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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_turn_(swimming) | Turn (swimming) | ["1 Types","2 See also","3 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Turn" swimming – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Flip turns in swimming.
In swimming, a turn is a reversal of direction of travel by a swimmer. A turn is typically performed when a swimmer reaches the end of a swimming pool but still has one or more remaining pool lengths to swim.
Types
Open turn: is where the swimmer touches the wall, with one or two hands depending on the requirement for the stroke, (not grabbing) and brings legs to the wall in a tuck-like position, then turning on the wall to face the opposite end of the pool and pushes off in a streamline position to begin a new lap. Butterfly and breaststroke swimmers must touch with two hands, then one arm is typically dropped into the water to begin the turn while the other comes past the head to complete the turnaround from the wall and then the swimmer will push off into a streamline. See also Butterfly stroke#Turn and finish.
Tumble turn (also known as flip turn or turntable turn): the swimmer swims to the end wall, tucks, does a forward flip, and pushes off in streamline. While typically only done in backstroke and freestyle modalities, it is legal in all events provided that in butterfly and breastroke both hands touch the wall simultaneously and immediately prior to the turn. See also Front crawl#Racing: turn and finish.
Backwards flip turn, bucket turn, or suicide turn: a turn used in the individual medley when changing from backstroke to breaststroke. The turn involves a touch on the wall in backstroke, followed by a back flip which puts the swimmer in position to push off into breaststroke.
See also
Swimming innovation
References
^ "Swimming 2017-2021" (PDF). FINA Swimming Rules 2017-2021: 1–20. 21 September 2017.
^ "BBC Sport. Olympics: Swimming Guide - Breaststroke/butterfly turns"
^ "BBC Sport. Olympics: Swimming Guide - Tumble Turn" | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swimming_flip_turns.jpg"},{"link_name":"swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_swimming"},{"link_name":"swimming pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool"}],"text":"Flip turns in swimming.In swimming, a turn is a reversal of direction of travel by a swimmer. A turn is typically performed when a swimmer reaches the end of a swimming pool but still has one or more remaining pool lengths to swim.","title":"Turn (swimming)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_stroke"},{"link_name":"breaststroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaststroke"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Butterfly stroke#Turn and finish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_stroke#Turn_and_finish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tumble turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumble_turn"},{"link_name":"Front crawl#Racing: turn and finish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_crawl#Racing:_turn_and_finish"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"individual medley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medley_swimming"}],"text":"Open turn: is where the swimmer touches the wall, with one or two hands depending on the requirement for the stroke, (not grabbing)[clarification needed] and brings legs to the wall in a tuck-like position, then turning on the wall to face the opposite end of the pool and pushes off in a streamline position to begin a new lap. Butterfly and breaststroke swimmers must touch with two hands,[1] then one arm is typically dropped into the water to begin the turn while the other comes past the head to complete the turnaround from the wall and then the swimmer will push off into a streamline. See also Butterfly stroke#Turn and finish.[2]\nTumble turn (also known as flip turn or turntable turn): the swimmer swims to the end wall, tucks, does a forward flip, and pushes off in streamline. While typically only done in backstroke and freestyle modalities, it is legal in all events provided that in butterfly and breastroke both hands touch the wall simultaneously and immediately prior to the turn. See also Front crawl#Racing: turn and finish.[3]\nBackwards flip turn, bucket turn, or suicide turn: a turn used in the individual medley when changing from backstroke to breaststroke. The turn involves a touch on the wall in backstroke, followed by a back flip which puts the swimmer in position to push off into breaststroke.","title":"Types"}] | [{"image_text":"Flip turns in swimming.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Swimming_flip_turns.jpg/220px-Swimming_flip_turns.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Swimming innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_swimming#Swimming_innovation"}] | [{"reference":"\"Swimming 2017-2021\" (PDF). FINA Swimming Rules 2017-2021: 1–20. 21 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://resources.fina.org/fina/document/2021/01/12/b3885f9b-630a-4390-861d-4e7f6031f4a4/2017_2021_swimming_16032018.pdf","url_text":"\"Swimming 2017-2021\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Turn%22+swimming","external_links_name":"\"Turn\" swimming"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Turn%22+swimming+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Turn%22+swimming&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Turn%22+swimming+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Turn%22+swimming","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Turn%22+swimming&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://resources.fina.org/fina/document/2021/01/12/b3885f9b-630a-4390-861d-4e7f6031f4a4/2017_2021_swimming_16032018.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Swimming 2017-2021\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/4231146.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC Sport. Olympics: Swimming Guide - Breaststroke/butterfly turns\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/4230338.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC Sport. Olympics: Swimming Guide - Tumble Turn\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_Bonnets_Rouges | Revolt of the papier timbré | ["1 Context","1.1 Franco-Dutch War","1.2 Situation in Brittany","2 Course","3 Consequences","4 In popular culture","5 See also","6 Notes","6.1 Bibliography","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | 1675 revolt in western France
Course of the rebellion
The Revolt of the papier timbré was an anti-fiscal revolt in the west of Ancien Régime France, during the reign of Louis XIV from April to September 1675. It was fiercest in Lower Brittany, where it took on an anti-lordly tone and became known as the revolt of the Bonnets rouges (after the blue or red caps worn by the insurgents according to region) or revolt of the Torrebens (a war cry and signature in one of the peasant codes). It was unleashed by an increase in taxes, including the papier timbré, needed to authenticate official documents.
Context
Franco-Dutch War
An example of one of the first acts produced on papier timbré at Quimperlé (9 April 1674, posthumous inventory edited by the jurisdiction of the abbaye de Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé)
Louis XIV declared war on the Dutch Republic in 1672. Unlike in the War of Devolution, after a rapid advance the French army was stopped by the Dutch deliberately breaching the dykes and flooding the land. The war dragged on. The Dutch fleet threatened the French coast, notably the Brittany coast, off which it cruised in April–May 1673 (after a landing on Belle-Île in 1673 and another landing on Groix in 1674). This interfered with Breton trade.
To finance the French war effort, new taxes were levied:
first a tax on papier timbré (paper that was compulsory for all documents used in law, such as wills, sale contracts and vital records), in April 1674, raising the price of such documents, all the while risking a fall in the number of cases for professionals, leading to general discontent
on 27 September 1674, the sale of tobacco was made a royal monopoly, which imposed a tax and sold it in afferme. Those the king authorised to re-sell the tobacco (fermiers and commis) bought stock from the merchants to whom they had sold it in the first place. The reorganisation of the distribution network resulted in a temporary interruption to the distribution of smoking and chewing tobacco, which also caused discontent
in the same period, a new tax on all tin objects (even those bought long before) upset the peasants as well as the cabaretiers hit by the tax, which resulted in a high rise in the price of consumables
finally another tax, affecting fewer people, required commoners in possession of a noble fiefdom to pay a tax every 20 years
Situation in Brittany
These threats and new taxes added to an already-difficult economic situation in Brittany, then a heavily populated area (with around 10% of France's population at the time) after being spared famines and epidemics since the 1640s. In the 1660s and 70s it entered a phase of economic difficulties, largely linked to the first effects of Louis XIV's policy of economic warfare, the simultaneous increase in taxes and structural weaknesses: for example, a 66% reduction in the wine and canvas trade after the duc de Chaulnes (nicknamed an hoc'h lart, "the fat pig", in Breton), governor of Brittany reduced the land revenues (fermages) and those on wine and canvas by a third, leading to general deflation, except offices.
In addition, the domain congéable system, which regulated the relationship between peasant farmers and the owners of the land they cultivated, was archaic, and gave no incentive to either peasants or landowners to invest in improvements in farming methods. Indeed, facing a fall in income after 1670, landlords became more punctilious in demanding their rights, which may have contributed to the uprising. This view however is disputed by Jean Meyer who noted that it is "questionable" whether there was any significant relation between the areas in which domain congéable operated and those in which the rebellion erupted. It may be significant that parishes outside the congéable system rebelled, while others within it did not. It may be added that the abolition of the system is not demanded in the surviving "peasant codes".
Women played an active role in the revolt. At this time, Royal law was significantly reducing both the economic and citizenship rights that women had formerly enjoyed. Women had no right to choose their own husbands for example. This struck hard in a land where women played a very important role, and this issue is identified in the peasant codes.
Finally, Brittany was a Pays d'États with its own parliaments, the Estates of Brittany and the Parliament of Brittany. It was exempted from the "gabelle" (salt tax), and new taxes should be agreed by the Estates, as guaranteed in 1532 Act of Union between Brittany and France. In 1673, the Estates had, in addition to a gift of 2.6 million livres, bought the abolition of the Chambre des domaines (which deprived some nobles of legal rights) for the same amount and acquired the royal edicts establishing new taxes, plus other expenses for the royal power, for the huge sum of 6.3 million livres. A year later, the same edicts were restored, without consulting the Estates. Also, through the Parliament of Brittany, Louis XIV registered tax on stamped paper in August 1673, and the tobacco tax in November 1674, in defiance of "Breton liberties", as Bretons at the time called their privileges under the Treaty of Union.
The new charges involved more expense for small farmers and townspeople compared to the privileged classes, and implied an introduction of gabelle. All this created a broad front of discontent against the unprecedented brutality of the central State.
Course
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Consequences
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In popular culture
Victor Hugo referred to the Revolt of the papier timbré in Les Contemplations and particularly in his poem Écrit en 1846 (Written in 1846), where he defended the French Revolution. He attacked, in a roundabout way, the royal massacres by mentioning Madame de Sévigné and her friend, the Duke of Chaulnes. He declared there :
French Text
English Translation
Pas plus que Sévigné, la marquise lettrée,
Ne s’étonnait de voir, douce femme rêvant,
Blêmir au clair de lune et trembler dans le vent,
Aux arbres du chemin, parmi les feuilles jaunes,
Les paysans pendus par ce bon duc de Chaulnes,
Vous ne preniez souci des manants qu’on abat
Par la force, et du pauvre écrasé sous le bât.
No more than Sévigné, the educated marquess,
Wasn't surprised to see, sweet dreaming woman,
To whiten in the moonlight and tremble in the wind,
On the trees of the road, among the yellow leaves,
The peasants hanged by that good Duke of Chaulnes,
You didn't care about the peasants slaughtered
By force, and of the poor crushed under the packsaddle.
In the 1970s, the revolt was presented as a step in the Breton people's struggle for emancipation - Paol Keineg's 1975 play Le Printemps des Bonnets rouges portrayed it in this 'regionalist' way, and the French Communist Party celebrated the tercentary of the revolt in Carhaix with a festival.
In December 2005, the prefect of Finistère refused to install a tourist information panel in Carhaix beside the route nationale, showing an insurgent in the revolt.
One of the beers of the Brasserie Lancelot is called Révolte des Bonnets rouges.
The bulletin of the Frankiz Breizh political movement is entitled Les Bonnets rouges.
In late 2013, a protest movement centered in Brittany and also calling itself Bonnets Rouges protested against a new tax on truck transport by destroying hundreds of radar outposts that were to be used to enforce the tax.
See also
Jacquerie
Notes
^ Delumeau (2000), p. 292
^ Croix (1981), pp. 283–350
^ Croix (2000), p. 152
^ Er Ber (1910), p. 248
^ Depping (1850), p. 498
^ Garlan & Nières (1975), pp. 26–27
^ Cornette (2005), p. 229
^ Meyer & Dupuy (1975)
^ Collins (2006), p. 308
^ Cornette (2005), p. 606
^ a b Collectif, Histoire de la Bretagne et des pays celtiques, Skol Vreizh, vol 3, p. 104.
^ See Collins (2006), p. 180, and texts on the peasant codes.
^ Cornette (2005), p. 607
^ Laforgue, Pierre (2001). Hugo, romantisme et révolution. Presses universitaires franc-comtoises. ISBN 2-84627-040-6. OCLC 49325821. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
^ "Les Contemplations/Écrit en 1846 – Écrit en 1855 - Wikisource". fr.wikisource.org (in French). Retrieved 26 December 2022.
^ Cornette (2005), p. 604
^ The banned panel.
^ Gross (2014), p. 191
Bibliography
Collins, James B. (2006). La Bretagne dans l'État Royal: Classes Sociales, États Provinciaux et Ordre Public de l'Édit d'Union à la Révolte des Bonnets Rouges (in French). Presses Universitaires de Rennes. ISBN 2-7535-0233-1.
Cornette, Joël (2005). Histoire de la Bretagne et des Bretons (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Seuil.
Croix, Alain (1981). La Bretagne aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles: la vie, la mort, la foi (in French). Paris: Maloine.
Croix, Alain (2000). "Bonnets rouges". In Alain Croix & Jean-Yves Veillard (ed.). Dictionnaire du patrimoine breton (in French). Éditions Apogée.
Delumeau, Jean (2000) . Histoire de la Bretagne (in French). Toulouse: Éditions Privat.
Depping, Georges-Bernard (1850). Correspondance administrative sous le règne de Louis XIV (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
Er Ber, Léon; et al. (1910). Istoér Breih pe hanes er Vretoned (in Breton). Lorient: Dihunamb.
Garlan, Yves; Nières, Claude (1975). Les Révoltes bretonnes de 1675 (in French). Paris: Éditions Sociales.
Gross, David M. (2014). 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns. Picket Line Press. ISBN 9781490572741.
Meyer, J.; Dupuy, R. (1975). "Bonnets rouges et blancs bonnets". Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest. 82 (4): 405–426. doi:10.3406/abpo.1975.2789.
Further reading
(in French) Jean Bérenger. La révolte des Bonnets rouges et l’opinion internationale, article in Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l’Ouest, vol LXXXII, n°4, 1975, p 443-458
(in French) Léon de la Brière, Madame de Sévigné en Bretagne, Éditions Hachette, Paris, 1882;
(in French) Serge Duigou, La Révolte des Bonnets rouges en pays bigouden, Éditions Ressac, Quimper, 1989;
(in French) Serge Duigou, Les Coiffes de la révolte, Éditions Ressac, Quimper, 1997.
(in French) Serge Duigou, La Révolte des pêcheurs bigoudens sous Louis XIV, Éditions Ressac, Quimper, 2006.
(in French) Yves Garlan and Claude Nières, Les Révoltes bretonnes de 1675, Éditions Sociales, Paris, 1975;
(in Breton) Loeiz Herrieu and others, Istoér Breih pe Hanes ar Vretoned, Dihunamb, Lorient, 1910, 377 p. (pp. 247 à 250).
(in French) Charles Le Goffic, Les Bonnets rouges, La Découvrance, 2001;
(in French) Jean Lemoine, La Révolte du Papier timbré ou des Bonnets rouges, Plihon, Rennes, H. Champion, Paris, 1898;
(in Breton) Ober, Istor Breizh betek 1790 ;
(in French) Armand Puillandre, Sébastien Le Balp - Bonnets rouges et papier timbré, Éditions Keltia Graphic- Kan an Douar, Landelo-Speied, 1996.
(in French) For a more general account, see Roland Mousnier, Fureurs paysannes, Paris : 1967, or Jean Nicolas, La Rébellion française. Mouvements populaires et conscience sociale (1661–1789), Paris : Seuil, 2002.
(in French) Boris Porchnev, Les buts et les revendications des paysans lors de la révolte bretonne de 1675, in Les Bonnets rouges, Union Générale d'Éditions (collection 10/18), Paris, 1975 ;
(in French) Arthur Le Moyne de La Borderie, La Révolte du Papier Timbré advenue en Bretagne en 1675, réédité dans Les Bonnets Rouges, Union Générale d'Éditions (collection 10/18), Paris, 1975 ;
External links
(in French) Full text of the peasant code "of the 14 parishes"
(in French) Photos of chapels in the pays bigouden with their spires removed in the revolt
(in English) "The Wolf's Sun," by Karen Charbonneau, 2010, Ship's Cat Books. A historical novel that includes the events of the peasant revolt in Brittany
vteTax resistanceTopics
Conscientious objection to military taxation
List of historical acts of tax resistance
Tax resistance in the United States .
List of tax resisters
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The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest
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Campaignsby century14th
Tuchin Revolt
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Peasants' Revolt
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Cornish Rebellion of 1497
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Related topics
Income tax threshold
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Irwin Schiff
Sovereign citizen / Freeman on the land / Redemption movement
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Tax inversion
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Tax protester (arguments / history in the United States)
Tax riot
Taxation as slavery
Taxation as theft | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%A9volte_du_papier_timbr%C3%A9.svg"},{"link_name":"Ancien Régime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"Lower Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Brittany"},{"link_name":"papier timbré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier_timbr%C3%A9"}],"text":"Course of the rebellionThe Revolt of the papier timbré was an anti-fiscal revolt in the west of Ancien Régime France, during the reign of Louis XIV from April to September 1675. It was fiercest in Lower Brittany, where it took on an anti-lordly tone and became known as the revolt of the Bonnets rouges (after the blue or red caps worn by the insurgents according to region) or revolt of the Torrebens (a war cry and signature in one of the peasant codes). 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Unlike in the War of Devolution, after a rapid advance the French army was stopped by the Dutch deliberately breaching the dykes and flooding the land. The war dragged on. The Dutch fleet threatened the French coast, notably the Brittany coast, off which it cruised in April–May 1673 (after a landing on Belle-Île in 1673 and another landing on Groix in 1674[1]). This interfered with Breton trade.To finance the French war effort, new taxes were levied:first a tax on papier timbré (paper that was compulsory for all documents used in law, such as wills, sale contracts and vital records), in April 1674, raising the price of such documents, all the while risking a fall in the number of cases for professionals, leading to general discontent\non 27 September 1674, the sale of tobacco was made a royal monopoly, which imposed a tax and sold it in afferme. Those the king authorised to re-sell the tobacco (fermiers and commis) bought stock from the merchants to whom they had sold it in the first place. The reorganisation of the distribution network resulted in a temporary interruption to the distribution of smoking and chewing tobacco, which also caused discontent\nin the same period, a new tax on all tin objects (even those bought long before) upset the peasants as well as the cabaretiers hit by the tax, which resulted in a high rise in the price of consumables\nfinally another tax, affecting fewer people, required commoners in possession of a noble fiefdom to pay a tax every 20 years","title":"Context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"duc de Chaulnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_d%27Albert_d%27Ailly"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"fermages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermage"},{"link_name":"deflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"domain congéable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_cong%C3%A9able"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pays d'États","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_d%27%C3%89tats"},{"link_name":"Estates of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"gabelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabelle"},{"link_name":"Act of Union between Brittany and France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_between_Brittany_and_France"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Histoire_104-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Histoire_104-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Situation in Brittany","text":"These threats and new taxes added to an already-difficult economic situation in Brittany, then a heavily populated area (with around 10% of France's population at the time) after being spared famines and epidemics since the 1640s.[2] In the 1660s and 70s it entered a phase of economic difficulties, largely linked to the first effects of Louis XIV's policy of economic warfare, the simultaneous increase in taxes and structural weaknesses:[3] for example, a 66% reduction in the wine and canvas trade after the duc de Chaulnes (nicknamed an hoc'h lart, \"the fat pig\", in Breton),[4] governor of Brittany[5] reduced the land revenues (fermages) and those on wine and canvas by a third, leading to general deflation, except offices.[6]In addition, the domain congéable system, which regulated the relationship between peasant farmers and the owners of the land they cultivated, was archaic, and gave no incentive to either peasants or landowners to invest in improvements in farming methods.[7] Indeed, facing a fall in income after 1670, landlords became more punctilious in demanding their rights, which may have contributed to the uprising. This view however is disputed by Jean Meyer who noted that it is \"questionable\" whether there was any significant relation between the areas in which domain congéable operated and those in which the rebellion erupted.[8] It may be significant that parishes outside the congéable system rebelled, while others within it did not. It may be added that the abolition of the system is not demanded in the surviving \"peasant codes\".Women played an active role in the revolt. At this time, Royal law was significantly reducing both the economic and citizenship rights that women had formerly enjoyed. Women had no right to choose their own husbands for example. This struck hard in a land where women played a very important role, and this issue is identified in the peasant codes.[9]Finally, Brittany was a Pays d'États with its own parliaments, the Estates of Brittany and the Parliament of Brittany. It was exempted from the \"gabelle\" (salt tax), and new taxes should be agreed by the Estates, as guaranteed in 1532 Act of Union between Brittany and France. In 1673, the Estates had, in addition to a gift of 2.6 million livres, bought the abolition of the Chambre des domaines (which deprived some nobles of legal rights) for the same amount and acquired the royal edicts establishing new taxes, plus other expenses for the royal power, for the huge sum of 6.3 million livres.[10] A year later, the same edicts were restored, without consulting the Estates.[11] Also, through the Parliament of Brittany, Louis XIV registered tax on stamped paper in August 1673, and the tobacco tax in November 1674, in defiance of \"Breton liberties\", as Bretons at the time called their privileges under the Treaty of Union.[12]The new charges involved more expense for small farmers and townspeople compared to the privileged classes,[11] and implied an introduction of gabelle. All this created a broad front of discontent against the unprecedented brutality of the central State.[13]","title":"Context"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"Les Contemplations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Contemplations"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Madame de Sévigné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de_Rabutin-Chantal,_marquise_de_S%C3%A9vign%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Duke of Chaulnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Chaulnes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Paol Keineg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paol_Keineg"},{"link_name":"French Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Carhaix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carhaix"},{"link_name":"Finistère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Carhaix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carhaix"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Brasserie Lancelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasserie_Lancelot"},{"link_name":"Frankiz Breizh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankiz_Breizh"},{"link_name":"Bonnets Rouges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnets_Rouges"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Victor Hugo referred to the Revolt of the papier timbré in Les Contemplations and particularly in his poem Écrit en 1846 (Written in 1846), where he defended the French Revolution.[14] He attacked, in a roundabout way, the royal massacres by mentioning Madame de Sévigné and her friend, the Duke of Chaulnes. He declared there :[15]In the 1970s, the revolt was presented as a step in the Breton people's struggle for emancipation[16] - Paol Keineg's 1975 play Le Printemps des Bonnets rouges portrayed it in this 'regionalist' way, and the French Communist Party celebrated the tercentary of the revolt in Carhaix with a festival.\nIn December 2005, the prefect of Finistère refused to install a tourist information panel in Carhaix beside the route nationale, showing an insurgent in the revolt.[17]\nOne of the beers of the Brasserie Lancelot is called Révolte des Bonnets rouges.\nThe bulletin of the Frankiz Breizh political movement is entitled Les Bonnets rouges.\nIn late 2013, a protest movement centered in Brittany and also calling itself Bonnets Rouges protested against a new tax on truck transport by destroying hundreds of radar outposts that were to be used to enforce the tax.[18]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Delumeau (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDelumeau2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Croix (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCroix1981"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Croix (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCroix2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Er Ber (1910)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEr_Ber1910"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Depping (1850)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDepping1850"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Garlan & Nières (1975)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGarlanNi%C3%A8res1975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Cornette (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCornette2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Meyer & Dupuy (1975)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMeyerDupuy1975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Collins (2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCollins2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Cornette (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCornette2005"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Histoire_104_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Histoire_104_11-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Collins (2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCollins2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Cornette (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCornette2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Hugo, romantisme et révolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/49325821"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-84627-040-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84627-040-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"49325821","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/49325821"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Les Contemplations/Écrit en 1846 – Écrit en 1855 - Wikisource\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Les_Contemplations/%C3%89crit_en_1846_%E2%80%93_%C3%89crit_en_1855"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Cornette (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCornette2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"The banned panel.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060208135940/http://www.agencebretagnepresse.com/fetch.php?id=3086"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Gross (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGross2014"}],"text":"^ Delumeau (2000), p. 292\n\n^ Croix (1981), pp. 283–350\n\n^ Croix (2000), p. 152\n\n^ Er Ber (1910), p. 248\n\n^ Depping (1850), p. 498\n\n^ Garlan & Nières (1975), pp. 26–27\n\n^ Cornette (2005), p. 229\n\n^ Meyer & Dupuy (1975)\n\n^ Collins (2006), p. 308\n\n^ Cornette (2005), p. 606\n\n^ a b Collectif, Histoire de la Bretagne et des pays celtiques, Skol Vreizh, vol 3, p. 104.\n\n^ See Collins (2006), p. 180, and texts on the peasant codes.\n\n^ Cornette (2005), p. 607\n\n^ Laforgue, Pierre (2001). Hugo, romantisme et révolution. Presses universitaires franc-comtoises. ISBN 2-84627-040-6. OCLC 49325821. Retrieved 26 December 2022.\n\n^ \"Les Contemplations/Écrit en 1846 – Écrit en 1855 - Wikisource\". fr.wikisource.org (in French). Retrieved 26 December 2022.\n\n^ Cornette (2005), p. 604\n\n^ The banned panel.\n\n^ Gross (2014), p. 191","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presses Universitaires de Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presses_Universitaires_de_Rennes"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-7535-0233-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7535-0233-1"},{"link_name":"Éditions Apogée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Apog%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781490572741","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781490572741"},{"link_name":"\"Bonnets rouges et blancs bonnets\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/abpo_0399-0826_1975_num_82_4_2789"},{"link_name":"Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annales_de_Bretagne_et_des_pays_de_l%27Ouest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3406/abpo.1975.2789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Fabpo.1975.2789"}],"sub_title":"Bibliography","text":"Collins, James B. (2006). La Bretagne dans l'État Royal: Classes Sociales, États Provinciaux et Ordre Public de l'Édit d'Union à la Révolte des Bonnets Rouges (in French). Presses Universitaires de Rennes. ISBN 2-7535-0233-1.\nCornette, Joël (2005). Histoire de la Bretagne et des Bretons (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Seuil.\nCroix, Alain (1981). La Bretagne aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles: la vie, la mort, la foi (in French). Paris: Maloine.\nCroix, Alain (2000). \"Bonnets rouges\". In Alain Croix & Jean-Yves Veillard (ed.). Dictionnaire du patrimoine breton (in French). Éditions Apogée.\nDelumeau, Jean (2000) [1969]. Histoire de la Bretagne (in French). Toulouse: Éditions Privat.\nDepping, Georges-Bernard (1850). Correspondance administrative sous le règne de Louis XIV (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.\nEr Ber, Léon; et al. (1910). Istoér Breih pe hanes er Vretoned (in Breton). Lorient: Dihunamb.\nGarlan, Yves; Nières, Claude (1975). Les Révoltes bretonnes de 1675 (in French). Paris: Éditions Sociales.\nGross, David M. (2014). 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns. Picket Line Press. ISBN 9781490572741.\nMeyer, J.; Dupuy, R. (1975). \"Bonnets rouges et blancs bonnets\". Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest. 82 (4): 405–426. doi:10.3406/abpo.1975.2789.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Bérenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_B%C3%A9renger"},{"link_name":"Madame de Sévigné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_S%C3%A9vign%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Serge Duigou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Duigou"},{"link_name":"Serge Duigou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Duigou"},{"link_name":"Serge Duigou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Duigou"},{"link_name":"Loeiz Herrieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loeiz_Herrieu"},{"link_name":"Charles Le Goffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Le_Goffic"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Le Balp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Le_Balp"},{"link_name":"Roland Mousnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Mousnier"},{"link_name":"Boris Porchnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Porchnev"},{"link_name":"Arthur Le Moyne de La Borderie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Le_Moyne_de_La_Borderie"}],"text":"(in French) Jean Bérenger. La révolte des Bonnets rouges et l’opinion internationale, article in Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l’Ouest, vol LXXXII, n°4, 1975, p 443-458\n(in French) Léon de la Brière, Madame de Sévigné en Bretagne, Éditions Hachette, Paris, 1882;\n(in French) Serge Duigou, La Révolte des Bonnets rouges en pays bigouden, Éditions Ressac, Quimper, 1989;\n(in French) Serge Duigou, Les Coiffes de la révolte, Éditions Ressac, Quimper, 1997.\n(in French) Serge Duigou, La Révolte des pêcheurs bigoudens sous Louis XIV, Éditions Ressac, Quimper, 2006.\n(in French) Yves Garlan and Claude Nières, Les Révoltes bretonnes de 1675, Éditions Sociales, Paris, 1975;\n(in Breton) Loeiz Herrieu and others, Istoér Breih pe Hanes ar Vretoned, Dihunamb, Lorient, 1910, 377 p. (pp. 247 à 250).\n(in French) Charles Le Goffic, Les Bonnets rouges, La Découvrance, 2001;\n(in French) Jean Lemoine, La Révolte du Papier timbré ou des Bonnets rouges, Plihon, Rennes, H. Champion, Paris, 1898;\n(in Breton) Ober, Istor Breizh betek 1790 ;\n(in French) Armand Puillandre, Sébastien Le Balp - Bonnets rouges et papier timbré, Éditions Keltia Graphic- Kan an Douar, Landelo-Speied, 1996.\n(in French) For a more general account, see Roland Mousnier, Fureurs paysannes, Paris : 1967, or Jean Nicolas, La Rébellion française. Mouvements populaires et conscience sociale (1661–1789), Paris : Seuil, 2002.\n(in French) Boris Porchnev, Les buts et les revendications des paysans lors de la révolte bretonne de 1675, in Les Bonnets rouges, Union Générale d'Éditions (collection 10/18), Paris, 1975 ;\n(in French) Arthur Le Moyne de La Borderie, La Révolte du Papier Timbré advenue en Bretagne en 1675, réédité dans Les Bonnets Rouges, Union Générale d'Éditions (collection 10/18), Paris, 1975 ;","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Course of the rebellion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/R%C3%A9volte_du_papier_timbr%C3%A9.svg/280px-R%C3%A9volte_du_papier_timbr%C3%A9.svg.png"},{"image_text":"An example of one of the first acts produced on papier timbré at Quimperlé (9 April 1674, posthumous inventory edited by the jurisdiction of the abbaye de Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Papier-timbre-9-aout-1674.jpg/220px-Papier-timbre-9-aout-1674.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Jacquerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquerie"}] | [{"reference":"Laforgue, Pierre (2001). Hugo, romantisme et révolution. Presses universitaires franc-comtoises. ISBN 2-84627-040-6. OCLC 49325821. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49325821","url_text":"Hugo, romantisme et révolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84627-040-6","url_text":"2-84627-040-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49325821","url_text":"49325821"}]},{"reference":"\"Les Contemplations/Écrit en 1846 – Écrit en 1855 - Wikisource\". fr.wikisource.org (in French). Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Les_Contemplations/%C3%89crit_en_1846_%E2%80%93_%C3%89crit_en_1855","url_text":"\"Les Contemplations/Écrit en 1846 – Écrit en 1855 - Wikisource\""}]},{"reference":"Collins, James B. (2006). La Bretagne dans l'État Royal: Classes Sociales, États Provinciaux et Ordre Public de l'Édit d'Union à la Révolte des Bonnets Rouges (in French). Presses Universitaires de Rennes. ISBN 2-7535-0233-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presses_Universitaires_de_Rennes","url_text":"Presses Universitaires de Rennes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7535-0233-1","url_text":"2-7535-0233-1"}]},{"reference":"Cornette, Joël (2005). Histoire de la Bretagne et des Bretons (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Seuil.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Croix, Alain (1981). La Bretagne aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles: la vie, la mort, la foi (in French). Paris: Maloine.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Croix, Alain (2000). \"Bonnets rouges\". In Alain Croix & Jean-Yves Veillard (ed.). Dictionnaire du patrimoine breton (in French). Éditions Apogée.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Apog%C3%A9e","url_text":"Éditions Apogée"}]},{"reference":"Delumeau, Jean (2000) [1969]. Histoire de la Bretagne (in French). Toulouse: Éditions Privat.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Depping, Georges-Bernard (1850). Correspondance administrative sous le règne de Louis XIV (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Er Ber, Léon; et al. (1910). Istoér Breih pe hanes er Vretoned (in Breton). Lorient: Dihunamb.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Garlan, Yves; Nières, Claude (1975). Les Révoltes bretonnes de 1675 (in French). Paris: Éditions Sociales.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gross, David M. (2014). 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns. Picket Line Press. ISBN 9781490572741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781490572741","url_text":"9781490572741"}]},{"reference":"Meyer, J.; Dupuy, R. (1975). \"Bonnets rouges et blancs bonnets\". Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest. 82 (4): 405–426. doi:10.3406/abpo.1975.2789.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/abpo_0399-0826_1975_num_82_4_2789","url_text":"\"Bonnets rouges et blancs bonnets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annales_de_Bretagne_et_des_pays_de_l%27Ouest&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fabpo.1975.2789","url_text":"10.3406/abpo.1975.2789"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_the_papier_timbr%C3%A9&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_the_papier_timbr%C3%A9&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49325821","external_links_name":"Hugo, romantisme et révolution"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49325821","external_links_name":"49325821"},{"Link":"https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Les_Contemplations/%C3%89crit_en_1846_%E2%80%93_%C3%89crit_en_1855","external_links_name":"\"Les Contemplations/Écrit en 1846 – Écrit en 1855 - Wikisource\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060208135940/http://www.agencebretagnepresse.com/fetch.php?id=3086","external_links_name":"The banned panel."},{"Link":"http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/abpo_0399-0826_1975_num_82_4_2789","external_links_name":"\"Bonnets rouges et blancs bonnets\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fabpo.1975.2789","external_links_name":"10.3406/abpo.1975.2789"},{"Link":"http://www.contreculture.org/TB_Code_Paysan_1675.html","external_links_name":"Full text of the peasant code \"of the 14 parishes\""},{"Link":"http://warmaezplomeur29.ifrance.com/patrimoine/chapelles3.htm","external_links_name":"Photos of chapels in the pays bigouden with their spires removed in the revolt"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/THE-WOLFS-SUN-ebook/dp/B004D4Y5GE/ref=pd_sim_kinc_1?ie=UTF8&m=AG56TWVU5XWC2","external_links_name":"\"The Wolf's Sun,\" by Karen Charbonneau, 2010, Ship's Cat Books. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Capper | Mabel Capper | ["1 Early life","2 Member of the Women's Social and Political Union","3 During World War I and afterwards","4 Writing","5 Later life","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"] | British suffragette
Mabel CapperBorn(1888-06-23)23 June 1888Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, EnglandDied1 September 1966(1966-09-01) (aged 78)St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex, EnglandOrganizationWomen's Social and Political Union
Mabel Henrietta Capper (23 June 1888 – 1 September 1966) was a British suffragette. She gave all her time between 1907 and 1913 to the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) as a 'soldier' in the struggle for women's suffrage. She was imprisoned six times, went on hunger strike and was one of the first suffragettes to be force-fed.
Early life
Capper was born in Brook's Bar, Chorlton on Medlock, Manchester, to Elizabeth Jane Crews, herself a suffragette, and William Bently Capper, a chemist and honorary secretary of the Manchester branch of the Men's League for Women's Suffrage. A brother, William Bently Capper was born in 1890. When the children were still young, the family moved to 21 Oxford Street, Chorlton on Medlock, now Picadilly, Manchester.
Member of the Women's Social and Political Union
Main article: Women's Social and Political Union
Capper joined the WSPU in 1907 and worked as an Organiser for the Manchester Branch. In 1908 she was living in London and giving her address as 4 Clement's Inn, the same address as the Pethick Lawrence's.
Capper and Patricia Woodlock, appeared as human noticeboards advertising 1908 women's events in Liverpool and attempted to enter the all-male Royal Exchange, Manchester.
Capper (right) and Patricia Woodlock promoting suffrage events
In October 1908, Capper took part in the Rush on the House of Commons, together with Christabel Pankhurst, Emmeline Pankhurst and other suffragettes, like Clara Codd with whom she conspired to cause a distraction to get Codd past the police line . Capper appeared in the Dock charged with 'wilful obstruction'"wearing a costume composed entirely of the colours of the WSPU, together with a sash, waistbelt and hatband bearing the words "Votes for Women" . She spent one month in Holloway (HM Prison) for refusing to pay the fine that was imposed.
In July 1909, Capper, together with Mary Leigh, Emily Wilding Davison and up to ten others were charged with obstructing the police, and Lucy Burns also charged with assaulting a Chief Inspector, while disrupting a meeting at the Edinburgh Castle, Limehouse, addressed by David Lloyd George. She was sentenced to 21 days imprisonment.
In July 1909, imprisoned, Capper went on hunger strike and was released after six days.
In August 1909 Capper was in Birmingham Police court with Mary Leigh and others charged with being disorderly, assaulting the police and breaking windows at a meeting addressed by the Prime Minister Asquith. She was remanded in Winson Green Prison.
In September 1909, Mabel Capper, Mary Leigh, Charlotte Marsh, Laura Ainsworth and Evelyn Burkitt, all on hunger strike at Winson Green Prison were the first Suffragettes to be forcibly fed.
In September 1909, Capper was in Birmingham Police Court with Mary Leigh and others charged with assault on the police, breaking cell windows and disorderly conduct at a meeting addressed by Asquith at Bingley Hall Birmingham. She refused to pay the fine imposed and was imprisoned at Winson Green.
Capper had been given a Hunger Strike Medal 'for Valour' by WSPU.
In November 1909, with Selina Martin, Laura Ainsworth, Nellie Hall, Gladys Mary Hazel, Brett Morgan and others, Capper was charged with disorderly conduct and obstruction at a meeting addressed by Asquith in Victoria Square, Birmingham. The police asserted that she had mounted a Statue of Queen Victoria and refused to comply with the Deputy Chief Constable's direction to come down.
In February 1910, together with Dora Marsden and Mary Gawthorpe, Capper brought charges of assault against three men. The Suffragettes alleged that the men; 'well dressed hooligan's', had attacked them, broken and thrown away their flag and then lifting Capper 'bodily over the head of Miss Gawthorpe and put her back in the car head-first' at a Polling Station in Southport which they were picketing. However the charges were dismissed.
In November 1910, together with many others, she was in Bow Street Police Court on charges of smashing the windows of the Colonial Secretary in Berkeley Square. She was described by the presiding Magistrate as 'quite a child'.
In March 1911, together with Emily Wilding Davison, Capper wrote to the Manchester Guardian concerning Churchill's refusal of an enquiry into the treatment of Suffragettes by the Police. She stated that their complaints of mistreatment were 'dismissed as the hysterical ravings of excited women'
In November 1911, Capper was imprisoned for smashing Bath Post Office windows on the occasion of Lloyd George's visit there.
In July 1912, together with Mary Leigh, Lizzie Baker and Gladys Evans, Capper was charged with conspiracy to commit grievous bodily harm and wilful and malicious damage and to cause an explosion likely to endanger life and to set fire to the Theatre Royal, Dublin. The Theatre was the venue for a meeting of 4,000 Irish Nationalists to be addressed by PM Asquith. The Prime Minister was warmly received and, in his speech, he invited suggestions for incorporation in the draft Home Rule bill. Cries of 'Votes for Women' were followed the sound of an exploding handbag and a fire in the cinema projection room. It was reported that one of the defendants later threw a hatchet into the carriage containing the Premier. Capper was remanded in Central Bridewell prison during the trial, however, the charges against her specifically were ultimately withdrawn.
During World War I and afterwards
Following the declaration of war on 4 August 1914 and the suspension of Suffragette Militancy, Capper joined the Volunteer Aid Detachment. Later she became involved with the pacifist and socialist movements. From 1919 to 1922, she worked as a journalist for the Daily Herald after the war. In 1921, at Hampstead, she married the writer Cecil Chisholm. There were no children from the marriage.
Writing
In 1908 Capper wrote to the Manchester Guardian to counter the objection to women's enfranchisement on the grounds that they would not be subject to conscription into the armed forces.
She wrote: "there is no reason in denying the rights of citizenship to women on these grounds. – When our men set out to battle they do not go alone. They are accompanied by an army of women, whose duty it is to tend those stricken in the fight. They endure the same hardships, undergo the same risks. Is their work less noble? Does the State owe them a lighter debt?"A few years later this point was reinforced by the heroic work of Mabel Anne St Clair Stobart's Women's Convoy Corps and afterwards the Women's National Service League and Stobart's 1913 book War and Women.
In October 1912, Capper's play The Betrothal of Number 13 was produced at the Royal Court Theatre "of working class life, written with a certain amount of sympathetic insight and character" it concerned the stigma imposed by imprisonment, even on the innocent.
Capper maintained her interest in feminism and the lot of the underprivileged throughout her life. In 1963 she wrote of her friend Mary Gawthorpe 's father and "what it meant to be born into a North Country working class family (in) the eighteen-eighties....doomed by the caste system of (the) day to be a leather worker in an age when a stiff fight had to be made against competition from America."
In Capper's 1963 review of Gawthorpe's book Up Hill to Holloway, Capper described how, in 1904, Gawthorpe was called to make her first speech entitled The Children under Socialism "concerning the propriety of providing suitable food and clothing for poor children of the unemployed and needy during the winter"
It was a time of economic depression and, "from the Labour point of view, the aftermath of the South African War." Recruiting for that war "had afforded the usual discoveries of poor physiques, underfeeding and bad teeth." Capper noted that, by 1963, it was difficult to realise "how grudging was the welfare in those days. It all depended on a voluntary basis and funds were exhausted in that winter of 1905. By February a total of 323,414 dinners had been provided...Strictest economy was necessary, and lentils, at about one halfpenny a meal, appear to have been the basic diet."
Later life
Capper moved to Windrush Cottage, Fairlight near Hastings in 1946. In the last ten years of her life she was crippled by osteoarthritis and required full-time nursing care. She died in 1966 in the Leolyn Nursing home, St Leonards-on-Sea. In 2018 the community room at the Warrington Town Hall was renamed the Mabel Capper Room in her memory.
See also
List of suffragists and suffragettes
Notes
^ Crews' father, a chemist, had died when she was nine, and her siblings were subsequently divided between foster homes and the Muller Homes orphanages.
References
^ a b c d e f Crawford, Elizabeth (1999). The Women's Suffrage Movement. London & New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, p. 95. ISBN 0-415-23926-5
^ a b c d e f Private family papers, Late Lt Col S Brock
^ Manchester Guardian, September 1909, Suffragists and the Premier
^ O'Reilly, Carole (2009). "Women in Manchester's Edwardian Parks 1900-1935" (PDF). University of Salford USIR. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
^ a b c d e f g Atkinson, Diane (2018). Rise up, women! : the remarkable lives of the suffragettes. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 118, 159, 195, 276, 339, 530. ISBN 9781408844045. OCLC 1016848621.
^ Manchester Guardian, 15 October 1908, Suffragist Leaders in Court, Charge of inciting to Riot, P4
^ Manchester Guardian, 2 August 1909, Women Suffragists
^ Manchester Guardian, 15 September 1909, Ten women charged at Birmingham
^ WSPU Hunger Strike Medal, 30 July 1909, Fed by Force bar 17 September 1909, Private collection of late Lt Col S Brock
^ Observer, 19 September 1909, Suffragette Riots, Women with axes at Birmingham, Fight on a housetop.
^ Manchester Guardian, 26 November 1909, Suffragette Disturbances
^ Manchester Guardian, 15 February 1910, Suffragettes allegations of assault
^ Manchester Guardian, 25 November 1910, Militant Suffragists Fined
^ Manchester Guardian, 24 November 1910, Suffragettes in Court
^ Manchester Guardian, 14 March 1911, Correspondence, Page 12, Suffragists and the Police
^ Observer, 26 November 1911, Early morning demonstrations of the Suffragettes
^ Manchester Guardian, 20 July 1912, The Dublin Outrages by Women, Fire and Explosives at the Theatre, P9
^ New York Times, 20 July 1912, Irish Rush to Duck Suffragettes
^ Votes for Women, Roger Fulford, Faber and Faber, London, 1958
^ Manchester Guardian, 18 December 1908, Letters
^ Votes for Women, Roger Fulford, Faber and Faber, London, 1958.
^ Guardian, New Writers for the Stage, 10 October 1912
^ Calling all Women, News Letter of the Suffragette Fellowship, Review of 'Up Hill to Holloway' by Mabel Capper, February 1963
^ Dave Skentelbery, "Town Hall room to be renamed after women’s rights campaigner" Warrington World Wide (15 May 2018).
External links
Media related to Mabel Capper at Wikimedia Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suffragette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette"},{"link_name":"Women's Social and Political Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union"},{"link_name":"women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crawford-1"}],"text":"Mabel Henrietta Capper (23 June 1888 – 1 September 1966) was a British suffragette. She gave all her time between 1907 and 1913 to the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) as a 'soldier' in the struggle for women's suffrage. She was imprisoned six times, went on hunger strike and was one of the first suffragettes to be force-fed.[1]","title":"Mabel Capper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chorlton on Medlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorlton_on_Medlock"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Men's League for Women's Suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_League_for_Women%27s_Suffrage_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crawford-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brock-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brock-3"}],"text":"Capper was born in Brook's Bar, Chorlton on Medlock, Manchester, to Elizabeth Jane Crews,[a] herself a suffragette, and William Bently Capper, a chemist and honorary secretary of the Manchester branch of the Men's League for Women's Suffrage.[1][2] A brother, William Bently Capper was born in 1890. When the children were still young, the family moved to 21 Oxford Street, Chorlton on Medlock, now Picadilly, Manchester.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clement's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"Pethick Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmeline_Pethick-Lawrence,_Baroness_Pethick-Lawrence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Patricia Woodlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Woodlock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WSPU_Suffrage_Women,_Patricia_Woodlock_and_Mabel_Capper_on_right.jpg"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Christabel Pankhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst"},{"link_name":"Emmeline Pankhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst"},{"link_name":"Clara Codd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Codd"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Holloway (HM Prison)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holloway_(HM_Prison)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mary Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Leigh"},{"link_name":"Emily Wilding Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Wilding_Davison"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Limehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limehouse"},{"link_name":"David Lloyd George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"hunger strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_strike"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crawford-1"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Asquith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Asquith"},{"link_name":"Winson Green Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winson_Green_Prison"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crawford-1"},{"link_name":"Mary Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Leigh"},{"link_name":"Bingley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingley_Hall"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hunger Strike Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal"},{"link_name":"Selina Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selina_Martin"},{"link_name":"Laura Ainsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Ainsworth"},{"link_name":"Nellie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie_Hall"},{"link_name":"Gladys Mary Hazel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Hazel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Dora Marsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Marsden"},{"link_name":"Mary Gawthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Gawthorpe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bow Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Street"},{"link_name":"Colonial Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies"},{"link_name":"Berkeley Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Square"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Emily Wilding Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Wilding_Davison"},{"link_name":"Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Irish Nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Nationalists"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Capper joined the WSPU in 1907 and worked as an Organiser for the Manchester Branch. In 1908 she was living in London and giving her address as 4 Clement's Inn, the same address as the Pethick Lawrence's.[3]\nCapper and Patricia Woodlock, appeared as human noticeboards advertising 1908 women's events in Liverpool and attempted to enter the all-male Royal Exchange, Manchester.[4]Capper (right) and Patricia Woodlock promoting suffrage eventsIn October 1908, Capper took part in the Rush on the House of Commons, together with Christabel Pankhurst, Emmeline Pankhurst and other suffragettes, like Clara Codd with whom she conspired to cause a distraction to get Codd past the police line . Capper appeared in the Dock charged with 'wilful obstruction'\"wearing a costume composed entirely of the colours of the WSPU, together with a sash, waistbelt and hatband bearing the words \"Votes for Women\" .[5] She spent one month in Holloway (HM Prison) for refusing to pay the fine that was imposed.[6]\nIn July 1909, Capper, together with Mary Leigh, Emily Wilding Davison and up to ten others were charged with obstructing the police, and Lucy Burns also charged with assaulting a Chief Inspector,[5] while disrupting a meeting at the Edinburgh Castle, Limehouse, addressed by David Lloyd George. She was sentenced to 21 days imprisonment.[7]\nIn July 1909, imprisoned, Capper went on hunger strike and was released after six days.[1]\nIn August 1909 Capper was in Birmingham Police court with Mary Leigh and others charged with being disorderly, assaulting the police and breaking windows at a meeting addressed by the Prime Minister Asquith. She was remanded in Winson Green Prison.[8]\nIn September 1909, Mabel Capper, Mary Leigh, Charlotte Marsh, Laura Ainsworth and Evelyn Burkitt, all on hunger strike at Winson Green Prison were the first Suffragettes to be forcibly fed.[9][1]\nIn September 1909, Capper was in Birmingham Police Court with Mary Leigh and others charged with assault on the police, breaking cell windows and disorderly conduct at a meeting addressed by Asquith at Bingley Hall Birmingham. She refused to pay the fine imposed and was imprisoned at Winson Green.[10]\nCapper had been given a Hunger Strike Medal 'for Valour' by WSPU.\nIn November 1909, with Selina Martin, Laura Ainsworth, Nellie Hall, Gladys Mary Hazel, Brett Morgan and others, Capper was charged with disorderly conduct and obstruction at a meeting addressed by Asquith in Victoria Square, Birmingham. The police asserted that she had mounted a Statue of Queen Victoria and refused to comply with the Deputy Chief Constable's direction to come down.[11]\nIn February 1910, together with Dora Marsden and Mary Gawthorpe, Capper brought charges of assault against three men. The Suffragettes alleged that the men; 'well dressed hooligan's', had attacked them, broken and thrown away their flag and then lifting Capper 'bodily over the head of Miss Gawthorpe and put her back in the car head-first' at a Polling Station in Southport[5] which they were picketing. However the charges were dismissed.[12]\nIn November 1910, together with many others, she was in Bow Street Police Court on charges of smashing the windows of the Colonial Secretary in Berkeley Square.[13] She was described by the presiding Magistrate as 'quite a child'.[14]\nIn March 1911, together with Emily Wilding Davison, Capper wrote to the Manchester Guardian concerning Churchill's refusal of an enquiry into the treatment of Suffragettes by the Police. She stated that their complaints of mistreatment were 'dismissed as the hysterical ravings of excited women'[15]\nIn November 1911, Capper was imprisoned for smashing Bath Post Office windows on the occasion of Lloyd George's visit there.[16][5]\nIn July 1912, together with Mary Leigh, Lizzie Baker and Gladys Evans, Capper was charged with conspiracy to commit grievous bodily harm and wilful and malicious damage and to cause an explosion likely to endanger life and to set fire[5] to the Theatre Royal, Dublin. The Theatre was the venue for a meeting of 4,000 Irish Nationalists to be addressed by PM Asquith. The Prime Minister was warmly received and, in his speech, he invited suggestions for incorporation in the draft Home Rule bill. Cries of 'Votes for Women' were followed the sound of an exploding handbag and a fire in the cinema projection room. It was reported that one of the defendants later threw a hatchet into the carriage containing the Premier. Capper was remanded in Central Bridewell prison during the trial,[5] however, the charges against her specifically were ultimately withdrawn.[17][18]","title":"Member of the Women's Social and Political Union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Volunteer Aid Detachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Aid_Detachment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brock-3"},{"link_name":"pacifist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crawford-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Daily Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Herald_(UK_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brock-3"},{"link_name":"Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead"},{"link_name":"Cecil Chisholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brock-3"}],"text":"Following the declaration of war on 4 August 1914 and the suspension of Suffragette Militancy,[19] Capper joined the Volunteer Aid Detachment.[2] Later she became involved with the pacifist and socialist movements.[1][5] From 1919 to 1922, she worked as a journalist for the Daily Herald after the war.[2] In 1921, at Hampstead, she married the writer Cecil Chisholm. There were no children from the marriage.[2]","title":"During World War I and afterwards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Guardian"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Mabel Anne St Clair Stobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_St_Clair_Stobart"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fulford-22"},{"link_name":"Royal Court Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"South African War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_War"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"In 1908 Capper wrote to the Manchester Guardian to counter the objection to women's enfranchisement on the grounds that they would not be subject to conscription into the armed forces.She wrote:\"there is no reason in denying the rights of citizenship to women on these grounds. – When our men set out to battle they do not go alone. They are accompanied by an army of women, whose duty it is to tend those stricken in the fight. They endure the same hardships, undergo the same risks. Is their work less noble? Does the State owe them a lighter debt?\"[20]A few years later this point was reinforced by the heroic work of Mabel Anne St Clair Stobart's Women's Convoy Corps and afterwards the Women's National Service League and Stobart's 1913 book War and Women.[21]In October 1912, Capper's play The Betrothal of Number 13 was produced at the Royal Court Theatre \"of working class life, written with a certain amount of sympathetic insight and character\" it concerned the stigma imposed by imprisonment, even on the innocent.[22]Capper maintained her interest in feminism and the lot of the underprivileged throughout her life. In 1963 she wrote of her friend Mary Gawthorpe 's father and \"what it meant to be born into a North Country working class family (in) the eighteen-eighties....doomed by the caste system of (the) day to be a leather worker in an age when a stiff fight had to be made against competition from America.\"In Capper's 1963 review of Gawthorpe's book Up Hill to Holloway, Capper described how, in 1904, Gawthorpe was called to make her first speech entitled The Children under Socialism \"concerning the propriety of providing suitable food and clothing for poor children of the unemployed and needy during the winter\"It was a time of economic depression and, \"from the Labour point of view, the aftermath of the South African War.\" Recruiting for that war \"had afforded the usual discoveries of poor physiques, underfeeding and bad teeth.\" Capper noted that, by 1963, it was difficult to realise \"how grudging was the welfare in those days. It all depended on a voluntary basis and funds were exhausted in that winter of 1905. By February a total of 323,414 dinners had been provided...Strictest economy was necessary, and lentils, at about one halfpenny a meal, appear to have been the basic diet.\"[23]","title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fairlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairlight,_East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings"},{"link_name":"osteoarthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis"},{"link_name":"St Leonards-on-Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Leonards-on-Sea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brock-3"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Capper moved to Windrush Cottage, Fairlight near Hastings in 1946. In the last ten years of her life she was crippled by osteoarthritis and required full-time nursing care. She died in 1966 in the Leolyn Nursing home, St Leonards-on-Sea.[2] In 2018 the community room at the Warrington Town Hall was renamed the Mabel Capper Room in her memory.[24]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"foster homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_home"},{"link_name":"Muller Homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muller_Homes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crawford-1"}],"text":"^ Crews' father, a chemist, had died when she was nine, and her siblings were subsequently divided between foster homes and the Muller Homes orphanages.[1]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Capper (right) and Patricia Woodlock promoting suffrage events","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/WSPU_Suffrage_Women%2C_Patricia_Woodlock_and_Mabel_Capper_on_right.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of suffragists and suffragettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes"}] | [{"reference":"O'Reilly, Carole (2009). \"Women in Manchester's Edwardian Parks 1900-1935\" (PDF). University of Salford USIR. Retrieved 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/11547/3/Stokepaper.pdf","url_text":"\"Women in Manchester's Edwardian Parks 1900-1935\""}]},{"reference":"Atkinson, Diane (2018). Rise up, women! : the remarkable lives of the suffragettes. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 118, 159, 195, 276, 339, 530. ISBN 9781408844045. OCLC 1016848621.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408844045","url_text":"9781408844045"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1016848621","url_text":"1016848621"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/11547/3/Stokepaper.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Women in Manchester's Edwardian Parks 1900-1935\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1016848621","external_links_name":"1016848621"},{"Link":"http://www.warrington-worldwide.co.uk/2018/05/15/town-hall-room-to-be-renamed-after-womens-rights-campaigner/","external_links_name":"\"Town Hall room to be renamed after women’s rights campaigner\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sigman | Carl Sigman | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Recognition","4 Death","5 Published songs","6 References","7 External links"] | American songwriter
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Carl SigmanBackground informationBorn(1909-09-24)September 24, 1909Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New YorkDiedSeptember 26, 2000(2000-09-26) (aged 91)Manhasset, Town of North Hempstead, New YorkOccupation(s)Songwriter, lyricistMusical artist
Carl Sigman (September 24, 1909 – September 26, 2000) was an American songwriter.
Early life
Born in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York, to a Jewish-American family, Sigman graduated from law school and passed his bar exams to practice in the state of New York. Instead of law, encouraged by his friend Johnny Mercer, he embarked on a songwriting career, that saw him become one of the most prominent and successful songwriters in American music history. He was awarded the Bronze Star for his efforts in Africa, during World War II.
Career
Although Sigman wrote many song melodies, he was primarily a lyricist who collaborated with songwriters such as Bob Hilliard, Bob Russell, Jimmy van Heusen, and Duke Ellington.
He also wrote English language lyrics to many songs which were originally composed in other languages, such as "Answer Me", "Till", "The Day the Rains Came", "You're My World", and "What Now My Love?". During the big band era, Sigman composed works used by top band leaders such as Glenn Miller and Guy Lombardo. These included "Pennsylvania 6-5000". His songs were also hits for individual singers. Some of the best-known are "My Heart Cries for You", which was recorded by three different artists in 1951: Dinah Shore, Guy Mitchell and Vic Damone. Two years later, Sigman's song "Ebb Tide" was a hit for Frank Chacksfield; and was a Top 10 Billboard chart hit in 1965 for the Righteous Brothers. It was also recorded by Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, the Platters and hundreds of others.
Tommy Edwards scored a No. 1 in 1958 with "It's All in the Game", with lyrics by Sigman set to music the future Vice President Charles Gates Dawes had composed in 1912. He is most widely remembered for writing the lyrics for "Where Do I Begin", the theme song for Love Story. Love Story went on to become the top grossing U.S. film of 1970 and the song became a hit for Andy Williams.
Recognition
In 1972, Sigman was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
Death
Sigman died on September 26, 2000, at home in Manhasset, New York.
Published songs
"A Marshmallow World" (collaboration with Peter deRose)
"Arrivederci Roma"
"The All American Soldier"
"All Too Soon" (collaboration with Duke Ellington)
"Answer Me"
"Ballerina"
"Buona Sera"
"Careless Hands"
"Civilization" (aka "Bongo, Bongo, Bongo, I don't want to leave the Congo")
"Crazy He Calls Me" (1949 collaboration with Bob Russell)
"Dance Ballerina Dance" (collaboration with Bob Russell)
"A Day in the Life of a Fool"
"The Day The Rains Came" (1957)
"Ebb Tide"
"Enjoy Yourself" (1948)
"Fool"
"How Will I Remember You" (music by Walter Gross)
"I Could Have Told You" (collaboration with Jimmy Van Heusen)
"If You Could See Me Now" (collaboration with Tadd Dameron)
"It's All In The Game"
"Losing You (English lyrics)"
"Music from Across the Way"
"My Heart Cries For You"
"My Way Of Life" (1968) (collaboration with Bert Kaempfert & Herbert Rehbein)
"Pennsylvania 6-5000" (collaboration with Glenn Miller)
"The Saddest Thing Of All"
"Shangri-La"
"Till"
"What Now My Love"
"(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story"
"The World We Knew (Over and Over)"
"You're My World"
References
^ Freedland, Michael (October 18, 2000). "Carl Sigman". The Guardian. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
^ a b c d Martin, Douglas (September 30, 2000). "Carl Sigman, 91, Songsmith Who Made Generations Hum". The New York Times. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
^ "Carl Sigman, Composer of 'Pennsylvania 6-5000,' Dies". The Washington Post. October 1, 2000. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
^ "Love Story, Box Office Information". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 258.
^ "Carl Sigman". Songwriters Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
"Carl Sigman". The Times. October 6, 2000. Retrieved October 15, 2009.
Oliver, Myrna (October 4, 2000). "Carl Sigman; Wrote Lyrics for Many Well-Known Songs". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 15, 2009.
External links
Bio at JazzBiographies.com
Carl Sigman official Web site
Interview with Sigman's son about his father
SHoF page on Sigman
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Argentina
Germany
Italy
Israel
Finland
Belgium
United States
Czech Republic
Korea
Netherlands
Poland
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"songwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriter"}],"text":"Musical artistCarl Sigman (September 24, 1909 – September 26, 2000) was an American songwriter.","title":"Carl Sigman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crown Heights, Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"bar exams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_exams"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mercer"},{"link_name":"Bronze Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_award"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MartinNYT-2"}],"text":"Born in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York, to a Jewish-American family,[1] Sigman graduated from law school and passed his bar exams to practice in the state of New York. Instead of law, encouraged by his friend Johnny Mercer, he embarked on a songwriting career, that saw him become one of the most prominent and successful songwriters in American music history. He was awarded the Bronze Star for his efforts in Africa, during World War II.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lyricist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyricist"},{"link_name":"Bob Hilliard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hilliard"},{"link_name":"Bob Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Russell_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy van Heusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_van_Heusen"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"English language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Answer Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answer_Me"},{"link_name":"Till","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Day the Rains Came","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_the_Rains_Came_(song)"},{"link_name":"What Now My Love?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Now_My_Love_(song)"},{"link_name":"big band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band"},{"link_name":"band leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_leader"},{"link_name":"Glenn Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Miller"},{"link_name":"Guy Lombardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Lombardo"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania 6-5000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_6-5000_(song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_record"},{"link_name":"My Heart Cries for You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Heart_Cries_for_You"},{"link_name":"Dinah Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinah_Shore"},{"link_name":"Guy Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Vic Damone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Damone"},{"link_name":"Ebb Tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebb_Tide_(song)"},{"link_name":"Frank Chacksfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Chacksfield"},{"link_name":"Top 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"the Righteous Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Righteous_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MartinNYT-2"},{"link_name":"Tommy Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Edwards"},{"link_name":"No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100_number-one_hits_of_1958_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"It's All in the Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_All_in_the_Game_(song)"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Vice_President"},{"link_name":"Charles Gates Dawes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gates_Dawes"},{"link_name":"Where Do I Begin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(Where_Do_I_Begin%3F)_Love_Story"},{"link_name":"Love Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Story_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MartinNYT-2"},{"link_name":"the top grossing U.S. film of 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_in_film#Highest-grossing_films_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Andy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Williams"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Although Sigman wrote many song melodies, he was primarily a lyricist who collaborated with songwriters such as Bob Hilliard, Bob Russell, Jimmy van Heusen, and Duke Ellington.He also wrote English language lyrics to many songs which were originally composed in other languages, such as \"Answer Me\", \"Till\", \"The Day the Rains Came\", \"You're My World\", and \"What Now My Love?\". During the big band era, Sigman composed works used by top band leaders such as Glenn Miller and Guy Lombardo. These included \"Pennsylvania 6-5000\".[3] His songs were also hits for individual singers. Some of the best-known are \"My Heart Cries for You\", which was recorded by three different artists in 1951: Dinah Shore, Guy Mitchell and Vic Damone. Two years later, Sigman's song \"Ebb Tide\" was a hit for Frank Chacksfield; and was a Top 10 Billboard chart hit in 1965 for the Righteous Brothers.[2] It was also recorded by Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, the Platters and hundreds of others.Tommy Edwards scored a No. 1 in 1958 with \"It's All in the Game\", with lyrics by Sigman set to music the future Vice President Charles Gates Dawes had composed in 1912. He is most widely remembered for writing the lyrics for \"Where Do I Begin\", the theme song for Love Story.[2] Love Story went on to become the top grossing U.S. film of 1970[4] and the song became a hit for Andy Williams.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Songwriters Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1972, Sigman was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.[6]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manhasset, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhasset,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MartinNYT-2"}],"text":"Sigman died on September 26, 2000, at home in Manhasset, New York.[2]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Marshmallow World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Marshmallow_World"},{"link_name":"Peter deRose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_deRose"},{"link_name":"Arrivederci Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrivederci_Roma"},{"link_name":"The All American Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_All_American_Soldier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"All Too Soon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Too_Soon"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Answer Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answer_Me"},{"link_name":"Ballerina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballerina_(1947_song)"},{"link_name":"Buona Sera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buona_Sera"},{"link_name":"Careless Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Careless_Hands"},{"link_name":"Civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization_(1947_song)"},{"link_name":"Crazy He Calls Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_He_Calls_Me"},{"link_name":"Bob Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Russell_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Dance Ballerina Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dance_Ballerina_Dance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bob Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Russell_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"A Day in the Life of a Fool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Day_in_the_Life_of_a_Fool"},{"link_name":"The Day The Rains Came","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_The_Rains_Came&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ebb Tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebb_Tide_(song)"},{"link_name":"Enjoy Yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjoy_Yourself_(1948_song)"},{"link_name":"Fool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fool_(Elvis_Presley_song)"},{"link_name":"Walter Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gross_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Van Heusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Van_Heusen"},{"link_name":"If You Could See Me Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Could_See_Me_Now_(1946_song)"},{"link_name":"Tadd Dameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadd_Dameron"},{"link_name":"It's All In The Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_All_in_the_Game_(song)"},{"link_name":"Losing You (English lyrics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Losing_You_(English_lyrics)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Music from Across the Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_from_Across_the_Way&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"My Heart Cries For You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Heart_Cries_For_You"},{"link_name":"My Way Of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Way_Of_Life"},{"link_name":"Bert Kaempfert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Kaempfert"},{"link_name":"Herbert Rehbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Rehbein"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania 6-5000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_6-5000_(song)"},{"link_name":"Glenn Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Miller"},{"link_name":"The Saddest Thing Of All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Saddest_Thing_Of_All&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shangri-La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangri-La_(1946_song)"},{"link_name":"Till","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_(song)"},{"link_name":"What Now My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Now_My_Love_(song)"},{"link_name":"(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(Where_Do_I_Begin%3F)_Love_Story"},{"link_name":"The World We Knew (Over and Over)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_We_Knew_(Over_and_Over)"},{"link_name":"You're My World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_My_World"}],"text":"\"A Marshmallow World\" (collaboration with Peter deRose)\n\"Arrivederci Roma\"\n\"The All American Soldier\"\n\"All Too Soon\" (collaboration with Duke Ellington)\n\"Answer Me\"\n\"Ballerina\"\n\"Buona Sera\"\n\"Careless Hands\"\n\"Civilization\" (aka \"Bongo, Bongo, Bongo, I don't want to leave the Congo\")\n\"Crazy He Calls Me\" (1949 collaboration with Bob Russell)\n\"Dance Ballerina Dance\" (collaboration with Bob Russell)\n\"A Day in the Life of a Fool\"\n\"The Day The Rains Came\" (1957)\n\"Ebb Tide\"\n\"Enjoy Yourself\" (1948)\n\"Fool\"\n\"How Will I Remember You\" (music by Walter Gross)\n\"I Could Have Told You\" (collaboration with Jimmy Van Heusen)\n\"If You Could See Me Now\" (collaboration with Tadd Dameron)\n\"It's All In The Game\"\n\"Losing You (English lyrics)\"\n\"Music from Across the Way\"\n\"My Heart Cries For You\"\n\"My Way Of Life\" (1968) (collaboration with Bert Kaempfert & Herbert Rehbein)\n\"Pennsylvania 6-5000\" (collaboration with Glenn Miller)\n\"The Saddest Thing Of All\"\n\"Shangri-La\"\n\"Till\"\n\"What Now My Love\"\n\"(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story\"\n\"The World We Knew (Over and Over)\"\n\"You're My World\"","title":"Published songs"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Freedland, Michael (October 18, 2000). \"Carl Sigman\". The Guardian. Retrieved November 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/oct/18/guardianobituaries","url_text":"\"Carl Sigman\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Douglas (September 30, 2000). \"Carl Sigman, 91, Songsmith Who Made Generations Hum\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/30/arts/carl-sigman-91-songsmith-who-made-generations-hum.html","url_text":"\"Carl Sigman, 91, Songsmith Who Made Generations Hum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Carl Sigman, Composer of 'Pennsylvania 6-5000,' Dies\". The Washington Post. October 1, 2000. Retrieved March 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/61523529.html?dids=61523529:61523529&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+01%2C+2000&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Carl+Sigman%2C+Composer+of+%27Pennsylvania+6-5000%2C%27+Dies&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Carl Sigman, Composer of 'Pennsylvania 6-5000,' Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Love Story, Box Office Information\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lovestory.htm","url_text":"\"Love Story, Box Office Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 258.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]},{"reference":"\"Carl Sigman\". Songwriters Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.songhall.org/profile/Carl_Sigman","url_text":"\"Carl Sigman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carl Sigman\". The Times. October 6, 2000. Retrieved October 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article986936.ece","url_text":"\"Carl Sigman\""}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Myrna (October 4, 2000). \"Carl Sigman; Wrote Lyrics for Many Well-Known Songs\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/62054085.html?dids=62054085:62054085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+04%2C+2000&author=MYRNA+OLIVER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Obituaries%3B+Carl+Sigman%3B+Wrote+Lyrics+for+Many+Well-Known+Songs&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Carl Sigman; Wrote Lyrics for Many Well-Known Songs\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/oct/18/guardianobituaries","external_links_name":"\"Carl Sigman\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/30/arts/carl-sigman-91-songsmith-who-made-generations-hum.html","external_links_name":"\"Carl Sigman, 91, Songsmith Who Made Generations Hum\""},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/61523529.html?dids=61523529:61523529&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+01%2C+2000&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Carl+Sigman%2C+Composer+of+%27Pennsylvania+6-5000%2C%27+Dies&pqatl=google","external_links_name":"\"Carl Sigman, Composer of 'Pennsylvania 6-5000,' Dies\""},{"Link":"https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lovestory.htm","external_links_name":"\"Love Story, Box Office Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.songhall.org/profile/Carl_Sigman","external_links_name":"\"Carl Sigman\""},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article986936.ece","external_links_name":"\"Carl Sigman\""},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/62054085.html?dids=62054085:62054085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+04%2C+2000&author=MYRNA+OLIVER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Obituaries%3B+Carl+Sigman%3B+Wrote+Lyrics+for+Many+Well-Known+Songs&pqatl=google","external_links_name":"\"Carl Sigman; Wrote Lyrics for Many Well-Known Songs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090203210408/http://jazzbiographies.com/Biography.aspx?ID=235","external_links_name":"Bio at JazzBiographies.com"},{"Link":"http://www.majorsongs.com/songs_bio.htm","external_links_name":"Carl Sigman official Web site"},{"Link":"http://www.majorsongs.com/news07.htm","external_links_name":"Interview with Sigman's son"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040920132756/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibit_bio.asp?exhibitId=233","external_links_name":"SHoF page on Sigman"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000059385698","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/60437195","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB4drctMHtYqJ3DC7y68C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1371816","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148432602","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148432602","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000035276","external_links_name":"Argentina"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1038721660","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV168851","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007273745605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000201871","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14389492","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82140352","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0184953&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018N4599","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p216528755","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810690899405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e7025d46-dcfb-4207-b21a-04c59f5db5bc","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65v0zk6","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Generation_(band) | The Lost Generation (band) | ["1 Members","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Singles","3 References"] | This article is about the band. For the demographic cohort, see Lost Generation.
The Lost GenerationOriginChicago, IllinoisGenresSoulYears active1969 (1969) – 1974 (1974)LabelsBrunswick RecordsPast members
Lowrell Simon
Fred Simon
Jesse Dean
Larry Brownlee
Leslie Dean
Michael Passmore
The Lost Generation was an American soul group from Chicago, Illinois, active between 1969 and 1974.
The members Lowrell Simon, Fred Simon (brothers), Jesse Dean, Leslie Dean and Larry Brownlee began singing together in 1969. This was after Jesse Dean completed time in the United States Army. Shortly after forming, Lowrell Simon's childhood friend, Gus Redmond (who was by that time promotional head at Brunswick Records), had the group record with producer Carl Davis. The result of these sessions was the single "The Sly, Slick and the Wicked", which became a hit in the US, and whose sales earned Brunswick Records enough profits to buy itself out and dissociate itself from its parent company, Decca Records, that same year. Lowrell Simon was inspired for the song's title by the film title The Good, the Bad and the Ugly.
The group scored a few further hits, and disbanded in 1974. Members Brownlee and Fred Simon later joining Mystique. Lowrell Simon embarked on a successful career as a songwriter and, in the late 70's, a solo artist. Larry Brownlee died in 1978. Fred Simon currently sings bass vocals with The Chi-Lites. Lowrell Simon died in 2018 of multiple health complications.
Members
Lowrell Simon (formerly of The Vondells; died 2018)
Fred Simon
Jesse Dean
Larry Brownlee (formerly of The C.O.D.s; died 1978)
Leslie Dean
Discography
Albums
The Sly, Slick and the Wicked (Brunswick Records, 1970)
The Young, Tough and Terrible (Brunswick Records, 1972)
Singles
"The Sly, Slick and the Wicked" (1970) US #30, US R&B Singles #14
"Wait a Minute" (1970) US R&B Singles #25
"Someday" (1971) US R&B Singles #48
"Talking the Teenage Language" (1971) US R&B Singles #35
"Your Mission (If You Decide to Accept It) Part I" (1974) US R&B Singles #65
References
^ a b c "Lowrell Simon, famed Chicago soul singer-songwriter, dies at 75". Chicago Tribune. 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
^ "The Lost Generation Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More". AllMusic. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
^ a b c Billboard Singles, Allmusic.com.
^ a b Lowrell Simon at Allmusic.com
Authority control databases International
ISNI
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lost Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Generation"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Lowrell Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowrell_Simon"},{"link_name":"Gus Redmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Redmond"},{"link_name":"Brunswick Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Records"},{"link_name":"Carl Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Davis_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good,_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Mystique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mystique_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"The Chi-Lites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chi-Lites"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"This article is about the band. For the demographic cohort, see Lost Generation.The Lost Generation was an American soul group from Chicago, Illinois, active between 1969 and 1974.The members Lowrell Simon, Fred Simon (brothers),[1] Jesse Dean, Leslie Dean and Larry Brownlee began singing together in 1969. This was after Jesse Dean completed time in the United States Army. Shortly after forming, Lowrell Simon's childhood friend, Gus Redmond (who was by that time promotional head at Brunswick Records), had the group record with producer Carl Davis. The result of these sessions was the single \"The Sly, Slick and the Wicked\", which became a hit in the US, and whose sales earned Brunswick Records enough profits to buy itself out and dissociate itself from its parent company, Decca Records, that same year.[2] Lowrell Simon was inspired for the song's title by the film title The Good, the Bad and the Ugly.[1]The group scored a few further hits, and disbanded in 1974. Members Brownlee and Fred Simon later joining Mystique.[when?] Lowrell Simon embarked on a successful career as a songwriter and, in the late 70's, a solo artist. Larry Brownlee died in 1978. Fred Simon currently sings bass vocals with The Chi-Lites. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Garden_Terrace | Tokyo Garden Terrace Kioicho | ["1 Site History","2 Buildings","2.1 Office and hotel tower","2.2 Residential tower","2.3 Kitashirakawa Palace","3 See also","4 References"] | Coordinates: 35°40′47″N 139°44′13″E / 35.6796°N 139.7370°E / 35.6796; 139.7370Tokyo Garden Terrace KioichoTokyo Garden Terrace, June, 2015Location1-2 Kioichō, Chiyoda, Tokyo, JapanStatusCompleteGroundbreakingJanuary 31, 2013Constructed2013 – 2016Estimated completionJuly 2016OpeningJuly 27, 2016UseMixedWebsitewww.tgt-kioicho.jpCompaniesArchitectKohn Pedersen FoxDeveloperSeibu Properties Co. Ltd.OwnerSeibu Properties Co., LtdTechnical detailsBuildings2
Plaza of Flowers
Office Lobby
Retail shops in Level 2
Plaza of Water
Sprouting Garden
Tokyo Garden Terrace Kioicho (東京ガーデンテラス紀尾井町, Tōkyō Gaaden Terasu Kioichou) is a 227,200-square-meter mixed-use development in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. Completed in 2016, it includes office, residential, commercial, hotel, and leisure space.
Tokyo Garden Terrace takes up 30,400 square meters previously occupied by the Grand Prince Hotel Akasaka, across the moat from Akasaka-mitsuke Station, and adjacent to the Hotel New Otani.
The primary developer is Seibu Properties working in concert with several partners. The project master design was created by architectural firm Kohn Pedersen Fox; Nikken Sekkei is the local architect of record.
Site History
Main article: Grand Prince Hotel Akasaka
The former Grand Prince Hotel Akasaka on the site was demolished in 2013. The original hotel structure designed by Kenzo Tange, was scheduled for closure at the end of March 2011, due to outdated building facilities and modifications in Tokyo building codes. In the wake of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami the hotel remained open and served as a temporary housing facility for evacuees from coastal regions of Fukushima Prefecture.
Buildings
Office and hotel tower
Tokyo Garden Terrace main tower provides 110,000 meters of office space and 28,700 meters of hotel accommodation in a 180m, 36-floor high-rise building. The Prince Gallery Kioichō, the hotel component, opened in July 2016. The hotel is located on floors 30 to 36 of the main tower and operated by Seibu Holdings as a franchise of The Luxury Collection.
Residential tower
A separate residential tower provides 22,700 meters of accommodation in a 90m, 21-floor high-rise tower.
Kitashirakawa Palace
The Kitashirakawa Palace has been refurbished as a banquet facility, known as Akasaka Prince Classic House. The historic structure was built in the 1930s as the residence of Yi Un, the last crown prince of Korea.
The Prince Gallery Tokyo Kioicho
Residential tower
Kitashirakawa Palace
See also
List of tallest buildings and structures in Tokyo
References
^ "Tokyo Garden Terrace". Seibu Properties. Seibu Group. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
^ "Seibu Holdings plans its most expensive hotel in Tokyo". The Asashi Shimbun. 14 January 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
vteSkyscrapers and towers in TokyoList of tallest structures in TokyoCompletedOver 300 m
Tokyo Skytree (634 m, 2012)
Tokyo Tower (333 m, 1958)
Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower (325 m, 2023)
200–300 m
Toranomon Hills Station Tower (266 m, 2023)
Toranomon Hills Mori Tower (255 m, 2014)
Midtown Tower (248 m, 2007)
Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building No. 1 (243 m, 1991)
Sunshine 60 (240 m, 1978)
NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building (240 m, 2000)
Tokyo Midtown Yaesu Yaesu Central Tower (240 m, 2022)
Roppongi Hills Mori Tower (238 m, 2003)
Shinjuku Park Tower (235 m, 1994)
Tokyo Opera City Tower (234 m, 1996)
Sumitomo Fudosan Roppongi Grand Tower (231 m, 2016)
Shibuya Scramble Square (229 m, 2019)
Tokyu Kabukicho Tower (225 m, 2023)
Shinjuku Mitsui Building (225 m, 1974)
Shinjuku Center Building (223 m, 1979)
Saint Luke's Tower (221 m, 1994)
Shiodome City Center (216 m, 2003)
Dentsu Building (213 m, 2002)
Shinjuku Sumitomo Building (210 m, 1974)
Toshima Incineration Plant (210 m, 1999)
Ark Hills Sengokuyama Mori Tower (207 m, 2012)
GranTokyo North Tower (205 m, 2007)
GranTokyo South Tower (205 m, 2007)
Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower (204 m, 2008)
Shinjuku Nomura Building (203 m, 1978)
Izumi Garden Tower (201 m, 2002)
180–200 m
Yomiuri Shimbun Building (200 m, 2013)
JP Tower (200 m, 2012)
Otemachi Tower (200 m, 2014)
Otemachi One Tower (200 m, 2020)
Shin-Marunouchi Building (198 m, 2007)
Sumitomo Fudosan Shinjuku Grand Tower (196 m, 2011)
Harumi Island Triton Square Tower X (195 m, 2001)
Nihonbashi Mitsui Tower (195 m, 2005)
Sannō Park Tower (195 m, 2000)
Sky Tower West Tokyo (195 m, 1989)
Sompo Japan Building (193 m, 1976)
Nittele Tower (193 m, 2003)
Sea Tower (192 m, 2008)
Mid Tower (192 m, 2008)
Kachidoki View Tower (192 m, 2010)
Tomihisa Cross (191 m, 2015)
Acty Shiodome (190 m, 2004)
Brillia Tower Ikebukuro (189 m, 2015)
Shinjuku I-Land Tower (189 m, 1994)
Owl Tower (189 m, 2011)
Atago Green Hills Mori Tower (188 m, 2001)
Capital Gate Place (187 m, 2015)
Cerulean Tower (184 m, 2001)
Sumitomo Real Estate Shinjuku Oak Tower (184 m, 2002)
Shibuya Hikarie (182.5 m, 2012)
Nihonbashi 2-Chōme Redevelopment Block E (180 m, 2017)
Century Park Tower (180 m, 1999)
NEC Supertower (180 m, 1990)
JA Building (180 m, 2009)
Park City Toyosu Building A (180 m, 2008)
Keio Plaza Hotel North Tower (180 m, 1971)
Tokyo Garden Terrace (180 m, 2016)
Shibuya Stream (180 m, 2018)
160–180 m
Akasaka Biz Tower (179.3 m, 2008)
Sumitomo Fudosan Mita Twin Buildings (179.3 m, 2006)
Marunouchi Building (179 m, 2002)
W-Comfort Towers (178.5 m, 2004)
Marunouchi Trust Tower Main Building (178 m, 2008)
Toshiba Building (165.9 m, 1984)
Shiodome Media Tower (172.6 m, 2003)
Kasumigaseki Common Gate West Tower (175.8 m, 2007)
World Trade Center (Tokyo) (162.6 m, 1970)
Tokyo Shiodome Building (173.2 m, 2005)
Park Axis Aoyama 1-chome Tower (172.4 m, 2007)
Royal Park Shiodome Tower (172 m, 2003)
City Towers Toyosu The Twin (171.2 m, 2009)
Marunouchi Park Building (170.1 m, 2009)
JT Building (169.7 m, 1995)
Bay City Harumi Sky Link Tower (169 m m, 2009)
Central Park Tower La Tour Shinjuku (167.8 m, 2010)
Capital Mark Tower (167.3 m, 2007)
Sapia Tower (167.2 m, 2007)
Yebisu Garden Place Tower (167 m, 1994)
Kita-Shinjuku Area Redevelopment Plan Office Tower (166.5 m, 2011)
Naka-Meguro Atlas Tower (165 m, 2009)
Marunouchi Kitaguchi Building (147.4 m, 2004)
Tokyo Twin Parks (165 m, 2002)
Triton View Tower (165 m, 1998)
Toyosu Center Building (165 m, 1992)
Tokyo Building (164.1 m, 2005)
Akasaka Tower Residence (162 m, 2008)
Shinjuku Maynds Tower (161.1 m, 1995)
Shibaura Island Cape Tower (161 m, 2006)
Nippon Seimei Marunouchi Building (160 m, 2004)
150–160 m
Concieria Nishi-Shinjuku Tower's West (159.8 m, 2008)
Tornare Nihombashi-Hamacho (159.7 m, 2005)
Roppongi Hills Residences (159 m, 2003)
Brillia Tower Tokyo (158.9 m, 2006)
Prudential Tower (158.4 m, 2002)
Park Court Akasaka The Tower (157.3 m, 2009)
Atago Green Hills Forest Tower (157 m, 2001)
Kasumigaseki Common Gate East Tower (156 m, 2007)
Kasumigaseki Building (156 m, 1968)
Plaza Tower Kachidoki (155.2 m, 2004)
The Toyosu Tower (155 m, 2008)
Tokyo Dome Hotel (155 m, 2000)
Tokyo Gas Co. Headquarters (155.7 m, 1984)
KDDI Otemachi Building (155.4 m, 1990)
Takanawa The Residence (153.9 m, 2005)
Toranomon Towers Residence (153.5 m, 2006)
Ark Mori Building (153.3 m, 1986)
Toyosu 3-Chome Area 8-4 Plan (153 m, 2010)
Station Garden Tower (153 m, 2008)
Tokyo Sankei New Building (152.4 m, 2000)
JPower Headquarters (153 m, 1987)
Park Tower Gran Sky (152.9 m, 2010)
Garden Air Tower (152.6 m, 2003)
Shinagawa East One Tower (151.6 m, 2003)
Shiba-Koen First Building (151.2 m, 2000)
Futako-Tamagawa Rise Tower & Residence Tower East (151.1 m, 2010)
Odakyu Southern Tower (150.8 m m, 1998)
Air Rise Tower (150.5 m, 2007)
JR East Japan Building (150.2 m, 1997)
Nihon Keizai Shimbun Tokyo Headquarters Building (150 m, 2009)
Kudanshita 3rd Government Building - Chiyoda Ward Office (150 m, 2007)
Taiyo Seimei Shinagawa Building (150 m, 2003)
Granpark Tower (150 m, 1996)
140–150 m
Shinagawa Grand Central Tower (149.8 m, 2003)
Pacific Century Place (149.8 m, 2001)
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Building (148.5 m, 2003)
Mitsubishi UFJ Trust & Banking Corporation Head Office (148.4 m, 2003)
Canon S Tower (147.7 m, 2003)
Shiroyama JT Trust Tower (147.7 m, 1991)
Akihabara Dai Building (147.5 m, 2005)
Toyosu Center Building Annex (147.4 m, 2006
BEACON Tower Residence (147 m, 2009)
Meiji Yasuda Seimei Building (146.8 m, 2004)
Fujisoft Akihabara Building (146.7 m, 2007)
Bunkyo Civic Center (145.7 m, 1994)
Canal First Tower (145.5 m, 2008)
NTT DoCoMo Shinagawa Building (145.1 m, 2003)
River City 21 East Towers (144.9 m, 2000)
Sumitomo Fudosan Aobadai Tower (144.5 m, 2009)
Shinagawa Intercity Towers (144.5 m, 1998)
Hotel New Otani Tokyo Tower (144.5 m, 1974)
Toyosu Ciel Tower (144.4 m, 2006)
Apple Tower (143 m, 2007)
Shinagawa V-Tower (143 m, 2003)
Shinagawa Prince Hotel New Tower (143 m, 1994)
Mizuho Bank Headquarters (142.5 m, 1980)
Regale Nihombashi-Ningyocho (142.2 m, 2007)
Shirokane Tower (141.9 m, 2005)
Hikifune Station Front Area 1 Redevelopment (141.6 m, 2009)
Akasaka Park Building (141 m, 1993)
City Tower Shinagawa (140.9 m, 2008)
ThinkPark Tower (140.5 m, 2007)
Shinjuku Kokusai Building - Hilton Tokyo (141 m, 1984)
NHK Broadcasting Center (140.1 m, 1973)
130–140 m
Station Plaza Tower (139.9 m, 2009)
Sumitomo Fudosan Nishi-Shinjuku Building (139.9 m, 2009)
World City Towers (139.9 m, 2007)
Olinas Tower (139.3 m, 2006)
Kokusai Shin-Akasaka East Building (139.3 m, 1980)
Toyosu ON Building (139 m, 1992)
River City 21 Skylight Tower (139 m, 1990)
Shibuya Cross Tower (134.1 m, 1975)
World City Towers Aqua Tower (138.7 m, 2006)
The Tower Grandia (138.7 m, 2004)
Tokyo Times Tower (138.5 m, 2004)
Roppongi T-CUBE (138.5 m, 2003)
Venasis Kanamachi Tower Residence (138.2 m, 2009)
Royal Parks Tower Minami-Senju (138 m, 2008)
Kawadacho Comfo Garden (138 m, 2003)
Otemachi Nomura Building (138 m, 1997)
Proud Tower Chiyoda Fujimi (137 m, 2009)
Cosmopolis Shinagawa (137 m, 2005)
Bay Crest Tower (136.6 m, 2005)
Renaissance Tower Ueno-Ikenohata (136.5 m, 2005)
Nippon Express Headquarters (136.5 m, 2003)
Crest Prime Tower Shiba (136.4 m, 2007)
Century Tower (136 m, 1991)
Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Headquarters (135.6 m, 1973)
Chiyoda First Building West (135 m, 2004)
NTT DoCoMo Sumida Building (135 m, 2003)
Akasaka Intercity (134.8 m, 2005)
Hotel New Otani Garden Court (134.7 m, 1991)
Vanguard Tower (134.6 m, 2007)
Riverside Sumida Center (134.4 m, 1994)
The Garden Towers (134.3 m, 1998)
Yoyogi Seminar Tower Obelisk (134 m, 2008)
Nakano-Sakaue Sun Bright Twin (134 m, 1996)
Moon Island Tower (133.8 m, 2002)
Shinjuku NS Building (133.7 m, 1982)
Shiodome Building (133.5 m, 2007)
Tokyo ANA Tower (133 m, 1986)
Kogakuin University Shinjuku Building (132.9 m, 1989)
Sumitomo Realty Shiba-Koen Tower (132.6 m, 2001)
NTT Data Shinagawa Building (132.3 m, 2003)
River City 21 River Point Tower (132 m, 1989)
Shin-Gofukubashi Building (132 m, 1979)
City Tower Shinjuku Shintoshin (130.6 m, 2005)
The Center Tokyo (130 m, 2007)
River Harp Tower Building 2 (130 m, 2000)
Tomin Tower Shinonome (130 m, 1996)
Sunshine City Prince Hotel (130 m, 1980)
Underconstruction
Nihonbashi 1-Chōme Central District Redevelopment (284 m, 2026)
Azabudai Hills Residence B (263 m, 2025)
Shinjuku Station West Gate Redevelopment (260 m, 2029)
Tokyo Ekimae Yaesu 1-Chōme East District Redevelopment (250 m, 2025)
Azabudai Hills Residence A (237 m, 2023)
World Trade Center North (235 m, 2027)
Shibaura 1-Chōme South Tower (229 m, 2024)
Mita 3-4 Chōme Redevelopment (215 m, 2023)
Tokyo World Gate Akasaka (210 m, 2024)
Grand City Tower Tsukishima (199 m, 2026)
Park Tower Kachidoki South (195 m, 2023)
World Tower Residence (190 m, 2026)
Minami-Ikebukuro 2-Chōme District Redevelopment (190 m, 2025)
Demolished
Akasaka Prince Hotel (138.9 m, 1982-2013)
Buildings listed in order of height and with year of completion
Category
Commons
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tokyo Garden Terrace.
35°40′47″N 139°44′13″E / 35.6796°N 139.7370°E / 35.6796; 139.7370 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Kioicho_Plaza_of_Flowers_2018.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Kioicho_Office_Lobby_2018.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Kioicho_Retail_L2_2018.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Kioicho_Plaza_of_Water_2018.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Kioicho_Sprouting_Garden_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"mixed-use development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-use_development"},{"link_name":"Chiyoda, Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Grand Prince Hotel Akasaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prince_Hotel_Akasaka"},{"link_name":"Akasaka-mitsuke Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akasaka-mitsuke_Station"},{"link_name":"Hotel New Otani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_New_Otani"},{"link_name":"Kohn Pedersen Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohn_Pedersen_Fox"},{"link_name":"Nikken Sekkei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikken_Sekkei"}],"text":"Plaza of FlowersOffice LobbyRetail shops in Level 2Plaza of WaterSprouting GardenTokyo Garden Terrace Kioicho (東京ガーデンテラス紀尾井町, Tōkyō Gaaden Terasu Kioichou) is a 227,200-square-meter mixed-use development in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. Completed in 2016, it includes office, residential, commercial, hotel, and leisure space.[1]Tokyo Garden Terrace takes up 30,400 square meters previously occupied by the Grand Prince Hotel Akasaka, across the moat from Akasaka-mitsuke Station, and adjacent to the Hotel New Otani.The primary developer is Seibu Properties working in concert with several partners. The project master design was created by architectural firm Kohn Pedersen Fox; Nikken Sekkei is the local architect of record.","title":"Tokyo Garden Terrace Kioicho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Prince Hotel Akasaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prince_Hotel_Akasaka"},{"link_name":"Kenzo Tange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenzo_Tange"},{"link_name":"2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"Fukushima Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Prefecture"}],"text":"The former Grand Prince Hotel Akasaka on the site was demolished in 2013. The original hotel structure designed by Kenzo Tange, was scheduled for closure at the end of March 2011, due to outdated building facilities and modifications in Tokyo building codes. In the wake of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami the hotel remained open and served as a temporary housing facility for evacuees from coastal regions of Fukushima Prefecture.","title":"Site History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Luxury Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Luxury_Collection"}],"sub_title":"Office and hotel tower","text":"Tokyo Garden Terrace main tower provides 110,000 meters of office space and 28,700 meters of hotel accommodation in a 180m, 36-floor high-rise building. The Prince Gallery Kioichō, the hotel component, opened in July 2016.[2] The hotel is located on floors 30 to 36 of the main tower and operated by Seibu Holdings as a franchise of The Luxury Collection.","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Residential tower","text":"A separate residential tower provides 22,700 meters of accommodation in a 90m, 21-floor high-rise tower.","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yi Un","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince_Euimin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Prince_Gallery_Tokyo_Kioicho_Atrium_2018.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Residence_2018.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Classic_House_at_Akasaka_Prince_201806.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Kitashirakawa Palace","text":"The Kitashirakawa Palace has been refurbished as a banquet facility, known as Akasaka Prince Classic House. The historic structure was built in the 1930s as the residence of Yi Un, the last crown prince of Korea.The Prince Gallery Tokyo Kioicho\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tResidential tower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKitashirakawa Palace","title":"Buildings"}] | [{"image_text":"Plaza of Flowers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Kioicho_Plaza_of_Flowers_2018.jpg/220px-Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Kioicho_Plaza_of_Flowers_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Office Lobby","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Kioicho_Office_Lobby_2018.jpg/220px-Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Kioicho_Office_Lobby_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Retail shops in Level 2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Kioicho_Retail_L2_2018.jpg/220px-Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Kioicho_Retail_L2_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plaza of Water","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Kioicho_Plaza_of_Water_2018.jpg/220px-Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Kioicho_Plaza_of_Water_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sprouting Garden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Kioicho_Sprouting_Garden_2018.jpg/220px-Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Kioicho_Sprouting_Garden_2018.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of tallest buildings and structures in Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Tokyo"}] | [{"reference":"\"Tokyo Garden Terrace\". Seibu Properties. Seibu Group. Retrieved 2 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seibupros.jp/about/develop/kioicho/","url_text":"\"Tokyo Garden Terrace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seibu Holdings plans its most expensive hotel in Tokyo\". The Asashi Shimbun. 14 January 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ajw.asahi.com/article/business/AJ201501140051","url_text":"\"Seibu Holdings plans its most expensive hotel in Tokyo\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Kioicho¶ms=35.6796_N_139.7370_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"35°40′47″N 139°44′13″E / 35.6796°N 139.7370°E / 35.6796; 139.7370"},{"Link":"http://www.tgt-kioicho.jp/","external_links_name":"www.tgt-kioicho.jp"},{"Link":"http://www.seibupros.jp/about/develop/kioicho/","external_links_name":"\"Tokyo Garden Terrace\""},{"Link":"http://ajw.asahi.com/article/business/AJ201501140051","external_links_name":"\"Seibu Holdings plans its most expensive hotel in Tokyo\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tokyo_Garden_Terrace_Kioicho¶ms=35.6796_N_139.7370_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"35°40′47″N 139°44′13″E / 35.6796°N 139.7370°E / 35.6796; 139.7370"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_Kingbird | Curtiss Kingbird | [] | Model 55 Kingbird
The Curtiss RC-1
Role
AirlinerType of aircraft
Manufacturer
Curtiss-Wright
Designer
Theodore Paul Wright, Al Wedburg
First flight
1929
Primary users
Eastern Air TransportUnited States Marine Corps
Number built
19
Developed from
Curtiss Thrush
The Curtiss Model 55 Kingbird was an airliner built in small numbers in the United States in the early 1930s. It was a twin-engine aircraft with a fuselage derived from the single-engine Curtiss Thrush. The Kingbird had two engine nacelles mounted on the struts on either side of the fuselage that braced the wing and the outrigger undercarriage. A distinctive design feature was the aircraft's blunt nose, located behind the propeller arcs. This allowed the engines to be mounted closer to each other and to the aircraft's centerline, therefore minimising asymmetrical thrust in case of an engine failure. For the same reason, the Thrush's single tailfin was replaced by twin tails on the Kingbird, and the main production model, the D-2 fitted a second horizontal stabilizer and elevator between these fins.
Eastern Air Transport was to be the Kingbird's main operator, flying 14 of them for a few years. The United States Marine Corps also purchased an example, first designating it JC-1, then RC-1 and using it as an air ambulance.
Variants
Kingbird C
Prototype powered by 185 hp (138 kW) six-cylinder Curtiss R-600 Challenger engines. One built, but found to be underpowered. Later converted to Kingbird J-1.
Kingbird D-1
Second and third prototypes (previously Kingbird J-3 and J-2) powered by 225 hp nine-cylinder Wright Whirlwind J-6-7 radial engines. Later converted to D-2 standard.
Kingbird D-2
Production aircraft with two 300 hp (224 kW) Whirlwind J-6-9 engines. 14 built plus two converted from D-1s.
Kingbird D-3
One-off Curtiss executive transport. Two 330 hp (246 kW) Whirlwind J-6-9 engines. Seats for five passengers.
Kingbird J-1
First prototype after re-engining with Whirlwind engines.
Kingbird J-2
Third prototype, J-6-7 engines.
Kingbird J-3
Second prototype, J-6-9 engines.
RC-1
Single Kingbird D-2 for US Navy, originally ordered as JC-1 (J for utility), but delivered as RC-1 (R for transport).
Operators
United States
Eastern Air Transport
United States Marine Corps
Turkey
Turkish Airlines (under former official name: State Airlines Administration)
Specifications (D-2)
Data from Curtiss Aircraft, 1907–1947General characteristics
Crew: 1
Capacity: 7 pax
Length: 34 ft 5.125 in (10.49338 m)
Wingspan: 54 ft 6 in (16.61 m)
Height: 10 ft 0 in (3.05 m)
Wing area: 405 sq ft (37.6 m2)
Airfoil: Curtiss C-72
Empty weight: 3,877 lb (1,759 kg)
Gross weight: 6,115 lb (2,774 kg)
Powerplant: 2 × Wright J-6-9 Whirlwind 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 300 hp (220 kW) each
Performance
Maximum speed: 142 mph (229 km/h, 123 kn)
Cruise speed: 112 mph (180 km/h, 97 kn)
Range: 415 mi (668 km, 361 nmi)
Service ceiling: 16,000 ft (4,900 m)
Rate of climb: 1,000 ft/min (5.1 m/s)
See also
Related lists
List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)
References
Notes
^ a b Bowers 1979, p. 387.
^ Bowers 1979, pp. 387–388.
^ a b c d Bowers 1979, p. 388.
^ a b Bowers 1979, p. 389.
^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
Bibliography
Bowers, Peter M. (1979). Curtiss Aircraft, 1907–1947. London: Putnam & Company Ltd. ISBN 0-370-10029-8.
Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. p. 288.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Curtiss Kingbird.
