. Six oxygen atoms surround the central ruthenium atom in an octahedral arrangement. The average Ru-O bond length in Ru(acac)3 is 2.00 Å.[1] Because Ru(acac)3 is low spin, there is one unpaired d electron, causing this compound to be paramagnetic. Ru(acac)3 has a magnetic susceptibility, χM, of 3.032×10−6 cm3/mol with an effective magnetic moment, μeff, of 1.66 μB.[6] As a solution in dimethylformamide, the compound oxidizes at 0.593 and reduces at -1.223 V vs the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple.[7]Reduction of Ru(acac)3 in the presence of alkenes affords the related diolefin complexes. Typically, such reactions are conducted with zinc amalgam in moist tetrahydrofuran:[8]2 Ru(acac)3 + 4 alkene + Zn → 2 Ru(acac)2(alkene)2 + Zn(acac)2The resulting compounds are rare examples of metal-alkene complexes that reversibly sustain oxidation:Ru(acac)2(alkene)2 ⇌ [Ru(acac)2(alkene)2]+ + e−The complex has been resolved into individual enantiomers by separation of its adduct with dibenzoyltartaric acid.[9]","title":"Structure and properties"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Chao, G.; Sime, R. L.; Sime, R. J. (1973). \"Crystal and molecular structure of tris(acetylacetonato)ruthenium(III)\". Acta Crystallographica B. 29 (12): 2845. doi:10.1107/S0567740873007636.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0567740873007636","url_text":"10.1107/S0567740873007636"}]},{"reference":"\"C&L Inventory\". echa.europa.eu.","urls":[{"url":"https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/4476","url_text":"\"C&L Inventory\""}]},{"reference":"Barbieri, G. A. (1914). \"Systematic chemical investigations: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium\". Atti Accad, Lincei. 23 (1): 334–40.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gupta, A. (2000). \"Improved synthesis and reactivity of tris(acetylacetonato)ruthenium(III)\". Indian Journal of Chemistry, Section A. 39A (4): 457. ISSN 0376-4710.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0376-4710","url_text":"0376-4710"}]},{"reference":"Grobelny, R. (1966). \"The absorption spectra and magnetic properties of the chelated compounds of Ru(III) with β-diketones\". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 28 (11): 2715–2718. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(66)80398-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1902%2866%2980398-6","url_text":"10.1016/0022-1902(66)80398-6"}]},{"reference":"Paul Sharpe; N. George Alameddin; David E. Richardson (1994). \"Alkyl Substituent Effects in the Redox Thermochemistry of Coordination Compounds: Oxidation and Reduction Energetics for Ruthenium Tris(β-diketonate) Complexes in Solution and the Gas Phase\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 116 (24): 11098–11108. doi:10.1021/ja00103a027.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00103a027","url_text":"10.1021/ja00103a027"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, M. A.; Byrnes, Matthew J.; Kováčik, Ivan (2004). \"The fragment bis(acetylacetonato)ruthenium: a meeting-point of coordination and organometallic chemistry\". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 689 (24): 4463. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.07.027.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2004.07.027","url_text":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.07.027"}]},{"reference":"Drake, A. F.; Gould, J. M.; Mason, S. F.; Rosini, C.; Woodley, F. J. (1983). \"The optical resolution of tris(pentane-2,4-dionato)metal(III) complexes\". Polyhedron. 2 (6): 537–538. doi:10.1016/S0277-5387(00)87108-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0277-5387%2800%2987108-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0277-5387(00)87108-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=14284-93-6","external_links_name":"14284-93-6"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CC%28%3DO%29CC%28%3DO%29C.CC%28%3DO%29CC%28%3DO%29C.CC%28%3DO%29CC%28%3DO%29C.%5BRu%5D","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.034.705","external_links_name":"100.034.705"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16057901","external_links_name":"16057901"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID10904287","external_links_name":"DTXSID10904287"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=439552228&page2=Ruthenium%28III%29+acetylacetonate","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0567740873007636","external_links_name":"10.1107/S0567740873007636"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/4476","external_links_name":"\"C&L Inventory\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0376-4710","external_links_name":"0376-4710"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1902%2866%2980398-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/0022-1902(66)80398-6"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00103a027","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja00103a027"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2004.07.027","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.07.027"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0277-5387%2800%2987108-9","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0277-5387(00)87108-9"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Nicholls | Humphrey Nicholls | ["1 References"] | Humphrey Nicholls (1577–1643) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1628 to 1629.
Nicholls was the son of Humphrey Nicholls of Cornwall. He matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford on 28 March 1595, aged 17. He was of Penvose, St. Tudy, Cornwall. In 1628, he was elected member of parliament for Bodmin and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years
Nicholls died at the age of about 65 and was buried on 31 March 1642.
References
Cornwall portal
^ a b 'Alumni Oxonienses, 1500-1714: Nabbes-Nykke', Alumni Oxonienses 1500-1714 (1891), pp. 1050-1083. Date accessed: 3 June 2012
Parliament of England
Preceded byHenry JermynSir Richard Weston
Member of Parliament for Bodmin 1628–1629 With: Sir Robert Killigrew
Parliament suspended until 1640 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exeter College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"member of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"Bodmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodmin_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"rule without parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Rule"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alumni-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alumni-1"}],"text":"Nicholls was the son of Humphrey Nicholls of Cornwall. He matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford on 28 March 1595, aged 17. He was of Penvose, St. Tudy, Cornwall. In 1628, he was elected member of parliament for Bodmin and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years[1]Nicholls died at the age of about 65 and was buried on 31 March 1642.[1]","title":"Humphrey Nicholls"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=119374","external_links_name":"'Alumni Oxonienses, 1500-1714: Nabbes-Nykke', Alumni Oxonienses 1500-1714 (1891), pp. 1050-1083. Date accessed: 3 June 2012"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot_Laboratories | Abbott Laboratories | ["1 History","1.1 Foundation and early history","1.2 International expansion","1.3 21st century","1.4 Spin-offs","1.5 Further developments","1.6 Acquisition history","2 Finances","2.1 Accounts","2.2 Taxation","3 Operations","3.1 Organization","3.2 Management","3.3 Recognition","4 Products","4.1 Nutrition","4.2 Diagnostics","4.3 Medical devices","5 Litigation and controversies","5.1 Leuprorelin","5.2 Humira","5.3 Operation Headwaters","5.4 Depakote","5.5 Glucose monitors","5.6 Plant shutdown","5.7 Deep Brain Stimulation Device Recall","6 Sponsorship","7 See also","8 Notes and references","8.1 Notes","8.2 References","9 External links"] | American global medical devices and health care products company
For other uses, see Abbott (disambiguation).
Abbott LaboratoriesCompany typePublicTraded asNYSE: ABTS&P 100 componentS&P 500 componentIndustryHealth careMedical devicesPharmaceuticalFounded1888; 136 years ago (1888) (as Abbott Alkaloidal Company) in Ravenswood, ChicagoFounderWallace Calvin AbbottSuccessorAbbVie HeadquartersGreen Oaks, Illinois, U.S.Area servedWorldwideKey peopleRobert B. Ford(chairman & CEO)Robert Funck(EVP & CFO)ProductsPharmaceutical drugsGeneric drugsMedical devicesDiagnostic assaysDietary supplementsNutritionalsRevenue US$40.1 billion (2023)Operating income US$6.48 billion (2023)Net income US$5.72 billion (2023)Total assets US$73.2 billion (2023)Total equity US$38.8 billion (2023)Number of employeesc. 114,000 (2023)Websiteabbott.comFootnotes / references
Abbott Laboratories is an American multinational medical devices and health care company with headquarters in Green Oaks, Illinois, United States. The company was founded by Chicago physician Wallace Calvin Abbott in 1888 to formulate known drugs; today, it sells medical devices, diagnostics, branded generic medicines and nutritional products. It split off its research-based pharmaceuticals business into AbbVie in 2013.
Abbott's products include Pedialyte, Similac, BinaxNOW, Ensure, Glucerna, ZonePerfect, FreeStyle Libre, i-STAT and MitraClip.
History
Dr. Wallace C. Abbott
Foundation and early history
See also: Dr. Wallace C. Abbott House
In 1888 at the age of 30, Wallace Abbott (1857–1921), an 1885 graduate of the University of Michigan, founded the Abbott Alkaloidal Company in Ravenswood, Chicago. At the time, he was a practising physician and owned a drug store. His innovation was formulating the active part of alkaloid medicinal plants—morphine, quinine, strychnine and codeine—as tiny "dosimetric granules", producing more consistent and effective dosages for patients than the liquid preparations previously used, which deteriorated over time. In 1922, the company moved from Ravenswood to North Chicago, Illinois.
International expansion
Abbott's first international affiliate was in London in 1907; the company later added an affiliate in Montreal, Canada. Abbott India Ltd was originally incorporated on August 22, 1944, as Boots Pure Drug Company (India) Ltd. The company name was changed to The Boots Company (India) Ltd on November 1, 1971, and to Boots Pharmaceuticals Ltd on January 1, 1991. On October 31, 1995, the name was changed to Knoll Pharmaceuticals Ltd and on July 1, 2002, to their present name Abbott India Ltd. Abbott started operations in Pakistan as a marketing affiliate in 1948; the company has steadily expanded to comprise a work force of over 1500 employees. Currently, two manufacturing facilities located at Landhi and Korangi in Karachi continue to produce pharmaceutical products. In 1962 Abbott entered into a joint venture with Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., of Osaka, Japan, to manufacture radio-pharmaceuticals. In 1964, it merged with Ross Laboratories, making Ross a wholly owned subsidiary of Abbott, and Richard Ross gained a seat on Abbott's board of directors until his retirement in 1983. The acquisition of Ross brought Similac under the Abbott umbrella. In the years following the acquisition, Pedialyte and Ensure were introduced as nutritional products by Ross Laboratories while under Abbott's leadership.
In 1965, Abbott's expansion in Europe continued with offices in Italy and France.
According to Harvard professor Lester Grinspoon and Peter Hedblom, "In 1966 Abbott Laboratories sold the equivalent of two million doses of methamphetamine in powder form to a Long Island criminal dealer".
21st century
In 2001, the company acquired Knoll, the pharmaceutical division of BASF, for $6.9 billion. In 2002, it divested the Selsun Blue brand to Chattem. Later in 2002, it sold Clear Eyes and Murine brands to Prestige Brands. In 2004, it acquired TheraSense, a diabetes-care company, which it merged with its MediSense division to become Abbott Diabetes Care. In 2006, Abbott assisted Boston Scientific in its purchase of Guidant Corporation purchasing the vascular device division of Guidant.
In 2007, Abbott acquired Kos Pharmaceuticals for $3.7 billion in cash. At the time of acquisition Kos marketed Niaspan (extended release niacin), and Advicor (niacin/lovastatin).
In 2007 the company was to sell two diagnostics divisions to General Electric, but the parties did not agree on the terms of the acquisition.
On 8 September 2007, the company sold the UK manufacturing plant at Queenborough to UK manufacturer Aesica Pharmaceuticals.
Abbott's Ross Products was renamed Abbott Nutrition in 2007.
In 2009 Abbott acquired Advanced Medical Optics of Santa Ana, California, selling it to Johnson & Johnson in 2017. In 2009, Abbott opened a satellite research and development facility at Research Park, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
In February 2010, Abbott acquired the pharmaceuticals unit of Solvay S.A. for US$6.2 billion (€4.5 billion), gaining many additional pharmaceutical products and an increased presence in emerging markets.
In 2010 the company acquired Hollywood, Florida-based laboratory information management system company STARLIMS for $123 million, $14 per share. That year Abbott said it would buy Piramal Healthcare of India's large generic drugs unit for $3.72 billion.
Spin-offs
In 2004, Abbott spun off its hospital products division into a new 14,000 employee company, Hospira, which was acquired by Pfizer in 2015.
In October 2011, Abbott planned to separate into two companies, one for research-based pharmaceuticals (AbbVie) and the other for medical devices, generic drugs sold internationally, and diagnostics, with the latter retaining the Abbott name. Abbott Nutrition, whose products include Similac, Pedialyte, Glucerna, and Ensure, also retained the Abbott name. In preparation for the reorganization, Abbott made severe budget cuts and took a $478 million charge in Q3-2012. The separation was effective as of 1 January 2013, and AbbVie was listed in the New York Stock Exchange.
Further developments
On 16 May 2014, it was announced that Abbott would acquire the holding company Kalo Pharma Internacional S.L. for $2.9 billion in order to secure the 73% it held of Chilean pharmaceutical company, CFR Pharmaceuticals, which the company said would more than double its branded generic drug portfolio.
In December 2014, the company acquired Russian pharmaceutical manufacturer Veropharm (Voronezh) in a deal worth $410 million, which included three manufacturing facilities. Abbott, which already employed 1,400 people in Russia, said it planned to set up a manufacturing presence in the country when the deal closed.
In September 2015, the company announced it had completed its acquisition of Tendyne Holdings, Inc., a private medical device company focused on developing minimally invasive mitral valve replacement therapies. Tendyne was acquired for a total transaction value of $250 million. In January 2020, the Tendyne Mitral Valve became the world's first commercially available solution for Mitral Valve Replacement Technology. Abbott obtained CE Mark for the device which now makes it possible to implant it in Europe outside of a clinical setting. The US clinical study for federal approval is still ongoing.
In February 2016, the company announced it would acquire Alere for $5.8 billion. In January 2017, Abbott announced it would acquire St. Jude Medical for $25 billion (each share receiving $46.75 in cash & 0.8708 shares of Abbott common stock, equating to an approximate value of $85). On 3 October 2017, the company closed the Alere acquisition making the surviving entity the market leader player in the $7 billion point-of-care diagnostic space within the broader $50 billion in-vitro diagnostics market with this takeover. With the acquisition of Alere, the company also obtained the subsidiary Arriva Medical, which is the largest mail-order diabetic supplier. Arriva Medical announced business closure after Abbott acquisition effective 31 December 2017.
In 2017, the FDA approved Abbott's FreeStyle Libre glucose monitoring system, which reads glucose levels through a self-applied sensor without finger pricks.
In August 2018, Reuters reported that Abbott Laboratories was among the top five companies for branded generic drugs in Russia.
Nucleic acid testing for COVID-19 conducted using an Abbott Laboratories ID Now device
In November 2018, Abbott received United States FDA clearance for FreeStyle LibreLink, a glucose reader smartphone app.
In January 2019 purchased Cephea Valve Technologies, Inc. which is developing a less-invasive replacement heart valve for people with mitral valve disease.
In March 2020, Abbott received emergency use authorization (EUA) from the US FDA for a SARS-CoV-2 test during the COVID-19 pandemic. The tester is small (comparable to a small toaster), and produces results within 13 minutes. Detroit received these tests on April 1, 2020. Also in March, the firm received EUA for a molecular COVID-19 test that runs on its m2000 RealTime lab-based platform. In April 2020, itt received EUA from the FDA for its third COVID-19 test, an antibody test that helps detect the IgG antibody to SARS-CoV-2 using the company's ARCHITECT laboratory instruments. In May 2020, it received EUA from the FDA for another lab-based COVID-19 antibody test that helps detect the IgG antibody to SARS-CoV-2 using the company's Alinity i system. Also in May, it received EUA from the FDA for a molecular COVID-19 test for use on the company's Alinity molecular laboratory instrument.
In August 2020, Abbott received EUA from the FDA for its credit-card-sized $5, 15-minute, portable COVID-19 antigen test, BinaxNOW, compatible with the NAVICA mobile app.
In October 2020, Abbott received EUA from the FDA for its lab-based COVID-19 IgM antibody blood test.
In December 2020, its rapid (20') antigen BinaxNOW COVID-19 test received EUA from the FDA for home use.
Forbes reported in January 2021 that the firm had delivered more than 400 million COVID-19 tests, 300 million in the fourth quarter of 2020.
In September 2021, Abbott acquired Walk Vascular, LLC.
In January 2022, Abbott introduced Lingo, a line of consumer biowearable sensors that collects a range of biological readings to optimize exercise and nutrition regimens.
In May 2022, Abbott received 510(k) clearance from the FDA for FreeStyle Libre 3, the latest version of its continuous glucose monitor.
In August 2022, Abbott received FDA approval for Proclaim Plus, a multi-use spinal cord stimulation system designed to target chronic pain. The Proclaim Plus system is capable of treating six independent pain sites and has a recharge-free battery life of up to 10 years.
In October 2022, Abbott received EUA from the FDA for its real-time PCR test Alinity m MPXV; this marks the first FDA emergency authorization for commercial monkeypox testing.
On July 5 2023, Abbott received approval from the FDA for its leadless pacemaker system Aveir DR. In August, the company announced it would acquire Bigfoot Biomedical.
Today, Abbott operates in over 160 countries.
Acquisition history
Abbott Laboratories Acquisitions
Abbott Laboratories (Est. 1885, Abbott Alkaloidal Company)
Ross Laboratories (Acq 1964)
SmithKline Beecham (Acq 1982, later sold)
Knoll (Acq 2001)
Selsun Blue (Sold to Chattem 2002)
Murine (Sold to Prestige Brands 2002)
Clear Eyes (Sold to Prestige Brands 2002)
i-STAT (Acq 2004)
TheraSense (Acq 2004)
Guidant (vascular device division) (Acq 2006)
IntraLase Corp (Acq 2007)
Advanced Medical Optics (Acq 2009)
Solvay Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2010)
STARLIMS (Acq 2010)
Lab Data Management Ltd (Acq 2008)
IDEV Technologies (Acq 2013)
OptiMedica Corporation (Acq 2013)
Veropharm (Acq 2014)
Topera, Inc (Acq 2014)
Kalo Pharma Internacional S.L. (Acq 2014)
CFR Pharmaceuticals
Tendyne Holdings Inc. (Acq 2015)
Alere (Acq 2016)
Epocal, Inc. (Acq 2013)
Arriva Medical (Acq 2012)
St. Jude Medical (Est 1976, Acq 2016)
Pacesetter, Inc. (Acq 1994)
Daig Corporation (Acq 1996)
Heart Valve Company (Acq 1996)
Biocor Industria (Acq 1996)
Ventritex (Acq 1997)
Tyco International (Angio-Seal division) (Acq 1999)
Endocardial Solutions (Acq 2005)
Advanced Neuromodulation Systems (Acq 2005)
MediGuide (Acq 2008)
AGA Medical (Acq 2010)
LightLab Imaging (Acq 2010)
Nanostim Inc (Acq 2013)
Endosense (Acq 2013)
CardioMEMS Inc. (Acq 2014)
Spinal Modulation (Acq 2015)
Thoratec Corporation (Acq 2015)
Apica Cardiovascular Limited (Acq 2014)
Levitronix (Medical division) (Acq 2011)
Getinge Group (Heat pump technology division) (Acq 2014)
Thermo Cardiosystems (Acq 2010)
Cephea Valve Technologies, Inc. (Acq 2019)
Walk Vascular, LLC (Acq 2021)
Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. (Acq 2023)
Bigfoot Biomedical (Acq 2023)
Finances
Accounts
For the fiscal year 2021, Abbott Laboratories reported earnings of US$7.071 billion, with an annual revenue of US$43.075 billion, which grew 24.5% on an organic basis versus the year prior. Abbott's year-end 2021 stock price was $140.74.
Year
Revenuein mil. US$
Net incomein mil. US$
Total assetsin mil. US$
Price per sharein US$
Employees
2005
22,338
3,372
29,141
17.37
2006
22,476
1,717
36,178
17.46
2007
25,914
3,606
39,714
21.34
2008
29,528
4,881
42,419
21.89
2009
30,765
5,746
52,582
19.51
2010
35,167
4,626
60,574
20.75
2011
21,407
4,728
60,277
21.26
2012
19,050
5,963
67,235
26.57
2013
19,657
2,576
42,953
31.90
69,000
2014
20,247
2,284
41,207
37.39
77,000
2015
20,405
4,423
41,247
43.16
74,000
2016
20,998
1,400
52,666
38.65
75,000
2017
27,390
477
76,250
47.50
99,000
2018
30,578
2,368
67,173
69.50
103,000
2019
31,904
3,687
67,887
86.86
107,000
2020
34,608
4,495
72,548
109.49
109,000
2021
43,075
7,071
75,196
140.74
113,000
Taxation
See also: Double Irish arrangement
On 19 March 2019, it was reported that Abbott was a long-term user of the Double Irish tax structure, a legal but controversial Irish taxation tool used by US multinationals to reduce US corporate taxes on non-U.S profits. Abbott's Irish holding company, the Bermuda-resident Abbott Laboratories Vascular Enterprises (ALVE), employed no staff in 2017, but was responsible for distributing Abbot's products and licensing its technology worldwide. Newly filed accounts showed that ALVE was incorporated in 2003 and had a pre-tax profit of €2 billion in 2016 and 2017 on revenues of €5.2 billion; no taxation was paid on these profits. ALVE had never filed accounts in Ireland since 2003 as it was structured as an unlimited liability company (ULC); however, new EU accounts directives required ALVE to file Irish accounts in 2018. These accounts listed ALVE's registered office as the address of Ireland's largest tax-law firm, Matheson, who have been identified with Double Irish tax structures for Microsoft and Google.
In September 2021, the Irish Times reported that Abbott was using the Single Malt tax tool to shield profits on its COVID-19 testing kits.
Operations
Organization
Abbott's FreeStyle libre
Abbott's core businesses focus on diagnostics, medical devices, branded generic medicines and nutritional products, which have been supplemented through acquisitions.
As of 2021, the firm's divisions are:
Nutrition: Pediatric nutrition (e.g., Similac, Isomil, and Gain), Adult Nutrition (e.g., Ensure and ZonePerfect) and special dietary needs (e.g., Glucerna and Juven)
Diagnostics: core lab, molecular, point of care, rapid diagnostics and Informatics
Medical devices: rhythm management, electrophysiology, heart failure, structural heart, neuromodulation, diabetes care
Established Pharmaceuticals: branded generic drugs sold exclusively in developing markets
Management
Miles D. WhiteRobert B. Ford
Miles D. White joined the company in 1984, holding positions including senior vice president of diagnostic operations, executive vice president, executive chairman, and CEO. In 1996, Robert B. Ford joined Abbott, holding various positions including executive vice president of the company's medical device business.
In November 2019, White announced that he was stepping down as CEO after 21 years. In March 2020, Robert B. Ford took over as president and CEO, and later chairman.
Recognition
Abbott was ranked 86th on the Fortune 500 list of largest US-based corporations in 2022. Fortune also named Abbott as one of its Top 50 World's Most Admired Companies in 2021, among its Blue Ribbon companies in 2021, and to its Change the World list in 2020. In 2022, Abbott was ranked #10 in Fast Company’s Most Innovative Companies in Sports for Libre Sense and received an Honorable Mention for the World Changing Ideas Awards. The Galien Foundation named Abbott’s FreeStyle Libre as Best Medical Technology within the last 50 years (1970-2020).
The company has been listed on the Seramount/Working Mother's "100 Best Companies" list for 21 years in a row, named a top company for executive women by Seramount, and included on Science magazine's Top 20 Employers list. The company has also been recognized as a top company by DiversityInc for diversity within the company for 19 consecutive years (2004-2022) and has been included on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index for 18 consecutive years.
Products
Box of Abbott products
Nutrition
Pediatric nutrition products manufactured by Abbott Laboratories include:
Similac
Similac Gain
Similac GainPlus
Similac GainSchool
Similac Neosure
Similac Tummicare HW
Isomil
Pedialyte
PediaSure
PediaSure Plus
PediaSure Plus 10+
Adult nutrition products manufactured by Abbott Laboratories include:
Ensure
Glucerna (Ensure Diabetes Care in India)
Juven
ZonePerfect
Diagnostics
Diagnostics products manufactured by Abbott include:
i-STAT (While intended for a human audience, the point of care analyzers also demonstrate utility for the veterinary profession and are marketed by Abaxis.)
Alinity
Architect
IDNOW
Digival
BinaxNOW
Medical devices
Continuous glucose monitors:
FreeStyle Libre
FreeStyle Libre 2 Sensor
FreeStyle Libre 3 Sensor
Cardiovascular devices manufactured by Abbott Laboratories include:
MitraClip
Confirm Rx
Amplatzer Piccolo Occluder
Heartmate
Xience
CARDIOMEMS
Gallant ICD
CentriMag
Aveir DR
Neuromodulation devices manufactured by Abbott Laboratories include:
BurstDR Technology
FlexBurst360 Technology
Proclaim DRG Neurostimulation System
Infinity Deep Brain Stimulation System
Proclaim XR Recharge-Free Spinal Cord Stimulator
NT2000IX Radiofrequency Generator
Proclaim Elite Recharge-Free SCS System
Prodigy MRI SCS System
Litigation and controversies
Leuprorelin
In October 2001, the US Department of Justice, states attorneys general, and TAP Pharmaceutical Products, a subsidiary of Abbott Laboratories, settled criminal and civil charges against TAP related to federal and state Medicare fraud and illegal marketing of the drug leuprorelin. TAP paid a total of $875 million, a record high pharmaceutical settlement. This comprised $290 million for violating the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, $559.5 million to settle federal fraud charges for overcharging Medicare, and $25.5 million reimbursement to 50 states and Washington, D.C., for filing false claims with the states' Medicaid programs. The case arose under the False Claims Act with claims filed by Douglas Durand, a former TAP vice president of sales, and Joseph Gerstein, a doctor at Tufts University's HMO practice. Durand, Gerstein, and Tufts shared $95 million of the settlement.
There have since been various suits concerning leuprorelin use, none successful. These lawsuits have focused on either the over-prescription of the drug or the lack of warnings about its potential side effects. Between 2010 and 2013, the FDA updated the Lupron drug label to include new safety information on the risk of thromboembolism, loss of bone density and convulsions. The FDA then said that the benefits of leuprorelin outweighed its risks when used according to its approved labeling. From 2017 the FDA evaluated leuprorelin's connection to pain and discomfort in musculoskeletal and connective tissue.
Humira
In March 2003, British company Cambridge Antibody Technology (CAT) stated its wish to "initiate discussions regarding the applicability of the royalty offset provisions for Humira" (Adalimumab) with Abbott Laboratories in the High Court of London. In December 2004, the judgment ruled for CAT.
Abbott was required to pay CAT US$255 million in lieu of royalties the MRC, the Scripps Research Institute and Stratagene would have received on sales of Humira after December 2004. Some of this sum was to be passed to its partners in development, including US$191 million for the UK Medical Research Council (MRC), plus a further $7.5 million over five years from 2006 providing that Humira remained on the market.
Operation Headwaters
In October 2003, Abbott Laboratories and two of its units agreed to pay a total of $600 million in the first combined civil settlement and criminal conviction for offering kickbacks to agents of "Operations Headwaters", an undercover investigation by the FBI.
Depakote
On 2 October 2012, the company was charged with a $500 million fine and $198.5 million forfeiture for illegal marketing of Depakote for uses not approved by the FDA. The court also sentenced Abbott to a five-year term of probation and court supervision. Shareholders then brought derivative suits against the company directors for breach of fiduciary duty. Following Abbott's spinoff of its research-based pharmaceuticals business, it no longer owns the commercial rights and associated responsibilities for Humira and Depakote.
Glucose monitors
In 2021, two of Abbott Laboratories' subsidiaries, Arriva Medical LLC and Alere Inc, had to pay $160m to resolve claims that they had fraudulently billed Medicare for glucose monitors. The US Department of Justice said that Arriva used free glucose monitors to induce patients to order more consumable supplies, then took kickbacks on the increased sales. The company was also accused of charging Medicare for glucose monitors given to patients who were ineligible, or even dead.
Plant shutdown
In February 2022, Abbott recalled baby formulas from the market and shut down their Michigan plant after complaints of illness and death in infants caused by serious bacterial infections. Following Abbotts' meeting the initial requirement of the U.S. Food & Drug Administration, the facility reopened in June 2022.
Deep Brain Stimulation Device Recall
On July 18, 2023, Abbott recalled its Proclaim and Infinity IPGs due to complaints from patients who are unable to exit MRI mode. The use of the affected IPGs may require surgery to remove the device and replace it with a new device.
There have been 186 reported incidents and 73 reported injuries. There have been no reports of death. Noted by Gita Amar, a PR representative for Abbott Laboratories on this issue. "The company has communicated this action to physicians and regulatory bodies. No products need to be returned to the company or replaced."
Sponsorship
In 2015 Abbott became the title sponsor of the World Marathon Majors.
See also
List of Illinois companies
List of largest biomedical companies by market capitalization
List of pharmaceutical companies
Clara Abbott
2022 United States infant formula shortage
Notes and references
Notes
^ pacemaker, received FDA approval on July 5, 2023
References
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^ a b "#513: 10-03-01 TAP PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INC. AND SEVEN OTHERS CHARGED WITH HEALTH CARE CRIMES COMPANY AGREES TO PAY $875 MILLION TO SETTLE CHARGES". www.justice.gov. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
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^ "#613: 11-10-03 JUSTICE DEPT. CIVIL FRAUD RECOVERIES TOTAL $2.1 BILLION FOR FY 2003 FALSE CLAIMS ACT RECOVERIES EXCEED $12 BILLION SINCE 1986". www.justice.gov. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
^ Abbott Labs to Pay $1.5 Billion to Resolve Criminal & Civil Investigations of Off-label Promotion of Depakote, Press Release, United States Department of Justice Office of Public Affairs, 7 May 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
^ U.S. ex rel. McCoyd v. Abbott Laboratories, 1:07-cv-00081 (W.D. Va.); U.S. ex rel. Mulcahy v. Abbott Laboratories, 1:08-cv-0054 (W.D. Va.); U.S. ex rel. Dietzler v. Abbott Laboratories, 1:09-cv-00051 (W.D. Va.); U.S. ex rel. Spetter v. Abbott Laboratories, 1:10-cv-00006 (W.D. Va.).
^ "Abbott, Shareholders Agree To Settle Depakote Marketing Suit - Law360". www.law360.com.
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Museum of Modern Art | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbott (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care"},{"link_name":"Green Oaks, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Oaks,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"AbbVie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbbVie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pedialyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedialyte"},{"link_name":"Similac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similac"},{"link_name":"BinaxNOW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BinaxNOW&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ensure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensure"},{"link_name":"Glucerna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucerna"},{"link_name":"ZonePerfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZonePerfect"},{"link_name":"MitraClip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MitraClip"}],"text":"For other uses, see Abbott (disambiguation).Abbott Laboratories is an American multinational medical devices and health care company with headquarters in Green Oaks, Illinois, United States. The company was founded by Chicago physician Wallace Calvin Abbott in 1888 to formulate known drugs; today, it sells medical devices, diagnostics, branded generic medicines and nutritional products. It split off its research-based pharmaceuticals business into AbbVie in 2013.[3][4]Abbott's products include Pedialyte, Similac, BinaxNOW, Ensure, Glucerna, ZonePerfect, FreeStyle Libre, i-STAT and MitraClip.","title":"Abbott Laboratories"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr._Wallace_C._Abbott.jpg"}],"text":"Dr. Wallace C. Abbott","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. Wallace C. Abbott House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Wallace_C._Abbott_House"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Ravenswood, Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenswood,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"alkaloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"medicinal plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalism"},{"link_name":"morphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine"},{"link_name":"quinine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine"},{"link_name":"strychnine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strychnine"},{"link_name":"codeine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"North Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Foundation and early history","text":"See also: Dr. Wallace C. Abbott HouseIn 1888 at the age of 30, Wallace Abbott (1857–1921), an 1885 graduate of the University of Michigan, founded the Abbott Alkaloidal Company in Ravenswood, Chicago. At the time, he was a practising physician and owned a drug store. His innovation was formulating the active part of alkaloid medicinal plants—morphine, quinine, strychnine and codeine—as tiny \"dosimetric granules\", producing more consistent and effective dosages for patients than the liquid preparations previously used, which deteriorated over time.[5] In 1922, the company moved from Ravenswood to North Chicago, Illinois.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lester Grinspoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Grinspoon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grinspoon23-11"}],"sub_title":"International expansion","text":"Abbott's first international affiliate was in London in 1907; the company later added an affiliate in Montreal, Canada.[citation needed] Abbott India Ltd was originally incorporated on August 22, 1944, as Boots Pure Drug Company (India) Ltd. The company name was changed to The Boots Company (India) Ltd on November 1, 1971, and to Boots Pharmaceuticals Ltd on January 1, 1991. On October 31, 1995, the name was changed to Knoll Pharmaceuticals Ltd and on July 1, 2002, to their present name Abbott India Ltd. Abbott started operations in Pakistan as a marketing affiliate in 1948; the company has steadily expanded to comprise a work force of over 1500 employees. Currently, two manufacturing facilities located at Landhi and Korangi in Karachi continue to produce pharmaceutical products.[6] In 1962 Abbott entered into a joint venture with Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., of Osaka, Japan, to manufacture radio-pharmaceuticals.[citation needed] In 1964, it merged with Ross Laboratories, making Ross a wholly owned subsidiary of Abbott, and Richard Ross gained a seat on Abbott's board of directors until his retirement in 1983.[7] The acquisition of Ross brought Similac under the Abbott umbrella. In the years following the acquisition, Pedialyte and Ensure were introduced as nutritional products by Ross Laboratories while under Abbott's leadership.[8][9][10]In 1965, Abbott's expansion in Europe continued with offices in Italy and France.[citation needed]According to Harvard professor Lester Grinspoon and Peter Hedblom, \"In 1966 Abbott Laboratories sold the equivalent of two million doses of methamphetamine in powder form to a Long Island criminal dealer\".[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BASF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASF"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Selsun Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selsun_Blue"},{"link_name":"Chattem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattem"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Clear Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Eyes"},{"link_name":"Prestige Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_Brands"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"additional citation(s) needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Boston Scientific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Scientific"},{"link_name":"Guidant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidant"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"niacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin"},{"link_name":"niacin/lovastatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin/lovastatin"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Queenborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenborough"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Advanced Medical Optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Medical_Optics"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California"},{"link_name":"Johnson & Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Research Park, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Park,_University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Solvay S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvay_S.A."},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$"},{"link_name":"€","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%82%AC"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abbott-Feb-2010-8-K-26"},{"link_name":"Hollywood, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Florida"},{"link_name":"laboratory information management system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_information_management_system"},{"link_name":"STARLIMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STARLIMS"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Piramal Healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramal_Group"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"In 2001, the company acquired Knoll, the pharmaceutical division of BASF, for $6.9 billion.[12] In 2002, it divested the Selsun Blue brand to Chattem.[13] Later in 2002, it sold Clear Eyes and Murine brands to Prestige Brands.[14] In 2004, it acquired TheraSense, a diabetes-care company, which it merged with its MediSense division to become Abbott Diabetes Care.[15][additional citation(s) needed] In 2006, Abbott assisted Boston Scientific in its purchase of Guidant Corporation purchasing the vascular device division of Guidant.[16][17]In 2007, Abbott acquired Kos Pharmaceuticals for $3.7 billion in cash.[18] At the time of acquisition Kos marketed Niaspan (extended release niacin), and Advicor (niacin/lovastatin).In 2007 the company was to sell two diagnostics divisions to General Electric, but the parties did not agree on the terms of the acquisition.[19]On 8 September 2007, the company sold the UK manufacturing plant at Queenborough to UK manufacturer Aesica Pharmaceuticals.[20][21]Abbott's Ross Products was renamed Abbott Nutrition in 2007.[22]In 2009 Abbott acquired Advanced Medical Optics of Santa Ana, California, selling it to Johnson & Johnson in 2017.[23] In 2009, Abbott opened a satellite research and development facility at Research Park, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.[24]In February 2010, Abbott acquired the pharmaceuticals unit of Solvay S.A. for US$6.2 billion (€4.5 billion),[25] gaining many additional pharmaceutical products and an increased presence in emerging markets.[26]In 2010 the company acquired Hollywood, Florida-based laboratory information management system company STARLIMS for $123 million, $14 per share.[27][28] That year Abbott said it would buy Piramal Healthcare of India's large generic drugs unit for $3.72 billion.[29][30]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hospira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospira"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Pfizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"AbbVie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbbVie"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frost2012-35"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Spin-offs","text":"In 2004, Abbott spun off its hospital products division into a new 14,000 employee company, Hospira,[31] which was acquired by Pfizer in 2015.[32]In October 2011, Abbott planned to separate into two companies, one for research-based pharmaceuticals (AbbVie) and the other for medical devices, generic drugs sold internationally, and diagnostics, with the latter retaining the Abbott name.[33][34] Abbott Nutrition, whose products include Similac, Pedialyte, Glucerna, and Ensure, also retained the Abbott name.[33] In preparation for the reorganization, Abbott made severe budget cuts and took a $478 million charge in Q3-2012.[35] The separation was effective as of 1 January 2013, and AbbVie was listed in the New York Stock Exchange.[36]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"CFR Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFR_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Voronezh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronezh"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-37"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-42"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Alere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alere"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"St. Jude Medical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Jude_Medical"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-37"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ID_Now_testing_(51038387158).jpg"},{"link_name":"smartphone app","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_app"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"emergency use authorization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_use_authorization"},{"link_name":"SARS-CoV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medtechcorona-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medtechcorona-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"PCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aveirdr-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"Further developments","text":"On 16 May 2014, it was announced that Abbott would acquire the holding company Kalo Pharma Internacional S.L. for $2.9 billion in order to secure the 73% it held of Chilean pharmaceutical company, CFR Pharmaceuticals, which the company said would more than double its branded generic drug portfolio.[37][38][39]In December 2014, the company acquired Russian pharmaceutical manufacturer Veropharm (Voronezh) in a deal worth $410 million, which included three manufacturing facilities.[37][40] Abbott, which already employed 1,400 people in Russia, said it planned to set up a manufacturing presence in the country when the deal closed.[41]In September 2015, the company announced it had completed its acquisition of Tendyne Holdings, Inc., a private medical device company focused on developing minimally invasive mitral valve replacement therapies.[42] Tendyne was acquired for a total transaction value of $250 million.[42] In January 2020, the Tendyne Mitral Valve became the world's first commercially available solution for Mitral Valve Replacement Technology.[citation needed] Abbott obtained CE Mark for the device which now makes it possible to implant it in Europe outside of a clinical setting. The US clinical study for federal approval is still ongoing.[43]In February 2016, the company announced it would acquire Alere for $5.8 billion.[44][45] In January 2017, Abbott announced it would acquire St. Jude Medical for $25 billion (each share receiving $46.75 in cash & 0.8708 shares of Abbott common stock, equating to an approximate value of $85).[37][46][47] On 3 October 2017, the company closed the Alere acquisition making the surviving entity the market leader player in the $7 billion point-of-care diagnostic space within the broader $50 billion in-vitro diagnostics market with this takeover.[48] With the acquisition of Alere, the company also obtained the subsidiary Arriva Medical, which is the largest mail-order diabetic supplier.[citation needed] Arriva Medical announced business closure after Abbott acquisition effective 31 December 2017.[49]In 2017, the FDA approved Abbott's FreeStyle Libre glucose monitoring system, which reads glucose levels through a self-applied sensor without finger pricks.[50]In August 2018, Reuters reported that Abbott Laboratories was among the top five companies for branded generic drugs in Russia.[51]Nucleic acid testing for COVID-19 conducted using an Abbott Laboratories ID Now deviceIn November 2018, Abbott received United States FDA clearance for FreeStyle LibreLink, a glucose reader smartphone app.[52]In January 2019 purchased Cephea Valve Technologies, Inc. which is developing a less-invasive replacement heart valve for people with mitral valve disease.[53]In March 2020, Abbott received emergency use authorization (EUA) from the US FDA for a SARS-CoV-2 test during the COVID-19 pandemic.[54] The tester is small (comparable to a small toaster), and produces results within 13 minutes.[55] Detroit received these tests on April 1, 2020.[56][57] Also in March, the firm received EUA for a molecular COVID-19 test that runs on its m2000 RealTime lab-based platform.[58] In April 2020, itt received EUA from the FDA for its third COVID-19 test, an antibody test that helps detect the IgG antibody to SARS-CoV-2 using the company's ARCHITECT laboratory instruments.[59] In May 2020, it received EUA from the FDA for another lab-based COVID-19 antibody test that helps detect the IgG antibody to SARS-CoV-2 using the company's Alinity i system.[59][60] Also in May, it received EUA from the FDA for a molecular COVID-19 test for use on the company's Alinity molecular laboratory instrument.[61][62]In August 2020, Abbott received EUA from the FDA for its credit-card-sized $5, 15-minute, portable COVID-19 antigen test, BinaxNOW, compatible with the NAVICA mobile app.