"The Curtiss "Kingbird": An American Twin-Engined Cabin Transport". Flight. XXIII (2): 29–30. January 9, 1931. Retrieved October 13, 2012. A contemporary technical article on the Kingbird, with details of the version with 225 hp Whirlwind J-6-7 engines.
aerofiles.com
generalaviationnews.com
vteUSN/USMC transport designations pre–1962T-series (pre–1931)Atlantic Aircraft
TA
R-series (1931–1962)Atlantic Aircraft
RA
-4
Budd
RB
Curtiss
RC
R2C4
R3C4
R4C
R5C
Douglas
RD
R2D
R3D
R4D
R4D-8
R5D
R6D
Bellanca
RE
Kinner
RK
Kreider-Reisner
RK2
R2K
Martin
RM
Lockheed
RO
R2O
R3O
R4O
R5O
R6O
R7O-1/-2
to "V" (see below, at "Lockheed")
Stinson
RQ
R2Q2
R3Q
Fairchild
RQ
R2Q
R3Q2
R4Q
Ford
RR
Sikorsky
RS
Northrop
RT
Lockheed
from "O" (see above, at "Lockheed")
R6V
R7V-1/-2
R8V
Convair
RY
R2Y
R3Y
R4Y
1 Not assigned
2 Assigned to a different manufacturer's type
3 Sequence restarted
4 Assigned to a different class of aircraft
vteUSN/USMC utility aircraft designations 1935–1962Utility (J) (1935–1955)Fokker
JA
Noorduyn
JA
Beechcraft
JB
Curtiss-Wright
JC
Douglas
JD
Bellanca
JE
Grumman
JF
J2F
J3F
J4F
Stearman-Hammond
JH
Fairchild
JK
J2K
Columbia
JL
Martin
JM
Lockheed
JO
Fairchild
JQ
J2Q
Ford
JR
Waco
JW
J2W
Utility transport (JR)Beechcraft
JRB
Cessna
JRC
Grumman
JRF
JR2F
Nash-Kelvinator
JRK
Martin
JRM
JR2M
Sikorsky
JRS
JR2S
Utility (U) (1955–1962)de Havilland Canada
UC
Grumman
UF
Piper
UO
Lockheed
UV
UV-1L
vteCurtiss and Curtiss-Wright aircraftManufacturer designationsEarly types
Golden Flier
Reims Racer
Beachey Special
Model letters
C
D
E
F
FL
GS
H
HA
HS
J
JN
-5
-6H
K
L
MF
N
NC
O
R
S
T
Model numbers
1
B
F
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
K/P
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
A
B
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
I
P
S
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
"L" series
L-17
L-18
L-19
L-22
L-41
L-44
L-72
L-79
L-85
L-115
L-117
L-710
"CA" series
CA-1
"CR" series
CR-1
CR-2
"CW" series
CW-1
CW-2
CW-3
CW-4
CW-5
CW-6
CW-8
CW-9
CW-10
CW-11
CW-12
CW-14
CW-15
CW-16
CW-17
CW-182
CW-19
CW-20
CW-21
CW-22
CW-23
CW-24
CW-25
CW-26
CW-27
CW-28
CW-29
CW-32
CW-33
CW-40
"P" series
P-200
P-202
P-212
P-218
P-219
P-222
P-223
P-224
P-225
P-227
P-228
P-229
P-232
P-235
P-238
P-239
P-240
P-241
P-243
P-244
P-245
P-247
P-248
P-249
P-250
P-251
P-252
P-253
P-254
P-255
P-256
P-257
P-259
P-261
P-264
P-268
P-269
P-272
P-273
P-274
P-275
P-276
P-277
P-278
P-279
P-280
P-282
P-283
P-291
P-292
P-293
P-295
P-296
P-297
P-298
P-299
P-302
P-303
P-304
P-305
P-306
P-307
P-509
P-517
P-518
P-538
P-539
P-541
P-545
P-551
P-558
P-565
P-586
P-588
P-592
"X" series
X-100
X-200
X-300
X-410
X-425
Operator and roleCivilExperimental
No. 1
Model C
SX-5-1
Tanager
Racers and record
No. 2
Cox Racer
CW-B-14R
Airliners
Eagle
Condor 18
Condor II
Kingbird
Thrush
Commando
Utility
Model D
Model E
Model F
Carrier Pigeon
Falcon
Robin
Lark
6B
CW-12
CW-14 Sportsman
CW-15 Sedan
CW-16
CW-19W
Army Ground attack
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-8
YA-10
A-12
YA-14
A-18
A-25
A-40
XA-43
Bombers
NBS-1
B-2
XNBS-4
Transports
XC-10
C-30 Condor
C-46 Commando
C-55 Commando
C-76
C-113 Commando
Fighters
S
18
PN-1
PW-8
P-1 to P-5
P-6
XP-10
P-11
P-142
P-17
XP-182
XP-192
YP-20
XP-21
XP-22
XP-23
XP-31
P-36
YP-37
P-40
XP-42
XP-46
XP-53
XP-55
YP-60
XP-62
XP-71
XP-87
Observation
O-1
O-11
O-12
O-13
O-16
O-18
O-242
O-26
XO-302
O-39
O-40
O-52
Racers
R-6
R-8
Trainers
J
L
JN
Fledgling
AT-4 Hawk
AT-5 Hawk
BT-4
AT-9 Jeep
Experimental
X-19
Licensed
USAO-1
NBS-1/Model 30
NavyBombers
CT
BFC
BF2C
SBC
SB2C
XSB3C2
XBTC
XBT2C
Fighters
HA
GS
TS-1
FC
F2C
F3C
F4C
F5C1
F6C
F7C
F8C
F9C
F10C
F11C
XF12C
F13C
XF14C
XF15C
Observation/scout
CS/SC
S2C
XS3C
S4C
SC
OC
O2C
O3C
SOC
SO2C
SO3C
Trainers
N-9
N2C
SNC
Transports
RC
R4C
R5C
Maritime patrol
H-16
F5L
HS-1L & HS-2L
Racers and record
NC
CR
R2C
R3C
ExportBombers
Canada
CW-14 Osprey
Maritime patrol
H-2, H-4, H-8 and H-16
F5L
HS-2L
Fighters
CW-17 Pursuit Osprey2
CW-21 Demon
Trainers
Canuck
CW-14 Osprey
CW-16
CW-182
CW-22
1 Designation skipped 2 Not built | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Air Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Air_Transport"}],"text":"Eastern Air Transport was to be the Kingbird's main operator, flying 14 of them for a few years. The United States Marine Corps also purchased an example, first designating it JC-1, then RC-1 and using it as an air ambulance.","title":"Curtiss Kingbird"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curtiss R-600 Challenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_R-600"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BowersCurtissp387-1"},{"link_name":"Wright Whirlwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Whirlwind"},{"link_name":"radial engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BowersCurtissp387-8-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BowersCurtissp387-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BowersCurtissp388-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BowersCurtissp388-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BowersCurtissp388-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BowersCurtissp388-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BowersCurtissp389-4"}],"text":"Kingbird C\nPrototype powered by 185 hp (138 kW) six-cylinder Curtiss R-600 Challenger engines. One built, but found to be underpowered. Later converted to Kingbird J-1.[1]\nKingbird D-1\nSecond and third prototypes (previously Kingbird J-3 and J-2) powered by 225 hp nine-cylinder Wright Whirlwind J-6-7 radial engines. Later converted to D-2 standard.[2]\nKingbird D-2\nProduction aircraft with two 300 hp (224 kW) Whirlwind J-6-9 engines. 14 built plus two converted from D-1s.[1]\nKingbird D-3\nOne-off Curtiss executive transport. Two 330 hp (246 kW) Whirlwind J-6-9 engines. Seats for five passengers.[3]\nKingbird J-1\nFirst prototype after re-engining with Whirlwind engines.[3]\nKingbird J-2\nThird prototype, J-6-7 engines.[3]\nKingbird J-3\nSecond prototype, J-6-9 engines.[3]\nRC-1\nSingle Kingbird D-2 for US Navy, originally ordered as JC-1 (J for utility), but delivered as RC-1 (R for transport).[4]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Eastern Air Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Air_Transport"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkish Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Airlines"}],"text":"United StatesEastern Air Transport\nUnited States Marine CorpsTurkeyTurkish Airlines (under former official name: State Airlines Administration)","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BowersCurtissp389-4"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selig-5"},{"link_name":"Wright J-6-9 Whirlwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_J-6-9_Whirlwind"}],"text":"Data from Curtiss Aircraft, 1907–1947[4]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nCapacity: 7 pax\nLength: 34 ft 5.125 in (10.49338 m)\nWingspan: 54 ft 6 in (16.61 m)\nHeight: 10 ft 0 in (3.05 m)\nWing area: 405 sq ft (37.6 m2)\nAirfoil: Curtiss C-72[5]\nEmpty weight: 3,877 lb (1,759 kg)\nGross weight: 6,115 lb (2,774 kg)\nPowerplant: 2 × Wright J-6-9 Whirlwind 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 300 hp (220 kW) eachPerformanceMaximum speed: 142 mph (229 km/h, 123 kn)\nCruise speed: 112 mph (180 km/h, 97 kn)\nRange: 415 mi (668 km, 361 nmi)\nService ceiling: 16,000 ft (4,900 m)\nRate of climb: 1,000 ft/min (5.1 m/s)","title":"Specifications (D-2)"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_aircraft_designations_(pre-1962)"}] | [{"reference":"Lednicer, David. \"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","url_text":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""}]},{"reference":"Bowers, Peter M. (1979). Curtiss Aircraft, 1907–1947. London: Putnam & Company Ltd. ISBN 0-370-10029-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_M._Bowers","url_text":"Bowers, Peter M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-10029-8","url_text":"0-370-10029-8"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. p. 288.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Curtiss \"Kingbird\": An American Twin-Engined Cabin Transport\". Flight. XXIII (2): 29–30. January 9, 1931. Retrieved October 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1931/1931%20-%200027.html","url_text":"\"The Curtiss \"Kingbird\": An American Twin-Engined Cabin Transport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","external_links_name":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1931/1931%20-%200027.html","external_links_name":"\"The Curtiss \"Kingbird\": An American Twin-Engined Cabin Transport\""},{"Link":"http://www.aerofiles.com/_curtx.html","external_links_name":"aerofiles.com"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070709064846/http://www.generalaviationnews.com/editorial/articledetail.lasso?-token.key=632&-token.src=column&-nothing","external_links_name":"generalaviationnews.com"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_and_Regeneration_Act_2008 | Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 | ["1 Section 325 - Commencement","2 References","3 External links"] | United Kingdom legislationHousing and Regeneration Act 2008Parliament of the United KingdomLong titleAn Act to establish the Homes and Communities Agency and make provision about it; to abolish the Urban Regeneration Agency and the Commission for the New Towns and make provision in connection with their abolition; to regulate social housing; to enable the abolition of the Housing Corporation; to make provision about sustainability certificates, landlord and tenant matters, building regulations and mobile homes; to make further provision about housing; and for connected purposes.Citation2008 c 17Introduced byHazel BlearsSecretary of State for Communities and Local GovernmentDatesRoyal assent22 July 2008History of passage through ParliamentText of statute as originally enactedRevised text of statute as amended
The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (c 17) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Section 325 - Commencement
Orders made under section 325(1)
The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provision) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2358 (C.103))
The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional, Saving and Transitory Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3068 (C.132))
The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2009 (S.I. 2009/363 (C.18))
The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitory Provisions) Order 2009 (S.I. 2009/803 (C.52))
The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2009 (S.I. 2009/1261 (C.66))
The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No.6 and Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2009 (S.I. 2009/2096 (C.93))
The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 7 and Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 2010 (S.I. 2010/862 (C.57))
The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 8 and Transitional, Transitory and Saving Provisions) Order 2011 (S.I. 2011/1002 (C.40))
The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 1 and Saving Provisions) Order 2009 (S.I. 2009/415 (C.28))
The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 1) (Wales) Order 2009 (S.I. 2009/773 (W.65) (C.48))
The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 2) (Wales) Order 2011 (S.I. 2011/1863 (W.201) (C.68))
References
Halsbury's Statutes,
^ The citation of this Act by this short title is authorised by section 326 of this Act.
External links
The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008, as amended from the National Archives.
The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008, as originally enacted from the National Archives.
Explanatory notes to the Housing and Regeneration Act 2008.
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vteHousing in the United Kingdom
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Parliamentary actsHousing
1874
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Grants, Construction and Regeneration
2004
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Housing and town planning
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This legislation in the United Kingdom, or its constituent jurisdictions, article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"}],"text":"United Kingdom legislationThe Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (c 17) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.","title":"Housing and Regeneration Act 2008"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provision) Order 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2358/contents/made"},{"link_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional, Saving and Transitory Provisions) Order 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/3068/contents/made"},{"link_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/363/contents/made"},{"link_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitory Provisions) Order 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/803/contents/made"},{"link_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/1261/contents/made"},{"link_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No.6 and Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/2096/contents/made"},{"link_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 7 and Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/862/contents/made"},{"link_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 8 and Transitional, Transitory and Saving Provisions) Order 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/1002/contents/made"},{"link_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 1 and Saving Provisions) Order 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/415/contents/made"},{"link_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 1) (Wales) Order 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2009/773/contents/made"},{"link_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 2) (Wales) Order 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2011/1863/contents/made"}],"text":"Orders made under section 325(1)The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provision) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/2358 (C.103))\nThe Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional, Saving and Transitory Provisions) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/3068 (C.132))\nThe Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2009 (S.I. 2009/363 (C.18))\nThe Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitory Provisions) Order 2009 (S.I. 2009/803 (C.52))\nThe Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2009 (S.I. 2009/1261 (C.66))\nThe Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No.6 and Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2009 (S.I. 2009/2096 (C.93))\nThe Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 7 and Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 2010 (S.I. 2010/862 (C.57))\nThe Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 8 and Transitional, Transitory and Saving Provisions) Order 2011 (S.I. 2011/1002 (C.40))\nThe Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 1 and Saving Provisions) Order 2009 (S.I. 2009/415 (C.28))\nThe Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 1) (Wales) Order 2009 (S.I. 2009/773 (W.65) (C.48))\nThe Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 2) (Wales) Order 2011 (S.I. 2011/1863 (W.201) (C.68))","title":"Section 325 - Commencement"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2007-08/housingandregeneration.html","external_links_name":"History of passage through Parliament"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/17/contents/enacted","external_links_name":"Text of statute as originally enacted"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/17/contents","external_links_name":"Revised text of statute as amended"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2358/contents/made","external_links_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 1 and Transitional Provision) Order 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/3068/contents/made","external_links_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional, Saving and Transitory Provisions) Order 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/363/contents/made","external_links_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/803/contents/made","external_links_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitory Provisions) Order 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/1261/contents/made","external_links_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/2096/contents/made","external_links_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No.6 and Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/862/contents/made","external_links_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 7 and Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 2010"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/1002/contents/made","external_links_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 8 and Transitional, Transitory and Saving Provisions) Order 2011"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/415/contents/made","external_links_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 1 and Saving Provisions) Order 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2009/773/contents/made","external_links_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 1) (Wales) Order 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2011/1863/contents/made","external_links_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 2) (Wales) Order 2011"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/17/section/326","external_links_name":"section 326"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/17/contents","external_links_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/17/contents/enacted","external_links_name":"The Housing and Regeneration Act 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/17/notes/contents","external_links_name":"Explanatory notes"},{"Link":"https://id.parliament.uk/4opRpraO","external_links_name":"UK Parliament"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Housing_and_Regeneration_Act_2008&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Bothra | Raj Bothra | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Rajendra BothraBornIndiaOccupationSurgeonKnown forInterventional pain managementSpousePammy BothraChildrenSonia BothraAwardsPadma Shri
Rajendra Bothra is an American surgeon, humanitarian and politician of Indian origin. He is a former Chief of Surgery at the Holy Cross Hospital, Detroit and practices interventional pain management at the Pain Centre USA, Warren. He is a Fellow of the American Board of Interventional Pain Physicians (ABIPP) and is associated with Indian health organizations in conducting lectures to raise awareness of HIV/AIDS and substance abuse. He is politically aligned with the Republican Party and was appointed by George H. W. Bush as the co-chairman of the Asian-American Coalition for the 1988 United States presidential election. He was awarded the fourth highest civilian award of the Padma Shri, by the Government of India, in 1999.
On December 6, 2018, Bothra and five other physicians at The Pain Center USA were indicted for healthcare fraud and released on bond pending trial. In 2019, Bothra was taken into federal custody for misrepresenting information about his relatives, trips abroad, and assets, and he remained in custody pending trial due to flight risk. Bothra has filed eight motions to revoke his detention and appealed the denials six times. He was accused of fueling the nation's opioid epidemic, cheating Medicare, and subjecting patients to needless and painful back injections. He was acquitted on all criminal charges on June 29, 2022. On August 24, 2023, the US Department of Justice announced that Dr. Bothra had agreed to pay $6.8 million to settle two separate civil suits alleging that he had violated the False Claims Act, the first filed in 2017 and the second filed in 2019. Those qui tam (whistleblower) lawsuits were identified by the Department of Justice as "United States ex rel. Ronald Kufner et al. vs. The Pain Center USA PLLC, et al., No. 2:17-cv-11644 (E.D. Mich.) and United States ex rel. Hersh Patel vs. Interventional Pain Center, et al, No. 2:18-cv-12728 (E.D. Mich.)".
See also
Interventional pain management
1988 United States presidential election
India portalUnited States portalMedicine portal
References
^ a b "Dr. Raj Bothra awarded Padma Shri". Embassy of India, Washington D C. 29 January 1999. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
^ a b "Our staff". Pain Center USA. 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
^ "Changing convention". India Today. 15 September 1992. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
^ Bouffard K. (January 1996). "Raj Bothra, MD. From healer to presidential appointee, he is a man committed to numerous charitable causes". Mich. Med. 95 (1): 38–39. PMID 8820940.
^ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
^ "United States of America v. Bothra et al: OPINION and ORDER Denying 340 Motion for Revocation of Detention Order; Denying 369 Motion to File an Addendum as to Rajendra Bothra (1). Signed by District Judge Stephen J. Murphy, III. (DPar)". www.docketbird.com. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
^ "US: Padmashri Doctor accused of Healthcare fraud, gets bail on record Rs 50 crore bond". Medical Dialogues. 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
^ "Doctors acquitted of operating Warren-based prescription pill mill". 29 June 2022.
^ a b "Eastern District of Michigan | Michigan Doctor to Pay $6.5 million to Resolve False Claims Act Allegations | United States Department of Justice". www.justice.gov. 2023-08-24. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Medicine1950s
Bir Bhan Bhatia (1954)
V. R. Khanolkar (1954)
Perakath Verghese Benjamin (1955)
Mahesh Prasad Mehray (1955)
Murugappa Channaveerappa Modi (1956)
Chintaman Govind Pandit (1956)
Isaac Santra (1956)
Khushdeva Singh (1957)
1960s
Hilda Mary Lazarus (1961)
George William Gregory Bird (1963)
Hakim Abdul Hameed (1965)
Jerusha Jhirad (1966)
Edith Helen Paull (1967)
Amar Prasad Ray (1967)
Natteri Veeraraghavan (1967)
B. K. Anand (1969)
Ram Kumar Caroli (1969)
Vulimiri Ramalingaswami (1969)
Krishna Gopal Saxena (1969)
1970s
Ajit Kumar Basu (1970)
Coluthur Gopalan (1970)
Perugu Siva Reddy (1970)
B. N. B. Rao (1971)
Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi (1971)
Dorothy Chacko (1972)
Thayil John Cherian (1972)
Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi (1972)
Balu Sankaran (1972)
K. N. Udupa (1972)
R. Marthanda Varma (1972)
Mary Verghese (1972)
K. T. Dholakia (1973)
M. K. Krishna Menon (1973)
J. M. Pahwa (1973)
Prakash Narain Tandon (1973)
Jamshed Vazifdar (1973)
Govindappa Venkataswamy (1973)
Mani Kumar Chetri (1974)
Nagarur Gopinath (1974)
L. S. N. Prasad (1974)
Kadiyala Ramachandra (1974)
Reuben David (1975)
Stanley John (1975)
Mary Poonen Lukose (1975)
Kadiyala Ramachandra (1975)
Durga Deulkar (1976)
Lucy Oommen (1977)
1980s
Jasbir Singh Bajaj (1981)
P. K. Sethi (1981)
K. Vardachari Thiruvengadam (1981)
C. P. Thakur (1982)
Raj Vir Singh Yadav (1982)
S. S. Badrinath (1983)
Raj Baveja (1983)
Shishupal Ram (1983)
Purshottam Lal Wahi (1983)
B. K. Goyal (1984)
Vera Hingorani (1984)
K. P. Mathur (1984)
N. Balakrishnan Nair (1984)
Hariharan Srinivasan (1984)
Ramniklal K. Gandhi (1985)
Samiran Nundy (1985)
Usha Sharma (1985)
M. S. Valiathan (1985)
Gopal Krishna Vishwakarma (1985)
Santosh Kumar Kackar (1986)
V. Shanta (1986)
Prabhu Dayal Nigam (1987)
Daljit Singh (1987)
Harbans Singh Wasir (1987)
1990s
N. H. Antia (1990)
M. G. Deo (1990)
P. K. Rajagopalan (1990)
M. M. S. Ahuja (1991)
Sneh Bhargava (1991)
K. M. Cherian (doctor) (1991)
G. N. Malviya (1991)
Shiela Mehra (1991)
S. C. Munshi (1991)
M. N. Passey (1991)
Jai Pal Singh (1991)
Naresh Trehan (1991)
Rathin Datta (1992)
Khalid Hameed, Baron Hameed (1992)
Anil Kohli (1992)
Ramesh Kumar (nephrologist) (1992)
Usha Kehar Luthra (1992)
J. S. Mahashabde (1992)
P. V. A. Mohandas (1992)
E. T. Neelakandan Mooss (1992)
Kameshwar Prasad (1992)
Luis Jose De Souza (1992)
Amrit Tewari (1992)
G. S. Venkataraman (1992)
Ranjit Roy Chaudhury (1998)
K. A. Abraham (1999)
Raj Bothra (1999)
Balendu Prakash (1999)
Devendra Triguna (1999)
P. K. Warrier (1999)
2000s
Mahendra Bhandari (2000)
Vipin Buckshey (2000)
Vaidya Suresh Chaturvedi (2000)
Kirpal Singh Chugh (2000)
P. K. Dave (2000)
Mathew Kalarickal (2000)
Kakarla Subba Rao (2000)
G. S. Sainani (2000)
Immaneni Sathyamurthy (2000)
Jyoti Bhushan Banerji (2001)
Alaka Deshpande (2001)
Sharad Kumar Dixit (2001)
Chittoor Mohammed Habeebullah (2001)
M. Krishnan Nair (2001)
Dasari Prasada Rao (2001)
Laishram Nabakishore Singh (2001)
Bhupathiraju Somaraju (2001)
Suresh H. Advani (2002)
Pradeep Chowbey (2002)
Vijay Kumar Dada (2002)
Prakash Nanalal Kothari (2002)
Harsh Mahajan (2002)
Vikram Marwah (2002)
Atluri Sriman Narayana (2002)
Kamaljit Singh Paul (2002)
Karimpat Mathangi Ramakrishnan (2002)
Gullapalli Nageswara Rao (2002)
D. Nageshwar Reddy (2002)
Prahlad Kumar Sethi (2002)
J. S. Guleria (2003)
Narayana Panicker Kochupillai (2003)
Rajagopalan Krishnan (2003)
Ashok Seth (2003)
Vijay Prakash (2003)
Sharad Moreshwar Hardikar (2004)
S. C. Manchanda (2004)
Ashwin Balachand Mehta (2004)
S. K. Sama (2004)
Rajan Saxena (physician) (2004)
Devi Shetty (2004)
Gopal Prasad Sinha (2004)
G. Bakthavathsalam (2005)
Jitendra Mohan Hans (2005)
P. N. V. Kurup (2005)
Veer Singh Mehta (2005)
Lavu Narendranath (2005)
Cyrus S. Poonawalla (2005)
Sanjeev Bagai (2006)
Mohan Kameswaran (2006)
Upendra Kaul (2006)
Tsering Landol (2006)
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman (2006)
Harbhajan Singh Rissam (2006)
Kamal Kumar Sethi (2006)
Tehemton Erach Udwadia (2006)
Harpinder Singh Chawla (2007)
Narmada Prasad Gupta (2007)
Ashok Kumar Hemal (2007)
Atul Kumar (ophthalmologist) (2007)
C. N. Manjunath (2007)
Anoop Misra (2007)
P. Namperumalsamy (2007)
Mayilvahanan Natarajan (2007)
K. R. Palaniswamy (2007)
Mahipal S. Sachdev (2007)
B. Paul Thaliath (2007)
Sheo Bhagwan Tibrewal (2007)
Mohsin Wali (2007)
S. N. Arya (2008)
Dinesh K. Bhargava (2008)
Tony Fernandez (ophthalmologist) (2008)
Rakesh Kumar Jain (2008)
Raman Kapur (2008)
T. P. Lahane (2008)
Keiki R. Mehta (2008)
M. C. Pant (2008)
Arjunan Rajasekaran (2008)
Malvika Sabharwal (2008)
Indu Bhushan Sinha (2008)
Randhir Sud (2008)
C. U. Velmurugendran (2008)
Kalyan Banerjee (2009)
Balswarup Choubey (2009)
Saibaba Goud (2009)
Yash Gulati (2009)
P. R. Krishna Kumar (2009)
Arvind Lal (2009)
D. S. Rana (2009)
Thanikachalam Sadagopan (2009)
Ashok K. Vaid (2009)
G. Vijayaraghavan (2009)
2010s
K. K. Aggarwal (2010)
Philip Augustine (2010)
Anil Kumar Bhalla (2010)
Kodaganur S. Gopinath (2010)
Laxmi Chand Gupta (2010)
Jalakantapuram Ramaswamy Krishnamoorthy (2010)
Vikas Mahatme (2010)
B. Ramana Rao (2010)
Rabindra Narain Singh (2010)
Arvinder Singh Soin (2010)
Madanur Ahmed Ali (2011)
Pukhraj Bafna (2011)
Mansoor Hasan (2011)
Indira Hinduja (2011)
Shyama Prasad Mandal (2011)
Jose Chacko Periappuram (2011)
A. Marthanda Pillai (2011)
Sivapatham Vittal (2011)
Nitya Anand (2012)
Mukesh Batra (2012)
Mahdi Hasan (2012)
Jugal Kishore (2012)
V. Mohan (2012)
J. Hareendran Nair (2012)
Vallalarpuram Sennimalai Natarajan (2012)
Jitendra Kumar Singh (2012)
Shrinivas S. Vaishya (2012)
Sudarshan K. Aggarwal (2013)
Rajendra Achyut Badwe (2013)
Krishna Chandra Chunekar (2013)
Taraprasad Das (2013)
T. V. Devarajan (2013)
Saroj Chooramani Gopal (2013)
Vishwa Kumar Gupta (2013)
Pramod Kumar Julka (2013)
Gulshan Rai Khatri (2013)
Ganesh Kumar Mani (2013)
Amit Prabhakar Maydeo (2013)
Sundaram Natarajan (2013)
C. Venkata S. Ram (2013)
Kiritkumar Mansukhlal Acharya (2014)
Subrat Kumar Acharya (2014)
Balram Bhargava (2014)
Indira Chakravarty (2014)
Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande (2014)
Pawan Raj Goyal (2014)
Rajesh Kumar Grover (2014)
Amod Gupta (2014)
Daya Kishore Hazra (2014)
Thenumgal Poulose Jacob (2014)
Shashank R. Joshi (2014)
Hakim Syed Khaleefathullah (2014)
Milind Vasant Kirtane (2014)
Lalit Kumar (2014)
Mohan Mishra (2014)
Vamsi Mootha (2014)
Siddhartha Mukherjee (2014)
Nitish Naik (2014)
M. Subhadra Nair (2014)
Ashok Panagariya (2014)
Narendra Kumar Pandey (2014)
Sunil Pradhan (2014)
Ashok Rajgopal (2014)
Kamini A. Rao (2014)
Sarbeswar Sahariah (2014)
J. S. Titiyal (2014)
Om Prakash Upadhyaya (2014)
Mahesh Verma (2014)
Manjula Anagani (2015)
Yogesh Kumar Chawla (2015)
Bimola Kumari (2015)
Randeep Guleria (2015)
K. P. Haridas (2015)
Rajesh Kotecha (2015)
Alka Kriplani (2015)
Harsh Kumar (2015)
Dattatreyudu Nori (2015)
Tejas Patel (2015)
Raghu Ram Pillarisetti (2015)
Narendra Prasad (2015)
Saumitra Rawat (2015)
Yog Raj Sharma (2015)
Nikhil Tandon (2015)
Hargovind Laxmishanker Trivedi (2015)
Gopi Chand Mannam (2016)
Praveen Chandra (2016)
John Ebnezar (2016)
Daljeet Singh Gambhir (2016)
A. G. K. Gokhale (2016)
Murli Manohar Joshi (2016)
Ravi Kant (2016)
Shiv Narain Kureel (2016)
T. K. Lahiri (2016)
Anil Kumari Malhotra (2016)
Yarlagadda Nayudamma (2016)
Sudhir V. Shah (2016)
Ram Harsh Singh (2016)
M. V. Padma Srivastava (2016)
T. S. Chandrasekar (2016)
Harkishan Singh (2017)
Suniti Solomon (2017)
Bhakti Yadav (2017)
Abhay and Rani Bang (2018)
Yeshi Dhonden (2018)
Lakshmikutty (2018)
M. R. Rajagopal (2018)
Sanduk Ruit (2018)
Ilias Ali (2019)
Omesh Kumar Bharti (2019)
Mammen Chandy (2019)
Sudam Kate (2019)
Ravindra and Smita Kolhe (2019)
Jagat Ram (2019)
Ramaswami Venkataswami (2019)
2020s
Yogi Aereon (2020)
Padma Bandopadhyay (2020)
Sushovan Banerjee (2020)
Digambar Behera (2020)
Leela Joshi (2020)
Arunoday Mondal (2020)
Shanti Roy (2020)
Gurdip Singh (2020)
Sandra Desa Souza (2020)
Kushal Konwar Sarma (2020)
Ravi Kannan R (2020)
Krishna Mohan Pathi (2021)
Jitendra Nath Pande (2021)
Himmatrao Bawaskar (2022)
Prokar Dasgupta (2022)
Sunkara Venkata Adinarayana Rao (2022)
Lata Desai (2022)
Vijaykumar Vinayak Dongre (2022)
Dr Narendra Prasad Misra (Posthumous) (2022)
Veeraswamy Seshiah (2022)
Bhimsen Singhal (2022)
Balaji Tambe (Posthumous) (2022)
Kamlakar Tripathi (2022)
Munishwar Chandar Dawar (2023)
Ratan Chandra Kar (2023)
Nalini Parthasarathi (2023)
Hanumantha Rao Pasupuleti (2023)
Manoranjan Sahu (2023)
Gopalsamy Veluchamy (2023)
Ishwar Chander Verma (2023)
This Indian medicine-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr._Raj_Bothra_awarded_Padma_Shri-1"},{"link_name":"interventional pain management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventional_pain_management"},{"link_name":"Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Our_staff-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Our_staff-2"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"substance abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr._Raj_Bothra_awarded_Padma_Shri-1"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"1988 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Changing_convention-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raj_Bothra,_MD._From_healer_to_presidential_appointee,_he_is_a_man_committed_to_numerous_charitable_causes-4"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padma_Awards-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medical_Dialogues-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"Rajendra Bothra is an American surgeon, humanitarian and politician of Indian origin.[1] He is a former Chief of Surgery at the Holy Cross Hospital, Detroit and practices interventional pain management at the Pain Centre USA, Warren.[2] He is a Fellow of the American Board of Interventional Pain Physicians (ABIPP)[2] and is associated with Indian health organizations in conducting lectures to raise awareness of HIV/AIDS and substance abuse.[1] He is politically aligned with the Republican Party and was appointed by George H. W. Bush as the co-chairman of the Asian-American Coalition for the 1988 United States presidential election.[3][4] He was awarded the fourth highest civilian award of the Padma Shri, by the Government of India, in 1999.[5]On December 6, 2018, Bothra and five other physicians at The Pain Center USA were indicted for healthcare fraud and released on bond pending trial. In 2019, Bothra was taken into federal custody for misrepresenting information about his relatives, trips abroad, and assets, and he remained in custody pending trial due to flight risk. Bothra has filed eight motions to revoke his detention and appealed the denials six times.[6] He was accused of fueling the nation's opioid epidemic, cheating Medicare, and subjecting patients to needless and painful back injections.[7] He was acquitted on all criminal charges on June 29, 2022.[8] On August 24, 2023, the US Department of Justice announced that Dr. Bothra had agreed to pay $6.8 million to settle two separate civil suits alleging that he had violated the False Claims Act, the first filed in 2017 and the second filed in 2019.[9] Those qui tam (whistleblower) lawsuits were identified by the Department of Justice as \"United States ex rel. Ronald Kufner et al. vs. The Pain Center USA PLLC, et al., No. 2:17-cv-11644 (E.D. Mich.) and United States ex rel. Hersh Patel vs. Interventional Pain Center, et al, No. 2:18-cv-12728 (E.D. Mich.)\".[9]","title":"Raj Bothra"}] | [] | [{"title":"Interventional pain management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventional_pain_management"},{"title":"1988 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election"},{"title":"India portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Medicine portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine"}] | [{"reference":"\"Dr. Raj Bothra awarded Padma Shri\". Embassy of India, Washington D C. 29 January 1999. Retrieved October 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indianembassy.org/archives_details.php?nid=328","url_text":"\"Dr. Raj Bothra awarded Padma Shri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our staff\". Pain Center USA. 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thepaincenterusa.com/our-staff.html","url_text":"\"Our staff\""}]},{"reference":"\"Changing convention\". India Today. 15 September 1992. Retrieved October 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/prosperous-indian-americans-switch-over-to-the-republicans/1/307632.html","url_text":"\"Changing convention\""}]},{"reference":"Bouffard K. (January 1996). \"Raj Bothra, MD. From healer to presidential appointee, he is a man committed to numerous charitable causes\". Mich. Med. 95 (1): 38–39. PMID 8820940.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8820940","url_text":"8820940"}]},{"reference":"\"Padma Awards\" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Padma Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"United States of America v. Bothra et al: OPINION and ORDER Denying 340 Motion for Revocation of Detention Order; Denying 369 Motion to File an Addendum as to Rajendra Bothra (1). Signed by District Judge Stephen J. Murphy, III. (DPar)\". www.docketbird.com. Retrieved 2022-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.docketbird.com/court-documents/United-States-of-America-v-Bothra-et-al/OPINION-and-ORDER-Denying-340-Motion-for-Revocation-of-Detention-Order-Denying-369-Motion-to-File-an-Addendum-as-to-Rajendra-Bothra-1-Signed-by-District-Judge-Stephen-J-Murphy-III-DPar/mied-2:2018-cr-20800-334632-00396","url_text":"\"United States of America v. Bothra et al: OPINION and ORDER Denying 340 Motion for Revocation of Detention Order; Denying 369 Motion to File an Addendum as to Rajendra Bothra (1). Signed by District Judge Stephen J. Murphy, III. (DPar)\""}]},{"reference":"\"US: Padmashri Doctor accused of Healthcare fraud, gets bail on record Rs 50 crore bond\". Medical Dialogues. 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://medicaldialogues.in/dr-rajendra-bothra-padmashri-doctor-healthcare-fraud-gets-bail-on-record-rs-50-crore-bond/","url_text":"\"US: Padmashri Doctor accused of Healthcare fraud, gets bail on record Rs 50 crore bond\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doctors acquitted of operating Warren-based prescription pill mill\". 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macombdaily.com/2022/06/29/doctors-acquitted-of-operating-warren-based-prescription-pill-mill/","url_text":"\"Doctors acquitted of operating Warren-based prescription pill mill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eastern District of Michigan | Michigan Doctor to Pay $6.5 million to Resolve False Claims Act Allegations | United States Department of Justice\". www.justice.gov. 2023-08-24. Retrieved 2023-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-edmi/pr/michigan-doctor-pay-65-million-resolve-false-claims-act-allegations","url_text":"\"Eastern District of Michigan | Michigan Doctor to Pay $6.5 million to Resolve False Claims Act Allegations | United States Department of Justice\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.indianembassy.org/archives_details.php?nid=328","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Raj Bothra awarded Padma Shri\""},{"Link":"http://www.thepaincenterusa.com/our-staff.html","external_links_name":"\"Our staff\""},{"Link":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/prosperous-indian-americans-switch-over-to-the-republicans/1/307632.html","external_links_name":"\"Changing convention\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8820940","external_links_name":"8820940"},{"Link":"http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Padma Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.docketbird.com/court-documents/United-States-of-America-v-Bothra-et-al/OPINION-and-ORDER-Denying-340-Motion-for-Revocation-of-Detention-Order-Denying-369-Motion-to-File-an-Addendum-as-to-Rajendra-Bothra-1-Signed-by-District-Judge-Stephen-J-Murphy-III-DPar/mied-2:2018-cr-20800-334632-00396","external_links_name":"\"United States of America v. Bothra et al: OPINION and ORDER Denying 340 Motion for Revocation of Detention Order; Denying 369 Motion to File an Addendum as to Rajendra Bothra (1). Signed by District Judge Stephen J. Murphy, III. (DPar)\""},{"Link":"https://medicaldialogues.in/dr-rajendra-bothra-padmashri-doctor-healthcare-fraud-gets-bail-on-record-rs-50-crore-bond/","external_links_name":"\"US: Padmashri Doctor accused of Healthcare fraud, gets bail on record Rs 50 crore bond\""},{"Link":"https://www.macombdaily.com/2022/06/29/doctors-acquitted-of-operating-warren-based-prescription-pill-mill/","external_links_name":"\"Doctors acquitted of operating Warren-based prescription pill mill\""},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-edmi/pr/michigan-doctor-pay-65-million-resolve-false-claims-act-allegations","external_links_name":"\"Eastern District of Michigan | Michigan Doctor to Pay $6.5 million to Resolve False Claims Act Allegations | United States Department of Justice\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raj_Bothra&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Rahman-Hughes | Stephen Rahman-Hughes | ["1 Career","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"] | English-Malaysian actor
Stephen Rahman-HughesRahman-Hughes at the 9th Asian Awards in 2019Born (1970-01-26) 26 January 1970 (age 54)London, EnglandOccupations
Actor
singer
Years active2004–presentChildren3
Stephen Rahman-Hughes (born 26 January 1970) is an English–Malaysian actor and singer. He is known for his roles as DCI Vikesh Dasari in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale and Adam Bateman in the BBC soap opera EastEnders.
Career
In 2006, Rahman-Hughes starred as Hang Tuah in the Malaysian musical production of Puteri Gunung Ledang. Later in 2006, Rahman-Hughes made his television debut in the Sky One drama series Dream Team. In 2007, he became a vocalist in a male opera group, Teatro.
In 2011, Rahman-Hughes became the lead actor of Malaysian film Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa. In August 2018, he joined EastEnders as Adam Bateman, a dentist. It was announced on 28 September 2019 that his character was axed from the show. Adam’s final episode aired on 3 December 2019.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2008
Los dan Faun
Dick Johnson
2011
Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa
Merong Mahawangsa
2014
Cut
The Actor
Short film
2019
Shadowplay
Dr Keith
Television
Year
Title
Role
Note
2005
Dream Team
Carl Caskey
Recurring role; 9 episodes
Doctors
Jayant Chopra
1 episode
2006–2007
Emmerdale
Vikesh Dasari
Series regular; 39 episodes
2006
The Afternoon Play
James Khan
1 episode
2007
Highlander: The Source
Zai Jie
Television film
2011–2012
The Kitchen Musical
Alex Marcus
13 episodes
2011
Doctors
Asif Khan
1 episode
2013
Bollywood Carmen
Don
Television film
2018–2019
EastEnders
Adam Bateman
Series regular
2019
Almost Never
Dev
Recurring role
References
^ Dainty, Sophie (7 August 2018). "EastEnders casts Emmerdale star as Honey love interest". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
^ Townsend, Michelle (8 August 2018). "Emmerdale star set to join EastEnders". rsvp. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
^ "Stephen Rahman-Hughes On Hardships As A West End Actor". Star2.com. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
^ "Stephen Rahman-Hughes - Eclipse Artists Agency". www.eclipseartistsagency.com. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
^ "EastEnders spoilers: Meet Albert Square's dishy new dentist!". What' s on TV. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
External links
Stephen Rahman-Hughes at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Korea
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DCI Vikesh Dasari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCI_Vikesh_Dasari"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV1"},{"link_name":"Emmerdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerdale"},{"link_name":"Adam Bateman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Bateman"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Stephen Rahman-Hughes (born 26 January 1970) is an English–Malaysian actor and singer. He is known for his roles as DCI Vikesh Dasari in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale and Adam Bateman in the BBC soap opera EastEnders.[1][2]","title":"Stephen Rahman-Hughes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hang Tuah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Tuah"},{"link_name":"Puteri Gunung Ledang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Gunung_Ledang_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sky One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_One"},{"link_name":"Dream Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Team_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Teatro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_(band)#Stephen_Rahman-Hughes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Chronicles:_Bloodlines"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 2006, Rahman-Hughes starred as Hang Tuah in the Malaysian musical production of Puteri Gunung Ledang.[3] Later in 2006, Rahman-Hughes made his television debut in the Sky One drama series Dream Team. In 2007, he became a vocalist in a male opera group, Teatro.[4]In 2011, Rahman-Hughes became the lead actor of Malaysian film Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa. In August 2018, he joined EastEnders as Adam Bateman, a dentist. [5] It was announced on 28 September 2019 that his character was axed from the show. Adam’s final episode aired on 3 December 2019.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Dainty, Sophie (7 August 2018). \"EastEnders casts Emmerdale star as Honey love interest\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/eastenders/a863371/eastenders-spoilers-cast-stephen-rahman-hughes-joining-honey-love-interest-adam/","url_text":"\"EastEnders casts Emmerdale star as Honey love interest\""}]},{"reference":"Townsend, Michelle (8 August 2018). \"Emmerdale star set to join EastEnders\". rsvp. Retrieved 2 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsvplive.ie/news/tv-film/emmerdale-star-stephen-rahman-hughes-13048357","url_text":"\"Emmerdale star set to join EastEnders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stephen Rahman-Hughes On Hardships As A West End Actor\". Star2.com. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.star2.com/entertainment/2017/10/05/stephen-rahman-hughes-difficulties-finding-work-west-end/","url_text":"\"Stephen Rahman-Hughes On Hardships As A West End Actor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stephen Rahman-Hughes - Eclipse Artists Agency\". www.eclipseartistsagency.com. Retrieved 2 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eclipseartistsagency.com/artists/stephen-rahman-hughes.php","url_text":"\"Stephen Rahman-Hughes - Eclipse Artists Agency\""}]},{"reference":"\"EastEnders spoilers: Meet Albert Square's dishy new dentist!\". What' s on TV. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whatsontv.co.uk/eastenders-main/eastenders-news/eastenders-spoilers-meet-dishy-new-dentist-545907/","url_text":"\"EastEnders spoilers: Meet Albert Square's dishy new dentist!\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/eastenders/a863371/eastenders-spoilers-cast-stephen-rahman-hughes-joining-honey-love-interest-adam/","external_links_name":"\"EastEnders casts Emmerdale star as Honey love interest\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsvplive.ie/news/tv-film/emmerdale-star-stephen-rahman-hughes-13048357","external_links_name":"\"Emmerdale star set to join EastEnders\""},{"Link":"https://www.star2.com/entertainment/2017/10/05/stephen-rahman-hughes-difficulties-finding-work-west-end/","external_links_name":"\"Stephen Rahman-Hughes On Hardships As A West End Actor\""},{"Link":"http://www.eclipseartistsagency.com/artists/stephen-rahman-hughes.php","external_links_name":"\"Stephen Rahman-Hughes - Eclipse Artists Agency\""},{"Link":"https://www.whatsontv.co.uk/eastenders-main/eastenders-news/eastenders-spoilers-meet-dishy-new-dentist-545907/","external_links_name":"\"EastEnders spoilers: Meet Albert Square's dishy new dentist!\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1697766/","external_links_name":"Stephen Rahman-Hughes"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000114865548","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/167520644","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk4HG4kr7DrDddTrjcF8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/11043750","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165877333","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165877333","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007340304805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2011007906","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2020Q3104","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/156919311","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef_de_cuisine | Chef de cuisine | ["1 Function","2 See also","3 References"] | Manager of a kitchen
"Head chef" redirects here. For TV program, see Head Chef (TV program).
For other uses of "Master chef", see Master Chef.
Chef de cuisineThe chef de cuisine (painting by Henri Brispot)OccupationNamesHead ChefOccupation typeProfessionActivity sectorsCookingDescriptionCompetenciesCuisine expert, management of the menu, kitchen, and staffFields ofemploymentRestaurants, hotels, dining facilities
A chef de cuisine (French pronunciation: , French for head of kitchen) or head chef is a chef that leads a kitchen and its cooks. A chef patron (feminine form chef patronne) (French for boss chef) or executive chef is a chef that manages multiple kitchens and their staff.
Function
Phillip Taylor, chef de cuisine at the Aria, New World Beijing Hotel
Magali Charousset, a chef de cuisine
The chef de cuisine is in charge of all activities related to the kitchen, which usually includes creating menus, managing kitchen staff, ordering and purchasing stock and equipment, plating design, enforcing nutrition, safety, and sanitation, and ensuring the quality of the meals that are served in the restaurant. Chef de cuisine is the traditional French term, meaning "chief of the kitchen" or "kitchen manager", from which the English word chef is derived. Head chef is often used to designate someone with the same duties as an executive chef but, in larger restaurants there is usually someone in charge of a head chef such as a general manager, who makes executive decisions such as the direction of the menu, has final authority regarding staff hiring and management decisions and sets the overall tone and style of the restaurant. This is often the case for executive chefs who are in charge of several restaurants. In many restaurants, executive chef or chef de cuisine will have a line-up/pre-shift (meetings with front of house (FOH) and back of house (BOH)) in order to prepare for the service and answer questions about the menu. In some food operations, the executive chef may assist in designing the menu, dining room and kitchen. He or she may also work with food purveyors, catering directors, equipment vendors, financial consultants, the media, sanitation inspectors and dietitians.
An executive chef generally does not partake in food preparation or catering of patrons. Despite the title containing the word chef it is uncommon for executive chefs to cook and be in a kitchen.
See also
Food portal
List of restaurant terminology
Brigade de cuisine
References
^ Carly Cooper (10 June 2014). "Restaurant Eugene turns ten, Brian Jones promoted to chef de cuisine". Atlanta Magazine. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
^ Amanda Gold (8 June 2014). "French Laundry chef Thomas Keller's recipe for success". SFGate.
^ Ortiz, Elisabeth Lambert (January 15, 1986). From the Tables of Britain: Exploring Exciting English Cuisine in 250 Recipes. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781590774953 – via Google Books.
^ Curtin, Dianne. "Head to Head With: Frankie Mallon, Owner Chef Patron". Archived from the original on 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2019-10-15.
^ Labensky, Sarah, et al. (2015). On Cooking: A Textbook of Culinary Fundamentals. Pearson Education, Inc. pg.11
vteRestaurant staffDining area staff
Bartender
Busser
Maître d'hôtel
Sommelier
Server
Kitchen staff
Chef
Chef de cuisine
Chef de partie
Cook
Dishwasher
Pastry chef
Saucier
Sous-chef
See also
Brigade de cuisine
Restaurant management
Restaurateur
This job-, occupation-, or vocation-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Head Chef (TV program)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_Chef_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Master Chef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Chef_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[ʃɛf.də.kɥi.zin]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"chef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef"},{"link_name":"leads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Head chef\" redirects here. For TV program, see Head Chef (TV program).For other uses of \"Master chef\", see Master Chef.A chef de cuisine (French pronunciation: [ʃɛf.də.kɥi.zin], French for head of kitchen) or head chef is a chef that leads a kitchen and its cooks.[1][2] A chef patron (feminine form chef patronne) (French for boss chef) or executive chef is a chef that manages multiple kitchens and their staff.[3][4]","title":"Chef de cuisine"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phillip_Taylor_as_Chef_de_Cuisine_at_Aria.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint-Pantal%C3%A9on-les-Vignes_Magali_Charousset_chef_de_cuisine_%C3%A0_L%27Auberge.JPG"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Phillip Taylor, chef de cuisine at the Aria, New World Beijing HotelMagali Charousset, a chef de cuisineThe chef de cuisine is in charge of all activities related to the kitchen, which usually includes creating menus, managing kitchen staff, ordering and purchasing stock and equipment, plating design, enforcing nutrition, safety, and sanitation, and ensuring the quality of the meals that are served in the restaurant. Chef de cuisine is the traditional French term, meaning \"chief of the kitchen\" or \"kitchen manager\", from which the English word chef is derived. Head chef is often used to designate someone with the same duties as an executive chef but, in larger restaurants there is usually someone in charge of a head chef such as a general manager, who makes executive decisions such as the direction of the menu, has final authority regarding staff hiring and management decisions and sets the overall tone and style of the restaurant. This is often the case for executive chefs who are in charge of several restaurants. In many restaurants, executive chef or chef de cuisine will have a line-up/pre-shift (meetings with front of house (FOH) and back of house (BOH)) in order to prepare for the service and answer questions about the menu. In some food operations, the executive chef may assist in designing the menu, dining room and kitchen. He or she may also work with food purveyors, catering directors, equipment vendors, financial consultants, the media, sanitation inspectors and dietitians.[5]An executive chef generally does not partake in food preparation or catering of patrons. Despite the title containing the word chef it is uncommon for executive chefs to cook and be in a kitchen.","title":"Function"}] | [{"image_text":"Phillip Taylor, chef de cuisine at the Aria, New World Beijing Hotel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Phillip_Taylor_as_Chef_de_Cuisine_at_Aria.jpg/220px-Phillip_Taylor_as_Chef_de_Cuisine_at_Aria.jpg"},{"image_text":"Magali Charousset, a chef de cuisine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Saint-Pantal%C3%A9on-les-Vignes_Magali_Charousset_chef_de_cuisine_%C3%A0_L%27Auberge.JPG/220px-Saint-Pantal%C3%A9on-les-Vignes_Magali_Charousset_chef_de_cuisine_%C3%A0_L%27Auberge.JPG"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"List of restaurant terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_restaurant_terminology"},{"title":"Brigade de cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade_de_cuisine"}] | [{"reference":"Carly Cooper (10 June 2014). \"Restaurant Eugene turns ten, Brian Jones promoted to chef de cuisine\". Atlanta Magazine. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195326/http://www.atlantamagazine.com/covereddish/2014/06/10/restaurant-eugene-turns-ten-brian-jones-promoted-to-chef-de-cuisine","url_text":"\"Restaurant Eugene turns ten, Brian Jones promoted to chef de cuisine\""},{"url":"http://www.atlantamagazine.com/covereddish/2014/06/10/restaurant-eugene-turns-ten-brian-jones-promoted-to-chef-de-cuisine","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Amanda Gold (8 June 2014). \"French Laundry chef Thomas Keller's recipe for success\". SFGate.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/restaurants/article/French-Laundry-chef-Thomas-Keller-s-recipe-for-5536678.php","url_text":"\"French Laundry chef Thomas Keller's recipe for success\""}]},{"reference":"Ortiz, Elisabeth Lambert (January 15, 1986). From the Tables of Britain: Exploring Exciting English Cuisine in 250 Recipes. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781590774953 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MNIdCgAAQBAJ&q=%22Chef+patronne%22&pg=PA294","url_text":"From the Tables of Britain: Exploring Exciting English Cuisine in 250 Recipes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590774953","url_text":"9781590774953"}]},{"reference":"Curtin, Dianne. \"Head to Head With: Frankie Mallon, Owner Chef Patron\". Archived from the original on 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2019-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191015175056/https://www.fft.ie/head-to-head-with-frankie-mallon-owner-chef-patron/22129","url_text":"\"Head to Head With: Frankie Mallon, Owner Chef Patron\""},{"url":"https://www.fft.ie/head-to-head-with-frankie-mallon-owner-chef-patron/22129","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195326/http://www.atlantamagazine.com/covereddish/2014/06/10/restaurant-eugene-turns-ten-brian-jones-promoted-to-chef-de-cuisine","external_links_name":"\"Restaurant Eugene turns ten, Brian Jones promoted to chef de cuisine\""},{"Link":"http://www.atlantamagazine.com/covereddish/2014/06/10/restaurant-eugene-turns-ten-brian-jones-promoted-to-chef-de-cuisine","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/restaurants/article/French-Laundry-chef-Thomas-Keller-s-recipe-for-5536678.php","external_links_name":"\"French Laundry chef Thomas Keller's recipe for success\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MNIdCgAAQBAJ&q=%22Chef+patronne%22&pg=PA294","external_links_name":"From the Tables of Britain: Exploring Exciting English Cuisine in 250 Recipes"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191015175056/https://www.fft.ie/head-to-head-with-frankie-mallon-owner-chef-patron/22129","external_links_name":"\"Head to Head With: Frankie Mallon, Owner Chef Patron\""},{"Link":"https://www.fft.ie/head-to-head-with-frankie-mallon-owner-chef-patron/22129","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chef_de_cuisine&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WORA-TV | WORA-TV | ["1 History","2 Programming","2.1 News operation","2.2 Local programs produced by WORA-TV","3 Technical information","3.1 Subchannels","3.2 Analog-to-digital conversion","3.3 Translator stations","4 References","5 External links"] | ABC affiliate in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
Not to be confused with WORO-DT.
WORA-TV
Mayagüez/Aguadilla, Puerto RicoCityMayagüez, Puerto RicoChannelsDigital: 29 (UHF)Virtual: 5,10BrandingWORA 5 / ABC Puerto Rico (general) ABC News Extra (newscasts) DW (on DT2)VIVE Televisión (on DT3)Telecinco (on DT4)ProgrammingAffiliations5.1: ABC5.2: DW5.3: 24h5.4: TelecincoOwnershipOwnerTelecinco Media Holdings(Telecinco, Inc.)Sister stationsWRFBHistoryFoundedJanuary 27, 1955; 69 years ago (1955-01-27)First air dateOctober 12, 1955 (68 years ago) (1955-10-12)Former channel number(s)Analog:5 (VHF, 1955–2009)Former affiliationsSpanish Independent (1955–1969)Repeater for WRIK-TV (1969–1979)Repeater for WAPA-TV (1979–1985)Repeater for WKAQ-TV (1985–1994, 2015—2019)Repeater for WLII-DT (1995–2014)Call sign meaningNamed after former sister station WORA (AM)Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID64865ERP1,000 kWHAAT634.2 m (2,081 ft)Transmitter coordinates18°8′56″N 66°59′20″W / 18.14889°N 66.98889°W / 18.14889; -66.98889Translator(s)W05CY-D 5.5 MayagüezW10BG-D 10.1 MayagüezLinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebsitewww.abc.pr
WORA-TV (channel 5) branded on-air as ABC Puerto Rico, is a television station in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, affiliated with ABC and owned by Telecinco Media Holdings. WORA-TV's studios are located on Ponce de León Avenue in Santurce, with additional studios at the Guanajibo Building in Mayagüez. The station's transmitter is located at Monte del Estado in Maricao.
WRFB (channel 5) in Carolina operates as a full-time satellite of WORA-TV, serving San Juan and eastern Puerto Rico.
History
Former WORA-TV logo from 1998 to 2011.
Founded by Alfredo Ramírez de Arellano y Bártoli in 1955, WORA-TV was the first television station on Puerto Rico's west coast and the third station islandwide after WKAQ-TV and WAPA-TV (established in the same year earlier). The station was named for then-sister station WORA radio (760 AM), which one year later was joined by WORA-FM (97.5 FM, now WIOB), the first FM broadcaster on the west coast. During its early years, the station produced its own programming, but its schedule eventually shifted toward infomercials, possibly due to the lack of interest from local businesses in advertising on television. In 1969, WORA-TV became a repeater station for WRIK-TV, airing their programming on the west coast of the island.
In 1979, WORA-TV entered into an affiliation agreement with San Juan-based WAPA-TV, ending its run as a locally-run independent station. After that, most television stations on the island's western coast followed suit. By joining economically stronger stations from the San Juan market, market divisions on the island ended.
In 1985, WORA-TV changed its affiliation agreement to WKAQ-TV, and on January 1, 1995, it began a new affiliation agreement with WLII.
On September 19, 2014, it was announced that WORA would become an ABC affiliate on November 1, 2014, replacing low-power station WPRU-LP, carrying the network on a subchannel branded as ABC 5.
On January 1, 2015, WORA-TV again become a semi-satellite of WKAQ-TV on channel 5.1. Univision programming moved to WOLE-DT channel 12, on the same date. On March 9, 2015, WORA's third digital subchannel added a new channel, Vive, which broadcast series from Televisión Española. Vive later switched to a simulcast of the 24H news channel from TVE on July 1, 2019.
On June 27, 2019, WORA-TV announced that it would end its affiliation with WKAQ-TV by December 31, leaving Telemundo without a western affiliate after more than four years; later, Hemisphere Media Group, the owners of WAPA-TV, announced that Telemundo would air on a subchannel of WAPA-owned WNJX-TV on January 1, 2020. On December 18, WORA-TV announced that ABC programming would move the station's primary channel on January 1, 2020.
On December 1, 2020, WORA-TV, WRFB and its translator stations launched Telecinco (subchannel 5.4), a new independent station combining news programming from RT and horse racing from Hipodromo Camarero. It was the second major change on the multiplex; earlier that year, the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico began offering online classes as "Inter Online TV" on subchannel 5.2. On March 1, 2022, the station removed RT programming after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, replacing it with Deutsche Welle.
Programming
In addition to ABC network programming, WORA-TV airs some local programming in Spanish, mostly on Sunday afternoons.
News operation
WORA-TV had a small news division branded WORA-TV Noticias, which aired during WKAQ-TV's Telenoticias news broadcasts on the Telemundo subchannel. These 15- to 30-minute news segments focus on events happening in and around Mayagüez and Puerto Rico's west coast. On June 28, 2019, the day after the end of the WKAQ rebroadcast agreement was announced, WORA-TV laid off 19 employees and closed its entire news department.
Currently, WORA-TV airs a simulcast of WABC-TV's Eyewitness News. Unlike most ABC affiliates, which produce their local newscasts in English, WORA-TV produces their local newscasts in Spanish. The local programs, Directo y Sin Filtro (hosted by Limarys Suarez, Carmen Jovet, and Jonathan Lebrón Ayala) and Primetime (hosted by Nicole Marie Colón), are broadcast in the evening.
On April 14, 2021, after nearly two years without a regional news operation, WORA-TV announced its return to news programming with the launch of ABC News Extra, a local 7 p.m. weeknight newscast anchored by Veronique Abreu Tañon and Yarimar Marrero.
Local programs produced by WORA-TV
ABC News Extra
Directo y Sin Filtro
Primetime
De Show con Gricel
Fan Zone
La Gran Entrevista
Veronique
Juan de Vega de Show
Por las Fiestas de mi Pueblo
Turismo con Perea
Muy Interesante
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:
Subchannels of WORA-TV and repeaters
Channel
Video
Aspect
Short name
Programming
WORA-TV
W05CY-D
W10BG-D
5.1
5.5
10.1
720p
16:9
ABC-PR
Main WORA-TV programming / ABC
5.2
5.6
10.2
UIA-TV
Inter Online TV
5.3
5.7
10.3
480i
VIVE
VIVE Television / 24h
5.4
5.8
10.4
720p
Tele5.4
Telecinco / Camarero TV
Analog-to-digital conversion
WORA-TV shut down its analog signal over VHF channel 5, on June 12, 2009, the official date when full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 29, using virtual channel 5.
Translator stations
WORA-TV and its subchannels can be seen across Puerto Rico on the following stations:
Carolina: WRFB 5.1
Fajardo: W05DA-D
Mayagüez: W05CY-D
Mayagüez: W10BG-D
Ponce: W05DB-D
San Lorenzo: W29EE-D
References
^ FCC History Cards for WORA-TV. Federal Communications Commission.
^ "Facility Technical Data for WORA-TV". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
^ a b "Muere el pionero de la radio y la televisión mayagüezana: el filántropo Alfredo Ramírez de Arellano Bártoli". Mayagüez sabe a Mangó (in Spanish). Archived from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
^ "ABC Switching Puerto Rico Affiliation". TVNewsCheck. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
^ "¡VIVE! modifica abruptamente su programación ¡Ahora tendrá un enfoque noticioso!". TVboricuaUSA. Archived from the original on November 10, 2019. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
^ "Telemundo to stop airing signal via WORA-TV in Mayaguez by year's end". News is My Business. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
^ "RabbitEars TV Query for WORA". RabbitEars. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
^ "DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and Second Rounds" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
External links
WORA-TV – Official website
ABC Puerto Rico – Official website for ABC Puerto Rico
Facility details for Facility ID 183016 (W05CY-D) in the FCC Licensing and Management System
Facility details for Facility ID 64864 (W10BG-D) in the FCC Licensing and Management System
vteTelevision stations in Puerto Rico, including San Juan, Aguadilla, Mayagüez, Ponce, and AreciboReception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable televisionSan JuanCommercial stations
WVDO-LD / W20DQ-D / W20DR-D / W20DS-D / W04DV-D (1.1 The Retro Channel)
WKAQ-TV / W09AT-D / W28EQ-D (2.1 TMD, 2.2 Punto2, 2.3 NBC)
WAPA-TV (4.1 Ind., 4.2 WAPA Deportes, 4.3 WAPA 3)
WRFB / W29EE-D / W05DA-D (5.1 ABC, 5.2 DW, 5.3 24H, 5.4 Telecinco)
WSTE-DT (7.1 Ind.)
WSJN-CD (8.1 Tiva TV)
W08EI-D (8.2 Tiva TV)
WRUA (8.8 Tiva TV)
WVDO-LD / W20DQ-D / W20DR-D / W20DS-D / W04DV-D (10.1 Encanto TV)
WVDO-LD / W20DQ-D / W20DR-D / W20DS-D / W04DV-D (11.1 TeleOnce)
WLII-DT (11.1 TeleOnce, 11.2 UniMás)
WTCV / WJPX (18.1 Mega TV)
W33EL-D (19.1 TeleNorte)
WXWZ-LD (23.1 MásTVPR)
WJPX (24.1 ATeVé)
WWXY-LD (25.1 Boricua TV)
W20EJ-D (26.1 ShopHQ, 26.2 Timeless TV, 26.3 JTV, 26.4 EEE Network, 26.5 Novelísima, 26.6 BeIN Xtra)
W31DV-D (31.1 TeleOnce, 31.10 Encanto TV)
WSJU-LD (32.1 Fresh HD)
WWXY-LD (38.1 TVO)
W33EL-D (44.1 BuenaTV)
Public television
WIPR-TV (6.1 Ind., 6.3 Kids TV)
WSTE-DT (7.2 WIPR TV)
WMTJ (40.1 PBS, 40.2 PBS Kids)
Religious stations
WZNA-LD (3.1 Zona TV)
W08EI-D (8.3 Salvación TV, 8.7 Paraiso TV)
WLII-DT (11.3 Visión Latina)
WORO-DT (13.1 TeleOro HD, 13.2 EWTN Español, 13.3 Shabum TV, 13.4 TeleOro SD)
WSJN-CD (20.1 CTNi, 20.2 CTN)
WIDP / W17EA-D (25.11 Nueva Vida)
WELU (34.1 CTNi)
WDWL (36.1 Enlace, 36.2 EJTV)
WJPX (42.1 Sonlife)
WSJN-CD (44.1 3ABN Latino)
W10DD-D (44.2 3ABN Latino, 44.3 3ABN, 44.4 Proclaim!, 44.5 D2D, 44.6 3ABNRadio, 44.7 3ABNRadio, 44.8 Radio74)
W30ED-D (44.1 CDM Internacional)
WIDP / W17EA-D (46.1 Rel., 46.2 Triunfo FM, 46.4 Aliento Visión)
WVQS-LD (50.1 CTNi, 50.2 CTN)
WCCV-TV / W19EY-D / W33ED-D (54.1 CDM Internacional)
WUJA (58.1-2 Rel.)
WSJN-CD / WVQS-LD (60.1 Lighthouse TV)
WWXY-LD (62.1 Maranatha)
WECN / WRUA (64.1 Único TV)
WVSN / W16EG-D / W17DL-D / W17EP-D / W18DZ-D / W19EP-D / W32FB-D / W33ED-D (68.1 CDM Internacional)
Aguadilla / Mayagüez
WNTE-LD (1.1 The Retro Channel , 1.10 Encanto TV)
WNJX-TV (2.12 TMD, 2.22 Punto2)
WIPM-TV (3.1 WIPR, 3.3 Kids TV)
WNJX-TV (4.1 Ind, 4.2 WAPA Deportes, 4.3 WAPA 3)
WORA-TV (5.1 ABC, 5.2 DW, 5.3 24H, 5.4 Telecinco)
W05CY-D (5.5 ABC, 5.6 DW, 5.7 24H, 5.8 Telecinco)
W06DA-D (6.1 Zona TV)
WSTE-DT (7.1 Ind., 7.2 WIPR TV)
WQSJ-CD / W08EJ-D (8.1 Tiva TV)
W08EJ-D (8.2 Tiva TV, 8.5 Conéctate TV)
W10BG-D (10.1 ABC, 10.2 DW, 10.3 24H, 10.4 Telecinco)
WNTE-LD (11.1 TeleOnce)
WOLE-DT / W21CX-D (12.1 TeleOnce, 12.2 UniMás, 12.3 Visión Latina)
WOST / WWKQ-LD / W27DZ-D (14.1 ShopHQ, 14.2 Timeless TV, 14.3 OnTV4U, 14.4 EEE Network, 14.5 BeIN Xtra, 14.6 MMN)
WKHD-LD (15.1 Zona TV)
WIRS (17.1 Sonlife)
WVEO / WIRS (18.1 Mega TV)
WSTN-LD (19.1 TeleNorte)
WJWN-TV (24.1 ATeVé)
WQHA (25.1 Nueva Vida)
WTPM-LD (28.1 Paraiso TV, 28.2 Hope, 28.3 3ABN Latino, 28.4 EPZA, 28.5 WTPM-FM)
WSJP-LD (30.1 Cozi, 30.2 Fox, 30.3 Comet, 30.4 This, 30.5 LATV)
WIRS (42.1 ATeVé)
WQSJ-CD (44.1 3ABN Latino, 48.1 CTNi, 48.2 CTN)
WQHA (50.1 Zona TV)
W16DX-D / W22FA-D / W34FK-D (54.1 CDM Internacional)
W02CU-D (55.1 Telemicro/NotiUno TV)
WQSJ-CD (60.1 Lighthouse TV)
Ponce / Arecibo
W02CS-D (1.1 The Retro Channel)
W28EH-D (2.1 TMD, 2.2 Punto2, 2.3 NBC)
WTIN-TV (2.11 TMD, 2.21 Punto2, 4.1 Ind., 4.2 WAPA Deportes, 4.3 WAPA 3)
W05DB-D (5.1 ABC, 5.2 DW, 5.3 24H, 5.4 Telecinco)
WSTE-DT (7.1 Ind., 7.2 WIPR TV)
WUSP-LD (8.1 Tiva TV)
W08EH-D (8.2 Tiva TV)
WSUR-DT (9.1 TeleOnce, 9.2 UniMás, 9.3 Vision Latina)
W02CS-D (10.1 TeleOnce)
WQQZ-CD (14.1 ShopHQ, 14.2 OnTV4U, 14.3 Timeless TV, 14.4 EEE Network, 14.5 MMN)
W16CW-D (16.1 CDM Internacional HD)
WVOZ-TV (18.1 Mega TV)
WKPV (24.1 ATeVé)
WUSP-LD (25.1 CTNi, 25.2 CTN)
WQTO (26.1 PBS, 26.2 PBS Kids)
W02CT-D (28.1 TeleOnce)
W35DS-D (35.1 TeleOnce)
WIMN-CD (36.1 JLTV)
WKPV (42.1 Sonlife)
W13DI-D (54.1 CDM Internacional)
WUSP-LD (60.1 Lighthouse TV)
Stations outsidePuerto Rico availableon cable and satellite
WWOR-TV (MNTV, New York)
WVGN-LD (NBC, St. Thomas)
WABC-TV (ABC, New York)
WCVI-TV (CBS, Christiansted)
WPIX (CW, New York)
WSBS-TV (Mega TV, Miami)
WFUN-LD (Teveo, Miami)
Localcable televisionchannels
CBS Puerto Rico (CBS)
CWIN (CW+/MNT)
WAPA America
CableVisión
OnDIRECTV
Camarero Television
TeleSagrado
Sagrado.TV
Católica TV Canal 14
Digital TV One (BIVA)
Coop Ciudad Universitaria
Coop Jardines de San Ignacio
Coop La Ceiba
Liberty Canal 85
PRTV+
PHA TV
Molusco TV
EBTV HD
ClaroTV PEG
Pharma TV Network
STN Spanish Television News
Shaddai Message TV
Impacto TV
WWC TV
Duraka TV
Inside Media TV
Radio Isla TV
Health TV
Inter TV
Latin American Sports
Dish 101
Canal Mundo Natural
Radio Sinai TV
Vida Mia TV
InterneTV
UnoRed TV
TuTV Sur
WJCA-TV Justicia
Voy Turisteando TV
PNP-TV
PPD-TV
PIP-TV
MVC-TV
Dignidad TV
Popular TV
Telenoticias Puerto Rico
Metro TV
ENDI.com
PrimeraHora.com
Vocero TV 60
NotiCentro Ahora
BizNet Media
WebTVPR
Ashford TV
Coopharma TV
Burbu TV
Aleluya TV
Magic TV
Buena Vista TV
CDF Television Network
Notiseis 360
LenteViral
11Q TV
NotiUno TV
Boricua TV
SuperMax TV
EVO TV
GW5 Network
Mercé TV
Destino Network
Villa Palmera TV
Plaza TV
Maranatha Global Family
Nazareo TV
MediaFaith
Gran Carpa Catedral TV
The Retro Channel
Gallero Soy
Island Hub
WASY TV
Faro TV
WZOL TV
JELE TV
NotiCel
Véonet
InnovaTeVe
UPR TV
Pierre TV PR
Vision Puerto Rico
QPasa TV
Herryman TV
Sapo TV
Sports Broadcasting PR
UPRA Web TV
Spyntyx
Plaza Del Sol TV
Cangrejeros TV
CBN Media
TV Novedades
TV Mall
Rico Tele Net
NPP Noticias
TeleImpacto PR
United Media
Infinito Television
Puerto Rico SeVé
ACS Network
Desde El Sur TV
RaceTV Boricua
Defunct
W08AB 8 (CDM, Guayama)
WPSJ 14 (Ind., Ponce)
WMEI (14.1 Retro/Action, Arecibo)
WMGZ/WTRA 16 (Ind., Mayagüez)
WTSJ 18 (NBC, San Juan)
W19DV-D (19.1 CDM, Luquillo)
WPRU-LP 20 (ABC, Aguadilla)
WSJX-LP 24 (Fox/LATV, Aguadilla)
W24DU-D 24 (CMCG, Quebradillas)
WITA-TV 30 (Ind., San Juan)
WSJU-TV (31.1 SuperLatina, San Juan)
W31DL-D (31.1 Newsmax TV, 31.2 Sonlife, 31.3 Shop LC, Ponce)
WFNN 34 (Ind., Fajardo)
WOTE 36 (Ind., Bayamón)
W39DE-D (39.1 LTC-TV, Cayey)
WUIA 42 (Rel., San German)
WCNT 46 (Ind., Cidra)
WFEC 62 (Rel., San Juan)
ATSC-M/H Mobile DTVencrypted channelsare italicized
WSTE-DT 7.1 (Ind.)
U.S. territories broadcast television
Puerto Rico
American Samoa
Guam
US Virgin Islands
Insular Areas
See also
Communications in the Northern Mariana Islands
the Federated States of Micronesia
Palau
Communications in the Marshall Islands
Hawaii
vteABC network affiliates in the U.S. Territories
KTGM 14 (Tamuning, Guam) / KPPI-LD 7 (Garapan, Saipan, MP)
WORA 5 (Mayaguez, Puerto Rico)
WRFB 5 (Carolina, Puerto Rico)
WCVI 23.2 (Christiansted, USVI)
See also
ABC
CBS
CW
Fox
Ion
MyNetworkTV
NBC
PBS
Other stations in US Territories | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WORO-DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WORO-DT"},{"link_name":"television station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_station"},{"link_name":"Mayagüez, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Santurce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santurce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Maricao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricao,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"WRFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRFB"},{"link_name":"Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station#Satellite_stations"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"}],"text":"ABC affiliate in Mayagüez, Puerto RicoNot to be confused with WORO-DT.WORA-TV (channel 5) branded on-air as ABC Puerto Rico, is a television station in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, affiliated with ABC and owned by Telecinco Media Holdings. WORA-TV's studios are located on Ponce de León Avenue in Santurce, with additional studios at the Guanajibo Building in Mayagüez. The station's transmitter is located at Monte del Estado in Maricao.WRFB (channel 5) in Carolina operates as a full-time satellite of WORA-TV, serving San Juan and eastern Puerto Rico.","title":"WORA-TV"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WORA-TV.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Ramírez de Arellano y Bártoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenza_Ram%C3%ADrez_de_Arellano"},{"link_name":"WKAQ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKAQ-TV"},{"link_name":"WAPA-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAPA-TV"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alfredo_WORA-3"},{"link_name":"WORA radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WORA_(AM)"},{"link_name":"WIOB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIOB"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alfredo_WORA-3"},{"link_name":"infomercials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infomercial"},{"link_name":"WRIK-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSTE-DT"},{"link_name":"WLII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLII-DT"},{"link_name":"WPRU-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPRU-LP"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvnc-abc-4"},{"link_name":"WOLE-DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOLE-DT"},{"link_name":"Televisión Española","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola"},{"link_name":"24H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Horas_(Spanish_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"WAPA-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAPA-TV"},{"link_name":"WNJX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNJX-TV"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"RT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Hipodromo Camarero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipodromo_Camarero"},{"link_name":"Interamerican University of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interamerican_University_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Welle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle"}],"text":"Former WORA-TV logo from 1998 to 2011.Founded by Alfredo Ramírez de Arellano y Bártoli in 1955, WORA-TV was the first television station on Puerto Rico's west coast and the third station islandwide after WKAQ-TV and WAPA-TV (established in the same year earlier).[3] The station was named for then-sister station WORA radio (760 AM), which one year later was joined by WORA-FM (97.5 FM, now WIOB), the first FM broadcaster on the west coast.[3] During its early years, the station produced its own programming, but its schedule eventually shifted toward infomercials, possibly due to the lack of interest from local businesses in advertising on television. In 1969, WORA-TV became a repeater station for WRIK-TV, airing their programming on the west coast of the island.In 1979, WORA-TV entered into an affiliation agreement with San Juan-based WAPA-TV, ending its run as a locally-run independent station. After that, most television stations on the island's western coast followed suit. By joining economically stronger stations from the San Juan market, market divisions on the island ended.In 1985, WORA-TV changed its affiliation agreement to WKAQ-TV, and on January 1, 1995, it began a new affiliation agreement with WLII.On September 19, 2014, it was announced that WORA would become an ABC affiliate on November 1, 2014, replacing low-power station WPRU-LP, carrying the network on a subchannel branded as ABC 5.[4]On January 1, 2015, WORA-TV again become a semi-satellite of WKAQ-TV on channel 5.1. Univision programming moved to WOLE-DT channel 12, on the same date. On March 9, 2015, WORA's third digital subchannel added a new channel, Vive, which broadcast series from Televisión Española. Vive later switched to a simulcast of the 24H news channel from TVE on July 1, 2019.[5]On June 27, 2019, WORA-TV announced that it would end its affiliation with WKAQ-TV by December 31, leaving Telemundo without a western affiliate after more than four years; later, Hemisphere Media Group, the owners of WAPA-TV, announced that Telemundo would air on a subchannel of WAPA-owned WNJX-TV on January 1, 2020. On December 18, WORA-TV announced that ABC programming would move the station's primary channel on January 1, 2020.[6]On December 1, 2020, WORA-TV, WRFB and its translator stations launched Telecinco (subchannel 5.4), a new independent station combining news programming from RT and horse racing from Hipodromo Camarero. It was the second major change on the multiplex; earlier that year, the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico began offering online classes as \"Inter Online TV\" on subchannel 5.2. On March 1, 2022, the station removed RT programming after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, replacing it with Deutsche Welle.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In addition to ABC network programming, WORA-TV airs some local programming in Spanish, mostly on Sunday afternoons.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WABC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WABC-TV"},{"link_name":"Carmen Jovet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Jovet"}],"sub_title":"News operation","text":"WORA-TV had a small news division branded WORA-TV Noticias, which aired during WKAQ-TV's Telenoticias news broadcasts on the Telemundo subchannel. These 15- to 30-minute news segments focus on events happening in and around Mayagüez and Puerto Rico's west coast. On June 28, 2019, the day after the end of the WKAQ rebroadcast agreement was announced, WORA-TV laid off 19 employees and closed its entire news department.Currently, WORA-TV airs a simulcast of WABC-TV's Eyewitness News. Unlike most ABC affiliates, which produce their local newscasts in English, WORA-TV produces their local newscasts in Spanish. The local programs, Directo y Sin Filtro (hosted by Limarys Suarez, Carmen Jovet, and Jonathan Lebrón Ayala) and Primetime (hosted by Nicole Marie Colón), are broadcast in the evening.On April 14, 2021, after nearly two years without a regional news operation, WORA-TV announced its return to news programming with the launch of ABC News Extra, a local 7 p.m. weeknight newscast anchored by Veronique Abreu Tañon and Yarimar Marrero.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gricel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gricel_Mamery"}],"sub_title":"Local programs produced by WORA-TV","text":"ABC News Extra\nDirecto y Sin Filtro\nPrimetime\nDe Show con Gricel\nFan Zone\nLa Gran Entrevista\nVeronique\nJuan de Vega de Show\nPor las Fiestas de mi Pueblo\nTurismo con Perea\nMuy Interesante","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiplexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_(TV)"}],"sub_title":"Subchannels","text":"The station's signal is multiplexed:","title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequency"},{"link_name":"transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"virtual channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_channel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Analog-to-digital conversion","text":"WORA-TV shut down its analog signal over VHF channel 5, on June 12, 2009, the official date when full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 29, using virtual channel 5.[8]","title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"WRFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRFB"},{"link_name":"Fajardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajardo,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Mayagüez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Mayagüez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo,_Puerto_Rico"}],"sub_title":"Translator stations","text":"WORA-TV and its subchannels can be seen across Puerto Rico on the following stations:Carolina: WRFB 5.1\nFajardo: W05DA-D\nMayagüez: W05CY-D\nMayagüez: W10BG-D\nPonce: W05DB-D\nSan Lorenzo: W29EE-D","title":"Technical information"}] | [{"image_text":"Former WORA-TV logo from 1998 to 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/WORA-TV.jpg/220px-WORA-TV.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WORA-TV\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=64865","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WORA-TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Muere el pionero de la radio y la televisión mayagüezana: el filántropo Alfredo Ramírez de Arellano Bártoli\". Mayagüez sabe a Mangó (in Spanish). Archived from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mayaguezsabeamango.com/archivos/historias-final/499-muere-el-pionero-de-la-radio-y-la-television-mayagueezana-el-filantropo-alfredo-ramirez-de-arellano-bartoli","url_text":"\"Muere el pionero de la radio y la televisión mayagüezana: el filántropo Alfredo Ramírez de Arellano Bártoli\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181210015918/http://www.mayaguezsabeamango.com/archivos/historias-final/499-muere-el-pionero-de-la-radio-y-la-television-mayagueezana-el-filantropo-alfredo-ramirez-de-arellano-bartoli","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ABC Switching Puerto Rico Affiliation\". TVNewsCheck. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/79428/abc-switching-puerto-rico-affiliation","url_text":"\"ABC Switching Puerto Rico Affiliation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016183725/http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/79428/abc-switching-puerto-rico-affiliation","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"¡VIVE! modifica abruptamente su programación ¡Ahora tendrá un enfoque noticioso!\". TVboricuaUSA. Archived from the original on November 10, 2019. Retrieved November 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvboricuausa.com/2019/06/canal-digital-vive-modifica-abruptamente-programacion-ahora-enfoque-noticioso-24-horas-rtve.html","url_text":"\"¡VIVE! modifica abruptamente su programación ¡Ahora tendrá un enfoque noticioso!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191110114652/https://www.tvboricuausa.com/2019/06/canal-digital-vive-modifica-abruptamente-programacion-ahora-enfoque-noticioso-24-horas-rtve.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Telemundo to stop airing signal via WORA-TV in Mayaguez by year's end\". News is My Business. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsismybusiness.com/telemundo-to-stop-airing-signal-via-wora-tv-in-mayaguez-by-years-end/","url_text":"\"Telemundo to stop airing signal via WORA-TV in Mayaguez by year's end\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200919100718/https://newsismybusiness.com/telemundo-to-stop-airing-signal-via-wora-tv-in-mayaguez-by-years-end/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"RabbitEars TV Query for WORA\". RabbitEars. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=WORA#station","url_text":"\"RabbitEars TV Query for WORA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RabbitEars","url_text":"RabbitEars"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141101102357/http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=WORA#station","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and Second Rounds\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bamboo_Flute | The Bamboo Flute | ["1 Reception","2 References","3 External links"] | Book by Garry Disher
The Bamboo Flute First editionAuthorGarry DisherLanguageEnglishGenreChildren's novelPublished1992 (Angus & Robertson)Publication placeAustraliaMedia typePrint (paperback)Pages88ISBN0395665957OCLC27186376
The Bamboo Flute is a 1992 children's novel by Garry Disher. Set during the depression, it is about a boy who is taught by a swagman to make and play a bamboo flute.
Reception
In a review of The Bamboo Flute, Booklist wrote "The author's thesis—aesthetic beauty is a basic need, especially during times of extreme hardship—will not escape the notice of young audiences, and the frequent touches of local color make this a fine choice for reading aloud and for classes studying Australia." Kirkus Reviews described it as "a beautifully written novella" that is "Brief and easily read, a powerfully realized moment in Australia's past." Publishers Weekly wrote "From its exquisite opening line ("There was once music in our lives, but I can feel it slipping away") to the moving finale, this elegantly delineated tale never strikes a false note." and "Disher's spare, evocative, emotionally charged coming-of-age story is reminiscent in style to the work of Paul Fleischman, but his voice is wholly his own, musical and haunting."
The Bamboo Flute has also been reviewed by the School Library Journal,
and The Horn Book Magazine.
It received the 1993 CBCA Book of the Year: Younger Readers Award, and a 1994 International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY) Australia honour.
References
Children's literature portal
^ National Library of Australia - The Bamboo Flute by Garry Disher
^ "The bamboo flute". Buffalo and Erie County Public Library. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
^ "The Bamboo Flute". Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus Media LLC. 15 July 1993. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
^ "The Bamboo Flute". Publishers Weekly. PWxyz LLC. 30 August 1993. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
^ "Book reviews: Grades 3-6". School Library Journal. 39 (9). Media Source Inc.: 229 September 1993. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
^ "The Bamboo Flute". Horn Book Magazine. 70 (1). Media Source Inc.: 69 1994. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
^ "CBCA Book of the Year: Younger Readers Winners 1982 to present". Literary Awards Australia. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
^ IBBY Australia - Honour List
External links
Library holdings of The Bamboo Flute
vteChildren's Book of the Year Award for Younger Readers1982–1989
Rummage by Christobel Mattingley (1982)
Thing by Robin Klein (1983)
Bernice Knows Best by Max Dann (1984)
Something Special by Emily Rodda (1985)
Arkwright by Mary Steele (1986)
Pigs Might Fly by Emily Rodda (1987)
My Place by Nadia Wheatley (1988)
The Best-Kept Secret by Emily Rodda (1989)
1990–1999
Pigs and Honey by Jeanie Adams (1990)
Finders Keepers by Emily Rodda (1991)
The Magnificent Nose and Other Marvels by Anna Fienberg (1992)
The Bamboo Flute by Garry Disher (1993)
Rowan of Rin by Emily Rodda (1994)
Ark in the Park by Wendy Orr (1995)
Swashbuckler by James Moloney (1996)
Hannah Plus One by Libby Gleeson (1997)
Someone Like Me by Elaine Forrestal (1998)
My Girragunji by Meme McDonald and Boori Pryor (1999)
2000–2009
Hitler's Daughter by Jackie French (2000)
Two Hands Together by Diana Kidd (2001)
My Dog by John Heffernan (2002)
Rain May and Captain Daniel by Catherine Bateson (2003)
Dragonkeeper by Carole Wilkinson (2004)
The Silver Donkey by Sonya Hartnett (2005)
Helicopter Man by Elizabeth Fensham (2006)
Being Bee by Catherine Bateson (2007)
Dragon Moon by Carole Wilkinson (2008)
Perry Angel's Suitcase by Glenda Millard (2009)
2010–2019
Darius Bell and the Glitter Pool by Odo Hirsch (2010)
The Red Wind by Isobelle Carmody (2011)
Crow Country by Kate Constable (2012)
The Children of the King by Sonya Hartnett (2013)
City Of Orphans: A Very Unusual Pursuit by Catherine Jinks (2014)
The Cleo Stories: The Necklace and the Present by Libby Gleeson (2015)
Soon by Morris Gleitzman (2016)
Rockhopping by Trace Balla (2017)
How To Bee by Bren MacDibble (2018)
His Name Was Winter by Emily Rodda (2019)
2020–present
The Little Wave by Pip Harry (2020)
Aster's Good, Right Things by Kate Gordon (2021)
A Glasshouse of Stars by Shirley Marr (2022)
Runt by Craig Silvey (2023)
Picture Book (1955–present)
Early Childhood (2001–present)
Older Readers (1946–present)
Eve Pownall Award for Information Books (1988–present) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garry Disher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Disher"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"swagman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swagman"},{"link_name":"bamboo flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_flute"}],"text":"The Bamboo Flute is a 1992 children's novel by Garry Disher.[1] Set during the depression, it is about a boy who is taught by a swagman to make and play a bamboo flute.","title":"The Bamboo Flute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Booklist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booklist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kirkus Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Publishers Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"School Library Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Library_Journal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Horn Book Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horn_Book_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"CBCA Book of the Year: Younger Readers Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award:_Younger_Readers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"International Board on Books for Young People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Board_on_Books_for_Young_People"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In a review of The Bamboo Flute, Booklist wrote \"The author's thesis—aesthetic beauty is a basic need, especially during times of extreme hardship—will not escape the notice of young audiences, and the frequent touches of local color make this a fine choice for reading aloud and for classes studying Australia.\"[2] Kirkus Reviews described it as \"a beautifully written novella\" that is \"Brief and easily read, a powerfully realized moment in Australia's past.\"[3] Publishers Weekly wrote \"From its exquisite opening line (\"There was once music in our lives, but I can feel it slipping away\") to the moving finale, this elegantly delineated tale never strikes a false note.\" and \"Disher's spare, evocative, emotionally charged coming-of-age story is reminiscent in style to the work of Paul Fleischman, but his voice is wholly his own, musical and haunting.\"[4]The Bamboo Flute has also been reviewed by the School Library Journal,[5]\nand The Horn Book Magazine.[6]It received the 1993 CBCA Book of the Year: Younger Readers Award,[7] and a 1994 International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY) Australia honour.[8]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The bamboo flute\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_Festival | Evolution Festival | ["1 History","2 Line-ups","2.1 Orange Evolution 05","2.2 Orange Evolution 06","2.3 Orange Evolution 07","2.4 Evolution Festival 08","2.5 Evolution Festival 09","2.6 Evolution Festival 2010","2.7 Evolution Festival 2011","2.8 Evolution Festival 2012","2.9 Evolution Festival 2013","3 References","4 External links"] | Evolution FestivalGenreRock, indie, electronicDatesMay Bank Holiday 2002–2011 and 2013; Diamond Jubilee Bank Holiday 2012Location(s)Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead, EnglandYears active2002–2013Websitewww.evolutionfestival.co.uk
Evolution Festival was a music festival held annually across Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead, England, from 2002 until 2013. The festival attracted tens of thousands of attendees every year and usually took place on the Quayside. Evolution Festival was briefly titled Orange Evolution due to a sponsorship deal with the mobile phone company Orange. It has been described as "the biggest festival Tyneside has ever staged".
Headline performers at Evolution Festival included Dizzee Rascal, The Wombats, Paolo Nutini and Maxïmo Park. Florence + The Machine, Amy Winehouse and Ellie Goulding all appeared at Evolution before the height of their fame.
In 2014 Evolution Festival did not take place, and although the organisers claimed it was only a "pause" the event has not been held since. A smaller event featuring local bands, Evolution Emerging, was held up until 2019, when it rebranded into Tipping Point live.
History
Evolution Festival started in 2002. In 2003 the event took place on the Quayside for the first time, with performances from Moloko, Biffy Clyro and Inspiral Carpets. In 2004, due to funding restrictions, Evolution returned to its multi-venue format including a Shindig event headlined by Eric Morillo and Deep Dish. Evolution returned to the Quayside in 2005, sponsored by the mobile phone network Orange and featuring a three-stage event headlined by Dizzee Rascal and The Futureheads. Major Tyneside export Maxïmo Park headlined the 2007 event. In 2008, the festival ended its sponsorship with Orange and became known as Evolution Festival, and introduced an entry charge - of £3 - for the first time.
In 2009 the festival became a two-day event with performances from The Wombats, White Lies and Florence + The Machine. A folk stage was added in 2010. In 2012 the organisers of Evolution held a one-off edition of the festival at Avenham Park, Preston as part of the Preston Guild celebrations. The one-day event, titled GFest, featured performances from Maverick Sabre, Labrinth and Stooshe and attracted thousands of festival-goers. The 2013 edition of the main Newcastle event featured The Vaccines, Ellie Goulding, Paloma Faith and Jake Bugg.
In 2014 Evolution Festival did not take place, although promoters Jim Mawdsley and Dave Stone said that it was not the end of Evolution Festival. The festival has, however, not been held since 2013 and no news of a relaunch has been announced. The Evolution brand continues through Evolution Emerging, a multiple venue event that showcases new bands from the local region.
Line-ups
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (July 2016)
Orange Evolution 05
Spiller's Wharf
Baltic Square
Quayside East
The Ordinary Boys
Mylo
Dogs Die In Hot Cars
The Rakes
El Presidente
Dizzee Rascal
Super Furry Animals
The Colour
Carbon Silicon
Fightstar
Hard-Fi
Vatican DC
Kubichek
The Futureheads
Boy Kill Boy
The Others
Vic Goddard
Charles Walker
Candi Staton
Misty in Roots
Mark Eitzel
American Music Club
50 Foot Wave
Martin Stephenson & The Daintees
Orange Evolution 06
Spiller's Wharf
Baltic Square
Quayside East
Hard-Fi
The On Offs
Graham Coxon
Freestylers
The Proclaimers
Boy Kill Boy
Sway
Orson (band)
The Go! Team
Richard Hawley
Jim Noir
Field Music
Liam Frost
The Sunshine Underground
Lorraine
The Bulletproof Stonelove Soundsystem
Indigo Colony
Richie Havens
Hayseed Dixie
Legendary Shack Shakers
The Handsome Family
Holly Gollightly
Morfo
The Eighteenth Day Of May
Orange Evolution 07
Spiller's Wharf
Baltic Square
Maxïmo Park
Echo and the Bunnymen
Joe Jackson
The Enemy
Kano
Hot Club de Paris
The Motorettes
Hope MacDonald
Soulwax
Nite Versions
Calvin Harris
Chromeo
Simian Mobile Disco
Datarock
Shy Child
Bonde do Role
To My Boy
Evolution Festival 08
Spiller's Wharf
Baltic Square
The Streets
Kate Nash
Reverend and the Makers
Duffy
Glasvegas
Lightspeed Champion
The Whip
This Ain't Vegas
CSS (band)
New Young Pony Club
Crystal Castles
Does It Offend You, Yeah?
Hercules and Love Affair
Whomadewho
The Ghost Frequency, Kinevil
Evolution Festival 09
Spiller's Wharf Sunday
Spiller's Wharf Monday
The Wombats
The Human League
White Lies
Imelda May
Twisted Wheel
The Puppini Sisters
Detroit Social Club
The Big Pink
The Chapman Family
Dizzee Rascal
The View
The Maccabees
Little Boots
Nouvelle Vague
VV Brown
Kid British
Little Comets
Marina and the Diamonds
Baltic Square Sunday
Baltic Square Monday
Boys Noize
Chase & Status
Kissy Sell Out
The Count & Sinden
Krafty Kuts and MC Dynamite
Rusko, Brodinski
Japanese Popstars
Yuksek
James Yuill
Doorly
People Get Real
TC Monckton
Oli P
Mystery Jets
Friendly Fires
Ladyhawke
Esser
Ebony Bones
Dead Kids
Fan Death
Viva City
Evolution Festival 2010
Spiller's Wharf Sunday
Spiller's Wharf Monday
Paolo Nutini
Calvin Harris
Tinchy Stryder
The Futureheads
Field Music
Frankie & The Heartstrings
Twenty Twenty
Natalie Findlay
Let's Buy Happiness
Enter Shikari
The Horrors
De La Soul
Ellie Goulding
Dananananaykroyd
Everything Everything
Egyptian Hip Hop
Minnaars
Cosmo Jarvis
Polarsets
Baltic Square Sunday
Baltic Square Monday
Fake Blood
Benga
Rusko
Scratch Perverts
Beardyman
Filthy Dukes
Doorly
Jamymo & Andy George
Eskimo Twins
People Get Real
Delphic
Hadouken!
Example
Frankmusik
I Blame Coco
Ou Est Le Swimming Pool
Lonelady
Mirrors
Retriever
Ballast Hills Sunday
Ballast Hills Sunday
The Unthanks
King Greosote
Po Girl
James Hunter & The Jokers
Dawnlandes
John Smith
JT Nero & Friends
Donovan
Baskery
Lissie
Smoove & Turrell
Slow Club
Danny & The Champions of the World
Ben Howard
Evolution Festival 2011
Spiller's Wharf Saturday
Spiller's Wharf Sunday
Iggy & The Stooges
Two Door Cinema Club
The Kills
Brother
Hercules & Love Affair
Flashguns
Bravestation
Waiting For Winter
Vinyl Jacket
Plan B
Tinie Tempah
Example
Darwin Deez
Detroit Social Club
The Cuban Brothers
Spark
Not Squares
Viva City
Baltic Square Saturday
Baltic Square Sunday
Katy B
Spank Rock
Jamie Woon
Cocknbullkid
Gaggle
Django Django
Loose Talk Costs Lives
Mammal Club
Toyger
Caribou
Annie Mac
Sub Focus & MC I.D
Mount Kimbie
Zinc
Breakage live & Jess Mills
Doorly
Professor Ojo
People Get Real
Ballast Hills Saturday
Ballast Hills Sunday
Billy Bragg
CW Stoneking
Smoke Fairies
Pete Molinari
Karima Francis
Good Lovelies
Cattle & Cane
Bellowhead
Kathyrn Williams
Mama Rosin
Ellen & The Escapades
Hurray For The Riff Raff
Sam Carter
Delta Maid
Note: Clare Maguire replaced Fenech Soler who were playing the Baltic Stage due to illness within the band.
Note: Toyger replaced Clare Maguire who was playing the Baltic Stage due to a last minute cancellation.
Evolution Festival 2012
Spiller's Wharf Sunday
Spiller's Wharf Monday
Dizzee Rascal
Maxïmo Park
Miles Kane
Devlin
Benjamin Francis Leftwich
Dog Is Dead
Lulu James
Theme Park
The Lake Poets
Deadmau5
Noah & the Whale
Rizzle Kicks
Band Of Skulls
Where We Go Magic
Spector
Jessie Ware
The Milk
Mausi
Ballast Hills Sunday
Ballast Hills Monday
DJ Fresh
Jack Beats
Shy FX
Friction
Toddla T
Dot Rotten
Citizen
Codename:Tyrone
SBTRKT
Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs (Live)
Maya Jane Coles
Jackmaster
Eats Everything
People Get Real
Mike Jones
Evolution Festival 2013
Spiller's Wharf Sunday
Spiller's Wharf Monday
The Vaccines
Ellie Goulding
Rudimental
The Strypes
Arlissa
The Lake Poets
Rossi Noise
Paloma Faith
Jake Bugg
Bastille
AlunaGeorge
Lulu James
Drenge
Eliza and the Bear
Ballast Hills Sunday
Ballast Hills Monday
Modestep
Lethal Bizzle
Loadstar
Delta Heavy
Dismantle
Decibel
Gentleman Jonny
Sub Focus
MistaJam
Zinc
Bondax
Gorgon City
P Money
Chroma
Dionysus
References
^ a b Fletcher, Richard (25 February 2013). "North East events: A guide to Evolution Festival 2012". Evening Chronicle. Retrieved 10 July 2016. Evolution Festival 2012 follows 10 successful years after Evolution Festival began in 2002.
^ a b c Jeffrey, Sarah (11 February 2014). "Evolution Festival 2014 will not go ahead". Evening Chronicle. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
^ "Evolution Festival postponed for one year". BBC News. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
^ "Don't miss Evolution 04 supplement!". Evening Chronicle. 15 April 2004. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
^ Barr, Gordon (7 April 2005). "Festival hits Dizzee heights". Evening Chronicle. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
^ a b Bychawski, Adam (19 February 2009). "Dizzee Rascal, Wombats, White Lies for Newcastle Evolution festival". NME. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
^ a b "Evolution festival 2010: Paolo Nutini to headline". BBC Tyne. British Broadcasting Corporation. 11 May 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
^ a b "Heroes launch music festival". Evening Chronicle. 28 March 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
^ Barr, Gordon (20 February 2009). "Evolution Festival to be extended over two days". The Journal. Retrieved 10 July 2016. Organisers of Evolution have spotted up and coming talent early with other acts confirmed including many of the music industry's hotly tipped stars for 2009 ... Florence and the Machine.
^ "Tiny Amy has a huge talent". The Journal. 23 April 2004. Retrieved 10 July 2016. Amy Winehouse, the first act to kick off the Orange Evolution festival, played to a mesmerised audience at Northumbria University last night.
^ Simpson, Dave (1 June 2010). "Review: Evolution Festival". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 July 2016. But Evolution also provides a chance to chart the progress of this year's hot tips. Ellie Goulding's problems range from a faulty microphone to the sight of a crowdsurfing blow-up doll with an erection, but she soon starts a Mexican wave and recruits the crowd to sing an "Uh-oh, uh-oh".
^ a b Jeffery, Sarah (29 February 2016). "Evolution Emerging 2016: Organiser's reveal line-up for this year's festival". Evening Chronicle. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
^ "Evolution Festival 2003". eFestivals. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
^ "BBC Tyne - Music - Bank Holiday clubber's bonanza". BBC Tyne. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
^ "Orange Evolution Music Festival 2005". eFestivals. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
^ Bychawski, Adam (21 February 2008). "The Streets, Kate Nash, Reverend And The Makers for £3 festival". NME. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
^ "Get ready to rock!". Lancashire Evening Post. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
^ "Preston Guild 2012 celebrations draw to close". BBC News. 9 September 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2016. Thousands were also partying in Avenham Park at the day-long GFest music event. Soul star Maverick Sabre headlined the GFest along with urban performer Labrinth and R&B girl group Stooshe.