[63][64]In October 2020, Abbott received EUA from the FDA for its lab-based COVID-19 IgM antibody blood test.[65]\nIn December 2020, its rapid (20') antigen BinaxNOW COVID-19 test received EUA from the FDA for home use.[66][67]\nForbes reported in January 2021 that the firm had delivered more than 400 million COVID-19 tests, 300 million in the fourth quarter of 2020.[68]In September 2021, Abbott acquired Walk Vascular, LLC.[69]In January 2022, Abbott introduced Lingo, a line of consumer biowearable sensors that collects a range of biological readings to optimize exercise and nutrition regimens.[70]In May 2022, Abbott received 510(k) clearance from the FDA for FreeStyle Libre 3, the latest version of its continuous glucose monitor.[71]In August 2022, Abbott received FDA approval for Proclaim Plus, a multi-use spinal cord stimulation system designed to target chronic pain. The Proclaim Plus system is capable of treating six independent pain sites and has a recharge-free battery life of up to 10 years.[72]In October 2022, Abbott received EUA from the FDA for its real-time PCR test Alinity m MPXV; this marks the first FDA emergency authorization for commercial monkeypox testing.[73]On July 5 2023, Abbott received approval from the FDA for its leadless pacemaker system Aveir DR.[74] In August, the company announced it would acquire Bigfoot Biomedical.[75]Today, Abbott operates in over 160 countries.[76]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASF"},{"link_name":"Selsun Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selsun_Blue"},{"link_name":"Chattem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattem"},{"link_name":"Prestige Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_Brands"},{"link_name":"Prestige Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_Brands"},{"link_name":"Guidant (vascular device division)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidant"},{"link_name":"Advanced Medical Optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Medical_Optics"},{"link_name":"STARLIMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STARLIMS"},{"link_name":"CFR Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFR_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"Tendyne Holdings Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tendyne_Holdings_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alere"},{"link_name":"St. Jude Medical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Jude_Medical"},{"link_name":"Tyco International (Angio-Seal division)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyco_International"},{"link_name":"Thoratec Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoratec_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Getinge Group (Heat pump technology division)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getinge_Group"},{"link_name":"Bigfoot Biomedical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigfoot_Biomedical"}],"sub_title":"Acquisition history","text":"Abbott Laboratories Acquisitions\n\nAbbott Laboratories (Est. 1885, Abbott Alkaloidal Company)\nRoss Laboratories (Acq 1964)\nSmithKline Beecham (Acq 1982, later sold)\nKnoll (Acq 2001)\nSelsun Blue (Sold to Chattem 2002)\nMurine (Sold to Prestige Brands 2002)\nClear Eyes (Sold to Prestige Brands 2002)\ni-STAT (Acq 2004)\nTheraSense (Acq 2004)\nGuidant (vascular device division) (Acq 2006)\nIntraLase Corp (Acq 2007)\nAdvanced Medical Optics (Acq 2009)\nSolvay Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2010)\nSTARLIMS (Acq 2010)\nLab Data Management Ltd (Acq 2008)\nIDEV Technologies (Acq 2013)\nOptiMedica Corporation (Acq 2013)\nVeropharm (Acq 2014)\nTopera, Inc (Acq 2014)\nKalo Pharma Internacional S.L. (Acq 2014)\nCFR Pharmaceuticals\nTendyne Holdings Inc. (Acq 2015)\nAlere (Acq 2016)\nEpocal, Inc. (Acq 2013)\nArriva Medical (Acq 2012)\nSt. Jude Medical (Est 1976, Acq 2016)\nPacesetter, Inc. (Acq 1994)\nDaig Corporation (Acq 1996)\nHeart Valve Company (Acq 1996)\nBiocor Industria (Acq 1996)\nVentritex (Acq 1997)\nTyco International (Angio-Seal division) (Acq 1999)\nEndocardial Solutions (Acq 2005)\nAdvanced Neuromodulation Systems (Acq 2005)\nMediGuide (Acq 2008)\nAGA Medical (Acq 2010)\nLightLab Imaging (Acq 2010)\nNanostim Inc (Acq 2013)\nEndosense (Acq 2013)\nCardioMEMS Inc. (Acq 2014)\nSpinal Modulation (Acq 2015)\nThoratec Corporation (Acq 2015)\nApica Cardiovascular Limited (Acq 2014)\nLevitronix (Medical division) (Acq 2011)\nGetinge Group (Heat pump technology division) (Acq 2014)\nThermo Cardiosystems (Acq 2010)\nCephea Valve Technologies, Inc. (Acq 2019)\nWalk Vascular, LLC (Acq 2021)\nCardiovascular Systems, Inc. (Acq 2023)\nBigfoot Biomedical (Acq 2023)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Finances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10-K_2021-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Accounts","text":"For the fiscal year 2021, Abbott Laboratories reported earnings of US$7.071 billion, with an annual revenue of US$43.075 billion, which grew 24.5% on an organic basis versus the year prior. Abbott's year-end 2021 stock price was $140.74.[77][78]","title":"Finances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Double Irish arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement"},{"link_name":"Double Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-di-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-di-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-di-79"},{"link_name":"unlimited liability company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlimited_liability_company"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-di-79"},{"link_name":"Matheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matheson_(law_firm)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-di-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-80"},{"link_name":"Irish Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"Single Malt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_malt_tax"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 testing kits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing#Nucleic_acid_tests"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abbotlabs-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"Taxation","text":"See also: Double Irish arrangementOn 19 March 2019, it was reported that Abbott was a long-term user of the Double Irish tax structure, a legal but controversial Irish taxation tool used by US multinationals to reduce US corporate taxes on non-U.S profits.[79] Abbott's Irish holding company, the Bermuda-resident Abbott Laboratories Vascular Enterprises (ALVE), employed no staff in 2017, but was responsible for distributing Abbot's products and licensing its technology worldwide.[79] Newly filed accounts showed that ALVE was incorporated in 2003 and had a pre-tax profit of €2 billion in 2016 and 2017 on revenues of €5.2 billion; no taxation was paid on these profits.[79] ALVE had never filed accounts in Ireland since 2003 as it was structured as an unlimited liability company (ULC); however, new EU accounts directives required ALVE to file Irish accounts in 2018.[79] These accounts listed ALVE's registered office as the address of Ireland's largest tax-law firm, Matheson, who have been identified with Double Irish tax structures for Microsoft and Google.[79][80]In September 2021, the Irish Times reported that Abbott was using the Single Malt tax tool to shield profits on its COVID-19 testing kits.[81][82]","title":"Finances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FreeStyle_libre_am_Oberarm_und_Ausleseger%C3%A4t-1.JPG"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abbott_Laboratories&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OverviewAbbottOps-83"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-37"},{"link_name":"Pediatric nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_nutrition"},{"link_name":"Similac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similac"},{"link_name":"Ensure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensure"},{"link_name":"ZonePerfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZonePerfect"},{"link_name":"Glucerna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucerna"},{"link_name":"Juven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juven"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-37"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10-K_2021-77"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OverviewAbbottOps-83"}],"sub_title":"Organization","text":"Abbott's FreeStyle libreAbbott's core businesses focus on diagnostics, medical devices, branded generic medicines and nutritional products, which have been supplemented through acquisitions.As of 2021[update], the firm's divisions are:[83]Nutrition:[37] Pediatric nutrition (e.g., Similac, Isomil, and Gain), Adult Nutrition (e.g., Ensure and ZonePerfect) and special dietary needs (e.g., Glucerna and Juven)\nDiagnostics:[37] core lab, molecular, point of care, rapid diagnostics and Informatics\nMedical devices: rhythm management, electrophysiology, heart failure, structural heart, neuromodulation, diabetes care[77]\nEstablished Pharmaceuticals:[83] branded generic drugs sold exclusively in developing markets","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miles_D._White.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_B_Ford.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miles D. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_D._White"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frost2012-35"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elfin-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elfin-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"Management","text":"Miles D. WhiteRobert B. FordMiles D. White joined the company in 1984, holding positions including senior vice president of diagnostic operations, executive vice president, executive chairman, and CEO.[35] In 1996, Robert B. Ford joined Abbott, holding various positions including executive vice president of the company's medical device business.[84]In November 2019, White announced that he was stepping down as CEO after 21 years.[84] In March 2020, Robert B. Ford took over as president and CEO,[85] and later chairman.[86]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fortune 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Blue Ribbon companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_ribbon"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Fast Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Company"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Working Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Mother"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Dow Jones Sustainability Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Sustainability_Index"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"sub_title":"Recognition","text":"Abbott was ranked 86th on the Fortune 500 list of largest US-based corporations in 2022.[87] Fortune also named Abbott as one of its Top 50 World's Most Admired Companies in 2021,[88] among its Blue Ribbon companies in 2021,[89] and to its Change the World list in 2020.[90] In 2022, Abbott was ranked #10 in Fast Company’s Most Innovative Companies in Sports for Libre Sense and received an Honorable Mention for the World Changing Ideas Awards.[91][92] The Galien Foundation named Abbott’s FreeStyle Libre as Best Medical Technology within the last 50 years (1970-2020).[93]The company has been listed on the Seramount/Working Mother's \"100 Best Companies\" list for 21 years in a row, named a top company for executive women by Seramount, and included on Science magazine's Top 20 Employers list.[94][95][96][97] The company has also been recognized as a top company by DiversityInc for diversity within the company for 19 consecutive years (2004-2022) and has been included on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index for 18 consecutive years.[98][99]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Box_of_Abbott_Panbio_COVID-19_antigen_rapid_AG_nasal_tests.jpg"}],"text":"Box of Abbott products","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-products-100"}],"sub_title":"Nutrition","text":"Pediatric nutrition products manufactured by Abbott Laboratories include:[100]Similac\nSimilac Gain\nSimilac GainPlus\nSimilac GainSchool\nSimilac Neosure\nSimilac Tummicare HW\nIsomil\nPedialyte\nPediaSure\nPediaSure Plus\nPediaSure Plus 10+Adult nutrition products manufactured by Abbott Laboratories include:Ensure\nGlucerna (Ensure Diabetes Care in India)\nJuven\nZonePerfect","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-products-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"sub_title":"Diagnostics","text":"Diagnostics products manufactured by Abbott include:[100]i-STAT (While intended for a human audience, the point of care analyzers also demonstrate utility for the veterinary profession[101] and are marketed by Abaxis.)\nAlinity\nArchitect\nIDNOW\nDigival\nBinaxNOW[102]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Continuous glucose monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_glucose_monitors"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-products-100"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aveirdr-74"}],"sub_title":"Medical devices","text":"Continuous glucose monitors:FreeStyle Libre\nFreeStyle Libre 2 Sensor\nFreeStyle Libre 3 Sensor[103]Cardiovascular devices manufactured by Abbott Laboratories include:[100]MitraClip\nConfirm Rx\nAmplatzer Piccolo Occluder\nHeartmate\nXience\nCARDIOMEMS\nGallant ICD\nCentriMag\nAveir DR [a][74]Neuromodulation devices manufactured by Abbott Laboratories include:BurstDR Technology\nFlexBurst360 Technology\nProclaim DRG Neurostimulation System\nInfinity Deep Brain Stimulation System\nProclaim XR Recharge-Free Spinal Cord Stimulator\nNT2000IX Radiofrequency Generator\nProclaim Elite Recharge-Free SCS System\nProdigy MRI SCS System","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Litigation and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medicare fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_fraud"},{"link_name":"leuprorelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuprorelin"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"record high pharmaceutical settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_pharmaceutical_settlements"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-107"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-107"},{"link_name":"False Claims Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Claims_Act"},{"link_name":"Tufts University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-106"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"side effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effect"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"sub_title":"Leuprorelin","text":"In October 2001, the US Department of Justice, states attorneys general, and TAP Pharmaceutical Products, a subsidiary of Abbott Laboratories, settled criminal and civil charges against TAP related to federal and state Medicare fraud and illegal marketing of the drug leuprorelin.[104] TAP paid a total of $875 million, a record high pharmaceutical settlement.[105][106] This comprised $290 million for violating the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, $559.5 million to settle federal fraud charges for overcharging Medicare, and $25.5 million reimbursement to 50 states and Washington, D.C., for filing false claims with the states' Medicaid programs.[106] The case arose under the False Claims Act with claims filed by Douglas Durand, a former TAP vice president of sales, and Joseph Gerstein, a doctor at Tufts University's HMO practice.[105] Durand, Gerstein, and Tufts shared $95 million of the settlement.[105]There have since been various suits concerning leuprorelin use, none successful.[107][108] These lawsuits have focused on either the over-prescription of the drug or the lack of warnings about its potential side effects. Between 2010 and 2013, the FDA updated the Lupron drug label to include new safety information on the risk of thromboembolism, loss of bone density and convulsions.[109] The FDA then said that the benefits of leuprorelin outweighed its risks when used according to its approved labeling. From 2017 the FDA evaluated leuprorelin's connection to pain and discomfort in musculoskeletal and connective tissue.[110]","title":"Litigation and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adalimumab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalimumab"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"UK Medical Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"sub_title":"Humira","text":"In March 2003, British company Cambridge Antibody Technology (CAT) stated its wish to \"initiate discussions regarding the applicability of the royalty offset provisions for Humira\" (Adalimumab) with Abbott Laboratories in the High Court of London. In December 2004, the judgment ruled for CAT.[111]Abbott was required to pay CAT US$255 million in lieu of royalties the MRC, the Scripps Research Institute and Stratagene would have received on sales of Humira after December 2004. Some of this sum was to be passed to its partners in development, including US$191 million for the UK Medical Research Council (MRC), plus a further $7.5 million over five years from 2006 providing that Humira remained on the market.[112]","title":"Litigation and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"}],"sub_title":"Operation Headwaters","text":"In October 2003, Abbott Laboratories and two of its units agreed to pay a total of $600 million in the first combined civil settlement and criminal conviction for offering kickbacks to agents of \"Operations Headwaters\", an undercover investigation by the FBI.[113]","title":"Litigation and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Depakote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depakote"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doj-115"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"sub_title":"Depakote","text":"On 2 October 2012, the company was charged with a $500 million fine and $198.5 million forfeiture for illegal marketing of Depakote for uses not approved by the FDA. The court also sentenced Abbott to a five-year term of probation and court supervision.[114] Shareholders then brought derivative suits against the company directors for breach of fiduciary duty.[115][116] Following Abbott's spinoff of its research-based pharmaceuticals business, it no longer owns the commercial rights and associated responsibilities for Humira and Depakote.[117]","title":"Litigation and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medicare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"US Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"kickbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"sub_title":"Glucose monitors","text":"In 2021, two of Abbott Laboratories' subsidiaries, Arriva Medical LLC and Alere Inc, had to pay $160m to resolve claims that they had fraudulently billed Medicare for glucose monitors. The US Department of Justice said that Arriva used free glucose monitors to induce patients to order more consumable supplies, then took kickbacks on the increased sales. The company was also accused of charging Medicare for glucose monitors given to patients who were ineligible, or even dead.[118]","title":"Litigation and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Food_%26_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"sub_title":"Plant shutdown","text":"In February 2022, Abbott recalled baby formulas from the market and shut down their Michigan plant after complaints of illness and death in infants caused by serious bacterial infections. Following Abbotts' meeting the initial requirement of the U.S. Food & Drug Administration, the facility reopened in June 2022.[119][120][121][122]","title":"Litigation and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"}],"sub_title":"Deep Brain Stimulation Device Recall","text":"On July 18, 2023, Abbott recalled its Proclaim and Infinity IPGs due to complaints from patients who are unable to exit MRI mode. The use of the affected IPGs may require surgery to remove the device and replace it with a new device.There have been 186 reported incidents and 73 reported injuries. There have been no reports of death.[123] Noted by Gita Amar, a PR representative for Abbott Laboratories on this issue. \"The company has communicated this action to physicians and regulatory bodies. No products need to be returned to the company or replaced.\"[124]","title":"Litigation and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Marathon Majors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Marathon_Majors"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marathon-126"}],"text":"In 2015 Abbott became the title sponsor of the World Marathon Majors.[125]","title":"Sponsorship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-104"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ pacemaker, received FDA approval on July 5, 2023","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"After 20 Years, Abbott Labs CEO Miles White Has Successor in Mind\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.forbes.com/sites/brucejapsen/2018/10/18/after-20-years-abbott-ceo-miles-white-has-his-successor-in-mind"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10-K_2023_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"US SEC: Form 10-K Abbott Laboratories\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1800/000162828024005348/abt-20231231.htm"},{"link_name":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Abbott Completes Separation of Research-Based Pharmaceuticals Business\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/abbott-completes-separation-of-research-based-pharmaceuticals-business-185406542.html"},{"link_name":"PR Newswire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Newswire"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130114034619/http://abbvie.mediaroom.com/2013-01-02-AbbVie-Celebrates-Launch-as-New-Biopharmaceutical-Company-with-Employees-Patients"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"More than splitting pills: Health care giant Abbott Laboratories ready to spin off AbbVie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-xpm-2012-12-30-ct-biz-1230-bf-abbott-spin-20121230-story.html"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Abbott Laboratories Company History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Abbott-Laboratories-Company-History.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Abbott in Pakistan | Abbott\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pk.abbott/homepage.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"RICHARD MOORE ROSS, 77, ABBOTT LABS EXECUTIVE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-12-11-9312110107-story.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Ross Laboratories - Ohio History Central\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ross_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Abbott Labs plans $62 million investment in Columbus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200820173356/https://www.dispatch.com/business/20190222/abbott-labs-plans-62-million-investment-in-columbus"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dispatch.com/business/20190222/abbott-labs-plans-62-million-investment-in-columbus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Welcome Sherri Blanchard, M.D., to Douglas Primary Care – Casper, WY Oil City News\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//oilcity.news/general/2020/01/10/welcome-sherri-blanchard-m-d-to-douglas-primary-care/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-grinspoon23_11-0"},{"link_name":"The Speed Culture: Amphetamine Use and Abuse in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/speedcultureamph0000grin_n3i0"},{"link_name":"23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/speedcultureamph0000grin_n3i0/page/23"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780674831926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674831926"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1362148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1362148"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Abbott Closes Early On Knoll Acquisition\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.chicagotribune.com/2001/03/03/abbott-closes-early-on-knoll-acquisition/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Company News; Chattem Buys Selsun Blue Shampoo Brand From 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Abbott","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Dr._Wallace_C._Abbott.jpg/220px-Dr._Wallace_C._Abbott.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nucleic acid testing for COVID-19 conducted using an Abbott Laboratories ID Now device","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ID_Now_testing_%2851038387158%29.jpg/220px-ID_Now_testing_%2851038387158%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Abbott's FreeStyle libre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/FreeStyle_libre_am_Oberarm_und_Ausleseger%C3%A4t-1.JPG/220px-FreeStyle_libre_am_Oberarm_und_Ausleseger%C3%A4t-1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Box of Abbott products","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Box_of_Abbott_Panbio_COVID-19_antigen_rapid_AG_nasal_tests.jpg/220px-Box_of_Abbott_Panbio_COVID-19_antigen_rapid_AG_nasal_tests.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Illinois companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Illinois_companies"},{"title":"List of largest biomedical companies by market capitalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_biomedical_companies_by_market_capitalization"},{"title":"List of pharmaceutical companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharmaceutical_companies"},{"title":"Clara Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Abbott"},{"title":"2022 United States infant formula shortage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_infant_formula_shortage"}] | [{"reference":"Japsen, Bruce. \"After 20 Years, Abbott Labs CEO Miles White Has Successor in Mind\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awraba | Awraba | ["1 Origins","2 References"] | North African Berber tribe
The Awraba were a Berber tribe in North Africa which formed part of the Baranis confederation. They were known for playing a primary role in the resistance to the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb during the 7th century, particularly during the rebellion led by their king Kusaila. After this event, having mostly converted to Islam, they were known for welcoming Idris I, an 'Alid refugee fleeing the 'Abbasids to the east, and helping him establish the Idrisid dynasty.