^ Barr, Gordon (21 February 2013). "Evolution Festival 2013: Full line-up for May bank holiday music festival". Evening Chronicle. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
External links
Official website
Evolution Festival on Chronicle Live
vteMusic venues and festivals of Tyne and WearNewcastle upon TyneCurrent
The Cluny
The Mining Institute
Newcastle University
Northern Stage
Northumbria University
NX Newcastle
O2 City Hall Newcastle
Utilita Arena Newcastle
Former
Mayfair Ballroom
Riverside (1985–1999)
Gateshead
The Glasshouse International Centre for Music
Sunderland
Herrington Country Park
Stadium of Light
North Tyneside
Tynemouth Castle
FestivalsCurrent
Evolution Emerging
Mouth of the Tyne Festival
South Tyneside Festival
Former
Evolution Festival | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_festival"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Gateshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evolution2002ref-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronevo14-2"},{"link_name":"Quayside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quayside"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"mobile phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_S.A."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evo04-4"},{"link_name":"Tyneside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyneside"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dizzee Rascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzee_Rascal"},{"link_name":"The Wombats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wombats"},{"link_name":"Paolo Nutini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Nutini"},{"link_name":"Maxïmo Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%C3%AFmo_Park"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME2009-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC2010-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chron2007-8"},{"link_name":"Florence + The Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_%2B_The_Machine"},{"link_name":"Amy Winehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Winehouse"},{"link_name":"Ellie Goulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Goulding"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronevo14-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evoemerging16-12"}],"text":"Evolution Festival was a music festival held annually across Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead, England, from 2002 until 2013.[1][2] The festival attracted tens of thousands of attendees every year and usually took place on the Quayside.[3] Evolution Festival was briefly titled Orange Evolution due to a sponsorship deal with the mobile phone company Orange.[4] It has been described as \"the biggest festival Tyneside has ever staged\".[5]Headline performers at Evolution Festival included Dizzee Rascal, The Wombats, Paolo Nutini and Maxïmo Park.[6][7][8] Florence + The Machine, Amy Winehouse and Ellie Goulding all appeared at Evolution before the height of their fame.[9][10][11]In 2014 Evolution Festival did not take place, and although the organisers claimed it was only a \"pause\" the event has not been held since.[2] A smaller event featuring local bands, Evolution Emerging, was held up until 2019, when it rebranded into Tipping Point live.[12]","title":"Evolution Festival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evolution2002ref-1"},{"link_name":"Moloko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moloko"},{"link_name":"Biffy Clyro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biffy_Clyro"},{"link_name":"Inspiral Carpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspiral_Carpets"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Eric Morillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Morillo"},{"link_name":"Deep Dish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Dish_(band)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_S.A."},{"link_name":"Dizzee Rascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzee_Rascal"},{"link_name":"The Futureheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Futureheads"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Maxïmo Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%C3%AFmo_Park"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chron2007-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Wombats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wombats"},{"link_name":"White Lies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Lies_(band)"},{"link_name":"Florence + The Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_%2B_The_Machine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME2009-6"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC2010-7"},{"link_name":"Avenham Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenham_Park"},{"link_name":"Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Maverick Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_Sabre"},{"link_name":"Labrinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrinth"},{"link_name":"Stooshe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stooshe"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vaccines"},{"link_name":"Ellie Goulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Goulding"},{"link_name":"Paloma Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma_Faith"},{"link_name":"Jake Bugg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Bugg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronevo14-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evoemerging16-12"}],"text":"Evolution Festival started in 2002.[1] In 2003 the event took place on the Quayside for the first time, with performances from Moloko, Biffy Clyro and Inspiral Carpets.[13] In 2004, due to funding restrictions, Evolution returned to its multi-venue format including a Shindig event headlined by Eric Morillo and Deep Dish.[14] Evolution returned to the Quayside in 2005, sponsored by the mobile phone network Orange and featuring a three-stage event headlined by Dizzee Rascal and The Futureheads.[15] Major Tyneside export Maxïmo Park headlined the 2007 event.[8] In 2008, the festival ended its sponsorship with Orange and became known as Evolution Festival, and introduced an entry charge - of £3 - for the first time.[16]In 2009 the festival became a two-day event with performances from The Wombats, White Lies and Florence + The Machine.[6] A folk stage was added in 2010.[7] In 2012 the organisers of Evolution held a one-off edition of the festival at Avenham Park, Preston as part of the Preston Guild celebrations.[17] The one-day event, titled GFest, featured performances from Maverick Sabre, Labrinth and Stooshe and attracted thousands of festival-goers.[18] The 2013 edition of the main Newcastle event featured The Vaccines, Ellie Goulding, Paloma Faith and Jake Bugg.[19]In 2014 Evolution Festival did not take place, although promoters Jim Mawdsley and Dave Stone said that it was not the end of Evolution Festival.[2] The festival has, however, not been held since 2013 and no news of a relaunch has been announced. The Evolution brand continues through Evolution Emerging, a multiple venue event that showcases new bands from the local region.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Line-ups"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Orange Evolution 05","title":"Line-ups"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Orange Evolution 06","title":"Line-ups"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Orange Evolution 07","title":"Line-ups"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Evolution Festival 08","title":"Line-ups"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Evolution Festival 09","title":"Line-ups"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Evolution Festival 2010","title":"Line-ups"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Evolution Festival 2011","text":"Note: Clare Maguire replaced Fenech Soler who were playing the Baltic Stage due to illness within the band.\nNote: Toyger replaced Clare Maguire who was playing the Baltic Stage due to a last minute cancellation.","title":"Line-ups"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Evolution Festival 2012","title":"Line-ups"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Evolution Festival 2013","title":"Line-ups"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Fletcher, Richard (25 February 2013). \"North East events: A guide to Evolution Festival 2012\". Evening Chronicle. Retrieved 10 July 2016. Evolution Festival 2012 follows 10 successful years after Evolution Festival began in 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music/north-east-events-guide-evolution-1365489","url_text":"\"North East events: A guide to Evolution Festival 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Chronicle","url_text":"Evening Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Jeffrey, Sarah (11 February 2014). \"Evolution Festival 2014 will not go ahead\". Evening Chronicle. Retrieved 10 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/evolution-festival-2014-not-go-6696605","url_text":"\"Evolution Festival 2014 will not go ahead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Chronicle","url_text":"Evening Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Evolution Festival postponed for one year\". BBC News. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-26142833","url_text":"\"Evolution Festival postponed for one year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Don't miss Evolution 04 supplement!\". Evening Chronicle. 15 April 2004. Retrieved 10 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/dont-miss-evolution-04-supplement-1613933","url_text":"\"Don't miss Evolution 04 supplement!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Chronicle","url_text":"Evening Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Barr, Gordon (7 April 2005). \"Festival hits Dizzee heights\". Evening Chronicle. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160914115216/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music/festival-hits-dizzee-heights-1571989","url_text":"\"Festival hits Dizzee heights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Chronicle","url_text":"Evening Chronicle"},{"url":"http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music/festival-hits-dizzee-heights-1571989","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bychawski, Adam (19 February 2009). \"Dizzee Rascal, Wombats, White Lies for Newcastle Evolution festival\". NME. Retrieved 10 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/dizzee-rascal/42896","url_text":"\"Dizzee Rascal, Wombats, White Lies for Newcastle Evolution festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Musical_Express","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"\"Evolution festival 2010: Paolo Nutini to headline\". BBC Tyne. British Broadcasting Corporation. 11 May 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/tyne/hi/things_to_do/newsid_8521000/8521812.stm","url_text":"\"Evolution festival 2010: Paolo Nutini to headline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Newcastle","url_text":"BBC Tyne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"British Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Heroes launch music festival\". Evening Chronicle. 28 March 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/heroes-launch-music-festival-1489536","url_text":"\"Heroes launch music festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Chronicle","url_text":"Evening Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Barr, Gordon (20 February 2009). \"Evolution Festival to be extended over two days\". The Journal. Retrieved 10 July 2016. Organisers of Evolution have spotted up and coming talent early with other acts confirmed including many of the music industry's hotly tipped stars for 2009 ... Florence and the Machine.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thejournal.co.uk/news/north-east-news/evolution-festival-extended-over-two-4488320","url_text":"\"Evolution Festival to be extended over two days\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_(Newcastle_upon_Tyne_newspaper)","url_text":"The Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Tiny Amy has a huge talent\". The Journal. 23 April 2004. Retrieved 10 July 2016. Amy Winehouse, the first act to kick off the Orange Evolution festival, played to a mesmerised audience at Northumbria University last night.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/music/tiny-amy-huge-talent-4652448","url_text":"\"Tiny Amy has a huge talent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_(Newcastle_upon_Tyne_newspaper)","url_text":"The Journal"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Dave (1 June 2010). \"Review: Evolution Festival\". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 July 2016. But Evolution also provides a chance to chart the progress of this year's hot tips. Ellie Goulding's problems range from a faulty microphone to the sight of a crowdsurfing blow-up doll with an erection, but she soon starts a Mexican wave and recruits the crowd to sing an \"Uh-oh, uh-oh\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2010/jun/01/evolution-festival-review","url_text":"\"Review: Evolution Festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Jeffery, Sarah (29 February 2016). \"Evolution Emerging 2016: Organiser's reveal line-up for this year's festival\". Evening Chronicle. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160826191852/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/evolution-emerging-2016-organisers-reveal-10968203","url_text":"\"Evolution Emerging 2016: Organiser's reveal line-up for this year's festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Chronicle","url_text":"Evening Chronicle"},{"url":"http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/evolution-emerging-2016-organisers-reveal-10968203","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Evolution Festival 2003\". eFestivals. Retrieved 10 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/evolution/2003","url_text":"\"Evolution Festival 2003\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFestivals","url_text":"eFestivals"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Tyne - Music - Bank Holiday clubber's bonanza\". BBC Tyne. Retrieved 10 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/evolution/2004/shindig_competition.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC Tyne - Music - Bank Holiday clubber's bonanza\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Newcastle","url_text":"BBC Tyne"}]},{"reference":"\"Orange Evolution Music Festival 2005\". eFestivals. Retrieved 10 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/evolution/2005/","url_text":"\"Orange Evolution Music Festival 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFestivals","url_text":"eFestivals"}]},{"reference":"Bychawski, Adam (21 February 2008). \"The Streets, Kate Nash, Reverend And The Makers for £3 festival\". NME. Retrieved 10 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/the-streets/34567","url_text":"\"The Streets, Kate Nash, Reverend And The Makers for £3 festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Musical_Express","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"\"Get ready to rock!\". Lancashire Evening Post. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lep.co.uk/news/get-ready-to-rock-1-4289354","url_text":"\"Get ready to rock!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_Evening_Post","url_text":"Lancashire Evening Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Preston Guild 2012 celebrations draw to close\". BBC News. 9 September 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2016. Thousands were also partying in Avenham Park at the day-long GFest music event. Soul star Maverick Sabre headlined the GFest along with urban performer Labrinth and R&B girl group Stooshe.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-19529671","url_text":"\"Preston Guild 2012 celebrations draw to close\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Barr, Gordon (21 February 2013). \"Evolution Festival 2013: Full line-up for May bank holiday music festival\". Evening Chronicle. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Le_Bargy | Simone Le Bargy | ["1 Biography","2 Publications","3 References","4 External links"] | French actress and woman of letters
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Madame Simone in 1911
Simone Le Bargy (3 April 1877 – 17 October 1985), born Pauline Benda but better known by her stage and pen name, Madame Simone, was a French actress and woman of letters.
Biography
Born into a Parisian family of Jewish bourgeoisie, Benda was a cousin of the writer Julien Benda. She made her stage debut in 1902 and played parts for Henri Bernstein, Luigi Pirandello, Henry Bataille, Georges de Porto-Riche and François Porché, her late husband. She took after Sarah Bernhardt in the role of L'Aiglon's Edmond Rostand and participated in the creation of Chantecler in 1910.
In 1898, she married her diction teacher Charles Le Bargy at the church of Saint-Philippe-du-Roule. He was more than twice her age. After her divorce from him, she took the name "Simone Le Bargy". She remarried, in 1909, Claude Casimir-Perier, son of former President of the Republic Jean Casimir-Perier. She was the friend of many celebrities of her time and, from 1909, she received the great literary figures of the time, like her later lover Alain-Fournier, his friend Charles Péguy, and Jean Cocteau at the castle of the Trie-City.
The most striking feature of her personal life is her brief and passionate affair that began 29 May 1913 with Alain-Fournier, whom she met while he was secretary of her second husband. He was killed 12 January 1915 on the front of the Aisne. Alain-Fournier was killed while leading his company 22 September 1914, during a reconnaissance of the German lines.
She married a third time, to the author François Porché, which she says in his memoirs was a marriage based on their respective common point following for each of them, a passion rudely interrupted.
She lived 108 years, and was a jury member of the Prix Femina from 1935 to 1985, literary salon, friendships and Parisian influences, writing novels, memoirs (Grand Prize for Literature of academy in 1960). Her unhappy first marriage with actor Le Bargy seems to have served as a model for Jean Cocteau's Bel Indifferent.
She died at a retreat in the Basque Country in October 1985.
Publications
Le Désordre, Paris, Plon, 1930.
Jours de colère, Paris, Plon, 1935.
Le Paradis terrestre, Paris, Gallimard, 1935.
Québéfi, Genève, éd. du Milieu du monde, 1943.
Le Bal des ardents, Paris, Plon, 1951.
L'Autre roman, Paris, Plon, 1954.
Sous de nouveaux soleils, Paris, Gallimard, 1957.
Ce qui restait à dire, Paris, Gallimard, 1967.
Mon nouveau testament, Paris, Gallimard, 1970.
Correspondance 1912-1914, avec Alain-Fournier, édité par Claude Sicard, Paris, Fayard, 1992.
References
^ "Madame Simone". The Times. No. 62281. London. 29 October 1985. p. 18. Retrieved 3 April 2024 – via The Times Digital Archive.
External links
Media related to Madame Simone at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Vatican
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simone_le_Bargy.jpg"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"}],"text":"Madame Simone in 1911Simone Le Bargy (3 April 1877 – 17 October 1985), born Pauline Benda but better known by her stage and pen name, Madame Simone, was a French actress and woman of letters.","title":"Simone Le Bargy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Henri Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Luigi Pirandello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello"},{"link_name":"Henry Bataille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bataille"},{"link_name":"Georges de Porto-Riche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_de_Porto-Riche"},{"link_name":"François Porché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Porch%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Sarah Bernhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt"},{"link_name":"Jean Casimir-Perier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier"},{"link_name":"Alain-Fournier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Fournier"},{"link_name":"Charles Péguy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_P%C3%A9guy"},{"link_name":"Jean Cocteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cocteau"},{"link_name":"Prix Femina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Femina"},{"link_name":"Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Born into a Parisian family of Jewish bourgeoisie, Benda was a cousin of the writer Julien Benda. She made her stage debut in 1902 and played parts for Henri Bernstein, Luigi Pirandello, Henry Bataille, Georges de Porto-Riche and François Porché, her late husband. She took after Sarah Bernhardt in the role of L'Aiglon's Edmond Rostand and participated in the creation of Chantecler in 1910.In 1898, she married her diction teacher Charles Le Bargy at the church of Saint-Philippe-du-Roule. He was more than twice her age. After her divorce from him, she took the name \"Simone Le Bargy\". She remarried, in 1909, Claude Casimir-Perier, son of former President of the Republic Jean Casimir-Perier. She was the friend of many celebrities of her time and, from 1909, she received the great literary figures of the time, like her later lover Alain-Fournier, his friend Charles Péguy, and Jean Cocteau at the castle of the Trie-City.The most striking feature of her personal life is her brief and passionate affair that began 29 May 1913 with Alain-Fournier, whom she met while he was secretary of her second husband. He was killed 12 January 1915 on the front of the Aisne. Alain-Fournier was killed while leading his company 22 September 1914, during a reconnaissance of the German lines.She married a third time, to the author François Porché, which she says in his memoirs was a marriage based on their respective common point following for each of them, a passion rudely interrupted.She lived 108 years, and was a jury member of the Prix Femina from 1935 to 1985, literary salon, friendships and Parisian influences, writing novels, memoirs (Grand Prize for Literature of academy in 1960). Her unhappy first marriage with actor Le Bargy seems to have served as a model for Jean Cocteau's Bel Indifferent.She died at a retreat in the Basque Country in October 1985.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Le Désordre, Paris, Plon, 1930.\nJours de colère, Paris, Plon, 1935.\nLe Paradis terrestre, Paris, Gallimard, 1935.\nQuébéfi, Genève, éd. du Milieu du monde, 1943.\nLe Bal des ardents, Paris, Plon, 1951.\nL'Autre roman, Paris, Plon, 1954.\nSous de nouveaux soleils, Paris, Gallimard, 1957.\nCe qui restait à dire, Paris, Gallimard, 1967.\nMon nouveau testament, Paris, Gallimard, 1970.\nCorrespondance 1912-1914, avec Alain-Fournier, édité par Claude Sicard, Paris, Fayard, 1992.","title":"Publications"}] | [{"image_text":"Madame Simone in 1911","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Simone_le_Bargy.jpg/220px-Simone_le_Bargy.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Madame Simone\". The Times. No. 62281. London. 29 October 1985. p. 18. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panensk%C3%BD_T%C3%BDnec | Panenský Týnec | ["1 Geography","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Transport","5 Sights","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°17′42″N 13°55′1″E / 50.29500°N 13.91694°E / 50.29500; 13.91694Market town in Ústí nad Labem, Czech RepublicPanenský TýnecMarket townMain street
FlagCoat of armsPanenský TýnecLocation in the Czech RepublicCoordinates: 50°17′42″N 13°55′1″E / 50.29500°N 13.91694°E / 50.29500; 13.91694Country Czech RepublicRegionÚstí nad LabemDistrictLounyFirst mentioned1115Area • Total6.13 km2 (2.37 sq mi)Elevation363 m (1,191 ft)Population (2023-01-01) • Total443 • Density72/km2 (190/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code439 05Websitewww.panenskytynec.cz
Panenský Týnec (German: Jungfernteinitz) is a market town in Louny District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Geography
Panenský Týnec is located about 10 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of Louny and 39 km (24 mi) northwest of Prague. It lies in an agricultural landscape in the Lower Ohře Table. The highest point is at 406 m (1,332 ft) above sea level.
History
The first written mention of Panenský Týnec is from 1115, when the village was owned by the monastery in Kladruby. Sometime between 1239 and 1250, the village was rebuilt into a fortified market town. The abbey of the Order of Saint Clare was founded by the Žirotín family in 1321. In 1382, the market town was burned down, but it quickly recovered.
The Žirotín family owned Panenský Týnec to 1464, when the estate was acquired by the Lobkowicz family. The market town suffered greatly during the Thirty Years' War. The damaged abbey was reconstructed in 1636 and served its purpose until its abolishment in 1782. Between 1727 and 1785, the market town began to grow beyond the town walls. The town gates were demolished in 1799, when the imperial road was constructed.
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±%1869799— 1880850+6.4%1890772−9.2%1900787+1.9%1910752−4.4%YearPop.±%1921715−4.9%1930657−8.1%1950492−25.1%1961500+1.6%1970469−6.2%YearPop.±%1980425−9.4%1991378−11.1%2001378+0.0%2011409+8.2%2021415+1.5%Source: Censuses
Transport
The D7 motorway from Prague to Chomutov passes through the municipality.
Sights
Unfinished Church of the Virgin Mary
The main tourist destination is the complex of the former abbey. The abbey was founded in 1321. Today the main building of the abbey houses the municipal office. The main feature of the complex is the unfinished Church of the Virgin Mary, whose construction was interrupted by a fire in 1382. Next to the church is a Baroque bell tower dating from 1747. The area also includes a park. A castle used to be here, but it was demolished in 1971.
Among the main landmarks of Panenský Týnec is the Church of Saint George. It was built in the Baroque style in 1722.
References
^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023". Czech Statistical Office. 2023-05-23.
^ a b "Historie" (in Czech). Městys Panenský Týnec. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
^ "Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Louny" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 9–10.
^ "Population Census 2021: Population by sex". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.
^ "Nedostavěný gotický chrám se zvonicí" (in Czech). Městys Panenský Týnec. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
^ "Bývalý klášter" (in Czech). National Heritage Institute. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
^ "Kostel sv. Jiří" (in Czech). National Heritage Institute. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panenský Týnec.
Official website
vteTowns, market towns and villages of Louny District
Bitozeves
Blatno
Blažim
Blšany
Blšany u Loun
Brodec
Břvany
Čeradice
Černčice
Chlumčany
Chožov
Chraberce
Cítoliby
Deštnice
Dobroměřice
Domoušice
Holedeč
Hříškov
Hřivice
Jimlín
Koštice
Kozly
Krásný Dvůr
Kryry
Lenešice
Libčeves
Liběšice
Libočany
Libořice
Lipno
Lišany
Líšťany
Louny
Lubenec
Měcholupy
Nepomyšl
Nová Ves
Nové Sedlo
Obora
Očihov
Opočno
Panenský Týnec
Peruc
Petrohrad
Pnětluky
Počedělice
Podbořanský Rohozec
Podbořany
Postoloprty
Raná
Ročov
Slavětín
Smolnice
Staňkovice
Toužetín
Tuchořice
Úherce
Velemyšleves
Veltěže
Vinařice
Vrbno nad Lesy
Vroutek
Vršovice
Výškov
Zálužice
Žatec
Zbrašín
Želkovice
Žerotín
Žiželice
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Louny District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louny_District"},{"link_name":"Ústí nad Labem Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem_Region"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"}],"text":"Market town in Ústí nad Labem, Czech RepublicPanenský Týnec (German: Jungfernteinitz) is a market town in Louny District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negur | Negur | ["1 Etymology","2 Population","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 25°23′17″N 61°08′23″E / 25.38806°N 61.13972°E / 25.38806; 61.13972City in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran
For the administrative division, see Negur Rural District.
City in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranNegur
Persian: نگورCityNegurCoordinates: 25°23′17″N 61°08′23″E / 25.38806°N 61.13972°E / 25.38806; 61.13972CountryIranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCountyDashtiariDistrictCentralPopulation (2016) • Total5,670Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Negur (Persian: نگور) is a city in the Central District of Dashtiari County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
At the 2006 census, its population was 3,759 in 647 households, when it was in the former Dashtiari District of Chabahar County. The following census in 2011 counted 4,612 people in 948 households. The latest census in 2016 showed the population had risen to 5,670 people in 1,320 households.
In 2018, the district was separated from the county in the establishment of Dashtiari County, which was divided into two districts of two rural districts each, with Negur as its capital.
Etymology
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Negur is a Baluchi word meaning "foothill" and is the name of many other locations in the Pakistani and Iranian parts of Baluchistan.
Population
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The original inhabitants of Negur were from the Baluchi tribe of Shaikhzadah, who according to inscriptions on gravestones lived there before the invasion of the Mongolians. The existence of considerable underground water resources seems to have been the main reason for settling in Negur.
In 1969, after Negur became an independent municipality, many people including government staff migrated to the town from other parts of the country. In recent years severe drought accelerated the immigration of people from other parts of Dashtyari district, posing a serious threat to water resources. Today's population of Negur is about 8,000, mainly immigrants.
Iran portal
Notes
^ Also Romanized as Negūr, Nigor, Nīgvār, and Nī Kor
References
^ OpenStreetMap contributors (9 April 2023). "Negur, Dashtiari County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Excel) on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ Negur can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3076791" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ a b Jahangiri, Ishaq (13 September 2018). "Letter of approval regarding the country divisions of Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan province". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Excel) on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
External links
http://wikimapia.org/4005888/negur,Wikimapia satellite image from negur
vte Sistan and Baluchestan ProvinceCapital city
Zahedan
Counties and citiesBampur County
Bampur
Chabahar County
Chabahar
Dalgan County
Galmurti
Dashtiari County
Negur
Golshan County
Jaleq
Fanuj County
Fanuj
Hamun County
Mohammadabad
Hirmand County
Dust Mohammad
Iranshahr County
Iranshahr
Bazman
Khash County
Khash
Konarak County
Konarak
Mehrestan County
Zaboli
Mirjaveh County
Mirjaveh
Nik Shahr County
Nik Shahr
Bent
Espakeh
Nimruz County
Adimi
Qasr-e Qand County
Qasr-e Qand
Rask County
Rask
Saravan County
Saravan
Sirkan
Sarbaz County
Pishin
Sarbaz
Sib and Suran County
Suran
Hiduj
Taftan County
Nukabad
Zabol County
Zabol
Bonjar
Zahedan County
Zahedan
Nosratabad
Zehak County
Zehak
Sights
Mount Khajeh
Hamun Lake
Shahr-e Sukhteh
Bazman
Taftan
Populated places
List of cities, towns and villages in Sistan and Baluchestan Province
This Sistan and Baluchestan province location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Negur Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negur_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Dashtiari_County)"},{"link_name":"Dashtiari County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashtiari_County"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dashtiari-5"},{"link_name":"Chabahar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabahar_County"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dashtiari-5"}],"text":"City in Sistan and Baluchestan province, IranFor the administrative division, see Negur Rural District.City in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranNegur (Persian: نگور)[a] is a city in the Central District of Dashtiari County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[4]At the 2006 census, its population was 3,759 in 647 households, when it was in the former Dashtiari District of Chabahar County.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 4,612 people in 948 households.[6] The latest census in 2016 showed the population had risen to 5,670 people in 1,320 households.[2]In 2018, the district was separated from the county in the establishment of Dashtiari County, which was divided into two districts of two rural districts each, with Negur as its capital.[4]","title":"Negur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baluchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchi_language"},{"link_name":"foothill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothills"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Baluchistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province"}],"text":"Negur is a Baluchi word meaning \"foothill\" and is the name of many other locations in the Pakistani and Iranian parts of Baluchistan.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baluchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people"},{"link_name":"Mongolians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols"},{"link_name":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}],"text":"The original inhabitants of Negur were from the Baluchi tribe of Shaikhzadah, who according to inscriptions on gravestones lived there before the invasion of the Mongolians. The existence of considerable underground water resources seems to have been the main reason for settling in Negur.In 1969, after Negur became an independent municipality, many people including government staff migrated to the town from other parts of the country. In recent years severe drought accelerated the immigration of people from other parts of Dashtyari district, posing a serious threat to water resources. Today's population of Negur is about 8,000, mainly immigrants.Iran portal","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ Also Romanized as Negūr, Nigor, Nīgvār, and Nī Kor[3]","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (9 April 2023). \"Negur, Dashtiari County\" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 9 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=25.388056&mlon=61.139722&zoom=15#map=15/25.3881/61.1397","url_text":"\"Negur, Dashtiari County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Excel) on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211223104011/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_11.xlsx","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_11.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jahangiri, Ishaq (13 September 2018). \"Letter of approval regarding the country divisions of Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan province\". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230407224635/https://qavanin.ir/Law/PrintText/267030","url_text":"\"Letter of approval regarding the country divisions of Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan province\""},{"url":"https://qavanin.ir/Law/PrintText/267030","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083538/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Excel) on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221125114706/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Sistan-and-Baluchestan.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"url":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Sistan-and-Baluchestan.xls","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Negur¶ms=25_23_17_N_61_08_23_E_dim:1km_type:city(5670)_region:IR-11","external_links_name":"25°23′17″N 61°08′23″E / 25.38806°N 61.13972°E / 25.38806; 61.13972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Negur¶ms=25_23_17_N_61_08_23_E_dim:1km_type:city(5670)_region:IR-11","external_links_name":"25°23′17″N 61°08′23″E / 25.38806°N 61.13972°E / 25.38806; 61.13972"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=25.388056&mlon=61.139722&zoom=15#map=15/25.3881/61.1397","external_links_name":"\"Negur, Dashtiari County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211223104011/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_11.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_11.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230407224635/https://qavanin.ir/Law/PrintText/267030","external_links_name":"\"Letter of approval regarding the country divisions of Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan province\""},{"Link":"https://qavanin.ir/Law/PrintText/267030","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083538/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221125114706/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Sistan-and-Baluchestan.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"Link":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Sistan-and-Baluchestan.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://wikimapia.org/4005888/negur,Wikimapia","external_links_name":"http://wikimapia.org/4005888/negur,Wikimapia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Negur&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheat_Canyon | Cheat Canyon | ["1 Description","2 History","3 Geology","4 Ecology and preservation","5 Whitewater recreation","6 See also","7 External links","8 References"] | Coordinates: 39°44′33″N 79°54′04″W / 39.742630°N 79.901198°W / 39.742630; -79.901198Cheat CanyonCheat CanyonAllegheny Mountains, West VirginiaLength10.5 mi (16.9 km)GeographyCheat Canyon and the Cheat River from Cooper's Rock Overlook
Cheat Canyon — also called Cheat River Canyon or Cheat River Gorge — is a 10-mile (16 km) long, forested Canyon of the Cheat River at the western edge of the Allegheny Mountains in northeastern West Virginia, United States. A popular whitewater venue, for many years the Canyon has been the object of controversy as environmental activists have contended with timber and development interests over its preservation status.
Description
The remote Cheat Canyon was carved by the Cheat River and extends for about 10.5 miles between the towns of Albright in Preston County and Cheat Lake in Monongalia County, West Virginia. The steep forested slopes rise as much as 1,200 feet from the river bed to the Canyon rim.
History
In 1772, the Dunkards, an Anabaptist religious sect, were the first Europeans to settle on Cheat River, lying within the canyon. Due to coal mining, poor forest management, and a private dam, fish were severely threatened near the lower end of this river, which was listed as the eighth most endangered river in the United States during the 1990s.
In July 2023, a man had to be helicopter lifted out of the canyon after being reported missing. He was sent to Ruby Memorial Hospital for treatment.
Geology
The Canyon rim with its steep tributaries is composed of hard, white, grainy Pottsville sandstone. This forms the outcrops and cliffs along the rim which often break off to form talus fields that gradually slide down the forest slopes and pile up at the river bottom. Numerous caves have been formed by water in the Greenbrier Limestone of the lower strata of the Canyon walls.
Ecology and preservation
A timber company planning to log sensitive parts of Cheat Canyon agreed to protect the habitat of two federally imperiled species, the threatened flat-spired three-toothed snail (Triodopsis platysayoides) and the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis). In addition, according to the Association for Biodiversity Information, there are eight other globally uncommon plant and animal species in the canyon: Virginia bladetooth snail, delicate vertigo snail, eastern small-footed bat, green salamander, Allegheny woodrat, Barbara's buttons, an unnamed amphipod, and an unnamed isopod.
There are also concerns about flood risk. Environmental activists worry that removal of old-growth trees could increase the risk of flood. There are several environmental groups opposing the project, including Speak For The Trees Too, the West Virginia Chapter of Sierra Club, Friends of Blackwater, West Virginia Environmental Council and West Virginia Highlands Conservancy.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)
Whitewater recreation
The river in the Canyon features Class IV rapids (and Class V rapids at upper levels), making it a popular destination for whitewater kayaking and rafting. The toughest and most celebrated rapids are known as Big Nasty, High Falls, and Upper Coliseum. On the first weekend in May of every year, paddlers gather from many states to attend the Cheat Festival. A very popular whitewater race — The Cheat River Race — takes place in the Canyon on the Friday of that weekend. Unlike the overwhelming majority of whitewater races which employ a staggered start, this race uses a mass start (in which all participants start at the same time). For the first few miles, paddlers must avoid one another, in addition to the whitewater hazards that the river presents. The race, which typically attracts about 150 contestants, is often cited as the largest whitewater race in existence.
See also
Coopers Rock State Forest
Snake Hill Wildlife Management Area
External links
National whitewater River Inventory: Cheat Canyon
References
^ "Cheat River". West Virginia Explorer. 2024-03-26. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
^ Nolting, Mike (2023-07-14). "Missing Preston County man lifted out of Cheat Canyon". WV MetroNews. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
^ Staff, MetroNews (2022-11-15). "Logging debate over Upper Cheat River project heats up". WV MetroNews. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
^ "American Whitewater".
39°44′33″N 79°54′04″W / 39.742630°N 79.901198°W / 39.742630; -79.901198 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coopers_Rock_State_Forest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cheat River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheat_River"},{"link_name":"Cooper's Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coopers_Rock_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon"},{"link_name":"Cheat River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheat_River"},{"link_name":"Allegheny Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"whitewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewater"}],"text":"Cheat Canyon and the Cheat River from Cooper's Rock OverlookCheat Canyon — also called Cheat River Canyon or Cheat River Gorge — is a 10-mile (16 km) long, forested Canyon of the Cheat River at the western edge of the Allegheny Mountains in northeastern West Virginia, United States. A popular whitewater venue, for many years the Canyon has been the object of controversy as environmental activists have contended with timber and development interests over its preservation status.","title":"Cheat Canyon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheat River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheat_River"},{"link_name":"Albright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albright,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Preston County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Cheat Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheat_Lake,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Monongalia County, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monongalia_County,_West_Virginia"}],"text":"The remote Cheat Canyon was carved by the Cheat River and extends for about 10.5 miles between the towns of Albright in Preston County and Cheat Lake in Monongalia County, West Virginia. The steep forested slopes rise as much as 1,200 feet from the river bed to the Canyon rim.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunkards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren"},{"link_name":"Anabaptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ruby Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.W._Ruby_Memorial_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 1772, the Dunkards, an Anabaptist religious sect, were the first Europeans to settle on Cheat River, lying within the canyon. Due to coal mining, poor forest management, and a private dam, fish were severely threatened near the lower end of this river, which was listed as the eighth most endangered river in the United States during the 1990s.[1]In July 2023, a man had to be helicopter lifted out of the canyon after being reported missing. He was sent to Ruby Memorial Hospital for treatment.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pottsville sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottsville_Formation"},{"link_name":"talus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scree"},{"link_name":"Greenbrier Limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenbrier_Limestone"}],"text":"The Canyon rim with its steep tributaries is composed of hard, white, grainy Pottsville sandstone. This forms the outcrops and cliffs along the rim which often break off to form talus fields that gradually slide down the forest slopes and pile up at the river bottom. Numerous caves have been formed by water in the Greenbrier Limestone of the lower strata of the Canyon walls.","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flat-spired three-toothed snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat-spired_three-toothed_snail"},{"link_name":"Indiana bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_bat"},{"link_name":"Virginia bladetooth snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patera_panselenus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"delicate vertigo snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_bollesiana"},{"link_name":"eastern small-footed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Small-footed_Myotis"},{"link_name":"green salamander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_salamander"},{"link_name":"Allegheny woodrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_woodrat"},{"link_name":"Barbara's buttons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallia"},{"link_name":"amphipod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphipod"},{"link_name":"isopod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopod"},{"link_name":"old-growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-growth_forest"},{"link_name":"Speak For The Trees Too","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speak_For_The_Trees_Too&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sierra Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Club"},{"link_name":"Friends of Blackwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friends_of_Blackwater&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Virginia Environmental Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia_Environmental_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Virginia Highlands Conservancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia_Highlands_Conservancy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A timber company planning to log sensitive parts of Cheat Canyon agreed to protect the habitat of two federally imperiled species, the threatened flat-spired three-toothed snail (Triodopsis platysayoides) and the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis). In addition, according to the Association for Biodiversity Information, there are eight other globally uncommon plant and animal species in the canyon: Virginia bladetooth snail, delicate vertigo snail, eastern small-footed bat, green salamander, Allegheny woodrat, Barbara's buttons, an unnamed amphipod, and an unnamed isopod.There are also concerns about flood risk. Environmental activists worry that removal of old-growth trees could increase the risk of flood. There are several environmental groups opposing the project, including Speak For The Trees Too, the West Virginia Chapter of Sierra Club, Friends of Blackwater, West Virginia Environmental Council and West Virginia Highlands Conservancy.[3]","title":"Ecology and preservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Class IV rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Scale_of_River_Difficulty"},{"link_name":"Class V rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Scale_of_River_Difficulty"},{"link_name":"whitewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewater"},{"link_name":"kayaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayak"},{"link_name":"rafting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"whitewater races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewater_racing"}],"text":"The river in the Canyon features Class IV rapids (and Class V rapids at upper levels), making it a popular destination for whitewater kayaking and rafting.[4] The toughest and most celebrated rapids are known as Big Nasty, High Falls, and Upper Coliseum. 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The race, which typically attracts about 150 contestants, is often cited as the largest whitewater race in existence.","title":"Whitewater recreation"}] | [{"image_text":"Cheat Canyon and the Cheat River from Cooper's Rock Overlook","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Coopers_Rock_State_Forest.jpg/350px-Coopers_Rock_State_Forest.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Coopers Rock State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coopers_Rock_State_Forest"},{"title":"Snake Hill Wildlife Management Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_Hill_Wildlife_Management_Area"}] | [{"reference":"\"Cheat River\". West Virginia Explorer. 2024-03-26. Retrieved 2024-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://wvexplorer.com/attractions/rivers-streams/cheat-river/","url_text":"\"Cheat River\""}]},{"reference":"Nolting, Mike (2023-07-14). \"Missing Preston County man lifted out of Cheat Canyon\". WV MetroNews. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Ewing | Anne Ewing | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Researcher","2.2 Activist","3 Personal life","4 References"] | American biologist and activist
Not to be confused with Ann Ewing (disambiguation).
Anne EwingBorn(1930-11-19)November 19, 1930Wytheville, VirginiaDiedApril 11, 2011(2011-04-11) (aged 80)San Diego, CaliforniaNationalityAmericanOccupationEnvironmental PlannerKnown forWomen's rights advocacy
Anne Ewing (November 19, 1930 – April 11, 2011) was an American biologist and activist for women's rights. She is known for her advocacy for women's rights and her role in removing racist and sexist language from primary school readers in California.
Early life and education
Ewing was born Ann Drayton Heuser on November 19, 1930, in the upstairs bedroom of her family's home located in Wytheville, Virginia. As a student she wanted to study chemistry but was told that subject was only for men. She earned her undergraduate degree in biology from the College of William and Mary in Virginia, and a master's degree in botany from the University of Tennessee in the 1950s.
Career
Researcher
Ewing worked as a research fellow for three years (1972-1975) at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California, designing and conducting research to understand salt-tolerance in plants. Later, she worked in the Planning and Land Use Office of the County of San Diego (1975-1995). Ewing worked to protect numerous native plants and animals from losing their homes to development projects. She also was a lead planner for the Otay Ranch section of Chula Vista, California. Additionally, she was an active member of the Torrey Pines Association, a non-profit organization that encourages public interest in the preservation of the Torrey pine tree and its habitat.
Activist
Ewing began her activism as a college student and participated in the civil rights movement in the segregated south when she was 20 years old. After moving to San Diego in 1968, she became involved with women's rights issues.
In the early 1970s, she joined the San Diego County Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women, and began working on the Education Task Force. As part of that organization, she worked hard in support of Title IX, an amendment to the 1965 Higher Education Act securing equal access to educational programs—including sports programs—regardless of sex, until its passage in 1972.
Ewing then began to work for the elimination of sexist and racist readers in the primary schools. As a part of that effort, Ewing served as the chair of California NOW's Education Task Force. On June 7, 1974, she wrote a guest editorial in The San Diego Union entitled, "Are California's textbooks fair to Jane?: Stereotypes Remain In Latest Materials". Under Ewing's leadership, a coalition of women's and minority groups, including California NOW, presented a report to the California State Board of Education that clearly showed that the readers being used in the primary schools contained sexist and racist themes. The coalition requested that the Board remove these readers and replace them with more appropriate texts. When the Board refused, the coalition threatened to sue it over their reluctance to enact the requested change. Eventually, the Board yielded and banned texts that had obvious sexism and racism, using criteria developed by Ewing. The new readers removed racist and sexist language and included the contributions of both men and women in all types of roles, including professional, vocational, and executive. Publishers were also forced to change the books nationwide because California was the largest buyer of textbooks in the country.
Personal life
Ewing was also a strong supporter of women's rights to choose an abortion (pro-choice), and worked for passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. She also served as the President of the San Diego County Chapter of NOW from 1975 to 1976. In 1976, she founded the San Diego County Chapter of the National Women's Political Caucus, and served as its president from 1976 to 1978.
Ewing died on April 11, 2011, of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder at the age of 80 in her home in San Diego, California.
References
^ a b c d e f g h "Anne Ewing, crusader against sexism in school books, dies at 80". Ut Sandiego News.com. 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
^ a b c Union Tribune Obituary
^ Cliff Smith, "New Salt-Tolerant hybrids Could Avert World Famine", The San Diego Union, 12 January 1975, page B-1
^ "About Us". Torrey Pines.Org. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
^ a b c d e "SORTED BY YEAR-Anne Edwin Activist 2005". Women's Museum of California. Archived from the original on 2012-09-19. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
^ a b c d Coburn, Jennifer (1995). The herstory of San Diego County National Organization for Women: Twenty-five years of feminism, 1970-1995. San Diego County National Organization for Women. ASIN B0006FAV5S. OCLC 33325699.
^ Anne Radlow, "Stereotypes Remain In Latest Materials," The San Diego Union, 7 June 1974, page B-11.
^ Love, Barbara J., ed. (2006). Feminists who changed America, 1963-1975. Urbana, Ill.: Univ. of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03189-2. OCLC 877167282.
^ "Six women who made a difference-Anne Ewing". Ut Sandiego.Com. 2005-03-25. Retrieved 2012-08-03.
vteWomen's Museum of California2000s2002
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Holly Smithson | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ann Ewing (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Ewing_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activist"},{"link_name":"women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights"},{"link_name":"racist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racist"},{"link_name":"sexist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexist"},{"link_name":"primary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"link_name":"readers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_reader"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-utsandiego-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Ann Ewing (disambiguation).Anne Ewing (November 19, 1930 – April 11, 2011) was an American biologist and activist for women's rights. She is known for her advocacy for women's rights and her role in removing racist and sexist language from primary school readers in California.[1][2]","title":"Anne Ewing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wytheville, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wytheville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-utsandiego-1"}],"text":"Ewing was born Ann Drayton Heuser on November 19, 1930, in the upstairs bedroom of her family's home located in Wytheville, Virginia. As a student she wanted to study chemistry but was told that subject was only for men. She earned her undergraduate degree in biology from the College of William and Mary in Virginia, and a master's degree in botany from the University of Tennessee in the 1950s.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-utsandiego-1"},{"link_name":"salt-tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halophyte"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"County of San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-utsandiego-1"},{"link_name":"Chula Vista, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chula_Vista,_California"},{"link_name":"Torrey pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrey_pine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-utsandiego-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torreypines.org-4"}],"sub_title":"Researcher","text":"Ewing worked as a research fellow for three years (1972-1975) at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California,[1] designing and conducting research to understand salt-tolerance in plants.[3] Later, she worked in the Planning and Land Use Office of the County of San Diego (1975-1995).[1] Ewing worked to protect numerous native plants and animals from losing their homes to development projects. She also was a lead planner for the Otay Ranch section of Chula Vista, California. Additionally, she was an active member of the Torrey Pines Association, a non-profit organization that encourages public interest in the preservation of the Torrey pine tree and its habitat.[1][4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-womensmusemca-5"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-womensmusemca-5"},{"link_name":"National Organization for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoburnJennifer-6"},{"link_name":"Title IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_IX"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoburnJennifer-6"},{"link_name":"readers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_reader"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The San Diego Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-utsandiego-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"California State Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoburnJennifer-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-womensmusemca-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoburnJennifer-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Activist","text":"Ewing began her activism as a college student and participated in the civil rights movement in the segregated south when she was 20 years old.[2][5] After moving to San Diego in 1968,[2] she became involved with women's rights issues.[5]In the early 1970s, she joined the San Diego County Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women, and began working on the Education Task Force.[6] As part of that organization, she worked hard in support of Title IX, an amendment to the 1965 Higher Education Act securing equal access to educational programs—including sports programs—regardless of sex, until its passage in 1972.[6]Ewing then began to work for the elimination of sexist and racist readers in the primary schools. As a part of that effort, Ewing served as the chair of California NOW's Education Task Force.[citation needed] On June 7, 1974, she wrote a guest editorial in The San Diego Union entitled, \"Are California's textbooks fair to Jane?: Stereotypes Remain In Latest Materials\".[1][7] Under Ewing's leadership, a coalition of women's and minority groups, including California NOW, presented a report to the California State Board of Education that clearly showed that the readers being used in the primary schools contained sexist and racist themes.[6] The coalition requested that the Board remove these readers and replace them with more appropriate texts. When the Board refused, the coalition threatened to sue it over their reluctance to enact the requested change. Eventually, the Board yielded and banned texts that had obvious sexism and racism, using criteria developed by Ewing.[5][6] The new readers removed racist and sexist language and included the contributions of both men and women in all types of roles, including professional, vocational, and executive. 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She also served as the President of the San Diego County Chapter of NOW from 1975 to 1976.[1][9] In 1976, she founded the San Diego County Chapter of the National Women's Political Caucus, and served as its president from 1976 to 1978.[5]Ewing died on April 11, 2011, of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder at the age of 80 in her home in San Diego, California.[1]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Anne Ewing, crusader against sexism in school books, dies at 80\". Ut Sandiego News.com. 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2012-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/apr/29/anne-ewing-crusader-against-sexism-in-school/","url_text":"\"Anne Ewing, crusader against sexism in school books, dies at 80\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Torrey Pines.Org. Retrieved 2012-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://torreypines.org/about-us","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"SORTED BY YEAR-Anne Edwin Activist 2005\". Women's Museum of California. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrini | Labeoninae | ["1 Genera","2 Footnotes","3 References"] | Subfamily of fishes
Labeoninae
Crossocheilus siamensisAlso known as one of "Siamese algae eater"
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Cypriniformes
Family:
Cyprinidae
Subfamily:
LabeoninaeBleeker, 1859
Diversity
Around 30 genera (but see text)
Synonyms
GarrinaeLabeonini (but see text)
Labeoninae is a doubtfully distinct subfamily of ray-finned fishes in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. They inhabit fresh water and the largest species richness is in the region around southern China, but there are also species elsewhere in Asia, and some members of Garra and Labeo are from Africa. They are a generally very apomorphic group, perhaps the most "advanced" of the Cyprinidae. A common name for these fishes is labeonins (when considered a distinct subfamily) or labeoins (when included in subfamily Cyprininae).
They include the group sometimes separated as Garrinae, but these do not seem to be that distinct. In fact, the entire Labeoninae is merged into the Cyprininae by a number of authors; in any case, these two and the former "Barbinae" form a close-knit group whose internal phylogeny is far from resolved. If the subfamily is considered distinct, it is typically split in the tribes Labeonini (which are able to swim well in open water) and Garrini (which are mostly benthic), and sometimes in addition the Banganini (which are somewhat intermediate in habitus) If the labeo lineage is included in the Cyprininae, it becomes the tribe Labeonini, while its two (or three) subdivisions are the subtribes Labeoina, Garraina and perhaps Banganina.
Notable genera are Crossocheilus, Epalzeorhynchos and Garra, which contain some of the popular aquarium fishes often called "algae eaters", e.g. the Siamese algae-eater (Crossocheilus siamensis). Labeo – the type genus of this subfamily – contains many sizeable species which are often used as food.
Anatomically, the labeonins are distinguished by the Weberian apparatus contacting the skull with the supraneural bones, and its basioccipital process being concave in cross-section. The first vertebra has a parapophysis that is elongated to forward and partially overlaps the basioccipital process. The fourth vertebra, meanwhile, has a short but stout transverse process that is prominently elongated bellywards; the os suspensorium is often hidden behind if viewed from the side. In the skull, the frontal and sphenotic bones have prominent foramina. In the anal fin, the first pterygiophore is elongated and has well-developed anterior and posterior flanges, with the former very large and concave at the distal end. Most labeonins have the skinny flap of the underside of the snout well-developed into a fleshy cap that at least partially hides the upper lip except when feeding, and a similar structure at the lower lip.
Genera
Tribe Labeonini
Barbichthys Bleeker, 1860
Cirrhinus Oken (ex. Cuvier), 1817 (tentatively placed here)
Henicorhynchus Smith, 1945
Labeo – typical labeos
Labiobarbus van Hasselt, 1823 (including Dangila?)
Osteochilus Günther, 1868
Prolixicheilus Zheng, Chen & Yang, 2016
Pseudogyrinocheilus Fang, 1933
Schismatorhynchos Bleeker, 1855 (including Nukta)
Sinilabeo Rendahl, 1932
Tribe Banganini (might belong in Labeonini)
Bangana Hamilton, 1822 (tentatively placed here)
Lobocheilos (tentatively placed here)
Qianlabeo Zhang & Chen, 2004
Speolabeo Kottelat, 2017
Vinalabeo Nguyen, Nguyen & Nguyen, 2016
Tribe Garrini
Crossocheilus van Hasselt, 1823
Discocheilus Zhang, 1997
Discogobio Lin, 1931 (tentatively placed here)
Discolabeo Fowler, 1937
Epalzeorhynchos
Garra including Iranocypris and Typhlogarra – garras
Guigarra Wang, Chen & Zheng, 2022
Hongshuia Zhang, Xin & Lan, 2008
Horalabiosa Silas, 1954
Longanalus Li, 2006 (tentatively placed here)
Mekongina Fowler, 1937
Parasinilabeo Wu, 1939
Paracrossochilus Popta, 1904
Placocheilus Wu, 1977
Pseudocrossocheilus Zhang & Chen, 1997
Ptychidio Myers, 1930
Rectoris Lin, 1933 (tentatively placed here)
Semilabeo Peters, 1880 (tentatively placed here)
Sinocrossocheilus Wu, 1977
Tariqilabeo Wu, 1977
Vinagarra Nguyen & Bui, 2010
The supposed genus "Tylognathus", commonly placed in the Labeonini (or Labeoina), is actually a polyphyletic assemblage containing diverse labeonins and some other cyprinids. Its type species, variously called "Tylognathus diplostoma" or "Tylognathus valenciennesii", is actually Bangana diplostoma; most of its other species are now in Lobocheilos.
Footnotes
^ de Graaf et al. (2007), Stiassny & Getahun (2007), He et al. (2008)
^ Stiassny & Getahun (2007)
^ a b Zheng, L.-P., Chen, X.-Y. & Yang, J.-X. (2016): Molecular systematics of the Labeonini inhabiting the karst regions in southwest China (Teleostei, Cypriniformes). ZooKeys, 612: 133–148.
^ Nguyen, V.H., Nguyen, H.D. & Nguyen, T.D.P. (2016): Vinalabeo, a new generic name for Vinalabeo tonkinensis (Cyprinidae, Teleostei). Journal of Science of Hnue, Natural Sciences, 61 (9): 140-144.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Labeoninae.
de Graaf, Martin; Megens, Hendrik-Jan; Samallo, Johannis & Sibbing, Ferdinand A. (2007): Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation. Anim. Biol. 57(1): 39-48. doi:10.1163/157075607780002069 (HTML abstract)
He, Shunping; Mayden, Richard L.;Wang, Xuzheng; Wang, Wei; Tang, Kevin L.; Chen, Wei-Jen & Chen, Yiyu (2008): Molecular phylogenetics of the family Cyprinidae (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) as evidenced by sequence variation in the first intron of S7 ribosomal protein-coding gene: Further evidence from a nuclear gene of the systematic chaos in the family. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46(3): 818–829. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.001 PDF fulltext
Stiassny, Melanie L.J. & Getahun, Abebe (2007): An overview of labeonin relationships and the phylogenetic placement of the Afro-Asian genus Garra Hamilton, 1922 (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), with the description of five new species of Garra from Ethiopia, and a key to all African species. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 150(1): 41-83. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00281.x PDF fulltext
Taxon identifiersLabeoninae
Wikidata: Q150554
Wikispecies: Labeoninae
NCBI: 2743695
WoRMS: 826617 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamily"},{"link_name":"ray-finned fishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Cyprinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinidae"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Cypriniformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypriniformes"},{"link_name":"fresh water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_water"},{"link_name":"species richness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_richness"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Garra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garra"},{"link_name":"Labeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeo"},{"link_name":"apomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomorph"},{"link_name":"Cyprininae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprininae"},{"link_name":"Barbinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbinae"},{"link_name":"phylogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogeny"},{"link_name":"tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_(biology)"},{"link_name":"benthic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthic"},{"link_name":"habitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"subtribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtribe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genera"},{"link_name":"Crossocheilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossocheilus"},{"link_name":"Epalzeorhynchos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epalzeorhynchos"},{"link_name":"aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium"},{"link_name":"algae eaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_eater"},{"link_name":"Siamese algae-eater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_algae-eater"},{"link_name":"type genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_genus"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"Anatomically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical"},{"link_name":"Weberian apparatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weberian_apparatus"},{"link_name":"skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull"},{"link_name":"supraneural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supraneural&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"basioccipital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basioccipital"},{"link_name":"concave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concave"},{"link_name":"vertebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra"},{"link_name":"parapophysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/parapophysis"},{"link_name":"transverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_plane"},{"link_name":"os suspensorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bgee.org/bgee/bgee?page=anatomy&action=organ_details&organ_id=ZFA%3A0001171&organ_children=on"},{"link_name":"frontal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_bone"},{"link_name":"sphenotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sphenoid_bone"},{"link_name":"foramina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramina_of_the_skull"},{"link_name":"anal fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_fin"},{"link_name":"pterygiophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygiophore"},{"link_name":"anterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior"},{"link_name":"posterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"distal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal"},{"link_name":"lip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Labeoninae is a doubtfully distinct subfamily of ray-finned fishes in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. They inhabit fresh water and the largest species richness is in the region around southern China, but there are also species elsewhere in Asia, and some members of Garra and Labeo are from Africa. They are a generally very apomorphic group, perhaps the most \"advanced\" of the Cyprinidae. A common name for these fishes is labeonins (when considered a distinct subfamily) or labeoins (when included in subfamily Cyprininae).They include the group sometimes separated as Garrinae, but these do not seem to be that distinct. In fact, the entire Labeoninae is merged into the Cyprininae by a number of authors; in any case, these two and the former \"Barbinae\" form a close-knit group whose internal phylogeny is far from resolved. If the subfamily is considered distinct, it is typically split in the tribes Labeonini (which are able to swim well in open water) and Garrini (which are mostly benthic), and sometimes in addition the Banganini (which are somewhat intermediate in habitus) If the labeo lineage is included in the Cyprininae, it becomes the tribe Labeonini, while its two (or three) subdivisions are the subtribes Labeoina, Garraina and perhaps Banganina.[1]Notable genera are Crossocheilus, Epalzeorhynchos and Garra, which contain some of the popular aquarium fishes often called \"algae eaters\", e.g. the Siamese algae-eater (Crossocheilus siamensis). Labeo – the type genus of this subfamily – contains many sizeable species which are often used as food.Anatomically, the labeonins are distinguished by the Weberian apparatus contacting the skull with the supraneural bones, and its basioccipital process being concave in cross-section. The first vertebra has a parapophysis that is elongated to forward and partially overlaps the basioccipital process. The fourth vertebra, meanwhile, has a short but stout transverse process that is prominently elongated bellywards; the os suspensorium is often hidden behind if viewed from the side. In the skull, the frontal and sphenotic bones have prominent foramina. In the anal fin, the first pterygiophore is elongated and has well-developed anterior and posterior flanges, with the former very large and concave at the distal end. Most labeonins have the skinny flap of the underside of the snout well-developed into a fleshy cap that at least partially hides the upper lip except when feeding, and a similar structure at the lower lip.[2]","title":"Labeoninae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbichthys"},{"link_name":"Cirrhinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhinus"},{"link_name":"Henicorhynchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henicorhynchus"},{"link_name":"Labeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeo"},{"link_name":"Labiobarbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiobarbus"},{"link_name":"Osteochilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteochilus"},{"link_name":"Prolixicheilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolixicheilus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zheng2016-3"},{"link_name":"Pseudogyrinocheilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogyrinocheilus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zheng2016-3"},{"link_name":"Schismatorhynchos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schismatorhynchos"},{"link_name":"Sinilabeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinilabeo"},{"link_name":"Bangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangana"},{"link_name":"Lobocheilos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobocheilos"},{"link_name":"Qianlabeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlabeo"},{"link_name":"Speolabeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speolabeo"},{"link_name":"Vinalabeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinalabeo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nguyen2016-4"},{"link_name":"Crossocheilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossocheilus"},{"link_name":"Discocheilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discocheilus"},{"link_name":"Discogobio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogobio"},{"link_name":"Discolabeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discolabeo"},{"link_name":"Epalzeorhynchos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epalzeorhynchos"},{"link_name":"Garra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garra"},{"link_name":"Guigarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guigarra"},{"link_name":"Hongshuia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongshuia"},{"link_name":"Horalabiosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horalabiosa"},{"link_name":"Longanalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longanalus"},{"link_name":"Mekongina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekongina"},{"link_name":"Parasinilabeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasinilabeo"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Paracrossochilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracrossochilus"},{"link_name":"Placocheilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placocheilus"},{"link_name":"Pseudocrossocheilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocrossocheilus"},{"link_name":"Ptychidio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptychidio"},{"link_name":"Rectoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectoris"},{"link_name":"Semilabeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semilabeo"},{"link_name":"Sinocrossocheilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinocrossocheilus"},{"link_name":"Tariqilabeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariqilabeo"},{"link_name":"Vinagarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinagarra"},{"link_name":"Tylognathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylognathus"},{"link_name":"polyphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyletic"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"Bangana diplostoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangana_diplostoma"},{"link_name":"Lobocheilos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobocheilos"}],"text":"Tribe Labeonini\n\nBarbichthys Bleeker, 1860\nCirrhinus Oken (ex. Cuvier), 1817 (tentatively placed here)\nHenicorhynchus Smith, 1945\nLabeo – typical labeos\nLabiobarbus van Hasselt, 1823 (including Dangila?)\nOsteochilus Günther, 1868\nProlixicheilus Zheng, Chen & Yang, 2016 [3]\nPseudogyrinocheilus Fang, 1933 [3]\nSchismatorhynchos Bleeker, 1855 (including Nukta)\nSinilabeo Rendahl, 1932\nTribe Banganini (might belong in Labeonini)\n\nBangana Hamilton, 1822 (tentatively placed here)\nLobocheilos (tentatively placed here)\nQianlabeo Zhang & Chen, 2004\nSpeolabeo Kottelat, 2017\nVinalabeo Nguyen, Nguyen & Nguyen, 2016 [4]\n\n\nTribe Garrini\n\nCrossocheilus van Hasselt, 1823\nDiscocheilus Zhang, 1997\nDiscogobio Lin, 1931 (tentatively placed here)\nDiscolabeo Fowler, 1937\nEpalzeorhynchos\nGarra including Iranocypris and Typhlogarra – garras\nGuigarra Wang, Chen & Zheng, 2022\nHongshuia Zhang, Xin & Lan, 2008\nHoralabiosa Silas, 1954\nLonganalus Li, 2006 (tentatively placed here)\nMekongina Fowler, 1937\nParasinilabeo Wu, 1939[verification needed]\nParacrossochilus Popta, 1904\nPlacocheilus Wu, 1977\nPseudocrossocheilus Zhang & Chen, 1997\nPtychidio Myers, 1930\nRectoris Lin, 1933 (tentatively placed here)\nSemilabeo Peters, 1880 (tentatively placed here)\nSinocrossocheilus Wu, 1977\nTariqilabeo Wu, 1977\nVinagarra Nguyen & Bui, 2010The supposed genus \"Tylognathus\", commonly placed in the Labeonini (or Labeoina), is actually a polyphyletic assemblage containing diverse labeonins and some other cyprinids. Its type species, variously called \"Tylognathus diplostoma\" or \"Tylognathus valenciennesii\", is actually Bangana diplostoma; most of its other species are now in Lobocheilos.","title":"Genera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zheng2016_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zheng2016_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nguyen2016_4-0"}],"text":"^ de Graaf et al. (2007), Stiassny & Getahun (2007), He et al. (2008)\n\n^ Stiassny & Getahun (2007)\n\n^ a b Zheng, L.-P., Chen, X.-Y. & Yang, J.-X. (2016): Molecular systematics of the Labeonini inhabiting the karst regions in southwest China (Teleostei, Cypriniformes). ZooKeys, 612: 133–148.\n\n^ Nguyen, V.H., Nguyen, H.D. & Nguyen, T.D.P. (2016): Vinalabeo, a new generic name for Vinalabeo tonkinensis (Cyprinidae, Teleostei). Journal of Science of Hnue, Natural Sciences, 61 (9): 140-144.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://bgee.org/bgee/bgee?page=anatomy&action=organ_details&organ_id=ZFA%3A0001171&organ_children=on","external_links_name":"os suspensorium"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157075607780002069","external_links_name":"10.1163/157075607780002069"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2007.06.001","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.001"},{"Link":"http://wjchen.actinops.googlepages.com/He_et_al_2008_S7_Cyp.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF fulltext"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2007.00281.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00281.x"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202163358/http://research.amnh.org/ichthyology/staff/mljs/mljspubs/assets/Garra.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF fulltext"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2743695","external_links_name":"2743695"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=826617","external_links_name":"826617"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shackamaxon | Treaty of Shackamaxon | ["1 Description","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 39°57′58″N 75°07′44″W / 39.966°N 75.129°W / 39.966; -75.129Treaty signed by William Penn with the Lenni Lenape in 1682
Penn's Treaty with the Indians by Benjamin West, painted 1771/2.
The Treaty of Shackamaxon, also called the Great Treaty and Penn's Treaty, was a treaty between William Penn and Tamanend of the Lenape signed in 1682. Tamanend and Penn gifted each other and the people they represented with welcoming peace and friendship, vowing to "live together in peace as long as the creeks and rivers run and while the sun, moon, and stars endure."
Description
Birch's Views of Philadelphia, an 1800 portrait
The wampum belt given to William Penn by the Indians at the "Great Treaty" under the Shackamaxon elm tree, 1682
The site of the treaty was a meeting place that was used by the Lenape Native American tribe in North America. Situated near the Delaware River, this site was located within what now comprises the borders of present-day Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Its name was derived from the Lenape term "Sakimauchheen Ing" (pronounced Sak-i-mauch-heen Ing) which means "to make a chief or king place"; called "Shackamaxon" by the English, Dutch, and Swedes. It was where the Lenapi "crowned" their many family "sakima" (chief) or their three clan "kitakima" (big or clan chief) of the Lenape Nation. Others have interpreted the name to mean "the place of eels", which refers to it as being an important summer fishing spot for the Native Americans. The area is the modern neighborhoods of Fishtown, Kensington, and Port Richmond in Philadelphia.
William Penn, who purportedly did not arrive in North America until late October 1682, made a treaty with the Lenni Lenape under an ancient elm tree. Francis Jennings argues that William Penn very likely signed a treaty, but that his less scrupulous sons, William Jr., John, and Thomas, destroyed the original document. Through such means, according to Jennings, the younger Penns sought to renege on the treaty to which their father had agreed. Curators of the Philadelphia History Museum at Atwater Kent claim that a wampum belt in their possession serves as authentication that such a meeting did indeed take place; however, the wampum belt cannot prove or disprove whether the Lenni Lenape and the colony came to a formal agreement, and if so, what the provisions of such an agreement entailed.
The legend of such a treaty was immortalized in several works of art (in particular, Benjamin West's paintings) and was mentioned by the French author Voltaire. The legendary elm tree marking the spot blew down in a storm on March 5, 1810. Its location was memorialized by the placing of an obelisk in 1827 by the Penn Society. The event was further memorialized by the founding of a park in 1893, known as Penn Treaty Park.
Six Swedish families were recorded as living in this area before Penn's arrival. The Swedes sold out to the new English settlers. During the eighteenth century, the territory of Shackamaxon was developed as part of the Port Richmond, Fishtown, and Kensington sections of Philadelphia. Today, there is a Shackamaxon Street in Philadelphia, which runs several blocks through Fishtown.
The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission refers to the Shackamaxon treaty on its website.
See also
Philadelphia portal
References
^ "Respectfully Remembering the Affable One".
^ "Chief Tamanend". Upper Southampton Township. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
^ "Respectfully Remembering the Affable One". Hidden City Philadelphia. 2014-05-07. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
^ "Tamanend Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
^ "Peace Treaty - Penn Treaty Museum". 2014-01-08. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
^ "Friends of Tamanend - History". www.friendsoftamanend.org. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
^ "Introducing Rowan University's New Land Acknowledgement". sites.rowan.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
^ "Reconsidering Thanksgiving and Native American heritage". News. 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
^ https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/DRB-Restoration-Roadmap_Shad-River-Herring_2022.pdf
^ "Course Locations". Philadelphia Outward Bound School. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
^ "History | Rush Township". rushtownship.org. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
^ https://www.delawarenation-nsn.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Volume_8_Edition_4_Delaware_Nation_October_-November_-December_2023_Newspaper_website.pdf
^ "about". Hurleyville Arts Centre. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
^ "Home - MuOmicronChapter". thecircle.sigmanursing.org. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
^ "gilwell.com: the Lenape / English Dictionary". Retrieved 30 January 2017.
^ "gilwell.com: the Lenape / English Dictionary". Retrieved 30 January 2017.
^ Jennings, Francis (1975). The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism and the Cant of Conquest. W.W. Norton. p. 201. ISBN 0-393-00830-4.
^ "www.phmc.state.pa.us. Shackamaxon Treaty". Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2014-11-23.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Shackamaxon.
Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission: Shackamaxon Treaty history website.
Penn Treaty Museum
39°57′58″N 75°07′44″W / 39.966°N 75.129°W / 39.966; -75.129 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg"},{"link_name":"Penn's Treaty with the Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn%27s_Treaty_with_the_Indians"},{"link_name":"Benjamin West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_West"},{"link_name":"William Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn"},{"link_name":"Tamanend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamanend"},{"link_name":"Lenape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Treaty signed by William Penn with the Lenni Lenape in 1682Penn's Treaty with the Indians by Benjamin West, painted 1771/2.The Treaty of Shackamaxon, also called the Great Treaty and Penn's Treaty, was a treaty between William Penn and Tamanend of the Lenape signed in 1682.[1] Tamanend and Penn gifted each other and the people they represented with welcoming peace and friendship, vowing to \"live together in peace as long as the creeks and rivers run and while the sun, moon, and stars endure.\"[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]","title":"Treaty of Shackamaxon"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_%26_Port_of_Philadelphia_Birch%27s_Views_Frontispiece.jpg"},{"link_name":"Birch's Views of Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch%27s_Views_of_Philadelphia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_belt_of_wampum_delivered_by_the_Indians_to_William_Penn_at_the_%22Great_Treaty%22_(1682).jpg"},{"link_name":"wampum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampum"},{"link_name":"William Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn"},{"link_name":"Lenape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape"},{"link_name":"Native American tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Delaware River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"William Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Benjamin West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_West"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"Penn Treaty Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Treaty_Park"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedes"},{"link_name":"Port Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Richmond,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Fishtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishtown,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Historical_and_Museum_Commission"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Birch's Views of Philadelphia, an 1800 portraitThe wampum belt given to William Penn by the Indians at the \"Great Treaty\" under the Shackamaxon elm tree, 1682The site of the treaty was a meeting place that was used by the Lenape Native American tribe in North America. Situated near the Delaware River, this site was located within what now comprises the borders of present-day Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[15]Its name was derived from the Lenape term \"Sakimauchheen Ing\" (pronounced Sak-i-mauch-heen Ing) which means \"to make a chief or king place\"; called \"Shackamaxon\" by the English, Dutch, and Swedes. It was where the Lenapi \"crowned\" their many family \"sakima\" (chief) or their three clan \"kitakima\" (big or clan chief) of the Lenape Nation. Others have interpreted the name to mean \"the place of eels\", which refers to it as being an important summer fishing spot for the Native Americans. The area is the modern neighborhoods of Fishtown, Kensington, and Port Richmond in Philadelphia.[16]William Penn, who purportedly did not arrive in North America until late October 1682, made a treaty with the Lenni Lenape under an ancient elm tree. Francis Jennings argues that William Penn very likely signed a treaty, but that his less scrupulous sons, William Jr., John, and Thomas, destroyed the original document. Through such means, according to Jennings, the younger Penns sought to renege on the treaty to which their father had agreed.[17] Curators of the Philadelphia History Museum at Atwater Kent claim that a wampum belt in their possession serves as authentication that such a meeting did indeed take place; however, the wampum belt cannot prove or disprove whether the Lenni Lenape and the colony came to a formal agreement, and if so, what the provisions of such an agreement entailed.The legend of such a treaty was immortalized in several works of art (in particular, Benjamin West's paintings) and was mentioned by the French author Voltaire. The legendary elm tree marking the spot blew down in a storm on March 5, 1810. Its location was memorialized by the placing of an obelisk in 1827 by the Penn Society. The event was further memorialized by the founding of a park in 1893, known as Penn Treaty Park.Six Swedish families were recorded as living in this area before Penn's arrival. The Swedes sold out to the new English settlers. During the eighteenth century, the territory of Shackamaxon was developed as part of the Port Richmond, Fishtown, and Kensington sections of Philadelphia. Today, there is a Shackamaxon Street in Philadelphia, which runs several blocks through Fishtown.The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission refers to the Shackamaxon treaty on its website.[18]","title":"Description"}] | [{"image_text":"Penn's Treaty with the Indians by Benjamin West, painted 1771/2.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg"},{"image_text":"Birch's Views of Philadelphia, an 1800 portrait","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/City_%26_Port_of_Philadelphia_Birch%27s_Views_Frontispiece.jpg/220px-City_%26_Port_of_Philadelphia_Birch%27s_Views_Frontispiece.jpg"},{"image_text":"The wampum belt given to William Penn by the Indians at the \"Great Treaty\" under the Shackamaxon elm tree, 1682","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_belt_of_wampum_delivered_by_the_Indians_to_William_Penn_at_the_%22Great_Treaty%22_%281682%29.jpg/220px-The_belt_of_wampum_delivered_by_the_Indians_to_William_Penn_at_the_%22Great_Treaty%22_%281682%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Philadelphia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philadelphia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Respectfully Remembering the Affable One\".","urls":[{"url":"https://hiddencityphila.org/2014/05/respectfully-remembering-the-affable-one/","url_text":"\"Respectfully Remembering the Affable One\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chief Tamanend\". Upper Southampton Township. Retrieved 2024-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ustwp.org/government/boards-commissions/historical-advisory-board/chief-tamanend/","url_text":"\"Chief Tamanend\""}]},{"reference":"\"Respectfully Remembering the Affable One\". Hidden City Philadelphia. 2014-05-07. Retrieved 2024-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiddencityphila.org/2014/05/respectfully-remembering-the-affable-one/","url_text":"\"Respectfully Remembering the Affable One\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tamanend Historical Marker\". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=62016","url_text":"\"Tamanend Historical Marker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peace Treaty - Penn Treaty Museum\". 2014-01-08. Retrieved 2024-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://penntreatymuseum.org/history-2/peace-treaty/","url_text":"\"Peace Treaty - Penn Treaty Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Friends of Tamanend - History\". www.friendsoftamanend.org. Retrieved 2024-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.friendsoftamanend.org/history/","url_text":"\"Friends of Tamanend - History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introducing Rowan University's New Land Acknowledgement\". sites.rowan.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.rowan.edu/diversity-equity-inclusion/blog/2023/10/land-acknowledgement-2023.html","url_text":"\"Introducing Rowan University's New Land Acknowledgement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reconsidering Thanksgiving and Native American heritage\". News. 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2024-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.furman.edu/news/reconsidering-thanksgiving-and-native-american-heritage/","url_text":"\"Reconsidering Thanksgiving and Native American heritage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Course Locations\". Philadelphia Outward Bound School. Retrieved 2024-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://outwardboundphiladelphia.org/about/locations/","url_text":"\"Course Locations\""}]},{"reference":"\"History | Rush Township\". rushtownship.org. Retrieved 2024-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://rushtownship.org/about/history/","url_text":"\"History | Rush Township\""}]},{"reference":"\"about\". Hurleyville Arts Centre. Retrieved 2024-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://hpacny.org/about/","url_text":"\"about\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home - MuOmicronChapter\". thecircle.sigmanursing.org. Retrieved 2024-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://thecircle.sigmanursing.org/muomicronchapter/home","url_text":"\"Home - MuOmicronChapter\""}]},{"reference":"\"gilwell.com: the Lenape / English Dictionary\". Retrieved 30 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gilwell.com/lenape/s.htm","url_text":"\"gilwell.com: the Lenape / English Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"\"gilwell.com: the Lenape / English Dictionary\". Retrieved 30 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gilwell.com/lenape/s.htm","url_text":"\"gilwell.com: the Lenape / English Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"Jennings, Francis (1975). The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism and the Cant of Conquest. W.W. Norton. p. 201. ISBN 0-393-00830-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00830-4","url_text":"0-393-00830-4"}]},{"reference":"\"www.phmc.state.pa.us. Shackamaxon Treaty\". Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2014-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150813221855/http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/william_penn/13885","url_text":"\"www.phmc.state.pa.us. Shackamaxon Treaty\""},{"url":"http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/william_penn/13885","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Treaty_of_Shackamaxon¶ms=39.966_N_75.129_W_region:US-PA_type:landmark","external_links_name":"39°57′58″N 75°07′44″W / 39.966°N 75.129°W / 39.966; -75.129"},{"Link":"https://hiddencityphila.org/2014/05/respectfully-remembering-the-affable-one/","external_links_name":"\"Respectfully Remembering the Affable One\""},{"Link":"https://www.ustwp.org/government/boards-commissions/historical-advisory-board/chief-tamanend/","external_links_name":"\"Chief Tamanend\""},{"Link":"https://hiddencityphila.org/2014/05/respectfully-remembering-the-affable-one/","external_links_name":"\"Respectfully Remembering the Affable One\""},{"Link":"https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=62016","external_links_name":"\"Tamanend Historical Marker\""},{"Link":"https://penntreatymuseum.org/history-2/peace-treaty/","external_links_name":"\"Peace Treaty - Penn Treaty Museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.friendsoftamanend.org/history/","external_links_name":"\"Friends of Tamanend - History\""},{"Link":"https://sites.rowan.edu/diversity-equity-inclusion/blog/2023/10/land-acknowledgement-2023.html","external_links_name":"\"Introducing Rowan University's New Land Acknowledgement\""},{"Link":"https://www.furman.edu/news/reconsidering-thanksgiving-and-native-american-heritage/","external_links_name":"\"Reconsidering Thanksgiving and Native American heritage\""},{"Link":"https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/DRB-Restoration-Roadmap_Shad-River-Herring_2022.pdf","external_links_name":"https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/DRB-Restoration-Roadmap_Shad-River-Herring_2022.pdf"},{"Link":"https://outwardboundphiladelphia.org/about/locations/","external_links_name":"\"Course Locations\""},{"Link":"https://rushtownship.org/about/history/","external_links_name":"\"History | Rush Township\""},{"Link":"https://www.delawarenation-nsn.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Volume_8_Edition_4_Delaware_Nation_October_-November_-December_2023_Newspaper_website.pdf","external_links_name":"https://www.delawarenation-nsn.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Volume_8_Edition_4_Delaware_Nation_October_-November_-December_2023_Newspaper_website.pdf"},{"Link":"https://hpacny.org/about/","external_links_name":"\"about\""},{"Link":"https://thecircle.sigmanursing.org/muomicronchapter/home","external_links_name":"\"Home - MuOmicronChapter\""},{"Link":"http://www.gilwell.com/lenape/s.htm","external_links_name":"\"gilwell.com: the Lenape / English Dictionary\""},{"Link":"http://www.gilwell.com/lenape/s.htm","external_links_name":"\"gilwell.com: the Lenape / English Dictionary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150813221855/http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/william_penn/13885","external_links_name":"\"www.phmc.state.pa.us. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kirkby_(bishop_of_Ely) | John Kirkby (bishop of Ely) | ["1 Life","2 Citations","3 References"] | For other people with the same name, see John Kirkby (disambiguation).
John KirkbyBishop of ElyElected26 July 1286Installed24 December 1286PredecessorHugh de BalshamSuccessorWilliam of LouthOther post(s)Archdeacon of CoventryOrdersOrdination22 September 1286Consecration22 September 1286by John PeckhamPersonal detailsDied26 March 1290ElyBuriedEly CathedralDenominationCatholicTreasurerIn officeJanuary 1284 – 26 March 1290MonarchEdward I of EnglandPreceded byRichard WareSucceeded byWilliam of March
John Kirkby (died 26 March 1290) was an English ecclesiastic and statesman.
Life
Kirkby first appears in the historical record in the chancery during the reign of King Henry III of England. When Henry's son Edward I came to the throne, Kirkby was given the title vice-chancellor, because he often had custody of the Great Seal when the Chancellor, Robert Burnell, was absent from England. Often considered Burnell's protégé, Edward used Kirkby in 1282 as a collector of moneys for the king's Welsh campaigns. Edward rewarded him with a number of benefices, although Kirkby had not yet been ordained a priest. One such benefice was Archdeacon of Coventry.
Kirkby was Lord Treasurer from January 1284 to his death. Kirkby was probably behind the reforms that took place in the treasury and exchequer. Book-keeping methods were updated, information on sources of income improved, and efforts to collect debts to the crown intensified. Kirkby's Quest is the name given to a survey of various English counties which was made under Kirkby's direction in 1285 as part of this effort. The inquest investigated debts owed to the king, the status of vills, and the holding of knight's fees. Also in 1285, Edward I appointed Kirkby to oversee a judicial commission investigating disorder in London. Kirkby summoned the lord mayor and the aldermen of London to the Tower of London to appear before the commission. When the lord mayor of London resigned in protest at Kirkby's summons, Kirkby occupied the city and no lord mayor took office until 1298.
In 1283 Kirkby was elected Bishop of Rochester, but the Archbishop of Canterbury, John Peckham, opposed the appointment and Kirkby did not become bishop there. Pecham objected to his being bishop of Rochester because Kirkby was a pluralist. On 26 July 1286 he was elected Bishop of Ely, and was ordained as a priest and then consecrated on 22 September 1286 by Peckham, who did not object on pluralism grounds this time. He was enthroned at Ely Cathedral on 24 December 1286.
Kirkby died at Ely on 26 March 1290, after a botched attempt to bleed him. He was buried in Ely Cathedral. When he died, he left a brother Sir William (died without issue 1302) as his heir and four married sisters (Margarite, Alice, Mabell and Maud). Kirkby was a benefactor to his see, to which he left some property in London, including Ely Place. A marble tomb slab, now located in the north choir aisle, may possibly be from his tomb.
Citations
^ a b c Prestwich "Kirkby, John" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
^ Prestwich Edward I p. 234
^ Prestwich Edward I p. 238
^ a b Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 104
^ Prestwich Edward I pp. 241–242
^ Prestwich Edward I pp. 236–237
^ Prestwich Edward I p. 265
^ Greenway Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces): Rochester: Bishops Archived 14 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Prestwich Edward I pp. 234–235
^ Greenway Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces): Ely: Bishops Archived 14 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 244
^ Prestwich Edward I p. 343
^ Vincent's Visitation of the County of Leicestershire 1619
^ Sayers "Once 'Proud Prelate'" Journal of the British Archaeological Association p. 80-84
References
Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
Greenway, Diana E. (1971). "Ely: Bishops". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300. Vol. 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces). Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
Greenway, Diana E. (1971). "Rochester: Bishops". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300. Vol. 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces). Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
Prestwich, Michael (1997). Edward I. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07157-4.
Prestwich, Michael (2004). "Kirkby, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15655. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Sayers, Jane (2009). "A Once Proud Prelate: An Unidentified Episcopal Monument in Ely Cathedral". Journal of the British Archaeological Association. 162: 67–87. doi:10.1179/006812809x12448232842376.
Political offices
Preceded byRichard Ware
Lord Treasurer 1284–1290
Succeeded byWilliam of March
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byJohn Bradfield
Bishop of Rochesterrefused election 1283
Succeeded byThomas Ingoldsthorpe
Preceded byHugh de Balsham
Bishop of Ely 1286–1290
Succeeded byWilliam of Louth
vteBishops of RochesterPre-Conquest
Justus
Romanus
Paulinus of York
Ithamar
Damianus
Putta
Cwichelm
Gebmund
Tobias
Aldwulf
Dunn
Eardwulf
Diora
Waermund (I)
Beornmod
Tatnoth
Badenoth
Waermund (II)
Cuthwulf
Swithwulf
Ceolmund
Cyneferth
Burgric
Beorhtsige
Ælfstan
Godwine (I)
Godwine (II)
Siward
Conquest toReformation
Arnost
Gundulf
Ralph d'Escures
Ernulf
John (I)
John (II)
Ascelin
Walter
Waleran
Gilbert Glanvill
Benedict of Sausetun
Henry Sandford
Richard Wendene
Lawrence of St Martin
Walter de Merton
John Bradfield
John Kirkby
Thomas Ingoldsthorpe
Thomas Wouldham
Hamo Hethe
John Sheppey
William Whittlesey
Thomas Trilleck
Thomas Brinton
William Bottlesham
John Bottlesham
Richard Young
John Kemp
John Langdon
Thomas Brunce
William Wells
John Low
Thomas Rotherham
John Alcock
John Russell
Edmund Audley
Thomas Savage
Richard FitzJames
John Fisher
Post-Reformation
John Hilsey
Nicholas Heath
Henry Holbeach
Nicholas Ridley
John Ponet
John Scory
Maurice Griffith
Edmund Allen
Edmund Gheast
Edmund Freke
John Piers
John Young
William Barlow
Richard Neile
John Buckeridge
Walter Curle
John Bowle
John Warner
Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth)
John Warner
John Dolben
Francis Turner
Thomas Sprat
Francis Atterbury
Samuel Bradford
Joseph Wilcocks
Zachary Pearce
John Thomas
Samuel Horsley
Thomas Dampier
Walker King
Hugh Percy
George Murray
Joseph Wigram
Thomas Legh Claughton
Anthony Thorold
Randall Davidson
Edward Talbot
John Harmer
Linton Smith
Christopher Chavasse
David Say
Michael Turnbull
Michael Nazir-Ali
James Langstaff
Jonathan Gibbs
vteBishops of ElyHigh Medieval
Hervey le Breton
Nigel
Geoffrey Ridel
William de Longchamp
Eustace
Robert of York
John of Fountains
Geoffrey de Burgh
Hugh of Northwold
William of Kilkenny
Hugh de Balsham
John Kirkby
William of Louth
John Salmon/John Langton
Ralph Walpole
Late Medieval
Robert Orford
John Ketton
John Hotham
Simon Montacute
Thomas de Lisle
Simon Langham
John Barnet
Thomas Arundel
John Fordham
Philip Morgan
Lewis of Luxembourg
Thomas Bourchier
William Grey
John Morton
John Alcock
Early modern
Richard Redman
James Stanley
Nicholas West
Thomas Goodrich
Thomas Thirlby
Richard Cox
Martin Heton
Lancelot Andrewes
Nicholas Felton
John Buckeridge
Francis White
Matthew Wren
Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth)
Matthew Wren
Benjamin Lany
Peter Gunning
Francis Turner
Simon Patrick
John Moore
William Fleetwood
Thomas Green
Robert Butts
Thomas Gooch
Matthias Mawson
Edmund Keene
James Yorke
Late modern
Thomas Dampier
Bowyer Sparke
Joseph Allen
Thomas Turton
Harold Browne
James Woodford
Lord Alwyne Compton
Frederic Chase
Leonard White-Thomson
Bernard Heywood
Edward Wynn
Noel Hudson
Edward Roberts
Peter Walker
Stephen Sykes
Anthony Russell
Stephen Conway
vteEnglish Lord High Treasurers under the House of Plantagenet (1216–1399)Henry III(1216–1272)
Eustace of Fauconberg (1217–1228)
Walter Mauclerk (1228–1233)
Peter de Rivaux (1233–1234)
Hugh de Pateshull (1234–1240)
William Haverhill (1240–1252)
Philip Lovel (1252–1258)
John Crakehall (1258–1260)
John of Caux (1260–1263)
Nicholas of Ely (May–July 1263)
Henry, Prior of St. Radegund (July–November 1263)
John Chishull (November 1263)
Roger de la Leye (November 1263–1264)
Henry, Prior of St. Radegund (1264–1265)
Thomas Wymondham (1265–1270)
John Chishull (1270–1271)
Philip of Eye (1271–1272)
Edward I(1272–1307)
Philip of Eye (1272–1273)
Sir Joseph of Chauncy (1273–1280)
Richard of Ware (1280–1283)
John Kirkby (1284–1290)
William of March (1290–1295)
John Droxford (August–September 1295)
Walter Langton (1295–1307)
Edward II(1307–1327)
Walter Reynolds (1307–1310)
John Sandale (1310–1311)
Walter Norwich (1311–1312)
Walter Langton (January–May 1312)
Walter Norwich (May–October 1312)
John Sandale (October 1312–1314)
Walter Norwich (1314–1317)
John Hotham (1317–June 1318)
John Walwayn (June–November 1318)
John Sandale (November 1318–1319)
Walter Norwich (1319–1320)
Walter de Stapledon (1320–1321)
Walter Norwich (1321–1322)
Walter de Stapledon (1322–1325)
William Melton (1325–1326)
John de Stratford (1326–January 1327)
Edward III(1327–1377)
Adam Orleton (January–March 1327)
Henry Burghersh (1327–1328)
Thomas Charlton (1328–1329)
Robert Wodehouse (1329–1330)
William Melton (1330–1331)
William Ayermin (1331–1332)
Robert Ayleston (1332–1334)
Richard de Bury (March–August 1334)
Henry Burghersh (August 1334–1337)
William Zouche (1337–1338)
Robert Wodehouse (March–December 1338)
William Zouche (December 1338–May 1340)
Sir Robert Sadington (May–June 1340)
Roger Northburgh (June–December 1340)
Sir Robert Parning (January–October 1341)
William Cusance (October 1341–1344)
William Edington (1344–1356)
John Sheppey (1356–1360)
Simon Langham (1360–1363)
John Barnet (1363–1369)
Thomas de Brantingham (1369–1371)
1st Baron Scrope of Bolton (1371–1375)
Sir Robert de Ashton (1375–January 1377)
Henry Wakefield (January–July 1377)
Richard II(1377–1399)
Thomas de Brantingham (July 1377–February 1381)
Sir Robert Hales (February–June 1381)
Sir Hugh Segrave (August 1381–January 1386)
John Fordham (January–October 1386)
John Gilbert (October 1386–May 1389)
Thomas de Brantingham (May–August 1389)
John Gilbert (August 1389–1391)
John Waltham (1391–1395)
Roger Walden (1395–January 1398)
Guy Mone (January–September 1398)
William Scrope, Earl of Wiltshire (September 1398–July 1399)
13th-century Bishop of Ely and Treasurer of England | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Kirkby (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kirkby_(disambiguation)"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see John Kirkby (disambiguation).John Kirkby (died 26 March 1290) was an English ecclesiastic and statesman.","title":"John Kirkby (bishop of Ely)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chancery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Chancery"},{"link_name":"Henry III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Great Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Robert Burnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burnell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdwardI234-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdwardI238-3"},{"link_name":"benefices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Coventry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook104-4"},{"link_name":"Lord Treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Treasurer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook104-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdwardI241-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdwardI236-6"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdwardI265-7"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"John Peckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peckham"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHORoch-8"},{"link_name":"pluralist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_pluralism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edward235-9"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ely"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edward235-9"},{"link_name":"Ely Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHOEly-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook244-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdwardI343-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tomb80-14"}],"text":"Kirkby first appears in the historical record in the chancery during the reign of King Henry III of England. When Henry's son Edward I came to the throne, Kirkby was given the title vice-chancellor, because he often had custody of the Great Seal when the Chancellor, Robert Burnell, was absent from England.[1] Often considered Burnell's protégé,[2] Edward used Kirkby in 1282 as a collector of moneys for the king's Welsh campaigns.[3] Edward rewarded him with a number of benefices, although Kirkby had not yet been ordained a priest.[1] One such benefice was Archdeacon of Coventry.[4]Kirkby was Lord Treasurer from January 1284 to his death.[4] Kirkby was probably behind the reforms that took place in the treasury and exchequer. Book-keeping methods were updated, information on sources of income improved, and efforts to collect debts to the crown intensified.[5] Kirkby's Quest is the name given to a survey of various English counties which was made under Kirkby's direction in 1285 as part of this effort. The inquest investigated debts owed to the king, the status of vills, and the holding of knight's fees.[6] Also in 1285, Edward I appointed Kirkby to oversee a judicial commission investigating disorder in London. Kirkby summoned the lord mayor and the aldermen of London to the Tower of London to appear before the commission. When the lord mayor of London resigned in protest at Kirkby's summons, Kirkby occupied the city and no lord mayor took office until 1298.[7]In 1283 Kirkby was elected Bishop of Rochester, but the Archbishop of Canterbury, John Peckham, opposed the appointment and Kirkby did not become bishop there.[8] Pecham objected to his being bishop of Rochester because Kirkby was a pluralist.[9] On 26 July 1286 he was elected Bishop of Ely, and was ordained as a priest and then consecrated on 22 September 1286 by Peckham, who did not object on pluralism grounds this time.[9] He was enthroned at Ely Cathedral on 24 December 1286.[10]Kirkby died at Ely on 26 March 1290,[11] after a botched attempt to bleed him.[12] He was buried in Ely Cathedral. When he died, he left a brother Sir William (died without issue 1302) as his heir and four married sisters (Margarite, Alice, Mabell and Maud).[13] Kirkby was a benefactor to his see, to which he left some property in London, including Ely Place.[1] A marble tomb slab, now located in the north choir aisle, may possibly be from his tomb.[14]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EdwardI234_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EdwardI238_3-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handbook104_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handbook104_4-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EdwardI241_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EdwardI236_6-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EdwardI265_7-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BHORoch_8-0"},{"link_name":"Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces): Rochester: Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33873"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120214055622/http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33873"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Edward235_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Edward235_9-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BHOEly_10-0"},{"link_name":"Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces): Ely: Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33863"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120214055546/http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33863"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handbook244_11-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EdwardI343_12-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tomb80_14-0"}],"text":"^ a b c Prestwich \"Kirkby, John\" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\n\n^ Prestwich Edward I p. 234\n\n^ Prestwich Edward I p. 238\n\n^ a b Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 104\n\n^ Prestwich Edward I pp. 241–242\n\n^ Prestwich Edward I pp. 236–237\n\n^ Prestwich Edward I p. 265\n\n^ Greenway Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces): Rochester: Bishops Archived 14 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ a b Prestwich Edward I pp. 234–235\n\n^ Greenway Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces): Ely: Bishops Archived 14 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 244\n\n^ Prestwich Edward I p. 343\n\n^ Vincent's Visitation of the County of Leicestershire 1619\n\n^ Sayers \"Once 'Proud Prelate'\" Journal of the British Archaeological Association p. 80-84","title":"Citations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X","url_text":"0-521-56350-X"}]},{"reference":"Greenway, Diana E. (1971). \"Ely: Bishops\". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300. Vol. 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces). Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120214055546/http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33863","url_text":"\"Ely: Bishops\""},{"url":"http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33863","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Greenway, Diana E. (1971). \"Rochester: Bishops\". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300. Vol. 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces). Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120214055622/http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33873","url_text":"\"Rochester: Bishops\""},{"url":"http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33873","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Prestwich, Michael (1997). Edward I. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07157-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Prestwich","url_text":"Prestwich, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07157-4","url_text":"0-300-07157-4"}]},{"reference":"Prestwich, Michael (2004). \"Kirkby, John\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15655.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Prestwich","url_text":"Prestwich, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F15655","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/15655"}]},{"reference":"Sayers, Jane (2009). \"A Once Proud Prelate: An Unidentified Episcopal Monument in Ely Cathedral\". Journal of the British Archaeological Association. 162: 67–87. doi:10.1179/006812809x12448232842376.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2F006812809x12448232842376","url_text":"10.1179/006812809x12448232842376"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33873","external_links_name":"Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces): Rochester: Bishops"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120214055622/http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33873","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33863","external_links_name":"Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces): Ely: Bishops"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120214055546/http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33863","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120214055546/http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33863","external_links_name":"\"Ely: Bishops\""},{"Link":"http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33863","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120214055622/http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33873","external_links_name":"\"Rochester: Bishops\""},{"Link":"http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33873","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F15655","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/15655"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2F006812809x12448232842376","external_links_name":"10.1179/006812809x12448232842376"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga_FC | Riga FC | ["1 History","1.1 Domestic","1.2 European","2 Honours","3 Kits","3.1 Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors","4 Players","4.1 Current squad","4.2 Other players under contract","4.3 Out on loan","4.4 Captains","5 Current staff","6 Current board","7 Controversies","8 Notable players","9 Former managers","10 Player records","10.1 Top goalscorers","10.2 Most appearances","11 Notes","12 References","13 External links"] | Latvian football club
Not to be confused with FK Rīga.
Football clubRiga FCFull nameRiga Football ClubFounded30 April 2014; 10 years ago (2014-04-30)GroundSkonto StadiumCapacity8,087ChairmanAleksandrs ProņinsManagerSimo ValakariLeagueVirslīga2023Virslīga, 2nd of 10WebsiteClub website
Home colours
Away colours
Third colours
Riga Football Club, commonly referred to as Riga FC, is a Latvian football club, founded in 2014. The club is based at the Skonto Stadium in Riga. Since 2016, the club has been playing in the Virslīga.
History
The club was officially registered in April 2014. The team was established before the 2015 season after a merger of two Riga based teams – FC Caramba and Dinamo Rīga. In the 2015 season, under the name FC Caramba/Dinamo, the team played in the Latvian First League by using the licence received by FC Caramba, an unrelated team founded by future FK RFS co-founder Maksims Krivuņecs, which had won promotion to the 1. līga after winning the Latvian Second League in 2014. After winning the 2015 First League and earning promotion to the Higher League, the club changed its name to Riga FC.
In 2017, Riga FC acquired the Šitiks Football Academy (Šitika FA), founded in 2001 by Genādijs Šitiks, and operates as one of its youth academies, Riga FC Academy.
In 2018, the Ukrainian Viktor Skrypnyk was appointed as coach. He managed to lead the club to two Latvian Higher Leagues in 2018, 2019 and the Latvian Football Cup in 2018.
Ukrainian manager Viktor Skrypnyk has won the first ever Virslīga title in the club's history.
Domestic
Season
Division (Name)
Pos./Teams
Pl.
W
D
L
GS
GA
P
Latvian Football Cup
Top Scorer (League)
Manager
2015
2nd
1/(16)
30
27
3
0
142
14
84
Round of 16
Verners Apiņš – 31
Mihails Koņevs
2016
1st
5/(8)
28
8
12
8
28
24
36
Runner-up
Roberts Savaļnieks Yōsuke Saitō – 5
Kiril Kurbatov Dmitri Khomukha Vladimir Volchek
2017
1st
3/(7)
24
10
7
7
28
20
37
Runner-up
Bogdan Vaštšuk – 8
Vladimir Volchek Mihails Koņevs Yevgeny Perevertaylo Slaviša Stojanovič
2018
1st
1/(8)
28
20
4
4
45
16
64
Winner
Darko Lemajić – 15
Goce Sedloski Mihails Koņevs Viktor Skrypnyk
2019
1st
1/(9)
32
20
6
6
59
21
66
Semi-Finals
Roman Debelko – 7
Luís Berkemeier Pimenta Oleg Kubarev Mihails Koņevs
2020
1st
1/(10)
27
23
0
4
60
21
69
Quarter-finals
Kule Mbombo – 12
Oleg Kononov Mihails Koņevs
2021
1st
4/(9)
28
14
8
6
54
26
50
Semifinals
Stefan Milošević – 13
Denis Laktionov Kristaps Blanks Andris Rihters Sashko Poposki
2022
1st
2/(10)
36
26
3
7
68
23
81
Round of 16
Marcelo Torres – 11
Thorsten Fink Kristaps Blanks Sandro Perković
2023
1st
2/(10)
36
27
7
2
89
21
88
Winner
Marko Regža – 19
Tomislav Stipić
European
Fully up to date as of 17 August 2023
Competition
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
UEFA Champions League
5
0
3
2
1
4
–3
UEFA Europa League
10
4
2
4
11
12
–1
UEFA Europa Conference League
18
9
2
7
25
21
+4
Total
33
13
7
13
37
37
0
Season
Competition
Round
Club
Home
Away
Agg.
2018–19
UEFA Europa League
1QR
CSKA Sofia
1−0
0−1
1−1
2019–20
UEFA Champions League
1QR
Dundalk
0−0
0−0
0−0
UEFA Europa League
2QR
Piast Gliwice
2−1
2−3
4−4 (a)
3QR
HJK
1−1
2−2
3−3 (a)
PO
Copenhagen
1−0
1−3
2−3
2020–21
UEFA Champions League
1QR
Maccabi Tel Aviv
—
0−2
—
UEFA Europa League
2QR
Tre Fiori
1−0
—
—
3QR
Celtic
0−1
—
—
2021–22
UEFA Champions League
1QR
Malmö
1−1
0−1
1−2
UEFA Europa Conference League
2QR
Shkëndija
2−0
1−0
3−0
3QR
Hibernians
0−1
4−1 (a.e.t.)
4−2
PO
Lincoln Red Imps
1−1
1−3 (a.e.t.)
2−4
2022–23
UEFA Europa Conference League
1QR
Derry City
2−0
2−0
4−0
2QR
Ružomberok
2−1
3−0
5−1
3QR
Gil Vicente
1−1
0−4
1−5
2023–24
UEFA Europa Conference League
1QR
Víkingur Reykjavík
2−0
0−1
2−1
2QR
Kecskemét
3−1 (a.e.t.)
1−2
4−3
3QR
Twente
0−3
0−2
0−5
2024–25
UEFA Conference League
2QR
Śląsk Wrocław
Notes
1QR: First qualifying round
2QR: Second qualifying round
3QR: Third qualifying round
PO: Play-off round
Honours
Latvian Higher League
Champions: 2018, 2019, 2020
Runners-up: 2022, 2023
Latvian Cup
Winners: 2018, 2023
Runners-up: 2016–17, 2017
Latvian First League
Champions: 2015
Kits
Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors
Period
Kit manufacturer
Shirt sponsor
2015
Adidas
—
2016
Jako
—
2017
Marine Service Group
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2016
2017–18
2019
2020–22
2016
2017
2018–19
2020–22
2021–22
Players
Current squad
As of 16 March
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
1
GK
LVA
Rihards Matrevics
3
DF
SEN
El Bachir Ngom
6
MF
LVA
Tomašs Mickēvičs
7
MF
ARG
Brian Orosco (on loan from Estudiantes de La Plata)
8
MF
SRB
Miloš Jojić (captain)
11
MF
ESP
Brian Peña
12
GK
LVA
Kristaps Zommers
13
DF
LVA
Raivis Jurkovskis
14
MF
CRO
Hrvoje Babec
15
DF
CRO
Petar Bosančić
16
GK
LVA
Nils Toms Puriņš
17
MF
NGA
Olabanjo Ogunji
18
FW
LVA
Marko Regža
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
19
FW
NGA
Abdulrahman Taiwo
20
MF
ARG
Gonzalo Muscia
21
DF
GHA
Baba Musah
22
MF
SEN
Ousseynou Niang
23
MF
LVA
Eduards Dašķevičs
24
MF
PER
Luis Iberico
25
DF
COD
Ngonda Muzinga
32
MF
BRA
Lucas Cardoso
33
DF
LVA
Kirils Iljins
34
DF
LVA
Antonijs Černomordijs
35
DF
ARG
Iván Erquiaga
77
MF
COD
Gauthier Mankenda
93
MF
FRA
Kemelho Nguena
Other players under contract
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
9
FW
CRC
Anthony Contreras (on loan at Pafos)
—
FW
BFA
Ousmane Camara (on loan at Auda)
—
FW
UKR
Maksym Parkhomenko (on loan at Tukums 2000)
Captains
Season
Pos.
Captain
2016
MF
Oļegs Laizāns
2017
DF
Kaspars Gorkšs
2018
DF
Volodymyr Bayenko
2019
MF
Aleksejs Višņakovs
2020
MF
Stefan Panić
2021
DF
Antonijs Černomordijs
2022
2023
MF
Miloš Jojić
Current staff
As of 14 December 2023
Coaches
Position
Name
Head coach
Simo Valakari
Assistant coach
Vjekoslav Miletić
Coach
Sergejs Kožans
Coach
Kristaps Blanks
Goalkeeper coach
Goran Brašnić
Fitness coach
Milenko Kumić
Physiotherapist
Roberts Krčmar
Medical department
Position
Name
Doctor
Viktors Simanovičs
Doctor
Rolands Brencāns
Current board
As of 13 March 2021
Management and administration
Position
Name
Director-General
Aleksandrs Proņins
Sport director
Aleksandrs Romašins
Executive director
Romāns Lajuks
Administrator
Deniss Čerņikovs
Press officer
Krišs Upenieks
Creative director
Sergejs Sobolevs
Project manager
Andrejs Kaješovs
Photographer
Zigismunds Zālmanis
Video operator
Andrejs Guļko
Controversies
In 2020, it was reported that Russian businessman Sergey Lomakin, the owner of Riga FC, was included in Latvia's persona non grata list. This was denied by the board of the club.
Notable players
Latvia
Kristaps Blanks
Boriss Bogdaškins
Antonijs Černomordijs
Vladislavs Fjodorovs
Vladislavs Gabovs
Kaspars Gorkšs
Vadims Gospodars
Vladimirs Kamešs
Artūrs Karašausks
Andrejs Kovaļovs
Sergejs Kožans
Antons Kurakins
Oļegs Laizāns
Ivans Lukjanovs
Germans Māliņš
Roberts Ozols
Andrejs Perepļotkins
Armands Pētersons
Ēriks Punculs
Deniss Rakels
Deniss Romanovs
Ritvars Rugins
Roberts Savaļnieks
Vitālijs Smirnovs
Elvis Stuglis
Valērijs Šabala
Oļegs Timofejevs
Daniils Turkovs
Maksims Uvarenko
Aleksejs Višņakovs
Artūrs Zjuzins
Europe
Herdi Prenga
Edgar Babayan
Adnan Šećerović
Ivan Brkić
Ivan Paurević
Tomislav Šarić
Jakub Hora
Bogdan Vaštšuk
Mikael Soisalo
Davit Skhirtladze
Giorgos Valerianos
Thanos Petsos
Kévin Bérigaud
Joël Bopesu
Jean-Baptiste Léo
Axel Óskar Andrésson
Stefan Ljubicic
Besar Halimi
Egzon Belica
Stefan Milošević
Milan Vušurović
Abdisalam Ibrahim
Kamil Biliński
Pedrinho
Talocha
Khyzyr Appayev
Vitaliy Fedotov
Vladislav Khatazhyonkov
Denis Kniga
Ivan Knyazev
Stanislav Krapukhin
Ivan Sergeyev
Sergei Shumeyko
Danila Yanov
Ivan Yenin
Dušan Brković
Marko Đurišić
Darko Lemajić
Mario Maslać
Stefan Panić
Nedeljko Piščević
Miloš Vranjanin
Rene Mihelič
Doug Bergqvist
Volodymyr Bayenko
Roman Debelko
Oleksandr Filippov
Vladlen Yurchenko
Valeriy Fedorchuk
Bohdan Kovalenko
Ihor Lytovka
Myroslav Slavov
Vyacheslav Sharpar
Yuriy Vakulko
Serhiy Zahynaylov
Pavlo Fedosov
Africa
Aristide Bancé
Gaël Etock
Kule Mbombo
Ngonda Muzinga
Jordan Nkololo
David Addy
Joselpho Barnes
Karim Loukili
George Davies
John Kamara
Asia
Yōsuke Saitō
Minori Sato
South America
Federico Bravo
Marcelo Torres
Felipe Brisola
Dário
Stênio Júnior
Wesley Natã
Thiago Primão
Gabriel Ramos
Roger
Lipe Veloso
Brayan Angulo
Juan Camilo Saiz
Former managers
Coach
Period
MajorTitles
Domestic
from
until
days
LČ
LK
1L
Mihails Koņevs
1 March 2015
30 November 2015
274
1
–
–
1
Kiril Kurbatov
1 January 2016
10 April 2016
100
–
–
–
–
Dmitri Khomukha
11 April 2016
9 August 2016
120
–
–
–
–
Vladimir Volchek
12 August 2016
19 April 2017
250
–
–
–
–
Mihails Koņevs (caretaker)
20 April 2017
11 May 2017
21
–
–
–
–
Yevgeny Perevertaylo
12 May 2017
29 July 2017
78
–
–
–
–
Slaviša Stojanović
30 July 2017
31 December 2017
154
–
–
–
–
Goce Sedloski
27 January 2018
25 May 2018
118
–
–
–
–
Mihails Koņevs (caretaker)
26 May 2018
4 July 2018
39
–
–
–
–
Viktor Skrypnyk
5 July 2018
31 January 2019
210
2
1
1
–
Luís Berkemeier Pimenta
5 February 2019
2 March 2019
25
–
–
–
–
Mihails Koņevs (caretaker)
3 March 2019
27 March 2019
24
–
–
–
–
Oleg Kubarev
28 March 2019
26 April 2019
29
–
–
–
–
Mihails Koņevs
27 April 2019
5 February 2020
284
1
1
–
–
Oleg Kononov
5 February 2020
11 November 2020
280
–
–
–
–
Mihails Koņevs (caretaker)
12 November 2020
31 December 2020
49
1
1
–
–
Denis Laktionov
1 January 2021
25 May 2021
144
–
–
–
–
Kristaps Blanks (caretaker)
27 May 2021
8 June 2021
12
–
–
–
–
Andris Rihters
9 June 2021
10 September 2021
93
–
–
–
–
Sashko Poposki (caretaker)
12 September 2021
30 November 2021
79
–
–
–
–
Thorsten Fink
4 January 2022
16 May 2022
132
–
–
–
–
Kristaps Blanks (caretaker)
16 May 2022
7 June 2022
22
–
–
–
–
Sandro Perković
7 June 2022
7 January 2023
214
–
–
–
–
Tomislav Stipić
7 January 2023
13 December 2023
340
1
–
1
–
Simo Valakari
14 December 2023
present
188
–
–
-
–
Player records
Top goalscorers
As of 11 November 2023
#
Name
Years
League
Cup
Europe
Total
1
Darko Lemajić
2017 – 2019
23
3
0
26
2
Marko Regža
2023 – present
19
1
1
21
3
Mikael Soisalo
2021 – 2023
16
0
3
19
4
Felipe Brisola
2018 – 2021
15
2
1
18
5
Douglas Aurélio
2022 – present
13
1
3
17
6
Gabriel Ramos
2021 – 2022
12
0
3
15
Stefan Milošević
2020 – 2021
15
0
0
15
8
Kamil Biliński
2018 – 2019
7
5
2
14
Roman Debelko
2019 – 2020
11
0
3
14
10
Marcelo Torres
2022 – 2022
11
0
1
12
Bold signifies a current Riga FC player
Most appearances
As of 30 November 2021
#
Name
Years
League
Cup
Europe
Total
1
Armands Pētersons
2016 – present
117
11
17
145
2
Antonijs Černomordijs
2016 – 2017 2018 – present
96
9
15
120
3
Oļegs Laizāns
2016 – 2021
96
13
8
117
4
Roberts Ozols
2015 – present
88
12
15
115
5
Antons Kurakins
2017 – present
86
15
2
103
Bold signifies a current Riga FC player
Notes
^ Lost 5−3 on Penalty shootout.
^ Lost 5−4 on Penalty shootout.
References
^ LURSOFT (2019-04-01). "Riga Football Club , 40008223802 - company data". Lursoft. Archived from the original on 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
^ Novickis, Edmunds (2016-02-26). "Virslīgas kluba RFS pārstāvji ar entuziasmu: "Šis projekts 100% ir ilgtermiņa!"" . Sportacentrs.com (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-01-26.
^ ""Caramba/Dinamo" pārmaiņas: jauns treneris, cits nosaukums un stadions". sportacentrs.com (in Latvian). 22 December 2015. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
^ "Genādija Šitika trešais cikls". Sporto (in Latvian). Retrieved 2023-10-18.
^ "Par mums – Riga Football Club Academy". Retrieved 2023-10-18.
^ "Komanda" (in Latvian). Riga FC. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
^ "Coaches and staff - Riga Football Club". www.rigafc.lv. Archived from the original on 2021-07-18. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
^ "Coaches and staff – Riga FC". Riga FC. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
^ "Management and administration – Riga FC". Riga FC. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
^ "Pēdējo gadu Latvijas spēcīgākās futbola komandas īpašnieks iekļauts valstij nevēlamo personu sarakstā". Jauns.lv (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-02-20.
^ курс, The Baltic Course-Балтийский. "Latvian football club Riga owner Lomakin included on persona non grata list". The Baltic Course | Baltic States news & analytics. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
External links
Official website
Official Latvia Higher Football League website (in Latvian)
vte2024 Latvian Higher League
Auda
Daugavpils
Grobiņas
Jelgava
Liepāja
Metta
RFS
Riga
Tukums 2000
Valmiera | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FK Rīga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_R%C4%ABga"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Skonto Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skonto_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"Virslīga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Higher_League"}],"text":"Not to be confused with FK Rīga.Football clubRiga Football Club, commonly referred to as Riga FC, is a Latvian football club, founded in 2014. The club is based at the Skonto Stadium in Riga. Since 2016, the club has been playing in the Virslīga.","title":"Riga FC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Latvian_First_League"},{"link_name":"Latvian First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_First_League"},{"link_name":"FK RFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_RFS"},{"link_name":"Maksims Krivuņecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maksims_Krivu%C5%86ecs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Latvian Second League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Second_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Šitika FA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFK_United"},{"link_name":"Genādijs Šitiks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C4%81dijs_%C5%A0itiks"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Viktor Skrypnyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Skrypnyk"},{"link_name":"Latvian Higher Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"Latvian Football Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viktor_Skripnik.jpg"},{"link_name":"Viktor Skrypnyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Skrypnyk"},{"link_name":"Virslīga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Higher_League"}],"text":"The club was officially registered in April 2014.[1] The team was established before the 2015 season after a merger of two Riga based teams – FC Caramba and Dinamo Rīga. In the 2015 season, under the name FC Caramba/Dinamo, the team played in the Latvian First League by using the licence received by FC Caramba, an unrelated team founded by future FK RFS co-founder Maksims Krivuņecs, which had won promotion to the 1. līga after winning the Latvian Second League in 2014.[2] After winning the 2015 First League and earning promotion to the Higher League, the club changed its name to Riga FC.[3]In 2017, Riga FC acquired the Šitiks Football Academy (Šitika FA), founded in 2001 by Genādijs Šitiks, and operates as one of its youth academies, Riga FC Academy.[4][5]In 2018, the Ukrainian Viktor Skrypnyk was appointed as coach. He managed to lead the club to two Latvian Higher Leagues in 2018, 2019 and the Latvian Football Cup in 2018.Ukrainian manager Viktor Skrypnyk has won the first ever Virslīga title in the club's history.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Domestic","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"European","text":"Fully up to date as of 17 August 2023Notes1QR: First qualifying round\n2QR: Second qualifying round\n3QR: Third qualifying round\nPO: Play-off round","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latvian Higher League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"Latvian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"Latvian First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_First_League"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Latvian_First_League"}],"text":"Latvian Higher League\nChampions: 2018, 2019, 2020\nRunners-up: 2022, 2023\nLatvian Cup\nWinners: 2018, 2023\nRunners-up: 2016–17, 2017\nLatvian First League\nChampions: 2015","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kits"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors","text":"2016\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017–18\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2019\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2020–222016\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2018–19\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2020–22\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2021–22","title":"Kits"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 16 March[6]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Other players under contract","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Captains","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"As of 14 December 2023 [7][8]","title":"Current staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"As of 13 March 2021 [9]","title":"Current board"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"persona non grata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_non_grata"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 2020, it was reported that Russian businessman Sergey Lomakin, the owner of Riga FC, was included in Latvia's persona non grata list.[10] This was denied by the board of the club.[11]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Kristaps Blanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristaps_Blanks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Boriss Bogdaškins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boriss_Bogda%C5%A1kins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Antonijs Černomordijs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonijs_%C4%8Cernomordijs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Vladislavs Fjodorovs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislavs_Fjodorovs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Vladislavs Gabovs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislavs_Gabovs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Kaspars Gorkšs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspars_Gork%C5%A1s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Vadims Gospodars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadims_Gospodars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Vladimirs Kamešs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimirs_Kame%C5%A1s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Artūrs Karašausks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C5%ABrs_Kara%C5%A1ausks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Andrejs Kovaļovs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrejs_Kova%C4%BCovs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Sergejs Kožans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergejs_Ko%C5%BEans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Antons Kurakins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antons_Kurakins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Oļegs Laizāns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C4%BCegs_Laiz%C4%81ns"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Ivans Lukjanovs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivans_Lukjanovs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Germans Māliņš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_M%C4%81li%C5%86%C5%A1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Roberts Ozols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Ozols_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Andrejs Perepļotkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrejs_Perep%C4%BCotkins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Armands Pētersons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armands_P%C4%93tersons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Ēriks Punculs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92riks_Punculs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Deniss Rakels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniss_Rakels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Deniss Romanovs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniss_Romanovs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Ritvars Rugins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritvars_Rugins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Roberts Savaļnieks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Sava%C4%BCnieks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Vitālijs Smirnovs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C4%81lijs_Smirnovs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Elvis Stuglis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Stuglis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Valērijs Šabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C4%93rijs_%C5%A0abala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Oļegs Timofejevs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C4%BCegs_Timofejevs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Daniils Turkovs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniils_Turkovs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Maksims Uvarenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksims_Uvarenko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Aleksejs Višņakovs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksejs_Vi%C5%A1%C5%86akovs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Artūrs Zjuzins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C5%ABrs_Zjuzins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Herdi Prenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herdi_Prenga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Edgar Babayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Babayan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Adnan Šećerović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan_%C5%A0e%C4%87erovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Ivan Brkić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Brki%C4%87_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Ivan Paurević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Paurevi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Tomislav Šarić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomislav_%C5%A0ari%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Jakub Hora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Hora"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Bogdan Vaštšuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Va%C5%A1t%C5%A1uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Mikael Soisalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Soisalo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Davit Skhirtladze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davit_Skhirtladze"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Giorgos Valerianos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgos_Valerianos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Thanos Petsos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanos_Petsos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Kévin Bérigaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9vin_B%C3%A9rigaud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Joël Bopesu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Bopesu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Léo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_L%C3%A9o"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Axel Óskar Andrésson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_%C3%93skar_Andr%C3%A9sson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Stefan Ljubicic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Ljubicic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Besar Halimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besar_Halimi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Egzon Belica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egzon_Belica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Stefan Milošević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87_(footballer,_born_1996)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Milan Vušurović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Vu%C5%A1urovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Abdisalam Ibrahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdisalam_Ibrahim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Kamil Biliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Bili%C5%84ski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Pedrinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedrinho_(footballer,_born_1992)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Talocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talocha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Khyzyr Appayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyzyr_Appayev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Vitaliy Fedotov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaliy_Fedotov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Vladislav Khatazhyonkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_Khatazhyonkov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Denis Kniga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Kniga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ivan Knyazev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Knyazev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Stanislav Krapukhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Krapukhin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ivan Sergeyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Sergeyev_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Sergei Shumeyko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Shumeyko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Danila Yanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danila_Yanov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ivan Yenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Yenin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Dušan Brković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Brkovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Marko Đurišić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_%C4%90uri%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Darko Lemajić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darko_Lemaji%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Mario Maslać","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Masla%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Stefan Panić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Pani%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Nedeljko Piščević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedeljko_Pi%C5%A1%C4%8Devi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Miloš Vranjanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Vranjanin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Rene Mihelič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Miheli%C4%8D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Doug 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Brisola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Brisola"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Dário","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1rio_Frederico_da_Silva"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Stênio Júnior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%AAnio_J%C3%BAnior"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Wesley Natã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Nat%C3%A3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Thiago Primão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiago_Prim%C3%A3o"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Ramos_da_Penha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Roger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_(footballer,_born_1996)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Lipe Veloso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipe_Veloso"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Brayan Angulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayan_Edinson_Angulo_Mosquera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Juan Camilo Saiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Camilo_Saiz"}],"text":"Latvia\n Kristaps Blanks\n Boriss Bogdaškins\n Antonijs Černomordijs\n Vladislavs Fjodorovs\n Vladislavs Gabovs\n Kaspars Gorkšs\n Vadims Gospodars\n Vladimirs Kamešs\n Artūrs Karašausks\n Andrejs Kovaļovs\n Sergejs Kožans\n Antons Kurakins\n Oļegs Laizāns\n Ivans Lukjanovs\n Germans Māliņš\n Roberts Ozols\n Andrejs Perepļotkins\n Armands Pētersons\n Ēriks Punculs\n Deniss Rakels\n Deniss Romanovs\n Ritvars Rugins\n Roberts Savaļnieks\n Vitālijs Smirnovs\n Elvis Stuglis\n Valērijs Šabala\n Oļegs Timofejevs\n Daniils Turkovs\n Maksims Uvarenko\n Aleksejs Višņakovs\n Artūrs Zjuzins\nEurope\n Herdi Prenga\n Edgar Babayan\n Adnan Šećerović\n Ivan Brkić\n Ivan Paurević\n Tomislav Šarić\n\n\n Jakub Hora\n Bogdan Vaštšuk\n Mikael Soisalo\n Davit Skhirtladze\n Giorgos Valerianos\n Thanos Petsos\n Kévin Bérigaud\n Joël Bopesu\n Jean-Baptiste Léo\n Axel Óskar Andrésson\n Stefan Ljubicic\n Besar Halimi\n Egzon Belica\n Stefan Milošević\n Milan Vušurović\n Abdisalam Ibrahim\n Kamil Biliński\n Pedrinho\n Talocha\n Khyzyr Appayev\n Vitaliy Fedotov\n Vladislav Khatazhyonkov\n Denis Kniga\n Ivan Knyazev\n Stanislav Krapukhin\n Ivan Sergeyev\n Sergei Shumeyko\n Danila Yanov\n Ivan Yenin\n Dušan Brković\n Marko Đurišić\n Darko Lemajić\n Mario Maslać\n Stefan Panić\n Nedeljko Piščević\n Miloš Vranjanin\n Rene Mihelič\n Doug Bergqvist\n Volodymyr Bayenko\n Roman Debelko\n\n\n Oleksandr Filippov\n Vladlen Yurchenko\n Valeriy Fedorchuk\n Bohdan Kovalenko\n Ihor Lytovka\n Myroslav Slavov\n Vyacheslav Sharpar\n Yuriy Vakulko\n Serhiy Zahynaylov\n Pavlo Fedosov\nAfrica\n Aristide Bancé\n Gaël Etock\n Kule Mbombo\n Ngonda Muzinga\n Jordan Nkololo\n David Addy\n Joselpho Barnes\n Karim Loukili\n George Davies\n John Kamara\nAsia\n Yōsuke Saitō\n Minori Sato\nSouth America\n Federico Bravo\n Marcelo Torres\n Felipe Brisola\n Dário\n Stênio Júnior\n Wesley Natã\n Thiago Primão\n Gabriel Ramos\n Roger\n Lipe Veloso\n Brayan Angulo\n Juan Camilo Saiz","title":"Notable players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former managers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Player records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top goalscorers","text":"As of 11 November 2023Bold signifies a current Riga FC player","title":"Player records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Most appearances","text":"As of 30 November 2021Bold signifies a current Riga FC player","title":"Player records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Penalty shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shootout"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Penalty 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Lursoft. Archived from the original on 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2019-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://company.lursoft.lv/en/fc-caramba-riga/40008223802","url_text":"\"Riga Football Club , 40008223802 - company data\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210818235238/https://company.lursoft.lv/en/fc-caramba-riga/40008223802","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Novickis, Edmunds (2016-02-26). \"Virslīgas kluba RFS pārstāvji ar entuziasmu: \"Šis projekts 100% ir ilgtermiņa!\"\" [Representatives of Virslīga club RFS say with enthusiasm \"This project is 100% long-term!\"]. Sportacentrs.com (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportacentrs.com/futbols/virsliga/26022016-virsligas_kluba_rfs_parstavji_ar_entuzias","url_text":"\"Virslīgas kluba RFS pārstāvji ar entuziasmu: \"Šis projekts 100% ir ilgtermiņa!\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Caramba/Dinamo\" pārmaiņas: jauns treneris, cits nosaukums un stadions\". sportacentrs.com (in Latvian). 22 December 2015. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://sportacentrs.com/futbols/virsliga/22122015-caramba_dinamo_lielas_parmainas_jauns_tre","url_text":"\"\"Caramba/Dinamo\" pārmaiņas: jauns treneris, cits nosaukums un stadions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160325142500/http://sportacentrs.com/futbols/virsliga/22122015-caramba_dinamo_lielas_parmainas_jauns_tre","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Genādija Šitika trešais cikls\". Sporto (in Latvian). Retrieved 2023-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sporto.lv/sporta-veidi/komandu-sporta-speles/genadija-sitika-tresais-cikls/","url_text":"\"Genādija Šitika trešais cikls\""}]},{"reference":"\"Par mums – Riga Football Club Academy\". Retrieved 2023-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://rigafc-academy.lv/par-mums/","url_text":"\"Par mums – Riga Football Club Academy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Komanda\" [A Team] (in Latvian). Riga FC. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rigafc.lv/komanda/","url_text":"\"Komanda\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210712210413/https://rigafc.lv/lv/members/1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Coaches and staff - Riga Football Club\". www.rigafc.lv. Archived from the original on 2021-07-18. Retrieved 2021-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rigafc.lv/en/members/6","url_text":"\"Coaches and staff - Riga Football Club\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210718091058/https://www.rigafc.lv/en/members/6","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Coaches and staff – Riga FC\". Riga FC. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://lff.lv/klubi/riga-fc-11950/?cid=9852303","url_text":"\"Coaches and staff – Riga FC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210518161734/https://lff.lv/klubi/riga-fc-11950/?cid=9852303","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Management and administration – Riga FC\". Riga FC. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://lff.lv/klubi/riga-fc-11950/?cid=9852303","url_text":"\"Management and administration – Riga FC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210518161734/https://lff.lv/klubi/riga-fc-11950/?cid=9852303","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pēdējo gadu Latvijas spēcīgākās futbola komandas īpašnieks iekļauts valstij nevēlamo personu sarakstā\". Jauns.lv (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://jauns.lv/raksts/sports/417697-pedejo-gadu-latvijas-specigakas-futbola-komandas-ipasnieks-ieklauts-valstij-nevelamo-personu-saraksta","url_text":"\"Pēdējo gadu Latvijas spēcīgākās futbola komandas īpašnieks iekļauts valstij nevēlamo personu sarakstā\""}]},{"reference":"курс, The Baltic Course-Балтийский. \"Latvian football club Riga owner Lomakin included on persona non grata list\". The Baltic Course | Baltic States news & analytics. Retrieved 2024-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltic-course.com/eng/baltic_states_cis/://baltic-course.com/eng/baltic_states_cis/?doc=161285&output=d","url_text":"\"Latvian football club Riga owner Lomakin included on persona non grata list\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.rigafc.lv/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"https://company.lursoft.lv/en/fc-caramba-riga/40008223802","external_links_name":"\"Riga Football Club , 40008223802 - company data\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210818235238/https://company.lursoft.lv/en/fc-caramba-riga/40008223802","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://sportacentrs.com/futbols/virsliga/26022016-virsligas_kluba_rfs_parstavji_ar_entuzias","external_links_name":"\"Virslīgas kluba RFS pārstāvji ar entuziasmu: \"Šis projekts 100% ir ilgtermiņa!\"\""},{"Link":"http://sportacentrs.com/futbols/virsliga/22122015-caramba_dinamo_lielas_parmainas_jauns_tre","external_links_name":"\"\"Caramba/Dinamo\" pārmaiņas: jauns treneris, cits nosaukums un stadions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160325142500/http://sportacentrs.com/futbols/virsliga/22122015-caramba_dinamo_lielas_parmainas_jauns_tre","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sporto.lv/sporta-veidi/komandu-sporta-speles/genadija-sitika-tresais-cikls/","external_links_name":"\"Genādija Šitika trešais cikls\""},{"Link":"https://rigafc-academy.lv/par-mums/","external_links_name":"\"Par mums – Riga Football Club Academy\""},{"Link":"https://www.rigafc.lv/komanda/","external_links_name":"\"Komanda\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210712210413/https://rigafc.lv/lv/members/1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rigafc.lv/en/members/6","external_links_name":"\"Coaches and staff - Riga Football Club\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210718091058/https://www.rigafc.lv/en/members/6","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://lff.lv/klubi/riga-fc-11950/?cid=9852303","external_links_name":"\"Coaches and staff – Riga FC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210518161734/https://lff.lv/klubi/riga-fc-11950/?cid=9852303","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://lff.lv/klubi/riga-fc-11950/?cid=9852303","external_links_name":"\"Management and administration – Riga FC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210518161734/https://lff.lv/klubi/riga-fc-11950/?cid=9852303","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://jauns.lv/raksts/sports/417697-pedejo-gadu-latvijas-specigakas-futbola-komandas-ipasnieks-ieklauts-valstij-nevelamo-personu-saraksta","external_links_name":"\"Pēdējo gadu Latvijas spēcīgākās futbola komandas īpašnieks iekļauts valstij nevēlamo personu sarakstā\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltic-course.com/eng/baltic_states_cis/://baltic-course.com/eng/baltic_states_cis/?doc=161285&output=d","external_links_name":"\"Latvian football club Riga owner Lomakin included on persona non grata list\""},{"Link":"https://rigafc.lv/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://futbolavirsliga.lv/","external_links_name":"Official Latvia Higher Football League website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Pershore | QinetiQ Pershore | ["1 History","2 Current use","3 References"] | Coordinates: 52°08′33″N 2°2′11″W / 52.14250°N 2.03639°W / 52.14250; -2.03639
AirportQinetiQ PershoreIATA: noneICAO: noneSummaryOwnerQinetiQOpened1978Elevation AMSL121 ft / 37 mCoordinates52°08′33″N 2°2′11″W / 52.14250°N 2.03639°W / 52.14250; -2.03639MapQinetiQ PershoreShown within WorcestershireRunways
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QinetiQ Pershore is a Business Park and Trials Centre operated by QinetiQ. The site is located near the village of Throckmorton, Worcestershire, England.
History
The site was created during 1933/4 for use by the Royal Air Force as a training station under the name of RAF Pershore.
The following units were posted here at some point:
No. 1 Aircraft Preparation Unit RAF
No. 1 Ferry Unit RAF
No. 10 (Advanced) Flying Training School RAF
No. 23 Operational Training Unit RAF with Vickers Wellingtons.
No. 50 Gliding School RAF
No. 1516 (Beam Approach Training) Flight RAF
No. 1681 (Bomber) Defence Training Flight RAF
Radar Research Flying Unit RAF (RRFU). - previously at RAF Defford
The RAF station closed down during 1978.
Current use
The site is currently a Business Park and Trials Centre.
It has occasionally been opened as an aerodrome, hosting an airshow. The last such event was scheduled for 11 June 2016.
References
^ a b c d e f g h "Pershore (Throckmorton)". Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
^ "Locations - UK - Pershore". QinetiQ. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
^ "Perhaps the last opportunity - RAF Pershore Disused". | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QinetiQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinetiq"},{"link_name":"Throckmorton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throckmorton,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"AirportQinetiQ Pershore is a Business Park and Trials Centre operated by QinetiQ. The site is located near the village of Throckmorton, Worcestershire, England.","title":"QinetiQ Pershore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABCT-1"},{"link_name":"No. 1 Ferry Unit RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1_Ferry_Unit_RAF"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABCT-1"},{"link_name":"No. 10 (Advanced) Flying Training School RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._10_(Advanced)_Flying_Training_School_RAF"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABCT-1"},{"link_name":"No. 23 Operational Training Unit RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._23_OTU"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABCT-1"},{"link_name":"Vickers Wellingtons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington"},{"link_name":"No. 50 Gliding School RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._50_Gliding_School_RAF"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABCT-1"},{"link_name":"No. 1516 (Beam Approach Training) Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1516_(Beam_Approach_Training)_Flight_RAF"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABCT-1"},{"link_name":"No. 1681 (Bomber) Defence Training Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._1681_(Bomber)_Defence_Training_Flight_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABCT-1"},{"link_name":"Radar Research Flying Unit RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_Research_Flying_Unit_RAF"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABCT-1"},{"link_name":"RAF Defford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Defford"}],"text":"The site was created during 1933/4 for use by the Royal Air Force as a training station under the name of RAF Pershore.The following units were posted here at some point:No. 1 Aircraft Preparation Unit RAF[1]\nNo. 1 Ferry Unit RAF[1]\nNo. 10 (Advanced) Flying Training School RAF[1]\nNo. 23 Operational Training Unit RAF[1] with Vickers Wellingtons.\nNo. 50 Gliding School RAF[1]\nNo. 1516 (Beam Approach Training) Flight RAF[1]\nNo. 1681 (Bomber) Defence Training Flight RAF[1]\nRadar Research Flying Unit RAF (RRFU).[1] - previously at RAF DeffordThe RAF station closed down during 1978.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The site is currently a Business Park and Trials Centre.[2]It has occasionally been opened as an aerodrome, hosting an airshow. The last such event was scheduled for 11 June 2016.[3]","title":"Current use"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Pershore (Throckmorton)\". Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust. Retrieved 9 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/pershore-throckmorton/","url_text":"\"Pershore (Throckmorton)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfields_of_Britain_Conservation_Trust","url_text":"Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust"}]},{"reference":"\"Locations - UK - Pershore\". QinetiQ. Retrieved 27 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qinetiq.com/Locations","url_text":"\"Locations - UK - Pershore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perhaps the last opportunity - RAF Pershore Disused\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pprune.org/private-flying/579837-perhaps-last-opportunity-raf-pershore-disused.html","url_text":"\"Perhaps the last opportunity - RAF Pershore Disused\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=QinetiQ_Pershore¶ms=52_08_33_N_2_2_11_W_type:airport_region:Worcestershire","external_links_name":"52°08′33″N 2°2′11″W / 52.14250°N 2.03639°W / 52.14250; -2.03639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=QinetiQ_Pershore¶ms=52_08_33_N_2_2_11_W_type:airport_region:Worcestershire","external_links_name":"52°08′33″N 2°2′11″W / 52.14250°N 2.03639°W / 52.14250; -2.03639"},{"Link":"https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/pershore-throckmorton/","external_links_name":"\"Pershore (Throckmorton)\""},{"Link":"https://www.qinetiq.com/Locations","external_links_name":"\"Locations - UK - Pershore\""},{"Link":"http://www.pprune.org/private-flying/579837-perhaps-last-opportunity-raf-pershore-disused.html","external_links_name":"\"Perhaps the last opportunity - RAF Pershore Disused\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Lobo | Willie Lobo | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Ugandan field hockey player
Willie LoboPersonal informationFull nameWilliam LoboNationalityUgandanBorn (1937-01-20) 20 January 1937 (age 87)SportSportField hockeyClubSimba Union, Kampala
William "Willie" Lobo (born 20 January 1937) is a Ugandan field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
References
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Willie Lobo Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
External links
William Lobo at Olympedia
This biographical article relating to a Ugandan field hockey figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"men's tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1972 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-1"}],"text":"William \"Willie\" Lobo (born 20 January 1937) is a Ugandan field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1972 Summer Olympics.[1]","title":"Willie Lobo"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Willie Lobo Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418061325/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/willie-lobo-1.html","url_text":"\"Willie Lobo Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/willie-lobo-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418061325/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/willie-lobo-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Willie Lobo Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/willie-lobo-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/20278","external_links_name":"William Lobo"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9374856#P8286"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willie_Lobo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUHO | WUHO-LD | ["1 External links"] | Television station in Kalamazoo, MichiganWUHO-LDKalamazoo, MichiganCityKalamazooChannelsDigital: 18 (UHF)Virtual: 18ProgrammingAffiliationsIndependentOwnershipOwnerP & P Cable HoldingsHistoryFoundedOctober 7, 1996Former call signsW57CS (1996-2003)WUHO-LP (2003-2021)Former channel number(s)Analog:57 (UHF, 2002-2006)36 (UHF, 2006-2021)Call sign meaningdisambiguation of former sister station WUHQ-LDTechnical informationERP15 kW
WUHO-LD is a low-power television station in Kalamazoo, Michigan, broadcasting locally on channel 18 as an independent station. Founded October 7, 1996, the station is owned by P & P Cable Holdings.
External links
Facility details for Facility ID 16649 (WUHO-LD) in the FCC Licensing and Management System
vteBroadcast television in Western Michigan
This region includes the following cities: Grand Rapids
Muskegon
Holland
Kalamazoo
Battle CreekReception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television
Local stationsGrand Rapids
WOOD-TV (8.1 NBC, 8.2 REW, 8.3 Grio)
WZZM (13.1 ABC, 13.2 Local WX, 13.3 Crime, 13.4 Quest, 13.5 The365, 13.6 Outlaw, 13.7 QVC, 13.8 Shop LC, 13.9 Start)
WXSP-CD (15.1 MNTV, 15.2 Nest, 15.3 Comet)
WXMI (17.1 Fox, 17.2 ANT, 17.3 Bounce, 17.4 Defy, 17.5 Get, 17.6 QVC)
WUHQ-LD (29.1 Daystar)
WGVU-TV (35.1 PBS, 35.2 PBS Kids, 35.3 Create, 35.4 World)
W48CL 48 (3ABN)
Kalamazoo
WWMT (3.1 CBS, 3.2 Ind., 3.3 TBD)
WUHO-LD 18 (Ind.)
WOKZ-CD (50.1 CBS, 50.1 NBC, 50.1 Fox, 50.1 ABC, 50.4 MNTV)
WGVK (52.1 PBS, 52.2 PBS Kids, 52.3 Create, 52.4 World)
WJGP-LD (54.1 TCT SD, 54.2 SBN, 54.6 Shop LC)
WLLA (64.1 Rel. Ind., 64.2 MeTV, 64.3 H&I, 64.4 Catchy. 64.5 Retro TV, 64.6 Dabl, 64.7 HSN, 64.8 QVC, 64.9 Shop LC)
Battle Creek
WOBC-CD (14.1 CBS, 14.1 NBC, 14.1 Fox, 14.1 ABC, 14.4 MNTV)
WOTV (41.1 ABC, 41.2 CW, 41.3 Charge!, 41.4 Dabl)
WZPX-TV (43.1 Ion, 43.2 Court, 43.3 Grit, 43.4 Laff, 43.5 Mystery, 43.6 Defy, 43.7 Scripps News, 43.8 HSN, 43.9 QVC2)
Muskegon
W17DF-D / W42CB-D (15.2 Nest, 17.1 Fox, 17.2 ANT, 17.3 Bounce, 17.4 Defy, 17.5 Get, 17.6 Shop LC)
WOMS-CD (29.1 CBS, 29.1 NBC, 29.4 MNTV, 29.1 Fox, 29.1 ABC)
WMKG-CD (38.1 FAM)
WTLJ (54.1 TCT, 54.2 SBN, 54.6 Shop LC)
Holland
WOGC-CD (8.1 NBC, 8.2 REW, 8.3 Grio, 15.1 MNTV)
WOHO-CD (33.4 MNTV, 33.1 CBS, 33.1 NBC, 33.1 Fox, 33.1 ABC)
ATSC 3.0 digital
WXSP-CD/WOLP-CD (3.1 CBS, 8.1 NBC, 15.4 MNTV, 17.1 Fox, 41.1 ABC)
Cable channels
Bally Sports Detroit
Comcast Television
Michigan broadcast television areas by city
Alpena
Detroit
Flint/Tri-Cities
Grand Rapids/Battle Creek
Lansing/Jackson
Marquette
Northern Michigan
See also
Milwaukee TV
vteOther television stations licensed to and serving the state of MichiganMetro Detroit Urban areamarket
WDWO-CD (18.1 Azteca, 18.2/.3 Ads, 18.4 TCT, 18.5 3ABN)
WUDL-LD (19.1 Quest, 19.2 Sonlife, 19.3 LC, 19.4 ShopHQ, 19.5 QVC, 19.6 QVC2, 19.7 CBN)
WUDT-LD 23 (Daystar)
WLPC-CD 28 (28.1 Impact, 28.2 The Now Network)
WHPS-CD 33 (Ind.)
WKBD-TV 50 (.1 Ind., .2 Comet, .3 Charge!, .4 TBD, .5 Start, .6 QVC)
Grand Rapids–Kalamazoo–Battle Creek market
WUHQ-LD 29 (Daystar, Grand Rapids)
WMKG-CD (38.1/.2 Ads, Muskegon)
WTLJ (54.1/.2 TCT, 54.3 Grio; Muskegon)
WLLA (64.1 Rel. Ind., 64.2 MeTV, 64.3 H&I, 64.4 Catchy, 64.5 Retro, 64.6 Dabl; Kalamazoo)
Flint–Saginaw–Bay City market
W24DL-D 42 (3ABN, Saginaw)
WAQP (49.1/.2 TCT, 49.3 Grio; Saginaw)
Lansing–Jacksonmarket
WILX-TV 10.7 / WLNM-LD 27.7 (TCT)
Marquette–Escanabamarket
WDHS 8 (Iron Mountain) (dark)
WZMQ (19.1 MeTV, Marquette)
South Bend market
WSJV (28.1 H&I, 28.2 Crime, 28.3 Mystery, 28.4 Court TV, 28.5 Quest, 28.6 Bounce, 28.7 Dabl; Elkhart, IN)
WHME-TV (46.1 Rel. Ind., 46.2 Ion, 46.3 Grit, 46.4 Laff, 46.5 QVC, 46.6 HSN; South Bend, IN)
Toledo market
WLMB 40 (.1 Rel. Ind., .2 RadiantTV, .5 Newsmax TV; Toledo, OH)
See also
ABC
CBS
CW
Fox
Ion
MyNetworkTV
NBC
PBS
Other stations in Michigan
This article about a television station in Michigan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_station"},{"link_name":"Kalamazoo, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"independent station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_station"}],"text":"WUHO-LD is a low-power television station in Kalamazoo, Michigan, broadcasting locally on channel 18 as an independent station. Founded October 7, 1996, the station is owned by P & P Cable Holdings.","title":"WUHO-LD"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=16649","external_links_name":"Facility details for Facility ID 16649 (WUHO-LD)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WUHO-LD&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvin_Willat | Irvin Willat | ["1 Partial filmography","2 References","3 External links"] | American film director
Irvin V. WillatWillat in 1920Born(1890-11-18)November 18, 1890Stamford, Connecticut, USDiedApril 17, 1976(1976-04-17) (aged 85)Santa Monica, California, USOccupationFilm directorYears active1917–1937SpouseBillie Dove (m.1923-1929; divorced)
Irvin V. Willat (November 18, 1890 – April 17, 1976) was an American film director of the silent film era. He directed 39 films between 1917 and 1937. Early in his career Willat worked as a cinematographer on several films. His older brother Edwin Willat (1882–1950) was cinematographer on several silent films.
Partial filmography
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1914)
The Guilty Man (1918)
The Law of the North (1918)
The False Faces (1919)
Rustling a Bride (1919)
A Daughter of the Wolf (1919)
The Grim Game (1919)
Behind the Door (1919)
Below the Surface (1920)
Down Home (1920)
Partners of the Tide (1921)
Fifty Candles (1921)
The Face of the World (1921)
The Siren Call (1922)
On the High Seas (1922)
Pawned (1922)
All the Brothers Were Valiant (1923)
Fog Bound (1923)
Three Miles Out (1924)
Heritage of the Desert (1924)
Wanderer of the Wasteland (1924)
The Story Without a Name (1924)
North of 36 (1924)
The Air Mail (1925)
Rugged Water (1925)
The Ancient Highway (1925)
The Enchanted Hill (1926)
Paradise (1926)
Back to God's Country (1927)
The Cavalier (1928)
The Michigan Kid (1928)
The Isle of Lost Ships (1929)
Old Louisiana (1937)
Luck of Roaring Camp (1937)
Under Strange Flags (1937)
References
^ "Irvin V. Willat". silentgents. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved March 2, 2013. A short biography reprinted from Blue Book of the Screen (1923).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Irvin Willat.
Irvin Willat at IMDb
Irvin Willat at AllMovie
vteFilms directed by Irvin Willat
The Guilty Man (1918)
The Law of the North (1918)
The False Faces (1919)
Rustling a Bride (1919)
A Daughter of the Wolf (1919)
The Grim Game (1919)
Behind the Door (1919)
Below the Surface (1920)
Down Home (1920)
Fifty Candles (1921)
The Face of the World (1921)
The Siren Call (1922)
On the High Seas (1922)
Pawned (1922)
All the Brothers Were Valiant (1923)
Fog Bound (1923)
Three Miles Out (1924)
The Heritage of the Desert (1924)
Wanderer of the Wasteland (1924)
The Story Without a Name (1924)
North of 36 (1924)
The Air Mail (1925)
Rugged Water (1925)
The Ancient Highway (1925)
The Enchanted Hill (1926)
Paradise (1926)
Back to God's Country (1927)
The Cavalier (1928)
The Michigan Kid (1928)
The Isle of Lost Ships (1929)
Old Louisiana (1937)
Luck of Roaring Camp (1937)
Under Strange Flags (1937)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
United States
Poland
This article about a United States film director born in the 1890s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"silent film era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silentgents-1"},{"link_name":"Edwin Willat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Willat&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Irvin V. Willat (November 18, 1890 – April 17, 1976) was an American film director of the silent film era.[1] He directed 39 films between 1917 and 1937. Early in his career Willat worked as a cinematographer on several films. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Steele | Anne Steele | ["1 Early years","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Style","5 Themes","6 Selected works","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Attribution","8.2 Bibliography","9 External links"] | English Baptist hymnwriter and essayist
Anne SteeleBorn1717Broughton, Hampshire, EnglandDied11 November 1778BroughtonResting placeSt John the Baptist's Church cemeteryPen nameTheodosiaOccupationhymnwriter, essayistLanguageEnglishNationalityBritishSubjectChristianitySignature
Anne Steele (pen name, Theodosia; 1717 – 11 November 1778) was an English Baptist hymnwriter and essayist. For a full century after her death, she filled a larger place in United States and British hymnals than any other woman.
At an early age, Steele showed a taste for literature, and would often entertain her friends with her poetical compositions. To a fervour of devotion, which increased as she got older, she developed a fondness for sacred literature, which led her to compose a considerable number of pieces in prose and verse. These works were published using the pseudonym, "Theodosia". Portions of these spiritual lyrics soon found their way into collections, while the diffidence of the author because of her pen name, left her comparatively unknown beyond the circle of her personal friends.
In 1760, two volumes, appeared under the title of Poems on Subjects chiefly Devotional, by Theodosia. After her death, which occurred in 1778, a new edition was published with an additional volume and a Preface by the Rev. Dr. Caleb Evans of Bristol (Bristol, 1780). In the three volumes, there are 144 hymns, 34 Psalms in verse, and about 30 short poems. They were reprinted in one volume by D. Sedgwick, 1863. Steele's hymns were first made available for congregational use in 1769, 62 of them being then introduced into the Bristol Baptist Collections of Ash & Evans, the letter T for "Theodosia" being affixed; 47 were also given in Dr. Rippon's Selections, 1787, and 26 in Dr. W. B. Collyer's Collections, 1812. The original edition of "Theodosia"'s works are kept in the Library of the Baptist College, Bristol.
Early years
Anne ("Nanny") Steele was born at Broughton, Hampshire, in 1717. She was descended from a family of Puritans. Her father, William Steele, was the minister of a community of Baptists, and he himself was descended from preachers. At an early age, Steele manifested a pious disposition, and at the age of fourteen, had become a member of the church of which her father was pastor. Owing to an accident in childhood, she was always an invalid, and often confined to her chamber.
Career
Steele discovered in early life her love of the Muses, and often entertained her friends with her poetical and pious writing. But it was not without extreme reluctance that she finally submitted any of them to be read by the public. Her father's diary mentions Steele's first publication in 1757:— "1757, Nov. 29. This day Nanny sent a part of her compositions to London to be printed." Again: "Her brother brought with him her poetry, not yet bound." Steele's stepmother, the second Mrs. Steele, shared the father's admiration, but they were anxious that any public expression of Steele's abilities as a writer should not injure her character. They prayed that she would remain humble. It was not till she was 44 that she consented to the publication of her hymns, that they might be available for public use.
"The works of Mrs. Anne Steele", 1808
In 1760, she published Poems on Subjects Chiefly Devotional under the name Theodosia. This book had a second edition (3 vols. Bristol, 1780), for which Caleb Evans wrote a preface. Her complete works were published in one volume by Daniel Sedgwick (London, 1863), as Hymns, Psalms, and Poems by Anne Steele, with a memoir by John Sheppard. It comprised 144 hymns, thirty-four metrical psalms and fifty moral poems. Some of them, e.g. "Father of mercies, in Thy word," have found their way into the collections of other churches. She has been called the Frances Ridley Havergal of the 18th century. Several of Anne Steele's hymns appear in the Sacred Harp. In 1780, a new edition of the Poems, comprising a third and posthumous volume of Miscellanies, was published by Dr. Caleb Evans, the profits of which were to be given to the "Bristol Education Society", also known as the Baptist College of Bristol, of which he was at that time President; to that volume, the Editor prefixed a biography of "Mrs. Steele", as she was more commonly called.
A Selection of Hymns for Public Worship, a hymn book compiled by William Gadsby and first published in 1814, includes twenty-seven of the hymns by Anne Steele. This book is used mainly by some of the Calvinistic Strict Baptist churches in England. Steele, like the Welsh poet, William Williams Pantycelyn, wrote missionary hymns before modern missionary and Bible societies were established. She also wrote a well-known Sunday school hymn before Sunday schools were established.
Personal life
It has often been written that the drowning of her betrothed, Robert Elscourt, a few hours before the time fixed for her marriage, deeply affected an otherwise quiet life. However, modern research refutes the details of this story. One man did ask for the hand of Anne Steele, in 1742. This was Benjamin Beddome, but she turned him down, and remained unmarried.
Steele loved the retirement of her Hampshire home. A quiet life suited her best. She said of herself:— "I enjoy a calm evening on the terrace walk, and I wish, though in vain, for numbers sweet as the lovely prospect, and gentle as the vernal breeze, to describe the beauties of charming spring; but the reflection how soon these blooming pleasures will vanish, spreads a melancholy gloom, till the mind rises by a delightful transition to the celestial Eden—the scenes of undecaying pleasure and immutable perfection." She sometimes wrote hymns on creation and providence; and although these lack the powerful originality of those of classical hymnists, they were full of warm, tender, thankful feeling.
Always of a delicate constitution, it appears that Steele's habits were very reclusive. For many years, she was confined to her room because of illness, during which period, she was engaged in writing essays, principally of a religious nature, in prose and verse. In 1769, Steele's father died, and it is said that she never recovered from the shock. After the death of her father, she spent the remaining nine years of her life in the house of her brother, William, which he had built very near the old family home. Unlike most authors of her day, Steele was in a financial position which enabled her to devote the profits of her books to religious and charitable uses, and the same course was pursued by her surviving relatives.
No portrait of Steele was ever made. She died in her native village, on 11 November 1778, at the age of 62, and was interred in the family vault at Broughton Church cemetery.
Style
Steele's hymns included class religious terms, which had a charm to those familiar with them, and who belonged to the "favoured" class, but had an unpleasant technical character to the ordinary reader. For example, the words 'dear' and 'dearest' were used till they seemed weak, and wearied the reader.
Themes
Steele's hymns, which were much used by Baptists, emphasized the less optimistic phases of Christian experience. Among Baptist hymnwriters, Steele stood at the head, if regarded either by the number of her hymns which found a place in the hymnals of the nineteenth century, or the frequency with which they were sung. Although few of them could be placed in the first rank of lyrical compositions, they were almost uniformly simple in language, natural and pleasing in imagery, and full of genuine Christian feeling. Steele may not inappropriately be compared with Frances Ridley Havergal. In both, there was the same evangelic fervour, in both the same intense personal devotion to Jesus. But whilst Steele seemed to think of Him more frequently as her "bleeding, dying Lord"—dwelling on His sufferings in their physical aspect, Havergal more often referred to His living help and sympathy, recognized with gladness His present claims as "Master" and "King," and anticipated almost with ecstasy His second coming. Looking at the whole of Steele's hymns, there is a wider range of thought than in Miss Havergal's compositions. Steele treats a greater variety of subjects.
Selected works
"Poems on subjects chiefly devotional" (vol.1, 1780)
Poems on subjects chiefly devotional (vol. 2, 1780)
Miscellaneous Pieces in Verse and Prose by Theodosia
Poems on subjects chiefly devotional, 2 volumes
Miscellaneous Pieces in Verse and Prose by Theodosia
The works of Mrs. Anne Steele
See also
English women hymn-writers (18th to 19th-century)
Eliza Sibbald Alderson
Sarah Bache
Charlotte Alington Barnard
Sarah Doudney
Charlotte Elliott
Ada R. Habershon
Katherine Hankey
Maria Grace Saffery
Emily Taylor
Emily H. Woodmansee
References
^ McClurg 1903, p. 13.
^ a b Holland 1843, p. 223.
^ a b c Holland 1843, p. 224.
^ a b c Julian 1892, p. 1089.
^ a b Holland 1843, p. 225-26.
^ Bailey 1977, p. 70-71.
^ Pitman 1892, p. 66.
^ a b Miller 1869, p. 213.
^ Pitman 1892, p. 70.
^ Cassell and Co. 1879, p. 541.
^ McClurg 1903, p. 8.
^ a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Steele, Anne". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 865.
^ a b Lee, Sidney, ed. (1898). "Steele, Anne" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 54. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^ Holland 1843, p. 225.
^ A Selection of Hymns for Public Worship, List of authors Archived 3 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ Cassell and Co. 1879, p. 542.
^ McClurg 1903, p. 9.
^ Pitman 1892, p. 67.
^ Broome 2007, p. n.n..
^ "Letter of proposal from Benjamin Beddome (1717–1795) to Anne Steele (1717–1778), 23 December 1742". Angus Library and Archive. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
^ Pitman 1892, p. 69.
^ Pitman 1892, p. 71.
^ Pitman 1892, p. 72.
^ a b Cassell and Co. 1879, p. 543.
Attribution
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Cassell and Co. (1879). the quiver: an illustrated magazine for sunday and general reading (Public domain ed.). Cassell and Co. p. 541.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Holland, John (1843). The Psalmists of Britain. Records Biographical and Literary of Upwards of One Hundred and Fifty Authors who Have Rendered the Whole Or Parts of the Book of Psalms into English Verse, with Specimens of the Different Versions and a General Introduction (Public domain ed.).
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Julian, John (1892). A Dictionary of Hymnology: Setting Forth the Origin and History of Christian Hymns of All Ages and Nations (Public domain ed.). C. Scribner's Sons. p. 1089.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: McClurg, A.C. (1903). Songs from the hearts of women: one hundred famous hymns and their writers (Public domain ed.). A.C. McClurg.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Miller, Josiah (1869). Singers and Songs of the Church: Being Biographical Sketches of the Hymn-writers in All the Principal Collections : with Notes on Their Psalms and Hymns (Public domain ed.). Longmans, Green. p. 213.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Pitman, Emma Raymond (1892). Lady Hymn Writers (Public domain ed.). T. Nelson and sons. p. 66.
Bibliography
Bailey, Albert Edward (June 1977). The Gospel in Hymns: Backgrounds and Interpretations. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-684-15554-8.
Broome, J. R. (2007). A Bruised Reed: Anne Steele: Her Life and Times. Gospel Standard Trust Publications. ISBN 978-1-897837-18-4.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Anne Steele.
Works by or about Anne Steele at Internet Archive
Gospel Standard Trust Publications, present day source of A Selection of Hymns for Public Worship
Expressing the Ineffable
Works by Anne Steele at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Selected Works of Anne Steele; Refuge of my Weary Soul
Authority control databases International
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pen name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_name"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"hymnwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg190313-1"},{"link_name":"pseudonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland1843223-2"},{"link_name":"pen name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_name"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland1843224-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulian18921089-4"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Psalms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulian18921089-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland1843225-26-5"}],"text":"Anne Steele (pen name, Theodosia; 1717 – 11 November 1778) was an English Baptist hymnwriter and essayist. 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In the three volumes, there are 144 hymns, 34 Psalms in verse, and about 30 short poems. They were reprinted in one volume by D. Sedgwick, 1863. Steele's hymns were first made available for congregational use in 1769, 62 of them being then introduced into the Bristol Baptist Collections of Ash & Evans, the letter T for \"Theodosia\" being affixed; 47 were also given in Dr. Rippon's Selections, 1787, and 26 in Dr. W. B. Collyer's Collections, 1812.[4] The original edition of \"Theodosia\"'s works are kept in the Library of the Baptist College, Bristol.[5]","title":"Anne Steele"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broughton, Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broughton,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey197770-71-6"},{"link_name":"Puritans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland1843223-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitman189266-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1869213-8"}],"text":"Anne (\"Nanny\") Steele was born at Broughton, Hampshire, in 1717.[6] She was descended from a family of Puritans. Her father, William Steele, was the minister of a community of Baptists, and he himself was descended from preachers. At an early age, Steele manifested a pious disposition, and at the age of fourteen, had become a member of the church of which her father was pastor.[2][7] Owing to an accident in childhood, she was always an invalid, and often confined to her chamber.[8]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland1843225-26-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitman189270-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassell_and_Co.1879541-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg19038-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_works_of_Mrs._Anne_Steele_(1808).png"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-12"},{"link_name":"Caleb Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caleb_Evans_(Baptist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Daniel Sedgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Sedgwick"},{"link_name":"John Sheppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sheppard_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-13"},{"link_name":"Frances Ridley Havergal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Ridley_Havergal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-12"},{"link_name":"Sacred Harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Harp"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland1843224-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland1843225-14"},{"link_name":"A Selection of Hymns for Public Worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Selection_of_Hymns_for_Public_Worship"},{"link_name":"William Gadsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gadsby"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Calvinistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"Strict Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_Baptist"},{"link_name":"William Williams Pantycelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Williams_Pantycelyn"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassell_and_Co.1879542-16"}],"text":"Steele discovered in early life her love of the Muses, and often entertained her friends with her poetical and pious writing. But it was not without extreme reluctance that she finally submitted any of them to be read by the public.[5] Her father's diary mentions Steele's first publication in 1757:— \"1757, Nov. 29. This day Nanny sent a part of her compositions to London to be printed.\" Again: \"Her brother brought with him her poetry, not yet bound.\"[9] Steele's stepmother, the second Mrs. Steele, shared the father's admiration, but they were anxious that any public expression of Steele's abilities as a writer should not injure her character. They prayed that she would remain humble.[10] It was not till she was 44 that she consented to the publication of her hymns, that they might be available for public use.[11]\"The works of Mrs. Anne Steele\", 1808In 1760, she published Poems on Subjects Chiefly Devotional under the name Theodosia.[12] This book had a second edition (3 vols. Bristol, 1780), for which Caleb Evans wrote a preface. Her complete works were published in one volume by Daniel Sedgwick (London, 1863), as Hymns, Psalms, and Poems by Anne Steele, with a memoir by John Sheppard.[13] It comprised 144 hymns, thirty-four metrical psalms and fifty moral poems. Some of them, e.g. \"Father of mercies, in Thy word,\" have found their way into the collections of other churches. She has been called the Frances Ridley Havergal of the 18th century.[12] Several of Anne Steele's hymns appear in the Sacred Harp. In 1780, a new edition of the Poems, comprising a third and posthumous volume of Miscellanies, was published by Dr. Caleb Evans, the profits of which were to be given to the \"Bristol Education Society\", also known as the Baptist College of Bristol, of which he was at that time President;[3] to that volume, the Editor prefixed a biography of \"Mrs. Steele\", as she was more commonly called.[14]A Selection of Hymns for Public Worship, a hymn book compiled by William Gadsby and first published in 1814, includes twenty-seven of the hymns by Anne Steele.[15] This book is used mainly by some of the Calvinistic Strict Baptist churches in England. Steele, like the Welsh poet, William Williams Pantycelyn, wrote missionary hymns before modern missionary and Bible societies were established. She also wrote a well-known Sunday school hymn before Sunday schools were established.[16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg19039-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitman189267-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome2007n.n.-19"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Beddome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Beddome"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitman189269-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitman189271-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitman189272-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassell_and_Co.1879543-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassell_and_Co.1879543-24"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland1843224-3"}],"text":"It has often been written that the drowning of her betrothed, Robert Elscourt,[17] a few hours before the time fixed for her marriage, deeply affected an otherwise quiet life.[12][13][18] However, modern research refutes the details of this story.[19] One man did ask for the hand of Anne Steele, in 1742. This was Benjamin Beddome,[20] but she turned him down, and remained unmarried.Steele loved the retirement of her Hampshire home. A quiet life suited her best. She said of herself:— \"I enjoy a calm evening on the terrace walk, and I wish, though in vain, for numbers sweet as the lovely prospect, and gentle as the vernal breeze, to describe the beauties of charming spring; but the reflection how soon these blooming pleasures will vanish, spreads a melancholy gloom, till the mind rises by a delightful transition to the celestial Eden—the scenes of undecaying pleasure and immutable perfection.\" She sometimes wrote hymns on creation and providence; and although these lack the powerful originality of those of classical hymnists, they were full of warm, tender, thankful feeling.[21]Always of a delicate constitution, it appears that Steele's habits were very reclusive. For many years, she was confined to her room because of illness, during which period, she was engaged in writing essays, principally of a religious nature, in prose and verse. In 1769, Steele's father died,[22] and it is said that she never recovered from the shock.[23] After the death of her father, she spent the remaining nine years of her life in the house of her brother, William, which he had built very near the old family home. Unlike most authors of her day, Steele was in a financial position which enabled her to devote the profits of her books to religious and charitable uses, and the same course was pursued by her surviving relatives.[24]No portrait of Steele was ever made.[24] She died in her native village, on 11 November 1778, at the age of 62, and was interred in the family vault at Broughton Church cemetery.[3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1869213-8"}],"text":"Steele's hymns included class religious terms, which had a charm to those familiar with them, and who belonged to the \"favoured\" class, but had an unpleasant technical character to the ordinary reader. For example, the words 'dear' and 'dearest' were used till they seemed weak, and wearied the reader.[8]","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-12"},{"link_name":"Frances Ridley Havergal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Ridley_Havergal"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulian18921089-4"}],"text":"Steele's hymns, which were much used by Baptists, emphasized the less optimistic phases of Christian experience.[12] Among Baptist hymnwriters, Steele stood at the head, if regarded either by the number of her hymns which found a place in the hymnals of the nineteenth century, or the frequency with which they were sung. Although few of them could be placed in the first rank of lyrical compositions, they were almost uniformly simple in language, natural and pleasing in imagery, and full of genuine Christian feeling. Steele may not inappropriately be compared with Frances Ridley Havergal. In both, there was the same evangelic fervour, in both the same intense personal devotion to Jesus. But whilst Steele seemed to think of Him more frequently as her \"bleeding, dying Lord\"—dwelling on His sufferings in their physical aspect, Havergal more often referred to His living help and sympathy, recognized with gladness His present claims as \"Master\" and \"King,\" and anticipated almost with ecstasy His second coming. Looking at the whole of Steele's hymns, there is a wider range of thought than in Miss Havergal's compositions. Steele treats a greater variety of subjects.[4]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poems_on_subjects_chiefly_devotional_(v.1,_1780).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poems_on_subjects_chiefly_devotional_(vol._2,_1780).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miscellaneous_Pieces_in_Verse_and_Prose_by_Theodosia.png"}],"text":"\"Poems on subjects chiefly devotional\" (vol.1, 1780)Poems on subjects chiefly devotional (vol. 2, 1780)Miscellaneous Pieces in Verse and Prose by TheodosiaPoems on subjects chiefly devotional, 2 volumes\nMiscellaneous Pieces in Verse and Prose by Theodosia\nThe works of Mrs. Anne Steele","title":"Selected works"}] | [{"image_text":"\"The works of Mrs. Anne Steele\", 1808","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_works_of_Mrs._Anne_Steele_%281808%29.png/220px-The_works_of_Mrs._Anne_Steele_%281808%29.png"},{"image_text":"\"Poems on subjects chiefly devotional\" (vol.1, 1780)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Poems_on_subjects_chiefly_devotional_%28v.1%2C_1780%29.png/220px-Poems_on_subjects_chiefly_devotional_%28v.1%2C_1780%29.png"},{"image_text":"Poems on subjects chiefly devotional (vol. 2, 1780)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Poems_on_subjects_chiefly_devotional_%28vol._2%2C_1780%29.png/220px-Poems_on_subjects_chiefly_devotional_%28vol._2%2C_1780%29.png"},{"image_text":"Miscellaneous Pieces in Verse and Prose by Theodosia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Miscellaneous_Pieces_in_Verse_and_Prose_by_Theodosia.png/220px-Miscellaneous_Pieces_in_Verse_and_Prose_by_Theodosia.png"}] | [{"title":"Eliza Sibbald Alderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Sibbald_Alderson"},{"title":"Sarah Bache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Bache"},{"title":"Charlotte Alington Barnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Alington_Barnard"},{"title":"Sarah Doudney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Doudney"},{"title":"Charlotte Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Elliott"},{"title":"Ada R. Habershon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_R._Habershon"},{"title":"Katherine Hankey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Hankey"},{"title":"Maria Grace Saffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Grace_Saffery"},{"title":"Emily Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Taylor"},{"title":"Emily H. Woodmansee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_H._Woodmansee"}] | [{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Steele, Anne\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 865.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Steele,_Anne","url_text":"Steele, Anne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Sidney, ed. (1898). \"Steele, Anne\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 54. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Steele,_Anne","url_text":"\"Steele, Anne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Letter of proposal from Benjamin Beddome (1717–1795) to Anne Steele (1717–1778), 23 December 1742\". Angus Library and Archive. Retrieved 11 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://theangus.rpc.ox.ac.uk/?media-bank-object=letter-of-proposal-from-benjamin-beddome-1717-1795-to-anne-steele-1717-1778-23-december-1742","url_text":"\"Letter of proposal from Benjamin Beddome (1717–1795) to Anne Steele (1717–1778), 23 December 1742\""}]},{"reference":"Cassell and Co. (1879). the quiver: an illustrated magazine for sunday and general reading (Public domain ed.). Cassell and Co. p. 541.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ghoFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA541","url_text":"the quiver: an illustrated magazine for sunday and general reading"}]},{"reference":"Holland, John (1843). The Psalmists of Britain. Records Biographical and Literary of Upwards of One Hundred and Fifty Authors who Have Rendered the Whole Or Parts of the Book of Psalms into English Verse, with Specimens of the Different Versions and a General Introduction (Public domain ed.).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=auFeAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA223","url_text":"The Psalmists of Britain. Records Biographical and Literary of Upwards of One Hundred and Fifty Authors who Have Rendered the Whole Or Parts of the Book of Psalms into English Verse, with Specimens of the Different Versions and a General Introduction"}]},{"reference":"Julian, John (1892). A Dictionary of Hymnology: Setting Forth the Origin and History of Christian Hymns of All Ages and Nations (Public domain ed.). C. Scribner's Sons. p. 1089.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_I-0sAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"A Dictionary of Hymnology: Setting Forth the Origin and History of Christian Hymns of All Ages and Nations"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_I-0sAAAAYAAJ/page/n1048","url_text":"1089"}]},{"reference":"McClurg, A.C. (1903). Songs from the hearts of women: one hundred famous hymns and their writers (Public domain ed.). A.C. McClurg.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tv5ZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8","url_text":"Songs from the hearts of women: one hundred famous hymns and their writers"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Josiah (1869). Singers and Songs of the Church: Being Biographical Sketches of the Hymn-writers in All the Principal Collections : with Notes on Their Psalms and Hymns (Public domain ed.). Longmans, Green. p. 213.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/singersandsongs00millgoog","url_text":"Singers and Songs of the Church: Being Biographical Sketches of the Hymn-writers in All the Principal Collections : with Notes on Their Psalms and Hymns"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/singersandsongs00millgoog/page/n241","url_text":"213"}]},{"reference":"Pitman, Emma Raymond (1892). Lady Hymn Writers (Public domain ed.). T. Nelson and sons. p. 66.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ladyhymnwriters00pitmgoog","url_text":"Lady Hymn Writers"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ladyhymnwriters00pitmgoog/page/n74","url_text":"66"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Albert Edward (June 1977). The Gospel in Hymns: Backgrounds and Interpretations. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-684-15554-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AxlgPQAACAAJ","url_text":"The Gospel in Hymns: Backgrounds and Interpretations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-15554-8","url_text":"978-0-684-15554-8"}]},{"reference":"Broome, J. R. (2007). A Bruised Reed: Anne Steele: Her Life and Times. Gospel Standard Trust Publications. ISBN 978-1-897837-18-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uEEgIwAACAAJ","url_text":"A Bruised Reed: Anne Steele: Her Life and Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897837-18-4","url_text":"978-1-897837-18-4"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Steele,_Anne","external_links_name":"\"Steele, Anne\""},{"Link":"http://website.lineone.net/~gsward/gadsbyhymns/gadsbyhymns.htm","external_links_name":"List of authors"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080703225430/http://website.lineone.net/~gsward/gadsbyhymns/gadsbyhymns.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://theangus.rpc.ox.ac.uk/?media-bank-object=letter-of-proposal-from-benjamin-beddome-1717-1795-to-anne-steele-1717-1778-23-december-1742","external_links_name":"\"Letter of proposal from Benjamin Beddome (1717–1795) to Anne Steele (1717–1778), 23 December 1742\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ghoFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA541","external_links_name":"the quiver: an illustrated magazine for sunday and general reading"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=auFeAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA223","external_links_name":"The Psalmists of Britain. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Katherine_by-election | 2003 Katherine by-election | ["1 Results","2 References"] | 2003 Katherine by-election
4 October 2003
First party
Second party
Third party
IND
Candidate
Fay Miller
Sharon Hillen
Jim Forscutt
Party
Country Liberal
Labor
Independent
Popular vote
1,231
955
524
Percentage
41.9%
32.5%
17.8%
Swing
10.3
6.5
17.8
TPP
54.3%
45.7
TPP swing
10.2
10.2
MP before election
Mike Reed
Country Liberal
Elected MP
Fay Miller
Country Liberal
A by-election for the seat of Katherine in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly was held on 4 October 2003. The by-election was triggered by the resignation of Country Liberal Party (CLP) member Mike Reed, a former Deputy Chief Minister. The seat had been held by Reed since its creation in 1987.
The CLP selected Fay Miller, the owner of Red Gum Tourist Park, as its candidate. The Labor candidate was Sharon Hillen, while three independent candidates contested, including the mayor of Katherine, Jim Forscutt.
Results
Katherine by-election, 2003
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Country Liberal
Fay Miller
1,231
41.9
-10.3
Labor
Sharon Hillen
955
32.5
+6.5
Independent
Jim Forscutt
524
17.8
+17.8
Independent
Markus Bader
120
4.1
+4.1
Independent
Peter Byers
111
3.8
+3.8
Total formal votes
2,941
95.7
-1.1
Informal votes
133
4.3
+1.1
Turnout
3,074
75.8
-7.0
Two-party-preferred result
Country Liberal
Fay Miller
1,596
54.3
-10.2
Labor
Sharon Hillen
1,345
45.7
+10.2
Country Liberal hold
Swing
–10.2
References
^ 2003 by-election Results, Northern Territory Electoral Commission, 4 October 2003 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-election"},{"link_name":"Katherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_division_of_Katherine"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Country Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"Mike Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Reed_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Fay Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay_Miller"},{"link_name":"Katherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine,_Northern_Territory"}],"text":"A by-election for the seat of Katherine in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly was held on 4 October 2003. The by-election was triggered by the resignation of Country Liberal Party (CLP) member Mike Reed, a former Deputy Chief Minister. The seat had been held by Reed since its creation in 1987.The CLP selected Fay Miller, the owner of Red Gum Tourist Park, as its candidate. The Labor candidate was Sharon Hillen, while three independent candidates contested, including the mayor of Katherine, Jim Forscutt.","title":"2003 Katherine by-election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://ntec.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/587802/2003_Katherine_by-election.pdf","external_links_name":"2003 by-election Results"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Louis_Cr%C3%A9vier | Jean-Baptiste Louis Crévier | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Jean-Baptiste Louis Crévier (1693–1765) was a French author. He was born in Paris, where his father was a printer.
He studied under Rollin, and held the professorship of rhetoric in the college of Beauvais for twenty years. He completed Rollin's Histoire romaine by the addition of six volumes (1750–1756); he also published two editions of Livy, with notes; L'Histoire des empereurs des Romains, jusqu'à Constantin (1749); Histoire de l'Université de Paris, and a Rhétorique française, which enjoyed much popularity.
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 432.
^ a b Chisholm 1911.
^ The history of the Roman emperors from Augustus to Constantine by J. B. L. Crévier, vol. 9, trans. into English by John Mill, 1814
External links
Media related to Jean-Baptiste Louis Crévier at Wikimedia Commons
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ISNI
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National
Norway
Spain
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BnF data
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Germany
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Sweden
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Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Vatican
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rollin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rollin"},{"link_name":"rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"}],"text":"He studied under Rollin, and held the professorship of rhetoric in the college of Beauvais for twenty years. He completed Rollin's Histoire romaine by the addition of six volumes (1750–1756); he also published two editions of Livy, with notes; L'Histoire des empereurs des Romains, jusqu'à Constantin (1749);[2] Histoire de l'Université de Paris, and a Rhétorique française, which enjoyed much popularity.[1]","title":"Jean-Baptiste Louis Crévier"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 432.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Crevier,_Jean_Baptiste_Louis","url_text":"Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sHkLAAAAYAAJ&q=The+history+of+the+Roman+emperors+from+Augustus+to+Constantine","external_links_name":"The history of the Roman emperors from Augustus to Constantine by J. B. L. Crévier, vol. 9, trans. into English by John Mill, 1814"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/321588/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121243990","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/24600085","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpdKCwrrCpDCjb7VgKPQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90841442","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1625232","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118981640","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118981640","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515336506706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/100095224","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV319574","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007305760505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14211092","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr93017045","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/86lps8vs3d4brr9","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2003197524&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record143744","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070208956","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810562863405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/97253","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/5588","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08555676?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/96606177-3471-467a-a7fa-700af588a19f","external_links_name":"KulturNav"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/026805448","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_All-Pacific-12_Conference_men%27s_basketball_teams | List of All-Pac-12 Conference men's basketball teams | ["1 Selections","1.1 1916–1919","1.2 1920–1929","1.3 1930–1939","1.4 1940–1949","1.5 1950–1959","1.6 1960–1969","1.7 1970–1979","1.8 1980–1989","1.9 1990–1999","1.10 2000–2009","1.11 2010–2019","1.12 2020–present","2 Selections per School","2.1 First Team","2.2 Second Team","2.3 Third Team","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | The All-Pac-12 men's basketball team is an annual Pac-12 Conference honor bestowed on the best players in the conference following every college basketball season. Pac-12 coaches select a 10-player first team and a five-player second team. There were two five-man teams from 1956 though 1979, followed by one 10-man first team from 1980 through 2008. For one year in 2008, there were three five-man teams selected.
During the final week of the regular season, Pac-12 coaches nominate up to three players from their team to be placed on the ballot for consideration. Coaches submit their votes by the Sunday after the season ends and cannot vote for their own players. Previously, a player needed to be selected on 50 percent of the ballots to be on the team. In the 2006–07 season, only nine players received enough votes to be selected. Ties resulted in extra players being selected in some seasons. Each team member receives an award. Players who are not placed on the first or second teams, but received at least three votes, earn honorable mention. The Pac-12 staff has the right to add to the list of recipients selected by the coaches for recognition.
The Pac-12, as currently chartered, was formed in 1959. However, the league claims the history of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), founded in 1915, as its own. After the collapse of the PCC in 1959, five of its members immediately founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU). By 1964, all of the final PCC members except Idaho were reunited in the AAWU. The AAWU unofficially used the names Big Five, Big Six, and Pacific-8 before formally adopting the "Pacific-8" name in 1968. The name changed to Pacific-10 when Arizona and Arizona State joined in 1978, and to Pac-12 when Colorado and Utah joined in 2011.
Selections
*
Named Pac-12 Player of the Year that season. Awarded since 1976.
†
Named co-Pac-12 Players of the Year that season.
1916–1919
Season
First team
Ref
Players
Teams
1915–16
Adolph Sieberts
Oregon State
Jack Davidson
Washington
Dan Foster
California
P. A. Embury
California
Ira Mix
Oregon State
1916–17
Adolph Sieberts
Oregon State
Ivan Price
Washington State
George Hjelte
California
Roy Bohler
Washington State
Steve Staatz
Washington
1917–18
No conference competition
1918–19
Ed Durno
Oregon
McClellan Rockey
Washington State
Henry Anderson
California
Hal Chapman
Oregon
Irving Cook
Washington
1920–1929
Season
First team
Ref
Players
Teams
1919–20
Ed Durno
Oregon
McClellan Rockey
Washington State
C. E. Righter
Stanford
Arthur Eggleston
California
Irving Cook
Washington
1920–21
Ed Durno
Oregon
C. E. Righter
Stanford
Henry Sielk
Washington
Arthur Eggleston
California
Fred Adams
Stanford
1921–22
John Talt
California
Al Fox
Idaho
Marshall Hjelte
Oregon State
Jimmy Bryan
Washington
Slats Gill
Oregon State
1922–23
Al Fox
Idaho
John Talt
California
Hugh Latham
Oregon
Harold Telford
Idaho
J.R. Crawford
Washington
1923–24
Slats Gill
Oregon State
John Talt
California
Hugh Latham
Oregon
Aubrey Kincaid
California
Dick Welts
Washington
1924–25
Bob Hesketh
Washington
Harold Ridings
Oregon State
Bill Higgins
California
Carlos Steele
Oregon State
Algot Westergren
Oregon
1925–26
Albert Schuss
Washington
Jerry Gunther
Oregon
Bill Higgins
California
George Dixon
California
Algot Westergren
Oregon
1926–27
Francis Watson
California
Red Badgro
USC
Roy Okerberg
Oregon
George Dixon
California
Algot Westergren
Oregon
1927–28
Monty Snider
Washington
Jess Mortensen
USC
Jack Bruner
USC
Alfred James
Washington
Rufus Gregory
California
1928–29
Vern Corbin
California
Frank McMillan
Idaho
Harold McClary
Washington
Harlow Rothert
Stanford
Joel Cofield
California
1930–1939
Season
First team
Ref
Players
Teams
1929–30
Kent Pursel
California
Henry Swanson
Washington
Jess Mortensen
USC
John Lehners
USC
Art McLarney
Washington State
1930–31
Dick Linthicum
UCLA
Henry Swanson
Washington
Wilbur Caldwell
USC
Ralph Cairney
Washington
Joel Cofield
California
1931–32
Joe Kintana
California
Jerry Nemer
USC
Huntley Gordon
Washington State
Ralph Cairney
Washington
Carl Vendt
California
1932–33
Jerry Nemer
USC
Hal Eifert
California
Ed Lewis
Oregon
Julie Bescos
USC
Hal Lee
Washington
1933–34
Bob Galer
Washington
Hal Eifert
California
Lee Guttero
USC
Hal Lee
Washington
Julie Bescos
USC
1934–35
Jack Hupp
USC
Bob Galer
Washington
Lee Guttero
USC
George Hibbard
Oregon State
Bryan Moore
Stanford
1935–36
Hank Luisetti
Stanford
Wally Palmberg
Oregon State
Ralph Bishop
Washington
Bob Egge
Washington
Eddie Oram
USC
1936–37
Hank Luisetti
Stanford
Ed Loverich
Washington
Ivar Nelson
Washington State
Eddie Oram
USC
Bryan Moore
Stanford
1937–38
Hank Luisetti
Stanford
Lauren Gale
Oregon
Art Stoefen
Stanford
Jack Calderwood
Stanford
Wally Johansen
Oregon
1938–39
Lauren Gale
Oregon
Ralph Vaughn
USC
Urgel Wintermute
Oregon
George Ziegenfuss
Washington
Dale Sears
USC
1940–1949
Season
First team
Ref
Players
Teams
1939–40
Ralph Vaughn
USC
John Dick
Oregon
Dale Sears
USC
Tom McGarvin
USC
Al Hunter
Oregon State
1940–41
Vic Townsend
Oregon
Don Burness
Stanford
Paul Lindemann
Washington State
Ray Sundquist
Washington State
Jen Davidson
Stanford
1941–42
Bob Ormsby
USC
Ray Turner
Idaho
John Mandic
Oregon State
Bill Cowden
Stanford
Jim Pollard
Stanford
1942–43
Gale Bishop
Washington State
Gene Rock
USC
Chuck Gilmur
Washington
Jim Seminoff
USC
Bill Morris
Washington
Season
North
South
Ref
Players
Teams
Players
Teams
1943–44
Al Akins
Washington
Dick West
UCLA
Perry Nelson
Washington
John Higgins
California
Jack Nichols
Washington
Bob Howard
USC
Bill Morris
Washington
Wayne Hooper
California
Bill Taylor
Washington
Bill Rankin
UCLA
1944–45
Dick Wilkins
Oregon
Gus Mota
California
Red Rocha
Oregon State
Bill Rankin
UCLA
Vince Hanson
Washington State
Jack Nichols
USC
Bob Hamilton
Oregon
Bill Putnam
UCLA
Bob Jorgenson
Washington
Bob Graham
USC
1945–46
Fred Quinn
Idaho
Merv Lafaille
California
Gale Bishop
Washington State
Andy Wolfe
California
Red Rocha
Oregon State
Jack Nichols
USC
Dick Wilkins
Oregon
Chuck Clustka
UCLA
Norm Dalthorp
Washington
Bob Hogeboom
California
1946–47
Bob Sheridan
Washington State
Jack Rocker
California
Jack Nichols
Washington
Andy Wolfe
California
Red Rocha
Oregon State
Don Barksdale
UCLA
Lew Beck
Oregon State
Dave Minor
UCLA
Stan Williamson
Oregon
John Higgins
Stanford
1947–48
Sammy White
Washington
Chuck Hanger
California
Jack Nichols
Washington
John Stanich
UCLA
Vince Hanson
Washington State
John Higgins
Stanford
Cliff Crandall
Oregon State
Alex Hannum
USC
Preston Brimhall
Idaho
Andy Wolfe
California
Stan Williamson
Oregon
Dave Minor
UCLA
1948–49
Ed Gayda
Washington State
Bill Sharman
USC
Sammy White
Washington
Alan Sawyer
UCLA
Roger Wiley
Oregon
Bill Hagler
California
Cliff Crandall
Oregon State
George Stanich
UCLA
Preston Brimhall
Idaho
Dave Davidson
Stanford
1950–1959
Season
North
South
Ref
Players
Teams
Players
Teams
1949–50
Will Urban
Oregon
Bill Sharman
USC
Ed Gayda
Washington State
George Yardley
Stanford
Gene Conley
Washington State
Carl Kraushaar
UCLA
Lou Soriano
Washington
George Stanich
UCLA
Bob Pritchett
Idaho
Bob Matheny
California
1950–51
Frank Guisness
Washington
Dick Ridgway
UCLA
Bob Peterson
Oregon
Bill Hagler
California
Bob Houbregs
Washington
Jim Ramstead
Stanford
Bob Gambold
Washington State
Tom Riach
USC
Bob Payne
Oregon State
Eddie Sheldrake
UCLA
1951–52
Frank Guisness
Washington
Jerry Norman
UCLA
Hartly Kruger
Idaho
Jim Ramstead
Stanford
Bob Houbregs
Washington
Bob Boyd
USC
Ken Hunt
Oregon
Don Johnson
UCLA
Danny Johnston
Oregon State
Ed Tucker
Stanford
1952–53
Chet Noe
Oregon
Ken Flower
USC
Doug McClary
Washington
John Ricksen
California
Bob Houbregs
Washington
Bob McKeen
California
Joe Cipriano
Washington
Bob Matheny
California
Ken Wegner
Oregon
Ron Tomsic
Stanford
1953–54
Ron Bennink
Washington State
Roy Irvin
USC
Dean Parsons
Washington
Bob McKeen
California
Swede Halbrook
Oregon State
Russ Lawler
Stanford
Cecil Holland
Oregon
Ron Livingston
UCLA
Bob Garrison
Idaho
Don Bragg
UCLA
1954–55
Dean Parsons
Washington
John Moore
UCLA
Jim Loscutoff
Oregon
Don Bragg
UCLA
Swede Halbrook
Oregon State
Willie Naulls
UCLA
Ron Bennink
Washington State
Bob McKeen
California
Harlan Melton
Idaho
Ron Tomsic
Stanford
N/A
N/A
Dick Welsh
USC
Season
First team
Second team
Ref
Players
Teams
Players
Teams
1955–56
Willie Naulls
UCLA
Dave Gambee
Oregon State
Larry Beck
Washington State
Earl Robinson
California
Bruno Boin
Washington
Jack Dunne
USC
Morris Taft
UCLA
Barry Brown
Stanford
George Selleck
Stanford
Bill Bond
Stanford
1956–57
Larry Friend
California
Bill Bond
Stanford
Dave Gambee
Oregon State
Earl Robinson
California
Doug Smart
Washington
Charlie Franklin
Oregon
Larry Beck
Washington State
Dick Banton
UCLA
Danny Rogers
USC
Bruno Boin
Washington
1957–58
Dave Gambee
Oregon State
Earl Robinson
California
Doug Smart
Washington
Walt Torrence
UCLA
Don McIntosh
California
Paul Neumann
Stanford
Charlie Franklin
Oregon
Monte Gonzales
USC
Gary Simmons
Idaho
Whaylon Coleman
Idaho
1958–59
Doug Smart
Washington
Bruno Boin
Washington
Johnny Werhas
USC
Al Buch
California
Walt Torrence
UCLA
Whaylon Coleman
Idaho
Darrall Imhoff
California
N/A
N/A
Denny Fitzpatrick
California
N/A
N/A
Paul Neumann
Stanford
N/A
N/A
Lee Harman
Oregon State
N/A
N/A
1960–1969
Season
First team
Second team
Ref
Players
Teams
Players
Teams
1959–60
Bill Hanson
Washington
Tandy Gillis
California
Bill McClintock
California
John Werhas
USC
Darrall Imhoff
California
John Berberich
UCLA
John Arrillaga
Stanford
John Green
UCLA
Earl Shultz
California
Jerry Pimm
USC
1960–61
Bill Hanson
Washington
John Windsor
Stanford
Bill McClintock
California
Earl Shultz
California
John Rudometkin
USC
John Berberich
UCLA
Gary Cunningham
UCLA
John Green
UCLA
Chris Appel
USC
Clint Names
Washington
1961–62
John Windsor
Stanford
Gary Cunningham
UCLA
John Rudometkin
USC
Ken Stanley
USC
Bill Hanson
Washington
Ed Corell
Washington
John Green
UCLA
Walt Hazzard
UCLA
Chris Appel
USC
Tom Dose
Stanford
1962–63
Gordon Martin
USC
Dale Easley
Washington
Ed Correll
Washington
Jack Hirsch
UCLA
Tom Dose
Stanford
Allen Young
USC
Walt Hazzard
UCLA
Wells Sloniger
USC
Don Clemetson
Stanford
Dick Smith
California
1963–64
Jack Hirsch
UCLA
Dan Wolthers
California
Allen Young
USC
Clint Peeples
Washington
Tom Dose
Stanford
Ted Werner
Washington State
Gail Goodrich
UCLA
Byron Vadset
Washington State
Walt Hazzard
UCLA
Kent Hinckley
Stanford
N/A
N/A
Hollis Moore
Stanford
N/A
N/A
Dan Lufkin
California
N/A
N/A
Doug Bolcom
USC
1964–65
Keith Erickson
UCLA
Dan Wolthers
California
Bob Bedell
Stanford
Kent Hinckley
Stanford
John Block
USC
Freddie Goss
UCLA
Gail Goodrich
UCLA
Jim Barnett
Oregon
Jim Jarvis
Oregon State
Ted Werner
Washington State
N/A
N/A
Allen Young
USC
1965–66
Charlie White
USC
Bob Bedell
Stanford
Mike Lynn
UCLA
Kenny Washington
UCLA
John Block
USC
Loy Petersen
Oregon State
Jim Barnett
Oregon
Mike Warren
UCLA
Art Harris
Stanford
Russ Critchfield
California
N/A
N/A
Jim McKean
Washington State
1966–67
Jim McKean
Washington State
Don Griffin
Stanford
Bill Hewitt
USC
Vince Fritz
Oregon State
Lew Alcindor
UCLA
Gordy Harris
Washington
Russ Critchfield
California
Mike Warren
UCLA
Lucius Allen
UCLA
Nick Jones
Oregon
1967–68
Bill Hewitt
USC
Art Harris
Stanford
Jim McKean
Washington State
Dave Carr
Washington
Lew Alcindor
UCLA
Bob Presley
California
Russ Critchfield
California
Lucius Allen
UCLA
Mike Warren
UCLA
Vince Fritz
Oregon State
1968–69
Curtis Rowe
UCLA
Gary Freeman
Oregon State
Ted Wierman
Washington State
George Irvine
Washington
Lew Alcindor
UCLA
Jackie Ridgle
California
Mack Calvin
USC
Stan Love
Oregon
Charlie Johnson
California
Don Griffin
Stanford
1970–1979
Season
First team
Second team
Ref
Players
Teams
Players
Teams
1969–70
Sidney Wicks
UCLA
Curtis Rowe
UCLA
George Irvine
Washington
John Vallely
UCLA
Stan Love
Oregon
Jackie Ridgle
California
Rick Erickson
Washington State
Steve Hawes
Washington
Paul Westphal
USC
Claude Terry
Stanford
1970–71
Sidney Wicks
UCLA
Ron Riley
USC
Curtis Rowe
UCLA
Steve Hawes
Washington
Stan Love
Oregon
Jackie Ridgle
California
Paul Westphal
USC
Ansley Truitt
California
Phil Chenier
California
Freddie Boyd
Oregon State
N/A
N/A
Claude Terry
Stanford
N/A
N/A
Dennis Layton
USC
1971–72
Ansley Truitt
California
Paul Westphal
USC
Ron Riley
USC
Joe Mackey
USC
Steve Hawes
Washington
John Coughran
California
Bill Walton
UCLA
Keith Wilkes
UCLA
Freddie Boyd
Oregon State
Henry Bibby
UCLA
Claude Terry
Stanford
N/A
N/A
1972–73
Keith Wilkes
UCLA
Dan Anderson
USC
Rich Kelley
Stanford
Clint Chapman
USC
Bill Walton
UCLA
Sam Whitehead
Oregon State
Ron Lee
Oregon
Neal Jurgenson
Oregon State
Louie Nelson
Washington
Rickie Hawthorne
California
N/A
N/A
Doug Little
Oregon
1973–74
Keith Wilkes
UCLA
Larry Pounds
Washington
Bill Walton
UCLA
Ray Price
Washington
Rich Kelley
Stanford
Brady Allen
California
Ron Lee
Oregon
Rickie Hawthorne
California
Dan Anderson
USC
Steve Puidokas
Washington State
N/A
N/A
Gus Williams
USC
1974–75
Dave Myers
UCLA
Steve Puidokas
Washington State
Lonnie Shelton
Oregon State
Ed Schweitzer
Stanford
Rich Kelley
Stanford
Richard Washington
UCLA
Gus Williams
USC
Rickie Hawthorne
California
Ron Lee
Oregon
Clarence Ramsey
Washington
1975–76
Marques Johnson
UCLA
Ed Schweitzer
Stanford
Greg Ballard
Oregon
Steve Puidokas
Washington State
Richard Washington
UCLA
Clarence Ramsey
Washington
James Edwards
Washington
Lars Hansen
Washington
Ron Lee
Oregon
Marv Safford
USC
1976–77
Marques Johnson*
UCLA
Steve Puidokas
Washington State
Greg Ballard
Oregon
Harold Rhodes
Washington State
David Greenwood
UCLA
Ray Murry
California
James Edwards
Washington
Gene Ransom
California
Mike Bratz
Stanford
Roy Hamilton
UCLA
Rocky Smith
Oregon State
N/A
N/A
1977–78
David Greenwood*
UCLA
Kimberly Belton
Stanford
Rickey Lee
Oregon State
Don Collins
Washington State
Cliff Robinson
USC
James Donaldson
Washington State
Raymond Townsend
UCLA
Don Carfino
USC
Roy Hamilton
UCLA
Purvis Miller
USC
1978–79
David Greenwood*
UCLA
Don Collins
Washington State
Steve Johnson
Oregon State
Joe Nehls
Arizona
Cliff Robinson
USC
Wolfe Perry
Stanford
Larry Demic
Arizona
Kimberly Belton
Stanford
Brad Holland
UCLA
Purvis Miller
USC
Roy Hamilton
UCLA
Kiki Vandeweghe
UCLA
1980–1989
Season
First team
Ref
Players
Teams
Players
Teams
1979–80
Don Collins*
Washington State
Steve Johnson
Oregon State
Kurt Nimphius
Arizona State
Ray Blume
Oregon State
Kiki Vandeweghe
UCLA
Don Carfino
USC
Kimberly Belton
Stanford
Bryan Rison
Washington State
Doug True
California
Joe Nehls
Arizona
1980–81
Ron Davis
Arizona
Alton Lister
Arizona State
Mike Sanders
UCLA
Ray Blume
Oregon State
Andra Griffin
Washington
Rod Foster
UCLA
Sam Williams
Arizona State
Mark Radford
Oregon State
Maurice Williams
USC
Lafayette Lever
Arizona State
Steve Johnson*
Oregon State
N/A
N/A
1981–82
Kenny Fields
UCLA
Charlie Sitton
Oregon State
Mike Sanders
UCLA
John Revelli
Stanford
Dan Caldwell
Washington
Lester Conner*
Oregon State
Maurice Williams
USC
Dwight Anderson
USC
Mark McNamara
California
Lafayette Lever
Arizona State
1982–83
Kenny Fields*
UCLA
Blair Rasmussen
Oregon
Steve Harriel
Washington State
Byron Scott
Arizona State
A.C. Green
Oregon State
Rod Foster
UCLA
Paul Williams
Arizona State
Jacque Hill
USC
Charlie Sitton
Oregon State
Keith Jones
Stanford
1983–84
A.C. Green*
Oregon State
Blair Rasmussen
Oregon
Detlef Schrempf
Washington
Pete Williams
Arizona
Charlie Sitton
Oregon State
Keith Jones
Stanford
Kenny Fields
UCLA
Chris Beasley
Arizona State
Wayne Carlander
USC
Ralph Jackson
UCLA
1984–85
Wayne Carlander*
USC
Blair Rasmussen
Oregon
A.C. Green
Oregon State
Chris Welp
Washington
Detlef Schrempf
Washington
Nigel Miguel
UCLA
Eddie Smith
Arizona
Keith Morrison
Washington State
Pete Williams
Arizona
N/A
N/A
1985–86
Derrick Dowell
USC
Chris Welp*
Washington
Paul Fortier
Washington
Kevin Johnson
California
Reggie Miller
UCLA
Steve Kerr
Arizona
Jerry Adams
Oregon
Todd Lichti
Stanford
José Ortiz
Oregon State
Keith Morrison
Washington State
1986–87
Derrick Dowell
USC
Chris Welp
Washington
Sean Elliott
Arizona
Steve Beck
Arizona State
Todd Lichti
Stanford
Kevin Johnson
California
Reggie Miller
UCLA
Pooh Richardson
UCLA
Phil Zevenbergen
Washington
Anthony Taylor
Oregon
José Ortiz*
Oregon State
N/A
N/A
1987–88
Anthony Cook
Arizona
Todd Lichti
Stanford
Sean Elliott*
Arizona
Gary Payton
Oregon State
Trevor Wilson
UCLA
Eldridge Recasner
Washington
Howard Wright
Stanford
Pooh Richardson
UCLA
Steve Kerr
Arizona
Anthony Taylor
Oregon
1988–89
Anthony Cook
Arizona
Leonard Taylor
California
Trent Edwards
Arizona State
Todd Lichti
Stanford
Sean Elliott*
Arizona
Gary Payton
Oregon State
Trevor Wilson
UCLA
Eldridge Recasner
Washington
Howard Wright
Stanford
Pooh Richardson
UCLA
1990–1999
Season
First team
Ref
Players
Teams
Players
Teams
1989–90
Jud Buechler
Arizona
Gary Payton*
Oregon State
Brian Hendrick
California
Terrell Brandon
Oregon
Adam Keefe
Stanford
Harold Miner
USC
Don MacLean
UCLA
Eldridge Recasner
Washington
Trevor Wilson
UCLA
Keith Smith
California
1990–91
Teo Alibegovic
Oregon State
Ronnie Coleman
USC
Don MacLean
UCLA
Brian Hendrick
California
Tracy Murray
UCLA
Adam Keefe
Stanford
Brian Williams
Arizona
Terrell Brandon*
Oregon
Isaac Austin
Arizona State
Harold Miner
USC
1991–92
Brian Hendrick
California
Scott Haskin
Oregon
Adam Keefe
Stanford
Sean Rooks
Arizona
Don MacLean
UCLA
Duane Cooper
USC
Chris Mills
Arizona
Terrence Lewis
Washington State
Tracy Murray
UCLA
Harold Miner*
USC
1992–93
Chris Mills*
Arizona
Tyus Edney
UCLA
Lamond Murray
California
Jason Kidd
California
Ed O'Bannon
UCLA
Bennie Seltzer
Washington State
Scott Haskin
Oregon State
Stevin Smith
Arizona State
Rich Manning
Washington
Damon Stoudamire
Arizona
1993–94
Mario Bennett
Arizona State
Jason Kidd*
California
Lamond Murray
California
Khalid Reeves
Arizona
Ed O'Bannon
UCLA
Stevin Smith
Arizona State
Lorenzo Orr
USC
Damon Stoudamire
Arizona
Tyus Edney
UCLA
Orlando Williams
Oregon
1994–95
Brent Barry
Oregon State
Brevin Knight
Stanford
Mario Bennett
Arizona State
Ed O'Bannon†
UCLA
Dion Cross
Stanford
Ray Owes
Arizona
Tyus Edney
UCLA
Damon Stoudamire†
Arizona
Mark Hendrickson
Washington State
Orlando Williams
Oregon
1995–96
Shareef Abdur-Rahim*
California
J. R. Henderson
UCLA
Toby Bailey
UCLA
Mark Hendrickson
Washington State
Dion Cross
Stanford
Brevin Knight
Stanford
Ben Davis
Arizona
Charles O'Bannon
UCLA
Isaac Fontaine
Washington State
Mark Sanford
Washington
Reggie Geary
Arizona
1996–97
Toby Bailey
UCLA
Jelani McCoy
UCLA
Stais Boseman
USC
Charles O'Bannon
UCLA
Michael Dickerson
Arizona
Mark Sanford
Washington
Isaac Fontaine
Washington State
Jeremy Veal
Arizona State
Ed Gray*
California
Kenya Wilkins
Oregon
Brevin Knight
Stanford
N/A
N/A
1997–98
Toby Bailey
UCLA
Todd MacCulloch
Washington
Mike Bibby*
Arizona
Miles Simon
Arizona
Carlos Daniel
Washington State
Jeremy Veal
Arizona State
Michael Dickerson
Arizona
Kris Weems
Stanford
J. R. Henderson
UCLA
Tim Young
Stanford
1998–99
Mike Batiste
Arizona State
Arthur Lee
Stanford
A. J. Bramlett
Arizona
Todd MacCulloch
Washington
Baron Davis
UCLA
Mark Madsen
Stanford
Eddie House
Arizona State
Deaundra Tanner
Oregon State
Bobby Lazor
Arizona State
Jason Terry*
Arizona
2000–2009
Season
First team
Ref
Players
Teams
Players
Teams
1999–2000
Jason Gardner
Arizona
Mark Madsen
Stanford
Eddie House*
Arizona State
Brian Scalabrine
USC
Casey Jacobsen
Stanford
Alex Scales
Oregon
Jason Kapono
UCLA
Loren Woods
Arizona
Sean Lampley
California
Michael Wright
Arizona
2000–01
Gilbert Arenas
Arizona
Casey Jacobsen
Stanford
Bryan Bracey
Oregon
Jason Kapono
UCLA
Sam Clancy
USC
Sean Lampley*
California
Jarron Collins
Stanford
Earl Watson
UCLA
Jason Collins
Stanford
Michael Wright
Arizona
2001–02
Curtis Borchardt
Stanford
Jason Kapono
UCLA
Sam Clancy*
USC
Chad Prewitt
Arizona State
Jason Gardner
Arizona
Luke Ridnour
Oregon
Casey Jacobsen
Stanford
Luke Walton
Arizona
Fred Jones
Oregon
Doug Wrenn
Washington
2002–03
Julius Barnes
Stanford
Philip Ricci
Oregon State
Ike Diogu
Arizona State
Luke Ridnour*
Oregon
Jason Gardner
Arizona
Joe Shipp
California
Luke Jackson
Oregon
Amit Tamir
California
Jason Kapono
UCLA
Luke Walton
Arizona
2003–04
Josh Childress*
Stanford
Andre Iguodala
Arizona
Ike Diogu
Arizona State
Luke Jackson
Oregon
Desmon Farmer
USC
David Lucas
Oregon State
Channing Frye
Arizona
Leon Powe
California
Chris Hernandez
Stanford
Nate Robinson
Washington
2004–05
Ike Diogu*
Arizona State
David Lucas
Oregon State
Channing Frye
Arizona
Nate Robinson
Washington
Dan Grunfeld
Stanford
Tre Simmons
Washington
Chris Hernandez
Stanford
Salim Stoudamire
Arizona
Thomas Kelati
Washington State
Dijon Thompson
UCLA
2005–06
Hassan Adams
Arizona
Leon Powe
California
Arron Afflalo
UCLA
Gabe Pruitt
USC
Jordan Farmar
UCLA
Brandon Roy*
Washington
Matt Haryasz
Stanford
Ayinde Ubaka
California
Chris Hernandez
Stanford
Nick Young
USC
2006–07
Arron Afflalo*
UCLA
Derrick Low
Washington State
Jon Brockman
Washington
Kyle Weaver
Washington State
Aaron Brooks
Oregon
Marcus Williams
Arizona
Darren Collison
UCLA
Nick Young
USC
Lawrence Hill
Stanford
N/A
N/A
Season
First team
Second team
Third team
Ref
Players
Teams
Players
Teams
Players
Teams
2007–08
Ryan Anderson
California
Jerryd Bayless
Arizona
Chase Budinger
Arizona
James Harden
Arizona State
Jon Brockman
Washington
Taj Gibson
USC
Brook Lopez
Stanford
Darren Collison
UCLA
Derrick Low
Washington State
Kevin Love*
UCLA
Maarty Leunen
Oregon
Jeff Pendergraph
Arizona State
O. J. Mayo
USC
Kyle Weaver
Washington State
Russell Westbrook
UCLA
Season
First team
Second team
Ref
Players
Teams
Players
Teams
Players
Teams
2008–09
Jon Brockman
Washington
James Harden*
Arizona State
Taj Gibson
USC
Chase Budinger
Arizona
Jordan Hill
Arizona
Daniel Hackett
USC
Patrick Christopher
California
Jeff Pendergraph
Arizona State
Josh Shipp
UCLA
Darren Collison
UCLA
Jerome Randle
California
Isaiah Thomas
Washington
Justin Dentmon
Washington
Taylor Rochestie
Washington State
Nic Wise
Arizona
2010–2019
Season
First team
Second team
Ref
Players
Teams
Players
Teams
Players
Teams
2009–10
Ty Abbott
Arizona State
Michael Roll
UCLA
Jamal Boykin
California
Patrick Christopher
California
Isaiah Thomas
Washington
Jeremy Green
Stanford
Landry Fields
Stanford
Klay Thompson
Washington State
Calvin Haynes
Oregon State
Quincy Pondexter
Washington
Derrick Williams
Arizona
Theo Robertson
California
Jerome Randle*
California
Nic Wise
Arizona
Nikola Vucevic
USC
2010–11
Matthew Bryan-Amaning
Washington
Reeves Nelson
UCLA
DeAngelo Casto
Washington State
Jeremy Green
Stanford
Isaiah Thomas
Washington
Joevan Catron
Oregon
Jorge Guiterrez
California
Klay Thompson
Washington State
Jared Cunningham
Oregon State
Tyler Honeycutt
UCLA
Nikola Vucevic
USC
Harper Kamp
California
Malcolm Lee
UCLA
Derrick Williams*
Arizona
Trent Lockett
Arizona State
2011–12
Allen Crabbe
California
Devoe Joseph
Oregon
Carlon Brown
Colorado
Jared Cunningham
Oregon State
Brock Motum
Washington State
Lazeric Jones
UCLA
Kyle Fogg
Arizona
André Roberson
Colorado
Harper Kamp
California
Jorge Gutierrez*
California
Terrence Ross
Washington
Josh Owens
Stanford
Solomon Hill
Arizona
Tony Wroten
Washington
E. J. Singler
Oregon
2012–13
Jahii Carson
Arizona State
Mark Lyons
Arizona
Kyle Anderson
UCLA
Allen Crabbe*
California
Shabazz Muhammad
UCLA
Justin Cobbs
California
Spencer Dinwiddie
Colorado
Dwight Powell
Stanford
Carrick Felix
Arizona State
Larry Drew II
UCLA
André Roberson
Colorado
Brock Motum
Washington State
Solomon Hill
Arizona
E. J. Singler
Oregon
C. J. Wilcox
Washington
2013–14
Jordan Adams
UCLA
Nick Johnson*
Arizona
Jordan Bachynski
Arizona State
Kyle Anderson
UCLA
Dwight Powell
Stanford
T. J. McConnell
Arizona
Jahii Carson
Arizona State
Chasson Randle
Stanford
Roberto Nelson
Oregon State
Justin Cobbs
California
Josh Scott
Colorado
C. J. Wilcox
Washington
Aaron Gordon
Arizona
Delon Wright
Utah
Joe Young
Oregon
2014–15
Rondae Hollis-Jefferson
Arizona
Norman Powell
UCLA
Askia Booker
Colorado
Stanley Johnson
Arizona
Chasson Randle
Stanford
Elgin Cook
Oregon
DaVonté Lacy
Washington State
Tyrone Wallace
California
Kevon Looney
UCLA
T. J. McConnell
Arizona
Delon Wright
Utah
Brandon Taylor
Utah
Gary Payton II
Oregon State
Joe Young*
Oregon
Nigel Williams-Goss
Washington
2015–16
Rosco Allen
Stanford
Elgin Cook
Oregon
Isaac Hamilton
UCLA
Ryan Anderson
Arizona
Julian Jacobs
USC
Dejounte Murray
Washington
Andrew Andrews
Washington
Gary Payton II
Oregon State
Ivan Rabb
California
Dillon Brooks
Oregon
Jakob Poeltl*
Utah
Kaleb Tarczewski
Arizona
Jaylen Brown
California
Josh Scott
Colorado
Gabe York
Arizona
2016–17
Bryce Alford
UCLA
T. J. Leaf
UCLA
Kadeem Allen
Arizona
Lonzo Ball
UCLA
Lauri Markkanen
Arizona
Jordan Bell
Oregon
Dillon Brooks*
Oregon
Ivan Rabb
California
Josh Hawkinson
Washington State
Markelle Fultz
Washington
Reid Travis
Stanford
Chimezie Metu
USC
Kyle Kuzma
Utah
Derrick White
Colorado
Allonzo Trier
Arizona
2017–18
Deandre Ayton*
Arizona
Jordan McLaughlin
USC
David Collette
Utah
Justin Bibbins
Utah
Chimezie Metu
USC
George King
Colorado
Noah Dickerson
Washington
Tres Tinkle
Oregon State
Payton Pritchard
Oregon
Tra Holder
Arizona State
Reid Travis
Stanford
Dušan Ristić
Arizona
Aaron Holiday
UCLA
Allonzo Trier
Arizona
Thomas Welsh
UCLA
2018–19
Sedrick Barefield
Utah
Jaylen Nowell*
Washington
Luguentz Dort
Arizona State
Tyler Bey
Colorado
KZ Okpala
Stanford
Jaylen Hands
UCLA
Bennie Boatwright
USC
Matisse Thybulle
Washington
Remy Martin
Arizona State
Zylan Cheatham
Arizona State
Tres Tinkle
Oregon State
Stephen Thompson Jr.