Origins
The Awraba are from western Algeria and probably originate from the Constantine region. In antiquity Cherchell and Algiers were the western and eastern limits of the territory of the Awraba. They are described as authentic descendants of the ancient Numidians. At the time of the arrival of the Arabs, the Awraba were situated in the regions of the Zab and the western Aures. After the death of Kusaila, the Awraba were driven out of the central Maghreb and migrated to Volubilis, these Awraba called themselves descendants of the Awraba of the Aures. The Awraba were also later found to occupy the region of Tobna and the Zab during the 9th century.
References
^ Deverdun, Gaston (1980). "Awraba". The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition: Supplement. Brill. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-90-04-06167-5.
^ Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-521-33767-0.
^ Fromherz, Allen. "The Making of the Maghrib: 600–1060 CE." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. 28 Mar. 2018; Accessed 25 Mar. 2023. https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-321. “Their founder Idris bin 'Abdulla was allied with the Awraba, a Berber confederation from western Algeria.“
^ a b c Lazarev, Grigori. "Quelques hypothèses sur les dynamiques de peuplement du Rif occidental." Critique économique 30 (2013): 65-97. “
P.149: “Cette confédération reprit, contre Hassan Ibn No'man, la lutte engagée par les Awraba, confédération de tribus guerrières cavalières (des cavaliers «<numides »?) qui, au moment de l'arrivée des Arabes, occupaient les régions du Zab et l'ouest de l'Awras”
P.148: “Ce furent tout d'abord des composantes des grandes confédérations qui commandèrent les premières résistances à la conquête arabe, les Awraba, probablement originaires du Constantinois”
^ Revue africaine: journal des travaux de la société historique algérienne. Kraus Reprint, 1968.
^ L'Afrique française: bulletin mensuel du Comité de l'Afrique française et du Comité du Maroc. Siège du Comité, 1927. “les Aurebas notamment, tane, porteurs d'une vieille culture, dans une situation descendants authentiques des anciens Numides”
^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Supplement. Brill, 1980.
This Berber-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Baranis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranis"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquest of the Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb"},{"link_name":"Kusaila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusaila"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Idris I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_I_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"'Alid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alids"},{"link_name":"'Abbasids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Abbasids"},{"link_name":"Idrisid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Awraba were a Berber tribe in North Africa which formed part of the Baranis confederation. They were known for playing a primary role in the resistance to the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb during the 7th century, particularly during the rebellion led by their king Kusaila.[1] After this event, having mostly converted to Islam, they were known for welcoming Idris I, an 'Alid refugee fleeing the 'Abbasids to the east, and helping him establish the Idrisid dynasty.[2]","title":"Awraba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lazarev-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Numidians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidians"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lazarev-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lazarev-4"}],"text":"The Awraba are from western Algeria and probably originate from the Constantine region.[3][4] In antiquity Cherchell and Algiers were the western and eastern limits of the territory of the Awraba.[5] They are described as authentic descendants of the ancient Numidians.[6] At the time of the arrival of the Arabs, the Awraba were situated in the regions of the Zab and the western Aures.[4] After the death of Kusaila, the Awraba were driven out of the central Maghreb and migrated to Volubilis, these Awraba called themselves descendants of the Awraba of the Aures.[7] The Awraba were also later found to occupy the region of Tobna and the Zab during the 9th century.[4]","title":"Origins"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Deverdun, Gaston (1980). \"Awraba\". The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition: Supplement. Brill. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-90-04-06167-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=95Q3AAAAIAAJ&dq=awraba&pg=PA103","url_text":"\"Awraba\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06167-5","url_text":"978-90-04-06167-5"}]},{"reference":"Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-521-33767-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&dq=awraba&pg=PA51","url_text":"A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33767-0","url_text":"978-0-521-33767-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=95Q3AAAAIAAJ&dq=awraba&pg=PA103","external_links_name":"\"Awraba\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&dq=awraba&pg=PA51","external_links_name":"A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period"},{"Link":"https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-321","external_links_name":"https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-321"},{"Link":"http://www.ledmaroc.ma/pages/numeros%20parus/4699-12961-1-SM.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Quelques hypothèses sur les dynamiques de peuplement du Rif occidental.\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zmVIAAAAMAAJ&q=territoire+qui+parait+avoir+%C3%A9t%C3%A9+le+territoire+primitif+des+Aoureba,+sur+un+point+culminant+du+Sahel","external_links_name":"Revue africaine: journal des travaux de la société historique algérienne."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p_RN5qoJ8esC&q=Aurebas","external_links_name":"L'Afrique française: bulletin mensuel du Comité de l'Afrique française et du Comité du Maroc."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=95Q3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA103","external_links_name":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Supplement."},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Awraba&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Faith_(TV_series) | Sea of Faith (TV series) | ["1 Episodes","2 Production","3 Response","4 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sea of Faith" TV series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
TV series or program
Sea of FaithPresented byDon CupittNo. of episodes6Original releaseNetworkBBCRelease1984 (1984)
Sea of Faith is a six-part documentary television series, presented on BBC television in 1984 by Don Cupitt. The programme dealt with the history of Christianity in the modern world, focussing especially on how Christianity has responded to challenges such as scientific advances, political atheism and secularisation in general.
Episodes
Episode 1, The Mechanical Universe – Copernican revolution. Blaise Pascal and René Descartes respond differently, faith and knowledge are set divided.
Episode 2, The Human Animal – Genesis account. Revolutions of Charles Darwin, Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung.
Episode 3, Going by the Book – Scripture and practice. Views of Martin Luther, David Strauss, and Albert Schweitzer.
Episode 4, Prometheus Unbound – Karl Marx and Søren Kierkegaard, society and the individual.
Episode 5, Religion Shock – Encounters with the world religions. Arthur Schopenhauer and Eastern religions. Vivekananda, Hindu missionary. Annie Besant, atheist and anthroposophist.
Episode 6, The New World – Friedrich Nietzsche and the death of God. Ludwig Wittgenstein's austerity and rigor towards language, his suspicion of built-up religious theories.
Production
As far as possible, the programme aimed to give presentations in the place where the figures featured each week had actually lived and worked; for example, the programme about Jung was partially filmed in Zürich, and the programme on Kierkegaard was partially filmed near Copenhagen.
Response
Before the programme was first aired, an article on the religious views of Cupitt entitled "New Wave Believer" was published in the Radio Times. The article aroused considerable controversy, as was evident from the letters that soon appeared in Radio Times. A more positive set of letters appeared in the Radio Times after the programme had been aired.
After the showings of the six episodes, the BBC broadcast a discussion of the series and of its reception. As well as featuring Cupitt, the discussion included Alfred Jules Ayer and the then Bishop of Birmingham, Hugh Montefiore. The programme also featured on a BBC television series, Did You See...?, hosted by Ludovic Kennedy, and featuring in that episode Karen Armstrong and Bob Monkhouse.
The Sea of Faith movement started in 1984 as a response to Cupitt's book and television series.
In March 2019, Sea of Faith was the subject of a BBC Radio 4 programme.
References
^ University of Melbourne Libraries
^ Cooke, Bill (2005). Dictionary of Atheism, Skepticism, and Humanism. Amherst NY: Prometheus Books. p. 470. ISBN 978-1591022992.
^ Presenter: Giles Fraser; Producer: Rosie Dawson (15 March 2019). "Sea of Faith". Sea of Faith. BBC. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 15 March 2019. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Don Cupitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cupitt"},{"link_name":"history of Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"atheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism"},{"link_name":"secularisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism"}],"text":"TV series or programSea of Faith is a six-part documentary television series, presented on BBC television in 1984 by Don Cupitt. The programme dealt with the history of Christianity in the modern world, focussing especially on how Christianity has responded to challenges such as scientific advances, political atheism and secularisation in general.","title":"Sea of Faith (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copernican revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Blaise Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal"},{"link_name":"René Descartes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"Carl Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung"},{"link_name":"Scripture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripture"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"David Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Strauss"},{"link_name":"Albert Schweitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Søren Kierkegaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard"},{"link_name":"Arthur Schopenhauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer"},{"link_name":"Vivekananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivekananda"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Annie Besant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Wittgenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein"}],"text":"Episode 1, The Mechanical Universe – Copernican revolution. Blaise Pascal and René Descartes respond differently, faith and knowledge are set divided.\nEpisode 2, The Human Animal – Genesis account. Revolutions of Charles Darwin, Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung.\nEpisode 3, Going by the Book – Scripture and practice. Views of Martin Luther, David Strauss, and Albert Schweitzer.\nEpisode 4, Prometheus Unbound – Karl Marx and Søren Kierkegaard, society and the individual.\nEpisode 5, Religion Shock – Encounters with the world religions. Arthur Schopenhauer and Eastern religions. Vivekananda, Hindu missionary. Annie Besant, atheist and anthroposophist.\nEpisode 6, The New World – Friedrich Nietzsche and the death of God. Ludwig Wittgenstein's austerity and rigor towards language, his suspicion of built-up religious theories.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"}],"text":"As far as possible, the programme aimed to give presentations in the place where the figures featured each week had actually lived and worked; for example, the programme about Jung was partially filmed in Zürich, and the programme on Kierkegaard was partially filmed near Copenhagen.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alfred Jules Ayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer"},{"link_name":"Hugh Montefiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Montefiore"},{"link_name":"Did You See...?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Did_You_See...%3F"},{"link_name":"Ludovic Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Karen Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Bob Monkhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Monkhouse"},{"link_name":"Sea of Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Faith"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Cooke-2"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Radio_4-3"}],"text":"Before the programme was first aired, an article on the religious views of Cupitt entitled \"New Wave Believer\" was published in the Radio Times. The article aroused considerable controversy, as was evident from the letters that soon appeared in Radio Times. A more positive set of letters appeared in the Radio Times after the programme had been aired.[1]After the showings of the six episodes, the BBC broadcast a discussion of the series and of its reception. As well as featuring Cupitt, the discussion included Alfred Jules Ayer and the then Bishop of Birmingham, Hugh Montefiore. The programme also featured on a BBC television series, Did You See...?, hosted by Ludovic Kennedy, and featuring in that episode Karen Armstrong and Bob Monkhouse.The Sea of Faith movement started in 1984 as a response to Cupitt's book and television series.[2]In March 2019, Sea of Faith was the subject of a BBC Radio 4 programme.[3]","title":"Response"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Cooke, Bill (2005). Dictionary of Atheism, Skepticism, and Humanism. Amherst NY: Prometheus Books. p. 470. ISBN 978-1591022992.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sA6_jqohqRUC","url_text":"Dictionary of Atheism, Skepticism, and Humanism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591022992","url_text":"978-1591022992"}]},{"reference":"Presenter: Giles Fraser; Producer: Rosie Dawson (15 March 2019). \"Sea of Faith\". Sea of Faith. BBC. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 15 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Fraser","url_text":"Giles Fraser"},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m00036kp","url_text":"\"Sea of Faith\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4","url_text":"BBC Radio 4"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sea+of+Faith%22+TV+series","external_links_name":"\"Sea of Faith\" TV series"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sea+of+Faith%22+TV+series+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sea+of+Faith%22+TV+series&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sea+of+Faith%22+TV+series+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sea+of+Faith%22+TV+series","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sea+of+Faith%22+TV+series&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/collections/media/offair%20010606a.pdf","external_links_name":"University of Melbourne Libraries"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sA6_jqohqRUC","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Atheism, Skepticism, and Humanism"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m00036kp","external_links_name":"\"Sea of Faith\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_cobaltinitrite | Sodium hexanitritocobaltate(III) | ["1 Synthesis and reactions","2 Application for analysis of potassium","3 See also","4 References"] | Sodium hexanitritocobaltate(III)
Names
IUPAC name
Sodium hexanitritocobaltate(III)
Other names
Sodium cobaltinitrite
Identifiers
CAS Number
13600-98-1 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
13198283 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.033.692
EC Number
237-077-7
PubChem CID
16211641
UNII
XO0NGY9EY7 Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID00894906
InChI
InChI=1S/Co.6NO2.3Na/c;6*2-1-3;;;/q-3;;;;;;;3*+1 YKey: IMBXIBFCGMYSME-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/Co.6NO2.3Na/c;6*2-1-3;;;/q-3;;;;;;;3*+1/rCoN6O12.3Na/c8-2(9)1(3(10)11,4(12)13,5(14)15,6(16)17)7(18)19;;;/q-3;3*+1Key: IMBXIBFCGMYSME-PEVTYUNUAJ
SMILES
...O=()(()=O)((=O))(()=O)(()=O)()=O
Properties
Chemical formula
Na3
Molar mass
403.933 g·mol−1
Appearance
Yellow crystals
Density
2.565 g/cm3
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word
Danger
Hazard statements
H272, H315, H317, H319, H334, H335, H351
Safety data sheet (SDS)
JT Baker MSDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Sodium hexanitritocobaltate(III) is inorganic compound with the formula Na3. The anion of this yellow-coloured salt consists of the transition metal nitrite complex 3−. It was a reagent for the qualitative test for potassium and ammonium ions.
Synthesis and reactions
The compound is prepared by oxidation of cobalt(II) salts in the presence of sodium nitrite:
4 (NO3)2 + O2 + 24 NaNO2 → 4 Na3 + 8 NaNO3 + 4 NaOH + 22 H2O
Application for analysis of potassium
Although the sodium cobaltinitrite is soluble in water, it forms the basis of a quantitative determination of potassium, thallium, and ammonium ions. Under the recommended reaction conditions the insoluble double salt, K2Na·H2O is precipitated and weighed. In geochemical analysis, sodium cobaltinitrite is used to distinguish alkali feldspars from plagioclase feldspars in thin section.
Concentrated aqueous solution of sodium cobaltinitrite.
K2Na·H2O
Fragment of the Na3Co(NO2)6 lattice, highlighting the CoN6 and NaO6 coordination spheres.
See also
Potassium hexanitritocobaltate(III)
References
^ "C&L Inventory". echa.europa.eu.
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ Glemser, O. (1963). "Sodium Hexanitritocobaltate(III)". In Brauer, G. (ed.). Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Academic Press. p. 1541.
^ Vogel, A. I. (1951). Quantitative Inorganic Analysis (2nd ed.). Longmans Green and Co.
^ Bailey, E. H.; Stevens, R. E. (1960). "Selective staining of K-feldspar and plagioclase on rock slabs and thin sections". American Mineralogist. 45: 1020–1025. ISSN 1945-3027.
^ Brian N. Figgis; Alexandre N. Soboleva (2001). "Na3Co(NO2)6 at 293 and 10 K". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 57 (Pt 8): 885–886. doi:10.1107/S0108270101007995. PMID 11498599. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inorganic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound"},{"link_name":"transition metal nitrite complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_nitrite_complex"},{"link_name":"potassium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium"},{"link_name":"ammonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G&W-2"}],"text":"Chemical compoundSodium hexanitritocobaltate(III) is inorganic compound with the formula Na3[Co(NO2)6]. The anion of this yellow-coloured salt consists of the transition metal nitrite complex [Co(NO2)6]3−. It was a reagent for the qualitative test for potassium and ammonium ions.[2]","title":"Sodium hexanitritocobaltate(III)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sodium nitrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_nitrite"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The compound is prepared by oxidation of cobalt(II) salts in the presence of sodium nitrite:[3]4 [Co(H2O)6](NO3)2 + O2 + 24 NaNO2 → 4 Na3[Co(NO2)6] + 8 NaNO3 + 4 NaOH + 22 H2O","title":"Synthesis and reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vogel-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"geochemical analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bailey_&_Stevens-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sodium_hexanitritocobaltate(III)_solution.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Impure_dipotassium_sodium_cobaltinitrite_(K2Na(Co(NO2)6))_monohydrate.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EntryWithCollCode280729.png"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Although the sodium cobaltinitrite is soluble in water, it forms the basis of a quantitative determination of potassium, thallium, and ammonium ions. Under the recommended reaction conditions the insoluble double salt, K2Na[Co(NO2)6]·H2O is precipitated and weighed.[4][page needed] In geochemical analysis, sodium cobaltinitrite is used to distinguish alkali feldspars from plagioclase feldspars in thin section.[5]Concentrated aqueous solution of sodium cobaltinitrite.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tK2Na[Co(NO2)6]·H2OFragment of the Na3Co(NO2)6 lattice, highlighting the CoN6 and NaO6 coordination spheres.[6]","title":"Application for analysis of potassium"}] | [{"image_text":"Fragment of the Na3Co(NO2)6 lattice, highlighting the CoN6 and NaO6 coordination spheres.[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/EntryWithCollCode280729.png/220px-EntryWithCollCode280729.png"}] | [{"title":"Potassium hexanitritocobaltate(III)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hexanitritocobaltate(III)"}] | [{"reference":"\"C&L Inventory\". echa.europa.eu.","urls":[{"url":"https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/44858","url_text":"\"C&L Inventory\""}]},{"reference":"Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Greenwood","url_text":"Greenwood, Norman N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann","url_text":"Butterworth-Heinemann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8","url_text":"978-0-08-037941-8"}]},{"reference":"Glemser, O. (1963). \"Sodium Hexanitritocobaltate(III)\". In Brauer, G. (ed.). Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Academic Press. p. 1541.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vogel, A. I. (1951). Quantitative Inorganic Analysis (2nd ed.). Longmans Green and Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bailey, E. H.; Stevens, R. E. (1960). \"Selective staining of K-feldspar and plagioclase on rock slabs and thin sections\". American Mineralogist. 45: 1020–1025. ISSN 1945-3027.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/45/9-10/1020/541675/Selective-staining-of-K-feldspar-and-plagioclase","url_text":"\"Selective staining of K-feldspar and plagioclase on rock slabs and thin sections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1945-3027","url_text":"1945-3027"}]},{"reference":"Brian N. Figgis; Alexandre N. Soboleva (2001). \"Na3Co(NO2)6 at 293 and 10 K\". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 57 (Pt 8): 885–886. doi:10.1107/S0108270101007995. PMID 11498599.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0108270101007995","url_text":"10.1107/S0108270101007995"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11498599","url_text":"11498599"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=13600-98-1","external_links_name":"13600-98-1"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BNa%2B%5D.%5BNa%2B%5D.%5BNa%2B%5D.O%3D%5BN%2B%5D%28%5BO-%5D%29%5BCo-3%5D%28%5BN%2B%5D%28%5BO-%5D%29%3DO%29%28%5BN%2B%5D%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D%29%28%5BN%2B%5D%28%5BO-%5D%29%3DO%29%28%5BN%2B%5D%28%5BO-%5D%29%3DO%29%5BN%2B%5D%28%5BO-%5D%29%3DO","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.13198283.html","external_links_name":"13198283"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.033.692","external_links_name":"100.033.692"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16211641","external_links_name":"16211641"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/XO0NGY9EY7","external_links_name":"XO0NGY9EY7"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID00894906","external_links_name":"DTXSID00894906"},{"Link":"http://hazard.com/msds/mf/baker/baker/files/s3434.htm","external_links_name":"JT Baker MSDS"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=464400670&page2=Sodium+hexanitritocobaltate%28III%29","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/44858","external_links_name":"\"C&L Inventory\""},{"Link":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/45/9-10/1020/541675/Selective-staining-of-K-feldspar-and-plagioclase","external_links_name":"\"Selective staining of K-feldspar and plagioclase on rock slabs and thin sections\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1945-3027","external_links_name":"1945-3027"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0108270101007995","external_links_name":"10.1107/S0108270101007995"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11498599","external_links_name":"11498599"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_%C3%85landic_status_referendum | 1919 Ålandic status referendum | ["1 Results","2 References"] | 1919 Ålandic status referendum
June 1919
Integration into Sweden?Results
Choice
Votes
%
Yes
9,735
95.48%
No
461
4.52%
Valid votes
10,196
100.00%
Invalid or blank votes
0
0.00%
Total votes
10,196
100.00%
Politics of Åland
Constitution
State Department
Governor: Peter Lindbäck
Government
Premier: Katrin Sjögren
Lagting (parliament)
Speaker: Ingrid Zetterman
Political parties
Recent elections
Legislative: 20192023
Administrative divisions
Åland in the Finnish Parliament
Finland portal
EU portal
Other countries
vte
An unofficial referendum on integration into Sweden was held in Åland in June 1919. The referendum was organised by the Lagting and approved by a vote on 1 June. It took the form of a petition in which voters could sign in yes or no columns. Although the proposal was approved by 95.48% of voters, the islands remained under Finnish control following a decision by the League of Nations in 1921.
Results
Choice
Votes
%
For
9,735
95.48
Against
461
4.51
Invalid/blank votes
–
Total
10,196
100
Registered voters/turnout
96.40
Source: Direct Democracy
References
^ a b c d Åland-Inseln (Finnland), ??. Juni 1919 : Anschluss an Schweden Direct Democracy
vte Elections in ÅlandLagting elections
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1937
1945
1948
1951
1954
1957
1960
1963
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1975
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1987
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2003
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Municipal elections
1918
1919
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1922
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1956
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1964
1967
1971
1975
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1999
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Referendums
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1994
vteTerritorial plebiscites after World War I
Åland (1919)
Carinthia (1920)
1920 East Prussian plebiscite
Eupen-Malmedy (1920)
Schleswig (1920)
Sopron (1921)
Upper Silesia (1921)
Saar (1935)
Vorarlberg plebiscite
See also: Treaty of Versailles | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Åland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DD-1"},{"link_name":"Lagting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_%C3%85land"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DD-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DD-1"},{"link_name":"a decision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land_crisis"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DD-1"}],"text":"An unofficial referendum on integration into Sweden was held in Åland in June 1919.[1] The referendum was organised by the Lagting and approved by a vote on 1 June.[1] It took the form of a petition in which voters could sign in yes or no columns.[1] Although the proposal was approved by 95.48% of voters, the islands remained under Finnish control following a decision by the League of Nations in 1921.[1]","title":"1919 Ålandic status referendum"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=ax011919","external_links_name":"Direct Democracy"},{"Link":"http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=ax011919","external_links_name":"Åland-Inseln (Finnland), ??. Juni 1919 : Anschluss an Schweden"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Betti | Riccardo Betti | ["1 Honors and awards","2 References"] | Riccardo BettiBornRome, Italy (1963)OccupationProfessor at University of Rochester
Riccardo Betti is the Robert L. McCrory professor of Mechanical Engineering and Physics and Astronomy at the University of Rochester, in Rochester, NY. Since 2004, he has also acted as the Director of the Fusion Science Center at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics. He received is Ph.D. from the Department of Nuclear Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) in 1992. Prior to that he studied at the University of Rome (Italy), where he graduated with honors with a degree in Nuclear Engineering in 1987.
Honors and awards
Dr. Betti was the Chair of the American Physical Society's Division of Plasma Physics (November, 2014-October 2015).
His awards and recognitions include:
2020 Landau-Spitzer Award from the American and European Physical Societies for Outstanding Contributions to Plasma Physics.
2012 recipient of the U.S. Department of Energy's Ernest O. Lawrence Award for "a series of impactful theoretical discoveries in the physics of inertial confinement fusion including seminal transformative work on thermonuclear ignition, hydrodynamic instabilities and implosion dynamics, and the development of innovative approaches to ignition and energy gains."
2010 Leadership Award from Fusion Power Associates "for the leadership he has been providing to the U.S. and world inertial fusion efforts, including his contributions to the search for efficient methods of igniting fusion targets, contributions to the emerging field of high energy density physics, and his advisory role in the DOE's Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee."
2009, The Edward Teller Medal from the American Nuclear Society "for seminal contributions to the theory and understanding of hydrodynamic instabilities, implosion dynamics and thermonuclear ignition in inertial confinement fusion."
He has been a Fellow at the American Physical Society since 2001. In 2010, he was appointed to the Board of Physics and Astronomy of the National Academy of Sciences. He was Vice Chair of the Fusion Energy Science Committee of the Department of Energy.
On October 29, 2009, Dr Betti gave a statement to the U.S. House of Representative's Committee on Science and Technology Subcommittee on Energy and Environment on the "Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research."
References
^ "Betti, Riccardo | Department of Physics and Astronomy". www.pas.rochester.edu. Archived from the original on 2008-02-08.
^ "Riccardo Betti - Laboratory for Laser Energetics". www.lle.rochester.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-09-18.
^ "Home - Unit - DPP".
^ "Prize Recipient".
^ "Office of Science".
^ "FPA Awards".
^ "American Nuclear Society -- ANS".
^ "bpa_membership". sites.nationalacademies.org. Archived from the original on 2009-08-28.
^ "Office of Science" (PDF).
Authority control databases: Academics
Google Scholar | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Laboratory for Laser Energetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_for_Laser_Energetics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"}],"text":"Riccardo Betti is the Robert L. McCrory professor of Mechanical Engineering and Physics and Astronomy at the University of Rochester, in Rochester, NY.[1] Since 2004, he has also acted as the Director of the Fusion Science Center at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics.[2] He received is Ph.D. from the Department of Nuclear Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) in 1992. Prior to that he studied at the University of Rome (Italy), where he graduated with honors with a degree in Nuclear Engineering in 1987.","title":"Riccardo Betti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ernest O. 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Lawrence Award for \"a series of impactful theoretical discoveries in the physics of inertial confinement fusion including seminal transformative work on thermonuclear ignition, hydrodynamic instabilities and implosion dynamics, and the development of innovative approaches to ignition and energy gains.\"[5]2010 Leadership Award from Fusion Power Associates \"for the leadership he has been providing to the U.S. and world inertial fusion efforts, including his contributions to the search for efficient methods of igniting fusion targets, contributions to the emerging field of high energy density physics, and his advisory role in the DOE's Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee.\"[6]2009, The Edward Teller Medal from the American Nuclear Society \"for seminal contributions to the theory and understanding of hydrodynamic instabilities, implosion dynamics and thermonuclear ignition in inertial confinement fusion.\"[7]He has been a Fellow at the American Physical Society since 2001. In 2010, he was appointed to the Board of Physics and Astronomy of the National Academy of Sciences.[8] He was Vice Chair of the Fusion Energy Science Committee of the Department of Energy.[9]On October 29, 2009, Dr Betti gave a statement to the U.S. House of Representative's Committee on Science and Technology Subcommittee on Energy and Environment on the \"Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research.\" [1]","title":"Honors and awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Betti, Riccardo | Department of Physics and Astronomy\". www.pas.rochester.edu. Archived from the original on 2008-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080208193211/http://www.pas.rochester.edu/urpas/faculty_page/betti_riccardo","url_text":"\"Betti, Riccardo | Department of Physics and Astronomy\""},{"url":"http://www.pas.rochester.edu/urpas/faculty_page/betti_riccardo","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Riccardo Betti - Laboratory for Laser Energetics\". www.lle.rochester.edu. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenterfield_Saddler | Tenterfield Saddler | ["1 Charts","2 Cover versions","3 References"] | 1972 single by Peter Allen"Tenterfield Saddler"Single by Peter Allenfrom the album Tenterfield Saddler ReleasedApril 1972Recorded1971GenrePop, CountryLength3:36LabelA&MSongwriter(s)Peter AllenProducer(s)Peter Allen, Brooks ArthurPeter Allen singles chronology
"Just Ask Me I've Been There" (1972)
"Tenterfield Saddler" (1972)
"I Honestly Love You" (1977)
"Tenterfield Saddler" is a song written by Peter Allen in 1970. It was released in 1972 as the second single from his second studio album of the same name.
"Tenterfield Saddler" tells the moving story of the musician's life, from his much-loved grandfather, George Woolnough, his troubled relationship with his father and moving to New York to marry Liza Minnelli, "a girl with an interesting face".
The lyric "been all 'round the world and lives no special place", is compared to a lyric of another of his songs, "no matter how far or how wide I roam, I still call Australia home" in "I Still Call Australia Home".
Charts
"Tenterfield Saddler" made its ARIA chart debut in September 2015 following the screening of the Peter Allen Australian mini-series, Peter Allen: Not the Boy Next Door.
Chart (2015)
Peak position
Australia (ARIA)
53
Cover versions
In 1993, Rick Price performed a live tribute to Allen at the ARIA Music Awards of 1993. This version was later included on his 2004 album, The Essential Collection.
In 1996 Colleen Hewett covered the song on her album, Tenterfield Dreams.
In 2002, Olivia Newton-John covered the song (with Peter Allen) for her album, 2.
In 2004, Hugh Jackman recorded the song for The Boy from Oz Broadway Cast Album.
In 2007, Lee Kernaghan covered the song on his album, Spirit of the Bush.
In 2015, John Farnham and Olivia Newton-John sang a duet on their album Two Strong Hearts Live that they performed on the tour in 2015.
References
^ "Song's sad note". Andrew Hornery with Daniel Dasey. 20 October 2003. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ "TENTERFIELD SADDLER by PETER ALLEN". www.songfacts.com. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ Ryan, Gavin (26 September 2015). "ARIA Singles: Justin Bieber Maintains Top Spot After Four Weeks". Noise11. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
vtePeter AllenStudio albums
Peter Allen (1971)
Tenterfield Saddler (1972)
Continental American (1974)
Taught by Experts (1976)
I Could Have Been a Sailor (1979)
Bi-Coastal (1980)
Not the Boy Next Door (1983)
Making Every Moment Count (1990)
Compilation albums
It Is Time for Peter Allen (1977)
The Very Best of Peter Allen (1982)
Captured Live at Carnegie Hall (1985)
The Very Best of Peter Allen: The Boy from Down Under (1992)
The Ultimate Peter Allen (2006)
Notable singles
"Tenterfield Saddler" (1972)
"I Honestly Love You" (1975)
"The More I See You" (1976)
"I Go to Rio" (1976)
"Don't Cry Out Loud" (1978)
"I Still Call Australia Home" (1980)
Productions
Soon (1971)
Legs Diamond (1988)
The Boy from Oz (1998)
Peter Allen: Not the Boy Next Door (2015)
Related articles
The Allen Brothers
Liza Minnelli
Bernadette Peters
"I'd Rather Leave While I'm in Love" (1979)
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)" (1980)
"I Don't Go Shopping" (1981)
ARIA Hall of Fame
vteRick PriceStudio albums
Heaven Knows
Tamborine Mountain
Another Place
The Water's Edge
Tennessee Sky
California Dreaming
Compilation albums
Songs from the Heart
The Essential Rick Price
Singles
"Not a Day Goes by"
"Heaven Knows"
"What's Wrong with That Girl"
"A House Divided"
"Walk Away Renée"
"Where Is the Love"
"River of Love"
Other songs
"You're Not Alone (Australian Olympians song)"
"Tenterfield Saddler" | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Allen_(musician)"},{"link_name":"George Woolnough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Woolnough"},{"link_name":"Liza Minnelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Minnelli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"I Still Call Australia Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Still_Call_Australia_Home"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Tenterfield Saddler\" is a song written by Peter Allen in 1970. It was released in 1972 as the second single from his second studio album of the same name.\"Tenterfield Saddler\" tells the moving story of the musician's life, from his much-loved grandfather, George Woolnough, his troubled relationship with his father and moving to New York to marry Liza Minnelli, \"a girl with an interesting face\".[1]The lyric \"been all 'round the world and lives no special place\", is compared to a lyric of another of his songs, \"no matter how far or how wide I roam, I still call Australia home\" in \"I Still Call Australia Home\".[2]","title":"Tenterfield Saddler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Allen: Not the Boy Next Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Allen:_Not_the_Boy_Next_Door"}],"text":"\"Tenterfield Saddler\" made its ARIA chart debut in September 2015 following the screening of the Peter Allen Australian mini-series, Peter Allen: Not the Boy Next Door.","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Price"},{"link_name":"ARIA Music Awards of 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_1993"},{"link_name":"Colleen Hewett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_Hewett"},{"link_name":"Tenterfield Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenterfield_Dreams"},{"link_name":"Olivia Newton-John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_(Olivia_Newton-John_album)"},{"link_name":"Hugh Jackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Jackman"},{"link_name":"The Boy from Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boy_from_Oz"},{"link_name":"Lee Kernaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Kernaghan"},{"link_name":"Spirit of the Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Bush"},{"link_name":"John Farnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Farnham"},{"link_name":"Two Strong Hearts Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Strong_Hearts_Live"}],"text":"In 1993, Rick Price performed a live tribute to Allen at the ARIA Music Awards of 1993. This version was later included on his 2004 album, The Essential Collection.\nIn 1996 Colleen Hewett covered the song on her album, Tenterfield Dreams.\nIn 2002, Olivia Newton-John covered the song (with Peter Allen) for her album, 2.\nIn 2004, Hugh Jackman recorded the song for The Boy from Oz Broadway Cast Album.\nIn 2007, Lee Kernaghan covered the song on his album, Spirit of the Bush.\nIn 2015, John Farnham and Olivia Newton-John sang a duet on their album Two Strong Hearts Live that they performed on the tour in 2015.","title":"Cover versions"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Song's sad note\". Andrew Hornery with Daniel Dasey. 20 October 2003. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/10/19/1066502070907.html?from=storyrhs","url_text":"\"Song's sad note\""}]},{"reference":"\"TENTERFIELD SADDLER by PETER ALLEN\". www.songfacts.com. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=2166","url_text":"\"TENTERFIELD SADDLER by PETER ALLEN\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (26 September 2015). \"ARIA Singles: Justin Bieber Maintains Top Spot After Four Weeks\". Noise11. Retrieved 26 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-justin-bieber-maintains-top-spot-after-four-weeks-20150926","url_text":"\"ARIA Singles: Justin Bieber Maintains Top Spot After Four Weeks\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/10/19/1066502070907.html?from=storyrhs","external_links_name":"\"Song's sad note\""},{"Link":"http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=2166","external_links_name":"\"TENTERFIELD SADDLER by PETER ALLEN\""},{"Link":"http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-justin-bieber-maintains-top-spot-after-four-weeks-20150926","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Singles: Justin Bieber Maintains Top Spot After Four Weeks\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_Castle | Loudoun Castle | ["1 History","2 Wallace's Sword","3 Traditions","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 55°36′38″N 4°22′22″W / 55.6105238°N 4.3726598°W / 55.6105238; -4.3726598Ruined 19th-century country house in Ayrshire, Scotland
Garden front of Loudoun Castle in the 1890s
Entrance front of Loudoun Castle in the 1890s
Map of Loudoun Castle
Loudoun Castle is a ruined country house nicknamed the "Windsor of Scotland" located near Galston, in the Loudoun area of Ayrshire, Scotland. The majority of the building was constructed from 1804 to 1811 around existing structures dating to the 15th and 17th centuries. The building was destroyed by fire in 1942 and never rebuilt, while the rest of the property was converted into the Loudoun Castle theme park in 1995 and closed in 2010. The ruins are protected as a category A listed building.
History
Loudoun Castle is the former home of the Mure-Campbell family. Upon the marriage by Flora Mure-Campbell, 6th Countess of Loudoun, to Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 2nd Earl of Moira (later Marquess of Hastings), on 12 July 1804, it became the home of the Rawdon-Hastings family. While Loudoun was in the ownership of Edith Rawdon-Hastings, the ownership named encountered a change once more by the death of Sir Charles Abney-Hastings, 2nd Bt. In Edith's inheritance there was a condition from Sir Charles, a natural grandson of the 10th Earl of Huntingdon – brother of Lady Edith's grandmother – that by Royal Licence and Act of Parliament, whoever inherited the estate of the Abney family shall take on the surname of Abney-Hastings.
The present castle was built for Flora, adjoining the 17th-century extension, and the 15th-century keep. The plans of Loudoun Castle were drawn up in 1805 by the architect Archibald Elliot. One estimate suggests that the "improvements" to Loudoun Castle between 1804 and 1811 cost over £100,000 – over £3,500,000 in today's money. The massive structure, known as The Windsor of Scotland, had over 90 apartments, and was dominated by the main tower in the rear of the building. The regal library on the south front, measured 100 feet in length and contained upwards of 11,000 volumes. Archibald Elliot's plans included a large banqueting hall on the north front, but this was not built through lack of money.
The plantations around the castle comprise a great variety of trees, many of them of very stately appearance and brought from America by John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun, who was governor of Virginia in 1756 and who during his military services in various parts of the world sent home every kind of valuable tree he met with. He also formed an extensive collection of willows selected from England, Ireland and Holland.
Janet Little (1759 to 1813), author of The Poetical Works of Janet Little, The Scotch Milkmaid worked at Loudoun Castle and was buried at Loudoun Kirk.
A 300-pound stone from Loudoun Castle in Scotland was presented to Loudoun County, Virginia by the Countess of Loudoun and the Queen's representative, the Rouge Dragon, in a special ceremony. In 2015, during the 15th Earl's inaugural trip, he visited Loudoun County and posed for photos with Loudoun County Board of Supervisors Chairman Scott York.
Wallace's Sword
Published text from The Antiquarian –
"The Countess of Loudoun recently arrived at Loudoun Castle with the sword of Wallace. This sword has been reserved in Loudoun Castle from death of Wallace until five years back when it was removed by the late Marquis of Hastings to his seat in Leicestershire. On the death of the marquis in 1868 it passed into possession of the present countess who has just brought back to its old home. It will be remembered that the mother of Wallace was a daughter of Loudoun, and that on death of his uncle Sir Reginald Crawford of Loudoun – hanged by the English at Ayr Wallace – Wallace had the custody of his only daughter Susanna Crawford of Loudoun married a son of Sir Niel Campbell of Argyll and ancestress of the present Countess of Loudoun the hereditary custodian of the sword of William Wallace.
"One of Wallace's swords was a treasured family possession, and was hung in Loudoun Castle's entrance hall. To give a visual perspective, the hall was around 70 feet by 30 feet, and the Wallace Sword was placed in a position of honour on the east wall."
Traditions
A ley tunnel is said to run from Loudoun Castle, under the River Irvine, to Cessnock Castle over 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the south.
See also
Loudoun Kirk
Loudoun Castle (theme park)
Castle and Lands of Auchruglen
References
^ Historic Environment Scotland. "LOUDOUN CASTLE (Category A Listed Building) (LB12536)". Retrieved 27 December 2018.
^ McKay, Ron (7 June 2020). "Loudoun Castle: the afterlife of a decaying theme park". The Herald. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
^ a b c Lewis, Samuel (1846). A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland: Comprising the Several Counties, Islands, Cities, Burgh and Market Towns, Parishes, and Principal Villages, Volume 2. S. Lewis.
^ Paul, James Balfour, ed. (1908). The Scots Peerage: Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; Containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Nobility of that Kingdom, Volume 5. D. Douglas. p. 515.
^ a b c d Loudoun Castle floorplans, preserved at Dean Castle.
^ "The Castle". Loudoun Castle. Archived from the original on 18 February 2004.
^ "Loudoun County, VA - Official Website - County Seal". www.loudoun.gov. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ "Hello, Loudoun County. My name is Earl. | LoudounTimes.com". www.loudountimes.com. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ Allen, E. W. (1872). The Antiquarian, Volume 2. Cornell University. p. 242.
^ Loudoun, Craufuird, C. (2005). A History of the House of Loudoun and Associated Families. Alloway Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 0-907526-89-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
Video, annotation and commentary on the first Loudoun Castle.
Video and commentary on the Loudoun Barony Judge's Hill.
Video and commentary on the East Newton Limeworks.
Video and commentary on the ruins at Muttonhole Strip.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loudoun Castle.