Oregon State
Robert Franks
Washington State
McKinley Wright IV
Colorado
Kris Wilkes
UCLA
2020–present
Season
First team
Second team
Ref
Players
Teams
Players
Teams
Players
Teams
2019–20
Oscar da Silva
Stanford
Payton Pritchard*
Oregon
Timmy Allen
Utah
CJ Elleby
Washington State
Chris Smith
UCLA
Tyler Bey
Colorado
Remy Martin
Arizona State
Isaiah Stewart
Washington
Matt Bradley
California
Zeke Nnaji
Arizona
Tres Tinkle
Oregon State
Nico Mannion
Arizona
Onyeka Okongwu
USC
McKinley Wright IV
Colorado
Jonah Mathews
USC
2020–21
James Akinjo
Arizona
Remy Martin
Arizona State
Isaac Bonton
Washington State
Timmy Allen
Utah
Evan Mobley*
USC
Matt Bradley
California
Tyger Campbell
UCLA
Eugene Omoruyi
Oregon
Tahj Eaddy
USC
Oscar da Silva
Stanford
Ethan Thompson
Oregon State
Jaime Jaquez Jr.
UCLA
Chris Duarte
Oregon
McKinley Wright IV
Colorado
Johnny Juzang
UCLA
2021–22
Terrell Brown Jr.
Washington
Bennedict Mathurin*
Arizona
Evan Battey
Colorado
Tyger Campbell
UCLA
Isaiah Mobley
USC
Branden Carlson
Utah
Jaime Jaquez Jr.
UCLA
Drew Peterson
USC
Michael Flowers
Washington State
Johnny Juzang
UCLA
Ąžuolas Tubelis
Arizona
Jalen Graham
Arizona State
Christian Koloko
Arizona
Jabari Walker
Colorado
Will Richardson
Oregon
2022–23
Oumar Ballo
Arizona
Boogie Ellis
USC
Keion Brooks Jr.
Washington
Tyger Campbell
UCLA
Mouhamed Gueye
Washington State
Desmond Cambridge Jr.
Arizona State
Branden Carlson
Utah
Jaime Jaquez Jr.*
UCLA
Jaylen Clark
UCLA
N'Faly Dante
Oregon
Drew Peterson
USC
Spencer Jones
Stanford
Tristan da Silva
Colorado
Ąžuolas Tubelis
Arizona
K. J. Simpson
Colorado
2023–24
Oumar Ballo
Arizona
Isaac Jones
Washington State
Jermaine Couisnard
Oregon
Adem Bona
UCLA
Caleb Love*
Arizona
Tristan da Silva
Colorado
Keion Brooks Jr.
Washington
Myles Rice
Washington State
Boogie Ellis
USC
Branden Carlson
Utah
K. J. Simpson
Colorado
Pelle Larsson
Arizona
N'Faly Dante
Oregon
Jaylon Tyson
California
Maxime Raynaud
Stanford
Selections per School
First Team
From 1943−1955 they selected teams for North/South Divisions.Starting in the 1979–80 season, 10 players for first team.
School
Total
UCLA
129
Washington
99
USC
92
California
89
Stanford
89
Oregon
74
Arizona
72
Oregon State
62
Washington State
52
Arizona State
34
Colorado
12
Utah
9
Second Team
The Pac-10/12 started Second team All Conference in the 1955−56 season.
School
Total
UCLA
32
California
31
USC
27
Stanford
24
Washington
23
Washington State
18
Oregon
14
Oregon State
12
Arizona
11
Arizona State
7
Colorado
7
Utah
4
Third Team
The Pac-10/12 only had third team All Conference during 2007−08.
School
Total
Arizona
1
Arizona State
1
UCLA
1
USC
1
Washington State
1
Washington
0
California
0
Colorado
0
Oregon
0
Oregon State
0
Stanford
0
Utah
0
See also
List of All-Pac-12 Conference women's basketball teams
Notes
^ a b c Later known as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.
^ a b c Later known as Jamaal Wilkes.
^ Later known as Bison Dele.
^ a b Later known as J. R. Sakuragi.
^ a b Later known as Jeff Ayres.
^ This player's native last name is Pöltl; "Poeltl" is the standard English rendering.
References
^ Raley, Dan (March 9, 2009). "Pac-10 spreads wealth to Huskies". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014.
^ a b "2015–16 Handbook" (PDF). Pac-12 Conference. p. 105. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 17, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
^ Gimino, Anthony (March 6, 2007). "Gimino: Budinger Pac-10′s top frosh". Tucson Citizen. Archived from the original on October 11, 2014.
^ "Pac-12 Conference 2011–12 Men's Basketball Media Guide". Pac-12 Conference. 2011. p. 5. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Pac-12 Conference 2011, p. 118.
^ Pac-12 Conference 2011, pp. 118–119.
^ a b c d e f g Pac-12 Conference 2011, p. 119.
^ "Two Stanford Cagers on PCC Coaches' team". Oakland Tribune. March 5, 1952. p. D39. Retrieved May 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Moore, Naulls, Bragg Names On All-Southern Division Team; Halbook All-Northern". Gazette-Times. Corvallis, Oregon. March 4, 1955. p. 12. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "PCC All-Star Team Named". Medford Mail Tribune. March 14, 1956. p. 8. Retrieved December 25, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Cal's Friend on PCC Coaches' All Star Five". The San Francisco Examiner. March 13, 1957. Sec. II, p. 10. Retrieved December 25, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Coaches' Team". Herald and News. March 14, 1958. p. 9. Retrieved December 25, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "UCLA Star Paces All-PCC Selections". The Daily Sun. March 13, 1959. p. C-3. Retrieved December 2, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Cal Dominates All-Big Five". The San Bernardino Daily Sun. AP. March 8, 1960. p. A-11. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "2 Trojans on 'Big 5'". Press Democrat. UPI. March 15, 1961. p. 21. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Rudometkin repeats as scoring king". Redlands Daily Facts. UPI. March 15, 1962. p. 11. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Washington players win AAWU berths". Port Angeles Evening News. AP. March 23, 1963. p. 5. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Wolthers Makes No. 2 All-Loop". The San Bernardino Daily Sun. UPI. March 20, 1964. p. C-4. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Gail Unanimous All-AAWU Pick". Los Angeles Times. UPI. March 14, 1965. p. D-9. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Troy's Block on Coaches' AAWU Team". Los Angeles Times. March 18, 1966. Part III, p. 9. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Bruins Dominate Pacific-8 Statistics and Star Picks". Capital Journal. AP. March 16, 1967. Sec. 4, p. 40. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Star Team Is Named By PAC-8". The Oregon Statesman. March 15, 1968. Sec. III, p. 18. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Stars Picked In Pacific-8 By Coaches". Capital Journal. UPI. March 12, 1969. Sec. 4, p. 27. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "UCLA Forward Only Unanimous Team Pick". The Daily Chronicle. March 12, 1970. p. 11. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Wicks, Rowe On All-Pac-8 Team". Kingport Times. March 17, 1971. p. 2-C. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Bill Walton, Boyd Lead All-Pac-8". The Times-Standard. March 15, 1972. p. 16. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Cards' Kelley Named to Pac-8 All-Conference". San Francisco Examiner. March 14, 1973. p. 65. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "All-Pacific-8 Conference Teams". The Billings Gazette. March 14, 1974. p. 22. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Pac-8 coaches tap Lee, Shelton". Albany Democrat-Herald. AP. March 13, 1975. p. 24. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Ducks' Lee makes All-Pac-8 again". Honolulu Advertiser. UPI. March 11, 1976. p. D-4. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Johnson, Greenwood All-Pac-8". The Sun-Telegram. Associated Press. March 9, 1977. p. B-7. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Pac-12 Conference 2011, p. 120.
^ a b c d e Pac-12 Conference 2011, p. 121.
^ "2010–11 Pac-10 Conference Men's Basketball Honors" (PDF) (Press release). Pacific-10 Conference. March 7, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 17, 2011.
^ Bolch, Ben; Holmes, Baxter (March 7, 2011). "UCLA awaits word on condition of Malcolm Lee's left knee". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020.
^ Pac-12 Men's Basketball Honors Announced, Pac-12.org, March 5, 2012
^ Yoon, Peter (March 11, 2013). "Shabazz Muhammad, Larry Drew II named All-Pac-12". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013.
^ "2013–14 Pac-12 Conference Men's Basketball Honors" (Press release). Pac-12 Conference. March 10, 2014. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
^ "2014–15 Pac-12 Conference Men's Basketball Honors" (Press release). Pac-12. March 9, 2015. Archived from the original on March 12, 2015.
^ "2015–16 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference Honors" (Press release). Pac-12. March 7, 2016.
^ "2016–17 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference Honors" (Press release). Pac-12. March 6, 2017. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017.
^ "2017–18 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference Teams announced".
^ "Pac-12 announces 2018–19 Men's Basketball All-Conference Teams".
^ "2019-20 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference awards announced | Pac-12".
^ "2020-21 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference honors and Annual Performance Awards, presented by Nextiva | Pac-12".
^ "2021-22 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference honors and Annual Performance Awards, presented by Nextiva | Pac-12".
^ "2022-23 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference honors and Annual Performance Awards, presented by Nextiva".
^ "2023-24 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference honors and Annual Performance Awards, presented by Nextiva".
External links
All-Pac-12 Conference Winner at Sports-Reference.com
vtePac-12 Conference men's basketballTeams
Arizona Wildcats (leaving in 2024)
Arizona State Sun Devils (leaving in 2024)
California Golden Bears
Colorado Buffaloes (leaving in 2024)
Oregon Ducks (leaving in 2024)
Oregon State Beavers
Stanford Cardinal
UCLA Bruins (leaving in 2024)
USC Trojans (leaving in 2024)
Utah Utes (leaving in 2024)
Washington Huskies (leaving in 2024)
Washington State Cougars
Championships & awards
Pac-12 Tournament
Player of the Year
Coach of the Year
Defensive Player of the Year
Freshman of the Year
Most Improved Player of the Year
Sixth Man of the Year
All-Pac-12
Conference challenges
Big 12/Pac-10 Hardwood Series (2007–2010)
Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge (2021–present)
Seasons
1915–16
1916–17
1917–18
1918–19
1919–20
1920–21
1921–22
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
1944–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pac12_handbook-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pac12_handbook-2"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Conference"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Idaho"},{"link_name":"joined in 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_NCAA_conference_realignment#Pac-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"During the final week of the regular season, Pac-12 coaches nominate up to three players from their team to be placed on the ballot for consideration. Coaches submit their votes by the Sunday after the season ends and cannot vote for their own players.[2] Previously, a player needed to be selected on 50 percent of the ballots to be on the team. In the 2006–07 season, only nine players received enough votes to be selected. Ties resulted in extra players being selected in some seasons.[3] Each team member receives an award. Players who are not placed on the first or second teams, but received at least three votes, earn honorable mention. The Pac-12 staff has the right to add to the list of recipients selected by the coaches for recognition.[2]The Pac-12, as currently chartered, was formed in 1959. However, the league claims the history of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), founded in 1915, as its own. After the collapse of the PCC in 1959, five of its members immediately founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU). By 1964, all of the final PCC members except Idaho were reunited in the AAWU. The AAWU unofficially used the names Big Five, Big Six, and Pacific-8 before formally adopting the \"Pacific-8\" name in 1968. 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R. Sakuragi.\n\n^ a b Later known as Jeff Ayres.\n\n^ This player's native last name is Pöltl; \"Poeltl\" is the standard English rendering.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of All-Pac-12 Conference women's basketball teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_All-Pac-12_Conference_women%27s_basketball_teams"}] | [{"reference":"Raley, Dan (March 9, 2009). \"Pac-10 spreads wealth to Huskies\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141211104611/http://www.seattlepi.com/sports/article/Pac-10-spreads-wealth-to-Huskies-1302020.php","url_text":"\"Pac-10 spreads wealth to Huskies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer","url_text":"Seattle Post-Intelligencer"},{"url":"http://www.seattlepi.com/sports/article/Pac-10-spreads-wealth-to-Huskies-1302020.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2015–16 Handbook\" (PDF). Pac-12 Conference. p. 105. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 17, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160817212218/http://compliance.pac-12.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/2015-16-P12-Handbook.v2.optimized.pdf","url_text":"\"2015–16 Handbook\""},{"url":"http://compliance.pac-12.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/2015-16-P12-Handbook.v2.optimized.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gimino, Anthony (March 6, 2007). \"Gimino: Budinger Pac-10′s top frosh\". Tucson Citizen. Archived from the original on October 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141011075302/http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2007/03/06/43960-gimino-budinger-pac-10-s-top-frosh/","url_text":"\"Gimino: Budinger Pac-10′s top frosh\""},{"url":"http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2007/03/06/43960-gimino-budinger-pac-10-s-top-frosh/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pac-12 Conference 2011–12 Men's Basketball Media Guide\". Pac-12 Conference. 2011. p. 5. Retrieved February 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://catalog.e-digitaleditions.com/issue/45931","url_text":"\"Pac-12 Conference 2011–12 Men's Basketball Media Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-12_Conference","url_text":"Pac-12 Conference"}]},{"reference":"\"Two Stanford Cagers on PCC Coaches' team\". Oakland Tribune. March 5, 1952. p. D39. Retrieved May 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78586570/1952-all-pcc/","url_text":"\"Two Stanford Cagers on PCC Coaches' team\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Moore, Naulls, Bragg Names On All-Southern Division Team; Halbook All-Northern\". Gazette-Times. Corvallis, Oregon. March 4, 1955. p. 12. Retrieved May 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78659501/","url_text":"\"Moore, Naulls, Bragg Names On All-Southern Division Team; Halbook All-Northern\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"PCC All-Star Team Named\". Medford Mail Tribune. March 14, 1956. p. 8. Retrieved December 25, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26513306/","url_text":"\"PCC All-Star Team Named\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Cal's Friend on PCC Coaches' All Star Five\". The San Francisco Examiner. March 13, 1957. Sec. II, p. 10. Retrieved December 25, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26513859/","url_text":"\"Cal's Friend on PCC Coaches' All Star Five\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Coaches' Team\". Herald and News. March 14, 1958. p. 9. Retrieved December 25, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26514483/","url_text":"\"Coaches' Team\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"UCLA Star Paces All-PCC Selections\". The Daily Sun. March 13, 1959. p. C-3. Retrieved December 2, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25900742/","url_text":"\"UCLA Star Paces All-PCC Selections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Cal Dominates All-Big Five\". The San Bernardino Daily Sun. AP. March 8, 1960. p. A-11. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26543963/","url_text":"\"Cal Dominates All-Big Five\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"2 Trojans on 'Big 5'\". Press Democrat. UPI. March 15, 1961. p. 21. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26544279/","url_text":"\"2 Trojans on 'Big 5'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Rudometkin repeats as scoring king\". Redlands Daily Facts. UPI. March 15, 1962. p. 11. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26544694/","url_text":"\"Rudometkin repeats as scoring king\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Washington players win AAWU berths\". Port Angeles Evening News. AP. March 23, 1963. p. 5. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26545091/","url_text":"\"Washington players win AAWU berths\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Wolthers Makes No. 2 All-Loop\". The San Bernardino Daily Sun. UPI. March 20, 1964. p. C-4. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26546306/","url_text":"\"Wolthers Makes No. 2 All-Loop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Gail Unanimous All-AAWU Pick\". Los Angeles Times. UPI. March 14, 1965. p. D-9. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26546725/","url_text":"\"Gail Unanimous All-AAWU Pick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Troy's Block on Coaches' AAWU Team\". Los Angeles Times. March 18, 1966. Part III, p. 9. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26546916/","url_text":"\"Troy's Block on Coaches' AAWU Team\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Bruins Dominate Pacific-8 Statistics and Star Picks\". Capital Journal. AP. March 16, 1967. Sec. 4, p. 40. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26547180/","url_text":"\"Bruins Dominate Pacific-8 Statistics and Star Picks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Star Team Is Named By PAC-8\". The Oregon Statesman. March 15, 1968. Sec. III, p. 18. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26547527/","url_text":"\"Star Team Is Named By PAC-8\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Stars Picked In Pacific-8 By Coaches\". Capital Journal. UPI. March 12, 1969. Sec. 4, p. 27. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26547681/","url_text":"\"Stars Picked In Pacific-8 By Coaches\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"UCLA Forward Only Unanimous Team Pick\". The Daily Chronicle. March 12, 1970. p. 11. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26518024/","url_text":"\"UCLA Forward Only Unanimous Team Pick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Wicks, Rowe On All-Pac-8 Team\". Kingport Times. March 17, 1971. p. 2-C. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26517984/","url_text":"\"Wicks, Rowe On All-Pac-8 Team\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Walton, Boyd Lead All-Pac-8\". The Times-Standard. March 15, 1972. p. 16. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26517927/","url_text":"\"Bill Walton, Boyd Lead All-Pac-8\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Cards' Kelley Named to Pac-8 All-Conference\". San Francisco Examiner. March 14, 1973. p. 65. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26517875/","url_text":"\"Cards' Kelley Named to Pac-8 All-Conference\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"All-Pacific-8 Conference Teams\". The Billings Gazette. March 14, 1974. p. 22. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26517784/","url_text":"\"All-Pacific-8 Conference Teams\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Pac-8 coaches tap Lee, Shelton\". Albany Democrat-Herald. AP. March 13, 1975. p. 24. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26517711/","url_text":"\"Pac-8 coaches tap Lee, Shelton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Ducks' Lee makes All-Pac-8 again\". Honolulu Advertiser. UPI. March 11, 1976. p. D-4. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26517648/","url_text":"\"Ducks' Lee makes All-Pac-8 again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Johnson, Greenwood All-Pac-8\". The Sun-Telegram. Associated Press. March 9, 1977. p. B-7. Retrieved December 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26517576/","url_text":"\"Johnson, Greenwood All-Pac-8\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"2010–11 Pac-10 Conference Men's Basketball Honors\" (PDF) (Press release). Pacific-10 Conference. March 7, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110817084554/http://www.pac-10.org/portals/7/images/MBasketball/WklyRel/2010-11All-Pac-10.pdf","url_text":"\"2010–11 Pac-10 Conference Men's Basketball Honors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific-10_Conference","url_text":"Pacific-10 Conference"},{"url":"http://www.pac-10.org/portals/7/images/MBasketball/WklyRel/2010-11All-Pac-10.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bolch, Ben; Holmes, Baxter (March 7, 2011). \"UCLA awaits word on condition of Malcolm Lee's left knee\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201126010208/http://articles.latimes.com/print/2011/mar/07/sports/la-sp-pac-10-notes-20110308","url_text":"\"UCLA awaits word on condition of Malcolm Lee's left knee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/print/2011/mar/07/sports/la-sp-pac-10-notes-20110308","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Yoon, Peter (March 11, 2013). \"Shabazz Muhammad, Larry Drew II named All-Pac-12\". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/blog/los-angeles/ucla/post/_/id/13549/shabazz-muhammad-larry-drew-ii-named-all-pac-12","url_text":"\"Shabazz Muhammad, Larry Drew II named All-Pac-12\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130314032008/http://espn.go.com/blog/los-angeles/ucla/post/_/id/13549/shabazz-muhammad-larry-drew-ii-named-all-pac-12","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2013–14 Pac-12 Conference Men's Basketball Honors\" (Press release). Pac-12 Conference. March 10, 2014. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140312033514/http://pac-12.com/article/2014/03/10/2013-14-pac-12-conference-mens-basketball-honors","url_text":"\"2013–14 Pac-12 Conference Men's Basketball Honors\""},{"url":"http://pac-12.com/article/2014/03/10/2013-14-pac-12-conference-mens-basketball-honors","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2014–15 Pac-12 Conference Men's Basketball Honors\" (Press release). Pac-12. March 9, 2015. Archived from the original on March 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pac-12.com/article/2015/03/09/2014-15-pac-12-conference-mens-basketball-honors","url_text":"\"2014–15 Pac-12 Conference Men's Basketball Honors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150312012307/http://pac-12.com/article/2015/03/09/2014-15-pac-12-conference-mens-basketball-honors","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2015–16 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference Honors\" (Press release). Pac-12. 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Archived from the original on March 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://pac-12.com/article/2017/03/06/2016-17-pac-12-mens-basketball-all-conference-honors","url_text":"\"2016–17 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference Honors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170308173205/http://pac-12.com/article/2017/03/06/2016-17-pac-12-mens-basketball-all-conference-honors","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2017–18 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference Teams announced\".","urls":[{"url":"http://pac-12.com/article/2018/03/04/2017-18-pac-12-mens-basketball-all-conference-teams-announced","url_text":"\"2017–18 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference Teams announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pac-12 announces 2018–19 Men's Basketball All-Conference Teams\".","urls":[{"url":"https://pac-12.com/article/2019/03/10/pac-12-announces-2018-19-mens-basketball-all-conference-teams","url_text":"\"Pac-12 announces 2018–19 Men's Basketball All-Conference Teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019-20 Pac-12 Men's 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announced\""},{"Link":"https://pac-12.com/article/2019/03/10/pac-12-announces-2018-19-mens-basketball-all-conference-teams","external_links_name":"\"Pac-12 announces 2018–19 Men's Basketball All-Conference Teams\""},{"Link":"https://pac-12.com/article/2020/03/08/2019-20-pac-12-mens-basketball-all-conference-awards-announced","external_links_name":"\"2019-20 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference awards announced | Pac-12\""},{"Link":"https://pac-12.com/article/2021/03/09/2020-21-pac-12-mens-basketball-all-conference-honors-and-annual-performance","external_links_name":"\"2020-21 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference honors and Annual Performance Awards, presented by Nextiva | Pac-12\""},{"Link":"https://pac-12.com/article/2022/03/08/2021-22-pac-12-mens-basketball-all-conference-honors-and-annual-performance","external_links_name":"\"2021-22 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference honors and Annual Performance Awards, presented by Nextiva | Pac-12\""},{"Link":"https://pac-12.com/article/2023/03/07/2022-23-pac-12-mens-basketball-all-conference-honors-and-annual-performance","external_links_name":"\"2022-23 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference honors and Annual Performance Awards, presented by Nextiva\""},{"Link":"https://pac-12.com/article/2024/03/12/2023-24-pac-12-mens-basketball-all-conference-honors-and-annual-performance","external_links_name":"\"2023-24 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference honors and Annual Performance Awards, presented by Nextiva\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/awards/all-pac-12.html","external_links_name":"All-Pac-12 Conference Winner"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations | Mongolia–Turkey relations | ["1 History","2 Modern relations","3 References","4 External links"] | Bilateral relationsMongolia–Turkey relations
Mongolia
Turkey
Mongolia and Turkey have respective embassies in each other's capitals.
History
See also: Xiongnu and Turko-Mongol tradition
The Mongols and Turks have developed a strong relationship. Both peoples were commonly nomadic peoples despite ethnic differences, and the cultural sprachbund evolved into a mixture of alliance and conflicts. The Xiongnu people were thought to be the ancestors of modern Mongols and Turks. Both Turks and Mongols view themselves nomadic warriors, and, for a long time, developed a history of fostering alliance against various Chinese Empires in its attempts to preserve its culture and border.
The two peoples also shared a common Turko-Mongol tradition, which gradually developed into the common sense of reverence to Tengrism, with a strong pride based on freedom and honors (however, there are also well documented barbarity and destruction under the Mongol Empire in both Asia and Europe). The belief managed to survive even when the Mongols and Turks adopted other religions, Buddhism and Islam, respectively.
When Genghis Khan established the Mongol Empire, the Turks were split between alliance and hostility. A number of Turkic tribes allied with the Mongol Empire, owning by cultural commonalities; while a number of Turkic tribes rose up and fought against the Mongol rulers (such as Jalal al-Din Mangburni), continuing the nomadic traditions. This had continued with various Turko-Mongol governments like Golden Horde, Timurid Empire, the Mughal Empire until the rise of Ottoman Empire, in yet another product of a Turko-Mongol dynasty.
Today, many Turkic peoples continue to share nearly identical cultural customs with their Mongolic counterparts, the result that was traced from history. According from V. Gordlevsky, and retrieved by Russian Turkologist and Mongologist Aleksandr Kadyrbaev "In order to understand the history of Turkic peoples it is necessary to study the Mongols".
Modern relations
Turkey and Mongolia established relations in 1969 when Mongolia was a communist state. The friendly relationship between two countries was reflected in a ceremony back in 2019, when Turkish ambassador to Mongolia Ahmet Yazal declared "We have historical, cultural and social relations that date back to 2000 years ago. We can do many things to ensure that this friendship will take us further", adding that Turkey will always be a Third Neighbor of Mongolia.
Also, Turkey and Mongolia have deepened their cooperation, ranged from education to economic assistance, as well as historical commitment to understand the ancient relations of the two nations.
References
^ Durand-Guédy, David (June 1, 2010). "Mongols, Turks and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World". Iranian Studies. 43 (3): 420–424. doi:10.1080/00210861003693992. S2CID 162368831.
^ Totalitarismo, Mister (March 3, 2020). "Xiongnu: The origins of Turkish civilization".
^ "Mongolia History - Influence of Tang China". Global Security.
^ "Tengrism". October 13, 2018.
^ "HISTORY OF THE TURKS". www.historyworld.net.
^ Yulianovich, Pochekaev Roman (September 4, 2014). "Political repressions in the Mongol Empire, Golden Horde and other Turkic-Mongol states, and their justifications (13 th-16 th CC.)". Золотоордынское обозрение (3): 103–120 – via cyberleninka.ru.
^ "The National Museum of Mongolian History: The early Türk Empire and the Uighurs". depts.washington.edu.
^ Kadyrbaev, Aleksandr Sh. (2005). "Turks (Uighurs, Kipchaks and Kanglis) in the History of the Mongols". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 58 (3): 249–253. doi:10.1556/AOrient.58.2005.5.3. JSTOR 23658649.
^ "50 Years of Turkish-Mongolian Diplomatic Relations". Türkiye - Merkez. November 7, 2019.
^ "Mongolia and Turkey relations and cooperation reported".
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Diplomatic corps | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"}],"text":"Mongolia and Turkey have respective embassies in each other's capitals.","title":"Mongolia–Turkey relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xiongnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu"},{"link_name":"Turko-Mongol tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turko-Mongol_tradition"},{"link_name":"Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Xiongnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chinese Empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Turko-Mongol tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turko-Mongol_tradition"},{"link_name":"Tengrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrism"},{"link_name":"destruction under the Mongol Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Genghis Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan"},{"link_name":"Mongol Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"Jalal al-Din Mangburni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Golden Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde"},{"link_name":"Timurid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"See also: Xiongnu and Turko-Mongol traditionThe Mongols and Turks have developed a strong relationship. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_picking | Hybrid picking | ["1 Technique","2 Guitarists notable for their use of hybrid picking","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"] | Guitar-playing technique
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Example of a simple arpeggio with hybrid picking: bass notes flatpicked and higher notes fingerpicked
Hybrid picking is a guitar-playing technique that involves picking with a pick (plectrum) and one or more fingers alternately or simultaneously. Hybrid picking allows guitar players who use a pick to perform music which would normally require fingerstyle playing. It also facilitates wide string leaps (e.g. from the sixth string to the second string, etc.) which might otherwise be quite difficult. The technique is not widespread in most genres of guitar playing (though notable exceptions exist), but is most often employed in "chicken pickin'"; rockabilly, country, honky-tonk, and bluegrass flatpicking styles who play music which occasionally demands fingerstyle passages.
Hybrid picking involves playing with the pick and the right hand m and/or a fingers...at the same time. The pick is held in the usual way...and the fingers execute free strokes in the typical fingerstyle manner...Hybrid picking allows fingerstyle-like passages to be freely interspersed with flatpicked passages...without any delay.
Generally the pick is used to play bass notes, which are emphasized by increased amplitude, longer duration, and timbral difference. In notation the flatpicked notes are indicated by placing the down bow and up bow symbols (𝆪 and 𝆫) below or next to the notehead of the flatpicked note rather than above the staff or tablature as a whole.
Technique
Greg Koch using a hybrid picking style with pick
Hybrid picking involves using a combination of the pick and the fingers. Hold the pick between your thumb and index finger, and use your middle and ring fingers to pluck additional strings..., pick the bass notes with the pick, and pluck the highe two strings with your middle and ring finger.
Players who use hybrid picking generally hold the pick in the traditional grip, between the index finger and thumb. Since this only involves the use of two fingers, it leaves three fingers of the picking hand free, which allows for hybrid picking.
the use of both a pick and fingers to pluck the strings. This can be accomplished with a standard flatpick and fingers or with a thumbpick and fingers...With hybrid picking, you don't change the way you operate for normal picking at all. You're only going to add to that with the middle and ring fingers of your picking hand.
Hybrid picking allows a picking guitarist to play some things otherwise impossible; however, there are limitations to the technique. The primary issue stems from the angle at which the free fingers must pick the strings. While a player who only uses his or her fingers to pluck the strings (e.g., a classical guitarist) holds their hand at such an angle that the fingers travel perpendicular to the strings, allowing for a clear attack, a player holding the pick naturally positions their hand such that the pick strikes perpendicular to the strings, putting the fingers in a position almost parallel to the strings. This makes the attack of the free fingers of a hybrid picking guitarist considerably weaker than that of a purely fingerpicking guitarist, unless significant changes are made to the hybrid picker's hand position. The angle of the fingers for a hybrid picker also limits the speed at which fingerpicked notes can be played, though speed can be achieved as normal using the plectrum. The timbre of fingerpicked notes is described as, "result in a more piano-like attack," and less like pizzicato.
Guitarists notable for their use of hybrid picking
Main article: List of hybrid picking guitarists
See also
Alternate picking
References
^ a b The National Guitar Workshop (2001). Guitar Technique Encyclopedia, p.117. Alfred Music. ISBN 978-0-7390-0919-2.
^ Stetina, Troy (2001). Left-handed Guitar, p.54. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 9780634030086.
^ a b Johnson, Chad (2012). Essential Rock Guitar Techniques, unpaginated. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 9781476824994.
Further reading
Assis-Brasil, Gustavo (2005). Hybrid Picking for Guitar. Gustavo Assis-Brasil Music. ISBN 0-9774398-0-1.
Assis-Brasil, Gustavo (2008). Hybrid Picking Exercises: Single Note Permutations. Create Space. ISBN 978-1-4528-9543-7.
Assis-Brasil, Gustavo (2011). Hybrid Picking Lines & Licks for Guitar. Gustavo Assis-Brasil Music. ISBN 978-1-4507-8128-2.
Pearson, Wyn (2008). Hybrid Picking. Mel Bay Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-7866-7607-1.
vteGuitar pickingGeneral
Alternate bass
Arpeggio
Fingerpick
Guitar pick
Hybrid picking
Performance techniques
Strum
Fingerstyle
Apoyando
Carter Family picking
Rasgueado
Tirando
Travis
Flatpicking
Alternate picking
Crosspicking
Downpicking
Economy picking
Guitar Craft
Sweep picking
Innovators
Maybelle Carter
Robert Fripp
Merle Travis
Leo Kottke
Outline of guitars
vteGuitar shreddingTechniques
Alternate picking
Economy picking
Hammer-ons
Hybrid picking
Legato
Pull-offs
String skipping
Sweep picking
Tapping
Tremolo picking
Wide intervals
Pick tapping
Genres
Classical
Bluegrass
Country
Flamenco
Power metal
Hard rock
Heavy metal
Instrumental rock
Jazz
Jazz fusion
Neoclassical metal
Progressive rock | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arpeggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpeggio"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"picking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_picking"},{"link_name":"pick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_pick"},{"link_name":"plectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plectrum"},{"link_name":"fingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingers"},{"link_name":"fingerstyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerstyle"},{"link_name":"rockabilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockabilly"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"honky-tonk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky-tonk"},{"link_name":"bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music"},{"link_name":"flatpicking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatpicking"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alfred-1"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_finger"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_finger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alfred-1"},{"link_name":"bass notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_note"},{"link_name":"amplitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(music)"},{"link_name":"duration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duration_(music)"},{"link_name":"timbral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre"},{"link_name":"down bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_bow"},{"link_name":"up bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_bow"}],"text":"Example of a simple arpeggio with hybrid picking: bass notes flatpicked and higher notes fingerpickedHybrid picking is a guitar-playing technique that involves picking with a pick (plectrum) and one or more fingers alternately or simultaneously. Hybrid picking allows guitar players who use a pick to perform music which would normally require fingerstyle playing. It also facilitates wide string leaps (e.g. from the sixth string to the second string, etc.) which might otherwise be quite difficult. The technique is not widespread in most genres of guitar playing (though notable exceptions exist), but is most often employed in \"chicken pickin'\"; rockabilly, country, honky-tonk, and bluegrass flatpicking styles who play music which occasionally demands fingerstyle passages.[1]Hybrid picking involves playing with the pick and the right hand m and/or a fingers...at the same time. The pick is held in the usual way...and the fingers execute free strokes in the typical fingerstyle manner...Hybrid picking allows fingerstyle-like passages to be freely interspersed with flatpicked passages...without any delay.[1]Generally the pick is used to play bass notes, which are emphasized by increased amplitude, longer duration, and timbral difference. In notation the flatpicked notes are indicated by placing the down bow and up bow symbols (𝆪 and 𝆫) below or next to the notehead of the flatpicked note rather than above the staff or tablature as a whole.","title":"Hybrid picking"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greg_Koch_Live.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"thumbpick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumbpick"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"perpendicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular"},{"link_name":"parallel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"timbre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_(music)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"pizzicato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzicato"}],"text":"Greg Koch using a hybrid picking style with pickHybrid picking involves using a combination of the pick and the fingers. Hold the pick between your thumb and index finger, and use your middle and ring fingers to pluck additional strings...[Generally], pick the bass notes with the pick, and pluck the highe[r] two strings with your middle and ring finger.[2]Players who use hybrid picking generally hold the pick in the traditional grip, between the index finger and thumb. Since this only involves the use of two fingers, it leaves three fingers of the picking hand free, which allows for hybrid picking.[Hybrid picking is] the use of both a pick and fingers to pluck the strings. This can be accomplished with a standard flatpick and fingers or with a thumbpick and fingers...With hybrid picking, you don't change the way you operate for normal picking at all. You're only going to add to that with the middle and ring fingers of your picking hand.[3]Hybrid picking allows a picking guitarist to play some things otherwise impossible; however, there are limitations to the technique. The primary issue stems from the angle at which the free fingers must pick the strings. While a player who only uses his or her fingers to pluck the strings (e.g., a classical guitarist) holds their hand at such an angle that the fingers travel perpendicular to the strings, allowing for a clear attack, a player holding the pick naturally positions their hand such that the pick strikes perpendicular to the strings, putting the fingers in a position almost parallel to the strings. This makes the attack of the free fingers of a hybrid picking guitarist considerably weaker than that of a purely fingerpicking guitarist, unless significant changes are made to the hybrid picker's hand position. The angle of the fingers for a hybrid picker also limits the speed at which fingerpicked notes can be played, though speed can be achieved as normal using the plectrum. The timbre of fingerpicked notes is described as, \"result[ing] in a more piano-like attack,\"[3] and less like pizzicato.","title":"Technique"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Guitarists notable for their use of hybrid picking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9774398-0-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9774398-0-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4528-9543-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4528-9543-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4507-8128-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4507-8128-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7866-7607-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7866-7607-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Guitar_picking"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Guitar_picking"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guitar_picking"},{"link_name":"Guitar 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picking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Family_picking"},{"link_name":"Rasgueado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasgueado"},{"link_name":"Tirando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirando"},{"link_name":"Travis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_picking"},{"link_name":"Flatpicking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatpicking"},{"link_name":"Alternate picking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_picking"},{"link_name":"Crosspicking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosspicking"},{"link_name":"Downpicking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downpicking"},{"link_name":"Economy picking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_picking"},{"link_name":"Guitar Craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_Craft"},{"link_name":"Sweep picking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweep_picking"},{"link_name":"Maybelle Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybelle_Carter"},{"link_name":"Robert Fripp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fripp"},{"link_name":"Merle Travis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Travis"},{"link_name":"Leo Kottke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Kottke"},{"link_name":"Outline of guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_guitars"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Guitar_shredding"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Guitar_shredding"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guitar_shredding"},{"link_name":"Guitar shredding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shred_guitar"},{"link_name":"Alternate picking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_picking"},{"link_name":"Economy picking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_picking"},{"link_name":"Hammer-ons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer-on"},{"link_name":"Hybrid picking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Legato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legato"},{"link_name":"Pull-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pull-off"},{"link_name":"String skipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_skipping"},{"link_name":"Sweep picking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweep_picking"},{"link_name":"Tapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapping"},{"link_name":"Tremolo picking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_picking"},{"link_name":"Wide intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)"},{"link_name":"Pick tapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick_tapping"},{"link_name":"Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_guitar"},{"link_name":"Bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music"},{"link_name":"Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco"},{"link_name":"Power metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_metal"},{"link_name":"Hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"Heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Instrumental rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_rock"},{"link_name":"Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Jazz fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_fusion"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_metal"},{"link_name":"Progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"}],"text":"Assis-Brasil, Gustavo (2005). Hybrid Picking for Guitar. Gustavo Assis-Brasil Music. ISBN 0-9774398-0-1.\nAssis-Brasil, Gustavo (2008). Hybrid Picking Exercises: Single Note Permutations. Create Space. ISBN 978-1-4528-9543-7.\nAssis-Brasil, Gustavo (2011). Hybrid Picking Lines & Licks for Guitar. Gustavo Assis-Brasil Music. ISBN 978-1-4507-8128-2.\nPearson, Wyn (2008). Hybrid Picking. Mel Bay Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-7866-7607-1.vteGuitar pickingGeneral\nAlternate bass\nArpeggio\nFingerpick\nGuitar pick\nHybrid picking\nPerformance techniques\nStrum\nFingerstyle\nApoyando\nCarter Family picking\nRasgueado\nTirando\nTravis\nFlatpicking\nAlternate picking\nCrosspicking\nDownpicking\nEconomy picking\nGuitar Craft\nSweep picking\nInnovators\nMaybelle Carter\nRobert Fripp\nMerle Travis\nLeo Kottke\n\nOutline of guitarsvteGuitar shreddingTechniques\nAlternate picking\nEconomy picking\nHammer-ons\nHybrid picking\nLegato\nPull-offs\nString skipping\nSweep picking\nTapping\nTremolo picking\nWide intervals\nPick tapping\nGenres\nClassical\nBluegrass\nCountry\nFlamenco\nPower metal\nHard rock\nHeavy metal\nInstrumental rock\nJazz\nJazz fusion\nNeoclassical metal\nProgressive rock","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Example of a simple arpeggio with hybrid picking: bass notes flatpicked and higher notes fingerpicked"},{"image_text":"Greg Koch using a hybrid picking style with pick","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Greg_Koch_Live.jpg/220px-Greg_Koch_Live.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Alternate picking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_picking"}] | [{"reference":"Assis-Brasil, Gustavo (2005). Hybrid Picking for Guitar. Gustavo Assis-Brasil Music. ISBN 0-9774398-0-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9774398-0-1","url_text":"0-9774398-0-1"}]},{"reference":"Assis-Brasil, Gustavo (2008). Hybrid Picking Exercises: Single Note Permutations. Create Space. ISBN 978-1-4528-9543-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4528-9543-7","url_text":"978-1-4528-9543-7"}]},{"reference":"Assis-Brasil, Gustavo (2011). Hybrid Picking Lines & Licks for Guitar. Gustavo Assis-Brasil Music. ISBN 978-1-4507-8128-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4507-8128-2","url_text":"978-1-4507-8128-2"}]},{"reference":"Pearson, Wyn (2008). Hybrid Picking. Mel Bay Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-7866-7607-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7866-7607-1","url_text":"978-0-7866-7607-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hybrid+picking%22","external_links_name":"\"Hybrid picking\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hybrid+picking%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hybrid+picking%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hybrid+picking%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hybrid+picking%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hybrid+picking%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zFgVl1E6r_EC&pg=PA117","external_links_name":"Guitar Technique Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=82rxCQAAQBAJ&dq=%22hybrid+picking%22&pg=PT89","external_links_name":"Essential Rock Guitar Techniques"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Diggs | Elizabeth Diggs | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 List of plays","4.1 Feature length","4.2 One-act plays","5 Awards and honours","6 References","7 External links"] | American playwright and television writer
Elizabeth DiggsBorn (1939-08-06) 6 August 1939 (age 84)Tulsa, OklahomaOccupationPlaywrightAlma materBrown UniversityNotable worksClose TiesMiretteGoodbye Freddy
Elizabeth Diggs is an American playwright. She is a member of Ensemble Studio Theatre.
Early life and education
Born in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1939 to attorney James B. Diggs and Virginia Francis Diggs, Diggs attended Brown University, where she first became involved with theatre. In 1960 she co-wrote Happily Never After, the annual Brownbrokers musical, with future partner Emily Arnold McCully. She graduated in 1961. After Brown, she earned a PhD from Columbia University and entered a period of political activism in the anti-war and feminism movements, including the distinction of heading one of the first Women's Studies programs at Jersey City College, where she co-developed curriculum and oversaw the launch and expansion of the program. She is a professor of dramatic writing at the Goldberg Department of Dramatic Writing at Tisch.
Career
Diggs' first major success was the play Close Ties, which premiered at Lexington Conservatory Theatre in August 1980. The play starred notable stage actress Margaret Barker, Sofia Landon Geier and John Griesemer. It was directed by Barbara Rosoff. "A remarkable production of a lovely and loving play," said critic Jeffery Borak. The Knickerbocker News described it as "...beautiful, touching, gentle and heartwarming." A year later it was produced at Long Wharf Theatre, directed by Arvin Brown and once again starring Barker; the actress had been friends with Diggs for several years, and the author crafted the role with Barker in mind. In 1983, it was made into a television film.
Her next play, Goodbye Freddy, was workshopped at Lexington Conservatory Theatre, followed by its world premiere production at South Coast Repertory in 1983. Diggs won the CBS Dramatists Guild Prize for the play that May. The play was produced at Portland Stage Company in December 1984, starring fellow Lexington Conservatory alumni Court Miller and Kit Flanagan, and directed by another alumni, Barbara Rosoff. The production of Goodbye Freddy was later remounted in New York on September 20, 1985, starring Barbara Eda-Young and Michael Murphy in place of Court Miller, along with Walter Bobbie, Carole Monferdini, Nicholas Cortland and Kit Flanagan."As she demonstrated in Close Ties and the one-act Dumping Grounds, the playwright has a keen ear for dialogue and a watchful eye for those offhanded moments when characters accidentally reveal themselves," said New York Times critic Mel Gussow.
American Beef, her third play, explores the dying myths of the American west, and was inspired by childhood visits to the Chapman-Barnard Ranch in Osage County, Oklahoma. It was commissioned in 1985 for South Coast Repertory. Productions include 1987 world premiere at Gloucester Stage Company in Massachusetts followed by International City Theater in Long Beach, California.
In October 1988, she premiered Saint Florence at Capital Repertory Theatre in Albany, NY. "Both an instructive lesson from history and a compelling act of the imagination," said the review of the premiere in the New York Times. Based on the life of Florence Nightingale, the production starred Claire Beckman. In 1990, it was produced at the Vineyard Theatre in New York. Re-titled Nightingale it was directed by John Rubinstein with Kathryn Pogson in the starring role.
In 1996, she collaborated with composer Harvey Schmidt and lyricist Tom Jones, writing the book for the musical Mirette based on Emily Arnold McCully's Caldecott award-winning children's book Mirette on the High Wire. It opened in August 1996 at the Norma Terris Theatre and later moved to the Goodspeed Opera House.
Diggs also contributed to the first season of television series St. Elsewhere. Although writing for television was lucrative, she found the experience less fulfilling than theatre.
Personal life
Her daughter, with director Will Mackenzie, is documentary filmmaker Jenny Mackenzie. She lives in Chatham with her partner, author Emily Arnold McCully.
List of plays
Feature length
Close Ties
Goodbye Freddy
Nightingale
American Beef
Grant & Twain
Custer's Luck
Glory Girls
Mirette
One-act plays
Dumping Ground
Awards and honours
National Endowment for the Arts grant, for the premiere production of Saint Florence, 1983
CBS/Dramatists Guild Prize for the writing of Goodbye Freddy, 1983
Runner-up, Susan Smith Blackburn Prize for the writing of Saint Florence, 1987
Guggenheim Fellowship award, for exceptional creativity in the field of dramatic arts, 1988
Kennedy Center for the Arts grant for the premiere production of Saint Florence, 1988
Theatre Communications Group Edgerton Foundation Award for New Plays, for development of Grant & Twain, 2013
References
^ "Broadway World – Elizabeth Diggs". Broadway World. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
^ "Ensemble Member Artists: Elizabeth Diggs". Ensemble Studio Theatre. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ National Playwrights Directory. Drama Book Specialists. 1981. p. 80. ISBN 9780960516001. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Armstrong, Leslie (April 22, 1960). "Book and Lyrics Surpass Brownbrokers' Performance". Pembroke Record. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "Pembroke Oral History Project, 50th Reunion Class of 1961". brown.edu. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Love, Barbara J. (September 22, 2006). Feminists Who Changed America, 1963–1975. University of Illinois Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780252031892. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
^ Diggs, Elizabeth (1975). "The Future of Women's Studies". Women's Studies Quarterly (Summer): 24–25.
^ "Biography". elizabethdiggs.com. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ ""Close Ties" to Premiere at LCT". Stamford Mirror-Recorder. August 20, 1980.
^ Goepfert, Bob (August 25, 1980). "Lexington's 'Close Ties' a pleasant drama". The Knickerbocker News.
^ Borak, Jeffery (August 23, 1980). "'Close Ties' is Unforgettable". Poughkeepsie Journal.
^ Gussow, Mel (March 22, 1981). "Stage: Elizabeth Diggs' 'Close Ties'". New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Frankel, Haskel (February 15, 1981). "A Veteran of Drama Stars at Long Wharf". New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "Close Ties: Full Cast and Crew". IMDB.com. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ National Playwrights Directory. Drama Book Specialists. 1981. p. 80. ISBN 9780960516001. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Triplett, Gene (March 15, 1984). "Tulsa Spotlight Shines Play Lauded at Home". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Larock, Cindy (December 3, 1984). "'Freddy' full of surprises". Lewiston Daily Sun. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
^ Diggs, Elizabeth (1986). Goodbye Freddy. Dramatists Play Service. ISBN 9780822204602.
^ Gussow, Mel (September 26, 1985). "Stage: 'Goodbye Freddy'". New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Minor, Darla Jones (May 22, 1987). "Play Probes Ranch Woes". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
^ Arkatov, Janice (August 2, 1987). "SAVING THE RANCH". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
^ Koblenz, Eleanor (October 4, 1988). "Despite Flaws, Cap Rep 'Saint Florence' First Class". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Gussow, Mel (October 15, 1988). "This Florence Nightingale Knew How to Fight a War: ". New York Times.
^ Gussow, Mel (December 4, 1990). "Florence Nightingale as a Saint Without the Halo". New York Times.
^ Klein, Alvin (August 18, 1996). "A Musical in the Making: 'Mirette,' about finding what one must do in life". New York Times.
^ Marks, Peter (July 31, 1998). "On a Tightrope, Finding Her Dream". New York Times.
^ Koblenz, Eleanor (February 7, 1986). "Prize-Winning 'Goodbye Freddy' to Open Tomorrow at Capital Rep". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "Jennifer Mackenzie, a Therapist, Weds". New York Times. October 8, 1990. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Larson, Jamie. "The Rural We: Elizabeth Diggs". Rural Intelligence. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Gussow, Mel (March 22, 1981). "Stage: Elizabeth Diggs' 'Close Ties'". New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Gussow, Mel (September 26, 1985). "Stage: 'Goodbye Freddy'". New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Gussow, Mel (October 15, 1988). "This Florence Nightingale Knew How to Fight a War: ". New York Times.
^ Minor, Darla Jones (May 22, 1987). "Play Probes Ranch Woes". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
^ Smullen, Sharon (September 26, 2018). "Two rock stars of the Gilded Age, Ulysses S. Grant and Mark Twain, forge a bond in a new play at PS21". Berkshire Eagle. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Familiar Diggs". The Salt Lake Tribune. September 5, 1997. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ Sierra, Gabrielle. "Ensemble Studio Theatre Presents OCTOBERFEST". Broadway World. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ Klein, Alvin (August 18, 1996). "A Musical in the Making: 'Mirette,' about finding what one must do in life". New York Times.
^ Diggs, Elizabeth (1982). Dumping Ground. Dramatists Play Service. ISBN 9780822203407.
^ "Around the Endowment". National Endowment for the Arts: Arts Review. 1–5. 1983. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ Triplett, Gene (March 15, 1984). "Tulsa Spotlight Shines Play Lauded at Home". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Koblenz, Eleanor (September 29, 1988). "Capital Rep to Stage Diggs' 'Saint Florence'". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "262 Chosen for Guggenheim Awards". New York Times. April 10, 1988.
^ "Fellows: Elizabeth Diggs". Guggenheim Foundation. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ Koblenz, Eleanor (September 29, 1988). "Capital Rep to Stage Diggs' 'Saint Florrence'". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "Grant & Twain". Theatre Communications group. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
External links
Official Website
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ensemble Studio Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Studio_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Elizabeth Diggs is an American playwright.[1] She is a member of Ensemble Studio Theatre.[2]","title":"Elizabeth Diggs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"Brownbrokers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownbrokers"},{"link_name":"Emily Arnold McCully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Arnold_McCully"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Women's Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Studies"},{"link_name":"Jersey City College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_City_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Tisch_School_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Born in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1939 to attorney James B. Diggs and Virginia Francis Diggs,[3] Diggs attended Brown University, where she first became involved with theatre. In 1960 she co-wrote Happily Never After, the annual Brownbrokers musical, with future partner Emily Arnold McCully.[4] She graduated in 1961.[5] After Brown, she earned a PhD from Columbia University and entered a period of political activism in the anti-war and feminism movements,[6] including the distinction of heading one of the first Women's Studies programs at Jersey City College, where she co-developed curriculum and oversaw the launch and expansion of the program.[7] She is a professor of dramatic writing at the Goldberg Department of Dramatic Writing at Tisch.[8]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lexington Conservatory Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Conservatory_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sofia Landon Geier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Landon_Geier"},{"link_name":"John Griesemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Griesemer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Long Wharf Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Wharf_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Arvin Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvin_Brown"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"South Coast Repertory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Coast_Repertory"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Portland Stage Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Stage_Company"},{"link_name":"Court Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_Miller"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Walter Bobbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bobbie"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Mel Gussow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Gussow"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Chapman-Barnard Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallgrass_Prairie_Preserve"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"South Coast Repertory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Coast_Repertory"},{"link_name":"International City Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_City_Theater"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Capital Repertory Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Repertory_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Florence Nightingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale"},{"link_name":"Vineyard Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard_Theatre"},{"link_name":"John Rubinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rubinstein"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Pogson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Pogson"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Harvey Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"Tom Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Jones_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Mirette on the High Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirette_on_the_High_Wire"},{"link_name":"Norma Terris Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Terris_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Goodspeed Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodspeed_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"St. Elsewhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elsewhere"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Diggs' first major success was the play Close Ties, which premiered at Lexington Conservatory Theatre in August 1980.[9] The play starred notable stage actress Margaret Barker, Sofia Landon Geier and John Griesemer. It was directed by Barbara Rosoff. \"A remarkable production of a lovely and loving play,\" said critic Jeffery Borak. The Knickerbocker News described it as \"...beautiful, touching, gentle and heartwarming.\"[10][11] A year later it was produced at Long Wharf Theatre, directed by Arvin Brown and once again starring Barker;[12] the actress had been friends with Diggs for several years, and the author crafted the role with Barker in mind.[13] In 1983, it was made into a television film.[14]Her next play, Goodbye Freddy, was workshopped at Lexington Conservatory Theatre,[15] followed by its world premiere production at South Coast Repertory in 1983. Diggs won the CBS Dramatists Guild Prize for the play that May.[16] The play was produced at Portland Stage Company in December 1984, starring fellow Lexington Conservatory alumni Court Miller and Kit Flanagan, and directed by another alumni, Barbara Rosoff.[17] The production of Goodbye Freddy was later remounted in New York on September 20, 1985, starring Barbara Eda-Young and Michael Murphy in place of Court Miller, along with Walter Bobbie, Carole Monferdini, Nicholas Cortland and Kit Flanagan.[18]\"As she demonstrated in Close Ties and the one-act Dumping Grounds, the playwright has a keen ear for dialogue and a watchful eye for those offhanded moments when characters accidentally reveal themselves,\" said New York Times critic Mel Gussow.[19]American Beef, her third play, explores the dying myths of the American west, and was inspired by childhood visits to the Chapman-Barnard Ranch in Osage County, Oklahoma.[20] It was commissioned in 1985 for South Coast Repertory. Productions include 1987 world premiere at Gloucester Stage Company in Massachusetts followed by International City Theater in Long Beach, California.[21]In October 1988, she premiered Saint Florence at Capital Repertory Theatre in Albany, NY.[22] \"Both an instructive lesson from history and a compelling act of the imagination,\" said the review of the premiere in the New York Times.[23] Based on the life of Florence Nightingale, the production starred Claire Beckman. In 1990, it was produced at the Vineyard Theatre in New York. Re-titled Nightingale it was directed by John Rubinstein with Kathryn Pogson in the starring role.[24]In 1996, she collaborated with composer Harvey Schmidt and lyricist Tom Jones, writing the book for the musical Mirette based on Emily Arnold McCully's Caldecott award-winning children's book Mirette on the High Wire. It opened in August 1996 at the Norma Terris Theatre[25] and later moved to the Goodspeed Opera House.[26]Diggs also contributed to the first season of television series St. Elsewhere. Although writing for television was lucrative, she found the experience less fulfilling than theatre.[27]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Will Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Mackenzie"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Emily Arnold McCully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Arnold_McCully"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Her daughter, with director Will Mackenzie, is documentary filmmaker Jenny Mackenzie.[28] She lives in Chatham with her partner, author Emily Arnold McCully.[29]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of plays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Mirette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirette_(musical)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Feature length","text":"Close Ties[30]\nGoodbye Freddy[31]\nNightingale[32]\nAmerican Beef[33]\nGrant & Twain[34]\nCuster's Luck[35]\nGlory Girls[36]\nMirette[37]","title":"List of plays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"One-act plays","text":"Dumping Ground[38]","title":"List of plays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Theatre Communications Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Communications_Group"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"National Endowment for the Arts grant, for the premiere production of Saint Florence, 1983[39]\nCBS/Dramatists Guild Prize for the writing of Goodbye Freddy, 1983[40]\nRunner-up, Susan Smith Blackburn Prize for the writing of Saint Florence, 1987[41]\nGuggenheim Fellowship award, for exceptional creativity in the field of dramatic arts, 1988[42][43]\nKennedy Center for the Arts grant for the premiere production of Saint Florence, 1988[44]\nTheatre Communications Group Edgerton Foundation Award for New Plays, for development of Grant & Twain, 2013[45]","title":"Awards and honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Broadway World – Elizabeth Diggs\". Broadway World. Retrieved 11 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/people/Elizabeth-Diggs/","url_text":"\"Broadway World – Elizabeth Diggs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ensemble Member Artists: Elizabeth Diggs\". Ensemble Studio Theatre. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ensemblestudiotheatre.org/elizabeth-diggs","url_text":"\"Ensemble Member Artists: Elizabeth Diggs\""}]},{"reference":"National Playwrights Directory. Drama Book Specialists. 1981. p. 80. ISBN 9780960516001. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I8bpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22goodbye+freddy%22+%22lexington+conservatory%22","url_text":"National Playwrights Directory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780960516001","url_text":"9780960516001"}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Leslie (April 22, 1960). \"Book and Lyrics Surpass Brownbrokers' Performance\". Pembroke Record. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:1090714/","url_text":"\"Book and Lyrics Surpass Brownbrokers' Performance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pembroke Oral History Project, 50th Reunion Class of 1961\". brown.edu. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brown.edu/initiatives/pembroke-oral-histories/interview/50th-reunion-class-1961","url_text":"\"Pembroke Oral History Project, 50th Reunion Class of 1961\""}]},{"reference":"Love, Barbara J. (September 22, 2006). Feminists Who Changed America, 1963–1975. University of Illinois Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780252031892. Retrieved 11 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kpNarH7t9CkC","url_text":"Feminists Who Changed America, 1963–1975"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252031892","url_text":"9780252031892"}]},{"reference":"Diggs, Elizabeth (1975). \"The Future of Women's Studies\". Women's Studies Quarterly (Summer): 24–25.","urls":[{"url":"https://academicworks.cuny.edu/wsq/215/","url_text":"\"The Future of Women's Studies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography\". elizabethdiggs.com. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://elizabethdiggs.com/biography.html","url_text":"\"Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Close Ties\" to Premiere at LCT\". Stamford Mirror-Recorder. August 20, 1980.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Goepfert, Bob (August 25, 1980). \"Lexington's 'Close Ties' a pleasant drama\". The Knickerbocker News.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Borak, Jeffery (August 23, 1980). \"'Close Ties' is Unforgettable\". Poughkeepsie Journal.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gussow, Mel (March 22, 1981). \"Stage: Elizabeth Diggs' 'Close Ties'\". New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/22/theater/stage-elizabeth-diggs-s-close-ties.html","url_text":"\"Stage: Elizabeth Diggs' 'Close Ties'\""}]},{"reference":"Frankel, Haskel (February 15, 1981). \"A Veteran of Drama Stars at Long Wharf\". New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/15/nyregion/theater-a-veteran-of-drama-stars-at-long-wharf.html","url_text":"\"A Veteran of Drama Stars at Long Wharf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Close Ties: Full Cast and Crew\". IMDB.com. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0233467/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_cl_sm","url_text":"\"Close Ties: Full Cast and Crew\""}]},{"reference":"National Playwrights Directory. Drama Book Specialists. 1981. p. 80. ISBN 9780960516001. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I8bpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22goodbye+freddy%22+%22lexington+conservatory%22","url_text":"National Playwrights Directory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780960516001","url_text":"9780960516001"}]},{"reference":"Triplett, Gene (March 15, 1984). \"Tulsa Spotlight Shines Play Lauded at Home\". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/1984/03/15/tulsa-spotlight-shines-play-lauded-at-home/62810333007/","url_text":"\"Tulsa Spotlight Shines Play Lauded at Home\""}]},{"reference":"Larock, Cindy (December 3, 1984). \"'Freddy' full of surprises\". Lewiston Daily Sun. Retrieved 12 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d5QgAAAAIBAJ&dq=court+miller+torch+song+trilogy&pg=PA17","url_text":"\"'Freddy' full of surprises\""}]},{"reference":"Diggs, Elizabeth (1986). Goodbye Freddy. Dramatists Play Service. ISBN 9780822204602.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822204602","url_text":"9780822204602"}]},{"reference":"Gussow, Mel (September 26, 1985). \"Stage: 'Goodbye Freddy'\". New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/26/theater/stage-goodbye-freddy.html","url_text":"\"Stage: 'Goodbye Freddy'\""}]},{"reference":"Minor, Darla Jones (May 22, 1987). \"Play Probes Ranch Woes\". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 11 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/1987/05/22/play-probes-ranch-woes/62689295007/","url_text":"\"Play Probes Ranch Woes\""}]},{"reference":"Arkatov, Janice (August 2, 1987). \"SAVING THE RANCH\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 11 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-08-02-ca-495-story.html","url_text":"\"SAVING THE RANCH\""}]},{"reference":"Koblenz, Eleanor (October 4, 1988). \"Despite Flaws, Cap Rep 'Saint Florence' First Class\". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7nwhAAAAIBAJ&dq=elizabeth+diggs&pg=PA8&article_id=780,676352","url_text":"\"Despite Flaws, Cap Rep 'Saint Florence' First Class\""}]},{"reference":"Gussow, Mel (October 15, 1988). \"This Florence Nightingale Knew How to Fight a War: [Review]\". New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gussow, Mel (December 4, 1990). \"Florence Nightingale as a Saint Without the Halo\". New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Klein, Alvin (August 18, 1996). \"A Musical in the Making: 'Mirette,' about finding what one must do in life\". New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Marks, Peter (July 31, 1998). \"On a Tightrope, Finding Her Dream\". New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Koblenz, Eleanor (February 7, 1986). \"Prize-Winning 'Goodbye Freddy' to Open Tomorrow at Capital Rep\". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SUJGAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22Elizabeth+Diggs%22+%22St.+Elsewhere%22&pg=PA12&article_id=1112,1159387","url_text":"\"Prize-Winning 'Goodbye Freddy' to Open Tomorrow at Capital Rep\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jennifer Mackenzie, a Therapist, Weds\". New York Times. October 8, 1990. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/08/style/jennifer-mackenzie-a-therapist-weds.html","url_text":"\"Jennifer Mackenzie, a Therapist, Weds\""}]},{"reference":"Larson, Jamie. \"The Rural We: Elizabeth Diggs\". Rural Intelligence. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ruralintelligence.com/community/the-rural-we-elizabeth-diggs","url_text":"\"The Rural We: Elizabeth Diggs\""}]},{"reference":"Gussow, Mel (March 22, 1981). \"Stage: Elizabeth Diggs' 'Close Ties'\". New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/22/theater/stage-elizabeth-diggs-s-close-ties.html","url_text":"\"Stage: Elizabeth Diggs' 'Close Ties'\""}]},{"reference":"Gussow, Mel (September 26, 1985). \"Stage: 'Goodbye Freddy'\". New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/26/theater/stage-goodbye-freddy.html","url_text":"\"Stage: 'Goodbye Freddy'\""}]},{"reference":"Gussow, Mel (October 15, 1988). \"This Florence Nightingale Knew How to Fight a War: [Review]\". New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Minor, Darla Jones (May 22, 1987). \"Play Probes Ranch Woes\". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 11 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/1987/05/22/play-probes-ranch-woes/62689295007/","url_text":"\"Play Probes Ranch Woes\""}]},{"reference":"Smullen, Sharon (September 26, 2018). \"Two rock stars of the Gilded Age, Ulysses S. Grant and Mark Twain, forge a bond in a new play at PS21\". Berkshire Eagle. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berkshireeagle.com/arts_and_culture/arts-theater/two-rock-stars-of-the-gilded-age-ulysses-s-grant-and-mark-twain-forge-a/article_b22310d3-5fb6-50b6-8ce6-08316683a89e.html","url_text":"\"Two rock stars of the Gilded Age, Ulysses S. Grant and Mark Twain, forge a bond in a new play at PS21\""}]},{"reference":"\"Familiar Diggs\". The Salt Lake Tribune. September 5, 1997. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/612813489","url_text":"\"Familiar Diggs\""}]},{"reference":"Sierra, Gabrielle. \"Ensemble Studio Theatre Presents OCTOBERFEST\". Broadway World. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/off-broadway/article/Ensemble-Studio-Theatre-Presents-OCTOBERFEST-20100907","url_text":"\"Ensemble Studio Theatre Presents OCTOBERFEST\""}]},{"reference":"Klein, Alvin (August 18, 1996). \"A Musical in the Making: 'Mirette,' about finding what one must do in life\". New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Diggs, Elizabeth (1982). Dumping Ground. Dramatists Play Service. ISBN 9780822203407.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YYBQ5u742LwC","url_text":"Dumping Ground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822203407","url_text":"9780822203407"}]},{"reference":"\"Around the Endowment\". National Endowment for the Arts: Arts Review. 1–5. 1983. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cv_MQMq-tOgC","url_text":"\"Around the Endowment\""}]},{"reference":"Triplett, Gene (March 15, 1984). \"Tulsa Spotlight Shines Play Lauded at Home\". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/1984/03/15/tulsa-spotlight-shines-play-lauded-at-home/62810333007/","url_text":"\"Tulsa Spotlight Shines Play Lauded at Home\""}]},{"reference":"Koblenz, Eleanor (September 29, 1988). \"Capital Rep to Stage Diggs' 'Saint Florence'\". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MmItAAAAIBAJ&dq=elizabeth+diggs&pg=PA13&article_id=1106,7562047","url_text":"\"Capital Rep to Stage Diggs' 'Saint Florence'\""}]},{"reference":"\"262 Chosen for Guggenheim Awards\". New York Times. April 10, 1988.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Fellows: Elizabeth Diggs\". Guggenheim Foundation. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gf.org/fellows/elizabeth-diggs/","url_text":"\"Fellows: Elizabeth Diggs\""}]},{"reference":"Koblenz, Eleanor (September 29, 1988). \"Capital Rep to Stage Diggs' 'Saint Florrence'\". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MmItAAAAIBAJ&dq=elizabeth+diggs&pg=PA13&article_id=1106,7562047","url_text":"\"Capital Rep to Stage Diggs' 'Saint Florrence'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grant & Twain\". Theatre Communications group. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://circle.tcg.org/edgertonfoundationnewplayawards/2013/grant--twain?ssopc=1","url_text":"\"Grant & Twain\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/people/Elizabeth-Diggs/","external_links_name":"\"Broadway World – Elizabeth Diggs\""},{"Link":"https://www.ensemblestudiotheatre.org/elizabeth-diggs","external_links_name":"\"Ensemble Member Artists: Elizabeth Diggs\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I8bpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22goodbye+freddy%22+%22lexington+conservatory%22","external_links_name":"National Playwrights Directory"},{"Link":"https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:1090714/","external_links_name":"\"Book and Lyrics Surpass Brownbrokers' Performance\""},{"Link":"https://www.brown.edu/initiatives/pembroke-oral-histories/interview/50th-reunion-class-1961","external_links_name":"\"Pembroke Oral History Project, 50th Reunion Class of 1961\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kpNarH7t9CkC","external_links_name":"Feminists Who Changed America, 1963–1975"},{"Link":"https://academicworks.cuny.edu/wsq/215/","external_links_name":"\"The Future of Women's Studies\""},{"Link":"https://elizabethdiggs.com/biography.html","external_links_name":"\"Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/22/theater/stage-elizabeth-diggs-s-close-ties.html","external_links_name":"\"Stage: Elizabeth Diggs' 'Close Ties'\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/15/nyregion/theater-a-veteran-of-drama-stars-at-long-wharf.html","external_links_name":"\"A Veteran of Drama Stars at Long Wharf\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0233467/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_cl_sm","external_links_name":"\"Close Ties: Full Cast and Crew\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I8bpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22goodbye+freddy%22+%22lexington+conservatory%22","external_links_name":"National Playwrights Directory"},{"Link":"https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/1984/03/15/tulsa-spotlight-shines-play-lauded-at-home/62810333007/","external_links_name":"\"Tulsa Spotlight Shines Play Lauded at Home\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d5QgAAAAIBAJ&dq=court+miller+torch+song+trilogy&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"\"'Freddy' full of surprises\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/26/theater/stage-goodbye-freddy.html","external_links_name":"\"Stage: 'Goodbye Freddy'\""},{"Link":"https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/1987/05/22/play-probes-ranch-woes/62689295007/","external_links_name":"\"Play Probes Ranch Woes\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-08-02-ca-495-story.html","external_links_name":"\"SAVING THE RANCH\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7nwhAAAAIBAJ&dq=elizabeth+diggs&pg=PA8&article_id=780,676352","external_links_name":"\"Despite Flaws, Cap Rep 'Saint Florence' First Class\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SUJGAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22Elizabeth+Diggs%22+%22St.+Elsewhere%22&pg=PA12&article_id=1112,1159387","external_links_name":"\"Prize-Winning 'Goodbye Freddy' to Open Tomorrow at Capital Rep\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/08/style/jennifer-mackenzie-a-therapist-weds.html","external_links_name":"\"Jennifer Mackenzie, a Therapist, Weds\""},{"Link":"https://ruralintelligence.com/community/the-rural-we-elizabeth-diggs","external_links_name":"\"The Rural We: Elizabeth Diggs\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/22/theater/stage-elizabeth-diggs-s-close-ties.html","external_links_name":"\"Stage: Elizabeth Diggs' 'Close Ties'\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/26/theater/stage-goodbye-freddy.html","external_links_name":"\"Stage: 'Goodbye Freddy'\""},{"Link":"https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/1987/05/22/play-probes-ranch-woes/62689295007/","external_links_name":"\"Play Probes Ranch Woes\""},{"Link":"https://www.berkshireeagle.com/arts_and_culture/arts-theater/two-rock-stars-of-the-gilded-age-ulysses-s-grant-and-mark-twain-forge-a/article_b22310d3-5fb6-50b6-8ce6-08316683a89e.html","external_links_name":"\"Two rock stars of the Gilded Age, Ulysses S. Grant and Mark Twain, forge a bond in a new play at PS21\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/612813489","external_links_name":"\"Familiar Diggs\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/off-broadway/article/Ensemble-Studio-Theatre-Presents-OCTOBERFEST-20100907","external_links_name":"\"Ensemble Studio Theatre Presents OCTOBERFEST\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YYBQ5u742LwC","external_links_name":"Dumping Ground"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cv_MQMq-tOgC","external_links_name":"\"Around the Endowment\""},{"Link":"https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/1984/03/15/tulsa-spotlight-shines-play-lauded-at-home/62810333007/","external_links_name":"\"Tulsa Spotlight Shines Play Lauded at Home\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MmItAAAAIBAJ&dq=elizabeth+diggs&pg=PA13&article_id=1106,7562047","external_links_name":"\"Capital Rep to Stage Diggs' 'Saint Florence'\""},{"Link":"https://www.gf.org/fellows/elizabeth-diggs/","external_links_name":"\"Fellows: Elizabeth Diggs\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MmItAAAAIBAJ&dq=elizabeth+diggs&pg=PA13&article_id=1106,7562047","external_links_name":"\"Capital Rep to Stage Diggs' 'Saint Florrence'\""},{"Link":"https://circle.tcg.org/edgertonfoundationnewplayawards/2013/grant--twain?ssopc=1","external_links_name":"\"Grant & Twain\""},{"Link":"https://elizabethdiggs.com/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/40716925","external_links_name":"VIAF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics | Equestrian events at the 1972 Summer Olympics | ["1 The disciplines","1.1 Show jumping","1.2 Dressage","1.3 Eventing","2 Medal summary","3 Medal table","4 Officials","5 References","6 External links"] | Equestrian at the Olympics
Equestrianat the Games of the XX OlympiadVenueRiding Facility Nymphenburg Palace OlympiastadionDates28 August – 11 September 1972No. of events6Competitors179 from 27 nations← 19681976 →
Equestrian events at the1972 Summer OlympicsDressageindividualteamEventingindividualteamJumpingindividualteamvte
The equestrian events at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich included show jumping, dressage and eventing. All three disciplines had both individual and team competitions. The equestrian competitions were held at 3 sites: an existing equestrian facility at Riem for the individual show jumping and eventing competitions, the Olympic Stadium in Munich for the Nations Cup, and Nymphenburg, a Baroque palace garden, for the sold-out dressage. 179 entries, including 31 women, competed from 27 countries: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Denmark, the German Democratic Republic (GDR), France, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, the Soviet Union, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. The youngest participant was Kurt Maeder from Switzerland at 19 years old, while the oldest rider was Lorna Johnstone from Great Britain at 70 years old.
An outbreak of Venezuelan equine encephalitis broke out in Mexico before the Games, so the Mexican horses were not permitted into the host country. The IOC and FEI agreed to allow the Mexicans to lease horses in Germany for the show jumping and eventing competitions so that they may still compete. While this allowed the riders to attend the Olympics, the Mexicans had dismal results, including all four of the eventers being eliminated on cross-country.
The disciplines
Show jumping
74 riders from a total of 21 countries contested Hans-Heinrish Brinckmann's Olympic courses. The individual competition was held over two rounds. The course of the first round consisted of 14 obstacles and 17 jumping efforts over a 760-meter track, with several difficult individual fences. This included a 5-meter water, which produced 33 faults in the first round, and several massive oxers (four at 2 meters wide and a fifth at 2.10 meters) which all combined produced another 20 faults. Only 3 riders were able to produce a clear round, and 8 finished with only a knockdown. The second round was a 660-meter track with 10 obstacles and 13 jumping efforts. One rider who went clear in the first round was not in contention after the second. The two other clear rounds from the first course—Graziano Mancinelli and Ann Moore—had 2 rails apiece in the second for 8 faults. Neal Shapiro, one of the eight 4-faulters in round 1, finished the second round with only one rail so also finished both rounds with 8 faults. Therefore, a jump-off between the 3 riders decided who was to take home gold, silver, and bronze. Mancinelli managed a clear for the gold, followed by Moore who had three faults for silver, and then Shapiro who had two knock downs.
The Nations Cup was held in the Olympic Stadium, so horses were shipped out of Riem at 3:15 am to tent stabling nearby. Unlike the gold and silver medal winners, Shapiro managed another great performance for his team, finishing with 8.25 faults in round 1 and no faults in the second round, helping the USA finish with team silver.
Dressage
The 1972 Olympics saw great changes for dressage. First, the individual medals were only awarded based on the results of the ride-off, with the Grand Prix serving as a qualifying round for the ride-off, whereas before the scores from the Grand Prix and ride-off were added together to determine the winner. The judging also changed drastically. 5 judges, instead of three, were on the panel, and two of the five were (for the first time) placed on the long side rather than having the entire panel sitting on the short side at C. Unlike recent decades where, due to accusations of unfair judging, judges were to be from non-competing countries, the 1972 Games allowed judges to be selected from countries competing in the Games and therefore to judge their own countrymen. The scores of all five judges were to count into the final score, rather than dropping the highest and lowest produced by the panel. Unfortunately this change in judging did not eliminate all problems. When the horse of French rider Patrick Le Rolland was lame during his test, Gustaf Nyblæus (the judge at C) did not ring him out. Additionally, while four of the judges deducted points for the lameness to put him somewhere between 20th to 29th place, the inexperienced Mexican judge had him finishing in 7th place.
More than 30 riders from 13 countries, who made up 10 full teams and a few individuals, competed at the Nymphenburg site. Despite this being the first time it was used for a competition, the palace garden proved to be a great success. However, there was a good deal of work performed to prepare it, including adding additional footing (80 cm of gravel, followed by 4 cm of cinder and clay, then 6 cm of a sand/wood shaving mix) to the already existing gravel of the park. Liselotte Linsenhoff won gold on Piaffe, making her the first woman to win individual gold in the equestrian events.
Dressage again showed the great age range possible in Olympic mounts, with 3 horses (Sod, Casanova, and San Fernando) at 17 years of age, and 1 horse (Granat) competing at age 7—who would return at the following Olympics at age 11 and win gold. 12 of the 33 mounts competing were 14 or older.
Eventing
A crowd of 60,000 spectators watched 73 riders from 19 nations competing on endurance day. The Roads and Tracks phases (Phase A and C) were held on flat ground. The cross-country test, designed by Ottokar Pohlmann, saw quite a few problems. Four fences in particular proved the most troublesome—producing a total of 38 refusals, 18 falls, and 7 eliminations—included a fence into the water (obstacle 12), a drop fence in a combination (obstacle 17a), a palisade up a hill (obstacle 18), and a ditch (obstacle 23).
The German team, despite the elimination of one of their top rider, Horst Karsten and Sioux, still managed to finish with a bronze medal, behind Great Britain (gold) and the USA (silver). The gold-winning British team included 2 women, with a third woman competing on the Canadian team. 48 of the 73 horses completed the competition, including a 5-year-old on the Argentinean team who finished next to last. 29 of the finishing horses were 8 years old or younger.
Medal summary
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Individual dressagedetails
Liselott Linsenhoff on Piaff (FRG)
Yelena Petushkova on Pepel (URS)
Josef Neckermann on Venetia (FRG)
Team dressagedetails
Soviet Union (URS)Yelena Petushkova and Pepel Ivan Kizimov and Ikhor Ivan Kalita and Tarif
West Germany (FRG) Karin Schlüter and Liostro Liselott Linsenhoff and Piaff Josef Neckermann and Venetia
Sweden (SWE)Ulla Håkansson and Ajax Ninna Swaab and Casanova Maud von Rosen and Lucky Boy
Individual eventingdetails
Richard Meade on Laurieston (GBR)
Alessandro Argenton on Woodland (ITA)
Jan Jönsson on Sarajevo (SWE)
Team eventingdetails
Great Britain (GBR)Richard Meade and Laurieston Mary Gordon-Watson and Cornishman V Bridget Parker and Cornish Gold Mark Phillips and Great Ovation
United States (USA)Kevin Freeman and Good Mixture Bruce Davidson and Plain Sailing Michael Plumb and Free and Easy James C. Wofford and Kilkenny
West Germany (FRG)Harry Klugmann and Christopher Robert Ludwig Gössing and Chicago Karl Schultz and Pisco Horst Karsten and Sioux
Individual jumpingdetails
Graziano Mancinelli on Ambassador (ITA)
Ann Moore on Psalm (GBR)
Neal Shapiro on Sloopy (USA)
Team jumpingdetails
West Germany (FRG)Fritz Ligges and Robin Gerhard Wiltfang and Askan Hartwig Steenken and Simona Hans Günter Winkler and Trophy
United States (USA)William Steinkraus and Main Spring Neal Shapiro and Sloopy Kathryn Kusner and Fleet Apple Frank Chapot and White Lightning
Italy (ITA)Vittorio Orlandi and Fulmer Feather Raimondo D'Inzeo and Fiorello Graziano Mancinelli and Ambassador Piero D'Inzeo and Easter Light
Medal table
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 West Germany (FRG)21252 Great Britain (GBR)21033 Italy (ITA)11134 Soviet Union (URS)11025 United States (USA)02136 Sweden (SWE)0022Totals (6 entries)66618
Officials
Appointment of officials was as follows:
Dressage
Gustaf Nyblaeus (Ground Jury President)
Julio Herrera (Ground Jury Member)
Pernot du Breuil (Ground Jury Member)
Jaap Pot (Ground Jury Member)
Heinz Pollay (Ground Jury Member)
Jumping
Pierre Clavé (Ground Jury President)
Donald Thackeray (Ground Jury Member)
Bruno Bruni (Ground Jury Member)
Hans-Heinrich Brinkmann (Course Designer)
Ernst A. Sarasin (Technical Delegate)
Eventing
Edwin Rothkirch (Ground Jury President)
Franco Pontes (Ground Jury Member)
Fabio Mangilli (Ground Jury Member)
Ottokar Pohlmann (Course Designer)
Bernard Chevalier (Technical Delegate)
References
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Equestrianism at the 1972 Munich Equestrian Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
^ Equestrianism at the 1972 München Summer Games: Mixed Jumping, Individual. sports-reference.com
^ Equestrianism at the 1972 München Summer Games: Mixed Dressage, Individual. sports-reference.com
^ Equestrianism at the 1972 München Summer Games: Mixed Three-Day Event, Team. sports-reference.com
^ "Olympic Games 1972 | FEI.org".
External links
International Olympic Committee medal database
vte Events at the 1972 Summer Olympics (Munich)
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Boxing
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Cycling
Diving
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Football
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Judo
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Rowing
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Shooting
Swimming
Volleyball
Water polo
Water skiing (demonstration)
Weightlifting
Wrestling
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EventsCurrent
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List of medalists
List of venues | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"equestrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"1972 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"show jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_jumping"},{"link_name":"dressage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressage"},{"link_name":"eventing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eventing"},{"link_name":"Riem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riem"},{"link_name":"Nymphenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphenburg"},{"link_name":"Kurt Maeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Maeder"},{"link_name":"Lorna Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Johnstone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_equine_encephalitis_virus"}],"text":"The equestrian events at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich included show jumping, dressage and eventing. All three disciplines had both individual and team competitions. The equestrian competitions were held at 3 sites: an existing equestrian facility at Riem for the individual show jumping and eventing competitions, the Olympic Stadium in Munich for the Nations Cup, and Nymphenburg, a Baroque palace garden, for the sold-out dressage. 179 entries, including 31 women, competed from 27 countries: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Denmark, the German Democratic Republic (GDR), France, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, the Soviet Union, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. The youngest participant was Kurt Maeder from Switzerland at 19 years old, while the oldest rider was Lorna Johnstone from Great Britain at 70 years old.[1]An outbreak of Venezuelan equine encephalitis broke out in Mexico before the Games, so the Mexican horses were not permitted into the host country. The IOC and FEI agreed to allow the Mexicans to lease horses in Germany for the show jumping and eventing competitions so that they may still compete. While this allowed the riders to attend the Olympics, the Mexicans had dismal results, including all four of the eventers being eliminated on cross-country.","title":"Equestrian events at the 1972 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The disciplines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Show jumping","text":"74 riders from a total of 21 countries contested Hans-Heinrish Brinckmann's Olympic courses. The individual competition was held over two rounds. 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Mancinelli managed a clear for the gold, followed by Moore who had three faults for silver, and then Shapiro who had two knock downs.[2]The Nations Cup was held in the Olympic Stadium, so horses were shipped out of Riem at 3:15 am to tent stabling nearby. Unlike the gold and silver medal winners, Shapiro managed another great performance for his team, finishing with 8.25 faults in round 1 and no faults in the second round, helping the USA finish with team silver.","title":"The disciplines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gustaf Nyblæus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Nybl%C3%A6us"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Dressage","text":"The 1972 Olympics saw great changes for dressage. First, the individual medals were only awarded based on the results of the ride-off, with the Grand Prix serving as a qualifying round for the ride-off, whereas before the scores from the Grand Prix and ride-off were added together to determine the winner. The judging also changed drastically. 5 judges, instead of three, were on the panel, and two of the five were (for the first time) placed on the long side rather than having the entire panel sitting on the short side at C. Unlike recent decades where, due to accusations of unfair judging, judges were to be from non-competing countries, the 1972 Games allowed judges to be selected from countries competing in the Games and therefore to judge their own countrymen. The scores of all five judges were to count into the final score, rather than dropping the highest and lowest produced by the panel. Unfortunately this change in judging did not eliminate all problems. When the horse of French rider Patrick Le Rolland was lame during his test, Gustaf Nyblæus (the judge at C) did not ring him out. Additionally, while four of the judges deducted points for the lameness to put him somewhere between 20th to 29th place, the inexperienced Mexican judge had him finishing in 7th place.More than 30 riders from 13 countries, who made up 10 full teams and a few individuals, competed at the Nymphenburg site. Despite this being the first time it was used for a competition, the palace garden proved to be a great success. However, there was a good deal of work performed to prepare it, including adding additional footing (80 cm of gravel, followed by 4 cm of cinder and clay, then 6 cm of a sand/wood shaving mix) to the already existing gravel of the park. Liselotte Linsenhoff won gold on Piaffe, making her the first woman to win individual gold in the equestrian events.[3]Dressage again showed the great age range possible in Olympic mounts, with 3 horses (Sod, Casanova, and San Fernando) at 17 years of age, and 1 horse (Granat) competing at age 7—who would return at the following Olympics at age 11 and win gold. 12 of the 33 mounts competing were 14 or older.","title":"The disciplines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Eventing","text":"A crowd of 60,000 spectators watched 73 riders from 19 nations competing on endurance day. The Roads and Tracks phases (Phase A and C) were held on flat ground. The cross-country test, designed by Ottokar Pohlmann, saw quite a few problems. Four fences in particular proved the most troublesome—producing a total of 38 refusals, 18 falls, and 7 eliminations—included a fence into the water (obstacle 12), a drop fence in a combination (obstacle 17a), a palisade up a hill (obstacle 18), and a ditch (obstacle 23).The German team, despite the elimination of one of their top rider, Horst Karsten and Sioux, still managed to finish with a bronze medal, behind Great Britain (gold) and the USA (silver). The gold-winning British team included 2 women, with a third woman competing on the Canadian team. 48 of the 73 horses completed the competition, including a 5-year-old on the Argentinean team who finished next to last. 29 of the finishing horses were 8 years old or younger.[4]","title":"The disciplines"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medal summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medal table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Appointment of officials was as follows:[5]DressageGustaf Nyblaeus (Ground Jury President)\n Julio Herrera (Ground Jury Member)\n Pernot du Breuil (Ground Jury Member)\n Jaap Pot (Ground Jury Member)\n Heinz Pollay (Ground Jury Member)JumpingPierre Clavé (Ground Jury President)\n Donald Thackeray (Ground Jury Member)\n Bruno Bruni (Ground Jury Member)\n Hans-Heinrich Brinkmann (Course Designer)\n Ernst A. Sarasin (Technical Delegate)EventingEdwin Rothkirch (Ground Jury President)\n Franco Pontes (Ground Jury Member)\n Fabio Mangilli (Ground Jury Member)\n Ottokar Pohlmann (Course Designer)\n Bernard Chevalier (Technical Delegate)","title":"Officials"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Equestrianism at the 1972 Munich Equestrian Games\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417055245/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1972/EQU/","url_text":"\"Equestrianism at the 1972 Munich Equestrian Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1972/EQU/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Games 1972 | FEI.org\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fei.org/history/olympic-games/1972-munich-ger","url_text":"\"Olympic Games 1972 | FEI.org\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417055245/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1972/EQU/","external_links_name":"\"Equestrianism at the 1972 Munich Equestrian Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1972/EQU/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418012735/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1972/EQU/mixed-jumping-individual.html","external_links_name":"Equestrianism at the 1972 München Summer Games: Mixed Jumping, Individual"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418022841/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1972/EQU/mixed-dressage-individual.html","external_links_name":"Equestrianism at the 1972 München Summer Games: Mixed Dressage, Individual"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418041550/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1972/EQU/mixed-three-day-event-team.html","external_links_name":"Equestrianism at the 1972 München Summer Games: Mixed Three-Day Event, Team"},{"Link":"https://www.fei.org/history/olympic-games/1972-munich-ger","external_links_name":"\"Olympic Games 1972 | FEI.org\""},{"Link":"http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp","external_links_name":"International Olympic Committee medal database"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Crowther | Geoffrey Crowther, Baron Crowther | ["1 Early life and education","2 The Economist","3 Public service","4 Other appointments","5 Business","6 Family","7 Marriage","8 Death","9 Awards and honours","10 Works","11 References"] | British economist, journalist, educationalist and businessman
The Right HonourableThe Lord CrowtherBy Howard Coster, 1937BornGeoffrey Crowther(1907-05-13)13 May 1907Headingley, Leeds, EnglandDied5 February 1972(1972-02-05) (aged 64)Heathrow Airport, London, EnglandNationalityBritishOccupation(s)Journalist, businessman
Geoffrey Crowther, Baron Crowther (13 May 1907 – 5 February 1972) was a British economist, journalist, educationalist and businessman. He was editor of The Economist from 1938 to 1956. His major works include Economics for Democrats (1939) and An Outline of Money (1941).
Early life and education
Crowther was born in Headingley, Leeds, on 13 May 1907, the son of Dr Charles Crowther (1876–1964), professor of agricultural chemistry at the University of Leeds, and his wife, Hilda Louise Reed. He was educated at Leeds Grammar School and Oundle School before gaining a scholarship to Clare College, Cambridge, to read modern languages, in which he took a first in 1928. He then changed to economics and was awarded an upper first class degree in 1929. He was elected president of the Cambridge Union Society in 1928.
Donald Tyerman said of him that "Crowther's self-awareness and self-confidence were not so much asserted as taken for granted. But men who did well enough in life after Cambridge were in despair when they saw how sure it seemed that he would succeed in whatever he chose to do.": 697
In 1929 he was awarded a Commonwealth Fund Fellowship. He spent a year at Yale, where he met his wife Peggy and then, while nominally attached to Columbia University, he spent a year on Wall Street. From 1931 he worked in a London merchant bank and on the recommendation of John Maynard Keynes became an advisor on banking to the Irish Government. He married Peggy in 1932 and after a further recommendation from Keynes joined the staff of The Economist in the same year.
The Economist
He joined The Economist in 1932 and was made deputy editor in 1935. In August 1938, he succeeded Walter Layton to become, at the age of 31, the youngest editor in the newspaper's history.
Under his editorship, The Economist's circulation grew fivefold. It became one of the most influential journals in the world and "made greater progress in every way than in any similar period in its history".: 741
He nurtured the careers of a number of distinguished journalists and writers, including Roland Bird, Donald Tyerman, Barbara Ward, Isaac Deutscher, John Midgley, Norman Macrae, Margaret Cruikshank, Helen Hill Miller, Marjorie Deane, Nancy Balfour, Donald McLachlan, Keith Kyle, Andrew Boyd and George Steiner. He was particularly supportive of the careers of women at a time when this was remarkable in the newspaper world.: 469
He resigned in 1956 after serving seventeen and a half years, just one month longer than Layton. He had become a director of Economist Newspaper Ltd. in 1947 and on his resignation as editor he became managing director. In 1963 he succeeded Layton as chairman.
Public service
During the Second World War he joined the Ministry of Supply and was for a time at the Ministry of Information, before being appointed deputy head of joint war production staff at the Ministry of Production.
In 1956, he was appointed Chairman of the Central Advisory Council for Education (England). The result was The Crowther Report – Fifteen to Eighteen, which eventually led, in 1972, to the raising of the school-leaving age to 16, and in which he coined the word 'numeracy'.
In 1971, he authored the Report of the Committee on Consumer Credit, the "Crowther Report", whose recommendations led to the Consumer Credit Act 1974.
Until his death in 1972, he was chairman of the Royal Commission on the Constitution.
Other appointments
Crowther served for several years on the board of the National Institute of Economic and Social Research and was instrumental in ensuring its survival during the war years.
He served on the Council of the Royal Institute of International Affairs and from 1944 was for a time on the editorial board of International Affairs.
He was editor of Transatlantic, a magazine published in the 1940s by Penguin Books, and was a regular participant on The Brains Trust on BBC radio.: 758
In education, he was a member of the governing body of the London School of Economics,: 758 and in 1969 he was appointed Foundation Chancellor of the Open University.
Business
At one point Crowther held as many as 40 directorships.: 867 His appointments included vice-chairman of Commercial Union, chairman of The Economist Group, Trust Houses Group, Trafalgar House and Hazell Sun as well as director of London Merchant Securities, Royal Bank of Canada, British Printing Corporation and Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
He was involved in ill-fated mergers at British Printing Corporation in 1966 and at Trust House Forte in 1970.
Family
Crowther's parents were Hilda Louise Reed (died 1950) and Charles Crowther (1876–1964), a professor of Agricultural Chemistry at the University of Leeds and then principal of Harper Adams Agricultural College in Shropshire from 1922 to 1944.
He had an elder sister, Phyllis, who married and had two sons. His younger brother, Bernard Martin, followed him to Clare, from where, after obtaining a PhD in Physics and collaborating with Mark Oliphant, he, like Geoffrey, was awarded a Commonwealth Fund scholarship in 1939. The youngest of the three brothers, Donald I. Crowther, obtained a first in natural science at Magdalen College, Oxford and became an associate editor at the BMJ.
Marriage
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Crowther met Margaret Worth, who had won a scholarship to Yale Law School from Swarthmore College, in the library at Yale College in 1929. They married on 9 February 1932. They had six children, one of whom, Charles, went on to study economics at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and became a journalist at the Financial Times, while another, Anne, was a prominent member of the Greater London Council prior to its dissolution in 1986. Their eldest child, Judith Vail, died in a car crash outside Boulogne-sur-Mer on 11 July 1955, aged 20.
Death
Crowther died of a heart attack at Heathrow Airport on 5 February 1972 at the age of 64.
Awards and honours
Crowther became a Knight Bachelor in 1957, and was awarded a life peerage on 28 June 1968 and became Baron Crowther, of Headingley in the West Riding of the County of York.
He also was awarded seven honorary degrees:
Honorary Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, 1958
Hon LL.D. Nottingham, 1951
Hon D.Sc (Econ.) London, 1954
Hon LL.D. Swarthmore, 1957
Hon LL.D. Dartmouth, 1957
Hon LL.D. Michigan, 1960
Hon LL.D. Liverpool, 1961
Coat of arms of Geoffrey Crowther, Baron Crowther
Crest
In front of a demi-stag Or two quill pens in saltire Argent.
Escutcheon
Gules a chevron wavy vairy Or and Azure between in chief two roses Argent barbed and seeded Proper and in base a fleece Or.
Supporters
Dexter an owl, sinister a sandpiper, both Proper and charged on the shoulder with a spur rowel upwards.
Motto
J'y Suis
Works
An Introduction to The Study of Prices, 2nd Edition with W. Layton, 1935
Economics for Democrats, 1939
An Outline of Money, 1940
References
^ a b c d Bird, Roland (2004). "Crowther, Geoffrey, Baron Crowther (1907–1972)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30988. Retrieved 13 January 2009. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ a b c d e f Dudley Edwards, Ruth (1993). The Pursuit of Reason. Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-87584-608-8.
^ Crowther, Geoffrey (1959). The Crowther Report – Fifteen to Eighteen. HMSO. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010.
^ "Richard Stone – Autobiography". Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "'The Anglo-American Establishment'". 1949. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
^
"Nature Commonwealth Fund Fellowships Awards". Nature. 143 (3630): 891–892. 27 May 1939. doi:10.1038/143891e0. S2CID 27573188.
^ "University News", The Times, 27 June 1962, p. 7.
^ "Sir Geoffrey Crowther's son marries", Liverpool Daily Post, 22 July 1963, p. 2.
^ "Lord Crowther, Economist Editor". The New York Times. 6 May 1972. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
^ "No. 41134". The London Gazette. 23 July 1957. p. 4379.
^ "No. 44624". The London Gazette. 28 June 1968. p. 7229.
^ Debrett's Peerage. 1973.