55°36′38″N 4°22′22″W / 55.6105238°N 4.3726598°W / 55.6105238; -4.3726598
vteCastles in East Ayrshire
Aiket Castle
Auchencloigh Castle
Barr Castle
Borland Castle
Busbie Castle
Caprington Castle
Carnell Castle
Cessnock Castle
Corsehill Castle
Craufurdland Castle
Dean Castle
Dunlop Castle
Haining Place
Kerse Castle
Kilmaurs Castle
Kingencleugh Castle
Kyle Castle
Lainshaw Castle
Lefnoreis Castle
Loch Doon Castle
Loudoun Castle
Mauchline Castle
Martnaham Castle
Newmilns Tower
Polkelly Castle
Ravenscraig Castle
Riccarton Castle
Robertland Castle
Rowallan Castle
Sorn Castle
Templehouse Fortalice
Terringzean Castle
Trabboch Castle | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loudoun_Castle_Galston.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loudoun_Castle_Hastings_Campbell.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/14/55.610595334438/-4.372569054973/en"},{"link_name":"country house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_house"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Galston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galston,_East_Ayrshire"},{"link_name":"Loudoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun"},{"link_name":"Ayrshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshire"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Loudoun Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_Castle_(theme_park)"},{"link_name":"category A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_A_listed"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lbr-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ruined 19th-century country house in Ayrshire, ScotlandGarden front of Loudoun Castle in the 1890sEntrance front of Loudoun Castle in the 1890sMap of Loudoun CastleLoudoun Castle is a ruined country house nicknamed the \"Windsor of Scotland\" located near Galston, in the Loudoun area of Ayrshire, Scotland. The majority of the building was constructed from 1804 to 1811 around existing structures dating to the 15th and 17th centuries. The building was destroyed by fire in 1942 and never rebuilt, while the rest of the property was converted into the Loudoun Castle theme park in 1995 and closed in 2010. The ruins are protected as a category A listed building.[1][2]","title":"Loudoun Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Flora Mure-Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Mure-Campbell,_Marchioness_of_Hastings"},{"link_name":"Countess of Loudoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Loudoun"},{"link_name":"Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 2nd Earl of Moira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings"},{"link_name":"Edith Rawdon-Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Rawdon-Hastings,_10th_Countess_of_Loudoun"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Abney-Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Charles_Abney-Hastings"},{"link_name":"Bt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"link_name":"Abney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abney_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Abney-Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abney-Hastings"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell,_4th_Earl_of_Loudoun"},{"link_name":"governor of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Janet Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Little"},{"link_name":"The Poetical Works of Janet Little, The Scotch Milkmaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poetical_Works_of_Janet_Little,_The_Scotch_Milkmaid"},{"link_name":"Loudoun Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_Kirk"},{"link_name":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Countess of Loudoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Abney-Hastings,_13th_Countess_of_Loudoun"},{"link_name":"Rouge Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge_Dragon_Pursuivant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"15th Earl's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Abney-Hastings,_15th_Earl_of_Loudoun"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Loudoun Castle is the former home of the Mure-Campbell family.[3] Upon the marriage by Flora Mure-Campbell, 6th Countess of Loudoun, to Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 2nd Earl of Moira (later Marquess of Hastings), on 12 July 1804, it became the home of the Rawdon-Hastings family. While Loudoun was in the ownership of Edith Rawdon-Hastings, the ownership named encountered a change once more by the death of Sir Charles Abney-Hastings, 2nd Bt. In Edith's inheritance there was a condition from Sir Charles, a natural grandson of the 10th Earl of Huntingdon – brother of Lady Edith's grandmother – that by Royal Licence and Act of Parliament, whoever inherited the estate of the Abney family shall take on the surname of Abney-Hastings.[4]The present castle was built for Flora, adjoining the 17th-century extension, and the 15th-century keep. The plans of Loudoun Castle were drawn up in 1805 by the architect Archibald Elliot.[5] One estimate suggests that the \"improvements\" to Loudoun Castle between 1804 and 1811 cost over £100,000 – over £3,500,000 in today's money.[6] The massive structure, known as The Windsor of Scotland, had over 90 apartments, and was dominated by the main tower in the rear of the building. The regal library on the south front, measured 100 feet in length and contained upwards of 11,000 volumes.[5][3] Archibald Elliot's plans included a large banqueting hall on the north front, but this was not built through lack of money.[5]The plantations around the castle comprise a great variety of trees, many of them of very stately appearance and brought from America by John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun, who was governor of Virginia in 1756 and who during his military services in various parts of the world sent home every kind of valuable tree he met with. 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This sword has been reserved in Loudoun Castle from death of Wallace until five years back when it was removed by the late Marquis of Hastings to his seat in Leicestershire. On the death of the marquis in 1868 it passed into possession of the present countess who has just brought back to its old home. It will be remembered that the mother of Wallace was a daughter of Loudoun, and that on death of his uncle Sir Reginald Crawford of Loudoun – hanged by the English at Ayr Wallace – Wallace had the custody of his only daughter Susanna Crawford of Loudoun married a son of Sir Niel Campbell of Argyll and ancestress of the present Countess of Loudoun the hereditary custodian of the sword of William Wallace.[9]\"One of Wallace's swords was a treasured family possession, and was hung in Loudoun Castle's entrance hall. To give a visual perspective, the hall was around 70 feet by 30 feet,[5] and the Wallace Sword was placed in a position of honour on the east wall.\"","title":"Wallace's Sword"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ley tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_tunnel"},{"link_name":"River Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Irvine"},{"link_name":"Cessnock Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessnock_Castle"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A ley tunnel is said to run from Loudoun Castle, under the River Irvine, to Cessnock Castle over 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the south.[10]","title":"Traditions"}] | [{"image_text":"Garden front of Loudoun Castle in the 1890s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Loudoun_Castle_Galston.jpg/220px-Loudoun_Castle_Galston.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance front of Loudoun Castle in the 1890s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Loudoun_Castle_Hastings_Campbell.jpg/220px-Loudoun_Castle_Hastings_Campbell.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Loudoun Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_Kirk"},{"title":"Loudoun Castle (theme park)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_Castle_(theme_park)"},{"title":"Castle and Lands of Auchruglen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_and_Lands_of_Auchruglen"}] | [{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"LOUDOUN CASTLE (Category A Listed Building) (LB12536)\". 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My name is Earl. | LoudounTimes.com\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=leE4AQAAMAAJ&q=wallace+sword+loudoun+castle&pg=PA242","external_links_name":"The Antiquarian, Volume 2"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mhipLPPDIQ","external_links_name":"Video, annotation and commentary on the first Loudoun Castle."},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eH6shDbeKr4","external_links_name":"Video and commentary on the Loudoun Barony Judge's Hill."},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rsgz_bzfJms","external_links_name":"Video and commentary on the East Newton Limeworks."},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9tlOvzLfeA","external_links_name":"Video and commentary on the ruins at Muttonhole Strip."},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Loudoun_Castle¶ms=55.6105238_N_4.3726598_W_region:GB_type:landmark_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"55°36′38″N 4°22′22″W / 55.6105238°N 4.3726598°W / 55.6105238; -4.3726598"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Ottone_Frangipane | Ottone Frangipane | ["1 Life","2 Cult","3 Notes and references","4 Sources","5 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ottone Frangipane" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Not to be confused with Oddone Frangipane.
Ottone Frangipane (1040 – 23 March 1127), also known as Saint Ottone (or Saint Otho), was a Benedictine monk and a hermit. He is patron saint of Ariano Irpino and the diocese of Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia.
Ottone Frangipane praying beside his hermitage, near Ariano.
Life
Ottone is believed to have belonged to the Frangipani family, a powerful baronial family occupying a prominent position in Rome from the 11th to the 13th century. Manoeuvring cleverly between the Empire and the Papacy, they were instrumental in the appointment of at least two popes: Honorius II and Innocent II.
Around 1058, Ottone, then a knight, took part in a military action in defence of the Pope against rebel lords in the area of Frascati. He was captured and put in chains in a cell in a tower, from which he escaped after beseeching the intercession of the patron saint of the imprisoned, Saint Leonard of Limoges, who appeared to him in the night and released him from his chains. Thus miraculously set free, he went on pilgrimage to the Abbey of Cava de' Tirreni, where under the direction of the abbot Pietro he followed the Rule of St Benedict, dedicating himself to prayer and manual labour. He then went to Montevergine Abbey, where he came to know Saint William of Vercelli and developed his vocation to asceticism.
In about 1117, Ottone went to Ariano Irpino. At this time the city was a place of transit for the pilgrims travelling from Naples and Benevento towards Bari to take ship for the Holy Land. Ottone dedicated himself to their help and to accommodate them founded the hospital of San Giacomo (Saint James).
In 1120 he decided to enter upon the life of a hermit and withdrew into seclusion close to the church of Saint Peter, now known as San Pietro dei Reclusiis, and built a small cell where he prayed, kept vigil, did penance and fasted. He also dug out a tomb for himself, to remind himself continually that death was close. The reputation of sanctity quickly spread around him and many miraculous happenings were reported.
Ottone died on 23 March 1127.
Cult
Ottone Frangipane is the patron saint of the city of Ariano Irpino and of the diocese of Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia. He also shares the dedication of Ariano Irpino Cathedral. He is also venerated in the village of Castelbottaccio in the Molise, of which he is the patron saint. The Roman Martyrology set his feast on 23 March. In Ariano he is also commemorated on the octave of the Assumption.
Soon after his death his body was carried in procession to Ariano Cathedral and was buried there. In 1220, in the time of Frederick II, for fear of Saracen raids his remains were translated to Benevento. (In the Synodicon Diocesanum Sanctae Beneventanae Ecclesiae of 1686 it is reported that the relics of Saint Ottone Frangipane were preserved in the parish church of San Pietro at Montemiletto).
The most important miracle recorded of Ottone took place in around 1180, when the Saracens of Lucera who were besieging Ariano were struck down by a rain of pebbles by the intercession of the saint, who appeared among the clouds. To commemorate this event the Arianese built the church of Santa Maria della Ferma. Among others who received miracles by the intercession of Ottone was Saint Elzéar of Sabran, who became Count of Ariano and is now venerated as its joint patron saint.
Particularly noted is the vow made by the Arianese in 1528: Ariano was gripped by the plague and inhabitants turned to Saint Ottone to be freed of it. Tradition relates that the saint saved the city from plague on other occasions.
In art his attributes are the monastic habit, a sword and a scourge.
Notes and references
^ "Sant'Ottone Frangipane". Santi e Beati (in Italian).
^ Paul Guérin (a cura di), Vie des Saints des Petits Bollandistes, Parigi, Bloud et Barral editori, 1876, tomo III, p. 607.
Sources
A.D’Agostino, Sant'Ottone Frangipane - Ariano, Stab. Tip. Appulo Irpino, 1892.
B.A.Grasso, Sant'Ottone Frangipane nella storia e nella leggenda - Ariano, Stab. Tip. Appulo Irpino, 1901.
F.De Stasio-D. Minelli, I Santi Patroni di Ariano e le Sante Spine - Marigliano, 1982
External links
Sant’Ottone Frangipane (in Italian)
Diocese of Ariano and Lacedonia: Notes on Ottone Frangipane (in Italian) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oddone Frangipane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddone_Frangipane"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_St_Benedict"},{"link_name":"hermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"patron saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"Ariano Irpino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariano_Irpino"},{"link_name":"diocese of Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Ariano_Irpino-Lacedonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorie_di_S._Ottone_Eremita,_protettor_principale_della_citt%C3%A0_e_diocesi_di_Ariano_(1780)_(14777069002).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ariano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariano_Irpino"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Oddone Frangipane.Ottone Frangipane (1040 – 23 March 1127), also known as Saint Ottone (or Saint Otho), was a Benedictine monk and a hermit.[1] He is patron saint of Ariano Irpino and the diocese of Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia.Ottone Frangipane praying beside his hermitage, near Ariano.","title":"Ottone Frangipane"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frangipani family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangipani_family"},{"link_name":"Honorius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II"},{"link_name":"Innocent II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Frascati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frascati"},{"link_name":"Leonard of Limoges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_of_Limoges"},{"link_name":"Abbey of Cava de' Tirreni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Trinit%C3%A0_della_Cava"},{"link_name":"Rule of St Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_St_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Montevergine Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Abbey_of_Montevergine"},{"link_name":"William of Vercelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Vercelli"},{"link_name":"asceticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism"},{"link_name":"Ariano Irpino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariano_Irpino"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Benevento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevento"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari"},{"link_name":"Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"hermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit"},{"link_name":"Saint Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"}],"text":"Ottone is believed to have belonged to the Frangipani family, a powerful baronial family occupying a prominent position in Rome from the 11th to the 13th century. Manoeuvring cleverly between the Empire and the Papacy, they were instrumental in the appointment of at least two popes: Honorius II and Innocent II.[citation needed]Around 1058, Ottone, then a knight, took part in a military action in defence of the Pope against rebel lords in the area of Frascati. He was captured and put in chains in a cell in a tower, from which he escaped after beseeching the intercession of the patron saint of the imprisoned, Saint Leonard of Limoges, who appeared to him in the night and released him from his chains. Thus miraculously set free, he went on pilgrimage to the Abbey of Cava de' Tirreni, where under the direction of the abbot Pietro he followed the Rule of St Benedict, dedicating himself to prayer and manual labour. He then went to Montevergine Abbey, where he came to know Saint William of Vercelli and developed his vocation to asceticism.In about 1117, Ottone went to Ariano Irpino. At this time the city was a place of transit for the pilgrims travelling from Naples and Benevento towards Bari to take ship for the Holy Land. Ottone dedicated himself to their help and to accommodate them founded the hospital of San Giacomo (Saint James).In 1120 he decided to enter upon the life of a hermit and withdrew into seclusion close to the church of Saint Peter, now known as San Pietro dei Reclusiis, and built a small cell where he prayed, kept vigil, did penance and fasted. He also dug out a tomb for himself, to remind himself continually that death was close. The reputation of sanctity quickly spread around him and many miraculous happenings were reported.Ottone died on 23 March 1127.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diocese of Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Ariano_Irpino-Lacedonia"},{"link_name":"Ariano Irpino Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariano_Irpino_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Castelbottaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelbottaccio"},{"link_name":"Molise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molise"},{"link_name":"Roman Martyrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Martyrology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Assumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Frederick II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics"},{"link_name":"Montemiletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montemiletto"},{"link_name":"Lucera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucera"},{"link_name":"pebbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble"},{"link_name":"Elzéar of Sabran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elz%C3%A9ar_of_Sabran"},{"link_name":"scourge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scourge"}],"text":"Ottone Frangipane is the patron saint of the city of Ariano Irpino and of the diocese of Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia. He also shares the dedication of Ariano Irpino Cathedral. He is also venerated in the village of Castelbottaccio in the Molise, of which he is the patron saint. The Roman Martyrology set his feast on 23 March.[2] In Ariano he is also commemorated on the octave of the Assumption.Soon after his death his body was carried in procession to Ariano Cathedral and was buried there. In 1220, in the time of Frederick II, for fear of Saracen raids his remains were translated to Benevento. (In the Synodicon Diocesanum Sanctae Beneventanae Ecclesiae of 1686 it is reported that the relics of Saint Ottone Frangipane were preserved in the parish church of San Pietro at Montemiletto).The most important miracle recorded of Ottone took place in around 1180, when the Saracens of Lucera who were besieging Ariano were struck down by a rain of pebbles by the intercession of the saint, who appeared among the clouds. To commemorate this event the Arianese built the church of Santa Maria della Ferma. Among others who received miracles by the intercession of Ottone was Saint Elzéar of Sabran, who became Count of Ariano and is now venerated as its joint patron saint.Particularly noted is the vow made by the Arianese in 1528: Ariano was gripped by the plague and inhabitants turned to Saint Ottone to be freed of it. Tradition relates that the saint saved the city from plague on other occasions.In art his attributes are the monastic habit, a sword and a scourge.","title":"Cult"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Sant'Ottone Frangipane\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91968"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Paul Guérin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gu%C3%A9rin"}],"text":"^ \"Sant'Ottone Frangipane\". Santi e Beati (in Italian).\n\n^ Paul Guérin (a cura di), Vie des Saints des Petits Bollandistes, Parigi, Bloud et Barral editori, 1876, tomo III, p. 607.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A.D’Agostino, Sant'Ottone Frangipane - Ariano, Stab. Tip. Appulo Irpino, 1892.\nB.A.Grasso, Sant'Ottone Frangipane nella storia e nella leggenda - Ariano, Stab. Tip. Appulo Irpino, 1901.\nF.De Stasio-D. Minelli, I Santi Patroni di Ariano e le Sante Spine - Marigliano, 1982","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Ottone Frangipane praying beside his hermitage, near Ariano.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Memorie_di_S._Ottone_Eremita%2C_protettor_principale_della_citt%C3%A0_e_diocesi_di_Ariano_%281780%29_%2814777069002%29.jpg/200px-Memorie_di_S._Ottone_Eremita%2C_protettor_principale_della_citt%C3%A0_e_diocesi_di_Ariano_%281780%29_%2814777069002%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sant'Ottone Frangipane\". Santi e Beati (in Italian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91968","url_text":"\"Sant'Ottone Frangipane\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ottone+Frangipane%22","external_links_name":"\"Ottone Frangipane\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ottone+Frangipane%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ottone+Frangipane%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ottone+Frangipane%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ottone+Frangipane%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ottone+Frangipane%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91968","external_links_name":"\"Sant'Ottone Frangipane\""},{"Link":"http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91968","external_links_name":"Sant’Ottone Frangipane"},{"Link":"http://www2.diocesiarianolacedonia.it/site/Santi_Patroni/Sant'Ottone_Francipane/I_Francipane.html","external_links_name":"Diocese of Ariano and Lacedonia: Notes on Ottone Frangipane"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_ringed_space | Ringed space | ["1 Definitions","2 Examples","3 Morphisms","4 Tangent spaces","5 Modules over the structure sheaf","6 Citations","7 References","8 External links"] | Sheaf of rings in mathematics
In mathematics, a ringed space is a family of (commutative) rings parametrized by open subsets of a topological space together with ring homomorphisms that play roles of restrictions. Precisely, it is a topological space equipped with a sheaf of rings called a structure sheaf. It is an abstraction of the concept of the rings of continuous (scalar-valued) functions on open subsets.
Among ringed spaces, especially important and prominent is a locally ringed space: a ringed space in which the analogy between the stalk at a point and the ring of germs of functions at a point is valid.
Ringed spaces appear in analysis as well as complex algebraic geometry and the scheme theory of algebraic geometry.
Note: In the definition of a ringed space, most expositions tend to restrict the rings to be commutative rings, including Hartshorne and Wikipedia. Éléments de géométrie algébrique, on the other hand, does not impose the commutativity assumption, although the book mostly considers the commutative case.
Definitions
A ringed space
(
X
,
O
X
)
{\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}}_{X})}
is a topological space
X
{\displaystyle X}
together with a sheaf of rings
O
X
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}}
on
X
{\displaystyle X}
. The sheaf
O
X
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}}
is called the structure sheaf of
X
{\displaystyle X}
.
A locally ringed space is a ringed space
(
X
,
O
X
)
{\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}}_{X})}
such that all stalks of
O
X
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}}
are local rings (i.e. they have unique maximal ideals). Note that it is not required that
O
X
(
U
)
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}(U)}
be a local ring for every open set
U
{\displaystyle U}
; in fact, this is almost never the case.
Examples
An arbitrary topological space
X
{\displaystyle X}
can be considered a locally ringed space by taking
O
X
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}}
to be the sheaf of real-valued (or complex-valued) continuous functions on open subsets of
X
{\displaystyle X}
. The stalk at a point
x
{\displaystyle x}
can be thought of as the set of all germs of continuous functions at
x
{\displaystyle x}
; this is a local ring with the unique maximal ideal consisting of those germs whose value at
x
{\displaystyle x}
is
0
{\displaystyle 0}
.
If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a manifold with some extra structure, we can also take the sheaf of differentiable, or holomorphic functions. Both of these give rise to locally ringed spaces.
If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is an algebraic variety carrying the Zariski topology, we can define a locally ringed space by taking
O
X
(
U
)
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}(U)}
to be the ring of rational mappings defined on the Zariski-open set
U
{\displaystyle U}
that do not blow up (become infinite) within
U
{\displaystyle U}
. The important generalization of this example is that of the spectrum of any commutative ring; these spectra are also locally ringed spaces. Schemes are locally ringed spaces obtained by "gluing together" spectra of commutative rings.
Morphisms
A morphism from
(
X
,
O
X
)
{\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}}_{X})}
to
(
Y
,
O
Y
)
{\displaystyle (Y,{\mathcal {O}}_{Y})}
is a pair
(
f
,
φ
)
{\displaystyle (f,\varphi )}
, where
f
:
X
→
Y
{\displaystyle f:X\to Y}
is a continuous map between the underlying topological spaces, and
φ
:
O
Y
→
f
∗
O
X
{\displaystyle \varphi :{\mathcal {O}}_{Y}\to f_{*}{\mathcal {O}}_{X}}
is a morphism from the structure sheaf of
Y
{\displaystyle Y}
to the direct image of the structure sheaf of X. In other words, a morphism from
(
X
,
O
X
)
{\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}}_{X})}
to
(
Y
,
O
Y
)
{\displaystyle (Y,{\mathcal {O}}_{Y})}
is given by the following data:
a continuous map
f
:
X
→
Y
{\displaystyle f:X\to Y}
a family of ring homomorphisms
φ
V
:
O
Y
(
V
)
→
O
X
(
f
−
1
(
V
)
)
{\displaystyle \varphi _{V}:{\mathcal {O}}_{Y}(V)\to {\mathcal {O}}_{X}(f^{-1}(V))}
for every open set
V
{\displaystyle V}
of
Y
{\displaystyle Y}
that commute with the restriction maps. That is, if
V
1
⊆
V
2
{\displaystyle V_{1}\subseteq V_{2}}
are two open subsets of
Y
{\displaystyle Y}
, then the following diagram must commute (the vertical maps are the restriction homomorphisms):
There is an additional requirement for morphisms between locally ringed spaces:
the ring homomorphisms induced by
φ
{\displaystyle \varphi }
between the stalks of
Y
{\displaystyle Y}
and the stalks of
X
{\displaystyle X}
must be local homomorphisms, i.e. for every
x
∈
X
{\displaystyle x\in X}
the maximal ideal of the local ring (stalk) at
f
(
x
)
∈
Y
{\displaystyle f(x)\in Y}
is mapped into the maximal ideal of the local ring at
x
∈
X
{\displaystyle x\in X}
.
Two morphisms can be composed to form a new morphism, and we obtain the category of ringed spaces and the category of locally ringed spaces. Isomorphisms in these categories are defined as usual.
Tangent spaces
See also: Zariski tangent space
Locally ringed spaces have just enough structure to allow the meaningful definition of tangent spaces. Let
X
{\displaystyle X}
be a locally ringed space with structure sheaf
O
X
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}}
; we want to define the tangent space
T
x
(
X
)
{\displaystyle T_{x}(X)}
at the point
x
∈
X
{\displaystyle x\in X}
. Take the local ring (stalk)
R
x
{\displaystyle R_{x}}
at the point
x
{\displaystyle x}
, with maximal ideal
m
x
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {m}}_{x}}
. Then
k
x
:=
R
x
/
m
x
{\displaystyle k_{x}:=R_{x}/{\mathfrak {m}}_{x}}
is a field and
m
x
/
m
x
2
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {m}}_{x}/{\mathfrak {m}}_{x}^{2}}
is a vector space over that field (the cotangent space). The tangent space
T
x
(
X
)
{\displaystyle T_{x}(X)}
is defined as the dual of this vector space.
The idea is the following: a tangent vector at
x
{\displaystyle x}
should tell you how to "differentiate" "functions" at
x
{\displaystyle x}
, i.e. the elements of
R
x
{\displaystyle R_{x}}
. Now it is enough to know how to differentiate functions whose value at
x
{\displaystyle x}
is zero, since all other functions differ from these only by a constant, and we know how to differentiate constants. So we only need to consider
m
x
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {m}}_{x}}
. Furthermore, if two functions are given with value zero at
x
{\displaystyle x}
, then their product has derivative 0 at
x
{\displaystyle x}
, by the product rule. So we only need to know how to assign "numbers" to the elements of
m
x
/
m
x
2
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {m}}_{x}/{\mathfrak {m}}_{x}^{2}}
, and this is what the dual space does.
Modules over the structure sheaf
Main article: Sheaf of modules
Given a locally ringed space
(
X
,
O
X
)
{\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}}_{X})}
, certain sheaves of modules on
X
{\displaystyle X}
occur in the applications, the
O
X
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}}
-modules. To define them, consider a sheaf F of abelian groups on
X
{\displaystyle X}
. If F(U) is a module over the ring
O
X
(
U
)
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}(U)}
for every open set
U
{\displaystyle U}
in
X
{\displaystyle X}
, and the restriction maps are compatible with the module structure, then we call
F
{\displaystyle F}
an
O
X
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}}
-module. In this case, the stalk of
F
{\displaystyle F}
at
x
{\displaystyle x}
will be a module over the local ring (stalk)
R
x
{\displaystyle R_{x}}
, for every
x
∈
X
{\displaystyle x\in X}
.
A morphism between two such
O
X
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}}
-modules is a morphism of sheaves that is compatible with the given module structures. The category of
O
X
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}}
-modules over a fixed locally ringed space
(
X
,
O
X
)
{\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}}_{X})}
is an abelian category.
An important subcategory of the category of
O
X
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}}
-modules is the category of quasi-coherent sheaves on
X
{\displaystyle X}
. A sheaf of
O
X
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}}
-modules is called quasi-coherent if it is, locally, isomorphic to the cokernel of a map between free
O
X
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}}
-modules. A coherent sheaf
F
{\displaystyle F}
is a quasi-coherent sheaf that is, locally, of finite type and for every open subset
U
{\displaystyle U}
of
X
{\displaystyle X}
the kernel of any morphism from a free
O
U
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{U}}
-module of finite rank to
F
U
{\displaystyle F_{U}}
is also of finite type.
Citations
^ Éléments de géométrie algébrique, Ch 0, 4.1.1.
References
Section 0.4 of Grothendieck, Alexandre; Dieudonné, Jean (1960). "Éléments de géométrie algébrique: I. Le langage des schémas". Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS. 4. doi:10.1007/bf02684778. MR 0217083.
Hartshorne, Robin (1977), Algebraic Geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 52, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-90244-9, MR 0463157
External links
Onishchik, A.L. (2001) , "Ringed space", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"commutative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_ring"},{"link_name":"rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"open subsets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_subset"},{"link_name":"topological space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_space"},{"link_name":"ring homomorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_homomorphism"},{"link_name":"restrictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"sheaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"continuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_function#Continuous_functions_between_topological_spaces"},{"link_name":"stalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalk_of_a_sheaf"},{"link_name":"germs of functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysis"},{"link_name":"complex algebraic geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_algebraic_geometry"},{"link_name":"scheme theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme_theory"},{"link_name":"algebraic geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_geometry"},{"link_name":"commutative rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_ring"},{"link_name":"Hartshorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_Geometry_(book)"},{"link_name":"Éléments de géométrie algébrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments_de_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie_alg%C3%A9brique"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In mathematics, a ringed space is a family of (commutative) rings parametrized by open subsets of a topological space together with ring homomorphisms that play roles of restrictions. Precisely, it is a topological space equipped with a sheaf of rings called a structure sheaf. It is an abstraction of the concept of the rings of continuous (scalar-valued) functions on open subsets.Among ringed spaces, especially important and prominent is a locally ringed space: a ringed space in which the analogy between the stalk at a point and the ring of germs of functions at a point is valid.Ringed spaces appear in analysis as well as complex algebraic geometry and the scheme theory of algebraic geometry.Note: In the definition of a ringed space, most expositions tend to restrict the rings to be commutative rings, including Hartshorne and Wikipedia. Éléments de géométrie algébrique, on the other hand, does not impose the commutativity assumption, although the book mostly considers the commutative case.[1]","title":"Ringed space"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"topological space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_space"},{"link_name":"sheaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"stalks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalk_of_a_sheaf"},{"link_name":"local rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_ring"},{"link_name":"maximal ideals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_ideal"}],"text":"A ringed space \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,{\\mathcal {O}}_{X})}\n \n is a topological space \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n together with a sheaf of rings \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n on \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n. The sheaf \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n is called the structure sheaf of \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n.A locally ringed space is a ringed space \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,{\\mathcal {O}}_{X})}\n \n such that all stalks of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n are local rings (i.e. they have unique maximal ideals). Note that it is not required that \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n (\n U\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}(U)}\n \n be a local ring for every open set \n \n \n \n U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U}\n \n; in fact, this is almost never the case.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"real-valued","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"complex-valued","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"stalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalk_(sheaf)"},{"link_name":"germs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold"},{"link_name":"differentiable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_function"},{"link_name":"holomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphic_function"},{"link_name":"algebraic variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_variety"},{"link_name":"Zariski topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zariski_topology"},{"link_name":"rational mappings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_mapping"},{"link_name":"spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_of_a_ring"},{"link_name":"Schemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme_(mathematics)"}],"text":"An arbitrary topological space \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n can be considered a locally ringed space by taking \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n to be the sheaf of real-valued (or complex-valued) continuous functions on open subsets of \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n. The stalk at a point \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n can be thought of as the set of all germs of continuous functions at \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n; this is a local ring with the unique maximal ideal consisting of those germs whose value at \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n is \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0}\n \n.If \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n is a manifold with some extra structure, we can also take the sheaf of differentiable, or holomorphic functions. Both of these give rise to locally ringed spaces.If \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n is an algebraic variety carrying the Zariski topology, we can define a locally ringed space by taking \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n (\n U\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}(U)}\n \n to be the ring of rational mappings defined on the Zariski-open set \n \n \n \n U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U}\n \n that do not blow up (become infinite) within \n \n \n \n U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U}\n \n. The important generalization of this example is that of the spectrum of any commutative ring; these spectra are also locally ringed spaces. Schemes are locally ringed spaces obtained by \"gluing together\" spectra of commutative rings.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"morphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphism"},{"link_name":"continuous map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_map"},{"link_name":"morphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf_(mathematics)#Morphisms"},{"link_name":"direct image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_image_functor"},{"link_name":"continuous map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_function_(topology)"},{"link_name":"ring homomorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_homomorphism"},{"link_name":"open set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_set"},{"link_name":"commute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_diagram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LocallyRingedSpace-01.png"},{"link_name":"local homomorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_ring#Some_facts_and_definitions"},{"link_name":"category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Isomorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism"}],"text":"A morphism from \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,{\\mathcal {O}}_{X})}\n \n to \n \n \n \n (\n Y\n ,\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (Y,{\\mathcal {O}}_{Y})}\n \n is a pair \n \n \n \n (\n f\n ,\n φ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (f,\\varphi )}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n f\n :\n X\n →\n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:X\\to Y}\n \n is a continuous map between the underlying topological spaces, and \n \n \n \n φ\n :\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n →\n \n f\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi :{\\mathcal {O}}_{Y}\\to f_{*}{\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n is a morphism from the structure sheaf of \n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y}\n \n to the direct image of the structure sheaf of X. In other words, a morphism from \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,{\\mathcal {O}}_{X})}\n \n to \n \n \n \n (\n Y\n ,\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (Y,{\\mathcal {O}}_{Y})}\n \n is given by the following data:a continuous map \n \n \n \n f\n :\n X\n →\n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:X\\to Y}\n \n\na family of ring homomorphisms \n \n \n \n \n φ\n \n V\n \n \n :\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n (\n V\n )\n →\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n (\n \n f\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n V\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi _{V}:{\\mathcal {O}}_{Y}(V)\\to {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}(f^{-1}(V))}\n \n for every open set \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n of \n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y}\n \n that commute with the restriction maps. That is, if \n \n \n \n \n V\n \n 1\n \n \n ⊆\n \n V\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle V_{1}\\subseteq V_{2}}\n \n are two open subsets of \n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y}\n \n, then the following diagram must commute (the vertical maps are the restriction homomorphisms):There is an additional requirement for morphisms between locally ringed spaces:the ring homomorphisms induced by \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n \n between the stalks of \n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y}\n \n and the stalks of \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n must be local homomorphisms, i.e. for every \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in X}\n \n the maximal ideal of the local ring (stalk) at \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n ∈\n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)\\in Y}\n \n is mapped into the maximal ideal of the local ring at \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in X}\n \n.Two morphisms can be composed to form a new morphism, and we obtain the category of ringed spaces and the category of locally ringed spaces. Isomorphisms in these categories are defined as usual.","title":"Morphisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zariski tangent space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zariski_tangent_space"},{"link_name":"tangent spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent_space"},{"link_name":"field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"vector space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space"},{"link_name":"cotangent space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotangent_space"},{"link_name":"dual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_space"},{"link_name":"product rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_rule"}],"text":"See also: Zariski tangent spaceLocally ringed spaces have just enough structure to allow the meaningful definition of tangent spaces. Let \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n be a locally ringed space with structure sheaf \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n; we want to define the tangent space \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n x\n \n \n (\n X\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{x}(X)}\n \n at the point \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in X}\n \n. Take the local ring (stalk) \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{x}}\n \n at the point \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n, with maximal ideal \n \n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {m}}_{x}}\n \n. Then \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n x\n \n \n :=\n \n R\n \n x\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{x}:=R_{x}/{\\mathfrak {m}}_{x}}\n \n is a field and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {m}}_{x}/{\\mathfrak {m}}_{x}^{2}}\n \n is a vector space over that field (the cotangent space). The tangent space \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n x\n \n \n (\n X\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{x}(X)}\n \n is defined as the dual of this vector space.The idea is the following: a tangent vector at \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n should tell you how to \"differentiate\" \"functions\" at \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n, i.e. the elements of \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{x}}\n \n. Now it is enough to know how to differentiate functions whose value at \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n is zero, since all other functions differ from these only by a constant, and we know how to differentiate constants. So we only need to consider \n \n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {m}}_{x}}\n \n. Furthermore, if two functions are given with value zero at \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n, then their product has derivative 0 at \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n, by the product rule. So we only need to know how to assign \"numbers\" to the elements of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {m}}_{x}/{\\mathfrak {m}}_{x}^{2}}\n \n, and this is what the dual space does.","title":"Tangent spaces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sheaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"abelian groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group"},{"link_name":"module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"morphism of sheaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphism_of_sheaves#Morphisms"},{"link_name":"abelian category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_category"},{"link_name":"quasi-coherent sheaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-coherent_sheaves"},{"link_name":"cokernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cokernel"},{"link_name":"coherent sheaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_sheaf"},{"link_name":"kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(algebra)"}],"text":"Given a locally ringed space \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,{\\mathcal {O}}_{X})}\n \n, certain sheaves of modules on \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n occur in the applications, the \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n-modules. To define them, consider a sheaf F of abelian groups on \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n. If F(U) is a module over the ring \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n (\n U\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}(U)}\n \n for every open set \n \n \n \n U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U}\n \n in \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n, and the restriction maps are compatible with the module structure, then we call \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F}\n \n an \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n-module. In this case, the stalk of \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F}\n \n at \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n will be a module over the local ring (stalk) \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{x}}\n \n, for every \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in X}\n \n.A morphism between two such \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n-modules is a morphism of sheaves that is compatible with the given module structures. The category of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n-modules over a fixed locally ringed space \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,{\\mathcal {O}}_{X})}\n \n is an abelian category.An important subcategory of the category of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n-modules is the category of quasi-coherent sheaves on \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n. A sheaf of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n-modules is called quasi-coherent if it is, locally, isomorphic to the cokernel of a map between free \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X}}\n \n-modules. A coherent sheaf \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F}\n \n is a quasi-coherent sheaf that is, locally, of finite type and for every open subset \n \n \n \n U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U}\n \n of \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n the kernel of any morphism from a free \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n U\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{U}}\n \n-module of finite rank to \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n U\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{U}}\n \n is also of finite type.","title":"Modules over the structure sheaf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Éléments de géométrie algébrique, Ch 0, 4.1.1.","title":"Citations"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/LocallyRingedSpace-01.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Grothendieck, Alexandre; Dieudonné, Jean (1960). \"Éléments de géométrie algébrique: I. Le langage des schémas\". Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS. 4. doi:10.1007/bf02684778. MR 0217083.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Grothendieck","url_text":"Grothendieck, Alexandre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dieudonn%C3%A9","url_text":"Dieudonné, Jean"},{"url":"http://www.numdam.org/item/PMIHES_1960__4__5_0","url_text":"\"Éléments de géométrie algébrique: I. Le langage des schémas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publications_Math%C3%A9matiques_de_l%27IH%C3%89S","url_text":"Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02684778","url_text":"10.1007/bf02684778"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0217083","url_text":"0217083"}]},{"reference":"Hartshorne, Robin (1977), Algebraic Geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 52, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-90244-9, MR 0463157","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hartshorne","url_text":"Hartshorne, Robin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_Geometry_(book)","url_text":"Algebraic Geometry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Texts_in_Mathematics","url_text":"Graduate Texts in Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-90244-9","url_text":"978-0-387-90244-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0463157","url_text":"0463157"}]},{"reference":"Onishchik, A.L. (2001) [1994], \"Ringed space\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Ringed_space","url_text":"\"Ringed space\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.numdam.org/item/PMIHES_1960__4__5_0","external_links_name":"\"Éléments de géométrie algébrique: I. Le langage des schémas\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02684778","external_links_name":"10.1007/bf02684778"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0217083","external_links_name":"0217083"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0463157","external_links_name":"0463157"},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Ringed_space","external_links_name":"\"Ringed space\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perivascular_epithelioid_cell_tumor | Perivascular epithelioid cell tumour | ["1 Cause","2 Diagnosis","2.1 Histology","2.2 Immunohistochemical markers","2.3 Differential diagnosis","3 References","4 External links"] | Medical conditionPEComaHistopathologic image of renal angiomyolipoma. Nephrectomy specimen. H&E stain.SpecialtyOncology
Perivascular epithelioid cell tumour, also known as PEComa or PEC tumour, is a family of mesenchymal tumours consisting of perivascular epithelioid cells (PECs). These are rare tumours that can occur in any part of the human body.
The cell type from which these tumours originate remains unknown. Normally, no perivascular epitheloid cells exist; the name refers to the characteristics of the tumour when examined under the microscope.
Establishing the malignant potential of these tumours remains challenging although criteria have been suggested; some PEComas display malignant features whereas others can cautiously be labeled as having 'uncertain malignant potential'. The most common tumours in the PEComa family are renal angiomyolipoma and pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, both of which are more common in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. The genes responsible for this multi-system genetic disease have also been implicated in other PEComas.
Many PEComa types shows a female predominance in the sex ratio.
Cause
The precursor cell of PEComas is currently unknown; there is no normal counterpart "perivascular epitheloid cell". Genetically, PECs are linked to the tuberous sclerosis genes TSC1 and TSC2, although this link is stronger for angiomyolipoma and lymphangioleiomyomatosis than for other members of the PEComa family.
Diagnosis
Histology
PECs consist of perivascular epithelioid cells with a clear/granular cytoplasm and central round nucleus without prominent nucleoli.
Immunohistochemical markers
PECs typically stain for melanocytic markers (HMB-45, Melan A (Mart 1), Mitf) and myogenic markers (actin, myosin, calponin).
Differential diagnosis
PECs bear significant histologic and immunohistochemical similarity to:
angiomyolipoma,
clear-cell "sugar" tumour (CCST),
lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and,
clear-cell myomelanocytic tumour of ligamentum teres/falciform ligament.
abdominopelvic sarcoma of perivascular epitheloid cells
primary extrapulmonary "sugar" tumour
Thus, it has been advocated that the above could be classified PEComas.
PEComas are rare and can have myriad features; therefore, they can be confused with carcinomas, smooth muscle tumours, adipocytic tumours, clear cell sarcomas, melanomas and gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST).