Media offices
Preceded byWalter Layton
Editor of The Economist 1938–1956
Succeeded byDonald Tyerman
Academic offices
New institution
Chancellor of the Open University 1969–1972
Succeeded byThe Lord Gardiner
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Germany
Israel
United States
Japan
Czech Republic
Netherlands
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Vatican
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"}],"text":"Geoffrey Crowther, Baron Crowther (13 May 1907 – 5 February 1972) was a British economist, journalist, educationalist and businessman. He was editor of The Economist from 1938 to 1956. 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He then changed to economics and was awarded an upper first class degree in 1929. He was elected president of the Cambridge Union Society in 1928.[citation needed]Donald Tyerman said of him that \"Crowther's self-awareness and self-confidence were not so much asserted as taken for granted. But men who did well enough in life after Cambridge were in despair when they saw how sure it seemed that he would succeed in whatever he chose to do.\"[2]: 697In 1929 he was awarded a Commonwealth Fund Fellowship. He spent a year at Yale, where he met his wife Peggy and then, while nominally attached to Columbia University, he spent a year on Wall Street. From 1931 he worked in a London merchant bank and on the recommendation of John Maynard Keynes became an advisor on banking to the Irish Government. 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In August 1938, he succeeded Walter Layton to become, at the age of 31, the youngest editor in the newspaper's history.Under his editorship, The Economist's circulation grew fivefold. It became one of the most influential journals in the world[1] and \"made greater progress in every way than in any similar period in its history\".[2]: 741He nurtured the careers of a number of distinguished journalists and writers, including Roland Bird, Donald Tyerman, Barbara Ward, Isaac Deutscher, John Midgley, Norman Macrae, Margaret Cruikshank, Helen Hill Miller, Marjorie Deane, Nancy Balfour, Donald McLachlan, Keith Kyle, Andrew Boyd and George Steiner. He was particularly supportive of the careers of women at a time when this was remarkable in the newspaper world.[2]: 469He resigned in 1956 after serving seventeen and a half years, just one month longer than Layton. He had become a director of Economist Newspaper Ltd. in 1947 and on his resignation as editor he became managing director. In 1963 he succeeded Layton as chairman.","title":"The Economist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Production"},{"link_name":"Central Advisory Council for Education (England)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Advisory_Councils_for_Education"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"numeracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeracy"},{"link_name":"Consumer Credit Act 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Credit_Act_1974"},{"link_name":"Royal Commission on the Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Constitution_(United_Kingdom)"}],"text":"During the Second World War he joined the Ministry of Supply and was for a time at the Ministry of Information, before being appointed deputy head of joint war production staff at the Ministry of Production.In 1956, he was appointed Chairman of the Central Advisory Council for Education (England). The result was The Crowther Report – Fifteen to Eighteen,[3] which eventually led, in 1972, to the raising of the school-leaving age to 16, and in which he coined the word 'numeracy'.In 1971, he authored the Report of the Committee on Consumer Credit, the \"Crowther Report\", whose recommendations led to the Consumer Credit Act 1974.Until his death in 1972, he was chairman of the Royal Commission on the Constitution.","title":"Public service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Institute of Economic and Social Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Economic_and_Social_Research"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Institute of International Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_International_Affairs"},{"link_name":"International Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Affairs_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"The Brains Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brains_Trust"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards_Pursuit-2"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards_Pursuit-2"},{"link_name":"Open University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_University"}],"text":"Crowther served for several years on the board of the National Institute of Economic and Social Research and was instrumental in ensuring its survival during the war years.[4]He served on the Council of the Royal Institute of International Affairs and from 1944 was for a time on the editorial board of International Affairs.[5]He was editor of Transatlantic, a magazine published in the 1940s by Penguin Books, and was a regular participant on The Brains Trust on BBC radio.[2]: 758In education, he was a member of the governing body of the London School of Economics,[2]: 758 and in 1969 he was appointed Foundation Chancellor of the Open University.","title":"Other appointments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards_Pursuit-2"},{"link_name":"Commercial Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Union"},{"link_name":"The Economist Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist_Group"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_House_(company)"},{"link_name":"London Merchant Securities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwent_London"},{"link_name":"Royal Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"British Printing Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Printing_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Trust House Forte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_House_Forte"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"At one point Crowther held as many as 40 directorships.[2]: 867 His appointments included vice-chairman of Commercial Union, chairman of The Economist Group, Trust Houses Group, Trafalgar House and Hazell Sun as well as director of London Merchant Securities, Royal Bank of Canada, British Printing Corporation and Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.He was involved in ill-fated mergers at British Printing Corporation in 1966 and at Trust House Forte in 1970.[1]","title":"Business"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds"},{"link_name":"Harper Adams Agricultural College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Adams_University_College"},{"link_name":"Mark Oliphant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"BMJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMJ"}],"text":"Crowther's parents were Hilda Louise Reed (died 1950) and Charles Crowther (1876–1964), a professor of Agricultural Chemistry at the University of Leeds and then principal of Harper Adams Agricultural College in Shropshire from 1922 to 1944.He had an elder sister, Phyllis, who married and had two sons. His younger brother, Bernard Martin, followed him to Clare, from where, after obtaining a PhD in Physics and collaborating with Mark Oliphant, he, like Geoffrey, was awarded a Commonwealth Fund scholarship in 1939.[6] The youngest of the three brothers, Donald I. Crowther, obtained a first in natural science at Magdalen College, Oxford and became an associate editor at the BMJ.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swarthmore College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarthmore_College"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Sofer"},{"link_name":"Greater London Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_Council"},{"link_name":"Boulogne-sur-Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer"}],"text":"Crowther met Margaret Worth, who had won a scholarship to Yale Law School from Swarthmore College, in the library at Yale College in 1929. They married on 9 February 1932. They had six children, one of whom, Charles, went on to study economics at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and became a journalist at the Financial Times,[7][8] while another, Anne, was a prominent member of the Greater London Council prior to its dissolution in 1986. Their eldest child, Judith Vail, died in a car crash outside Boulogne-sur-Mer on 11 July 1955, aged 20.","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heathrow Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Crowther died of a heart attack at Heathrow Airport on 5 February 1972 at the age of 64.[9]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knight Bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"life peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_peer"},{"link_name":"Headingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headingley"},{"link_name":"West Riding of the County of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Crowther became a Knight Bachelor in 1957,[10] and was awarded a life peerage on 28 June 1968 and became Baron Crowther, of Headingley in the West Riding of the County of York.[11]He also was awarded seven honorary degrees:Honorary Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, 1958\nHon LL.D. Nottingham, 1951\nHon D.Sc (Econ.) London, 1954\nHon LL.D. Swarthmore, 1957\nHon LL.D. Dartmouth, 1957\nHon LL.D. Michigan, 1960\nHon LL.D. Liverpool, 1961","title":"Awards and honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An Introduction to The Study of Prices, 2nd Edition with W. Layton, 1935\nEconomics for Democrats, 1939\nAn Outline of Money, 1940","title":"Works"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bird, Roland (2004). \"Crowther, Geoffrey, Baron Crowther (1907–1972)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30988. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Blasius | Gerard Blasius | ["1 Works","2 References","3 Sources"] | Dutch physician and anatomist
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Groenburgwal/Staalkade were Blasius lived with Zuiderkerk at the end. Painting by Eduard Alexander Hilverdink
Gerard "Gerrit" Leendertszoon Blasius (1627–1682) was a Dutch physician and anatomist. He was born in Amsterdam and was the eldest son of Leonard Blasius (died 1644), who had worked as an architect in Copenhagen. Gerard started his studies there, but the family moved to Leiden, after his father died. Around 1655, he became a physician in Amsterdam. In October 1659, Blasius was appointed at the Athenaeum Illustre but without being paid. In the next year, he became the first Amsterdam professor in medicine. At his home or in the hospital, corpses were dissected. In 1661, he claimed the discovery of Stensen's duct by his pupil Nicolas Stensen.
Blasius had married Cornelia van Ottinga in 1653.
His younger brother was the poet Joan Blasius
Blasius died in Amsterdam in 1682.
Works
A list of works:
Disputatio physica de principatu cordis, etc Praes Albertus Kyper (1655)
Impetus Jacobi Primerosii doctoris medici, in Vop. Fort. Plempium ... retusus / a Gerardo Leon. Blasio (1659)
Commentaria, in syntagma anatomicum ... Joann. Veslingii / Ger. Leon. Blasius
Oratio inauguralis de iis quae homo naturae, quae arti, debeat. / Gerardus Leon. Blasius
Anatome contracta (1660)
Medicina generalis nova accurataque methodo fundamenta exhibens / Gerardus Leonardi Blasius (1661)
Pest-geneesing en bewaaring voor dezelve. (1663)
Observata anatomica in homine, simia, equo variisque animalibus aliis Accedunt extraordinaria in homine reperta praxin medicam aeque ac anatomen illustrantia n (1664)
Medicina universa; hygieines et therapeutices fundamenta methodo nova brevissimè exhibens (1665) Gerardi Blasii, ab Oost-vliet ...
Anatome medullae spinalis, et nervorum inde provenientium (1666)
Anatome contracta, in gratiam discipulorum conscripta, & edita (1666)
Observationes anatomicae selectiores collegii privati Amstelodamensis, figuris aliquot illustr
Observationes anatomicae selectiores amstelodamensium 1667, 1671
Institutionum medicarum compendium, disputationibus XII ... absolutum / Gerardus Leon. Blasius
Miscellanea anatomica, hominis, brutorumque variorum, fabricam diversam magnâ parte exhibentia (1673) Gerardi Blasii med. doct. & prof.
Observata anatomica in homine, simiâ, equo, vitulo, ove, testudine, echino, glire, serpente, ardeâ, Gerardi Blasii ab Oost-Vliet ... variisque animalibus aliis. : Accedunt extraordinaria in homine reperta, praxin medicinam æque ac anatomen illustrantia (1674)
Ontleeding des menschelyken lichaems / beschreeven en in verscheydene figuren afgebeelt door Geerard Blasius (1675)
Observationes medicae anatomicae rariores (1677)
Observationes medicae rariores in quibus multa ad anatomiam et medicinam spectantia deteguntur
Zootomiae, seu Anatomes variorum animalium pars prima (1676)
Medicina curatoria methodo nova in gratiam discipulorum conscripta (1680)
Anatome animalium, terrestrium variorum, volatilium, aquatilium, serpentum, insectorum, ovorumque, structuram naturalem ... figuris variis illustrata (1681)
References
^ Stadsarchief Amsterdam, 5044-283, f. 111
^ "Gerardus Blasius: Medicinae Doctor, et Professor - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine". collections.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
^ Burial certificate in the nearby Zuiderkerk.
^ see Gerard Blaes on Google books
Sources
Miert, D. van (2005) Illuster onderwijs. Het Amsterdamse Athenaeum in de Gouden Eeuw, 1632-1704, p. 73-75
Gerardi Blasii Amstelodamensis Observationes medicae rariores. Accedit Monstri triplicis historia
Authority control databases International
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2
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Germany
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Portugal
Vatican
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CiNii
Leopoldina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leppneeme | Leppneeme | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 59°32′53″N 24°51′58″E / 59.54806°N 24.86611°E / 59.54806; 24.86611Village in Estonia
Village in Harju County, EstoniaLeppneemevillageAerial view of LeppneemeLeppneemeLocation in EstoniaCoordinates: 59°32′53″N 24°51′58″E / 59.54806°N 24.86611°E / 59.54806; 24.86611Country EstoniaCounty Harju CountyMunicipality Viimsi ParishFirst mentioned1376Government • Village elderArvi PiirsaluPopulation (2011 Census) • Total464
Drone video of Leppneeme harbour and village (June 2022)
Leppneeme is a village in Viimsi Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia. It is located about 14 km (9 mi) northeast of the centre of Tallinn, on the northeastern coast of the Viimsi peninsula by Muuga Bay. As of the 2011 census, the settlement's population was 464.
Leppneeme harbour is the main point for traffic to and from the island of Prangli. The corresponding harbour on Prangli's side is in Kelnase.
Leppneeme was first mentioned in 1376 as Thusnes.
References
^ a b "Population by place of residence (settlement), sex and age". Statistics Estonia. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
^ Classification of Estonian administrative units and settlements 2014 (retrieved 27 July 2021)
^ "Leppneeme küla arengukava 2008-2018" (in Estonian). Leppneeme Külaselts. p. 6. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20.
Places adjacent to Leppneeme
Kelvingi
Gulf of Finland
Gulf of Finland
Lubja
Leppneeme
Gulf of Finland
Lubja
Lubja, Tammneeme
Tammneeme
vteSettlements in Viimsi ParishSmall boroughs
Haabneeme
Viimsi
Villages
Äigrumäe
Idaotsa
Kelnase
Kelvingi
Lääneotsa
Laiaküla
Leppneeme
Lõunaküla (Storbyn)
Lubja
Metsakasti
Miiduranna
Muuga
Pärnamäe
Pringi
Püünsi
Randvere
Rohuneeme
Tagaküla (Bakbyn)
Tammneeme
Väikeheinamaa (Lillängin)
This Harju County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viimsi Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viimsi_Parish"},{"link_name":"Harju County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harju_County"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"Viimsi peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viimsi_peninsula"},{"link_name":"Muuga Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuga_Bay"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Estonian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011census-1"},{"link_name":"Prangli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prangli"},{"link_name":"Kelnase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelnase"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Village in EstoniaVillage in Harju County, EstoniaDrone video of Leppneeme harbour and village (June 2022)Leppneeme is a village in Viimsi Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia.[2] It is located about 14 km (9 mi) northeast of the centre of Tallinn, on the northeastern coast of the Viimsi peninsula by Muuga Bay. As of the 2011 census, the settlement's population was 464.[1]Leppneeme harbour is the main point for traffic to and from the island of Prangli. The corresponding harbour on Prangli's side is in Kelnase.Leppneeme was first mentioned in 1376 as Thusnes.[3]","title":"Leppneeme"}] | [{"image_text":"Drone video of Leppneeme harbour and village (June 2022)"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Population by place of residence (settlement), sex and age\". Statistics Estonia. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PC003&lang=1","url_text":"\"Population by place of residence (settlement), sex and age\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Estonia","url_text":"Statistics Estonia"}]},{"reference":"\"Leppneeme küla arengukava 2008-2018\" (in Estonian). Leppneeme Külaselts. p. 6. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720125141/http://www.hot.ee/leppneemeselts/dok/Arengukava.doc","url_text":"\"Leppneeme küla arengukava 2008-2018\""},{"url":"http://www.hot.ee/leppneemeselts/dok/Arengukava.doc","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leppneeme¶ms=59_32_53_N_24_51_58_E_region:EE_type:city(464)","external_links_name":"59°32′53″N 24°51′58″E / 59.54806°N 24.86611°E / 59.54806; 24.86611"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leppneeme¶ms=59_32_53_N_24_51_58_E_region:EE_type:city(464)","external_links_name":"59°32′53″N 24°51′58″E / 59.54806°N 24.86611°E / 59.54806; 24.86611"},{"Link":"http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PC003&lang=1","external_links_name":"\"Population by place of residence (settlement), sex and age\""},{"Link":"http://metaweb.stat.ee/view_xml.htm?id=3787961&searchText=4299","external_links_name":"Classification of Estonian administrative units and settlements 2014"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720125141/http://www.hot.ee/leppneemeselts/dok/Arengukava.doc","external_links_name":"\"Leppneeme küla arengukava 2008-2018\""},{"Link":"http://www.hot.ee/leppneemeselts/dok/Arengukava.doc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leppneeme&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroness_G%C3%B6sta_von_dem_Bussche-Haddenhausen | Baroness Gösta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen | ["1 Life in Germany","2 Marriage","3 Life in Africa","4 Family relations","5 Ancestry","6 Notes and sources"] | German baroness and mother of Claus von Amsberg
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Baroness Gösta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Baroness Gösta von dem Bussche-HaddenhausenFull nameGerman: Gosta Julie Adelheid Marion MarieBorn(1902-01-26)26 January 1902Döbeln, Kingdom of Saxony, German EmpireDied13 June 1996(1996-06-13) (aged 94)Hitzacker, Lüchow-Dannenberg, Lower Saxony, GermanyFamilyBussche-HaddenhausenSpouse
Claus Felix von Amsberg
(m. 1924; died 1953)IssueSigrid von AmsbergPrince Claus of the NetherlandsRixa von AmsbergMargit von AmsbergBarbara von AmsbergTheda von AmsbergChristina von AmsbergFatherBaron George von dem Bussche-HaddenhausenMotherBaroness Gabriele von dem Bussche-Ippenburg
Dötzingen manor house
Baroness Gösta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen (German: Freiin Gösta Julie Adelheid Marion Marie von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen; 26 January 1902 – 13 June 1996) was a German noblewoman and the mother of Prince Claus of the Netherlands.
Life in Germany
Gösta was born at Döbeln, Kingdom of Saxony, German Empire (now Saxony, Germany), the second child and daughter of Baron George von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen (1869–1923), and his wife, Baroness Gabriele von dem Bussche-Ippenburg (1877–1973). Her father belonged to the Bussche-Haddenhausen branch of the Bussche family, and her mother belonged to the Bussche-Ippenburg branch. Both of Gösta's parents were descended from Clamor von dem Bussche (1532–1573).
Gösta's mother was the heir of Dötzingen Estate near Hitzacker, which her maternal grandfather had inherited from the Counts von Oeynhausen after 1918. Gösta's father was an officer in the Royal Saxon Army. Dötzingen Estate later passed on to Gösta's brother Baron Julius von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen (1906–1977).
After Gösta's return from Africa and her husband's death in 1963, she spent the rest of her life in Dötzingen. Gösta died at the age of 94 in Hitzacker, Germany.
Marriage
Gösta married Claus Felix von Amsberg (1890–1953), son of Wilhelm von Amsberg and Elise von Vieregge, on 4 September 1924 at Hitzacker.
Together, Gösta and Claus Felix had six daughters and one son:
Sigrid von Amsberg (Hitzacker-Dötzingen, 26 June 1925 – 1 April 2018), married in 1952 to Ascan-Bernd Jencquel (17 August 1913 – 4 November 2003), had issue.
Claus von Amsberg (Hitzacker-Dötzingen, 6 September 1926 – Amsterdam, 6 October 2002), married in 1966 to Beatrix of the Netherlands (b. 31 January 1938), had issue (including Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands).
Rixa von Amsberg (Hitzacker-Dötzingen, 18 November 1927 – 6 January 2010), married to Peter Georg Ahrens (27 April 1920 – 11 March 2011), no issue.
Margit von Amsberg (Bumbuli, 16 October 1930 – 1988), married in 1964 to Ernst Grubitz (14 April 1931 – 5 June 2009), had issue.
Barbara von Amsberg (Bumbuli, 16 October 1930), married in 1963 to Günther Haarhaus (22 October 1921 – 9 February 2007), had issue.
Theda von Amsberg (Tanga, 30 June 1939), married in 1966 to Baron Karl von Friesen (b. 1933), had issue.
Christina von Amsberg (Salisbury, 20 January 1945), married in 1971 to Baron Hans Hubertus von der Recke (b. 1942), had issue.
Life in Africa
Gösta's husband Claus Felix had returned from the Tanganyika Territory (now Tanzania), a German colony, during World War I to become the manager of Dötzingen Estate in 1917. Shortly after, the estate passed on to the Bussche family. In 1924, Gösta and Claus Felix married, and in 1926, their son Claus was born at Dötzingen.
In 1928, the family moved to Tanganyika, where they remained during the outbreak of World War II. Claus Felix was the manager of a German-British tea and sisal plantation. Claus was sent back to a German boarding school in 1933, but he returned to Africa in 1936. In 1938, Gösta returned to Germany, and Claus was sent to a boarding school in Misdroy before being drafted by the army. Gösta's husband returned to Germany in 1947.
Family relations
Gösta was a second cousin of Dorothea von Salviati (wife of Wilhelm, German Crown Prince's eldest son Prince Wilhelm of Prussia), both being great-granddaughters of Heinrich von Salviati and Caroline Rahlenbeck. Gösta's younger and only brother Julius (1906–1977) was married to Anna-Elisabeth von Pfuel (1909–2005).
Gösta's family's home, Dötzingen Castle in Lower Saxony, had passed to her maternal grandfather, Eberhard Friedrich Gustav von dem Bussche-Ippenburg, from the Counts von Oeynhausen. At a dinner party hosted by a distant cousin, the Count von Oeynhausen-Sierstorpff in Bad Driburg, on New Year's Eve 1962, Gösta's son Claus met then-Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands for the first time.
Beatrix, like Gösta and Claus, was a cousin of the Counts von Oeynhausen: Beatrix's paternal grandmother Armgard von Cramm was a daughter of Baron Aschwin of Sierstorpff-Cramm (1846–1909) and his wife, Baroness Hedwig von Sierstorpff-Driburg (1848–1900). Armgard had first been married to Count Bodo von Oeynhausen before marrying Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1872–1934), Beatrix's paternal grandfather.
Additionally, Armgard's elder sister Baroness Hedwig von Sierstorpff-Cramm (1874–1907) was the heir to her mother's family's Driburg Estate. Hedwig also married a Count von Oeynhausen, Wilhelm Karl Ludwig Kuno Graf von Oeynhausen-Sierstorpff (1860–1922), whose descendants still own the Driburg Estate.
Ancestry
Ancestors of Baroness Gösta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen 16. Baron George von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen 8. Baron Ludwig von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen 17. Baroness Dorothea Friederike of Hammerstein-Equord 4. Baron Julius von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen 18. Ferdinand von Malortie-Bimont 9. Elise von Malortie 19. Countess Juliane of Platen-Hallermund 2. Baron George von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen 20. Carl Benjamin Salviati 10. Heinrich von Salviati 21. Helene Culemann 5. Mathilde von Salviati 22. Wilhelm Rahlenbeck 11. Caroline Rahlenbeck 23. Henriette Spoerel 1. Baroness Gösta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen 24. Baron Otto Eberhard von dem Bussche-Ippenburg 12. Baron Clamor von dem Bussche-Ippenburg 25. Dorothea Wilhelmine von Meltzing 6. Baron Eberhard von dem Bussche-Ippenburg 26. Johann Conrad Michaelis 13. Amalie Dorothee Michaelis 27. Anna Friederike Georgine Städeler 3. Baroness Gabriele von dem Bussche-Ippenburg 28. Maximilian Joseph von Chelius 14. Franz von Chelius 29. Baroness Anna Maria Waldburga of Sensburg 7. Barbara Warinka von Chelius 30. Friedrich Minet 15. Maria Anna Josephe Eleanore Minet 31. Emma Helena Bolongaro Crevenna
Notes and sources
thePeerage.com - Gosta Freiin von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen
Die Ahnen Claus Georg von Amsberg, Limburg a.d. Lahn, 1966, Euler, F. W., Reference: 3
Ancestor list HRH Claus Prince of The Netherlands, 1999 and 2003, Verheecke, José, Reference: 3
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Landgoed_D%C3%B6tzingen_te_Hitzacker_Geboortegrond_van_prins_Claus,_Bestanddeelnr_017-1177.jpg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Prince Claus of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Claus_of_the_Netherlands"}],"text":"Dötzingen manor houseBaroness Gösta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen (German: Freiin Gösta Julie Adelheid Marion Marie von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen; 26 January 1902 – 13 June 1996) was a German noblewoman and the mother of Prince Claus of the Netherlands.","title":"Baroness Gösta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Döbeln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6beln"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Bussche family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bussche_family"},{"link_name":"Hitzacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitzacker"},{"link_name":"Royal Saxon Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saxon_Army"},{"link_name":"Hitzacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitzacker"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"Gösta was born at Döbeln, Kingdom of Saxony, German Empire (now Saxony, Germany), the second child and daughter of Baron George von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen (1869–1923), and his wife, Baroness Gabriele von dem Bussche-Ippenburg (1877–1973). 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Gösta died at the age of 94 in Hitzacker, Germany.","title":"Life in Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claus Felix von Amsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_Felix_von_Amsberg"},{"link_name":"Hitzacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitzacker"},{"link_name":"Hitzacker-Dötzingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitzacker"},{"link_name":"Claus von Amsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Claus_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Beatrix of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Bumbuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbuli_District"},{"link_name":"Tanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanga,_Tanzania"},{"link_name":"von Friesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friesen_(nobility)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesen_(Adelsgeschlecht)"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"von der Recke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recke_(nobility)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recke_(Adelsgeschlecht)"}],"text":"Gösta married Claus Felix von Amsberg (1890–1953), son of Wilhelm von Amsberg and Elise von Vieregge, on 4 September 1924 at Hitzacker.Together, Gösta and Claus Felix had six daughters and one son:Sigrid von Amsberg (Hitzacker-Dötzingen, 26 June 1925 – 1 April 2018), married in 1952 to Ascan-Bernd Jencquel (17 August 1913 – 4 November 2003), had issue.\nClaus von Amsberg (Hitzacker-Dötzingen, 6 September 1926 – Amsterdam, 6 October 2002), married in 1966 to Beatrix of the Netherlands (b. 31 January 1938), had issue (including Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands).\nRixa von Amsberg (Hitzacker-Dötzingen, 18 November 1927 – 6 January 2010), married to Peter Georg Ahrens (27 April 1920 – 11 March 2011), no issue.\nMargit von Amsberg (Bumbuli, 16 October 1930 – 1988), married in 1964 to Ernst Grubitz (14 April 1931 – 5 June 2009), had issue.\nBarbara von Amsberg (Bumbuli, 16 October 1930), married in 1963 to Günther Haarhaus (22 October 1921 – 9 February 2007), had issue.\nTheda von Amsberg (Tanga, 30 June 1939), married in 1966 to Baron Karl von Friesen [de] (b. 1933), had issue.\nChristina von Amsberg (Salisbury, 20 January 1945), married in 1971 to Baron Hans Hubertus von der Recke [de] (b. 1942), had issue.","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanganyika Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"sisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisal"},{"link_name":"Misdroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyzdroje"}],"text":"Gösta's husband Claus Felix had returned from the Tanganyika Territory (now Tanzania), a German colony, during World War I to become the manager of Dötzingen Estate in 1917. Shortly after, the estate passed on to the Bussche family. In 1924, Gösta and Claus Felix married, and in 1926, their son Claus was born at Dötzingen.In 1928, the family moved to Tanganyika, where they remained during the outbreak of World War II. Claus Felix was the manager of a German-British tea and sisal plantation. Claus was sent back to a German boarding school in 1933, but he returned to Africa in 1936. In 1938, Gösta returned to Germany, and Claus was sent to a boarding school in Misdroy before being drafted by the army. Gösta's husband returned to Germany in 1947.","title":"Life in Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dorothea von Salviati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_von_Salviati"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm, German Crown Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm,_German_Crown_Prince"},{"link_name":"Prince Wilhelm of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Wilhelm_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"von Pfuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Pfuel"},{"link_name":"Bad Driburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Driburg"},{"link_name":"Armgard von Cramm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armgard_von_Cramm"},{"link_name":"Baron Aschwin of Sierstorpff-Cramm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Aschwin_of_Sierstorpff-Cramm"},{"link_name":"Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Bernhard_of_Lippe-Biesterfeld_(1872%E2%80%931934)"}],"text":"Gösta was a second cousin of Dorothea von Salviati (wife of Wilhelm, German Crown Prince's eldest son Prince Wilhelm of Prussia), both being great-granddaughters of Heinrich von Salviati and Caroline Rahlenbeck. Gösta's younger and only brother Julius (1906–1977) was married to Anna-Elisabeth von Pfuel (1909–2005).Gösta's family's home, Dötzingen Castle in Lower Saxony, had passed to her maternal grandfather, Eberhard Friedrich Gustav von dem Bussche-Ippenburg, from the Counts von Oeynhausen. At a dinner party hosted by a distant cousin, the Count von Oeynhausen-Sierstorpff in Bad Driburg, on New Year's Eve 1962, Gösta's son Claus met then-Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands for the first time.Beatrix, like Gösta and Claus, was a cousin of the Counts von Oeynhausen: Beatrix's paternal grandmother Armgard von Cramm was a daughter of Baron Aschwin of Sierstorpff-Cramm (1846–1909) and his wife, Baroness Hedwig von Sierstorpff-Driburg (1848–1900). Armgard had first been married to Count Bodo von Oeynhausen before marrying Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1872–1934), Beatrix's paternal grandfather.Additionally, Armgard's elder sister Baroness Hedwig von Sierstorpff-Cramm (1874–1907) was the heir to her mother's family's Driburg Estate. Hedwig also married a Count von Oeynhausen, Wilhelm Karl Ludwig Kuno Graf von Oeynhausen-Sierstorpff (1860–1922), whose descendants still own the Driburg Estate.","title":"Family relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maximilian Joseph von Chelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_Joseph_von_Chelius"}],"text":"Ancestors of Baroness Gösta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen 16. Baron George von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen 8. Baron Ludwig von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen 17. Baroness Dorothea Friederike of Hammerstein-Equord 4. Baron Julius von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen 18. Ferdinand von Malortie-Bimont 9. Elise von Malortie 19. Countess Juliane of Platen-Hallermund 2. Baron George von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen 20. Carl Benjamin Salviati 10. Heinrich von Salviati 21. Helene Culemann 5. Mathilde von Salviati 22. Wilhelm Rahlenbeck 11. Caroline Rahlenbeck 23. Henriette Spoerel 1. Baroness Gösta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen 24. Baron Otto Eberhard von dem Bussche-Ippenburg 12. Baron Clamor von dem Bussche-Ippenburg 25. Dorothea Wilhelmine von Meltzing 6. Baron Eberhard von dem Bussche-Ippenburg 26. Johann Conrad Michaelis 13. Amalie Dorothee Michaelis 27. Anna Friederike Georgine Städeler 3. Baroness Gabriele von dem Bussche-Ippenburg 28. Maximilian Joseph von Chelius 14. Franz von Chelius 29. Baroness Anna Maria Waldburga of Sensburg 7. Barbara Warinka von Chelius 30. Friedrich Minet 15. Maria Anna Josephe Eleanore Minet 31. Emma Helena Bolongaro Crevenna","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thePeerage.com - Gosta Freiin von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//thepeerage.com/p10186.htm#i101854"},{"link_name":"unreliable source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2099997#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/8497151595791805470008"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1150094435"}],"text":"thePeerage.com - Gosta Freiin von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen[unreliable source]\nDie Ahnen Claus Georg von Amsberg, Limburg a.d. Lahn, 1966, Euler, F. W., Reference: 3\nAncestor list HRH Claus Prince of The Netherlands, 1999 and 2003, Verheecke, José, Reference: 3Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany","title":"Notes and sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Dötzingen manor house","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Landgoed_D%C3%B6tzingen_te_Hitzacker_Geboortegrond_van_prins_Claus%2C_Bestanddeelnr_017-1177.jpg/220px-Landgoed_D%C3%B6tzingen_te_Hitzacker_Geboortegrond_van_prins_Claus%2C_Bestanddeelnr_017-1177.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Baroness+G%C3%B6sta+von+dem+Bussche-Haddenhausen%22","external_links_name":"\"Baroness Gösta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Baroness+G%C3%B6sta+von+dem+Bussche-Haddenhausen%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Baroness+G%C3%B6sta+von+dem+Bussche-Haddenhausen%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Baroness+G%C3%B6sta+von+dem+Bussche-Haddenhausen%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Baroness+G%C3%B6sta+von+dem+Bussche-Haddenhausen%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Baroness+G%C3%B6sta+von+dem+Bussche-Haddenhausen%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://thepeerage.com/p10186.htm#i101854","external_links_name":"thePeerage.com - Gosta Freiin von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/8497151595791805470008","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1150094435","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Jones_(footballer) | Mike Jones (footballer) | ["1 Career","1.1 Tranmere Rovers","1.2 Bury","1.3 Sheffield Wednesday","1.4 Crawley Town","1.5 Carlisle United","1.6 Barrow","1.7 Chesterfield","2 Career statistics","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"] | English footballer (born 1987)
For the American association football player, see Mike Jones (soccer).
Mike Jones
Jones with Bury in 2009Personal informationFull name
Michael David JonesDate of birth
(1987-08-15) 15 August 1987 (age 36)Place of birth
Birkenhead, EnglandHeight
5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)Position(s)
MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team
ChesterfieldNumber
35Youth career0000–2006
Tranmere RoversSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2006–2008
Tranmere Rovers
10
(1)2007
→ Shrewsbury Town (loan)
13
(1)2008–2012
Bury
145
(19)2012
Sheffield Wednesday
10
(0)2012–2014
Crawley Town
82
(4)2014–2016
Oldham Athletic
80
(9)2016–2020
Carlisle United
132
(1)2020–2022
Barrow
16
(2)2022–
Chesterfield
25
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 23:55, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
Michael David Jones (born 15 August 1987) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for National League club Chesterfield.
Career
Tranmere Rovers
Jones progressed through the youth ranks at hometown club Tranmere Rovers. He made his debut on 6 May 2006 in a 2–0 loss to Doncaster Rovers at Prenton Park. He made his first appearance of the following season in a 4–2 FA Cup win against Conference team Woking. On 8 January 2007, Jones signed on loan for League Two team Shrewsbury Town on an initial one-month deal. He made his debut on 13 January and scored as Shrewsbury drew 1–1 away to Lincoln City. The loan deal was extended and he went on to make 14 appearances for Shrewsbury before returning to Tranmere at the end of the season. He made his first appearance of the 2007–08 season in a 1–0 home loss to Morecambe in the Football League Trophy on 4 September 2007. He scored his first goal for Tranmere in what was his final game for the club, in a 3–1 loss against Oldham at Boundary Park on 8 March 2008. He was released by Tranmere at the end of the season.
Bury
On 30 July 2008 it was announced that Jones would sign for League Two side Bury. He made his debut in a 1–0 win against Brentford at Gigg Lane on 9 August 2008. He scored his first goal for Bury on 18 October 2008 in a 3–1 away win against Dagenham & Redbridge. His second goal came the following month as Bury beat Lancashire rivals Accrington Stanley 2–1 at the Crown Ground. He scored his first goal of 2009 in a 1–0 home win against Barnet on 10 January. His final goal of the season came in a 2–1 win against Rochdale on 7 March. Bury reached the play-offs and were drawn against his former club Shrewsbury in the semi-finals. The tie went to penalties after Bury had won the first leg 1–0, but lost the second leg 1–0 at home. Jones scored his penalty but Bury lost the shoot-out 4–3. He finished the season with 52 appearances and 4 goals.
He scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season against Hereford United in a 3–1 win at Edgar Street. On 3 October he scored in a 1–1 draw against Torquay. He followed this up with a goal in the next game, scoring against former club Tranmere Rovers in a 2–1 win in the Football League Trophy. His next goal came in the next round of the competition, however Bury were eliminated as they lost 3–2 to Accrington, with Jones equalising for Bury to make the score 2–2 at the time. His next goal came against Accrington, this time a 4–2 league win on 28 December. In January 2010, he scored in back-to-back home wins against Bradford City and Hereford United. On 5 April 2010 he was sent off for the first time in his career after receiving a second yellow card in a 3–0 home win against Burton Albion. He ended the season with 7 goals in 45 appearances and helped Bury to a 9th-place finish in the league.
His first goal of the 2010–11 season came against Cheltenham in a 2–0 win at Whaddon Road. He scored in the following game which was a 4–1 win against Morecambe. On 16 October 2010 he scored the winning goal in a 4–3 win against Torquay at Plainmoor. On 30 October he scored a brace as Bury beat Aldershot 3–1. He scored three more goals that season, coming in wins against Burton, Macclesfield and Barnet. Bury were promoted to League One after finishing second in the table. Jones finished the season with 8 goals in 37 appearances.
He began the season well featuring in a 1–1 away draw against Huddersfield Town and a 3–1 League Cup win against Championship side Coventry City. He scored his first goal of the season in a 2–0 win against Wycombe at Adams Park. He scored again the following game in the second round of the League Cup, where Bury lost 4–2 to Championship side Leicester City. He scored his third goal of the season on 19 November in a 4–2 win against Walsall. His final game for Bury was a 2–1 home win against Walsall, on 2 January 2012.
Sheffield Wednesday
On 12 January 2012, Jones signed for Sheffield Wednesday for an undisclosed fee. Sheffield Wednesday had triggered a release clause in his contract and he signed a two-and-a-half-year-deal. He was assigned the squad number 16, and made his debut a day later in a 1–0 loss at home to league leaders Charlton Athletic, starting the game before being substituted by former Bury teammate Ryan Lowe. After promotion to the Football League Championship with Sheffield Wednesday, Jones became out-of-favour and eventually joined Crawley Town on the summer transfer deadline day, after being with Sheffield Wednesday for only just over six months.
Crawley Town
Mike Jones joined Crawley Town for an undisclosed fee on 31 August 2012. He made his debut on 1 September in a 1–0 win against Leyton Orient, and assisted the only goal of the game scored by Nicky Ajose. He scored his first goal for the club on 23 April 2013, scoring in a 1–0 win against Preston North End. Jones turned down the offer of a new contract from Crawley, in favour of joining Oldham Athletic despite being a firm favourite of boss John Gregory.
Carlisle United
On 22 June 2016 Mike Jones joined Carlisle United on a two-year contract. He scored his first goal for Carlisle in an EFL Cup tie against Derby County which Carlisle lost on penalties on 23 August 2016.
He was offered a new contract by Carlisle at the end of the 2018–19 season and signed a one-year extension. Jones left Carlisle in May 2020 at the end of his deal after the league season was brought to an early close due to the coronavirus pandemic.
Barrow
On 20 July 2020 Jones joined Barrow on a two-year contract, leaving upon its expiry in May 2022.
Chesterfield
On 2 August 2022, Jones signed for National League club Chesterfield on a one-year deal having impressed on trial.
Career statistics
As of 9 March 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Other
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Tranmere Rovers
2005–06
League One
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2006–07
League One
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2007–08
League One
9
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
11
1
Total
10
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
13
1
Shrewsbury Town (loan)
2006–07
League One
13
1
—
0
0
1
0
14
1
Bury
2008–09
League Two
48
4
1
0
1
0
2
0
52
4
2009–10
League Two
41
5
1
0
1
0
2
2
45
7
2010–11
League Two
35
8
2
0
0
0
0
0
37
8
2011–12
League One
21
3
1
0
2
1
1
0
25
4
Total
145
20
5
0
4
1
5
2
159
23
Sheffield Wednesday
2011–12
League One
10
0
—
—
—
10
0
2012–13
Championship
0
0
0
0
1
0
—
1
0
Total
10
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
11
0
Crawley Town
2012–13
League One
40
1
3
0
—
2
0
45
1
2013–14
League One
42
3
2
0
1
0
1
1
46
4
Total
82
4
5
0
1
0
3
1
91
5
Oldham Athletic
2014–15
League One
45
6
1
1
0
0
3
0
49
7
2015–16
League One
35
3
1
0
0
0
1
0
37
3
Total
80
34
4
3
2
1
4
0
86
38
Carlisle United
2016–17
League Two
28
0
2
0
2
1
1
0
33
1
2017–18
League Two
43
0
5
0
2
0
3
0
53
0
2018–19
League Two
24
1
2
0
0
0
2
0
28
1
2019–20
League Two
37
0
5
1
2
0
0
0
44
1
Total
132
1
14
1
6
1
6
0
158
3
Barrow
2020–21
League Two
13
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
14
2
2021–22
League Two
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
0
Total
16
2
0
0
1
0
1
0
18
2
Chesterfield
2022–23
National League
27
0
5
0
—
2
0
34
0
2023–24
National League
19
1
3
0
—
0
0
22
1
Total
46
1
8
0
—
2
0
56
1
Career total
534
39
36
2
13
2
23
3
606
46
^ a b c d e f g h i Appearance(s) in Football League Trophy
^ a b c d Appearance(s) in EFL Trophy
Honours
Bury
Football League Two second-place promotion: 2010–11
Sheffield Wednesday
Football League One second-place promotion: 2011–12
Chesterfield
National League: 2023–24
References
^ "Notification of shirt numbers: Barrow" (PDF). English Football League. p. 6. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
^ a b Hugman, Barry J., ed. (2009). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2009–10. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84596-474-0.
^ "Tranmere 0–2 Doncaster" Tranmere Rovers F.C. 6 May 2006. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Tranmere 4–2 Woking" Tranmere Rovers F.C. 11 November 2006. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Midfielder Signs On Loan" Shrewsbury Town F.C. 8 January 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Lincoln 1–1 Shrewsbury" Shrewsbury Town F.C. 13 January 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Mike Jones Football Stats Season 2006/2007" Soccerbase. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Tranmere 0–1 Morecambe" Tranmere Rovers F.C. 4 September 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Oldham 3–1 Tranmere" Tranmere Rovers F.C. 8 March 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Trio leave in Tranmere Rovers' summer clear out" Liverpool Echo. 30 July 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Jones signs on Monday" Archived 27 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 30 July 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Bury 1–0 Brentford" Archived 31 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 9 August 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Dagenham & Redbridge 1–3 Bury" Archived 31 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 18 October 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Accrington 1–2 Bury" Archived 3 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 29 November 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Bury 1–0 Barnet" Archived 31 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 10 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Bury 2–1 Rochdale" Archived 11 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Bury 0–1 Shrewsbury" Archived 31 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 10 May 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Mike Jones Football Stats Season 2008/2009" Soccerbase. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Hereford 1–3 Bury" Archived 8 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 18 August 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Torquay 1–1 Bury" Archived 1 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 3 October 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Bury 2–1 Tranmere" Archived 10 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 6 October 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Accrington 3–2 Tranmere" Archived 16 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 10 November 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Accrington 2–4 Bury" Archived 14 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 28 December 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Bury 2–1 Bradford" Archived 27 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine 19 January 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Bury 1–0 Hereford" Archived 2 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine 23 January 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Bury 3–0 Burton" Archived 23 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine 5 April 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Mike Jones Football Stats Season 2009/2010" Soccerbase. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Bury Table 2009-2010" Bury F.C. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Cheltenham 0–2 Bury" Bury F.C. 25 September 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Morecambe 1–4 Bury" Archived 8 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 28 September 2010.
^ "Torquay 3–4 Bury" Bury F.C. 16 October 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Aldershot 1–3 Bury" Archived 2 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 30 October 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Burton 1–3 Bury" Archived 23 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 19 November 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Macclesfield 2–4 Bury" Archived 7 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Bury 2–0 Barnet" Archived 9 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 16 April 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Bury Table Season 2010–2011" Bury F.C. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Mike Jones Football Stats Season 2010–2011" Soccerbase. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ " Huddersfield 1–1 Bury" Archived 19 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 6 August 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Bury 3–1 Coventry" Archived 21 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine 9 August 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Wycombe 0–2 Bury" Archived 19 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 20 August 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Bury 2–4 Leicester" Archived 21 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine 23 August 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Walsall 2–4 Bury" Archived 22 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 19 November 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Bury 2–1 Walsall" Archived 12 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine Bury F.C. 2 January 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Sheffield Wednesday sign Mick Jones from Bury" BBC Sport. 13 January 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Jones checks in at Hillsborough" Archived 16 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine Sheffield Wednesday F.C. 12 January 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ "Sheffield Wednesday 0–1 Charlton" BBC Sport. 14 January 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
^ a b "Jones joins Crawley". swfc.co.uk. 31 August 2012.
^ "Crawley Town 1–0 Leyton Orient" BBC Sport. 1 September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
^ "Crawley Town 1–0 Preston". BBC Sport. BBC. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
^ "Former Crawley Town midfielder Mike Jones joins Oldham Athletic". Crawley News. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
^ "Jones joins Carlisle". carlisleunited.co.uk. 22 June 2016.
^ "Derby 1-1 Carlisle". BBC Sport. 23 August 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
^ "Carlisle United release eight players after League Two season completed". BBC Sport. 6 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
^ "Carlisle United: Midfielder Mike Jones agrees new one-year contract". BBC Sport. 13 June 2019.
^ "Barrow sign James, Jones and Beadling". BBC Sport. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
^ "Bluebirds Confirm Retained List". www.barrowafc.com. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ "Jones becomes 12th summer signing". chesterfield-fc.co.uk. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
^ "Games played by Mike Jones in 2005/2006". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ a b "Games played by Mike Jones in 2006/2007". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ "Games played by Mike Jones in 2007/2008". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ "Games played by Mike Jones in 2008/2009". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ "Games played by Mike Jones in 2009/2010". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ "Games played by Mike Jones in 2010/2011". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ a b "Games played by Mike Jones in 2011/2012". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ a b "Games played by Mike Jones in 2012/2013". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ "Games played by Mike Jones in 2013/2014". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ "Games played by Mike Jones in 2014/2015". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ "Games played by Mike Jones in 2015/2016". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ "Games played by Mike Jones in 2016/2017". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ "Games played by Mike Jones in 2017/2018". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
^ "Games played by Mike Jones in 2018/2019". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
^ "Games played by Mike Jones in 2019/2020". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
^ "Mike Jones | Football Stats | Barrow | Season 2020/2021 | Soccer Base". soccerbase.com. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^ "England - M. Jones - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway". int.soccerway.com. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
^ "Games played by Mike Jones in 2022/2023". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
^ "Games played by Mike Jones in 2023/2024". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
^ "National League: 2023/24: Current table". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 28 April 2024."Chesterfield: Squad details: 2023/24". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mike Jones.
Mike Jones at Soccerbase
Mike Jones profile at the Sheffield Wednesday website.
vteChesterfield F.C. – current squad
1 Tyrer
3 Horton
4 Naylor
5 Grimes
7 Mandeville
8 Oldaker
9 Grigg
10 Jacobs
11 Colclough
12 Williams
15 Hobson
16 Freckleton
17 Dobra
18 Berry
20 King
21 Palmer
22 Sheckleford
23 Boot
24 Curtis
27 Quigley
28 Banks
33 Clements
35 Jones
36 Chadwick
40 C. Cook
42 Marshall
43 Abudu
44 Jessop
45 Mohiuddin
Manager: P. Cook | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Jones (soccer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Jones_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)"},{"link_name":"Chesterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield_F.C."}],"text":"For the American association football player, see Mike Jones (soccer).Michael David Jones (born 15 August 1987) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for National League club Chesterfield.","title":"Mike Jones (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tranmere Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranmere_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Doncaster Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Prenton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenton_Park"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"Woking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woking_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lincoln City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Morecambe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morecambe_F.C."},{"link_name":"Football League Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Boundary Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Park"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Tranmere Rovers","text":"Jones progressed through the youth ranks at hometown club Tranmere Rovers. He made his debut on 6 May 2006 in a 2–0 loss to Doncaster Rovers at Prenton Park.[3] He made his first appearance of the following season in a 4–2 FA Cup win against Conference team Woking.[4] On 8 January 2007, Jones signed on loan for League Two team Shrewsbury Town on an initial one-month deal.[5] He made his debut on 13 January and scored as Shrewsbury drew 1–1 away to Lincoln City.[6] The loan deal was extended and he went on to make 14 appearances for Shrewsbury before returning to Tranmere at the end of the season.[7] He made his first appearance of the 2007–08 season in a 1–0 home loss to Morecambe in the Football League Trophy on 4 September 2007.[8] He scored his first goal for Tranmere in what was his final game for the club, in a 3–1 loss against Oldham at Boundary Park on 8 March 2008.[9] He was released by Tranmere at the end of the season.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gigg Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigg_Lane"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Dagenham & Redbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagenham_%26_Redbridge_F.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Accrington Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accrington_Stanley_F.C."},{"link_name":"Crown Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Ground"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnet_F.C."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rochdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hereford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Edgar Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Street"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Tranmere Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranmere_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Bradford City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Hereford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Burton Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Whaddon Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaddon_Road"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Morecambe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morecambe_F.C."},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Torquay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Plainmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainmoor"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Aldershot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Macclesfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macclesfield_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnet_F.C."},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"Coventry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Wycombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycombe_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Adams Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_Park"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Leicester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Walsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsall_F.C."},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Bury","text":"On 30 July 2008 it was announced that Jones would sign for League Two side Bury.[11] He made his debut in a 1–0 win against Brentford at Gigg Lane on 9 August 2008.[12] He scored his first goal for Bury on 18 October 2008 in a 3–1 away win against Dagenham & Redbridge.[13] His second goal came the following month as Bury beat Lancashire rivals Accrington Stanley 2–1 at the Crown Ground.[14] He scored his first goal of 2009 in a 1–0 home win against Barnet on 10 January.[15] His final goal of the season came in a 2–1 win against Rochdale on 7 March.[16] Bury reached the play-offs and were drawn against his former club Shrewsbury in the semi-finals. The tie went to penalties after Bury had won the first leg 1–0, but lost the second leg 1–0 at home. Jones scored his penalty but Bury lost the shoot-out 4–3.[17] He finished the season with 52 appearances and 4 goals.[18]He scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season against Hereford United in a 3–1 win at Edgar Street.[19] On 3 October he scored in a 1–1 draw against Torquay.[20] He followed this up with a goal in the next game, scoring against former club Tranmere Rovers in a 2–1 win in the Football League Trophy.[21] His next goal came in the next round of the competition, however Bury were eliminated as they lost 3–2 to Accrington, with Jones equalising for Bury to make the score 2–2 at the time.[22] His next goal came against Accrington, this time a 4–2 league win on 28 December.[23] In January 2010, he scored in back-to-back home wins against Bradford City and Hereford United.[24][25] On 5 April 2010 he was sent off for the first time in his career after receiving a second yellow card in a 3–0 home win against Burton Albion.[26] He ended the season with 7 goals in 45 appearances and helped Bury to a 9th-place finish in the league.[27][28]His first goal of the 2010–11 season came against Cheltenham in a 2–0 win at Whaddon Road.[29] He scored in the following game which was a 4–1 win against Morecambe.[30] On 16 October 2010 he scored the winning goal in a 4–3 win against Torquay at Plainmoor.[31] On 30 October he scored a brace as Bury beat Aldershot 3–1.[32] He scored three more goals that season, coming in wins against Burton, Macclesfield and Barnet.[33][34][35] Bury were promoted to League One after finishing second in the table.[36] Jones finished the season with 8 goals in 37 appearances.[37]He began the season well featuring in a 1–1 away draw against Huddersfield Town and a 3–1 League Cup win against Championship side Coventry City.[38][39] He scored his first goal of the season in a 2–0 win against Wycombe at Adams Park.[40] He scored again the following game in the second round of the League Cup, where Bury lost 4–2 to Championship side Leicester City.[41] He scored his third goal of the season on 19 November in a 4–2 win against Walsall.[42] His final game for Bury was a 2–1 home win against Walsall, on 2 January 2012.[43]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C."},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Charlton Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ryan Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Lowe"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Football League Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C."},{"link_name":"Crawley Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawley_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C."},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_joins_Crawley-47"}],"sub_title":"Sheffield Wednesday","text":"On 12 January 2012, Jones signed for Sheffield Wednesday for an undisclosed fee. Sheffield Wednesday had triggered a release clause in his contract and he signed a two-and-a-half-year-deal.[44][45] He was assigned the squad number 16, and made his debut a day later in a 1–0 loss at home to league leaders Charlton Athletic, starting the game before being substituted by former Bury teammate Ryan Lowe.[46] After promotion to the Football League Championship with Sheffield Wednesday, Jones became out-of-favour and eventually joined Crawley Town on the summer transfer deadline day, after being with Sheffield Wednesday for only just over six months.[47]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crawley Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawley_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_joins_Crawley-47"},{"link_name":"Leyton Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C."},{"link_name":"Nicky Ajose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Ajose"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Preston North End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C."},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Oldham Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Crawley Town","text":"Mike Jones joined Crawley Town for an undisclosed fee on 31 August 2012.[47] He made his debut on 1 September in a 1–0 win against Leyton Orient, and assisted the only goal of the game scored by Nicky Ajose.[48] He scored his first goal for the club on 23 April 2013, scoring in a 1–0 win against Preston North End.[49] Jones turned down the offer of a new contract from Crawley, in favour of joining Oldham Athletic despite being a firm favourite of boss John Gregory.[50]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlisle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"EFL Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Carlisle United","text":"On 22 June 2016 Mike Jones joined Carlisle United on a two-year contract.[51] He scored his first goal for Carlisle in an EFL Cup tie against Derby County which Carlisle lost on penalties on 23 August 2016.[52]He was offered a new contract by Carlisle at the end of the 2018–19 season and signed a one-year extension. Jones left Carlisle in May 2020 at the end of his deal after the league season was brought to an early close due to the coronavirus pandemic.[53][54]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Barrow","text":"On 20 July 2020 Jones joined Barrow on a two-year contract, leaving upon its expiry in May 2022.[55][56]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)"},{"link_name":"Chesterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield_F.C."},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Chesterfield","text":"On 2 August 2022, Jones signed for National League club Chesterfield on a one-year deal having impressed on trial.[57]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_61-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_61-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_61-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_61-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_61-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_61-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_61-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_61-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_61-8"},{"link_name":"Football League Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Trophy"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EFT_71-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EFT_71-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EFT_71-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EFT_71-3"},{"link_name":"EFL Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"}],"text":"As of 9 March 2024^ a b c d e f g h i Appearance(s) in Football League Trophy\n\n^ a b c d Appearance(s) in EFL Trophy","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Football League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_National_League_(division)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"text":"BuryFootball League Two second-place promotion: 2010–11Sheffield WednesdayFootball League One second-place promotion: 2011–12ChesterfieldNational League: 2023–24[77]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Notification of shirt numbers: Barrow\" (PDF). English Football League. p. 6. Retrieved 17 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.efl.com/siteassets/efl-documents/202021/efl-squad-numbering-11.09.2020.pdf","url_text":"\"Notification of shirt numbers: Barrow\""}]},{"reference":"Hugman, Barry J., ed. (2009). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2009–10. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84596-474-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-474-0","url_text":"978-1-84596-474-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Jones joins Crawley\". swfc.co.uk. 31 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swfc.co.uk/news/article/jones-joins-crawley-345243.aspx","url_text":"\"Jones joins Crawley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crawley Town 1–0 Preston\". BBC Sport. BBC. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22163059","url_text":"\"Crawley Town 1–0 Preston\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Crawley Town midfielder Mike Jones joins Oldham Athletic\". Crawley News. Retrieved 10 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crawleynews.co.uk/Crawley-Town-midfielder-Mike-Jones-joins-Oldham/story-21212304-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Former Crawley Town midfielder Mike Jones joins Oldham Athletic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jones joins Carlisle\". carlisleunited.co.uk. 22 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.carlisleunited.co.uk/news/article/midfielder-mike-jones-joins-on-a-one-year-deal-3138585.aspx","url_text":"\"Jones joins Carlisle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derby 1-1 Carlisle\". BBC Sport. 23 August 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37091354","url_text":"\"Derby 1-1 Carlisle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carlisle United release eight players after League Two season completed\". BBC Sport. 6 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48178768","url_text":"\"Carlisle United release eight players after League Two season completed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carlisle United: Midfielder Mike Jones agrees new one-year contract\". BBC Sport. 13 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48629572","url_text":"\"Carlisle United: Midfielder Mike Jones agrees new one-year contract\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barrow sign James, Jones and Beadling\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 6 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/53480309","url_text":"\"Barrow sign James, Jones and Beadling\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bluebirds Confirm Retained List\". www.barrowafc.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamaw | Lamaw | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Filipino dessert
LamawAlternative namesbuko lamaw, coconut lamawCourseDessertPlace of originPhilippinesRegion or stateVisayas, MindanaoServing temperatureChilled, room temperatureMain ingredientsCoconut water, young coconut, biscuits or saltines, milk Media: Lamaw
Lamaw, also known as buko lamaw, is a Filipino dessert or beverage made from scraped young coconut meat (buko) in coconut water with milk and sugar (or condensed milk), and saltines or biscuits. Variations can add ingredients like peanuts, graham crackers, or orange-flavored softdrinks. Ice cubes are also commonly added to chill the dessert. It is usually made from freshly gathered coconuts, and is commonly served within the coconut shell itself. It originates from the Visayas and Visayan areas of Mindanao and is a traditional merienda for farmers working in the fields in rural areas.
The name of the dessert is from Cebuano lamaw, meaning "swill" or "slop", due to its appearance. The term can sometimes also be used to refer to similar desserts made from papaya, star apple, or avocado with milk and sugar.
See also
Avocado and milk in ice (Avocado lamaw)
Buko pie
Buko salad
Halo-halo
Ice buko
Samalamig
References
^ "Buko Lamaw: The Dessert of the Visayas". bitlanders. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
^ De Jaresco, Bingo. "A look at coconut industry prospects". Negros Chronicle. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
^ "LAMAW (Lāmaw): A delectable young Coconut dessert beverage in the Philippines". busy. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
^ "lamaw". Cebuano Dictionary. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
^ "Anyone Who Wants Lamaw?". Food Blog Destinations. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
vte Filipino cuisineMain dishes
Adobo
Afritada
Asado
matua
pork
Balbacua
Balut
Bicol express/Sinilihan
Binagoongan
kangkong
Binalot
Bistek
Biyaring
Bola-bola
Bopis
Burong isda
Burong mangga
Carne norte guisado
Chicken galantina/Relyenong manok
Chicken pastel/Pastel de pollo
Chori burger
Coconut burger
Curacha
Alavar
Decho
Dinakdakan/Warek-Warek
Dinengdeng
Dinuguan
Embutido
Escabeche
Estofado
Everlasting
Giniling
Ginisang kangkóng
Goto
Halabós
Hamonado
Hardinera
Humbà
Igado
Inasal
Inihaw/Filipino barbecue
Inubaran
Isaw
Kaldereta
Kare-kare
Kilawin
Kinilnat
Kinilaw
Kulawo
Laing/Pinangat
Inulukan
Linapay/Tinamuk
Tinumok
Lechon
baboy
baka
manok
Lengua estofado
Lengua pastel
Lengua Sevillana
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Linarang
Linat-an
Lumlom
Mechado
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Waknatoy
Morcón
Nilagang saging
Paklay
Papaitan
Pares
Pares kanto
Pata tim
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Pinsec frito
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Daing
Fish balls
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Okoy
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Torta
carne norte
kalabasa
sardinas
talong
Rice dishes
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Lugaw
Morisqueta tostada
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Silog
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Soups
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Binakol
Bulalo
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ampalaya
hipon
isda
kalabasa
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labong
langka
manok
sugpo
ubod
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Kadyos, baboy, kag langka
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Kinamatisang manok (Sarciadong manok)
Nilaga
Paksiw
Inun-unan
Pinikpikan
Sarsiado
Sinabawang corned beef
Sinabawang gulay
Sinampalukan
Sinigang
Sorol
Soup Number Five
Suam na mais
Tiyula itum
Noodles and pasta
Balbacua con misua
Batchoy
Batchoy Tagalog
Filipino spaghetti
Kinalas
Macaroni salad
Maki mi
Odong
Pancit
bihon
buko
canton
choca
estacion
lomi
luglug
Malabon
mami
miki
Molo
palabok
sotanghon
Pares mami
Sinigáng sa misô
Sopa de fideo
Sopas
Sausages
Longganisa
Alaminos
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Cabanatuan/Batutay
Calumpit
Chicken
Fish
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Guinobatan
Longganisang dugo
Lucban
Pampanga
Tuguegarao
Vigan
Chorizo
de Bilbao
de Cebu
de Macao
Negrense
pudpud
Pinuneg
Lumpia and turón
Daral
Dinamita
Lumpia
adobo
gulay
hubad
isda
keso
labong
prito
sariwa
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singkamas
togue
ubod
Vegetarian lumpia
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Turón
Breads, cakes,and pastries
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Asado roll
Banada
Banana cake
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Binangkal
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Brazo de Mercedes
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Buñuelo
Churro
Crema de Fruta
Egg pie
Empanada
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Flan cake
Hopia
Inipit
Kumukunsi
Mamón
Broas
Puto mamón
Taisan
tostado
Mango cake
Mango float
Napoleones
Ohaldre
Pan de coco
Pan de monggo
Pan de monja/Monáy
Putok
Pan de regla
Pan de siosa/Pan de leche
Pandesal
Pastel de Camiguín
Pianono
Piaya
Pilipit
Pinagong
Polvorón
Sans rival
Señorita bread/Spanish bread
Shakoy
Shing-a-ling
Silvana
Siopao
Ube cake
Ube cheesecake
Waffle dog
Yema cake
Biscuits/cookies
Aparon
Apas
Barquillos
Barquiron
Camachile cookies
Caycay
Galletas
de bato
de patatas/Egg cracklets
del Carmen
pesquera
Gorgoria
Half-moon cookie
Jacobina
Lengua de gato
Linga
Masa podrida
Otap
Paciencia
Paborita
Puto seco
Roscas
Rosquillo
Ube crinkles
Ugoy-ugoy
Uraró/Arrowroot cookies
Desserts
Ampaw
Banana cue
Baye baye
Binagol
Binaki
Buko salad
Buko halo
Buko melon
Buko pandan
Camote cue
Camote halaya
Cascaron
Cassava cake
Pitsi-pitsî
Champóy
Coconut macaroon
Cornick
Daral
Dodol
Duman
Ginanggang
Kalamay
Kiamoy
Leche flan
Lokot-lokot
Maja blanca
Maruya
Masareal
Membrilyo
Minatamis na saging
Nilupak/Nilusak
Pinipig
Pritong saging
Salukara
Taho
Tamales
Tibok-tibok
Tocino de cielo
Turón
Turrón de casúy
Turrón de pili
Ube
halaya
macapuno
Candies and confections
Pastillas
Balikucha
Belekoy
Coconut toffee
Peanut Brittle
Panocha mani
Sampalok candy
Yema
Chips and crackers
Banana chips
Kabkab/Cassava cracker
Kropek
Kiping
Pinasugbo/Consilva
Frozen desserts
Avocado and milk in ice/Abukado lamaw
Guinomis
Halo-halo
Ice buko
Ice scramble
Knickerbocker
Maíz con hielo
Queso ice cream
Saba con hielo
Sili ice cream
Sorbetes
Ube ice cream
Kakanin (ricecakes)
Bibingka
Bibingkoy
Binakle
Biko
Espasol
Kutsinta
Mache
Masi
Moche
Morón
Palitaw
Panyalam
Putli mandi
Puto
Puto bumbong
Puto maya
Sapin-sapin
Sayongsong
Suman
Tikoy
Tupig
Soup desserts
Bilo-bilo
Binatog
Binignit
Champorado
Ginataan
mais
munggo/Lelot balatong
saba
Lamaw
Condimentsand ingredients
Agre dulce/sweet and sour sauce
Achuete
Asín tibuok
Atchara
Bagoong
alamang
monamon
terong
Banana ketchup
Biasong
Bukayo
Burô/tapay
Calamansi
Dayap
Dayok
Dungon
Galapóng
Gamet
Gatâ
Giniling
Gulaman
Gusô
Kakang gatâ
Kamias
Kaong
Kasubha
Keso de bola
Kesong puti
Labóng
Landang
Latik
Latô
Lemongrass
Liver spread/Lechon sauce
Luyang dilaw
Macapuno
Minatamís na báo
Muscovado
Nata de coco
Nata de piña
Pakô
Palapa
Pandan
Panutsa
Patis
Pili nut
Saba banana
Sago
Sakurab/Sibujing
Siling haba
Siling labuyo
Taba ng talangka
Tabon-tabon
Toyomansi
Toyo, suka, at sili
Túltul
Ube
Ubad
Ubod
Vinegar
cane
coconut
kaong palm
nipa palm
spiced
BeveragesNon-alcoholic
Avocado milkshake
Calamansi juice
Coffee
Barako
Benguet
Sagada
Sulu
Salabat
Samalamig
Buko pandan drink
Sago at gulaman
Tsokolate
Tubho tea
Alcoholic
Agkud
Anisado
Bahalina
Bais
Basi
Bignay wine
Byais
Dubado
Duhat wine
Intus
Kabarawan
Kinutil
Laksoy/Dalisay de nipa/Barik
Lambanog/Dalisay de coco
Mallorca
Palek
Pangasi
Tapuy/Baya
Tubâ
Tuhak
Tunggang
Food portal
See also:
Philippine condiments
Filipino Chinese cuisine
Kamayan
Kapampangan cuisine
List of restaurant chains in the Philippines | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_cuisine"},{"link_name":"dessert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert"},{"link_name":"beverage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverage"},{"link_name":"coconut water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_water"},{"link_name":"condensed milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_milk"},{"link_name":"saltines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltine"},{"link_name":"biscuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuit"},{"link_name":"peanuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut"},{"link_name":"graham crackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_cracker"},{"link_name":"softdrinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softdrink"},{"link_name":"Visayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayas"},{"link_name":"Visayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayan_people"},{"link_name":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao"},{"link_name":"merienda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merienda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cebuano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_language"},{"link_name":"swill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swill"},{"link_name":"slop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_waste#Animal_feed"},{"link_name":"papaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya"},{"link_name":"star apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_apple"},{"link_name":"avocado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Lamaw, also known as buko lamaw, is a Filipino dessert or beverage made from scraped young coconut meat (buko) in coconut water with milk and sugar (or condensed milk), and saltines or biscuits. Variations can add ingredients like peanuts, graham crackers, or orange-flavored softdrinks. Ice cubes are also commonly added to chill the dessert. It is usually made from freshly gathered coconuts, and is commonly served within the coconut shell itself. It originates from the Visayas and Visayan areas of Mindanao and is a traditional merienda for farmers working in the fields in rural areas.[1][2][3]The name of the dessert is from Cebuano lamaw, meaning \"swill\" or \"slop\", due to its appearance. The term can sometimes also be used to refer to similar desserts made from papaya, star apple, or avocado with milk and sugar.[4][5]","title":"Lamaw"}] | [] | [{"title":"Avocado and milk in ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_and_milk_in_ice"},{"title":"Buko pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko_pie"},{"title":"Buko salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko_salad"},{"title":"Halo-halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo-halo"},{"title":"Ice buko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_buko"},{"title":"Samalamig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samalamig"}] | [{"reference":"\"Buko Lamaw: The Dessert of the Visayas\". bitlanders. Retrieved April 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bitlanders.com/blogs/buko-lamaw-the-dessert-of-the-visayas/6866528","url_text":"\"Buko Lamaw: The Dessert of the Visayas\""}]},{"reference":"De Jaresco, Bingo. \"A look at coconut industry prospects\". Negros Chronicle. Retrieved April 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://negroschronicle.net/web-archives/opinion/A%20look%20at%20coconut%20industry%20prospects%20(One%20Voice).html","url_text":"\"A look at coconut industry prospects\""}]},{"reference":"\"LAMAW (Lāmaw): A delectable young Coconut dessert beverage in the Philippines\". busy. Retrieved April 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://busy.org/@ivancuyag/lamaw-lamaw-a-delectable-young-coconut-dessert-beverage-in-the-philippines","url_text":"\"LAMAW (Lāmaw): A delectable young Coconut dessert beverage in the Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"\"lamaw\". Cebuano Dictionary. Retrieved April 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cebuano.pinoydictionary.com/word/lamaw/","url_text":"\"lamaw\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anyone Who Wants Lamaw?\". Food Blog Destinations. Retrieved April 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foodblogph.com/blog/anyone-who-wants-lamaw/","url_text":"\"Anyone Who Wants Lamaw?\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.bitlanders.com/blogs/buko-lamaw-the-dessert-of-the-visayas/6866528","external_links_name":"\"Buko Lamaw: The Dessert of the Visayas\""},{"Link":"http://negroschronicle.net/web-archives/opinion/A%20look%20at%20coconut%20industry%20prospects%20(One%20Voice).html","external_links_name":"\"A look at coconut industry prospects\""},{"Link":"https://busy.org/@ivancuyag/lamaw-lamaw-a-delectable-young-coconut-dessert-beverage-in-the-philippines","external_links_name":"\"LAMAW (Lāmaw): A delectable young Coconut dessert beverage in the Philippines\""},{"Link":"https://cebuano.pinoydictionary.com/word/lamaw/","external_links_name":"\"lamaw\""},{"Link":"https://www.foodblogph.com/blog/anyone-who-wants-lamaw/","external_links_name":"\"Anyone Who Wants Lamaw?\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info-Mac | Info-Mac | ["1 Original format","1.1 Info-Mac Digest","1.2 Info-Mac Archive","2 Decline and 2007 relaunch","3 References","4 External links"] | Website covering Apple Inc. products
Info-MacScreenshot of Info-Mac as of 2011-03-11Type of siteForum, news aggregator, and file hosting service for Macintosh and iOS.Available inEnglishOwnerDan PalkaCreated byEd PattermannURLinfo-mac.org CommercialYesRegistrationOptionalLaunched1984Current statusOpenInfo-Mac is an online community, news aggregator and shareware file hosting service covering Apple Inc. products, including the iPhone, iPod and especially the Macintosh. Established in 1984 as an electronic mailing list, Info-Mac is notable as being the first online community for Apple's then-new Macintosh computer. Info-Mac was the dominant Internet resource for Mac OS software and community-based support throughout the 1980s and early 1990s.
Original format
Info-Mac consisted of two distinct services: the Info-Mac Archive, a user-submitted collection of nearly all contemporary freeware and shareware available for the Macintosh, and the Info-Mac Digest, an electronic mailing list open to public participation. Both the Info-Mac Archive and Info-Mac Digest were operated by volunteers.
Info-Mac Digest
The Info-Mac Digest was published daily via Stanford University servers, and was itself archived on the Info-Mac Archive. At its height, the Info-Mac Digest was read daily by several thousand people, and was mirrored in the Usenet group comp.sys.mac.digest.
The Info-Mac Digest was published in "volumes" that covered the period of one calendar year, with some exceptions.
Info-Mac Archive
The Info-Mac Archive was the centralized collection of Macintosh software with over 100 mirror sites located around the world. At the time, disk space on a server was cost-prohibitive and hard to come by. Free public archives such as Info-Mac were often the only means for shareware authors to deliver their product over the Internet. Some early commercial software download sites, like CNET's Shareware.com, were originally mirrors of the Info-Mac Archive.
Due to the low-bandwidth connections accessible by early Internet users, which made downloading large files an onerous task, Info-Mac partnered with Pacific HiTech to periodically publish CD-ROMs containing selected shareware and freeware from the archive. These CDs were sold through Mac-related magazines and publications. Licensing issues required software authors to specifically allow their contributions to be included on the CD-ROM through a statement in the file's abstract. The CDs allowed wider distribution to users who did not have network access or could not spare the long download times associated with software applications. As the software was encoded in BinHex or MacBinary format it could be stored on non-Mac file systems such as a BBS or FTP server. Starting with the Info-Mac VI CD-ROM, the discs included the utility "Spelunker" which allowed users to search the archive in a user-friendly manner. Starting with the Info-Mac VIII CD-ROM, the package included two discs to offer twice the shareware and freeware.
Decline and 2007 relaunch
The popularity of Info-Mac services in their original format waned in the late 1990s. As the growing popularity of the World Wide Web and web hosting services allowed software authors to distribute their own software, and for users to communicate on online message boards, demand for Info-Mac's services grew beyond the capability of an all-volunteer staff to provide and maintain it at an acceptable level. Unable to maintain relevance on the rapidly evolving Internet, the Info-Mac Digest was discontinued in November 2002, while the Info-Mac Archive stopped accepting new file submissions in December 2005.
In December 2007, Info-Mac was redesigned and relaunched with a Web 2.0 interface, combining previous Info-Mac Digest and Info-Mac Archive content with a modernized forum-based community and news aggregator. Today, Info-Mac has expanded to cover all Apple product lines. A new, opt in Info-Mac Digest automatically generated from forum content is published daily. Info-Mac also distributes an iOS app called iForum on the App Store.
References
^ Rittner, Don (2000). iMac, iBook, and G3 Troubleshooting Pocket Reference. McGraw-Hill. p. 267. ISBN 0-07-212468-7
^ Thomas, Brian J (1997). The Internet for Scientists and Engineers. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press. p. 462. ISBN 0-19-856547-X
^ Engst, Adam C, and David Pogue (1999). Crossing Platforms: a Macintosh/Windows Phrasebook. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 317. ISBN 1-56592-539-4
^ Levine, John R, Arnold Reinhold and Margaret Levine Young (2000). The Internet for Dummies Quick Reference. IDG Books Worldwide. p. 112. ISBN 0-7645-0675-7
^ Wilson, Thomas Carl (1992). Impact of Technology on Resource Sharing: Experimentation and Maturity. Psychology Press. p. 124. ISBN 1-56024-391-0
^ "The Info-Mac Network Retires". 19 December 2005. It had a few gigabytes of disk space that Info-Mac bought after receiving almost $3,000 in donations in 1992.
^ TidBITS#810/19-Dec-05
^ The Multimedia and Cd-ROM Directory 1998. Waterlow New Media Information. p. 621. ISBN 0-333-71169-6
^ Info-Mac Reloaded
External links
Official website
Info-Mac Archive
Info-Mac Digest | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_community"},{"link_name":"news aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_aggregator"},{"link_name":"shareware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware"},{"link_name":"file hosting service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_hosting_service"},{"link_name":"Apple Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"iPod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod"},{"link_name":"Macintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh"},{"link_name":"electronic mailing list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"Mac OS software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_software"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Info-Mac is an online community, news aggregator and shareware file hosting service covering Apple Inc. products, including the iPhone, iPod and especially the Macintosh. Established in 1984 as an electronic mailing list, Info-Mac is notable as being the first online community for Apple's then-new Macintosh computer.[1] Info-Mac was the dominant Internet resource for Mac OS software[2] and community-based support throughout the 1980s and early 1990s.","title":"Info-Mac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freeware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware"},{"link_name":"shareware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Info-Mac consisted of two distinct services: the Info-Mac Archive, a user-submitted collection of nearly all contemporary freeware and shareware available for the Macintosh, and the Info-Mac Digest, an electronic mailing list open to public participation.[3] Both the Info-Mac Archive and Info-Mac Digest were operated by volunteers.[4]","title":"Original format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Usenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet"}],"sub_title":"Info-Mac Digest","text":"The Info-Mac Digest was published daily via Stanford University servers, and was itself archived on the Info-Mac Archive.[5] At its height, the Info-Mac Digest was read daily by several thousand people, and was mirrored in the Usenet group comp.sys.mac.digest.The Info-Mac Digest was published in \"volumes\" that covered the period of one calendar year, with some exceptions.","title":"Original format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mirror sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_mirror"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"CNET's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"CD-ROMs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"BinHex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BinHex"},{"link_name":"MacBinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacBinary"},{"link_name":"BBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_system"},{"link_name":"FTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTP"}],"sub_title":"Info-Mac Archive","text":"The Info-Mac Archive was the centralized collection of Macintosh software with over 100 mirror sites located around the world. At the time, disk space on a server was cost-prohibitive and hard to come by.[6] Free public archives such as Info-Mac were often the only means for shareware authors to deliver their product over the Internet. Some early commercial software download sites, like CNET's Shareware.com, were originally mirrors of the Info-Mac Archive.[7]Due to the low-bandwidth connections accessible by early Internet users, which made downloading large files an onerous task, Info-Mac partnered with Pacific HiTech to periodically publish CD-ROMs containing selected shareware and freeware from the archive. These CDs were sold through Mac-related magazines and publications.[8] Licensing issues required software authors to specifically allow their contributions to be included on the CD-ROM through a statement in the file's abstract. The CDs allowed wider distribution to users who did not have network access or could not spare the long download times associated with software applications. As the software was encoded in BinHex or MacBinary format it could be stored on non-Mac file systems such as a BBS or FTP server. Starting with the Info-Mac VI CD-ROM, the discs included the utility \"Spelunker\" which allowed users to search the archive in a user-friendly manner. Starting with the Info-Mac VIII CD-ROM, the package included two discs to offer twice the shareware and freeware.","title":"Original format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Wide Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web"},{"link_name":"web hosting services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_hosting_services"},{"link_name":"message boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_boards"},{"link_name":"Web 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"opt in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt_in_e-mail"},{"link_name":"App Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)"}],"text":"The popularity of Info-Mac services in their original format waned in the late 1990s. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Grillo_Michel | Teresa Grillo Michel | ["1 Life","2 Beatification","3 References","4 External links"] | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Polish. (April 2012) Click for important translation instructions.
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BlessedTeresa Grillo MichelMichel later in life.ReligiousBorn(1855-09-25)25 September 1855Spinetta Marengo, Alessandria, Kingdom of SardiniaDied25 January 1944(1944-01-25) (aged 88)Alessandria, ItalyVenerated inRoman Catholic ChurchBeatified24 May 1998, Piazza Vittorio Veneto, Turin, Italy by Pope John Paul IIFeast25 January23 January (Alessandria)AttributesReligious habitPatronageLittle Sisters of Divine Providence
Teresa Grillo Michel (25 September 1855 – 25 January 1944), born as Teresa Grillo and also known by her religious name Maria Antonia, was an Italian Roman Catholic nun and the founder of the Little Sisters of Divine Providence. Grillo was a widow who also part of the Third Order of Saint Francis; she entered the religious life following the death of her husband. Grillo studied in Turin and Lodi before returning to her hometown Alessandria where she married. But her husband died sometime later leaving her in a deep depression that came a call to help the poor. Grillo founded a religious congregation that would expand into Latin America and she would also maintain contact with important individuals such as Luigi Orione and Clelia Merloni both of whom she befriended.
Her beatification was celebrated in Turin in mid-1998.
Life
Teresa Grillo was born on 25 September 1855 in Alessandria as the last of five children born to Giuseppe Grillo and Maria Antonietta Parvopassau. Her mother came from an aristocratic line while her father was the head doctor at the civil hospital in Alessandria and who died in her childhood in 1867. Her baptism was held on 26 September 1855 and she was baptized as "Maddalena".
Her Confirmation was celebrated in the diocesan cathedral on 1 October 1867 at a Mass that Bishop Giacomo Antonio Colli presided over. Grillo made her First Communion in 1872.
She attended school in Turin (her mother decided to move there since Grillo's older brother Francesco was attending college there) and later enrolled at a boarding school in Lodi on 13 November 1867 (just after her father died) that the Ladies of Loretto managed. It was there that Grillo graduated in 1873 before she returned to Alessandria where she married Captain Giovanni Battista Michel on 2 August 1877 (the couple did not have children). The couple lived first in Caserta before moving to Acireale and Catania. The couple later moved to Portici and their final relocation was to Naples where her husband died during a parade on 13 June 1891 due to sunstroke. Her husband's sudden death caused her to sink into a deep depression that made her ill but it was her priest cousin Prelli who guided her through it. It was around this point that while reading into the life of Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo she experienced a sudden conversion in which she resolved to do whatever she could in order to aid the poor. Grillo at first used her own home to shelter the poor but was forced to sell it in 1893 due to the increasing number of poor people seeking shelter. Grillo sold this house despite the opposition of her relations and instead purchased an old building that she remodeled and renamed as the Little Shelter of Divine Providence. In due course other women became attracted to this work and rallied to her side. These women helped become the basis for the religious congregation that Grillo founded on 8 January 1899 with the permission of the Bishop of Alessandria Giuseppe Capecci (she had written her order's first Rule in 1898). Her mother died in 1899.
Grillo later entered the Third Order of Saint Francis on 14 January 1893 and around that time donated her wedding garment to the Capuchin church in Alessandria to be used as a sacred vestment. Grillo made her profession as a Franciscan third order member on 23 January 1894. In 1902 she and six other sisters visited La Spezia where the group founded both a kindergarten and sewing workshop. Grillo made her initial profession in Brazil on 6 October 1901 during her first visit there and then made her full profession in Alessandrina on 3 November 1905.
Her order spread outside Italian cities to Brazil first on 13 June 1900 and she made her first visit to Brazil in 1901 and again in 1903 to São Paulo. Grillo visited Brazil again in 1906 and again in 1914 while in 1909 was present in Messina for the earthquake. Grillo departed for Brazil once again on 7 January 1920. The order later spread in 1928 to Argentina after Luigi Orione - whom she befriended - asked in 1927 for it go move there. The religious did this and so in 1928 visited Argentina and made her last visit to Brazil at the same time. Grillo visited Latin America six times with her final visit to the continent being in 1928. Her order received the decree of praise for her order from Pope Pius XI on 5 July 1935 and later full pontifical approval from Pope Pius XII on 8 June 1942. The first General Chapter for the order was held on 10 June 1936 in which Grillo was confirmed as the order's Superior General. Grillo also knew and befriended Clelia Merloni; she supported her initiatives and encouraged Merloni after the latter was ousted from her own religious order. The two would meet whenever Grillo was in Rome.
Grillo died at her order's motherhouse in Alessandria in 1944.
Beatification
The beatification process for the late religious opened in the Alessandria diocese in an informative process that investigated her life and reputation for holiness from 16 April 1953 until 25 September 1959; the beginning of the cause saw her named a Servant of God. Theologians assessed her writings and on 6 July 1963 signed a decree recognizing that Grillo's spiritual writings contained no doctrinal errors that would otherwise impede the beatification process. The second investigation - an apostolic process - was held from 1974 to 1976 to compile further information on Grillo's life which later allowed for the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 20 October 1977 to issue a decree validating these processes as having complied with their regulations for conducting causes.
The postulation later submitted the official Positio dossier in 1981 which was an accumulation of all documentation and witness interrogatories in relation to Grillo's life and reputation for holiness. Theologians confirmed the cause on 1 April 1985 as did the cardinal and bishop members comprising the C.C.S. on 4 June 1985. Grillo became titled as Venerable on 6 July 1985 after Pope John Paul II confirmed that Grillo led a life of heroic virtue according to the cardinal and theological virtues.
Her beatification would depend upon the papal confirmation of a healing deemed to be miraculous in nature. For that to be the case the healing had to come as a result of Grillo's intercession and would have to be a case lacking scientific and medical explanations. One such case was investigated and the C.C.S. validated that investigation on 30 October 1987. Medical experts (not all being Catholic themselves) confirmed that there was no possible scientific or medical explanation to the healing presented to them while theologians on 14 November 1997 determined the healing came after requesting Grillo's intercession. This led the C.C.S. members to deem the case a miracle at their meeting on 2 December 1997; the pope signed a decree on 18 December confirming this and would therefore allow for Grillo to be beatified.
John Paul II beatified Grillo in mid-1998 in Turin while on his visit there.
References
^ a b c d e f g "Blessed Teresa Grillo Michel". Saints SQPN. 23 January 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
^ a b c d e f g h "Beata Teresa Grillo Michel". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
^ a b c d "Michel, Teresa Grillo, Bl". New Catholic Encyclopedia. 2003. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
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Poland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_people"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SQPN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEB-2"},{"link_name":"widow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow"},{"link_name":"Third Order of Saint Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Lodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi,_Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Alessandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandria,_Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SQPN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEB-2"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Luigi Orione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Orione"},{"link_name":"Clelia Merloni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clelia_Merloni"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EC-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SQPN-1"}],"text":"Teresa Grillo Michel (25 September 1855 – 25 January 1944), born as Teresa Grillo and also known by her religious name Maria Antonia, was an Italian Roman Catholic nun and the founder of the Little Sisters of Divine Providence.[1][2] Grillo was a widow who also part of the Third Order of Saint Francis; she entered the religious life following the death of her husband. Grillo studied in Turin and Lodi before returning to her hometown Alessandria where she married. But her husband died sometime later leaving her in a deep depression that came a call to help the poor.[1][2] Grillo founded a religious congregation that would expand into Latin America and she would also maintain contact with important individuals such as Luigi Orione and Clelia Merloni both of whom she befriended.[3]Her beatification was celebrated in Turin in mid-1998.[1]","title":"Teresa Grillo Michel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alessandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandria,_Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SQPN-1"},{"link_name":"baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEB-2"},{"link_name":"Confirmation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_(sacrament)"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"First Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Communion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEB-2"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"Lodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi,_Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caserta"},{"link_name":"Acireale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acireale"},{"link_name":"Catania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SQPN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEB-2"},{"link_name":"Portici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portici"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade"},{"link_name":"sunstroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunstroke"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Benedetto_Cottolengo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SQPN-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EC-3"},{"link_name":"religious congregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(congregation)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Alessandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Alessandria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SQPN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEB-2"},{"link_name":"Third Order of Saint Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis"},{"link_name":"Capuchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin"},{"link_name":"La Spezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Spezia"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEB-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EC-3"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina"},{"link_name":"the earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina_Earthquake"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EC-3"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Luigi Orione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Orione"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEB-2"},{"link_name":"Superior General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_General"},{"link_name":"Clelia Merloni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clelia_Merloni"},{"link_name":"her own religious order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"motherhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherhouse"}],"text":"Teresa Grillo was born on 25 September 1855 in Alessandria as the last of five children born to Giuseppe Grillo and Maria Antonietta Parvopassau. Her mother came from an aristocratic line while her father was the head doctor at the civil hospital in Alessandria and who died in her childhood in 1867.[1] Her baptism was held on 26 September 1855 and she was baptized as \"Maddalena\".[2]Her Confirmation was celebrated in the diocesan cathedral on 1 October 1867 at a Mass that Bishop Giacomo Antonio Colli presided over. Grillo made her First Communion in 1872.[2]She attended school in Turin (her mother decided to move there since Grillo's older brother Francesco was attending college there) and later enrolled at a boarding school in Lodi on 13 November 1867 (just after her father died) that the Ladies of Loretto managed. It was there that Grillo graduated in 1873 before she returned to Alessandria where she married Captain Giovanni Battista Michel on 2 August 1877 (the couple did not have children). The couple lived first in Caserta before moving to Acireale and Catania.[1][2] The couple later moved to Portici and their final relocation was to Naples where her husband died during a parade on 13 June 1891 due to sunstroke. Her husband's sudden death caused her to sink into a deep depression that made her ill but it was her priest cousin Prelli who guided her through it. It was around this point that while reading into the life of Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo she experienced a sudden conversion in which she resolved to do whatever she could in order to aid the poor.[1][3] Grillo at first used her own home to shelter the poor but was forced to sell it in 1893 due to the increasing number of poor people seeking shelter. Grillo sold this house despite the opposition of her relations and instead purchased an old building that she remodeled and renamed as the Little Shelter of Divine Providence. In due course other women became attracted to this work and rallied to her side. These women helped become the basis for the religious congregation that Grillo founded on 8 January 1899 with the permission of the Bishop of Alessandria Giuseppe Capecci (she had written her order's first Rule in 1898).[1][2] Her mother died in 1899.Grillo later entered the Third Order of Saint Francis on 14 January 1893 and around that time donated her wedding garment to the Capuchin church in Alessandria to be used as a sacred vestment. Grillo made her profession as a Franciscan third order member on 23 January 1894. In 1902 she and six other sisters visited La Spezia where the group founded both a kindergarten and sewing workshop.[2][3] Grillo made her initial profession in Brazil on 6 October 1901 during her first visit there and then made her full profession in Alessandrina on 3 November 1905.Her order spread outside Italian cities to Brazil first on 13 June 1900 and she made her first visit to Brazil in 1901 and again in 1903 to São Paulo. Grillo visited Brazil again in 1906 and again in 1914 while in 1909 was present in Messina for the earthquake.[3] Grillo departed for Brazil once again on 7 January 1920. The order later spread in 1928 to Argentina after Luigi Orione - whom she befriended - asked in 1927 for it go move there. The religious did this and so in 1928 visited Argentina and made her last visit to Brazil at the same time. Grillo visited Latin America six times with her final visit to the continent being in 1928. Her order received the decree of praise for her order from Pope Pius XI on 5 July 1935 and later full pontifical approval from Pope Pius XII on 8 June 1942.[2] The first General Chapter for the order was held on 10 June 1936 in which Grillo was confirmed as the order's Superior General. Grillo also knew and befriended Clelia Merloni; she supported her initiatives and encouraged Merloni after the latter was ousted from her own religious order. The two would meet whenever Grillo was in Rome.Grillo died at her order's motherhouse in Alessandria in 1944.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Servant of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servant_of_God"},{"link_name":"Congregation for the Causes of Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints"},{"link_name":"Positio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positio"},{"link_name":"Venerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable"},{"link_name":"heroic virtue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_virtue"},{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_virtues"},{"link_name":"theological virtues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_virtues"}],"text":"The beatification process for the late religious opened in the Alessandria diocese in an informative process that investigated her life and reputation for holiness from 16 April 1953 until 25 September 1959; the beginning of the cause saw her named a Servant of God. Theologians assessed her writings and on 6 July 1963 signed a decree recognizing that Grillo's spiritual writings contained no doctrinal errors that would otherwise impede the beatification process. The second investigation - an apostolic process - was held from 1974 to 1976 to compile further information on Grillo's life which later allowed for the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 20 October 1977 to issue a decree validating these processes as having complied with their regulations for conducting causes.The postulation later submitted the official Positio dossier in 1981 which was an accumulation of all documentation and witness interrogatories in relation to Grillo's life and reputation for holiness. Theologians confirmed the cause on 1 April 1985 as did the cardinal and bishop members comprising the C.C.S. on 4 June 1985. Grillo became titled as Venerable on 6 July 1985 after Pope John Paul II confirmed that Grillo led a life of heroic virtue according to the cardinal and theological virtues.Her beatification would depend upon the papal confirmation of a healing deemed to be miraculous in nature. For that to be the case the healing had to come as a result of Grillo's intercession and would have to be a case lacking scientific and medical explanations. One such case was investigated and the C.C.S. validated that investigation on 30 October 1987. Medical experts (not all being Catholic themselves) confirmed that there was no possible scientific or medical explanation to the healing presented to them while theologians on 14 November 1997 determined the healing came after requesting Grillo's intercession. This led the C.C.S. members to deem the case a miracle at their meeting on 2 December 1997; the pope signed a decree on 18 December confirming this and would therefore allow for Grillo to be beatified.John Paul II beatified Grillo in mid-1998 in Turin while on his visit there.","title":"Beatification"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Blessed Teresa Grillo Michel\". Saints SQPN. 23 January 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://catholicsaints.info/blessed-teresa-grillo-michel/","url_text":"\"Blessed Teresa Grillo Michel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beata Teresa Grillo Michel\". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 8 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90552","url_text":"\"Beata Teresa Grillo Michel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michel, Teresa Grillo, Bl\". New Catholic Encyclopedia. 2003. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerod_Mixon | Jerod Mixon | ["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"] | American actor
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Jerod Mixon" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Jerod MixonBorn (1981-05-24) May 24, 1981 (age 43)Port Hueneme, California, U.S.Other namesBig TymeOccupation(s)Actor, comedian, producer, writerYears active1997–presentFamilyJamal Mixon (brother)
Jerod Mixon (born May 24, 1981) is an American actor, comedian, producer and writer. He is known for portraying Weensie in Old School. He is the older brother of actor Jamal Mixon. He also produced and starred in the comedy rap film White T.
Career
Mixon distinguished himself as an actor in his role as Shonté Jr. Baileygates, son of Jim Carrey's lead character, in Me, Myself & Irene. Mixon also had a prominent role in the 2002 film The New Guy. He also played a small part in an episode of Scrubs as an obese patient named Herbert in an episode named "My New Suit". He was also the voice of Theo on Maya & Miguel.
References
^ Koehler, Robert (May 10, 2002). "The New Guy". Variety. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
External links
Jerod Mixon at IMDb
This article about a United States film and television actor born in the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_people"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedian"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer"},{"link_name":"Old School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_School_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jamal Mixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_Mixon"}],"text":"Jerod Mixon (born May 24, 1981) is an American actor, comedian, producer and writer. He is known for portraying Weensie in Old School. He is the older brother of actor Jamal Mixon. He also produced and starred in the comedy rap film White T.","title":"Jerod Mixon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shonté Jr. Baileygates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me,_Myself_%26_Irene#Cast"},{"link_name":"Jim Carrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Carrey"},{"link_name":"Me, Myself & Irene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me,_Myself_%26_Irene"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The New Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Guy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Scrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubs_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Maya & Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_%26_Miguel"}],"text":"Mixon distinguished himself as an actor in his role as Shonté Jr. Baileygates, son of Jim Carrey's lead character, in Me, Myself & Irene.[citation needed] Mixon also had a prominent role in the 2002 film The New Guy.[1] He also played a small part in an episode of Scrubs as an obese patient named Herbert in an episode named \"My New Suit\". He was also the voice of Theo on Maya & Miguel.","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Koehler, Robert (May 10, 2002). \"The New Guy\". Variety. Retrieved June 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2002/film/reviews/the-new-guy-1200549783/","url_text":"\"The New Guy\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jerod+Mixon%22","external_links_name":"\"Jerod Mixon\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jerod+Mixon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jerod+Mixon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jerod+Mixon%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jerod+Mixon%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jerod+Mixon%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2002/film/reviews/the-new-guy-1200549783/","external_links_name":"\"The New Guy\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0594302/","external_links_name":"Jerod Mixon"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerod_Mixon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Star | Brunswick star | ["1 Users","1.1 Former","2 References"] | Heraldic emblem
The Metropolitan Police flag
The Brunswick star is an emblem which in outline is an eight-pointed or sixteen-pointed star, but which is composed of many narrow rays. It is used in the United Kingdom to surround the royal cypher on various badges, such as that worn on the caps and helmets of almost all police and fire services in England and Wales. The name Brunswick refers to the German Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, better known as the principality of Hanover, which was ruled by the House of Hanover whose heads also became kings of Great Britain and Ireland.
Users
Coldstream Guards
Estonian Rescue Board and Häirekeskus
Federal Police of Germany and various State Police Forces
Guyana Defence Force
Irish Guards
Jamaica Defence Force
Lithuanian Police Force
National Police of Ukraine and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine
National Police Corps of Spain
Netherlands Marine Corps
Policja
National Police of Ukraine
The Royal Regiment of Canada
University of London Officer Training Corps
The London Guards
Scots Guards
South African Police Service (formerly South African Police)
South Australian Country Fire Service
Zimbabwe Republic Police
Kolkata Police Force
Former
Customs and Excise Department (Hong Kong) – before 1997
The Dutch police both municipal and state police – until 1 April 1993
Kulangsu Municipal Police – until 1943
Shanghai Volunteer Corps and Municipal Police – until 1942
Volkspolizei – until 1990
References
^ International Settlement of Kulangsu (Gulangyu, China) at Flags of the World
^ Former Foreign Colonies and Major Concessions in China at World
Statesman.org
This article related to the history of the United Kingdom or its predecessor states is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This heraldry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Metropolitan_Police.svg"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"royal cypher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_cypher"},{"link_name":"badges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badges"},{"link_name":"helmets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custodian_helmet"},{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover"},{"link_name":"House of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland"}],"text":"The Metropolitan Police flagThe Brunswick star is an emblem which in outline is an eight-pointed or sixteen-pointed star, but which is composed of many narrow rays. It is used in the United Kingdom to surround the royal cypher on various badges, such as that worn on the caps and helmets of almost all police and fire services in England and Wales. The name Brunswick refers to the German Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, better known as the principality of Hanover, which was ruled by the House of Hanover whose heads also became kings of Great Britain and Ireland.","title":"Brunswick star"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coldstream Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldstream_Guards"},{"link_name":"Estonian Rescue Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Rescue_Board"},{"link_name":"Federal Police of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Police_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"State Police Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landespolizei"},{"link_name":"Guyana Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"Irish Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Guards"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Police Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Police_Force"},{"link_name":"National Police of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"National Police Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_Corps"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Policja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policja"},{"link_name":"National Police of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"The Royal Regiment of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Regiment_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"University of London Officer Training 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Myerhoff | Barbara Myerhoff | ["1 Biography and early developments of reflexive anthropology","2 Number Our Days; In Her Own Time: Contributions of anthropological reflexivity and narrative storytelling","3 Works","4 Awards","5 Filmography","6 Bibliography","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | American filmmaker and anthropologist
Barbara MyerhoffBornBarbara Gay Siegel(1935-02-16)February 16, 1935Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.DiedJanuary 7, 1985(1985-01-07) (aged 49)Burbank, California, U.S.Alma materUniversity of California, Los AngelesOccupation(s)Anthropologist, filmmakerSpouse
Lee Myerhoff
(m. 1954; div. 1982)
Barbara Myerhoff (February 16, 1935 – January 7, 1985) was an American anthropologist, filmmaker, and founder of the Center for Visual Anthropology at the University of Southern California.
Throughout her career as an anthropologist, Barbara Myerhoff contributed to major methodological trends which have since become standards of social cultural anthropology. These methods include reflexivity, narrative story telling, and anthropologists' positioning as social activists, commentaries, and critics whose work extends beyond the academy.
Biography and early developments of reflexive anthropology
Barbara Myerhoff was born on February 16, 1935, in Cleveland, Ohio. Her maternal "storytelling grandmother" Sofie Mann, a transformational childhood and adolescent figure for Myerhoff, helped to raise her. Myerhoff attributed Sofie Mann's influence to her early appreciation of people's life stories because Mann taught her that if one looked closely, every person had an interesting story. Instilling what would later become Myerhoff's anthropological ideology and method, narrative/storytelling, Sofie Mann also helped prepare her for working with the elderly people at the Aliyah Center in Venice California, the subjects of Number Our Days. When working with the elderly, Myerhoff attended to the details of their words, movements, and feelings. She also discovered that they like her grandmother, held tightly to stories as their bodies failed them. Myerhoff emphasized that like her grandmother, their storytelling asserted their love of life, involvement with people, and created an alternative world where they had presence and visibility.
Not only did Myerhoff come to appreciate storytelling from Sofie Mann, she also came to value reflexive method. In Number Our Days, and in the introduction to A Crack in the Mirror, Myerhoff relayed that each day she and her grandmother would sit by a window in her home and tell stories about the people who lived in the adjoining houses. As she explained, "we imaginatively entered in turn, making their stories into a commentary on our own lives." One particularly memorable day of watching out the widow began when frost on the window blocked their view. Assuaging Myerhoff's distress, her grandmother made a viewing hole by warming a penny in her palm and pressing it against the window. Seeing the world through a framed narrow perspective deeply moved Myerhoff to begin to think about the significance of isolating, attending to, and framing a piece of life. She described that framing the world outside with her grandmother was the beginning of understanding reflexivity, as reflexivity required attending to the frames of one's habitual perceptions and actions.
When Myerhoff was a teenager, she moved with her mother and stepfather from Cleveland to Los Angeles, and eventually began her career as a social scientist. In 1958, she received a BA in sociology from the University of California and an MA in Human Development from the University of Chicago in 1963. She then entered UCLA's Anthropology PhD program. At UCLA, Hilda Kuper, a student of Malinowski, became a beloved teacher of Myerhoff. Myerhoff and Kuper would remain friends and correspondents throughout her life. As many anthropologists who practiced in the 1960s and 1970s, Myerhoff was influenced by Victor Turner, Claude Levi-Strauss, Clifford Geertz, Mary Douglas, Mircea Eliade, Max Gluckman, Arnold Van Gennep, Alan Watts, and C.G. Jung, all of whom wrote on symbolic systems of ritual, myth, and religious cosmology.
In 1968, Myerhoff received her PhD in anthropology from UCLA for her dissertation on Huichol ritual form Myerhoff began her fieldwork with the Huichol Indians of Northern Mexico in 1965 while a graduate student. She and her colleague Peter Furst became the first non-Huichol people to embark on the peyote hunt, an annual ritual pilgrimage to the sacred land of Wirikuta in search of peyote, a hallucinogenic cactus plant. Myerhoff interpreted this rite to be a recovery of the Huichol peoples' original condition of oneness; she viewed this quest as universal and understood the Peyote Hunt to be one example among many "returns to paradise." As she explained, "the peyote hunt provides one version of the fulfillment of a panhuman quest—the desire for total unity among all creatures and all people—and accordingly we find in it significance beyond the specificity of Huichol religion and world view."
Although Myerhoff argued for universal application of the peyote hunt's symbolic meaning, the study itself was deliberately narrow. Myerhoff primarily sought to understand "how the deer-maize-peyote symbols and the peyote hunt rituals gave meaning to Huichol life" She explained that choosing to work with Ramon, a religious leader who served as intermediary between Huichol people and Gods or outsiders, precluded her from spending comparable time with other Huichol people. She noted, therefore, that her account of the peyote hunt and the deer and maize rituals was not an account of Huchiol culture, religious cosmology, or even the definitive word on the peyote ritual, but rather, was her interpretation of Ramon's interpretation By positioning herself as an interpreter of an interpreter, she maintained a subjective voice and ethic. Simultaneously, she asserted that her main purpose was to document the "native model" and to salvage the rituals of an endangered people. Through engaged participant observation, constant verification, and correction she tried to stay as close to Ramon's meaning as she could. Nevertheless, through narrative style she maintained the dialogue between herself, Ramon, and his wife Lupe throughout the book so that she, alongside them, was an observable character. The final book, Peyote Hunt: The Sacred Journey of the Huichol Indians, published in 1974, was nominated for a National Book Award.
Number Our Days; In Her Own Time: Contributions of anthropological reflexivity and narrative storytelling
Myerhoff began fieldwork in 1972 with elderly Jews at the Israel Levin Center in Venice, California, supported by a five-year grant from the National Science Foundation given to the Andrus Gerontology Center at the USC. The project included an anthropological component that Myerhoff took part in. Her project was one of six with themes of "aging as a career, the concern with continuity, and significant sex differences in aging." Myerhoff addressed all of these themes in her essays and book, Number our Days.
Myerhoff explained that the aged created rituals to ensure continuity and assert their voices and visibility. In one of her essay's about the aged, "A Symbol Perfected in Death: Continuity and Ritual in the Life and Death of an Elderly Jew," she described one of the center member's death at his birthday party. Jacob, one of the oldest most-beloved center member arranged for an annual largely attended birthday party. The party was highly organized and Jacob, a writer, would always present a speech about the meaning he found in life and aging. The last year, Jacob asked the community to continue to celebrate his birthday five years after his death. After speaking he died. Myerhoff explained that because Jacob framed his own death the community had the tools by which to make meaning of his death at his party. The surprise of Jacob's death strengthened his birthday ritual. The elders continued to celebrate Jacob's birthday party and remembered the magical experience of his perfect death among his friends. In writing Jacob's story Myerhoff took part in continuing his life and vision.
In 1976, Myerhoff became a full professor at USC and chair of the Anthropology Department; she headed the department until 1980. During this time, in 1977, she completed the film version of Number Our Days with director Lynne Littman. The film, Myerhoff explained, would not deal with the complexities of the center's conflicts, but rather showed the elders at their best. She wanted to give back to the elders what they had generously given her and gain for them some of the positive visibility they sought. That year, Number Our Days won an Oscar for best short documentary, increasing public interest in the center.
The book, Number Our Days, came out in 1979 and received rave reviews. It was included as one of the year's ten best Social Science books by the New York Times. As in Peyote Hunt, Myerhoff chose one main male informant, Shmuel, who for her possessed worldly intelligence, self-reflection, and insightful community interpretation. Notably, while Myerhoff celebrated the uneducated female elders' zest for life and survival skills, she chose highly educated male leaders as primary informants. Throughout her work she maintained that women and men had their respective cultures born from their gendered social roles.
In Number Our Days, Myerhoff uniquely combined social science analysis and narrative story telling. In the book's introduction, she reflected that she did not recognize Number Our Days as a traditional anthropological text because she wove the elders' voices seamlessly into the study and placed herself alongside them as another character. These choices broke new ground in anthropological reflexivity and transparency. As a result of the book's popularity, Myerhoff began to teach workshops on performance, life histories, ritual, and storytelling at NYU and the Hunter/Brookdale Center for the Aging.
Myerhoff continued her work with the elders of the center until 1981. In 1980, she organized "Life not Death in Venice," an ambitious art exhibit at USC featuring the work of elderly Jewish artists. The elder's created this title as a pun, taken from the novella Death in Venice by Thomas Mann, for their protest march for safer streets after a reckless biker killed one of the center's members. In addition to the film, book, and art exhibit, in 1981, Myerhoff helped adapt Number Our Days for the stage, performed at the Mark Taper Forum. In her essay, "Surviving Stories: Reflections on Number Our Days" she described the ways the elders responded to their new found publicity and their constant negotiations for control over their representation.
Myerhoff told of the inconsolable senior, Manya, who could not forgive her for leaving her out of the film, and of Rebekkah, who initially, would not sign the play's release form unless her and her husband's real names were used. To win them over, Myerhoff argued and cajoled, telling them that the increased publicity would bring more opportunity for them and other seniors. She also gave gifts and companionship so that they would work with her. Reflecting upon these negotiations, Myerhoff concluded that the seniors would rather be represented in ways they did not completely agree with, than not represented at all. Myerhoff revealed that decisions of subject representation required continual negotiation. By explicating the power relations in her collaboration with the seniors, after Number Our Days was published, she further revealed the book's constructions and shed light upon the politics of representation in the anthropologist/subject encounter. During this time, Myerhoff developed a graduate program in visual anthropology and made it the emphasis of the anthropology program She then harnessed departmental support to start the first master's degree program in visual anthropology. In this program she collaborated with the USC film school and offered courses in film production along with anthropological theory. She also recruited the noted ethnographic filmmaker Timothy Asch to teach at USC.
Myerhoff's next and last project began in 1982 with studying and filming the Jewish community in Fairfax, California. Initially, she intended to focus on the Russian Jewish community and the ways these Jews adopted observance, as compared to a variety of Jewish identity groups who lived in that area. In 1984, however, Myerhoff was diagnosed with cancer, and as a result, changed the direction of the project. Instead of focusing solely on the variety of Jews, Myerhoff, and collaborator Lynn Littman, turned the camera on her own search for healing with the spiritual guidance of the Fairfax Lubavitch Hasidic community. She explained that because of her illness, she had to use her work to speak directly to her life. Before she completed the film, In Her Own Time, Myerhoff died in Los Angeles of lung cancer on January 7, 1985, at age 49.
Works
Peyote Hunt: The Sacred Journey of the Huichol Indians (1974)
"We Don't Wrap Herring in a Printed Page: Fusions, Fiction and Continuity in Secular Ritual" in Secular Ritual: Forms and Meanings edited by Sally Falk Moore and Barbara Myerhoff (1977)
"Bobbes and Zeydes: Old and New Roles for Elderly Jews" in Women in Ritual and Symbolic Roles, edited by Judith Hoch-Smith and Anita Springs (1978)
Number Our Days (1978)
In Her Own Time, with Lynne Littman (1986)
Remembered Lives: The Work of Ritual, Storytelling, and Growing Older, edited by Mark Kamisky (1992)
Awards
1977: Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject for Number Our Days
1979: Pushcart Prize for Number Our Days
1980: Woman of the Year by the Jewish War Veterans of America
Filmography
Number Our Days (1976)
In Her Own Time (1986)
Bibliography
Myerhoff, Barbara G. (1976). Peyote Hunt: The Sacred Journey of the Huichol Indians. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801491375.
Myerhoff, Barbara (1992). Kaminsky, Marc (ed.). Remembered Lives: The Work of Ritual, Storytelling, and Growing Older. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472081776.
Ruby, Jay (1982). A Crack in the Mirror: Reflexive Perspectives in Anthropology. Introduction by Barbara Myerhoff. University of Pennsylvania Press.
"JWA Barbara Myerhoff Timeline". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 2 March 2007.
Frank, Gayla (1995). "The Ethnographic Films of Barbara G. Myerhoff: Anthropology, Feminism, and the Politics of Jewish Identity". In Behar, Ruth (ed.). Women Writing Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 207–232.
Myerhoff, Barbara (1988). "Surviving Stories: Reflections on Number Our Days". In Kugelmass, Jack (ed.). Between Two Worlds: Ethnographic Essays on American Jewry. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. pp. 265–294.
See also
Tim Asch
Jay Ruby
Stuart Goldman
Deena Metzger
References
^ Andrews, Susan (23 October 2009). "Legends Asch and Myerhoff Inspire A New Generation of Visual Anthropologists". USC Dornsife. University of Southern California.
^ Myerhoff (1982) "Introduction" to A Crack in the Mirror, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 32
^ Myerhoff (1982), 32.
^ a b Jewish Women's Archive, "JWABarbara MyerhoffTimeline," <http://www.jwa.org/exhibits/wov/myerhoff/tmline.html> (March 2, 2007).
^ Myerhoff, Barbara and Andrei Simic, eds (1978) Life's Career-Aging: Cultural Variations on Growing Old. Beverly Hills, California, Sage Publications, pp. 7.
^ Frank, Gayla pp. 210.
^ Frank, Gayla, pp. 210.
^ a b c d e f g h "Barbara Myerhoff | Jewish Women's Archive". jwa.org. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
External links
Barbara Myerhoff biography at the Jewish Women's Archive
Barbara Myerhoff at IMDb
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Center for Visual Anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_Center_for_Visual_Anthropology"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Barbara Myerhoff (February 16, 1935 – January 7, 1985) was an American anthropologist, filmmaker, and founder of the Center for Visual Anthropology at the University of Southern California.[1]\nThroughout her career as an anthropologist, Barbara Myerhoff contributed to major methodological trends which have since become standards of social cultural anthropology. These methods include reflexivity, narrative story telling, and anthropologists' positioning as social activists, commentaries, and critics whose work extends beyond the academy.","title":"Barbara Myerhoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jwa.org-4"}],"text":"Barbara Myerhoff was born on February 16, 1935, in Cleveland, Ohio. Her maternal \"storytelling grandmother\" Sofie Mann, a transformational childhood and adolescent figure for Myerhoff, helped to raise her.[2] Myerhoff attributed Sofie Mann's influence to her early appreciation of people's life stories because Mann taught her that if one looked closely, every person had an interesting story. Instilling what would later become Myerhoff's anthropological ideology and method, narrative/storytelling, Sofie Mann also helped prepare her for working with the elderly people at the Aliyah Center in Venice California, the subjects of Number Our Days. When working with the elderly, Myerhoff attended to the details of their words, movements, and feelings. She also discovered that they like her grandmother, held tightly to stories as their bodies failed them. Myerhoff emphasized that like her grandmother, their storytelling asserted their love of life, involvement with people, and created an alternative world where they had presence and visibility.Not only did Myerhoff come to appreciate storytelling from Sofie Mann, she also came to value reflexive method. In Number Our Days, and in the introduction to A Crack in the Mirror, Myerhoff relayed that each day she and her grandmother would sit by a window in her home and tell stories about the people who lived in the adjoining houses. As she explained, \"we imaginatively entered in turn, making their stories into a commentary on our own lives.\"[3] One particularly memorable day of watching out the widow began when frost on the window blocked their view. Assuaging Myerhoff's distress, her grandmother made a viewing hole by warming a penny in her palm and pressing it against the window. Seeing the world through a framed narrow perspective deeply moved Myerhoff to begin to think about the significance of isolating, attending to, and framing a piece of life. She described that framing the world outside with her grandmother was the beginning of understanding reflexivity, as reflexivity required attending to the frames of one's habitual perceptions and actions.When Myerhoff was a teenager, she moved with her mother and stepfather from Cleveland to Los Angeles, and eventually began her career as a social scientist. In 1958, she received a BA in sociology from the University of California and an MA in Human Development from the University of Chicago in 1963.[4] She then entered UCLA's Anthropology PhD program. At UCLA, Hilda Kuper, a student of Malinowski, became a beloved teacher of Myerhoff. Myerhoff and Kuper would remain friends and correspondents throughout her life. As many anthropologists who practiced in the 1960s and 1970s, Myerhoff was influenced by Victor Turner, Claude Levi-Strauss, Clifford Geertz, Mary Douglas, Mircea Eliade, Max Gluckman, Arnold Van Gennep, Alan Watts, and C.G. Jung, all of whom wrote on symbolic systems of ritual, myth, and religious cosmology.In 1968, Myerhoff received her PhD in anthropology from UCLA for her dissertation on Huichol ritual form Myerhoff began her fieldwork with the Huichol Indians of Northern Mexico in 1965 while a graduate student. She and her colleague Peter Furst became the first non-Huichol people to embark on the peyote hunt, an annual ritual pilgrimage to the sacred land of Wirikuta in search of peyote, a hallucinogenic cactus plant. Myerhoff interpreted this rite to be a recovery of the Huichol peoples' original condition of oneness; she viewed this quest as universal and understood the Peyote Hunt to be one example among many \"returns to paradise.\" As she explained, \"the peyote hunt provides one version of the fulfillment of a panhuman quest—the desire for total unity among all creatures and all people—and accordingly we find in it significance beyond the specificity of Huichol religion and world view.\"Although Myerhoff argued for universal application of the peyote hunt's symbolic meaning, the study itself was deliberately narrow. Myerhoff primarily sought to understand \"how the deer-maize-peyote symbols and the peyote hunt rituals gave meaning to Huichol life\" She explained that choosing to work with Ramon, a religious leader who served as intermediary between Huichol people and Gods or outsiders, precluded her from spending comparable time with other Huichol people. She noted, therefore, that her account of the peyote hunt and the deer and maize rituals was not an account of Huchiol culture, religious cosmology, or even the definitive word on the peyote ritual, but rather, was her interpretation of Ramon's interpretation By positioning herself as an interpreter of an interpreter, she maintained a subjective voice and ethic. Simultaneously, she asserted that her main purpose was to document the \"native model\" and to salvage the rituals of an endangered people. Through engaged participant observation, constant verification, and correction she tried to stay as close to Ramon's meaning as she could. Nevertheless, through narrative style she maintained the dialogue between herself, Ramon, and his wife Lupe throughout the book so that she, alongside them, was an observable character. The final book, Peyote Hunt: The Sacred Journey of the Huichol Indians, published in 1974, was nominated for a National Book Award.","title":"Biography and early developments of reflexive anthropology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jwa.org-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Myerhoff began fieldwork in 1972 with elderly Jews at the Israel Levin Center in Venice, California, supported by a five-year grant from the National Science Foundation given to the Andrus Gerontology Center at the USC. The project included an anthropological component that Myerhoff took part in. Her project was one of six with themes of \"aging as a career, the concern with continuity, and significant sex differences in aging.\" Myerhoff addressed all of these themes in her essays and book, Number our Days.[5]Myerhoff explained that the aged created rituals to ensure continuity and assert their voices and visibility. In one of her essay's about the aged, \"A Symbol Perfected in Death: Continuity and Ritual in the Life and Death of an Elderly Jew,\" she described one of the center member's death at his birthday party. Jacob, one of the oldest most-beloved center member arranged for an annual largely attended birthday party. The party was highly organized and Jacob, a writer, would always present a speech about the meaning he found in life and aging. The last year, Jacob asked the community to continue to celebrate his birthday five years after his death. After speaking he died. Myerhoff explained that because Jacob framed his own death the community had the tools by which to make meaning of his death at his party. The surprise of Jacob's death strengthened his birthday ritual. The elders continued to celebrate Jacob's birthday party and remembered the magical experience of his perfect death among his friends. In writing Jacob's story Myerhoff took part in continuing his life and vision.In 1976, Myerhoff became a full professor at USC and chair of the Anthropology Department; she headed the department until 1980.[4] During this time, in 1977, she completed the film version of Number Our Days with director Lynne Littman. The film, Myerhoff explained, would not deal with the complexities of the center's conflicts, but rather showed the elders at their best. She wanted to give back to the elders what they had generously given her and gain for them some of the positive visibility they sought. That year, Number Our Days won an Oscar for best short documentary, increasing public interest in the center.The book, Number Our Days, came out in 1979 and received rave reviews. It was included as one of the year's ten best Social Science books by the New York Times. As in Peyote Hunt, Myerhoff chose one main male informant, Shmuel, who for her possessed worldly intelligence, self-reflection, and insightful community interpretation. Notably, while Myerhoff celebrated the uneducated female elders' zest for life and survival skills, she chose highly educated male leaders as primary informants. Throughout her work she maintained that women and men had their respective cultures born from their gendered social roles.In Number Our Days, Myerhoff uniquely combined social science analysis and narrative story telling. In the book's introduction, she reflected that she did not recognize Number Our Days as a traditional anthropological text because she wove the elders' voices seamlessly into the study and placed herself alongside them as another character. These choices broke new ground in anthropological reflexivity and transparency. As a result of the book's popularity, Myerhoff began to teach workshops on performance, life histories, ritual, and storytelling at NYU and the Hunter/Brookdale Center for the Aging.Myerhoff continued her work with the elders of the center until 1981. In 1980, she organized \"Life not Death in Venice,\" an ambitious art exhibit at USC featuring the work of elderly Jewish artists. The elder's created this title as a pun, taken from the novella Death in Venice by Thomas Mann, for their protest march for safer streets after a reckless biker killed one of the center's members. In addition to the film, book, and art exhibit, in 1981, Myerhoff helped adapt Number Our Days for the stage, performed at the Mark Taper Forum. In her essay, \"Surviving Stories: Reflections on Number Our Days\" she described the ways the elders responded to their new found publicity and their constant negotiations for control over their representation.Myerhoff told of the inconsolable senior, Manya, who could not forgive her for leaving her out of the film, and of Rebekkah, who initially, would not sign the play's release form unless her and her husband's real names were used. To win them over, Myerhoff argued and cajoled, telling them that the increased publicity would bring more opportunity for them and other seniors. She also gave gifts and companionship so that they would work with her. Reflecting upon these negotiations, Myerhoff concluded that the seniors would rather be represented in ways they did not completely agree with, than not represented at all. Myerhoff revealed that decisions of subject representation required continual negotiation. By explicating the power relations in her collaboration with the seniors, after Number Our Days was published, she further revealed the book's constructions and shed light upon the politics of representation in the anthropologist/subject encounter. During this time, Myerhoff developed a graduate program in visual anthropology and made it the emphasis of the anthropology program[6] She then harnessed departmental support to start the first master's degree program in visual anthropology. In this program she collaborated with the USC film school and offered courses in film production along with anthropological theory. She also recruited the noted ethnographic filmmaker Timothy Asch to teach at USC.[7]Myerhoff's next and last project began in 1982 with studying and filming the Jewish community in Fairfax, California. Initially, she intended to focus on the Russian Jewish community and the ways these Jews adopted observance, as compared to a variety of Jewish identity groups who lived in that area. In 1984, however, Myerhoff was diagnosed with cancer, and as a result, changed the direction of the project. Instead of focusing solely on the variety of Jews, Myerhoff, and collaborator Lynn Littman, turned the camera on her own search for healing with the spiritual guidance of the Fairfax Lubavitch Hasidic community. She explained that because of her illness, she had to use her work to speak directly to her life. Before she completed the film, In Her Own Time, Myerhoff died in Los Angeles of lung cancer on January 7, 1985, at age 49.","title":"Number Our Days; In Her Own Time: Contributions of anthropological reflexivity and narrative storytelling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Sally Falk Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Falk_Moore"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Lynne Littman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne_Littman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"Peyote Hunt: The Sacred Journey of the Huichol Indians (1974)[8]\n\"We Don't Wrap Herring in a Printed Page: Fusions, Fiction and Continuity in Secular Ritual\" in Secular Ritual: Forms and Meanings edited by Sally Falk Moore and Barbara Myerhoff (1977)[8]\n\"Bobbes and Zeydes: Old and New Roles for Elderly Jews\" in Women in Ritual and Symbolic Roles, edited by Judith Hoch-Smith and Anita Springs (1978)[8]\nNumber Our Days (1978)[8]\nIn Her Own Time, with Lynne Littman (1986)[8]\nRemembered Lives: The Work of Ritual, Storytelling, and Growing Older, edited by Mark Kamisky (1992)[8]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Documentary_Short_Subject"},{"link_name":"Pushcart Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushcart_Prize"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"1977: Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject for Number Our Days\n1979: Pushcart Prize for Number Our Days[8]\n1980: Woman of the Year by the Jewish War Veterans of America[8]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Number Our Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Our_Days"}],"text":"Number Our Days (1976)\nIn Her Own Time (1986)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornell University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0801491375","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801491375"},{"link_name":"Kaminsky, Marc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Kaminsky"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0472081776","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472081776"},{"link_name":"Ruby, Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Ruby"},{"link_name":"\"JWA Barbara Myerhoff Timeline\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jwa.org/exhibits/wov/myerhoff/tmline.html"}],"text":"Myerhoff, Barbara G. (1976). Peyote Hunt: The Sacred Journey of the Huichol Indians. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801491375.\nMyerhoff, Barbara (1992). Kaminsky, Marc (ed.). Remembered Lives: The Work of Ritual, Storytelling, and Growing Older. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472081776.\nRuby, Jay (1982). A Crack in the Mirror: Reflexive Perspectives in Anthropology. Introduction by Barbara Myerhoff. University of Pennsylvania Press.\n\"JWA Barbara Myerhoff Timeline\". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 2 March 2007.\nFrank, Gayla (1995). \"The Ethnographic Films of Barbara G. Myerhoff: Anthropology, Feminism, and the Politics of Jewish Identity\". In Behar, Ruth (ed.). Women Writing Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 207–232.\nMyerhoff, Barbara (1988). \"Surviving Stories: Reflections on Number Our Days\". In Kugelmass, Jack (ed.). Between Two Worlds: Ethnographic Essays on American Jewry. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. pp. 265–294.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Tim Asch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Asch"},{"title":"Jay Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Ruby"},{"title":"Stuart Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Goldman"},{"title":"Deena Metzger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deena_Metzger"}] | [{"reference":"Myerhoff, Barbara G. (1976). Peyote Hunt: The Sacred Journey of the Huichol Indians. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801491375.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press","url_text":"Cornell University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801491375","url_text":"978-0801491375"}]},{"reference":"Myerhoff, Barbara (1992). Kaminsky, Marc (ed.). Remembered Lives: The Work of Ritual, Storytelling, and Growing Older. University of Michigan Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truce_of_Adrianople_(1547) | Truce of Adrianople (1547) | ["1 Notes"] | 1547 treaty between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire
For other treaties, see Treaty of Edirne (disambiguation).
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Truce of Adrianople1547The 1547 Truce of Adrianople was made between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
The Truce of Adrianople in 1547, named after the Ottoman city of Adrianople (present-day Edirne), was signed between Charles V and Suleiman the Magnificent. Through this treaty, Ferdinand I of Austria and Charles V recognized total Ottoman control of Hungary, and even agreed to pay to the Ottomans a yearly tribute of 30,000 gold florins for their Habsburg possessions in northern and western Hungary as a buffer for Vienna. The Treaty followed important Ottoman victories in Hungary, such as the siege of Esztergom (1543).
When Louis II of Hungary fell at Mohacs fighting the Turks in 1526, his crown was thrown to the Habsburgs. The agreement bought the Catholic Habsburgs peace on their eastern frontier so they could answer the German Protestant Princes in the west, which coalesced to the Thirty Years War, 1618-1648. The truce was the result of a triangular affair with John Sigismund Zápolya, Voivode of Transylvania. It wasn't until the truce expired in 1551 that Ferdinand I asserted as legitimate his claim to all of Hungary. In it one can glean the dissension that followed the Habsburgs until 1918.
Notes
^ Cartography in the traditional Islamic and South Asian societies by John Brian Harley p.245
^ Ground warfare: an international encyclopedia by Stanley Sandler p.387
^ The Cambridge history of Islam by Peter Malcolm Holt p.328
^ Kann, Robert A. (1974). A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526-1918. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 1–44. ISBN 0-520-04206-9.
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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Edirne (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Edirne_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_(1400-1806).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Edirne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Suleiman the Magnificent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"tribute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sandler-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambridge-3"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"siege of Esztergom (1543)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Esztergom_(1543)"},{"link_name":"Louis II of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years_War"},{"link_name":"John Sigismund Zápolya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sigismund_Z%C3%A1polya"},{"link_name":"Voivode of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode_of_Transylvania"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For other treaties, see Treaty of Edirne (disambiguation).Truce of Adrianople1547The 1547 Truce of Adrianople was made between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire.The Truce of Adrianople in 1547, named after the Ottoman city of Adrianople (present-day Edirne), was signed between Charles V and Suleiman the Magnificent. Through this treaty, Ferdinand I of Austria and Charles V recognized total Ottoman control of Hungary,[1] and even agreed to pay to the Ottomans a yearly tribute of 30,000 gold florins for their Habsburg possessions in northern and western Hungary as a buffer for Vienna.[2][3] The Treaty followed important Ottoman victories in Hungary, such as the siege of Esztergom (1543).When Louis II of Hungary fell at Mohacs fighting the Turks in 1526, his crown was thrown to the Habsburgs. The agreement bought the Catholic Habsburgs peace on their eastern frontier so they could answer the German Protestant Princes in the west, which coalesced to the Thirty Years War, 1618-1648. The truce was the result of a triangular affair with John Sigismund Zápolya, Voivode of Transylvania. It wasn't until the truce expired in 1551 that Ferdinand I asserted as legitimate his claim to all of Hungary. 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(1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum"},{"link_name":"Mudros (1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros"},{"link_name":"Sèvres (1920)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres"},{"link_name":"Turkey portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Turkey"},{"link_name":"Treaties of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Treaties_of_Turkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truce_of_Adrianople_(1547)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ottoman-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siegelpr%C3%A4gungen_1643_BBB_4,3x4.jpg"},{"link_name":"treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truce_of_Adrianople_(1547)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Treaty-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Treaty-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Treaty-stub"}],"text":"^ Cartography in the traditional Islamic and South Asian societies by John Brian Harley p.245 [1]\n\n^ Ground warfare: an international encyclopedia by Stanley Sandler p.387 [2]\n\n^ The Cambridge history of Islam by Peter Malcolm Holt p.328\n\n^ Kann, Robert A. (1974). A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526-1918. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 1–44. ISBN 0-520-04206-9.vteTreaties of Hungary9–10th century (age of Magyars)\nLegend of the white horse (894)\n1000–1301 (Árpád dynasty)\nPersonal union of Hungary and Croatia (1102)\nHungarian–Byzantine Treaties (1153–1167)\nConcordat of 1161\nConcordat of 1169\nOath of Bereg (1233)\nTreaty of Pressburg (1271)\n1302–1526 (Middle ages to Tripartition)\nTreaty of Enns (1336)\nHungarian–Lithuanian Treaty (1351)\nHungarian–Neapolitan Treaty (1352)\nTreaty of Zara (1358)\nTreaty of Lubowla (1412)\nPeace of Szeged (1444)\nPeace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt (1463)\nTreaty of Ófalu (1474)\nTreaty of Brno (1478)\nTreaty of Piotrków (1479)\nPeace of Olomouc (1479)\nTreaty of Pressburg (1491)\nFirst Congress of Vienna (1515)\nDual reign, Ottoman vassalship,reconquest and Napoleonic Wars(1526–1848)\nFranco-Hungarian alliance (1526)\nTreaty of Nagyvárad (1538)\nTreaty of Gyalu (1541)\nConfessio Pentapolitana (1549)\nTreaty of Speyer (1570)\nTreaty of Szatmár (1711)\n\n(Royal Hungary to Independence)\n\nTruce of Adrianople (1547)\nTreaty of Adrianople (1568)\nTreaty of Vienna (1606)\nPeace of Zsitvatorok (1606)\nPeace of Vasvár (1664)\nHoly League (1684)\nTreaty of Karlowitz (1699)\nTreaty of Passarowitz (1718)\nPragmatic Sanction (1723)\nTreaty of Belgrade (1739)\nTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)\nFirst Partition of Poland (1772)\nTreaty of Sistova (1791)\nTreaty of Campo Formio (1797)\nTreaty of Schönbrunn (1809)\nCongress of Vienna (1815)\n\n(Principality of Transylvania)\n\nPeace of Nikolsburg (1621)\nTreaty of Pressburg (1626)\nTreaty of Nymwegen (1679)\n\nAustria-Hungary to the end of World War I (1848–1922)\nAustro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867\nCroatian–Hungarian Settlement (1868)\nTreaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869)\nLeague of the Three Emperors (1873)\nTreaty of Bern (1874)\nReichstadt Agreement (1876)\nBudapest Convention of 1877 (1877)\nTreaty of Berlin (1878)\nDual Alliance (1879)\nTriple Alliance (1882)\nBoxer Protocol (1901)\nTreaty of London (1913)\nArmistice of Focșani (1917)\nTreaty of Brest-Litovsk with Ukraine (1918)\nTreaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)\nTreaty of Bucharest (1918)\nArmistice of Villa Giusti (1918)\nTreaty of Trianon (1920)\nArmistice with Romania (1920)\nBill of dethronement (1921)\nU.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty (1921)\nCovenant of the League of Nations (1922)\nModern age (1922–)\nTreaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1922–1946)\nParis Peace Treaties, 1947\nTreaties of the Hungarian People's Republic (1949–89)\nTreaties of the Third Republic of Hungary (1989–)vte Treaties of the Ottoman EmpireRise (1299–1453)\nGallipoli (1403)\nSelymbria (1411)\nVenice (1419)\nSzeged (1444)\nClassical Age (1453–1566)\nConstantinople (1454)\nConstantinople (1479)\nConstantinople (1533)\nFranco-Ottoman (1536)\nAdrianople (1547)\nAmasya (1555)\nConstantinople (1562)\nTransformation (1566–1703)\nAdrianople (1568)\nConstantinople (1590)\nZitvatorok (1606)\nNasuh Pasha (1612)\nBusza (1617)\nSerav (1618)\nKhotin (1621)\nZuhab (1639)\nVasvár (1664)\nBuczacz (1672)\nŻurawno (1676)\nBakhchisaray (1681)\nKarlowitz (1699)\nConstantinople (1700)\nOld Regime (1703–1789)\nPruth (1711)\nPassarowitz (1718)\nConstantinople (1724)\nAhmet Pasha (1732)\nConstantinople (1736)\nBelgrade (1739)\nNiş (1739)\nKerden (1746)\nKüçük Kaynarca (1774)\nAynalıkavak (1779)\nModernization (1789–1908)\nSistova (1791)\nJassy (1792)\nTripoli (1796)\nTunis (1797)\nEl Arish (1800)\nConstantinople (1800)\nParis (1802)\nÇanak (1809)\nBucharest (1812)\nAlgiers (1815)\nErzurum (1823)\nAkkerman (1826)\nAdrianople (1829)\nConstantinople (1832)\nHünkar İskelesi (1833)\nKütahya (1833)\nBalta Liman (1838)\nLondon (1840)\nLondon (1841)\nErzurum (1847)\nParis (1856)\nScutari (1862)\nSan Stefano (1878)\nCyprus (1878)\nBerlin (1878)\nHalepa (1878)\nConstantinople (1881)\nTophane (1886)\nConstantinople (1888)\nBrussels Conference Act (1890)\nConstantinople (1897)\nFall (1908–1922)\nDaan (1911)\nOuchy (1912)\nLondon (1913)\nConstantinople (1913)\nAthens (1913)\nAnglo-Ottoman Convention (1913)\nArmenian reforms (1914)\nSofia (1915)\nErzincan (1917)\nBrest-Litovsk (1918)\nTrebizond (1918)\nBucharest (1918)\nBatum (1918)\nMudros (1918)\nSèvres (1920)\n\n Turkey portal\nTreaties of TurkeyThis Ottoman Empire–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article related to a treaty is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kann, Robert A. (1974). A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526-1918. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 1–44. ISBN 0-520-04206-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04206-9","url_text":"0-520-04206-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ocoV2iI4vcoC&pg=RA2-PA245","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&pg=PT423","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C&pg=PA328","external_links_name":"The Cambridge history of Islam by Peter Malcolm Holt p.328"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truce_of_Adrianople_(1547)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truce_of_Adrianople_(1547)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonorous_Entertainment | Sonorous Entertainment | ["1 House of Beauty (HOB) music catalog","2 Various projects","3 References","4 External links"] | Sonorous Records Inc.Parent companyUniversal Music GroupFounded2011 (2011)FounderDwayne Bigelow, Stephen Taub and Ivan CavricDistributor(s)INgroovesLocation133 Richmond St. West Suite 310.Toronto, Ontario CanadaOfficial websitesonorousrecordings.com
Sonorous Records Inc. is an American company that was established in 2011 as an independent Christian record label by Dwayne Bigelow (Principal/CEO). The company's headquarters is located in Boca Raton, Florida, with its International Division located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In 2015 the company became Sonorous Records Inc. with headquarters in Toronto Ontario. Sonorous Entertainment remained as the publishing arm.
House of Beauty (HOB) music catalog
House of Beauty was a beauty salon established around 1948 by Carmen Murphy. In the 1950s she started funding gospel recordings and converted the salon's basement into a practice room.
Ms Murphy's inspiration for HOB Records started when she attended a Good Friday Mass in her home town of Detroit. Finding herself particularly moved by the performances that evening she would eventually convert the basement of her salon "House of Beauty" into a rehearsal space for local Gospel acts. Later that year she funded the recording of a local Gospel star Rev. James Cleveland and the HOB Record label was born. Artists for the label included Shirley Caesar, Rev. James Cleveland, The Staple Singers, The Blind Boys of Alabama, Albertina Walker, The Mighty Clouds of Joy, and many others.
Over the years the HOB Records label was owned and operated by a number of companies. The label grew commercially and successfully between 1964 and 1976 when Scepter Records owned it. In 1976 the owner of Scepter Records, Florence Greenberg decided to retire and sold her record labels to Springboard International. When Springboard went bankrupt, Gusto Records acquired the HOB catalog. In the years to follow the HOB catalog continued to change hands.
In the Fall of 2011 Sonorous Entertainment acquired the House of Beauty (HOB) Music Catalog which gave Sonorous the copyrights to over 3,000 sound recordings and the publishing rights to over 200 songs.
Various projects
With a vast collection of songs from the HOB Music Catalog, Sonorous began producing its Platinum Gospel Series. This series included digitally remastered compilations of various and individual Gospel artists. Physical and digital distribution in the United States for the series was undertaken by Sonorous' distribution partner Capitol Records.
References
^ "Sonorous Entertainment Inc. Appoints Mr. Ivan Cavric to Board of Directors".
^ "Soulful Detroit - The Mike Hanks Story". Retrieved November 29, 2017.
^ "V/A - Gospel Funk - Light in the Attic Records". Light in the Attic Records. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
^ "Sonorous Entertainment Inc. Acquires the Legendary House of Beauty (HOB) Records Catalog". Retrieved February 2, 2012.
^ http://www.abc22.com/story/16588376/sonorous-entertainments-partner-universal-music-group-extends-distribution-agreement
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_record_label"}],"text":"Sonorous Records Inc. is an American company that was established in 2011 as an independent Christian record label by Dwayne Bigelow (Principal/CEO). The company's headquarters is located in Boca Raton, Florida, with its International Division located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In 2015 the company became Sonorous Records Inc. with headquarters in Toronto Ontario. Sonorous Entertainment remained as the publishing arm.","title":"Sonorous Entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"copyrights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrights"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"House of Beauty was a beauty salon established around 1948 by Carmen Murphy. In the 1950s she started funding gospel recordings and converted the salon's basement into a practice room.[2]Ms Murphy's inspiration for HOB Records started when she attended a Good Friday Mass in her home town of Detroit. Finding herself particularly moved by the performances that evening she would eventually convert the basement of her salon \"House of Beauty\" into a rehearsal space for local Gospel acts. Later that year she funded the recording of a local Gospel star Rev. James Cleveland and the HOB Record label was born. Artists for the label included Shirley Caesar, Rev. James Cleveland, The Staple Singers, The Blind Boys of Alabama, Albertina Walker, The Mighty Clouds of Joy, and many others.Over the years the HOB Records label was owned and operated by a number of companies. The label grew commercially and successfully between 1964 and 1976 when Scepter Records owned it. In 1976 the owner of Scepter Records, Florence Greenberg decided to retire and sold her record labels to Springboard International. When Springboard went bankrupt, Gusto Records acquired the HOB catalog. In the years to follow the HOB catalog continued to change hands.[3]In the Fall of 2011 Sonorous Entertainment acquired the House of Beauty (HOB) Music Catalog which gave Sonorous the copyrights to over 3,000 sound recordings and the publishing rights to over 200 songs.[4]","title":"House of Beauty (HOB) music catalog"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"With a vast collection of songs from the HOB Music Catalog, Sonorous began producing its Platinum Gospel Series. This series included digitally remastered compilations of various and individual Gospel artists. Physical and digital distribution in the United States for the series was undertaken by Sonorous' distribution partner Capitol Records.[5]","title":"Various projects"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sonorous Entertainment Inc. Appoints Mr. Ivan Cavric to Board of Directors\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sonorous-entertainment-inc-appoints-mr-ivan-cavric-to-board-of-directors-132256098.html","url_text":"\"Sonorous Entertainment Inc. Appoints Mr. Ivan Cavric to Board of Directors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soulful Detroit - The Mike Hanks Story\". Retrieved November 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://soulfuldetroit.com/web11-mike%20hanks/mike%20hanks%20text/03-mh-carmen%20murphy.htm","url_text":"\"Soulful Detroit - The Mike Hanks Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"V/A - Gospel Funk - Light in the Attic Records\". Light in the Attic Records. Retrieved November 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://lightintheattic.net/releases/463-gospel-funk","url_text":"\"V/A - Gospel Funk - Light in the Attic Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sonorous Entertainment Inc. Acquires the Legendary House of Beauty (HOB) Records Catalog\". Retrieved February 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blackwebent.com/2011/11/sonorous-entertainment-inc-acquires-the-legendary-house-of-beauty-hob-records-catalog","url_text":"\"Sonorous Entertainment Inc. Acquires the Legendary House of Beauty (HOB) Records Catalog\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://sonorousrecordings.com/","external_links_name":"sonorousrecordings.com"},{"Link":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sonorous-entertainment-inc-appoints-mr-ivan-cavric-to-board-of-directors-132256098.html","external_links_name":"\"Sonorous Entertainment Inc. Appoints Mr. Ivan Cavric to Board of Directors\""},{"Link":"http://soulfuldetroit.com/web11-mike%20hanks/mike%20hanks%20text/03-mh-carmen%20murphy.htm","external_links_name":"\"Soulful Detroit - The Mike Hanks Story\""},{"Link":"http://lightintheattic.net/releases/463-gospel-funk","external_links_name":"\"V/A - Gospel Funk - Light in the Attic Records\""},{"Link":"http://www.blackwebent.com/2011/11/sonorous-entertainment-inc-acquires-the-legendary-house-of-beauty-hob-records-catalog","external_links_name":"\"Sonorous Entertainment Inc. Acquires the Legendary House of Beauty (HOB) Records Catalog\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc22.com/story/16588376/sonorous-entertainments-partner-universal-music-group-extends-distribution-agreement","external_links_name":"http://www.abc22.com/story/16588376/sonorous-entertainments-partner-universal-music-group-extends-distribution-agreement"},{"Link":"http://sonorousrecordings.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOSE | HOSE | ["1 Variations","2 See also","3 References"] | For other uses, see HOSE (disambiguation).
HOSE (aka H.O.S.E or S.H.O.E.) is a term used for playing a mixed game of poker consisting of four different poker games.
H stands for Hold'em
O for Omaha Eight or Better (i.e. Omaha hi-low (split-8 or better), or simply Omaha/8)
S for 7 Card Stud
E for 7 Card Stud Eight or Better
This form of poker is considered harder and not for beginners since it requires players to be skilled at many different forms of poker to succeed. It is also commonly played at casino tables. Players must have a great deal of concentration as well to not confuse which game is being played.
Variations
There are two ways this game is played. The poker game can either change by round or by time.
If the game is changed by round, once the deck returns to the original dealer or a certain number of hands are played, the game changes to the next game in the sequence.
If the game is changed by time there will be a time limit set on each game. If there was a 10-minute time limit the game would change to the next in the sequence once the hand being played at the 10-minute mark is finished.
HOSE games are generally played fixed-limit.
See also
HORSE is a similar variant containing Razz.
References
^ "H.O.S.E. Poker Strategy". Gambling Summary. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
^ "HOSE Poker Strategy". Poker Unleashed. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
^ "HOSE Poker – Make Your Poker Game Work for You". Poker Hands Guide. Retrieved 2010-07-30. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HOSE (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOSE_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker"},{"link_name":"Hold'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"Omaha Eight or Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_hold_%27em#Omaha_Hi/Lo"},{"link_name":"7 Card Stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-card_stud"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino"}],"text":"For other uses, see HOSE (disambiguation).HOSE (aka H.O.S.E or S.H.O.E.) is a term used for playing a mixed game of poker consisting of four different poker games.H stands for Hold'em\nO for Omaha Eight or Better (i.e. Omaha hi-low (split-8 or better), or simply Omaha/8)\nS for 7 Card Stud\nE for 7 Card Stud Eight or BetterThis form of poker is considered harder and not for beginners since it requires players to be skilled at many different forms of poker to succeed.[1] It is also commonly played at casino tables. Players must have a great deal of concentration as well to not confuse which game is being played.","title":"HOSE"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"There are two ways this game is played. The poker game can either change by round or by time.If the game is changed by round, once the deck returns to the original dealer or a certain number of hands are played, the game changes to the next game in the sequence.If the game is changed by time there will be a time limit set on each game. If there was a 10-minute time limit the game would change to the next in the sequence once the hand being played at the 10-minute mark is finished.[2]HOSE games are generally played fixed-limit.[3]","title":"Variations"}] | [] | [{"title":"HORSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HORSE_(poker)"},{"title":"Razz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razz_(poker)"}] | [{"reference":"\"H.O.S.E. Poker Strategy\". Gambling Summary. Retrieved 2011-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamblingsummary.com/index.php/hose-poker-strategy","url_text":"\"H.O.S.E. Poker Strategy\""}]},{"reference":"\"HOSE Poker Strategy\". Poker Unleashed. Retrieved 2011-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pokerunleashed.com/advanced-poker-strategy/hose-poker-strategy","url_text":"\"HOSE Poker Strategy\""}]},{"reference":"\"HOSE Poker – Make Your Poker Game Work for You\". Poker Hands Guide. Retrieved 2010-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://pokerhandsguide.net/hose.htm","url_text":"\"HOSE Poker – Make Your Poker Game Work for You\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.gamblingsummary.com/index.php/hose-poker-strategy","external_links_name":"\"H.O.S.E. Poker Strategy\""},{"Link":"http://www.pokerunleashed.com/advanced-poker-strategy/hose-poker-strategy","external_links_name":"\"HOSE Poker Strategy\""},{"Link":"http://pokerhandsguide.net/hose.htm","external_links_name":"\"HOSE Poker – Make Your Poker Game Work for You\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_West_(European_Parliament_constituency) | Hampshire West (European Parliament constituency) | ["1 Member of the European Parliament","2 Results","3 References","4 External links"] | Former European Parliament constituency
Hampshire WestEuropean Parliament constituencyEuropean Parliament logoMember stateUnited KingdomCreated1979Dissolved1984 MEPs1Sources
Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.
The constituency of Hampshire West was one of them.
It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Basingstoke, Eastleigh, New Forest, Salisbury, Southampton Itchen, Southampton Test, and Winchester.
Member of the European Parliament
Elected
Name
Party
1979
Basil de Ferranti
Conservative
Results
European Parliament election, 1979: Hampshire West
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Basil de Ferranti
114,978
58.9
Liberal
J.W. Matthew
45,786
23.4
Labour
P.S. Jariwala
34,472
17.7
Majority
69,192
35.5
Turnout
195,236
33.6
Conservative win (new seat)
References
^ "David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results". Retrieved 20 January 2008.
^ United Kingdom European Parliamentary Election results 1979-99: England: Part 1
External links
David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results Archived 9 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
vteFormer European Parliament constituenciesNationwide
Poland
Denmark
Greenland
France
East France
Île-de-France
Massif-central–Centre
North-West France
Overseas Territories of France
South-East France
South-West France
West France
Ireland
Connacht–Ulster
East
Leinster
Munster
North-West
United KingdomBetween 1979 and 1999England
Bedfordshire
Bedfordshire and Milton Keynes
Bedfordshire South
Birmingham East
Birmingham North
Birmingham South
Birmingham West
Bristol
Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire East
Cambridge and Bedfordshire North
Cambridgeshire
Cheshire East
Cheshire West
Cheshire West and Wirral
Cleveland
Cleveland and Richmond
Cleveland and Yorkshire North
Cornwall and Plymouth
Cornwall and West Plymouth
Cotswolds
Coventry and North Warwickshire
Cumbria
Cumbria and Lancashire North
Derbyshire
Devon
Devon and East Plymouth
Dorset and East Devon
Dorset East and Hampshire West
Durham
East Sussex and Kent South
Essex North and Suffolk South
Essex North East
Essex South
Essex South West
Essex West and Hertfordshire East
Greater Manchester Central
Greater Manchester East
Greater Manchester North
Greater Manchester South
Greater Manchester West
Hampshire Central
Hampshire North and Oxford
Hampshire West
Hereford and Worcester
Hertfordshire
Herefordshire and Shropshire
Humberside
Itchen, Test and Avon
Kent East
Kent West
Lancashire Central
Lancashire East
Lancashire South
Lancashire West
Leeds
Leicester
Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire and Humberside South
Liverpool
London Central
London East
London North
London North East
London North West
London South
London South and Surrey East
London South East
London South Inner
London South West
London West
Merseyside East
Merseyside East and Wigan
Merseyside West
Midlands Central
Midlands East
Midlands West
Norfolk
North Yorkshire
Northamptonshire
Northamptonshire and Blaby
Northumbria
Nottingham
Nottingham and Leicestershire North West
Nottinghamshire North and Chesterfield
Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire
Peak District
Salop and Stafford
Sheffield
Shropshire and Stafford
Somerset
Somerset and Dorset West
Somerset and North Devon
South Downs West
Staffordshire East
Staffordshire East and Derby
Staffordshire West and Congleton
Suffolk
Suffolk and South West Norfolk
Surrey
Surrey West
Sussex East
Sussex South and Crawley
Sussex West
Thames Valley
Tyne and Wear
Tyne South and Wear
Upper Thames
Wessex
Wight and Hampshire East
Wight and Hampshire South
Wiltshire
Wiltshire North and Bath
Worcestershire and South Warwickshire
York
Yorkshire North
Yorkshire South
Yorkshire South West
Yorkshire West
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Glasgow
Highlands and Islands
Lothians
Mid Scotland and Fife
North East Scotland
South of Scotland
Strathclyde East
Strathclyde West
Wales
Mid and West Wales
North Wales
South East Wales
South Wales
South Wales Central
South Wales East
South Wales West
Between 1999 and 2020
East Midlands
East of England
London
North East England
North West England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
South East England
South West England
Wales
West Midlands
Yorkshire and the Humber
This United Kingdom election-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about the European Union is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"first-past-the-post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting_system"},{"link_name":"European elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"European Parliament constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency"},{"link_name":"Member of the European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Westminster Parliament constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.The constituency of Hampshire West was one of them.It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Basingstoke, Eastleigh, New Forest, Salisbury, Southampton Itchen, Southampton Test, and Winchester.[1]","title":"Hampshire West (European Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Member of the European Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results\". Retrieved 20 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.election.demon.co.uk/","url_text":"\"David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.election.demon.co.uk/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.election.demon.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.election.demon.co.uk/epe1.html","external_links_name":"United Kingdom European Parliamentary Election results 1979-99: England: Part 1"},{"Link":"http://www.election.demon.co.uk/","external_links_name":"David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080209182341/http://www.election.demon.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampshire_West_(European_Parliament_constituency)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampshire_West_(European_Parliament_constituency)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena_Volkova_(volleyball) | Yelena Volkova (volleyball) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Soviet volleyball player
Yelena VolkovaPersonal informationFull nameYelena Pavlovna VolkovaNicknameЕлена Павловна ВолковаNationalityRussianBorn (1960-06-13) 13 June 1960 (age 64)Yekaterinburg, RussiaHeight1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)Volleyball informationPositionOppositeNumber3National team
1981–1988 Soviet Union
Honours
Women's volleyball
Representing the Soviet Union
Olympic Games
1988 Seoul
Team
FIVB World Cup
1981 Japan
1985 Japan
Goodwill Games
1986 Moscow
Friendship Games
1984 Varna
European Championships
1985 Arnhem
1981 Sofia
1983 Rostock
1987 Ghent
Yelena Pavlovna Volkova (Russian: Елена Павловна Волкова, born 13 June 1960, in Yekaterinburg, Russia) is a former Soviet competitive volleyball player and Olympic gold medalist. She won a gold medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.
References
^ a b Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Yelena Volkova". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
External links
Elena Volkova at Olympics.com
Olympedia Profile: Elena Volkova
Volleybox.net Profile
vteSoviet Union squad – 1981 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup – Bronze medal
Yelena Akhaminova
Tatiana Cherkasova
Lyudmila Chernyshyova
Anita Gilinskaya
Lidiya Loginova
Irina Makogonova
Svetlana Nikishina
Nadezhda Orlova
Nadezhda Radzevich
Svetlana Slepakova
Olga Solovova
Yelena Volkova
Coach: Nikolay Karpol
vteSoviet Union squad – 1985 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup – Bronze medal
Svetlana Badulina
Irina Gorbatyuk
Diana Kachalova
Marina Kiryakova
Olga Krivosheyeva
Marina Kumysh
Elena Kundaleva
Valentina Ogiyenko
Yelena Ovchinnikova
Tatiana Shapovalova
Tatyana Sidorenko
Yelena Volkova
Coach: Nikolay Karpol
vteSoviet Union women's volleyball squad – 1988 Summer Olympics – Gold medal
Svetlana Korytova
Tatyana Kraynova
Olga Krivosheyeva
Marina Kumysh
Marina Nikulina
Valentina Ogiyenko
Yelena Ovchinnikova
Irina Parkhomchuk
Olga Shkurnova
Tatyana Sidorenko
Irina Smirnova
Yelena Volkova
Coach: Nikolay Karpol | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yekaterinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterinburg"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-1"},{"link_name":"1988 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Seoul, South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul,_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-1"}],"text":"Yelena Pavlovna Volkova (Russian: Елена Павловна Волкова, born 13 June 1960, in Yekaterinburg, Russia) is a former Soviet competitive volleyball player and Olympic gold medalist.[1] She won a gold medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.[1]","title":"Yelena Volkova (volleyball)"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/80px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Yelena Volkova\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417184533/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vo/yelena-volkova-2.html","url_text":"\"Yelena Volkova\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vo/yelena-volkova-2.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417184533/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vo/yelena-volkova-2.html","external_links_name":"\"Yelena Volkova\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vo/yelena-volkova-2.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/elena-volkova-1","external_links_name":"Elena Volkova"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/53167","external_links_name":"Olympedia Profile: Elena Volkova"},{"Link":"https://women.volleybox.net/elena-volkova-p24860","external_links_name":"Volleybox.net Profile"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglass_(Martian_crater) | List of craters on Mars: A–G | [] | This article should list only official names approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).
Opportunity rover images Burns Cliff inside Endurance impact crater in 2004.
This is a partial list of craters on Mars. There are hundreds of thousands of impact craters on Mars, but only some of them have names. This list here only contains named Martian craters starting with the letter A – G (see also lists for H – N and O – Z).
Large Martian craters (greater than 60 kilometers in diameter) are named after famous scientists and science fiction authors; smaller ones (less than 60 km in diameter) get their names from towns on Earth. Craters cannot be named for living people, and small crater names are not intended to be commemorative – that is, a small crater isn't actually named after a specific town on Earth, but rather its name comes at random from a pool of terrestrial place names, with some exceptions made for craters near landing sites. Latitude and longitude are given as planetographic coordinates with west longitude.
List of craters on Mars — (main page)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
A
Crater
Coordinates
Diameter (km)
Approval date
Named after
Ref
Aban
16°06′N 249°00′W / 16.1°N 249.0°W / 16.1; -249.0 (Aban)
4.2
1988
Russia place name
WGPSN
Achar
45°48′N 236°54′W / 45.8°N 236.9°W / 45.8; -236.9 (Achar)
5.5
1979
Uruguay place name
WGPSN
Ada
3°00′S 3°12′W / 3.0°S 3.2°W / -3.0; -3.2 (Ada)
1.0
2006
USA (Oklahoma) place name
WGPSN
Adams
31°06′N 197°00′W / 31.1°N 197.0°W / 31.1; -197.0 (Adams)
94.9
1973
Walter Sydney Adams
WGPSN
Agassiz
70°06′S 89°00′W / 70.1°S 89.0°W / -70.1; -89.0 (Agassiz)
117.7
1973
Louis Agassiz
WGPSN
Airy
5°06′S 0°06′E / 5.1°S 0.1°E / -5.1; 0.1 (Airy)
41.0
1973
George Biddell Airy
WGPSN
Airy-0
5°06′S 0°00′E / 5.1°S -0.0°E / -5.1; -0.0 (Airy-0)
0.5
1973
WGPSN
Ajon
16°42′N 256°54′W / 16.7°N 256.9°W / 16.7; -256.9 (Ajon)
8.4
1988
Russia place name
WGPSN
Aki
35°48′S 60°18′W / 35.8°S 60.3°W / -35.8; -60.3 (Aki)
8.1
1979
Japan place name
WGPSN
Aktaj
20°36′N 46°36′W / 20.6°N 46.6°W / 20.6; -46.6 (Aktaj)
4.9
1988
Russia place name
WGPSN
Alamos
23°29′N 37°13′W / 23.48°N 37.21°W / 23.48; -37.21 (Alamos)
6.3
2006
Mexico place name
WGPSN
Albany
23°12′N 49°06′W / 23.2°N 49.1°W / 23.2; -49.1 (Albany)
2.0
1979
Albany, NY, USA
WGPSN
Albi
41°48′S 35°06′W / 41.8°S 35.1°W / -41.8; -35.1 (Albi)
8.5
1976
France place name
WGPSN
Alexey Tolstoy
47°48′S 234°48′W / 47.8°S 234.8°W / -47.8; -234.8 (Alexey Tolstoy)
95.0
1982
Aleksei Tolstoi
WGPSN
Alga
24°36′S 26°42′W / 24.6°S 26.7°W / -24.6; -26.7 (Alga)
19.2
1976
Kazakhstan place name
WGPSN
Alitus
35°12′S 38°12′W / 35.2°S 38.2°W / -35.2; -38.2 (Alitus)
50.0
1979
Alytus, Lithuania
WGPSN
Alnif
15°08′S 328°55′E / 15.14°S 328.91°E / -15.14; 328.91 (Alnif)
23.99
2017
Town in Morocco
WGPSN
Alofi
9°50′N 359°59′E / 9.84°N 359.98°E / 9.84; 359.98 (Alofi)
43
2018
Alofi, Niue
WGPSN
Amsterdam
23°12′N 47°06′W / 23.2°N 47.1°W / 23.2; -47.1 (Amsterdam)
1.3
1979
Amsterdam, Netherlands
WGPSN
Andapa
5°20′S 355°16′E / 5.33°S 355.27°E / -5.33; 355.27 (Andapa)
11
2017
Town in Madagascar
WGPSN
Angelica
18°39′N 76°57′E / 18.65°N 76.95°E / 18.65; 76.95 (Angelica)
3.5
2020
Town in New York, USA
WGPSN
Angu
20°12′N 254°24′W / 20.2°N 254.4°W / 20.2; -254.4 (Angu)
1.8
1988
Dem. Rep. Congo place name
WGPSN
Aniak
32°12′S 69°36′W / 32.2°S 69.6°W / -32.2; -69.6 (Aniak)
51.0
1979
Aniak, Alaska, USA
WGPSN
Annapolis
23°24′N 47°48′W / 23.4°N 47.8°W / 23.4; -47.8 (Annapolis)
0.4
1979
Annapolis, MD, USA
WGPSN
Antoniadi
21°30′N 299°12′W / 21.5°N 299.2°W / 21.5; -299.2 (Antoniadi)
394.0
1973
E. M. Antoniadi
WGPSN
Apia
37°36′S 271°06′W / 37.6°S 271.1°W / -37.6; -271.1 (Apia)
10.5
1991
Samoa place name
WGPSN
Apt
40°12′N 9°36′W / 40.2°N 9.6°W / 40.2; -9.6 (Apt)
10.0
1976
France place name
WGPSN
Arago
10°12′N 330°12′W / 10.2°N 330.2°W / 10.2; -330.2 (Arago)
154.0
1973
François Arago
WGPSN
Arandas
42°42′N 15°06′W / 42.7°N 15.1°W / 42.7; -15.1 (Arandas)
25.1
1976
Arandas, Mexico
WGPSN
Argas
23°36′N 50°18′W / 23.6°N 50.3°W / 23.6; -50.3 (Argas)
3.7
1988
Russia place name
WGPSN
Arica
24°00′S 249°54′W / 24.0°S 249.9°W / -24.0; -249.9 (Arica)
15.5
1991
Colombia place name
WGPSN
Arima
15°48′S 296°18′E / 15.8°S 296.3°E / -15.8; 296.3 (Arima)
53.6
2012
Town in Trinidad and Tobago
WGPSN
Arkhangelsky
41°24′S 24°48′W / 41.4°S 24.8°W / -41.4; -24.8 (Arkhangelsky)
125.0
1979
Andrey Arkhangelsky
WGPSN
Arrhenius
40°18′S 237°24′W / 40.3°S 237.4°W / -40.3; -237.4 (Arrhenius)
129.0
1973
Svante Arrhenius
WGPSN
Arta
21°36′N 54°24′W / 21.6°N 54.4°W / 21.6; -54.4 (Arta)
4.0
1988
Russia place name
WGPSN
Artik
34°48′S 131°00′E / 34.8°S 131.0°E / -34.8; 131.0 (Artik)
5.4
2013
Town in Armenia
WGPSN
Asau
3°36′S 154°42′E / 3.6°S 154.7°E / -3.6; 154.7 (Asau)
25.0
2013
Town in Tuvalu
WGPSN
Asimov
47°00′S 355°03′W / 47.0°S 355.05°W / -47.0; -355.05 (Asimov)
85.0
2009
Isaac Asimov
WGPSN
Aspen
21°36′S 23°12′W / 21.6°S 23.2°W / -21.6; -23.2 (Aspen)
20.3
1976
Aspen, Colorado
WGPSN
Auce
27°12′S 279°54′W / 27.2°S 279.9°W / -27.2; -279.9 (Auce)
37.0
2014
Latvia place name
WGPSN
Auki
15°48′S 263°06′W / 15.8°S 263.1°W / -15.8; -263.1 (Auki)
40
2015
Auki, Solomon Islands
WGPSN
Avan
11°00′S 290°12′W / 11°S 290.2°W / -11; -290.2 (Avan)
3.3
2016
Avan, village in Armenia
WGPSN
Avarua
35°54′S 250°26′W / 35.9°S 250.43°W / -35.9; -250.43 (Avarua)
52.0
2010
Cook Islands place name
WGPSN
Aveiro
21°30′N 79°06′W / 21.5°N 79.1°W / 21.5; -79.1 (Aveiro)
9.5
1985
Portugal place name
WGPSN
Avire
40°50′S 159°54′W / 40.83°S 159.9°W / -40.83; -159.9 (Avire)
6.54
2008
Vanuatu place name
WGPSN
Ayacucho
38°30′N 92°12′W / 38.5°N 92.2°W / 38.5; -92.2 (Ayacucho)
2.5
1991
Bolivia place name
WGPSN
Ayr
39°18′S 268°30′W / 39.3°S 268.5°W / -39.3; -268.5 (Ayr)
13.0
1991
Australia (Queensland) place name
WGPSN
Azul
42°24′S 42°36′W / 42.4°S 42.6°W / -42.4; -42.6 (Azul)
19.7
1976
Argentina place name
WGPSN
Azusa
5°36′S 40°24′W / 5.6°S 40.4°W / -5.6; -40.4 (Azusa)
41.1
1976
USA (California) place name
WGPSN
back to top
B
Crater
Coordinates
Diameter (km)
Date approved
Named after
Ref
Babakin
36°24′S 71°36′W / 36.4°S 71.6°W / -36.4; -71.6 (Babakin)
78.0
1985
Georgy Babakin
WGPSN
Bacht
18°54′N 257°24′W / 18.9°N 257.4°W / 18.9; -257.4 (Bacht)
8.0
1976
Baxt, Uzbekistan place name
WGPSN
Bacolor
33°00′N 241°24′W / 33.0°N 241.4°W / 33.0; -241.4 (Bacolor)
20.8
2006
Bacolor, Philippines
WGPSN
Bada
20°30′N 50°48′W / 20.5°N 50.8°W / 20.5; -50.8 (Bada)
2.1
1988
Russia place name
WGPSN
Badger
46°35′N 194°51′E / 46.58°N 194.85°E / 46.58; 194.85 (Badger)
0.734
(informal)
England place name
—
Badwater
22°48′S 297°54′W / 22.8°S 297.9°W / -22.8; -297.9 (Badwater)
33.1
2015
USA (California) place name
WGPSN
Bahn
3°30′S 43°24′W / 3.5°S 43.4°W / -3.5; -43.4 (Bahn)
12.3
1976
Liberia place name
WGPSN
Bak
18°18′N 256°18′W / 18.3°N 256.3°W / 18.3; -256.3 (Bak)
3.2
1988
Hungary place name
WGPSN
Bakhuysen
23°18′S 344°24′W / 23.3°S 344.4°W / -23.3; -344.4 (Bakhuysen)
161.0
1973
Hendricus van de Sande Bakhuyzen
WGPSN
Balboa
3°54′S 34°00′W / 3.9°S 34.0°W / -3.9; -34.0 (Balboa)
23.3
1976
Panama place name
WGPSN
Baldet
23°00′N 294°36′W / 23.0°N 294.6°W / 23.0; -294.6 (Baldet)
180.0
1973
Fernand Baldet
WGPSN
Balta
24°06′S 26°36′W / 24.1°S 26.6°W / -24.1; -26.6 (Balta)
18.2
1976
Ukraine place name
WGPSN
Baltisk
42°42′S 54°42′W / 42.7°S 54.7°W / -42.7; -54.7 (Baltisk)
52.0
1976
Baltiysk, Russia
WGPSN
Balvicar
16°24′N 53°18′W / 16.4°N 53.3°W / 16.4; -53.3 (Balvicar)
20.5
1988
Scotland place name
WGPSN
Bam
25°48′S 244°18′W / 25.8°S 244.3°W / -25.8; -244.3 (Bam)
6.8
2017
Bam, Iran
WGPSN
Bamba
3°24′S 41°42′W / 3.4°S 41.7°W / -3.4; -41.7 (Bamba)
23.0
1976
Dem. Rep. Congo place name
WGPSN
Bamberg
40°00′N 3°12′W / 40.0°N 3.2°W / 40.0; -3.2 (Bamberg)
58.3
1976
Bamberg, Germany
WGPSN
Banes
10°46′N 355°41′W / 10.76°N 355.68°W / 10.76; -355.68 (Banes)
41
2018
Banes, Cuba
WGPSN
Banff
17°42′N 30°48′W / 17.7°N 30.8°W / 17.7; -30.8 (Banff)
5.0
1976
Canada (Alberta) place name
WGPSN
Banh
19°36′N 55°36′W / 19.6°N 55.6°W / 19.6; -55.6 (Banh)
15.0
1976
Burkina Faso place name
WGPSN
Bar
25°30′S 19°30′W / 25.5°S 19.5°W / -25.5; -19.5 (Bar)
1.9
1976
Ukraine place name
WGPSN
Barabashov
47°42′N 68°48′W / 47.7°N 68.8°W / 47.7; -68.8 (Barabashov)
125.6
1973
Nikolai P. Barabashov
WGPSN
Barnard
61°24′S 298°24′W / 61.4°S 298.4°W / -61.4; -298.4 (Barnard)
125.0
1973
Edward Emerson Barnard
WGPSN
Baro
25°00′S 249°24′W / 25.0°S 249.4°W / -25.0; -249.4 (Baro)
16.7
1991
Nigeria place name
WGPSN
Barsukov
8°00′N 29°06′W / 8.0°N 29.1°W / 8.0; -29.1 (Barsukov)
71.7
2003
Valeri Barsukov
WGPSN
Barth
7°26′N 25°40′W / 7.44°N 25.67°W / 7.44; -25.67 (Barth)
111
2019
Charles A., American atmospheric physicist (1930-2014)
WGPSN
Basin
18°00′N 253°06′W / 18.0°N 253.1°W / 18.0; -253.1 (Basin)
15.7
1976
Basin, Wyoming
WGPSN
Batoka
7°42′S 36°48′W / 7.7°S 36.8°W / -7.7; -36.8 (Batoka)
15.5
1976
Zambia place name
WGPSN
Batoş
21°42′N 29°30′W / 21.7°N 29.5°W / 21.7; -29.5 (Batoş)
17.2
1976
Romania place name
WGPSN
Batson
28°55′S 84°09′E / 28.91°S 84.15°E / -28.91; 84.15 (Batson)
75
2018
Raymond Milner, American geologist and photogrammetrist
WGPSN
Baucau
28°24′N 55°06′W / 28.4°N 55.1°W / 28.4; -55.1 (Baucau)
17.9
2012
Timor-Leste place name
WGPSN
Baum
62
2016
William Alvin; American astronomer (1924-2012)
WGPSN
Baykonyr
46°42′N 227°24′W / 46.7°N 227.4°W / 46.7; -227.4 (Baykonyr)
4.0
1979
Kazakhstan place name
WGPSN
Bazas
28°00′S 266°42′W / 28.0°S 266.7°W / -28.0; -266.7 (Bazas)
16.7
1991
France place name
WGPSN
Beagle
2°00′S 5°30′W / 2.0°S 5.5°W / -2.0; -5.5 (Beagle)
0.04
(informal)
HMS Beagle
—
Becquerel
22°18′N 8°00′W / 22.3°N 8.0°W / 22.3; -8.0 (Becquerel)
171.2
1973
Henri Becquerel
WGPSN
Beer
14°36′S 8°12′W / 14.6°S 8.2°W / -14.6; -8.2 (Beer)
89.8
1973
Wilhelm Beer
WGPSN
Beloha
39°30′S 303°24′W / 39.5°S 303.4°W / -39.5; -303.4 (Beloha)
33.5
2006
Madagascar place name
WGPSN
Beltra
18°12′N 257°42′W / 18.2°N 257.7°W / 18.2; -257.7 (Beltra)
7.4
1988
Ireland place name
WGPSN
Belva
18°29′N 77°23′E / 18.48°N 77.38°E / 18.48; 77.38 (Belva)
0.9
2020
Belva, West Virginia
WGPSN
Belyov
0.2
2013
(Belev) Town in Tula region, Russia.
WGPSN
Belz
21°48′N 43°18′W / 21.8°N 43.3°W / 21.8; -43.3 (Belz)
10.2
1976
Belz, Ukraine
WGPSN
Bend
22°36′S 27°48′W / 22.6°S 27.8°W / -22.6; -27.8 (Bend)
3.6
1976
Bend, Oregon
WGPSN
Bentham
56°06′S 40°36′W / 56.1°S 40.6°W / -56.1; -40.6 (Bentham)
11.5
1991
England place name
WGPSN
Bentong
22°30′S 19°06′W / 22.5°S 19.1°W / -22.5; -19.1 (Bentong)
10.2
1976
Malaysia place name
WGPSN
Bernard
23°36′S 154°18′W / 23.6°S 154.3°W / -23.6; -154.3 (Bernard)
131.0
1985
P. Bernard
WGPSN
Berseba
4°30′S 37°42′W / 4.5°S 37.7°W / -4.5; -37.7 (Berseba)
37.5
1976
Namibia place name
WGPSN
Beruri
5°17′N 278°50′W / 5.28°N 278.84°W / 5.28; -278.84 (Beruri)
46.6
2006
Brazil place name
WGPSN
Betio
23°06′S 78°42′W / 23.1°S 78.7°W / -23.1; -78.7 (Betio)
32.4
2013
Kiribati place name
WGPSN
Bhor
42°06′N 225°36′W / 42.1°N 225.6°W / 42.1; -225.6 (Bhor)
6.0
1979
Bhor, India place name
WGPSN
Bianchini
64°12′S 95°24′W / 64.2°S 95.4°W / -64.2; -95.4 (Bianchini)
76.0
1973
Francesco Bianchini
WGPSN
Bigbee
25°00′S 34°48′W / 25.0°S 34.8°W / -25.0; -34.8 (Bigbee)
20.5
1976
USA (Mississippi) place name
WGPSN
Bira
25°24′N 45°36′W / 25.4°N 45.6°W / 25.4; -45.6 (Bira)
2.9
1988
Russia place name
WGPSN
Bise
20°24′N 56°54′W / 20.4°N 56.9°W / 20.4; -56.9 (Bise)
9.8
1976
Japan place name
WGPSN
Bison
26°36′S 29°12′W / 26.6°S 29.2°W / -26.6; -29.2 (Bison)
16.0
1976
USA (Kansas) place name
WGPSN
Bjerknes
43°24′S 188°36′W / 43.4°S 188.6°W / -43.4; -188.6 (Bjerknes)
94.0
1973
Vilhelm Bjerknes
WGPSN
Bland
18°30′N 251°18′W / 18.5°N 251.3°W / 18.5; -251.3 (Bland)
7.1
1988
Bland, Missouri
WGPSN
Bled
21°48′N 31°30′W / 21.8°N 31.5°W / 21.8; -31.5 (Bled)
7.8
1976
Slovenia place name
WGPSN
Blitta
26°06′S 21°00′W / 26.1°S 21.0°W / -26.1; -21.0 (Blitta)
13.6
1976
Togo place name
WGPSN
Blois
23°48′N 56°00′W / 23.8°N 56.0°W / 23.8; -56.0 (Blois)
12.5
1976
France place name
WGPSN
Bluff
23°42′N 250°00′W / 23.7°N 250.0°W / 23.7; -250.0 (Bluff)
6.6
1976
New Zealand place name
WGPSN
Blunck
27°30′S 36°54′W / 27.5°S 36.9°W / -27.5; -36.9 (Blunk)
17.2
2013
Jürgen Blunck, German historian
WGPSN
Boeddicker
15°00′S 197°42′W / 15.0°S 197.7°W / -15.0; -197.7 (Boeddicker)
109.0
1973
Otto Boeddicker
WGPSN
Bogia
44°18′S 276°50′W / 44.3°S 276.84°W / -44.3; -276.84 (Bogia)
38.0
2008
Papua New Guinea place name
WGPSN
Bogra
24°24′S 28°54′W / 24.4°S 28.9°W / -24.4; -28.9 (Bogra)
21.3
1976
Bangladesh place name
WGPSN
Bok
20°48′N 31°42′W / 20.8°N 31.7°W / 20.8; -31.7 (Bok)
7.1
1976
Papua New Guinea place name
WGPSN
Bole
25°36′N 54°06′W / 25.6°N 54.1°W / 25.6; -54.1 (Bole)
8.3
1976
Ghana place name
WGPSN
Bombala
27°54′S 254°00′W / 27.9°S 254.0°W / -27.9; -254.0 (Bombala)
38.1
1991
Australia (New S. Wales) place name
WGPSN
Bond
33°12′S 36°00′W / 33.2°S 36.0°W / -33.2; -36.0 (Bond)
110.6
1973
George Phillips Bond
WGPSN
Bonestell
42°18′N 30°30′W / 42.3°N 30.5°W / 42.3; -30.5 (Bonestell)
42.4
1997
Chesley Bonestell
WGPSN
Bonneville
14°36′S 175°30′E / 14.6°S 175.5°E / -14.6; 175.5 (Bonneville)
0.21
(informal)
Lake Bonneville
—
Boola
81°19′N 105°42′W / 81.31°N 105.7°W / 81.31; -105.7 (Boola)
17.25
2006
Guinea place name
WGPSN
Bopolu
2°57′S 6°20′W / 2.95°S 6.33°W / -2.95; -6.33 (Bopolu)
19.3
2006
Bopolu, Liberia
WGPSN
Bor
18°24′N 33°48′W / 18.4°N 33.8°W / 18.4; -33.8 (Bor)
4.3
1976
Russia place name
WGPSN
Bordeaux
23°24′N 49°00′W / 23.4°N 49.0°W / 23.4; -49.0 (Bordeaux)
1.8
1979
Bordeaux, France
WGPSN
Boru
24°36′S 27°54′W / 24.6°S 27.9°W / -24.6; -27.9 (Boru)
10.9
1976
Russia place name
WGPSN
Bouguer
18°42′S 332°48′W / 18.7°S 332.8°W / -18.7; -332.8 (Bouguer)
107.0
1973
Pierre Bouguer
WGPSN
Boulia
23°06′S 248°48′W / 23.1°S 248.8°W / -23.1; -248.8 (Boulia)
10.5
1991
Australia (Queensland) place name
WGPSN
Bozkir
44°30′S 32°12′W / 44.5°S 32.2°W / -44.5; -32.2 (Bozkir)
84.0
1976
Turkey place name
WGPSN
Bradbury
63.2
2015
Raymond Douglas "Ray"; American author (1920–2012)
WGPSN
Brashear
54°12′S 119°12′W / 54.2°S 119.2°W / -54.2; -119.2 (Brashear)
79.0
1973
John Brashear
WGPSN
Bree
37°36′N 210°24′W / 37.6°N 210.4°W / 37.6; -210.4 (Bree)
28.8
2014
Belgium place name
WGPSN
Bremerhaven
23°54′N 48°42′W / 23.9°N 48.7°W / 23.9; -48.7 (Bremerhaven)
2.5
1979
Bremerhaven, Germany
WGPSN
Briault
10°12′S 270°24′W / 10.2°S 270.4°W / -10.2; -270.4 (Briault)
96.6
1973
P. Briault
WGPSN
Bridgetown
22°06′N 47°12′W / 22.1°N 47.2°W / 22.1; -47.2 (Bridgetown)
1.3
1979
Bridgetown, Barbados
WGPSN
Bristol
22°18′N 47°00′W / 22.3°N 47.0°W / 22.3; -47.0 (Bristol)
3.0
1979
Bristol, England, UK
WGPSN
Broach
23°42′N 57°00′W / 23.7°N 57.0°W / 23.7; -57.0 (Broach)
12.0
1976
India place name
WGPSN
Bronkhorst
10°42′S 55°18′W / 10.7°S 55.3°W / -10.7; -55.3 (Bronkhorst)
17.9
2006
Netherlands place name
WGPSN
Brush
21°54′N 248°42′W / 21.9°N 248.7°W / 21.9; -248.7 (Brush)
6.4
1976
USA (Colorado) place name
WGPSN
Bulhar
50°42′N 225°36′W / 50.7°N 225.6°W / 50.7; -225.6 (Bulhar)
18.7
1979
Somalia place name
WGPSN
Bunge
34°12′S 48°42′W / 34.2°S 48.7°W / -34.2; -48.7 (Bunge)
73.7
1979
Alexander Bunge
WGPSN
Bunnik
38°24′S 142°06′W / 38.4°S 142.1°W / -38.4; -142.1 (Bunnik)
29.0
2016
Netherlands place name
WGPSN
Burroughs
72°24′S 243°00′W / 72.4°S 243.0°W / -72.4; -243.0 (Burroughs)
125.7
1973
Edgar Rice Burroughs
WGPSN
Burton
14°06′S 156°24′W / 14.1°S 156.4°W / -14.1; -156.4 (Burton)
123.0
1973
Charles E. Burton
WGPSN
Buta
23°30′S 32°30′W / 23.5°S 32.5°W / -23.5; -32.5 (Buta)
11.0
1979
Dem. Rep. Congo place name
WGPSN
Butte
5°12′S 39°00′W / 5.2°S 39.0°W / -5.2; -39.0 (Butte)
13.0
1976
Butte, Montana
WGPSN
Byala
26.23
2013
Town in Bulgaria
WGPSN
Byrd
65°30′S 232°12′W / 65.5°S 232.2°W / -65.5; -232.2 (Byrd)
126.8
1976
Richard E. Byrd
WGPSN
Byske
5°00′S 34°00′W / 5.0°S 34.0°W / -5.0; -34.0 (Byske)
13.5
1976
Sweden place name
WGPSN
back to top
C
Crater
Coordinates
Diameter (km)
Date approved
Named after
Ref
Cádiz
23°24′N 49°06′W / 23.4°N 49.1°W / 23.4; -49.1 (Cádiz)
1.5
1979
Cádiz, Spain
WGPSN
Cagli
4°44′N 356°27′E / 4.73°N 356.45°E / 4.73; 356.45 (Cagli)
28.16
2018
Cagli, Italy
WGPSN
Cairns
23°48′N 47°30′W / 23.8°N 47.5°W / 23.8; -47.5 (Cairns)
8.6
1976
Australia (Queensland) place name
WGPSN
Calahorra
26°42′N 38°42′W / 26.7°N 38.7°W / 26.7; -38.7 (Calahorra)
35.2
1997
Spain place name
WGPSN
Calamar
18°30′N 55°00′W / 18.5°N 55.0°W / 18.5; -55.0 (Calamar)
7.2
1988
Colombia place name
WGPSN
Calbe
25°24′S 28°54′W / 25.4°S 28.9°W / -25.4; -28.9 (Calbe)
13.3
1976
Germany place name
WGPSN
Camargo
17°54′N 250°24′W / 17.9°N 250.4°W / 17.9; -250.4 (Camargo)
4.7
1988
Bolivia place name
WGPSN
Camichel
2°18′N 51°36′W / 2.3°N 51.6°W / 2.3; -51.6 (Camichel)
65.3
2012
Henri Camichel, French astronomer
WGPSN
Camiling
0°48′S 38°06′W / 0.8°S 38.1°W / -0.8; -38.1 (Camiling)
22.5
1976
Philippines place name
WGPSN
Camiri
45°00′S 42°12′W / 45.0°S 42.2°W / -45.0; -42.2 (Camiri)
26.4
1976
Bolivia place name
WGPSN
Campbell
54°42′S 194°36′W / 54.7°S 194.6°W / -54.7; -194.6 (Campbell)
129.0
1973
John W. Campbell and William Wallace Campbell
WGPSN
Campos
22°00′S 27°54′W / 22.0°S 27.9°W / -22.0; -27.9 (Campos)
8.1
1976
Brazil place name
WGPSN
Can
48°30′N 14°42′W / 48.5°N 14.7°W / 48.5; -14.7 (Can)
8.4
1976
Turkey place name
WGPSN
Canala
24°37′N 80°05′W / 24.61°N 80.09°W / 24.61; -80.09 (Canala)
12
2011
New Caledonia place name
WGPSN
Cañas
31°30′S 270°18′W / 31.5°S 270.3°W / -31.5; -270.3 (Cañas)
42.0
1991
Puerto Rico place name
WGPSN
Canaveral
47°06′N 224°12′W / 47.1°N 224.2°W / 47.1; -224.2 (Canaveral)
3.3
1979
Cape Canaveral, FL, USA
WGPSN
Canberra
47°30′N 227°24′W / 47.5°N 227.4°W / 47.5; -227.4 (Canberra)
3.0
1979
Canberra, Australia
WGPSN
Cangwu
42°12′N 89°42′W / 42.2°N 89.7°W / 42.2; -89.7 (Cangwu)
14.0
1991
China place name
WGPSN
Canillo
10°14′N 243°37′W / 10.23°N 243.61°W / 10.23; -243.61 (Canillo)
35.0
2009
Andorra place name
WGPSN
Cankuzo
19°36′S 308°00′W / 19.6°S 308.0°W / -19.6; -308.0 (Cankuzo)
48.5
2010
Burundi place name
WGPSN
Canso
21°36′N 60°42′W / 21.6°N 60.7°W / 21.6; -60.7 (Canso)
27.4
1988
Canso, Canada
WGPSN
Cantoura
15°00′N 51°48′W / 15.0°N 51.8°W / 15.0; -51.8 (Cantoura)
51.4
1988
Venezuela place name
WGPSN
Capen
6°34′N 345°44′W / 6.57°N 345.73°W / 6.57; -345.73 (Capen)
70.0
2008
Charles F. Capen
WGPSN
Cardona
19°54′S 32°00′W / 19.9°S 32.0°W / -19.9; -32.0 (Cardona)
13.7
2015
Uruguay place name
WGPSN
Cartago
23°30′S 18°00′W / 23.5°S 18.0°W / -23.5; -18.0 (Cartago)
37.5
1976
Costa Rica place name
WGPSN
Cassini
23°48′N 328°12′W / 23.8°N 328.2°W / 23.8; -328.2 (Cassini)
412.0
1973
Giovanni Cassini
WGPSN
Castril
14°42′S 184°48′W / 14.7°S 184.8°W / -14.7; -184.8 (Castril)
2.2
2006
Spain place name
WGPSN
Catota
51°40′N 333°01′E / 51.67°N 333.02°E / 51.67; 333.02 (Catota)
1.3
2015
Village in Angola
WGPSN
Cave
21°48′N 35°42′W / 21.8°N 35.7°W / 21.8; -35.7 (Cave)
8.4
1976
New Zealand place name
WGPSN
Caxias
29°18′S 100°48′W / 29.3°S 100.8°W / -29.3; -100.8 (Caxias)
25.4
1991
Duque de Caxias, Brazil
WGPSN
Cayon
36°18′N 246°24′W / 36.3°N 246.4°W / 36.3; -246.4 (Cayon)
27.3
2012
Saint Kitts and Nevis place name
WGPSN
Cefalù
23°38′N 38°58′W / 23.63°N 38.97°W / 23.63; -38.97 (Cefalù)
5.3
2006
Italy place name
WGPSN
Cerulli
32°30′N 337°54′W / 32.5°N 337.9°W / 32.5; -337.9 (Cerulli)
130.0
1973
Vincenzo Cerulli
WGPSN
Chafe
15°18′N 257°42′W / 15.3°N 257.7°W / 15.3; -257.7 (Chafe)
4.8
1988
Chafe, Nigeria
WGPSN
Chaman
61°07′S 309°08′W / 61.11°S 309.13°W / -61.11; -309.13 (Chaman)
48.1
2006
Pakistan place name
WGPSN
Chamba
14°17′N 335°37′W / 14.29°N 335.62°W / 14.29; -335.62 (Chamba)
37
2019
India place name
WGPSN
Chamberlin
66°06′S 124°30′W / 66.1°S 124.5°W / -66.1; -124.5 (Chamberlin)
120.4
1973
Thomas Chamberlin
WGPSN
Changsŏng
23°42′N 57°24′W / 23.7°N 57.4°W / 23.7; -57.4 (Changsŏng)
35.0
1976
Korea place name
WGPSN
Chapais
22°36′S 20°36′W / 22.6°S 20.6°W / -22.6; -20.6 (Chapais)
37.4
1976
Chapais, Canada
WGPSN
Charleston
22°54′N 47°54′W / 22.9°N 47.9°W / 22.9; -47.9 (Charleston)
1.5
1979
Charleston, South Carolina, USA
WGPSN
Charlier
68°42′S 168°42′W / 68.7°S 168.7°W / -68.7; -168.7 (Charlier)
113.1
1973
Carl Charlier
WGPSN
Charlieu
38°30′N 84°06′W / 38.5°N 84.1°W / 38.5; -84.1 (Charlieu)
19.1
1991
France place name
WGPSN
Chatturat
35°42′N 95°06′W / 35.7°N 95.1°W / 35.7; -95.1 (Chatturat)
8.2
1991
Chatturat District, Chaiyaphum, Thailand
WGPSN
Chauk
23°36′N 56°00′W / 23.6°N 56.0°W / 23.6; -56.0 (Chauk)
10.0
1976
Burma place name
WGPSN
Cheb
24°24′S 19°30′W / 24.4°S 19.5°W / -24.4; -19.5 (Cheb)
8.3
1976
Czech Republic place name
WGPSN
Chefu
23°06′S 247°54′W / 23.1°S 247.9°W / -23.1; -247.9 (Chefu)
11.5
1991
Mozambique place name
WGPSN
Chekalin
24°30′S 26°54′W / 24.5°S 26.9°W / -24.5; -26.9 (Chekalin)
89.3
1976
Turkmenistan place name
WGPSN
Chia
1°36′N 59°48′W / 1.6°N 59.8°W / 1.6; -59.8 (Chia)
96.0
1985
Spain place name
WGPSN
Chimbote
1°30′S 39°48′W / 1.5°S 39.8°W / -1.5; -39.8 (Chimbote)
67.2
1976
Peru place name
WGPSN
Chincoteague
41°30′N 236°00′W / 41.5°N 236.0°W / 41.5; -236.0 (Chincoteague)
37.0
1979
Chincoteague, Virginia, USA
WGPSN
Chinju
4°36′S 42°12′W / 4.6°S 42.2°W / -4.6; -42.2 (Chinju)
66.6
1976
South Korea place name
WGPSN
Chinook
22°42′N 55°30′W / 22.7°N 55.5°W / 22.7; -55.5 (Chinook)
20.0
1976
Canada (Alberta) place name
WGPSN
Chive
21°54′N 56°06′W / 21.9°N 56.1°W / 21.9; -56.1 (Chive)
9.0
1976
Bolivia place name
WGPSN
Choctaw
41°30′S 37°18′W / 41.5°S 37.3°W / -41.5; -37.3 (Choctaw)
23.8
1976
USA (Ohio) place name
WGPSN
Chom
38°54′N 2°36′W / 38.9°N 2.6°W / 38.9; -2.6 (Chom)
5.5
1976
Tibet place name
WGPSN
Choyr
32°24′S 18°42′W / 32.4°S 18.7°W / -32.4; -18.7 (Choyr)
536.4
2015
Mongolia place name
WGPSN
Chukhung
38°28′N 287°35′E / 38.47°N 287.58°E / 38.47; 287.58 (Chukhung)
45
2018
Chukhung, Nepal
WGPSN
Chupadero
6°09′N 276°39′W / 6.15°N 276.65°W / 6.15; -276.65 (Chupadero)
8.0
2006
USA (New Mexico) place name
WGPSN
Chur
17°06′N 29°24′W / 17.1°N 29.4°W / 17.1; -29.4 (Chur)
4.3
1976
Russia place name
WGPSN
Cilaos
35°42′S 230°30′W / 35.7°S 230.5°W / -35.7; -230.5 (Cilaos)
21.4
2016
Reunion place name
WGPSN
Circle
22°24′S 25°36′W / 22.4°S 25.6°W / -22.4; -25.6 (Circle)
11.5
1976
USA (Montana) place name
WGPSN
Clark
55°36′S 133°24′W / 55.6°S 133.4°W / -55.6; -133.4 (Clark)
98.0
1973
Alvan Clark
WGPSN
Clogh
20°48′N 47°48′W / 20.8°N 47.8°W / 20.8; -47.8 (Clogh)
11.1
1976
Ireland place name
WGPSN
Clova
21°42′N 52°06′W / 21.7°N 52.1°W / 21.7; -52.1 (Clova)
7.7
1988
Canada (Quebec) place name
WGPSN
Cluny
24°06′S 27°24′W / 24.1°S 27.4°W / -24.1; -27.4 (Cluny)
14.8
1976
France place name
WGPSN
Cobalt
26°00′S 27°06′W / 26.0°S 27.1°W / -26.0; -27.1 (Cobalt)
11.5
1976
USA (Connecticut) place name
WGPSN
Coblentz
55°18′S 90°18′W / 55.3°S 90.3°W / -55.3; -90.3 (Coblentz)
112.0
1973
William Coblentz
WGPSN
Cobres
11°48′S 153°48′W / 11.8°S 153.8°W / -11.8; -153.8 (Cobres)
94.0
1985
Argentina place name
WGPSN
Coimbra
4°09′N 5°21′W / 4.15°N 5.35°W / 4.15; -5.35 (Coimbra)
34.7
2008
Portugal place name
WGPSN
Colón
23°00′N 47°12′W / 23.0°N 47.2°W / 23.0; -47.2 (Cólon)
2.0
1979
Colón, Panama
WGPSN
Columbus
29°48′S 166°06′W / 29.8°S 166.1°W / -29.8; -166.1 (Columbus)
119.0
1976
Christopher Columbus
WGPSN
Comas Sola
19°54′S 158°30′W / 19.9°S 158.5°W / -19.9; -158.5 (Comas Sola)
127.0
1973
Josep Comas Solà
WGPSN
Conches
4°18′S 34°18′W / 4.3°S 34.3°W / -4.3; -34.3 (Conches)
21.2
1976
France place name
WGPSN
Concord
16°42′N 34°06′W / 16.7°N 34.1°W / 16.7; -34.1 (Concord)
20.7
1976
USA (Massachusetts) place name
WGPSN
Cooma
24°00′S 108°24′W / 24.0°S 108.4°W / -24.0; -108.4 (Cooma)
17.3
1991
Australia (New South Wales) place name
WGPSN
Copernicus
49°12′S 169°12′W / 49.2°S 169.2°W / -49.2; -169.2 (Copernicus)
294.0
1973
Nicolaus Copernicus
WGPSN
Corby
43°12′N 222°30′W / 43.2°N 222.5°W / 43.2; -222.5 (Corby)
6.7
1979
Corby, England
WGPSN
Corinto
16°56′N 218°23′W / 16.93°N 218.39°W / 16.93; -218.39 (Corinto)
13.5
2008
El Salvador place name
WGPSN
Corozal
38°48′S 200°36′W / 38.8°S 200.6°W / -38.8; -200.6 (Corozal)
8.3
2011
Belize place name
WGPSN
Cost
15°12′N 256°00′W / 15.2°N 256.0°W / 15.2; -256.0 (Cost)
11.6
1976
USA (Texas) place name
WGPSN
Cray
44°24′N 16°12′W / 44.4°N 16.2°W / 44.4; -16.2 (Cray)
7.2
1976
England place name
WGPSN
Creel
6°06′S 38°54′W / 6.1°S 38.9°W / -6.1; -38.9 (Creel)
9.3
1976
Mexico place name
WGPSN
Crewe
25°06′S 19°36′W / 25.1°S 19.6°W / -25.1; -19.6 (Crewe)
3.6
1976
Crewe, England, UK
WGPSN
Crivitz
14°42′S 185°18′W / 14.7°S 185.3°W / -14.7; -185.3 (Crivitz)
6.1
2003
Crivitz, Germany
WGPSN
Crommelin
5°06′N 10°12′W / 5.1°N 10.2°W / 5.1; -10.2 (Crommelin)
113.9
1973
Andrew Crommelin
WGPSN
Cross
30°14′S 157°47′W / 30.23°S 157.79°W / -30.23; -157.79 (Cross)
67.5
2009
Charles Arthur Cross
WGPSN
Crotone
82°18′N 69°54′W / 82.3°N 69.9°W / 82.3; -69.9 (Crotone)
6.4
2006
Italy place name
WGPSN
Cruls
43°18′S 197°06′W / 43.3°S 197.1°W / -43.3; -197.1 (Cruls)
88.0
1973
Luis Cruls
WGPSN
Cruz
38°48′N 2°06′W / 38.8°N 2.1°W / 38.8; -2.1 (Cruz)
5.4
1976
Venezuela place name
WGPSN
Cue
36°06′S 266°54′W / 36.1°S 266.9°W / -36.1; -266.9 (Cue)
10.7
1991
Western Australia place name
WGPSN
Culter
8°50′S 53°59′W / 8.84°S 53.99°W / -8.84; -53.99 (Culter)
4.6
2006
Scotland place name
WGPSN
Curie
29°06′N 4°48′W / 29.1°N 4.8°W / 29.1; -4.8 (Curie)
114.1
1973
Pierre Curie
WGPSN
Cypress
47°36′S 47°24′W / 47.6°S 47.4°W / -47.6; -47.4 (Cypress)
14.2
1976
USA (Illinois) place name
WGPSN
back to top
D
Crater
Coordinates
Diameter (km)
Date approved
Named after
Ref
Da Vinci
1°24′N 39°24′W / 1.4°N 39.4°W / 1.4; -39.4 (Da Vinci)
100.2
1973
Leonardo da Vinci
WGPSN
Daan
40°48′S 268°30′W / 40.8°S 268.5°W / -40.8; -268.5 (Daan)
12.5
1991
China place name
WGPSN
Dacono
18°20′N 77°57′W / 18.34°N 77.95°W / 18.34; -77.95 (Dacono)
2.2
2020
Dacono, Colorado
WGPSN
Daet
7°24′S 41°48′W / 7.4°S 41.8°W / -7.4; -41.8 (Daet)
10.5
1976
Philippines place name
WGPSN
Daly
66°30′S 23°06′W / 66.5°S 23.1°W / -66.5; -23.1 (Daly)
90.5
1973
Reginald Aldworth Daly
WGPSN
Dampier
15°44′S 203°38′W / 15.73°S 203.63°W / -15.73; -203.63 (Dampier)
27
2021
Australia place name
WGPSN
Dana
72°42′S 32°48′W / 72.7°S 32.8°W / -72.7; -32.8 (Dana)
91.7
1973
James Dwight Dana
WGPSN
Danielson
7°56′N 7°07′W / 7.93°N 7.11°W / 7.93; -7.11 (Danielson)
66.7
2009
G. Edward Danielson
WGPSN
Dank
22°12′N 253°06′W / 22.2°N 253.1°W / 22.2; -253.1 (Dank)
8.7
1976
Oman place name
WGPSN
Darvel
18°00′N 51°06′W / 18.0°N 51.1°W / 18.0; -51.1 (Darvel)
22.0
1988
Scotland place name
WGPSN
Darwin
57°18′S 19°30′W / 57.3°S 19.5°W / -57.3; -19.5 (Darwin)
178.0
1973
Charles Darwin and George Darwin
WGPSN
Davies
46°00′N 0°00′E / 46.0°N -0.0°E / 46.0; -0.0 (Davies)
49.2
2006
Merton Davies
WGPSN
Dawes
9°18′S 322°00′W / 9.3°S 322.0°W / -9.3; -322.0 (Dawes)
191.0
1973
William Rutter Dawes
WGPSN
de Vaucouleurs
13°30′S 189°06′W / 13.5°S 189.1°W / -13.5; -189.1 (de Vaucouleurs)
293.0
2000
Gérard de Vaucouleurs
WGPSN
Deba
24°12′S 17°24′W / 24.2°S 17.4°W / -24.2; -17.4 (Deba)
10.3
1976
Nigeria place name
WGPSN
Dechu
42°15′S 202°01′E / 42.25°S 202.01°E / -42.25; 202.01 (Dechu)
22
2018
Dechu, India
WGPSN
Degana
23°43′S 314°30′E / 23.72°S 314.5°E / -23.72; 314.5 (Degana)
57
2016
Town in India
WGPSN
Dein
38°30′N 2°36′W / 38.5°N 2.6°W / 38.5; -2.6 (Dein)
26.0
1976
Papua New Guinea place name
WGPSN
Dejnev
25°30′S 164°48′W / 25.5°S 164.8°W / -25.5; -164.8 (Dejnev)
156.0
1985
Semyon Dezhnev
WGPSN
Delta
46°18′S 39°12′W / 46.3°S 39.2°W / -46.3; -39.2 (Delta)
8.1
1976
USA (Louisiana) place name
WGPSN
Denning
17°42′S 326°36′W / 17.7°S 326.6°W / -17.7; -326.6 (Denning)
165.0
1973
William Frederick Denning
WGPSN
Dersu
22°54′N 52°00′W / 22.9°N 52.0°W / 22.9; -52.0 (Dersu)
6.6
1988
Russia place name
WGPSN
Dese
45°48′S 30°42′W / 45.8°S 30.7°W / -45.8; -30.7 (Dese)
13.7
1976
Ethiopia place name
WGPSN
Deseado
80°37′S 70°12′E / 80.61°S 70.2°E / -80.61; 70.2 (Deseado)
10.2
1976
Argentina place name
WGPSN
Dessau
80°43′S 289°48′W / 80.72°S 289.8°W / -80.72; -289.8 (Dessau)
27.0
2006
Germany place name
WGPSN
Dia-Cau
0°24′S 42°42′W / 0.4°S 42.7°W / -0.4; -42.7 (Dia-Cau)
29.7
1976
Vietnam place name
WGPSN
Dilly
13°14′N 202°54′W / 13.24°N 202.9°W / 13.24; -202.9 (Dilly)
1.3
2006
Dilly, Mali
WGPSN
Dingo
24°00′S 17°30′W / 24.0°S 17.5°W / -24.0; -17.5 (Dingo)
16.0
1976
Australia (Queensland) place name
WGPSN
Dinorwic
30°24′S 101°36′W / 30.4°S 101.6°W / -30.4; -101.6 (Dinorwic)
55.8
1991
Dinorwic, Canada
WGPSN
Dison
25°18′S 16°30′W / 25.3°S 16.5°W / -25.3; -16.5 (Dison)
21.0
1976
Belgium place name
WGPSN
Dixie
17°54′N 56°00′W / 17.9°N 56.0°W / 17.9; -56.0 (Dixie)
28.7
1988
USA (Georgia) place name
WGPSN
Doba
10°55′N 240°28′W / 10.91°N 240.46°W / 10.91; -240.46 (Doba)
26.3
2009
Chad place name
WGPSN
Dogana
10°07′S 53°39′W / 10.12°S 53.65°W / -10.12; -53.65 (Dogana)
41.2
2011
San Marino place name
WGPSN
Dokka
77°16′N 145°49′W / 77.27°N 145.82°W / 77.27; -145.82 (Dokka)
52.5
2006
Norway place name
WGPSN
Dokuchaev
61°00′S 127°12′W / 61.0°S 127.2°W / -61.0; -127.2 (Dokuchaev)
78.0
1982
Vasily Dokuchaev
WGPSN
Dollfus
21°48′S 4°18′W / 21.8°S 4.3°W / -21.8; -4.3 (Dollfus)
363.1
2013
Audouin Dollfus
WGPSN
Domoni
51°42′N 125°36′W / 51.7°N 125.6°W / 51.7; -125.6 (Domoni)
13.8
2012
Union of the Comoros place name
WGPSN
Doon
23°48′N 250°36′W / 23.8°N 250.6°W / 23.8; -250.6 (Doon)
3.7
1988
Canada (Ontario) place name
WGPSN
Douglass
51°48′S 70°36′W / 51.8°S 70.6°W / -51.8; -70.6 (Douglass)
94.0
1973
Andrew E. Douglass
WGPSN
Dowa
31°40′S 249°52′W / 31.67°S 249.86°W / -31.67; -249.86 (Dowa)
42.0
2010
Malawi place name
WGPSN
Downe
16°06′S 184°18′W / 16.1°S 184.3°W / -16.1; -184.3 (Downe)
28.0
2003
Downe, England
WGPSN
Dromore
20°06′N 49°42′W / 20.1°N 49.7°W / 20.1; -49.7 (Dromore)
14.8
1976
Ireland place name
WGPSN
Du Martheray
5°30′N 266°30′W / 5.5°N 266.5°W / 5.5; -266.5 (Du Martheray)
102.0
1973
Maurice du Martheray
WGPSN
Du Toit
71°48′S 49°36′W / 71.8°S 49.6°W / -71.8; -49.6 (Du Toit)
83.0
1973
Alexander du Toit
WGPSN
Dubki
35°18′S 55°18′W / 35.3°S 55.3°W / -35.3; -55.3 (Dubki)
9.0
1979
Russia place name
WGPSN
Dukhan
7°54′N 39°06′W / 7.9°N 39.1°W / 7.9; -39.1 (Dukhan)
34.0
2012
Qatar place name
WGPSN
Dulovo
3°40′N 275°30′W / 3.66°N 275.5°W / 3.66; -275.5 (Dulovo)
18.8
2006
Bulgaria place name
WGPSN
Dunhuang
81°00′S 48°30′W / 81.0°S 48.5°W / -81.0; -48.5 (Dunhuang)
12.1
1991
China place name
WGPSN
Dunkassa
37°48′S 137°06′W / 37.8°S 137.1°W / -37.8; -137.1 (Dunkassa)
8.0
2012
Benin place name
WGPSN
Dush
22°42′N 54°06′W / 22.7°N 54.1°W / 22.7; -54.1 (Dush)
2.5
1988
Egypt place name
WGPSN
Dzeng
80°42′S 70°24′W / 80.7°S 70.4°W / -80.7; -70.4 (Dzeng)
10.6
1991
Cameroon place name
WGPSN
back to top
E
Crater
Coordinates
Diameter (km)
Approval date
Named after
Refs
Eads
28°48′S 30°00′W / 28.8°S 30.0°W / -28.8; -30.0 (Eads)
2.3
1976
USA (Colorado) place name
WGPSN
Eagle
44°12′N 8°12′W / 44.2°N 8.2°W / 44.2; -8.2 (Eagle)
13.0
1976
Idaho place name
WGPSN
Eagle (Opportunity)
1°54′S 5°30′W / 1.9°S 5.5°W / -1.9; -5.5
0.03
(informal)
Spacecraft Eagle, Apollo 11
—
Eberswalde
24°00′S 33°18′W / 24.0°S 33.3°W / -24.0; -33.3 (Eberswalde)
65.3
2006
Eberswalde, Germany
WGPSN
Echt
22°12′S 28°12′W / 22.2°S 28.2°W / -22.2; -28.2 (Echt)
1.1
1976
Scotland place name
WGPSN
Edam
26°30′S 20°06′W / 26.5°S 20.1°W / -26.5; -20.1 (Edam)
20.2
1976
Edam, Netherlands
WGPSN
Eddie
12°24′N 217°54′W / 12.4°N 217.9°W / 12.4; -217.9 (Eddie)
89.0
1973
Lindsay Eddie
WGPSN
Eger
48°36′S 51°54′W / 48.6°S 51.9°W / -48.6; -51.9 (Eger)
13.0
1976
Eger, Hungary
WGPSN
Ehden
8°12′N 241°06′W / 8.2°N 241.1°W / 8.2; -241.1 (Ehden)
57.7
2009
Lebanon place name
WGPSN
Eil
42°06′N 9°48′W / 42.1°N 9.8°W / 42.1; -9.8 (Eil)
5.7
1976
Somalia place name
WGPSN
Eilat
56°31′S 309°53′W / 56.51°S 309.88°W / -56.51; -309.88 (Eilat)
31.7
2006
Eilat, Israel
WGPSN
Ejriksson
19°24′S 173°54′W / 19.4°S 173.9°W / -19.4; -173.9 (Ejriksson)
49.0
1967
Leif Ericson
WGPSN
Elath
46°12′N 13°42′W / 46.2°N 13.7°W / 46.2; -13.7 (Elath)
13.2
1976
Israel place name
WGPSN
Elim
80°13′S 263°13′W / 80.21°S 263.21°W / -80.21; -263.21 (Elim)
43.0
2006
South Africa place name
WGPSN
Ellsley
36°36′N 83°24′W / 36.6°N 83.4°W / 36.6; -83.4 (Ellsley)
11.1
1991
England place name
WGPSN
Elorza
8°44′S 55°18′W / 8.74°S 55.3°W / -8.74; -55.3 (Elorza)
47.0
2006
Venezuela place name
WGPSN
Ely
23°54′S 27°24′W / 23.9°S 27.4°W / -23.9; -27.4 (Ely)
10.3
1976
USA (Nevada) place name
WGPSN
Emma Dean
2°00′S 5°30′W / 2.0°S 5.5°W / -2.0; -5.5 (Emma Dean)
0.10
(informal)
John Powell's Boat, USA
—
Endeavour
2°17′S 5°14′W / 2.28°S 5.23°W / -2.28; -5.23 (Endeavour)
22.5
2008
Endeavour, Canada
WGPSN
Endurance
1°54′S 5°30′W / 1.9°S 5.5°W / -1.9; -5.5 (Endurance)
0.13
(informal)
HMS Endurance
—
Erebus
2°06′S 5°30′W / 2.1°S 5.5°W / -2.1; -5.5 (Erebus)
0.13
(informal)
HMS Erebus
—
Escalante
0°12′N 244°42′W / 0.2°N 244.7°W / 0.2; -244.7 (Escalante)
79.3
1973
F. Escalante
WGPSN
Escorial
77°00′N 55°24′W / 77.0°N 55.4°W / 77.0; -55.4 (Escorial)
22.7
1991
Spain place name
WGPSN
Esira
9°00′N 46°36′W / 9.0°N 46.6°W / 9.0; -46.6 (Esira)
16.3
2014
Madagascar place name
WGPSN
Esk
45°36′N 7°06′W / 45.6°N 7.1°W / 45.6; -7.1 (Esk)
3.9
1976
Australia (Queensland) place name
WGPSN
Espino
19°54′S 249°48′W / 19.9°S 249.8°W / -19.9; -249.8 (Espino)
12.0
1991
Venezuela place name
WGPSN
Eudoxus
44°54′S 147°30′W / 44.9°S 147.5°W / -44.9; -147.5 (Eudoxus)
98.0
1973
Eudoxus of Cnidus
WGPSN
Evpatoriya
47°18′N 225°36′W / 47.3°N 225.6°W / 47.3; -225.6 (Evpatoriya)
1.0
1979
Yevpatoria, Crimea, Ukraine
WGPSN
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F
Crater
Coordinates
Diameter (km)
Approval date
Named after
Refs
Faith
43°18′N 11°54′W / 43.3°N 11.9°W / 43.3; -11.9 (Faith)
5.8
1976
USA (South Dakota) place name
WGPSN
Falun
24°12′S 24°42′W / 24.2°S 24.7°W / -24.2; -24.7 (Falun)
10.2
1976
Sweden place name
WGPSN
Fancy
35°48′S 246°24′W / 35.8°S 246.4°W / -35.8; -246.4 (Fancy)
49.4
2012
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines place name
WGPSN
Faqu
24°48′S 253°48′W / 24.8°S 253.8°W / -24.8; -253.8 (Faqu)
12.4
1991
Jordan place name
WGPSN
Farim
44°42′S 220°42′W / 44.7°S 220.7°W / -44.7; -220.7 (Farim)
3.9
2013
Farim, Guinea-Bissau
WGPSN
Fastov
25°18′S 20°24′W / 25.3°S 20.4°W / -25.3; -20.4 (Fastov)
10.3
1976
Ukraine place name
WGPSN
Fenagh
34°36′N 215°42′W / 34.6°N 215.7°W / 34.6; -215.7 (Fenagh)
6.3
1991
Fenagh, Ireland
WGPSN
Fesenkov
21°48′N 86°42′W / 21.8°N 86.7°W / 21.8; -86.7 (Fesenkov)
87.0
1973
Vasily Fesenkov
WGPSN
Firsoff
2°40′N 9°25′W / 2.66°N 9.42°W / 2.66; -9.42 (Firsoff)
90
2010
Axel Firsoff
WGPSN
Fitzroy
35°41′S 248°00′W / 35.68°S 248°W / -35.68; -248 (Fitzroy)
38.0
2010
Falkland Islands place name
WGPSN
Flammarion
25°24′N 311°48′W / 25.4°N 311.8°W / 25.4; -311.8 (Flammarion)
173.0
1973
Camille Flammarion
WGPSN
Flat
25°42′S 19°36′W / 25.7°S 19.6°W / -25.7; -19.6 (Flat)
2.5
1976
USA (Alaska) place name
WGPSN
Flateyri
35°52′S 330°55′E / 35.86°S 330.92°E / -35.86; 330.92 (Flateyri)
9.5
2016
Village in Iceland
WGPSN
Flaugergues
17°00′S 340°48′W / 17.0°S 340.8°W / -17.0; -340.8 (Flaugergues)
245.0
1973
Honoré Flaugergues
WGPSN
Floq
15°06′N 252°54′W / 15.1°N 252.9°W / 15.1; -252.9 (Floq)
2.2
1988
Albania place name
WGPSN
Flora
45°00′S 51°30′W / 45.0°S 51.5°W / -45.0; -51.5 (Flora)
19.0
1976
USA (Mississippi) place name
WGPSN
Focas
33°54′N 347°18′W / 33.9°N 347.3°W / 33.9; -347.3 (Focas)
76.5
1973
Jean Focas
WGPSN
Fontana
63°12′S 72°12′W / 63.2°S 72.2°W / -63.2; -72.2 (Fontana)
80.0
1973
Francesco Fontana
WGPSN
Foros
33°42′S 27°54′W / 33.7°S 27.9°W / -33.7; -27.9 (Foros)
24.5
1979
Foros, Ukraine
WGPSN
Fournier
4°24′S 287°24′W / 4.4°S 287.4°W / -4.4; -287.4 (Fournier)
118.0
1973
Georges Fournier
WGPSN
Fram
1°54′S 5°30′W / 1.9°S 5.5°W / -1.9; -5.5
0.01
(informal)
Fram
—
Freedom
43°42′N 9°06′W / 43.7°N 9.1°W / 43.7; -9.1 (Freedom)
12.9
1976
USA (Oklahoma) place name
WGPSN
Funchal
23°12′N 49°30′W / 23.2°N 49.5°W / 23.2; -49.5 (Funchal)
1.7
1979
Funchal, Madeira
WGPSN
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G
Primary Cavity of Rayed Gratteri Crater
Crater
Coordinates
Diameter (km)
Approval date
Named after
Refs
Gaan
39°00′N 3°30′W / 39.0°N 3.5°W / 39.0; -3.5 (Gaan)
2.8
1976
Somalia place name
WGPSN
Gagra
20°54′S 22°12′W / 20.9°S 22.2°W / -20.9; -22.2 (Gagra)
13.3
1976
Georgia place name
WGPSN
Gah
45°00′S 32°42′W / 45.0°S 32.7°W / -45.0; -32.7 (Gah)
2.7
1976
Indonesia place name
WGPSN
Galap
37°40′S 167°11′W / 37.67°S 167.19°W / -37.67; -167.19 (Galap)
5.9
2009
Palau place name
WGPSN
Galdakao
13°30′S 183°30′W / 13.5°S 183.5°W / -13.5; -183.5 (Galdakao)
35.0
2003
Galdakao, Basque Country, Spain
WGPSN
Gale
5°30′S 222°18′W / 5.5°S 222.3°W / -5.5; -222.3 (Gale)
155.3
1991
Walter Gale
WGPSN
Gali
44°06′S 37°12′W / 44.1°S 37.2°W / -44.1; -37.2 (Gali)
26.4
1976
Georgia place name
WGPSN
Galilaei
5°42′N 27°00′W / 5.7°N 27.0°W / 5.7; -27.0 (Galilaei)
137.3
1973
Galileo Galilei
WGPSN
Galle
51°12′S 30°54′W / 51.2°S 30.9°W / -51.2; -30.9 (Galle)
230.0
1973
Johann Gottfried Galle
WGPSN
Galu
22°18′S 21°42′W / 22.3°S 21.7°W / -22.3; -21.7 (Galu)
12.5
1976
Dem. Rep. Congo place name
WGPSN
Gamboa
40°46′N 44°26′W / 40.77°N 44.43°W / 40.77; -44.43 (Gamboa)
33.0
2006
Panama place name
WGPSN
Gan
61°42′N 229°00′W / 61.7°N 229.0°W / 61.7; -229.0 (Gan)
20.6
2013
Maldives place name
WGPSN
Gander
31°30′S 265°54′W / 31.5°S 265.9°W / -31.5; -265.9 (Gander)
38.0
1991
Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador) place name
WGPSN
Gandu
45°42′S 47°18′W / 45.7°S 47.3°W / -45.7; -47.3 (Gandu)
8.8
1976
Brazil place name
WGPSN
Gandzani
34°30′N 91°00′W / 34.5°N 91.0°W / 34.5; -91.0 (Gandzani)
54.8
1991
Georgia place name
WGPSN
Gardo
26°54′S 24°48′W / 26.9°S 24.8°W / -26.9; -24.8 (Gardo)
17.2
1976
Somalia place name
WGPSN
Gari
36°12′S 71°18′W / 36.2°S 71.3°W / -36.2; -71.3 (Gari)
9.4
1979
Russia place name
WGPSN
Garm
48°36′N 9°06′W / 48.6°N 9.1°W / 48.6; -9.1 (Garm)
5.0
1976
Tajikistan place name
WGPSN
Garni
11°31′S 290°19′W / 11.52°S 290.31°W / -11.52; -290.31 (Garni)
2.57
2015
Garni, Armenia
WGPSN
Garu
6°23′S 141°17′E / 6.39°S 141.28°E / -6.39; 141.28 (Garu)
32
2018
Garu, Ghana
WGPSN
Gasa
35°41′S 230°43′W / 35.68°S 230.72°W / -35.68; -230.72 (Gasa)
6.5
2009
Gasa, Bhutan
WGPSN
Gastre
24°54′N 247°30′W / 24.9°N 247.5°W / 24.9; -247.5 (Gastre)
7.0
1976
Argentina place name
WGPSN
Gilbert
68°12′S 273°42′W / 68.2°S 273.7°W / -68.2; -273.7 (Gilbert)
126.4
1973
Grove Karl Gilbert
WGPSN
Gill
15°54′N 354°36′W / 15.9°N 354.6°W / 15.9; -354.6 (Gill)
83.0
1973
David Gill
WGPSN
Glazov
20°48′S 26°36′W / 20.8°S 26.6°W / -20.8; -26.6 (Glazov)
24.7
1976
Russia place name
WGPSN
Gledhill
53°30′S 273°00′W / 53.5°S 273.0°W / -53.5; -273.0 (Gledhill)
82.5
1973
Joseph Gledhill
WGPSN
Glendore
18°30′N 51°48′W / 18.5°N 51.8°W / 18.5; -51.8 (Glendore)
8.0
1988
Ireland place name
WGPSN
Glide
8°12′S 43°12′W / 8.2°S 43.2°W / -8.2; -43.2 (Glide)
10.5
1976
USA (Oregon) place name
WGPSN
Globe
23°54′S 27°24′W / 23.9°S 27.4°W / -23.9; -27.4 (Globe)
51.7
1976
USA (Arizona) place name
WGPSN
Goba
23°30′S 21°06′W / 23.5°S 21.1°W / -23.5; -21.1 (Goba)
10.8
1976
Ethiopia place name
WGPSN
Goff
23°30′N 255°12′W / 23.5°N 255.2°W / 23.5; -255.2 (Goff)
7.9
1976
Somalia place name
WGPSN
Gokwe
27°08′S 78°07′E / 27.14°S 78.12°E / -27.14; 78.12 (Gokwe)
2.16
2017
Town in Zimbabwe
WGPSN
Gol
47°30′N 10°42′W / 47.5°N 10.7°W / 47.5; -10.7 (Gol)
9.6
1976
Norway place name
WGPSN
Gold
20°12′N 31°18′W / 20.2°N 31.3°W / 20.2; -31.3 (Gold)
9.0
1976
USA (Pennsylvania) place name
WGPSN
Golden
22°12′S 33°30′W / 22.2°S 33.5°W / -22.2; -33.5 (Golden)
20.2
1976
USA (Illinois) place name
WGPSN
Goldstone
48°00′N 225°30′W / 48.0°N 225.5°W / 48.0; -225.5 (Goldstone)
1.0
1979
Goldstone Observatory, CA, USA
WGPSN
Gori
23°12′S 28°54′W / 23.2°S 28.9°W / -23.2; -28.9 (Gori)
6.2
1979
Georgia place name
WGPSN
Graff
21°24′S 206°18′W / 21.4°S 206.3°W / -21.4; -206.3 (Graff)
158.0
1973
Kasimir Graff
WGPSN
Gratteri
17°43′S 160°11′W / 17.71°S 160.18°W / -17.71; -160.18 (Gratteri)
7.3
2006
Sicily place name
WGPSN
Greeley
36°48′S 3°54′W / 36.8°S 3.9°W / -36.8; -3.9 (Greeley)
457.45
2015
Ronald Greeley
WGPSN
Green
52°42′S 8°24′W / 52.7°S 8.4°W / -52.7; -8.4 (Green)
184.0
1973
Nathaniel E. Green
WGPSN
Greg
38°36′S 247°12′W / 38.6°S 247.2°W / -38.6; -247.2 (Greg)
68.0
2010
Percy Greg
WGPSN
Grindavik
25°23′N 39°04′W / 25.39°N 39.07°W / 25.39; -39.07 (Grindavik)
12.0
2006
Grindavík, Iceland
WGPSN
Gringauz
20°42′S 35°42′W / 20.7°S 35.7°W / -20.7; -35.7 (Gringauz)
71.0
2013
Konstantin Gringauz
WGPSN
Grójec
21°42′S 30°54′W / 21.7°S 30.9°W / -21.7; -30.9 (Grójec)
38.5
1976
Poland place name
WGPSN
Groves
4°06′S 44°36′W / 4.1°S 44.6°W / -4.1; -44.6 (Groves)
11.2
1976
USA (Texas) place name
WGPSN
Guaymas
25°54′N 45°06′W / 25.9°N 45.1°W / 25.9; -45.1 (Guaymas)
20.0
1976
Mexico place name
WGPSN
Guir
21°48′S 20°30′W / 21.8°S 20.5°W / -21.8; -20.5 (Guir)
18.9
1976
Mali place name
WGPSN
Gulch
16°00′N 251°06′W / 16.0°N 251.1°W / 16.0; -251.1 (Gulch)
8.2
1976
Ethiopia place name
WGPSN
Gunnison
44°00′S 257°12′W / 44.0°S 257.2°W / -44.0; -257.2 (Gunnison)
40.8
2003
USA (Colorado) place name
WGPSN
Gusev
14°42′S 184°36′W / 14.7°S 184.6°W / -14.7; -184.6 (Gusev)
166.0
1976
Matvey Gusev
WGPSN
Gwash
39°18′N 3°12′W / 39.3°N 3.2°W / 39.3; -3.2 (Gwash)
4.7
1976
Pakistan place name
WGPSN
back to top
See also
List of catenae on Mars
List of craters on Mars
List of mountains on Mars
References
^ "Mars". usgs.gov. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature – International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). Retrieved 9 August 2017.