References
^ a b c Martignoni G, Pea M, Reghellin D, Zamboni G, Bonetti F (February 2008). "PEComas: the past, the present and the future". Virchows Arch. 452 (2): 119–32. doi:10.1007/s00428-007-0509-1. PMC 2234444. PMID 18080139.
^ a b c d e f Folpe, AL; Kwiatkowski DJ (2009). "Perivascular epitheloid cell neoplasms: pathology and pathogenesis". Human Pathology. 41 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2009.05.011. PMID 19604538.
^ Folpe AL, Mentzel T, Lehr HA, Fisher C, Balzer BL, Weiss SW (Dec 2005). "Perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms of soft tissue and gynecologic origin: a clinicopathologic study of 26 cases and review of the literature". Am J Surg Pathol. 29 (12): 1558–75. doi:10.1097/01.pas.0000173232.22117.37. PMID 16327428.
^ Bonneti F, Pea M, Martignoni G, Zamboni G (1992). "PEC and Sugar". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 16 (3): 307-308. doi:10.1097/00000478-199203000-00013. PMID 1599021.
External links
ClassificationDMeSH: D054973External resourceseMedicine: orthoped/377
vteConnective/soft tissue tumors and sarcomasNot otherwise specified
Soft-tissue sarcoma
Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor
Connective tissue neoplasmFibromatousFibroma/fibrosarcoma
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
Desmoplastic fibroma
Fibroma/fibromatosis
Aggressive fibromatosis
Aggressive infantile fibromatosis
Aponeurotic fibroma
Collagenous fibroma
Diffuse infantile fibromatosis
Familial myxovascular fibromas
Fibroma of tendon sheath
Fibromatosis colli
Infantile digital fibromatosis
Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis
Plantar fibromatosis
Pleomorphic fibroma
Oral submucous fibrosis
Pachydermodactyly
Histiocytoma/histiocytic sarcoma
Benign fibrous histiocytoma
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Atypical fibroxanthoma
Solitary fibrous tumor
Myxomatous
Myxoma/myxosarcoma
Cutaneous myxoma
Superficial acral fibromyxoma
Angiomyxoma
Ossifying fibromyxoid tumour
Fibroepithelial
Brenner tumour
Fibroadenoma
Phyllodes tumor
Synovial-like
Synovial sarcoma
Clear-cell sarcoma
Lipomatous
Lipoma/liposarcoma
Myelolipoma
Myxoid liposarcoma
PEComa
Angiomyolipoma
Chondroid lipoma
Intradermal spindle cell lipoma
Pleomorphic lipoma
Lipoblastomatosis
Spindle cell lipoma
Hibernoma
MyomatousGeneral
Myoma/myosarcoma
Smooth muscle
Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma
Skeletal muscle
Rhabdomyoma/rhabdomyosarcoma: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
Sarcoma botryoides
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
Leiomyoma
Cutaneous
Angioleiomyoma
Angiolipoleiomyoma
Genital leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis syndrome
Multiple cutaneous leiomyoma
Neural fibrolipoma
Solitary cutaneous leiomyoma
STUMP
Complex mixed and stromal
Adenomyoma
Pleomorphic adenoma
Mixed Müllerian tumor
Mesoblastic nephroma
Wilms' tumor
Malignant rhabdoid tumour
Clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney
Hepatoblastoma
Pancreatoblastoma
Carcinosarcoma
Mesothelial
Mesothelioma
Adenomatoid tumor
vteTumours of blood vesselsBlood vessel
Hemangiosarcoma
Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome
Hemangioendothelioma
Composite
Endovascular papillary
Epithelioid
Kaposiform
Infantile
Retiform)
Spindle cell
Proliferating angioendotheliomatosis
Hemangiopericytoma
Infantile hemangiopericytoma
Venous lake
Kaposi's sarcoma
African cutaneous
African lymphadenopathic
AIDS-associated
Classic
Immunosuppression-associated
Hemangioblastoma
Hemangioma
Capillary
Cavernous
Glomeruloid
Microvenular
Targeted hemosiderotic
Angioma
Cherry
Seriginosum
Spider
Tufted
Universal angiomatosis
Angiokeratoma
of Mibelli
Angiolipoma
Pyogenic granuloma
Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia
Lymphatic
Lymphangioma/lymphangiosarcoma
Lymphangioma circumscriptum
Acquired progressive lymphangioma
PEComa
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Cystic hygroma
Multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis
Lymphangiomatosis
Either
Angioma/angiosarcoma
Angiofibroma | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mesenchymal tumours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenchymal_tumour"},{"link_name":"perivascular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasculature"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martignoni-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HumanPathology2009-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-criteria-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HumanPathology2009-2"},{"link_name":"renal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal"},{"link_name":"angiomyolipoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiomyolipoma"},{"link_name":"pulmonary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary"},{"link_name":"lymphangioleiomyomatosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphangioleiomyomatosis"},{"link_name":"tuberous sclerosis complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis_complex"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HumanPathology2009-2"}],"text":"Perivascular epithelioid cell tumour, also known as PEComa or PEC tumour, is a family of mesenchymal tumours consisting of perivascular epithelioid cells (PECs).[1] These are rare tumours that can occur in any part of the human body.The cell type from which these tumours originate remains unknown. Normally, no perivascular epitheloid cells exist; the name refers to the characteristics of the tumour when examined under the microscope.[2]Establishing the malignant potential of these tumours remains challenging although criteria[3] have been suggested; some PEComas display malignant features whereas others can cautiously be labeled as having 'uncertain malignant potential'.[2] The most common tumours in the PEComa family are renal angiomyolipoma and pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, both of which are more common in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. The genes responsible for this multi-system genetic disease have also been implicated in other PEComas.[2]Many PEComa types shows a female predominance in the sex ratio.","title":"Perivascular epithelioid cell tumour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martignoni-1"},{"link_name":"tuberous sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"TSC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSC1"},{"link_name":"TSC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSC2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The precursor cell of PEComas is currently unknown; there is no normal counterpart \"perivascular epitheloid cell\".[1] Genetically, PECs are linked to the tuberous sclerosis genes TSC1 and TSC2, although this link is stronger for angiomyolipoma and lymphangioleiomyomatosis than for other members of the PEComa family.[citation needed]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epithelioid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelioid_cell"},{"link_name":"cytoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm"},{"link_name":"nucleoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoli"}],"sub_title":"Histology","text":"PECs consist of perivascular epithelioid cells with a clear/granular cytoplasm and central round nucleus without prominent nucleoli.","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMB-45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMB-45"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Melan A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melan_A"},{"link_name":"Mitf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitf"},{"link_name":"actin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin"},{"link_name":"myosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin"},{"link_name":"calponin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calponin"}],"sub_title":"Immunohistochemical markers","text":"PECs typically stain for melanocytic markers (HMB-45,[4] Melan A (Mart 1), Mitf) and myogenic markers (actin, myosin, calponin).","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"histologic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologic"},{"link_name":"immunohistochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunohistochemical"},{"link_name":"angiomyolipoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiomyolipoma"},{"link_name":"lymphangioleiomyomatosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphangioleiomyomatosis"},{"link_name":"ligamentum teres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_ligament_of_the_uterus"},{"link_name":"falciform ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falciform_ligament"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HumanPathology2009-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HumanPathology2009-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martignoni-1"},{"link_name":"carcinomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma"},{"link_name":"smooth muscle tumours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_muscle_tumour"},{"link_name":"adipocytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocyte"},{"link_name":"sarcomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoma"},{"link_name":"melanomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal stromal tumours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_stromal_tumour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HumanPathology2009-2"}],"sub_title":"Differential diagnosis","text":"PECs bear significant histologic and immunohistochemical similarity to:angiomyolipoma,\nclear-cell \"sugar\" tumour (CCST),\nlymphangioleiomyomatosis, and,\nclear-cell myomelanocytic tumour of ligamentum teres/falciform ligament.\nabdominopelvic sarcoma of perivascular epitheloid cells[2]\nprimary extrapulmonary \"sugar\" tumour[2]Thus, it has been advocated that the above could be classified PEComas.[1]PEComas are rare and can have myriad features; therefore, they can be confused with carcinomas, smooth muscle tumours, adipocytic tumours, clear cell sarcomas, melanomas and gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST).[2]","title":"Diagnosis"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Martignoni G, Pea M, Reghellin D, Zamboni G, Bonetti F (February 2008). \"PEComas: the past, the present and the future\". Virchows Arch. 452 (2): 119–32. doi:10.1007/s00428-007-0509-1. PMC 2234444. PMID 18080139.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2234444","url_text":"\"PEComas: the past, the present and the future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00428-007-0509-1","url_text":"10.1007/s00428-007-0509-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2234444","url_text":"2234444"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18080139","url_text":"18080139"}]},{"reference":"Folpe, AL; Kwiatkowski DJ (2009). \"Perivascular epitheloid cell neoplasms: pathology and pathogenesis\". Human Pathology. 41 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2009.05.011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Punisher_(1990_NES_video_game) | The Punisher (1990 NES video game) | ["1 Premise","2 Gameplay","3 Reception","4 Game Boy version","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | 1990 video gameThe PunisherNES cover artDeveloper(s)Beam SoftwarePublisher(s)LJNDirector(s)Chuck Dixon John Romita Sr.Designer(s)Gregg Barnett Paul KiddProgrammer(s)Jamie RivettArtist(s)Tony G. PentlandComposer(s)Gavan Anderson Tania SmithPlatform(s)NESRelease1990Genre(s)Rail shooterMode(s)Single-player
The Punisher is a 1990 video game developed by Beam Software and released by LJN, which stars the Marvel Comics anti-hero, the Punisher. It is one of the few NES rail shooters.
Also in 1990, an unrelated The Punisher for Amiga and MS-DOS was released by MicroProse.
Premise
The Punisher's origin has been slightly altered to a former detective, from the original comic books as a US Marine who served in the Vietnam War.
Gameplay
The player controls the Punisher from an over-the-shoulder third-person perspective through various New York City locations, shooting thugs and battling supervillains Hitman, Jigsaw, Colonel Kliegg, Sijo Kanaka, and Assassin as bosses. The final boss is the Kingpin. Power-ups can be obtained by shooting them and include extra ammunition, a med kit, Kevlar, a bazooka, a machine gun, and grenades.
Reception
In 2013, Fred Rojas of Gaminghistory101 said he was quite impressed with the graphical prowess and praised the interesting addition to the traditional light gun format and the brawler element, which is key to completing two of the boss battles, that requires the player to have more than crack shot skills. Conversely he criticized the lack of music: "All of the levels seem eerily quiet and the saxophone player that shows up in the most odd of times and location provides the only break from the action, but his song is neither interesting enough nor is there any incentive to keep him alive." He criticized the boss battle with the Kingpin for being frustratingly difficult but still considered the game to be as it was when it first came out and that it is a gem among Nintendo's initial console.
Videogamechoochoo.com's reviewer Ryan expressed disappointment at the developers' decision to lock the Punisher into the bottom of the screen and let the player slide him around, ending up as "one of the few" rail shooters for NES. He said, "It's easy to see why- attempting to both dodge bullets and position the crosshairs with just the D-pad is an obtuse, miserable experience." He criticized the lack of soundtrack: "There's a title theme, and a menu theme that gets re-used for boss fights, and that's about it. The only sounds that accompany you through the levels are those of gunfire and explosions. Occasionally a bluesy jazz man will spawn and play you a morose 8-bit saxophone tune, but like everything else in the game, you can just blow him to shreds, silencing him for good." He praised the accurate portrayal of the Punisher, the violence he commits, his antagonists, and the graphics. He was surprised at how much simultaneous action was onscreen.
Blair Farrell of Comic Gamers Assemble stated that the game would have benefited from the NES Zapper but that the game's design added depth to the simple shooting mechanics.
Controls are easy enough in The Punisher: Move the d-pad around the screen until it lines up with a target, press "A" to shoot and "B" to lob grenades and other explosives. When not holding down the shoot button, the Punisher character will move left and right across the screen, allowing the player to dodge some incoming enemy fire and projectiles, thus increasing your overall chance of survival. Had Beam just made this a simple light gun game, this mechanic would either be nonexistent, or awkwardly controlled with both the gun AND a controller. By adding in simple movement, it adds depth to what could have been a pretty shallow experience.
Game Boy version
Main article: The Punisher: The Ultimate Payback!
In 1991 the game was converted to the Game Boy, titled The Punisher: The Ultimate Payback, with several differences, including an appearance from Spider-Man.
See also
Marvel Games
References
^ "The Punisher (NES)". MobyGames. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
^ "The Punisher". MobyGames. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
^ "The Punisher". GameFAQs. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
^ a b Rojas, Fred (April 14, 2013). "Review: The Punisher (NES)". Gaming History 101. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
^ a b Ryan (January 31, 2016). "Land of the Licensed: The Punisher (NES)". videogamechoochoo.com. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
^ Farrell, Blair (July 11, 2014). "REVIEW: THE PUNISHER (NES)". comicgamersassemble.com. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
^ "The Punisher ". IGN. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
^ "The Punisher: The Ultimate Payback! (Game Boy)". MobyGames. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
^ "The Punisher: The Ultimate Payback! (Game Boy) review". MobyGames. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
External links
The Punisher at MobyGames
vteThe PunisherCreated by Gerry Conway, Ross Andru and John Romita Sr. in "The Punisher Strikes Twice!"CharactersSupporting
Daredevil
G. W. Bridge
Rachel Cole-Alves
Rampage
Lynn Michaels
Mickey Fondozzi
Martin Soap
Nick Fury
Outlaw
Spider-Man
Enemies
Barracuda
Bullseye
Bushwacker
Damage
Hitman
Hood
Jigsaw
Kingpin
Lady Gorgon
Ma Gnucci
Microchip
Mister Negative
Olivier
Rapido
Rev
Russian
Saracen
Sniper
TitlesMain
1986 series
1987 series
1995 series
1998 series
2000 series
2001 series
2004 series
2009 series
2011 series
2014 series
Spin-offs
War Journal
1988 series
2006 series
War Zone
1992 series
2008 series
2012 series
2099
Punisher Max
Cosmic Ghost Rider
Other
Punisher P.O.V.
Archie Meets the Punisher
Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe
Born
The Platoon
The End
In the Blood
5 Ronin
In othermediaFilms
The Punisher (1989)
score
The Punisher (2004)
score
album
Punisher: War Zone
score
soundtrack
Avengers Confidential: Black Widow & Punisher
Fan films
Dirty Laundry
Do Not Fall in New York City
Video games
The Punisher (computer)
The Punisher (NES)
The Punisher: The Ultimate Payback!
The Punisher (1993)
The Punisher (2005)
The Punisher: No Mercy
Television
The Punisher
season 1
2
Frank Castle
Related
Garth Ennis
The 'Nam
Palm Beach Punishers
Shadowmasters
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Beam Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krome_Studios_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"LJN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LJN"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"anti-hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-hero"},{"link_name":"Punisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punisher"},{"link_name":"NES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"rail shooters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"MicroProse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroProse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"1990 video gameThe Punisher is a 1990 video game developed by Beam Software and released by LJN, which stars the Marvel Comics anti-hero, the Punisher. It is one of the few NES rail shooters.[1]Also in 1990, an unrelated The Punisher for Amiga and MS-DOS was released by MicroProse.[2]","title":"The Punisher (1990 NES video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective"},{"link_name":"US Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Punisher's origin has been slightly altered to a former detective, from the original comic books as a US Marine who served in the Vietnam War.[3]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"third-person perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Hitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitman_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Jigsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigsaw_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"bosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"Kingpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingpin_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Kevlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar"},{"link_name":"bazooka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazooka"},{"link_name":"machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenade"}],"text":"The player controls the Punisher from an over-the-shoulder third-person perspective through various New York City locations, shooting thugs and battling supervillains Hitman, Jigsaw, Colonel Kliegg, Sijo Kanaka, and Assassin as bosses. The final boss is the Kingpin. Power-ups can be obtained by shooting them and include extra ammunition, a med kit, Kevlar, a bazooka, a machine gun, and grenades.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-5"},{"link_name":"NES Zapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NES_Zapper"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 2013, Fred Rojas of Gaminghistory101 said he was quite impressed with the graphical prowess and praised the interesting addition to the traditional light gun format and the brawler element, which is key to completing two of the boss battles, that requires the player to have more than crack shot skills. Conversely he criticized the lack of music: \"All of the levels seem eerily quiet and the saxophone player that shows up in the most odd of times and location provides the only break from the action, but his song is neither interesting enough nor is there any incentive to keep him alive.\" He criticized the boss battle with the Kingpin for being frustratingly difficult but still considered the game to be as it was when it first came out and that it is a gem among Nintendo's initial console.[4]Videogamechoochoo.com's reviewer Ryan expressed disappointment at the developers' decision to lock the Punisher into the bottom of the screen and let the player slide him around, ending up as \"one of the few\" rail shooters for NES. He said, \"It's easy to see why- attempting to both dodge bullets and position the crosshairs with just the D-pad is an obtuse, miserable experience.\"[5] He criticized the lack of soundtrack: \"There's a title theme, and a menu theme that gets re-used for boss fights, and that's about it. The only sounds that accompany you through the levels are those of gunfire and explosions. Occasionally a bluesy jazz man will spawn and play you a morose 8-bit saxophone tune, but like everything else in the game, you can just blow him to shreds, silencing him for good.\" He praised the accurate portrayal of the Punisher, the violence he commits, his antagonists, and the graphics. He was surprised at how much simultaneous action was onscreen.[5]Blair Farrell of Comic Gamers Assemble stated that the game would have benefited from the NES Zapper but that the game's design added depth to the simple shooting mechanics.Controls are easy enough in The Punisher: Move the d-pad around the screen until it lines up with a target, press \"A\" to shoot and \"B\" to lob grenades and other explosives. When not holding down the shoot button, the Punisher character will move left and right across the screen, allowing the player to dodge some incoming enemy fire and projectiles, thus increasing your overall chance of survival. Had Beam just made this a simple light gun game, this mechanic would either be nonexistent, or awkwardly controlled with both the gun AND a controller. By adding in simple movement, it adds depth to what could have been a pretty shallow experience.[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"}],"text":"In 1991 the game was converted to the Game Boy, titled The Punisher: The Ultimate Payback,[7][8] with several differences, including an appearance from Spider-Man.[9][4]","title":"Game Boy version"}] | [] | [{"title":"Marvel Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Games"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Punisher (NES)\". MobyGames. Retrieved July 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mobygames.com/game/nes/punisher_","url_text":"\"The Punisher (NES)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MobyGames","url_text":"MobyGames"}]},{"reference":"\"The Punisher\". MobyGames. Retrieved July 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mobygames.com/game/punisher","url_text":"\"The Punisher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MobyGames","url_text":"MobyGames"}]},{"reference":"\"The Punisher\". GameFAQs. Retrieved August 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamefaqs.com/nes/587531-the-punisher","url_text":"\"The Punisher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameFAQs","url_text":"GameFAQs"}]},{"reference":"Rojas, Fred (April 14, 2013). \"Review: The Punisher (NES)\". Gaming History 101. Retrieved August 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://gaminghistory101.com/2013/04/14/punisher-nes/","url_text":"\"Review: The Punisher (NES)\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan (January 31, 2016). \"Land of the Licensed: The Punisher (NES)\". videogamechoochoo.com. Retrieved August 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://videogamechoochoo.com/land-of-the-licensed-the-punisher-nes/","url_text":"\"Land of the Licensed: The Punisher (NES)\""}]},{"reference":"Farrell, Blair (July 11, 2014). \"REVIEW: THE PUNISHER (NES)\". comicgamersassemble.com. Retrieved August 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicgamersassemble.com/2014/07/11/review-the-punisher-nes/","url_text":"\"REVIEW: THE PUNISHER (NES)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Punisher [1991]\". IGN. Retrieved July 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.ign.com/games/the-punisher-1991/gb-490209","url_text":"\"The Punisher [1991]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"\"The Punisher: The Ultimate Payback! (Game Boy)\". 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