^ "Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites". usgs.gov. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature – International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). Retrieved 9 August 2017.
External links
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USGS: Mars Nomenclature: Craters
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Orcus Patera
Peneus Patera
Pityusa Patera
Canyons andvalleys
Aram Chaos
Arsia Chasmata
Aromatum Chaos
Atlantis Chaos
Aureum Chaos
Candor Chasma
Chasma Boreale
Coprates Chasma
Echus Chasma
Eos Chaos
Eos Chasma
Galaxias Chaos
Ganges Chasma
Gorgonum Chaos
Hebes Chasma
Hydaspis Chaos
Hydraotes Chaos
Iani Chaos
Ister Chaos
Ius Chasma
Juventae Chasma
Melas Chasma
Ophir Chasma
Tithonium Chasma
List of valles
Apsus
Ares
Arnus
Asopus
Athabasca
Auqakuh
Bahram
Buvinda
Dao
Enipeus
Frento
Granicus
Green Valley
Harmakhis
Hebrus
Her Desher
Hrad
Huo Hsing
Hypanis
Iberus
Indus
Ituxi
Kasei
Labou
Ladon
Lethe
Licus
Louros
Maʼadim
Mad
Maja
Mamers
Mangala
Marineris
Labes
Marte
Maumee
Mawrth
Minio
Naktong
Nanedi
Niger
Nirgal
Padus
Paraná
Patapsco
Peace
Rahway
Ravi
Reull
Sabis
Sabrina
Samara
Scamander
Shalbatana
Simud
Stura
Tader
Tinia
Tinjar
Tiu
Tyras
Uzboi
ULM
Vedra
Verde
Warrego
Fossae, mensaerupes and labyrinthi
Amenthes Fossae
Ceraunius Fossae
Cerberus Fossae
Coloe Fossae
Cyane Fossae
Elysium Fossae
Hephaestus Fossae
Icaria Fossae
Labeatis Fossae
Mangala Fossa
Mareotis Fossae
Medusae Fossae
Memnonia Fossae
Nili Fossae
Olympica Fossae
Oti Fossae
Sirenum Fossae
Tantalus Fossae
Tempe Fossae
Tithonium Fossae
Tractus Fossae
Ulysses Fossae
Aeolis Mensae
Ausonia Mensa
Capri Mensa
Cydonia Mensae
Deuteronilus Mensae
Ganges Mensa
Nilosyrtis Mensae
Protonilus Mensae
Sacra Mensa
Claritas Rupes
Nilokeras Scopulus
Olympus Rupes
Rupes Tenuis
Angustus Labyrinthus
Noctis Labyrinthus
Catenae andcraters
Artynia Catena
Tithoniae Catenae
Tractus Catena
Adams
Agassiz
Airy
Airy-0
Aniak
Antoniadi
Arandas
Argo
Arkhangelsky
Arrhenius
Asimov
Bacolor
Bakhuysen
Baldet
Baltisk
Bamberg
Barabashov
Barnard
Beagle
Becquerel
Beer
Belz
Bernard
Bianchini
Boeddicker
Bok
Bond
Bonestell
Bonneville
Brashear
Briault
Burroughs
Burton
Campbell
Canso
Cassini
Caxias
Cerulli
Chafe
Chapais
Chincoteague
Chryse Alien
Clark
Coblentz
Columbus
Copernicus
Corby
Crewe
Crivitz
Crommelin
Cruls
Curie
Da Vinci
Danielson
Darwin
Davies
Dawes
Dejnev
Denning
Dilly
Dinorwic
Douglass
Dromore
Du Martheray
Eagle (Acidalia Planitia)
Eagle (Meridiani Planum)
Eberswalde
Eddie
Ejriksson
Emma Dean
Endeavour
Matijevic Hill
Endurance
Erebus
Escalante
Eudoxus
Fenagh
Fesenkov
Firsoff
Flammarion
Flaugergues
Focas
Fontana
Fournier
Fram
Freedom
Galdakao
Gale
Galle
Garni
Gasa
Gilbert
Gill
Gledhill
Gold
Graff
Green
Grindavik
Gusev
Apollo 1 Hills
Chaffee
Grissom
White
Columbia Hills
Husband
McCool
Sleepy Hollow
Hadley
Haldane
Hale
Halley
Hargraves
Hartwig
Heaviside
Heimdal
Heinlein
Helmholtz
Henry
Herschel
Hipparchus
Holden
Holmes
Hooke
Huggins
Hussey
Hutton
Huxley
Huygens
Iazu
Ibragimov
Inuvik
Janssen
Jarry-Desloges
Jeans
Jezero
Jezža
Joly
Jones
Kaiser
Keeler
Kepler
Kinkora
Kipini
Knobel
Koga
Korolev
Kufra
Kuiper
Kunowsky
Lambert
Lamont
Lampland
Lassell
Lau
Le Verrier
Li Fan
Liais
Lipik
Liu Hsin
Llanesco
Lockyer
Lod
Lohse
Lomonosov
Louth
Lowell
Lyell
Lyot
Mädler
Magelhaens
Maggini
Main
Mandora
Maraldi
Mariner
Marth
Martz
Masursky
Maunder
McLaughlin
McMurdo
Mellish
Mendel
Mie
Milankovic
Millochau
Mitchel
Miyamoto
Mohawk
Mojave
Molesworth
Montevallo
Moreux
Müller
Nansen
Nereus
Newton
Nhill
Nicholson
Niesten
Nipigon
Onon
Orson Welles
Oudemans
Palana
Pangboche
Pasteur
Penticton
Perepelkin
Peridier
Persbo
Pettit
Phillips
Pickering
Playfair
Pollack
Poona
Porter
Porth
Priestley
Proctor
Ptolemaeus
Puńsk
Quenisset
Rabe
Radau
Rahe
Rayleigh
Redi
Renaudot
Reuyl
Reynolds
Richardson
Ritchey
Robert Sharp
Roddenberry
Ross
Rossby
Rudaux
Russell
Rutherford
Sagan
Saheki
Santa Maria
Schaeberle
Schiaparelli
Schmidt
Secchi
Semeykin
Sharonov
Sibu
Sinton
Sitka
Sklodowska
Slipher
Smith
South
Spallanzani
Srīpur
Steno
Stokes
Stoney
Suess
Suzhi
Tarsus
Taytay
Teisserenc de Bort
Terby
Thila
Thira
Tikhonravov
Tikhov
Timbuktu
Tombaugh
Tooting
Trouvelot
Troy
Trud
Trumpler
Tugaske
Tycho Brahe
Tyndall
Udzha
Vernal
Very
Victoria
Cape Verde
Vinogradov
Vinogradsky
Virrat
Vishniac
Vogel
Von Kármán
Vostok
Wallace
Wegener
Weinbaum
Wells
Williams
Winslow
Wirtz
Wislicenus
Wright
Yuty
Zumba
Zunil | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer-Mars-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burns_cliff.jpg"},{"link_name":"Opportunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)"},{"link_name":"Endurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(crater)"},{"link_name":"impact crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater"},{"link_name":"list of craters on Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars"},{"link_name":"impact craters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"H – N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_H%E2%80%93N"},{"link_name":"O – Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer-Categories-2"},{"link_name":"main page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_H%E2%80%93N#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_H%E2%80%93N#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_H%E2%80%93N#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_H%E2%80%93N#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_H%E2%80%93N#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_H%E2%80%93N#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_H%E2%80%93N#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O%E2%80%93Z#Z"}],"text":"This article should list only official names approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).[1]Opportunity rover images Burns Cliff inside Endurance impact crater in 2004.This is a partial list of craters on Mars. There are hundreds of thousands of impact craters on Mars, but only some of them have names. This list here only contains named Martian craters starting with the letter A – G (see also lists for H – N and O – Z).Large Martian craters (greater than 60 kilometers in diameter) are named after famous scientists and science fiction authors; smaller ones (less than 60 km in diameter) get their names from towns on Earth. Craters cannot be named for living people, and small crater names are not intended to be commemorative – that is, a small crater isn't actually named after a specific town on Earth, but rather its name comes at random from a pool of terrestrial place names, with some exceptions made for craters near landing sites.[2] Latitude and longitude are given as planetographic coordinates with west longitude.List of craters on Mars — (main page)\n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"List of craters on Mars: A–G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Primary_Cavity_of_Rayed_Gratteri_Crater_(26808252998).jpg"},{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"Primary Cavity of Rayed Gratteri Craterback to top","title":"G"}] | [{"image_text":"Opportunity rover images Burns Cliff inside Endurance impact crater in 2004.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Burns_cliff.jpg/220px-Burns_cliff.jpg"},{"image_text":"Primary Cavity of Rayed Gratteri Crater","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Primary_Cavity_of_Rayed_Gratteri_Crater_%2826808252998%29.jpg/350px-Primary_Cavity_of_Rayed_Gratteri_Crater_%2826808252998%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of catenae on Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_catenae_on_Mars"},{"title":"List of craters on Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars"},{"title":"List of mountains on Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars"}] | [{"reference":"\"Mars\". usgs.gov. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature – International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). Retrieved 9 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MARS/target","url_text":"\"Mars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites\". usgs.gov. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature – International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Anshaw | Carol Anshaw | ["1 Personal life","2 Career","3 Awards","4 Works","4.1 Anthology contributions","5 References","6 External links"] | American novelist and short story writer
Carol AnshawBorn (1946-03-22) March 22, 1946 (age 78)Grosse Pointe, Michigan, U.S.Occupation
Novelist
short story writer
painter
LanguageEnglishEducationMichigan State University (BA)Vermont College of Fine Arts (MFA)SpouseJessie EwingWebsitewww.carolanshaw.comCarol Anshaw (born March 22, 1946) is an American novelist and short story writer. Publishing Triangle named her debut novel, Aquamarine, one of "The Triangle's 100 Best" gay and lesbian novels of the 1990s. Four of her books have been finalists for the Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Fiction, and Lucky in the Corner won the 2003 Ferro-Grumley Award.
Personal life
Carol Anshaw was born on March 22, 1946, in Grosse Pointe, Michigan. Her mother was Virginia Anshaw Stanley and her father was Henry G. Stanley. During Anshaw's childhood and adolescence, her family lived in Michigan and Florida.
Anshaw received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Michigan State University in 1968. After graduation, she moved to Chicago. She acquired her Master of Fine Arts degree at Vermont College of Fine Arts in 1992.
In 1969, she married Charles White. The couple eventually divorced in 1985.
Since 1996 Anshaw has been partners with the documentary maker and photographer, Jessie Ewing. They were married on May 25, 2014. Now, the couple divides their time between Chicago and Amsterdam.
Career
Anshaw has been writing fiction since 1972. Her stories have appeared in Story magazine, Tin House, The Best American Stories and Do Me: Tales of Sex and Love from Tin House.
She has published five novels. Her first, the critically acclaimed Aquamarine (1992) explores one life lived on parallel paths.
Perhaps Anshaw's most popular novel,Carry the One (2012), has been highly regarded as a portrait of grief and American culture. The novel received warm endorsements from Emma Donoghue and Alison Bechdel. Set mainly in Chicago, Anshaw deftly takes the narrative's point of view from character to character, showing "how time affects relationships, tipping emotional dominoes one way or another within a family or circle of friends."
Her stories have been anthologized in The Best American Short Stories in 1994, 1998, and 2012.
She has won a National Book Critics Circle Citation for Excellence in Reviewing; a National Endowment for the Arts Literature Fellowship; an Illinois Arts Council Fellowship; a Carl Sandburg Award, a Ferro-Grumley Award and Society of Midland Authors Award.
Anshaw is also a painter, and is currently working on a sequence of paintings of the English Channel swimmer, Gertrude Ederle. "Walking Through Leaves," her painted biography of the novelist and poet, Vita Sackville-West was put up in November 2013 at Rockford University, Rockford, IL.
Awards
Publishing Triangle named Aquamarine one of "The Triangle's 100 Best" gay and lesbian novels of the 1990s.
1993: Society of Midland Authors Award for Fiction for Aquamarine
2003: Ferro-Grumley Award for Lucky in the Corner
2013: San Francisco Book Festival for General Fiction for Carry the One
Works
Aquamarine (1992)
Seven Moves (1996)
Lucky in the Corner (2002)
Carry the One (2012)
Right After the Weather (2019)
Anthology contributions
The Best American Short Stories 1994, edited by Tobias Wolff and Katrina Kenison (1994)
The Best American Short Stories 1998, edited by Garrison Keillor and Katrina Kenison(1998)
The Best American Short Stories 2012, edited by Tom Perrotta and Heidi Pitlor (2012)
References
^ a b "Best Lesbian and Gay Novels". The Publishing Triangle. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
^ "5th Annual Lambda Literary Awards". Lambda Literary. 1993-07-14. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
^ Antonio, Gonzalez Cerna (1997-07-15). "9th Annual Lambda Literary Awards". Lambda Literary. Archived from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
^ Gonzalez Cerna, Antonio (2003-07-10). "15th Annual Lambda Literary Awards". Lambda Literary. Archived from the original on 2020-05-06. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
^ "25th Annual Lambda Literary Award Winners Announced!". Lambda Literary. 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
^ a b "The Ferro-Grumley Awards". The Publishing Triangle. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
^ "Carol Anshaw" in the U.S., Public Records Index, 1950-1993, Volume 2
^ a b Rolle, Elisa (22 March 2015). "Carol Anshaw & Jessie Ewing". Reviews-and-Ramblings. Archived from the original on 2015-06-04. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
^ a b "Carol Anshaw & Jessie Ewing". Chicago Gay History. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
^ "Carol Anshaw | About". www.carolanshaw.com. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
^ a b "The Parlor » Carol Anshaw". 2012-03-16. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
^ a b Kakutani, Michiko (2012-03-12). "One Death That Haunts Many Lives (Published 2012)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
^ Coates, Joseph (2 February 1992). "ONE WOMAN - THREE LIVES". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
^ Straight, Susan (10 March 2012). "'Carry the One' by Carol Anshaw - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
^ Brownrigg, Sylvia (2012-03-23). "A Wedding and a Funeral (Published 2012)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
^ "Carol Anshaw | Paintings". www.carolanshaw.com. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
^ Casper, Monica J. (16 May 2014). "Feminists We Love: Carol Anshaw – The Feminist Wire". The Feminist Wire. Archived from the original on 2014-05-19. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
^ "Carol Anshaw". The Joy Harris Literary Agency, Inc. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
^ Lehoczky, Etelka (11 June 2002). "Lucky in Chicago: Carol Anshaw Celebrates Life and Love in the Second City with Her New Novel, Lucky in the Corner". The Advocate.
^ "Past Winners". The Society of Midland Authors. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "Winners List". San Francisco Book Festival. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
External links
Carol Anshaw's Website
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Korea
Netherlands
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"novelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist"},{"link_name":"short story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"Publishing Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing_Triangle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_Literary_Award_for_Lesbian_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:36-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:41-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-5"},{"link_name":"Ferro-Grumley Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro-Grumley_Award"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-6"}],"text":"Carol Anshaw (born March 22, 1946) is an American novelist and short story writer. Publishing Triangle named her debut novel, Aquamarine, one of \"The Triangle's 100 Best\" gay and lesbian novels of the 1990s.[1] Four of her books have been finalists for the Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Fiction,[2][3][4][5] and Lucky in the Corner won the 2003 Ferro-Grumley Award.[6]","title":"Carol Anshaw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grosse Pointe, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosse_Pointe,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Michigan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Master of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Vermont College of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_College_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Carol Anshaw was born on March 22, 1946, in Grosse Pointe, Michigan.[7] Her mother was Virginia Anshaw Stanley and her father was Henry G. Stanley. During Anshaw's childhood and adolescence, her family lived in Michigan and Florida.[8]Anshaw received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Michigan State University in 1968. After graduation, she moved to Chicago.[citation needed] She acquired her Master of Fine Arts degree at Vermont College of Fine Arts in 1992.[citation needed]In 1969, she married Charles White. The couple eventually divorced in 1985.[8]Since 1996 Anshaw has been partners with the documentary maker and photographer, Jessie Ewing. They were married on May 25, 2014.[9] Now, the couple divides their time between Chicago and Amsterdam.[10]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"The Best American Short Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_American_Short_Stories"},{"link_name":"National Book Critics Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts Literature Fellowship; an Illinois Arts Council Fellowship; a Carl Sandburg Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts_Literature_Fellowship;_an_Illinois_Arts_Council_Fellowship;_a_Carl_Sandburg_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ferro-Grumley Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro-Grumley_Award"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"Vita Sackville-West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Sackville-West"},{"link_name":"Rockford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford_University"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Anshaw has been writing fiction since 1972.[9] Her stories have appeared in Story magazine, Tin House, The Best American Stories and Do Me: Tales of Sex and Love from Tin House.[11]She has published five novels. Her first, the critically acclaimed Aquamarine (1992) explores one life lived on parallel paths. [12][13]Perhaps Anshaw's most popular novel,Carry the One (2012), has been highly regarded as a portrait of grief and American culture.[14] The novel received warm endorsements from Emma Donoghue and Alison Bechdel.[15] Set mainly in Chicago, Anshaw deftly takes the narrative's point of view from character to character, showing \"how time affects relationships, tipping emotional dominoes one way or another within a family or circle of friends.\"[12]Her stories have been anthologized in The Best American Short Stories in 1994, 1998, and 2012.She has won a National Book Critics Circle Citation for Excellence in Reviewing; a National Endowment for the Arts Literature Fellowship; an Illinois Arts Council Fellowship; a Carl Sandburg Award, a Ferro-Grumley Award and Society of Midland Authors Award.[11]Anshaw is also a painter, and is currently working on a sequence of paintings of the English Channel swimmer, Gertrude Ederle. \"Walking Through Leaves,\" her painted biography of the novelist and poet, Vita Sackville-West was put up in November 2013 at Rockford University, Rockford, IL.[16][17][18][19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Publishing Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing_Triangle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Society of Midland Authors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Midland_Authors"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-20"},{"link_name":"Ferro-Grumley Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro-Grumley_Award"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-6"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Publishing Triangle named Aquamarine one of \"The Triangle's 100 Best\" gay and lesbian novels of the 1990s.[1]1993: Society of Midland Authors Award for Fiction[20] for Aquamarine\n2003: Ferro-Grumley Award[6] for Lucky in the Corner\n2013: San Francisco Book Festival for General Fiction[21] for Carry the One","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Aquamarine (1992)\nSeven Moves (1996)\nLucky in the Corner (2002)\nCarry the One (2012)\nRight After the Weather (2019)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tobias Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Wolff"},{"link_name":"Katrina Kenison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Kenison"},{"link_name":"Garrison Keillor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison_Keillor"},{"link_name":"Katrina Kenison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Kenison"},{"link_name":"Tom Perrotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Perrotta"}],"sub_title":"Anthology contributions","text":"The Best American Short Stories 1994, edited by Tobias Wolff and Katrina Kenison (1994)\nThe Best American Short Stories 1998, edited by Garrison Keillor and Katrina Kenison(1998)\nThe Best American Short Stories 2012, edited by Tom Perrotta and Heidi Pitlor (2012)","title":"Works"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Best Lesbian and Gay Novels\". The Publishing Triangle. Retrieved 2022-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://publishingtriangle.org/best-lesbian-gay-novels/","url_text":"\"Best Lesbian and Gay Novels\""}]},{"reference":"\"5th Annual Lambda Literary Awards\". Lambda Literary. 1993-07-14. Retrieved 2022-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://lambdaliterary.org/1993/07/lambda-literary-awards-1992/","url_text":"\"5th Annual Lambda Literary Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Antonio, Gonzalez Cerna (1997-07-15). \"9th Annual Lambda Literary Awards\". Lambda Literary. Archived from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2022-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://lambdaliterary.org/1997/07/lambda-literary-awards-1996/","url_text":"\"9th Annual Lambda Literary Awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200804135708/https://www.lambdaliterary.org/1997/07/lambda-literary-awards-1996/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez Cerna, Antonio (2003-07-10). \"15th Annual Lambda Literary Awards\". Lambda Literary. Archived from the original on 2020-05-06. Retrieved 2022-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://lambdaliterary.org/2003/07/lambda-literary-awards-2002/","url_text":"\"15th Annual Lambda Literary Awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200506234143/https://www.lambdaliterary.org/2003/07/lambda-literary-awards-2002/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"25th Annual Lambda Literary Award Winners Announced!\". Lambda Literary. 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2022-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://lambdaliterary.org/2013/06/25th-annual-lambda-literary-award-winners-announced/","url_text":"\"25th Annual Lambda Literary Award Winners Announced!\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ferro-Grumley Awards\". The Publishing Triangle. Retrieved 2022-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://publishingtriangle.org/awards/ferro-grumley-awards/","url_text":"\"The Ferro-Grumley Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Rolle, Elisa (22 March 2015). \"Carol Anshaw & Jessie Ewing\". Reviews-and-Ramblings. Archived from the original on 2015-06-04. Retrieved 2020-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://reviews-and-ramblings.dreamwidth.org/3514899.html","url_text":"\"Carol Anshaw & Jessie Ewing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150604202248/http://reviews-and-ramblings.dreamwidth.org/3514899.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Carol Anshaw & Jessie Ewing\". Chicago Gay History. Retrieved September 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagogayhistory.com/biography.html?id=834","url_text":"\"Carol Anshaw & Jessie Ewing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carol Anshaw | About\". www.carolanshaw.com. Retrieved 2020-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carolanshaw.com/about","url_text":"\"Carol Anshaw | About\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Parlor » Carol Anshaw\". 2012-03-16. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2020-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316161246/http://theparlorreads.com/authors/carol-anshaw/","url_text":"\"The Parlor » Carol Anshaw\""},{"url":"http://theparlorreads.com/authors/carol-anshaw/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kakutani, Michiko (2012-03-12). \"One Death That Haunts Many Lives (Published 2012)\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/books/carry-the-one-a-novel-by-carol-anshaw.html","url_text":"\"One Death That Haunts Many Lives (Published 2012)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Coates, Joseph (2 February 1992). \"ONE WOMAN - THREE LIVES\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2020-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1992-02-02-9201100384-story.html","url_text":"\"ONE WOMAN - THREE LIVES\""}]},{"reference":"Straight, Susan (10 March 2012). \"'Carry the One' by Carol Anshaw - The Boston Globe\". BostonGlobe. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2020-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/books/2012/03/11/carry-one-carol-anshaw/vp2WJYioNylEQJIgG6OEYI/story.html","url_text":"\"'Carry the One' by Carol Anshaw - The Boston Globe\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062703/http://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/books/2012/03/11/carry-one-carol-anshaw/vp2WJYioNylEQJIgG6OEYI/story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brownrigg, Sylvia (2012-03-23). \"A Wedding and a Funeral (Published 2012)\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/carry-the-one-a-novel-by-carol-anshaw.html","url_text":"\"A Wedding and a Funeral (Published 2012)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Carol Anshaw | Paintings\". www.carolanshaw.com. Retrieved 2020-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carolanshaw.com/paintings","url_text":"\"Carol Anshaw | Paintings\""}]},{"reference":"Casper, Monica J. (16 May 2014). \"Feminists We Love: Carol Anshaw – The Feminist Wire\". The Feminist Wire. Archived from the original on 2014-05-19. Retrieved 2020-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://thefeministwire.com/2014/05/feminists-love-carol-anshaw/","url_text":"\"Feminists We Love: Carol Anshaw – The Feminist Wire\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140519072041/http://thefeministwire.com:80/2014/05/feminists-love-carol-anshaw/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Carol Anshaw\". The Joy Harris Literary Agency, Inc. Retrieved 2020-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joyharrisliterary.com/carolanshaw","url_text":"\"Carol Anshaw\""}]},{"reference":"Lehoczky, Etelka (11 June 2002). \"Lucky in Chicago: Carol Anshaw Celebrates Life and Love in the Second City with Her New Novel, Lucky in the Corner\". The Advocate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-87025009/lucky-in-chicago-carol-anshaw-celebrates-life-and","url_text":"\"Lucky in Chicago: Carol Anshaw Celebrates Life and Love in the Second City with Her New Novel, Lucky in the Corner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past Winners\". The Society of Midland Authors. Retrieved February 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://midlandauthors.org/past-winners/","url_text":"\"Past Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winners List\". San Francisco Book Festival. Retrieved February 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sanfranciscobookfestival.com/winners_2012.htm","url_text":"\"Winners List\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.carolanshaw.com/","external_links_name":"www.carolanshaw.com"},{"Link":"https://publishingtriangle.org/best-lesbian-gay-novels/","external_links_name":"\"Best Lesbian and Gay Novels\""},{"Link":"https://lambdaliterary.org/1993/07/lambda-literary-awards-1992/","external_links_name":"\"5th Annual Lambda Literary Awards\""},{"Link":"https://lambdaliterary.org/1997/07/lambda-literary-awards-1996/","external_links_name":"\"9th Annual Lambda Literary Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200804135708/https://www.lambdaliterary.org/1997/07/lambda-literary-awards-1996/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://lambdaliterary.org/2003/07/lambda-literary-awards-2002/","external_links_name":"\"15th Annual Lambda Literary Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200506234143/https://www.lambdaliterary.org/2003/07/lambda-literary-awards-2002/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://lambdaliterary.org/2013/06/25th-annual-lambda-literary-award-winners-announced/","external_links_name":"\"25th Annual Lambda Literary Award Winners Announced!\""},{"Link":"https://publishingtriangle.org/awards/ferro-grumley-awards/","external_links_name":"\"The Ferro-Grumley Awards\""},{"Link":"https://reviews-and-ramblings.dreamwidth.org/3514899.html","external_links_name":"\"Carol Anshaw & Jessie Ewing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150604202248/http://reviews-and-ramblings.dreamwidth.org/3514899.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.chicagogayhistory.com/biography.html?id=834","external_links_name":"\"Carol Anshaw & Jessie Ewing\""},{"Link":"https://www.carolanshaw.com/about","external_links_name":"\"Carol Anshaw | About\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316161246/http://theparlorreads.com/authors/carol-anshaw/","external_links_name":"\"The Parlor » Carol Anshaw\""},{"Link":"http://theparlorreads.com/authors/carol-anshaw/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/books/carry-the-one-a-novel-by-carol-anshaw.html","external_links_name":"\"One Death That Haunts Many Lives (Published 2012)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1992-02-02-9201100384-story.html","external_links_name":"\"ONE WOMAN - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Brani%C4%8Devo_(1154) | Siege of Braničevo | ["1 Background","2 Siege","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources","7 Further reading"] | Siege of BraničevoPart of the Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)DateLate 1154LocationBraničevo , Byzantine Empire(now Serbia)Result
Abandoned siege, Hungarian retreatBelligerents
Hungary
Banate of Bosnia
Byzantine EmpireCommanders and leaders
Géza IIBan BorićUnits involved
Cuman unitBohemian unitForeign mercenaries
The siege of Braničevo was laid by Hungarian king Géza II against Byzantine-held Braničevo in late 1154.
Background
Emperor Manuel's cousin, Andronikos Komnenos, who administered Belgrade, Braničevo, and Niš sent a letter to Géza II in 1154, offering to hand over those towns to him in exchange for his support against the emperor. Géza II sent his envoys to Sicily to sign a new alliance with William I of Sicily around the end of the year, but William I was fighting with his rebellious subjects.
Siege
Although Andronikos' plot was discovered and he was captured, Géza II invaded the Byzantine Empire and laid siege to Braničevo fortress in late 1154. Géza II was aided by Cumans, who had been raiding the Danube at the time. As a Hungarian vassal, Borić, the ban of Bosnia took part in the attack, alongside a Bohemian detachment. Braničevo was besieged and the surroundings were ravaged. After hearing of the imprisonment of Andronikos, Géza II abandoned the siege and returned for Hungary.
Aftermath
Manuel answered by dispatching troops towards the battlefield. Through Serdica (Sofia) and Niš, Manuel arrived in the Smilis province near Paraćin where he set up camp. The Hungarian Army retreated towards Belgrade. The pursuing Byzantine troops, under general Basil Tzintzilukes, entered into battle with them, but the Byzantines were annihilated before the Hungarians returned to Hungary.
In early 1155, the Byzantine and Hungarian envoys signed a new peace treaty. In the same year, a Byzantine army expelled Géza II's ally, Desa, from Serbia and restored Uroš II who had promised that he would not enter into an alliance with Hungary.
See also
Battle of Sirmium (1167)
References
^ Makk 1989, p. 60.
^ a b c d Makk 1989, p. 61.
^ Stephenson 2000, p. 231.
^ Makk 1989, pp. 60–62.
^ Alexandru Madgearu (13 June 2013). Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th-12th Centuries. BRILL. p. 155. ISBN 978-90-04-25249-3.
^ Vladimir Ćorović (13 January 2014). Istorija srpskog naroda. eBook Portal. p. 139. GGKEY:XPENWQLDTZF.
^ a b Михаило Ј Динић; Сима М Ћирковић (1978). Српске земље у средњем веку: историјско-географске студије. Српска књижевна задруга. зантијског престола. Започело је опет ратовање на Дунаву. Краљ Гејза II опколио је Браничево и опустошио његову околину. Као угарски вазал, у овом нападу суделовао је бо- сански бан Борић, и један одред Чеха. Чар Манојло ...
^ a b c d Dragoslav Srejović; Slavko Gavrilović; Sima M. Ćirković (1892). Istorija srpskog naroda: knj. Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371). Srpska književna zadruga. Уследио је силовит угарски напад на Браничево 1154. године. Цар Манојло је одмах одговорио брзим покретом трупа према бојишту. Преко Сердике и Ниша стигао је у област Смилиса (недалеко од данашњег села Смиловца, код Параћина), где се улогорио. Угарска војска је убрзо натерана на повлачење према Београду. Гониоци су се недалеко од Београда упустили у борбу с противницима, али су поражени. Тада се сазнало и за антивизантијску заверу у Београду.
^ Stephenson 2000, pp. 233–234.
^ Fine 1991, p. 238.
Sources
Fine, John V. A (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth century. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
Makk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century. Translated by György Novák. Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-5268-X.
Stephenson, Paul (2000). Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02756-4.
Further reading
Византијски извори за историју народа Југославије (in Serbian). Vol. 4. Београд: SANU. 2007. pp. 45–54.
vteWars and battles involving SerbsMedievalSerbian–Bulgarian
Bulgar–Serb War (839–842)
Bulgar–Serb War (853)
Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924
Bulgarian–Serbian border revolt
Bulgarian-Serb War (998)
Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202)
Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203)
Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290)
Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291)
Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330)
Battle of Velbazhd
Serbian–Ottoman
Early skirmishes
Battle of Gallipoli
Battle of Stephaniana
Battle of Demotika in 1352
Battle of Sırp Sındığı in 1364
Fall of the Serbian Empire
Battle of Maritsa in 1371
Battle of Dubravnica in 1381
Battle of Savra in 1385
Battle of Pločnik in 1386
Battle of Kosovo in 1389
Serbian Despotate
Battle of Karanovasa
Battle of Tripolje in 1402
Siege of Novo Brdo in 1412
Battle of Vitosha Pass in 1413
Battle of Carmorlu
First Scutari War
Second Scutari War
Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1425
Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1427
Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1437
Battle of Trnava (1430)
Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1438
Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1439–1444)
Crusade of Varna
Battle of Nish (1443)
Battle of Zlatitsa in 1443
Battle of Kunovica in 1444
Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1454–1455)
Battle of Kruševac in 1454
Battle of Leskovac in 1454
Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1456
Siege of Belgrade
Siege of Smederevo
Ottoman invasion and conquest of Serbia in 1459
Battle of Breadfield in 1479
Ottoman conquest of Zeta in 1499
Serbian–Byzantine
Serb Uprising of 1038–1042
Battle of Bar
Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje
Battle of Zvečan (1094)
Battle of Haram
Siege of Ras (1127)
Battle of Tara (1150)
Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)
Siege of Braničevo (1154)
Battle of Pantina
Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)
Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328
Serbian invasion of Macedonia led by Syrgiannes Palaiologos (1334)
Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
Other
Hungarian invasions of Europe
Magyar–Serb conflict
Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)
Battle of Sirmium
Battle of Gacko
Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde
Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia
Mačva War
Hungarian–Serbian War (1321-1324)
War of Hum (1326–1329)
Serbian civil war of 1331
Serbian nobility conflict (1369)
Battle of Rovine
Battle of Nicopolis
Battle of Ankara
Battle of Kosmidion
Battle of Çamurlu
Battle of Despotovac
Siege of Belgrade (1440)
Battle of Kosovo (1448)
Fall of Constantinople
Foreign ruleHabsburgs
Jovan Nenad's uprising
Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528
Battle of Szőlős
Battle of Sződfalva
Battle of Keresztes
Great Turkish War
Siege of Belgrade (1688)
Battle of Batočina
Battle of Niš (1689)
Siege of Belgrade (1690)
Battle of Lugos
Rákóczi's War of Independence
Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)
Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)
Siege of Belgrade (1717)
Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)
Battle of Zsibó
Battle of Trenčín
Battle of Petrovaradin
Battle of Banja Luka
Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)
Ottomans
Long War (Ottoman wars) (1593–1606)
Banat Uprising (1594)
Serb Uprising of 1596–1597
Battle of Mohács (1687)
Uprising in Vučitrn
Serb uprising of 1737–1739
Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion
Battle of Martinići (1796)
Battle of Krusi
Battle of Lopate
Venice
Morean War
Cretan War (1645–1669)
Great Turkish War
Battle on Vrtijeljka
Battle of Slankamen
Battle of Senta
Russia
Serbian Hussar Regiment
Pruth River Campaign
War of the Polish Succession
Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
Seven Years' War
19th centurySerbian Revolution
First Serbian Uprising
Vračar
Rudnik
Svileuva
Batočina and Jagodina
Kragujevac
Drlupa
Čokešina
Šabac
Požarevac
Karanovac
Adakale
Ivankovac
Rudnik
Vrbica
Mišar
Deligrad
Belgrade (1806)
Liberation of Belgrade
Loznica
Malajnica and Štubik
Čegar
Jasika
Prahovo
Suvodol
Drina
Varvarin
Loznica
Mačva
Ravnje
Hadži Prodan's Revolt
Second Serbian Uprising
Ljubić
Čačak
Palež
Požarevac
Rudnik
Družetić
Kragujevac
Jagodina
Karanovac
Batočina
Užice
Valjevo
Batočina
Ottoman
Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853)
Battle of Grahovac
Battle of Kolašin
Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862)
Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
Battle of Vučji Do
Battle of Fundina
Battles for Plav and Gusinje
Velika attacks
Battle of Novšiće
Battle of Murino
Other
Kumanovo uprising
Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814
Jančić's rebellion
Priest Jovica's Rebellion
Several battles of Hungarian Revolution of 1848
Battle of Vršac (1849)
Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
Battle of Vranje
Siege of Cattaro
Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862)
Krivošije uprising (1869)
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
AU-BiH War
Battle of Jajce (1878)
Battle of Vitez (1878)
Battle of Sarajevo (1878)
Serbo-Bulgarian War
Battle of Pirot
Battle of Slivnitsa
20th centuryMacedonian Struggle
Fight on Šuplji Kamen
Fight on Čelopek
Fight in Tabanovce
Fight in Velika Hoča
Fight on Čelopek (1906)
Battle of Pirot (1913)
Balkan Wars
First Balkan War
Battle of Kumanovo
Battle of Prilep
Battle of Monastir
Siege of Scutari
Siege of Adrianople
Siege of Odrin (1912–1913)
Second Balkan War
Battle of Bregalnica
Battle of Kalimanci
Battle of Knjaževac
Siege of Vidin (1913)
Ohrid–Debar uprising
World War I
Montenegrin campaign
Battle of Mojkovac
Serbian campaign
Battle of Cer
Battle of the Crna Bend (1916)
Battle of Bazargic
Battle of Dobro Pole
Battle of the Drina
Battle of Florina
Battle of Kaymakchalan
Battle of Kolubara
Kosovo offensive (1915)
Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)
Battle of Malka Nidzhe
Macedonian front
Monastir offensive
Morava Offensive
Ovče Pole Offensive
Vardar offensive
Srem Offensive
Toplica Uprising
Interwar
Carinthia War
Uprising in Drenica
Christmas Uprising
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921)
Drenica-Junik Uprising
World War II
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Uprising in Serbia (1941)
Uprising in Montenegro (1941)
June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina
Battle of Novi Pazar
Battle of Pljevlja
Battle of Kozara
Battle of Loznica (1941)
Battle of Livno
Battle of Neretva
Battle of the Sutjeska
Raid on Drvar
Battle of Knin
Battle of Mostar
Battle of Lijevče Field
1942 Montenegro offensive
Bihać Operation
Battle of Batina
Belgrade Offensive
Capture of Banja Koviljača
Case Black
Case White
Operation Draufgänger
Kozara Offensive
Battle of Kupres (1942)
Battle of Višegrad
Mostar operation
Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive
Niš operation
Battle of Odžak
Capture of Olovo (1941)
Operation Alfa
Operation Delphin
Operation Kopaonik
Operation Kugelblitz
Operation Mihailovic
Operation Southeast Croatia
Operation Trio
Operation Uzice
Battle of Poljana
Operation Prijedor
Siege of Rogatica (1941)
Operation Rösselsprung (1944)
Kosovo Operation (1944)
Operation Spring Awakening
Srb uprising
Stratsin-Kumanovo operation
Syrmian Front
Battle of Zvornik
Battle of Sarajevo (1945)
Battle of Zelengora
Croatian War
Pakrac clash
Plitvice Lakes incident
Battle of Borovo Selo
Operation Stinger
1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia
Battle of Osijek
Battle of Vukovar
Battle of Gospić
Battle of Šibenik
Battle of Zadar
Battle of Kusonje
Battle of the Barracks
Siege of Varaždin Barracks
Siege of Bjelovar Barracks
Battle of the Dalmatian Channels
Siege of Dubrovnik
Operation Otkos 10
Operation Orkan 91
Operation Whirlwind
Operation Baranja
Operation Jackal
Battle of the Miljevci Plateau
Operation Tiger
Operation Maslenica
Operation Medak Pocket
Operation Winter '94
Operation Flash
Operation Summer '95
Operation Storm
Bosnian War
Battle of Bosanski Brod
Battle of Kupres
Siege of Sarajevo
Siege of Srebrenica
Siege of Goražde
Siege of Doboj
Operation Jackal
Siege of Bihać (1992–95)
Operation Vrbas '92
Operation Corridor 92
Operation Bura
Kravica attack
Siege of Mostar
Operation Irma
Operation Bøllebank
Operation Tiger
Battle of Kupres
Operation Amanda
Operation Spider
Operation Winter '94
Battle of Vlašić
Operation Leap 1
Battle of Orašje
Operation Leap 2
Operation Summer '95
Battle of Vrbanja Bridge
Battle of Vozuća
Operation Miracle
Operation Mistral 2
Operation Sana
Operation Una
Operation Southern Move
NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1995 Pale air strikes
Operation Deny Flight
Operation Deliberate Force
Operation Maritime Monitor
Kosovo War
Insurgency in Kosovo
Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)
Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)
April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush
Attack on Orahovac
Attack on Prekaz
Battle of Lođa
Battle of Oraovica
Battle of Belaćevac Mine
Battle of Podujevo
December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush
Battle of Glođane
July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes
Battle of Junik
Battle of Košare
Insurgency in the Preševo Valley
Prizren incident (1999)
NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
Dubrava Prison bombings and executions
1999 F-117A shootdown
21st centuryPeacekeeping
Central African Republic
Cyprus
DR Congo
Ivory Coast
Lebanon
Liberia
Mali
Somalia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Géza II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za_II"},{"link_name":"Braničevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brani%C4%8Devo_(Golubac)"}],"text":"The siege of Braničevo was laid by Hungarian king Géza II against Byzantine-held Braničevo in late 1154.","title":"Siege of Braničevo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andronikos Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Braničevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brani%C4%8Devo_(Golubac)"},{"link_name":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Géza II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakk198960-1"},{"link_name":"William I of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakk198961-2"}],"text":"Emperor Manuel's cousin, Andronikos Komnenos, who administered Belgrade, Braničevo, and Niš sent a letter to Géza II in 1154, offering to hand over those towns to him in exchange for his support against the emperor.[1] Géza II sent his envoys to Sicily to sign a new alliance with William I of Sicily around the end of the year, but William I was fighting with his rebellious subjects.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Braničevo fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brani%C4%8Devo_(fortress)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2000231-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakk198960%E2%80%9362-4"},{"link_name":"Cumans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumans"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Borić, the ban of Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Bori%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Bohemian detachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dinic-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dinic-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakk198961-2"}],"text":"Although Andronikos' plot was discovered and he was captured, Géza II invaded the Byzantine Empire and laid siege to Braničevo fortress [sr] in late 1154.[3][4] Géza II was aided by Cumans, who had been raiding the Danube at the time.[5] As a Hungarian vassal, Borić, the ban of Bosnia took part in the attack, alongside a Bohemian detachment.[6][7] Braničevo was besieged and the surroundings were ravaged.[7] After hearing of the imprisonment of Andronikos, Géza II abandoned the siege and returned for Hungary.[2]","title":"Siege"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srejovic-8"},{"link_name":"Serdica (Sofia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Paraćin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%C4%87in"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srejovic-8"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srejovic-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srejovic-8"},{"link_name":"Basil Tzintzilukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basil_Tzintzilukes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakk198961-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2000233%E2%80%93234-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakk198961-2"},{"link_name":"Desa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desa_(monarch)"},{"link_name":"Uroš II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_II,_Grand_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1991238-10"}],"text":"Manuel answered by dispatching troops towards the battlefield.[8] Through Serdica (Sofia) and Niš, Manuel arrived in the Smilis province near Paraćin where he set up camp.[8] The Hungarian Army retreated towards Belgrade.[8] The pursuing Byzantine troops,[8] under general Basil Tzintzilukes, entered into battle with them, but the Byzantines were annihilated before the Hungarians returned to Hungary.[2][9]In early 1155, the Byzantine and Hungarian envoys signed a new peace treaty.[2] In the same year, a Byzantine army expelled Géza II's ally, Desa, from Serbia and restored Uroš II who had promised that he would not enter into an alliance with Hungary.[10]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-472-08149-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"963-05-5268-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-5268-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-02756-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02756-4"}],"text":"Fine, John V. A (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth century. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.\nMakk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century. Translated by György Novák. Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-5268-X.\nStephenson, Paul (2000). Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02756-4.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs"},{"link_name":"Wars and battles involving Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Serbian–Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"Bulgar–Serb War (839–842)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%E2%80%93Serb_War_(839%E2%80%93842)"},{"link_name":"Bulgar–Serb War (853)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%E2%80%93Serb_War_(853)"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_of_917%E2%80%93924"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian–Serbian border revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaharija_of_Serbia#Rule"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian-Serb War (998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1202)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1203)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1290)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1291)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1330)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Velbazhd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Velbazhd"},{"link_name":"Serbian–Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli_(1312)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stephaniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stephaniana"},{"link_name":"Battle of Demotika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Demotika"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sırp Sındığı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_S%C4%B1rp_S%C4%B1nd%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Fall of the Serbian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Serbian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Battle of Maritsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maritsa"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dubravnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dubravnica"},{"link_name":"Battle of Savra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Savra"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pločnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plo%C4%8Dnik"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Serbian Despotate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Despotate"},{"link_name":"Battle of Karanovasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karanovasa"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tripolje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tripolje"},{"link_name":"Siege of Novo Brdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Novo_Brdo"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vitosha Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vitosha_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Carmorlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Carmorlu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"First Scutari War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Scutari_War"},{"link_name":"Second Scutari War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Scutari_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Trnava (1430)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trnava_(1430)"},{"link_name":"Crusade of Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nish (1443)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nish_(1443)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zlatitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zlatitsa"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kunovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kunovica"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kruševac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kru%C5%A1evac"},{"link_name":"Battle of Leskovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leskovac"},{"link_name":"Siege of Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Smederevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Smederevo_(1456)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Breadfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Breadfield"},{"link_name":"Zeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Crnojevi%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"Serbian–Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars"},{"link_name":"Serb Uprising of 1038–1042","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serb_Uprising_of_1038%E2%80%931042&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bar"},{"link_name":"Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slav_Uprising_in_Pomoravlje"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zvečan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zve%C4%8Dan"},{"link_name":"Battle of Haram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Haram"},{"link_name":"Siege of Ras (1127)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ras_(1127)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tara (1150)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(1150)"},{"link_name":"Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_(1149%E2%80%931155)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Braničevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pantina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pantina"},{"link_name":"Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_(1127%E2%80%931129)"},{"link_name":"Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1321%E2%80%931328"},{"link_name":"Syrgiannes Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrgiannes_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Byzantine civil 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Nidzhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malka_Nidzhe"},{"link_name":"Macedonian front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_front"},{"link_name":"Monastir offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastir_offensive"},{"link_name":"Morava Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morava_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Ovče Pole Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%C4%8De_Pole_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Vardar offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_offensive"},{"link_name":"Srem Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srem_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Toplica Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplica_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Interwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"Carinthia War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Slovene_conflict_in_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"Uprising in Drenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_the_National_Defence_of_Kosovo#Activity_in_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Christmas Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian-Yugoslav_Border_War_(1921)"},{"link_name":"Drenica-Junik Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azem_Galica#Resistance_against_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Uprising in Serbia (1941)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_in_Serbia_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Uprising in Montenegro (1941)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_in_Montenegro_(1941)"},{"link_name":"June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1941_uprising_in_eastern_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Battle of Novi Pazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_Pazar"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pljevlja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pljevlja"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kozara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kozara"},{"link_name":"Battle of Loznica (1941)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loznica_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Livno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Livno"},{"link_name":"Battle of Neretva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neretva"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Sutjeska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sutjeska"},{"link_name":"Raid on Drvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Drvar"},{"link_name":"Battle of Knin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Knin"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mostar"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lijevče Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lijev%C4%8De_Field"},{"link_name":"1942 Montenegro offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_Montenegro_offensive"},{"link_name":"Bihać Operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Operation"},{"link_name":"Battle of Batina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Batina"},{"link_name":"Belgrade Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Capture of Banja Koviljača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Banja_Kovilja%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Case Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Black"},{"link_name":"Case White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_White"},{"link_name":"Operation Draufgänger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Draufg%C3%A4nger"},{"link_name":"Kozara Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozara_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kupres (1942)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1942)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Višegrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vi%C5%A1egrad"},{"link_name":"Mostar operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar_operation"},{"link_name":"Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagykanizsa%E2%80%93K%C3%B6rmend_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Niš operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_operation"},{"link_name":"Battle of Odžak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Od%C5%BEak"},{"link_name":"Capture of Olovo (1941)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Olovo_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Operation Alfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Alfa"},{"link_name":"Operation Delphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Delphin"},{"link_name":"Operation Kopaonik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kopaonik"},{"link_name":"Operation Kugelblitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kugelblitz"},{"link_name":"Operation Mihailovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mihailovic"},{"link_name":"Operation Southeast Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Southeast_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Operation Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Trio"},{"link_name":"Operation Uzice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Uzice"},{"link_name":"Battle of Poljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poljana"},{"link_name":"Operation Prijedor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Prijedor"},{"link_name":"Siege of Rogatica (1941)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rogatica_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Operation Rösselsprung (1944)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_R%C3%B6sselsprung_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Operation (1944)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Operation_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Operation Spring Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening"},{"link_name":"Srb uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srb_uprising"},{"link_name":"Stratsin-Kumanovo operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratsin-Kumanovo_operation"},{"link_name":"Syrmian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrmian_Front"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zvornik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zvornik"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sarajevo (1945)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo_(1945)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zelengora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zelengora"},{"link_name":"Pakrac clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakrac_clash"},{"link_name":"Plitvice Lakes incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_incident"},{"link_name":"Battle of Borovo Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borovo_Selo"},{"link_name":"Operation Stinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Stinger"},{"link_name":"1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Yugoslav_campaign_in_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Osijek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Osijek"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vukovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gospić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gospi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Battle of Šibenik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%A0ibenik"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zadar"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kusonje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kusonje"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Siege of Varaždin Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vara%C5%BEdin_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Siege of Bjelovar Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bjelovar_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Dalmatian Channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dalmatian_Channels"},{"link_name":"Siege of Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"Operation Otkos 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Otkos_10"},{"link_name":"Operation Orkan 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Orkan_91"},{"link_name":"Operation Whirlwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Whirlwind"},{"link_name":"Operation Baranja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Baranja"},{"link_name":"Operation Jackal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jackal"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Miljevci Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Miljevci_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Operation Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1992)"},{"link_name":"Operation Maslenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Maslenica"},{"link_name":"Operation Medak Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Medak_Pocket"},{"link_name":"Operation Winter '94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794"},{"link_name":"Operation Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Flash"},{"link_name":"Operation Summer '95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795"},{"link_name":"Operation Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Storm"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bosanski Brod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bosanski_Brod"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kupres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1992)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Siege of Srebrenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Srebrenica"},{"link_name":"Siege of Goražde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Gora%C5%BEde"},{"link_name":"Siege of Doboj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Doboj"},{"link_name":"Operation Jackal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jackal"},{"link_name":"Siege of Bihać (1992–95)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1992%E2%80%9395)"},{"link_name":"Operation Vrbas '92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Vrbas_%2792"},{"link_name":"Operation Corridor 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Corridor_92"},{"link_name":"Operation Bura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bura"},{"link_name":"Kravica attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kravica_attack_(1993)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mostar"},{"link_name":"Operation Irma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Irma"},{"link_name":"Operation Bøllebank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_B%C3%B8llebank"},{"link_name":"Operation Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1994)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kupres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1994)"},{"link_name":"Operation Amanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Amanda"},{"link_name":"Operation Spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spider"},{"link_name":"Operation Winter '94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vlašić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Vla%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Operation Leap 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Leap_1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Orašje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ora%C5%A1je"},{"link_name":"Operation Leap 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Leap_2"},{"link_name":"Operation Summer '95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vrbanja Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vrbanja_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vozuća","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vozu%C4%87a"},{"link_name":"Operation Miracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Miracle_(1995)"},{"link_name":"Operation Mistral 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2"},{"link_name":"Operation Sana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sana"},{"link_name":"Operation Una","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Una"},{"link_name":"Operation Southern Move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Southern_Move"},{"link_name":"NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"1995 Pale air strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Pale_air_strikes"},{"link_name":"Operation Deny Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight"},{"link_name":"Operation Deliberate Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force"},{"link_name":"Operation Maritime Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Maritime_Monitor"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995%E2%80%931998)"},{"link_name":"Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_incident_(December_1998)"},{"link_name":"Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_incident_(April_1999)"},{"link_name":"April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_23,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_ambush"},{"link_name":"Attack on Orahovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Orahovac"},{"link_name":"Attack on Prekaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Prekaz"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lođa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lo%C4%91a"},{"link_name":"Battle of Oraovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Oraovica"},{"link_name":"Battle of Belaćevac Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bela%C4%87evac_Mine"},{"link_name":"Battle of Podujevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Podujevo"},{"link_name":"December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_14,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_ambush"},{"link_name":"Battle of Glođane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Glo%C4%91ane"},{"link_name":"July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_18,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_clashes"},{"link_name":"Battle of Junik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Junik"},{"link_name":"Battle of Košare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ko%C5%A1are"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in the Preševo Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley"},{"link_name":"Prizren incident (1999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizren_incident_(1999)"},{"link_name":"NATO bombing of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Dubrava Prison bombings and executions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrava_Prison_bombings_and_executions"},{"link_name":"1999 F-117A shootdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_F-117A_shootdown"},{"link_name":"Peacekeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeeping"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"DR Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"}],"text":"Византијски извори за историју народа Југославије [Byzantine sources on the history of the peoples of Yugoslavia] (in Serbian). Vol. 4. Београд: SANU. 2007. pp. 45–54.vteWars and battles involving SerbsMedievalSerbian–Bulgarian\nBulgar–Serb War (839–842)\nBulgar–Serb War (853)\nBulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924\nBulgarian–Serbian border revolt\nBulgarian-Serb War (998)\nBulgarian-Serbian War (1202)\nBulgarian-Serbian War (1203)\nBulgarian-Serbian War (1290)\nBulgarian-Serbian War (1291)\nBulgarian-Serbian War (1330)\nBattle of Velbazhd\nSerbian–Ottoman\nEarly skirmishes\nBattle of Gallipoli\nBattle of Stephaniana\nBattle of Demotika in 1352\nBattle of Sırp Sındığı in 1364\nFall of the Serbian Empire\nBattle of Maritsa in 1371\nBattle of Dubravnica in 1381\nBattle of Savra in 1385\nBattle of Pločnik in 1386\nBattle of Kosovo in 1389\nSerbian Despotate\nBattle of Karanovasa\nBattle of Tripolje in 1402\nSiege of Novo Brdo in 1412\nBattle of Vitosha Pass in 1413\nBattle of Carmorlu\nFirst Scutari War\nSecond Scutari War\nOttoman invasion of Serbia in 1425\nOttoman invasion of Serbia in 1427\nOttoman invasion of Serbia in 1437\nBattle of Trnava (1430)\nOttoman invasion of Serbia in 1438\nOttoman invasion of Serbia (1439–1444)\nCrusade of Varna\nBattle of Nish (1443)\nBattle of Zlatitsa in 1443\nBattle of Kunovica in 1444\nOttoman invasion of Serbia (1454–1455)\nBattle of Kruševac in 1454\nBattle of Leskovac in 1454\nOttoman invasion of Serbia in 1456\nSiege of Belgrade\nSiege of Smederevo\nOttoman invasion and conquest of Serbia in 1459\nBattle of Breadfield in 1479\nOttoman conquest of Zeta in 1499\nSerbian–Byzantine\nSerb Uprising of 1038–1042\nBattle of Bar\nSlav Uprising in Pomoravlje\nBattle of Zvečan (1094)\nBattle of Haram\nSiege of Ras (1127)\nBattle of Tara (1150)\nByzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)\nSiege of Braničevo (1154)\nBattle of Pantina\nByzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)\nByzantine civil war of 1321–1328\nSerbian invasion of Macedonia led by Syrgiannes Palaiologos (1334)\nByzantine civil war of 1341–1347\nOther\nHungarian invasions of Europe\nMagyar–Serb conflict\nByzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)\nBattle of Sirmium\nBattle of Gacko\nSerbian conflict with the Nogai Horde\nMongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia\nMačva War\nHungarian–Serbian War (1321-1324)\nWar of Hum (1326–1329)\nSerbian civil war of 1331\nSerbian nobility conflict (1369)\nBattle of Rovine\nBattle of Nicopolis\nBattle of Ankara\nBattle of Kosmidion\nBattle of Çamurlu\nBattle of Despotovac\nSiege of Belgrade (1440)\nBattle of Kosovo (1448)\nFall of Constantinople\nForeign ruleHabsburgs\nJovan Nenad's uprising\nHungarian campaign of 1527–1528\nBattle of Szőlős\nBattle of Sződfalva\nBattle of Keresztes\nGreat Turkish War\nSiege of Belgrade (1688)\nBattle of Batočina\nBattle of Niš (1689)\nSiege of Belgrade (1690)\nBattle of Lugos\nRákóczi's War of Independence\nBattle of Saint Gotthard (1705)\nAustro-Turkish War (1716–1718)\nSiege of Belgrade (1717)\nRusso-Turkish War (1735–1739)\nBattle of Zsibó\nBattle of Trenčín\nBattle of Petrovaradin\nBattle of Banja Luka\nAustro-Turkish War (1788–1791)\nOttomans\nLong War (Ottoman wars) (1593–1606)\nBanat Uprising (1594)\nSerb Uprising of 1596–1597\nBattle of Mohács (1687)\nUprising in Vučitrn\nSerb uprising of 1737–1739\nKočina Krajina Serb rebellion\nBattle of Martinići (1796)\nBattle of Krusi\nBattle of Lopate\nVenice\nMorean War\nCretan War (1645–1669)\nGreat Turkish War\nBattle on Vrtijeljka\nBattle of Slankamen\nBattle of Senta\nRussia\nSerbian Hussar Regiment\nPruth River Campaign\nWar of the Polish Succession\nRusso-Swedish War (1741–1743)\nSeven Years' War\n19th centurySerbian Revolution\nFirst Serbian Uprising\nVračar\nRudnik\nSvileuva\nBatočina and Jagodina\nKragujevac\nDrlupa\nČokešina\nŠabac\nPožarevac\nKaranovac\nAdakale\nIvankovac\nRudnik\nVrbica\nMišar\nDeligrad\nBelgrade (1806)\nLiberation of Belgrade\nLoznica\nMalajnica and Štubik\nČegar\nJasika\nPrahovo\nSuvodol\nDrina\nVarvarin\nLoznica\nMačva\nRavnje\nHadži Prodan's Revolt\nSecond Serbian Uprising\nLjubić\nČačak\nPalež\nPožarevac\nRudnik\nDružetić\nKragujevac\nJagodina\nKaranovac\nBatočina\nUžice\nValjevo\nBatočina\nOttoman\nMontenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853)\nBattle of Grahovac\nBattle of Kolašin\nMontenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862)\nMontenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)\nBattle of Vučji Do\nBattle of Fundina\nBattles for Plav and Gusinje\nVelika attacks\nBattle of Novšiće\nBattle of Murino\nOther\nKumanovo uprising\nAdriatic campaign of 1807–1814\nJančić's rebellion\nPriest Jovica's Rebellion\nSeveral battles of Hungarian Revolution of 1848\nBattle of Vršac (1849)\nSerbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878)\nBattle of Vranje\nSiege of Cattaro\nHerzegovina uprising (1852–1862)\nKrivošije uprising (1869)\nRusso-Turkish War (1877–1878)\nAU-BiH War\nBattle of Jajce (1878)\nBattle of Vitez (1878)\nBattle of Sarajevo (1878)\nSerbo-Bulgarian War\nBattle of Pirot\nBattle of Slivnitsa\n20th centuryMacedonian Struggle\nFight on Šuplji Kamen\nFight on Čelopek\nFight in Tabanovce\nFight in Velika Hoča\nFight on Čelopek (1906)\nBattle of Pirot (1913)\nBalkan Wars\nFirst Balkan War\nBattle of Kumanovo\nBattle of Prilep\nBattle of Monastir\nSiege of Scutari\nSiege of Adrianople\nSiege of Odrin (1912–1913)\nSecond Balkan War\nBattle of Bregalnica\nBattle of Kalimanci\nBattle of Knjaževac\nSiege of Vidin (1913)\nOhrid–Debar uprising\nWorld War I\nMontenegrin campaign\nBattle of Mojkovac\nSerbian campaign\nBattle of Cer\nBattle of the Crna Bend (1916)\nBattle of Bazargic\nBattle of Dobro Pole\nBattle of the Drina\nBattle of Florina\nBattle of Kaymakchalan\nBattle of Kolubara\nKosovo offensive (1915)\nLiberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)\nBattle of Malka Nidzhe\nMacedonian front\nMonastir offensive\nMorava Offensive\nOvče Pole Offensive\nVardar offensive\nSrem Offensive\nToplica Uprising\nInterwar\nCarinthia War\nUprising in Drenica\nChristmas Uprising\nAllied intervention in the Russian Civil War\nAlbanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921)\nDrenica-Junik Uprising\nWorld War II\nInvasion of Yugoslavia\nUprising in Serbia (1941)\nUprising in Montenegro (1941)\nJune 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina\nBattle of Novi Pazar\nBattle of Pljevlja\nBattle of Kozara\nBattle of Loznica (1941)\nBattle of Livno\nBattle of Neretva\nBattle of the Sutjeska\nRaid on Drvar\nBattle of Knin\nBattle of Mostar\nBattle of Lijevče Field\n1942 Montenegro offensive\nBihać Operation\nBattle of Batina\nBelgrade Offensive\nCapture of Banja Koviljača\nCase Black\nCase White\nOperation Draufgänger\nKozara Offensive\nBattle of Kupres (1942)\nBattle of Višegrad\nMostar operation\nNagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive\nNiš operation\nBattle of Odžak\nCapture of Olovo (1941)\nOperation Alfa\nOperation Delphin\nOperation Kopaonik\nOperation Kugelblitz\nOperation Mihailovic\nOperation Southeast Croatia\nOperation Trio\nOperation Uzice\nBattle of Poljana\nOperation Prijedor\nSiege of Rogatica (1941)\nOperation Rösselsprung (1944)\nKosovo Operation (1944)\nOperation Spring Awakening\nSrb uprising\nStratsin-Kumanovo operation\nSyrmian Front\nBattle of Zvornik\nBattle of Sarajevo (1945)\nBattle of Zelengora\nCroatian War\nPakrac clash\nPlitvice Lakes incident\nBattle of Borovo Selo\nOperation Stinger\n1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia\nBattle of Osijek\nBattle of Vukovar\nBattle of Gospić\nBattle of Šibenik\nBattle of Zadar\nBattle of Kusonje\nBattle of the Barracks\nSiege of Varaždin Barracks\nSiege of Bjelovar Barracks\nBattle of the Dalmatian Channels\nSiege of Dubrovnik\nOperation Otkos 10\nOperation Orkan 91\nOperation Whirlwind\nOperation Baranja\nOperation Jackal\nBattle of the Miljevci Plateau\nOperation Tiger\nOperation Maslenica\nOperation Medak Pocket\nOperation Winter '94\nOperation Flash\nOperation Summer '95\nOperation Storm\nBosnian War\nBattle of Bosanski Brod\nBattle of Kupres\nSiege of Sarajevo\nSiege of Srebrenica\nSiege of Goražde\nSiege of Doboj\nOperation Jackal\nSiege of Bihać (1992–95)\nOperation Vrbas '92\nOperation Corridor 92\nOperation Bura\nKravica attack\nSiege of Mostar\nOperation Irma\nOperation Bøllebank\nOperation Tiger\nBattle of Kupres\nOperation Amanda\nOperation Spider\nOperation Winter '94\nBattle of Vlašić\nOperation Leap 1\nBattle of Orašje\nOperation Leap 2\nOperation Summer '95\nBattle of Vrbanja Bridge\nBattle of Vozuća\nOperation Miracle\nOperation Mistral 2\nOperation Sana\nOperation Una\nOperation Southern Move\nNATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1995 Pale air strikes\nOperation Deny Flight\nOperation Deliberate Force\nOperation Maritime Monitor\nKosovo War\nInsurgency in Kosovo\nAlbanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)\nAlbania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)\nApril 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush\nAttack on Orahovac\nAttack on Prekaz\nBattle of Lođa\nBattle of Oraovica\nBattle of Belaćevac Mine\nBattle of Podujevo\nDecember 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush\nBattle of Glođane\nJuly 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes\nBattle of Junik\nBattle of Košare\n Insurgency in the Preševo Valley\nPrizren incident (1999)\n NATO bombing of Yugoslavia\nDubrava Prison bombings and executions\n1999 F-117A shootdown\n21st centuryPeacekeeping\nCentral African Republic\nCyprus\nDR Congo\nIvory Coast\nLebanon\nLiberia\nMali\nSomalia","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Battle of Sirmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sirmium"}] | [{"reference":"Alexandru Madgearu (13 June 2013). Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th-12th Centuries. BRILL. p. 155. ISBN 978-90-04-25249-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=24S4DkCsjz8C&pg=PA155","url_text":"Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th-12th Centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25249-3","url_text":"978-90-04-25249-3"}]},{"reference":"Vladimir Ćorović (13 January 2014). Istorija srpskog naroda. eBook Portal. p. 139. GGKEY:XPENWQLDTZF.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eyyXAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT139","url_text":"Istorija srpskog naroda"}]},{"reference":"Михаило Ј Динић; Сима М Ћирковић (1978). Српске земље у средњем веку: историјско-географске студије. Српска књижевна задруга. зантијског престола. Започело је опет ратовање на Дунаву. Краљ Гејза II опколио је Браничево и опустошио његову околину. Као угарски вазал, у овом нападу суделовао је бо- сански бан Борић, и један одред Чеха. Чар Манојло ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PH8BAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Српске земље у средњем веку: историјско-географске студије"}]},{"reference":"Dragoslav Srejović; Slavko Gavrilović; Sima M. Ćirković (1892). Istorija srpskog naroda: knj. Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371). Srpska književna zadruga. Уследио је силовит угарски напад на Браничево 1154. године. Цар Манојло је одмах одговорио брзим покретом трупа према бојишту. Преко Сердике и Ниша стигао је у област Смилиса (недалеко од данашњег села Смиловца, код Параћина), где се улогорио. Угарска војска је убрзо натерана на повлачење према Београду. Гониоци су се недалеко од Београда упустили у борбу с противницима, али су поражени. Тада се сазнало и за антивизантијску заверу у Београду.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4BNXAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Istorija srpskog naroda: knj. Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371)"}]},{"reference":"Fine, John V. A (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth century. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7","url_text":"0-472-08149-7"}]},{"reference":"Makk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century. Translated by György Novák. Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-5268-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-5268-X","url_text":"963-05-5268-X"}]},{"reference":"Stephenson, Paul (2000). Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02756-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02756-4","url_text":"978-0-521-02756-4"}]},{"reference":"Византијски извори за историју народа Југославије [Byzantine sources on the history of the peoples of Yugoslavia] (in Serbian). Vol. 4. Београд: SANU. 2007. pp. 45–54.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=24S4DkCsjz8C&pg=PA155","external_links_name":"Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th-12th Centuries"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eyyXAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT139","external_links_name":"Istorija srpskog naroda"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PH8BAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Српске земље у средњем веку: историјско-географске студије"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4BNXAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Istorija srpskog naroda: knj. Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cezso%C4%8Da | Čezsoča | ["1 Geography","2 History","3 Church","4 Other cultural heritage","5 Notable people","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°18′50.77″N 13°33′25.34″E / 46.3141028°N 13.5570389°E / 46.3141028; 13.5570389Place in Slovenian Littoral, SloveniaČezsočaČezsočaLocation in SloveniaCoordinates: 46°18′50.77″N 13°33′25.34″E / 46.3141028°N 13.5570389°E / 46.3141028; 13.5570389Country SloveniaTraditional regionSlovenian LittoralStatistical regionGoriziaMunicipalityBovecArea • Total35.02 km2 (13.52 sq mi)Elevation460 m (1,510 ft)Population (2020) • Total313 • Density8.9/km2 (23/sq mi)
Čezsoča (pronounced ; Italian: Oltresonzia) is a settlement in the Municipality of Bovec in the Littoral region of Slovenia. It includes the hamlets of Gorenja Vas (Slovene: Gorenja vas), Dolenja Vas (Dolenja vas), Jablanica, Kršovec, and Na Glavi.
Geography
Čezsoča lies in the valley on the left bank of the Soča River. The terrain then rises up towards Mount Polovnik (1,480 m). East of the settlement is Humčič Hill (810 m), behind which rises Mount Javoršček (1,557 m). Oplenk Creek flows through the village between Gorenja Vas and Dolenja Vas, and Slatenik Creek flows below Humčič Hill. The mountains block direct sunlight from the village from mid-November to the end of February, making the winter in Čezsoča more severe than in neighboring Bovec. The broad river banks on the Soča and its proximity to the town of Bovec make Čezsoča popular with visitors.
History
The village was badly damaged during the First World War because it was located on the front line. During the Second World War, Partisan troops in the First Bovec Company assembled in a World War I bunker at Humčič Hill in 1942. On 8 November 1943 the village came under German aerial bombardment and several houses were burned.
Church
Saint Anthony the Great Church
The church in Čezsoča is dedicated to Saint Anthony the Great. It was badly damaged during the First World War and restored in a Romanesque style in 1927. It contains the remnants of old frescoes. The altar painting is a 1931 work by Eda Galli.
Other cultural heritage
In addition to Saint Anthony the Great Church, other sites in Čezsoča are registered as cultural heritage:
The remains of a lime kiln stand next to the bridge across the Soča River. The lime kiln was built in the 19th century and has a stone base.
The farm at Čezsoča no. 17 features a large two-story house built in the Bovec–Trenta style, dating from the 19th century.
The former house at Čezsoča no. 15 is located in the upper end of the village and dates from the first quarter of the 20th century. It is a two-story house built in the Bovec–Trenta style. The west side has a door casing with a semicircular top. The structure is being used as an outbuilding today.
The house at Čezsoča no. 10 stands in the hamlet of Jablanica and dates from the first quarter of the 20th century. It is a single-story house with a half-hip roof. The front side has masonry steps and a balcony, and an extended wooden awning.
The house at Čezsoča no. 23 stands in the hamlet of Gorenja Vas and dates from circa 1900. It is a solid structure with a cellar and a half-hip roof with external stairs and a balcony. The front side has broad wooden eaves.
Lime kiln
Notable people
Notable people that were born or lived in Čezsoča include:
Ferdo Kravanja (a.k.a. Peter Skalar, 1911–1944), anti-Fascist resistance fighter
References
^ Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia
^ a b c d e Savnik, Roman (1968). Krajevni leksikon Slovenije, vol. 1. Ljubljana: Državna založba Slovenije. pp. 399–400.
^ Bovec municipal site
^ Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage reference number ešd 3567
^ Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage reference number ešd 5069
^ Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage reference number ešd 9898
^ Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage reference number ešd 9899
^ a b Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage reference number ešd 20500
External links
Media related to Čezsoča at Wikimedia Commons
Čezsoča on Geopedia
vteMunicipality of BovecSettlementsAdministrative seat: Bovec
Current
Bavšica
Čezsoča
Kal–Koritnica
Lepena
Log Čezsoški
Log pod Mangartom
Plužna
Soča
Srpenica
Strmec na Predelu
Trenta
Žaga
Former
Dvor
Gorenji Log
Kal
Koritnica
Predel
Spodnja Trenta
Spodnji Log
Zgornja Trenta
Location of the Municipality of Bovec in SloveniaLandmarks
Boka Falls
Bovec Military Cemetery
Bovec Parish Church
Juliana Alpine Botanical Garden
Kanin Ski Resort
Kluže Fortress
Kugy Monument
Log Koritnica Valley
Log pod Mangartom Mosque
Mangart Saddle
Soča Military Cemetery
Soča River
St. Leonard's Church
St. Ulrich's Parish Church
Trenta
Triglav Lakes Valley
Vršič Pass
Notable people
Vasja Klavora
Ferdo Kravanja
Anton Ocvirk | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[tʃɛˈsoːtʃa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Bovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Bovec"},{"link_name":"Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Littoral"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savnik-2"}],"text":"Place in Slovenian Littoral, SloveniaČezsoča (pronounced [tʃɛˈsoːtʃa]; Italian: Oltresonzia) is a settlement in the Municipality of Bovec in the Littoral region of Slovenia. It includes the hamlets of Gorenja Vas (Slovene: Gorenja vas), Dolenja Vas (Dolenja vas), Jablanica, Kršovec, and Na Glavi.[2]","title":"Čezsoča"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soča River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savnik-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Čezsoča lies in the valley on the left bank of the Soča River. The terrain then rises up towards Mount Polovnik (1,480 m). East of the settlement is Humčič Hill (810 m), behind which rises Mount Javoršček (1,557 m). Oplenk Creek flows through the village between Gorenja Vas and Dolenja Vas, and Slatenik Creek flows below Humčič Hill. The mountains block direct sunlight from the village from mid-November to the end of February, making the winter in Čezsoča more severe than in neighboring Bovec.[2] The broad river banks on the Soča and its proximity to the town of Bovec make Čezsoča popular with visitors.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savnik-2"}],"text":"The village was badly damaged during the First World War because it was located on the front line. During the Second World War, Partisan troops in the First Bovec Company assembled in a World War I bunker at Humčič Hill in 1942. On 8 November 1943 the village came under German aerial bombardment and several houses were burned.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cezsoca_Slovenia_-_church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anthony the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savnik-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Saint Anthony the Great ChurchThe church in Čezsoča is dedicated to Saint Anthony the Great. It was badly damaged during the First World War and restored in a Romanesque style in 1927. It contains the remnants of old frescoes.[2] The altar painting is a 1931 work by Eda Galli.[4]","title":"Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lime kiln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_kiln"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giskd2s.situla.org-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giskd2s.situla.org-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C4%8Cezso%C4%8Da_Slovenia_-_lime_kiln.jpg"}],"text":"In addition to Saint Anthony the Great Church, other sites in Čezsoča are registered as cultural heritage:The remains of a lime kiln stand next to the bridge across the Soča River. The lime kiln was built in the 19th century and has a stone base.[5]\nThe farm at Čezsoča no. 17 features a large two-story house built in the Bovec–Trenta style, dating from the 19th century.[6]\nThe former house at Čezsoča no. 15 is located in the upper end of the village and dates from the first quarter of the 20th century. It is a two-story house built in the Bovec–Trenta style. The west side has a door casing with a semicircular top. The structure is being used as an outbuilding today.[7]\nThe house at Čezsoča no. 10 stands in the hamlet of Jablanica and dates from the first quarter of the 20th century. It is a single-story house with a half-hip roof. The front side has masonry steps and a balcony, and an extended wooden awning.[8]\nThe house at Čezsoča no. 23 stands in the hamlet of Gorenja Vas and dates from circa 1900. It is a solid structure with a cellar and a half-hip roof with external stairs and a balcony. The front side has broad wooden eaves.[8]Lime kiln","title":"Other cultural heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferdo Kravanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdo_Kravanja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savnik-2"}],"text":"Notable people that were born or lived in Čezsoča include:Ferdo Kravanja (a.k.a. Peter Skalar, 1911–1944), anti-Fascist resistance fighter[2]","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"Saint Anthony the Great Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Cezsoca_Slovenia_-_church.jpg/150px-Cezsoca_Slovenia_-_church.jpg"},{"image_text":"Location of the Municipality of Bovec in Slovenia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Obcine_bovec.png/150px-Obcine_bovec.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Savnik, Roman (1968). Krajevni leksikon Slovenije, vol. 1. Ljubljana: Državna založba Slovenije. pp. 399–400.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C4%8Cezso%C4%8Da¶ms=46_18_50.77_N_13_33_25.34_E_region:SI_type:city(313)","external_links_name":"46°18′50.77″N 13°33′25.34″E / 46.3141028°N 13.5570389°E / 46.3141028; 13.5570389"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C4%8Cezso%C4%8Da¶ms=46_18_50.77_N_13_33_25.34_E_region:SI_type:city(313)","external_links_name":"46°18′50.77″N 13°33′25.34″E / 46.3141028°N 13.5570389°E / 46.3141028; 13.5570389"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.si/eng/index.asp","external_links_name":"Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia"},{"Link":"http://www.bovec.si/default.asp?id=56","external_links_name":"Bovec municipal site"},{"Link":"http://giskd2s.situla.org/rkd/Opis.asp?Esd=3567","external_links_name":"Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage"},{"Link":"http://giskd2s.situla.org/rkd/Opis.asp?Esd=5069","external_links_name":"Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage"},{"Link":"http://giskd2s.situla.org/rkd/Opis.asp?Esd=9898","external_links_name":"Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage"},{"Link":"http://giskd2s.situla.org/rkd/Opis.asp?Esd=9899","external_links_name":"Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage"},{"Link":"http://giskd2s.situla.org/rkd/Opis.asp?Esd=20500","external_links_name":"Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage"},{"Link":"https://www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2473:3542_x1509483.7798989874_y5830465.365344573_s14_b2345","external_links_name":"Čezsoča on Geopedia"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mazraah | Al-Mazraah | ["1 References","2 Bibliography"] | Village in Homs, SyriaAl-Mazraah
المزرعةVillageCountry SyriaGovernorateHomsDistrictTalkalakhSubdistrictHawashPopulation (2004) • Total166Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)+3
Al-Mazraah (Arabic: المزرعة) is a village in northern Syria located west of Homs in the Homs Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Al-Mazraah had a population of 166 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Christians. The village has a Greek Orthodox Church and a Protestant Church.
References
^ "General Census of Population 2004". Retrieved 2014-07-10.
^ Smith, in Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 181
^ "الموسوعة المسيحية العربية الإلكترونية".
^ "الموسوعة المسيحية العربية الإلكترونية".
Bibliography
Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
vte Homs GovernorateHoms DistrictHomsSubdistrict
Homs
Abil
Abu Dali
Ashrafiyah
al-Dar al-Kabirah
Fahilah
Fairouzeh
Hubub al-Rih
Halmuz
al-Hurriyah
Jawalik
Jawbar
Judaydat al-Assi
Judaydat al-Sharqiyah
Kafr Abed
Kafr Aya
Maskanah
al-Mubarakiyah
al-Mukhtariyah
al-Najmah
al-Naqirah
Qattinah
al-Rayyan
al-Riyadh
Sakrah
Teir Maalah
Tell Ahmar
Tell al-Naqa
Tell al-Shur
Tell Zubaydah
al-Thabitiyah
Zaidal
Zhuriyah
Ayn al-NiserSubdistrict
Ayn al-Niser
Ayn al-Dananir
Ayn Husayn Gharbi
Ayn Husayn Shamali
Baddu
Burzah
Humaydiyah
al-Jabiriyah
al-Mushrifah
Talamri
Waridah
FurqlusSubdistrict
Furqlus
Fatim al-Arnouk
al-Hazzah
Hulayah
Jabab Hamad
Jubb al-Shami
al-Nasriyah
al-Sabuniyah
al-Sayyid
HisyahSubdistrict
Hisyah
Bureij
Dibeh
Jandar
al-Kashaf
al-Ma'murah
Shamsin
Khirbet Tin NurSubdistrict
Khirbet Tin Nur
Aysun
Balqasah
Bataysah
al-Dahiyah al-Umaliyah
al-Faysiyah
Ghuzaylah
Khirbet Ghazi
Khirbet al-Hamam
Khirbet Hayek
Khirbet al-Sawda
Khirbet Tin Mahmoud
Kunaysah
Liftaya
Marj Bulad
Marj al-Qata
Mashahdah (Khirbet Sawda)
al-Mazraa
Nur
Nuwayha
Qazhal
Qebbi
al-Rabwah
Ram al-Anz
Ram Jabal
Sannun
Shalluh
Tarin
Tannunah
Umm al-'Adam
Umm al-Qasab
Umm Haratayn
Wujuh al-Hajar
al-Zurzuriyah
Zayti al-Bahra
Zawr Baqraya
MahinSubdistrict
Mahin
al-Ghunthir
Huwwarin
QabuSubdistrict
Al-Qabu
Autan
Fahil
al-Qanaqiyah
Rabah
Sharqliyya
al-Shinyah
QaryataynSubdistrict
Al-Qaryatayn
Tiyas
RiqamaSubdistrict
Al-Riqama
Alyat
Awar
al-Aziziyah
Dardaghan
al-Hamrat
Jabab al-Zayt
al-Madaba
al-Manzul
al-Nuzhah
al-Rawdah
Shayrat
SadadSubdistrict
Sadad
al-Hafar
ShinSubdistrict
Shin
Ayn Al-Fawwar
Bahhur
al-Diyabiyah
Hadiyah
Hasur
al-Jabbat
Jablaya
Juwaykat
al-Mahfurah
Muranah
Muta'arid
Sufr
Suwayri
Uyun al-Wadi
Zaafarinah Gharbi
TaldouSubdistrict
Taldou
Karad Dayasinah
Arqaya
Burj Qa'i
Ghawr Gharbiyah
Hadatha
Harqal
al-Hashmah
Haysah
al-Humaymah
Jurnaya
Kafr Laha
Kafr Ram
Mahnaya
Maryamin
Mujaydil
Rafin
Samalil
Sinsil
Tell Dahab
al-Taybah al-Gharbiyah
Zaybaq
Mukharram DistrictMukharramSubdistrict
Al-Mukharram al-Fawqani
Abu Hakfah al-Janubi
Abu Hakfah al-Shamali
Abu Khashabah
Bab al-Hawa
al-Batamah
Buwaydat Rihaniyah
Buwaydat Salamiyah
al-Haraki
Jubb Abbas
al-Junaynat
Khilfah
al-Mukharram al-Tahtani
Nawa
al-Sankari
Shawkatliyah
Tell al-Ghar
Tell Shinan
Tell al-Ward
Umm al-Amad
Umm Jabab
Umm al-Sarj al-Qibli
Umm al-Sarj al-Shamali
Umm Tuwaynah
al-Uthmaniyah
Jubb al-JarrahSubdistrict
Jubb al-Jarrah
Abu Qatur
Aliyat al-Alyan
Duwayr al-Gharbiyah
Duwayr al-Sharqiyah
Ghuzayliyah
Maksar al-Hisan
Masaadah
Masudiyah
Mughayzil
Muntar al-Abal
Mushayrifah al-Qibliyah
Rasm Humaydah
Shiha
Taladi
Tall al-Qata
Tarfawi
Tawil
Umm al-Rif (al-Rish)
Umm Tuwaynah al-Shamali
Usmud
Qusayr DistrictQusayrSubdistrict
Al-Qusayr
Abu Juri
al-Aqrabiyah
Arjoun
Akkum
Baluzah
Burhaniyah
al-Buwaydah al-Sharqiyah
al-Dabaah
Dahiyat al-Majd
Daminah al-Sharqiyah
Daminah al-Gharbiyah
Dibbin
Diyabiyah
al-Fadeliyah
al-Ghassaniyah
al-Hamam
al-Hawik
Hawsh Murshid Sama'an
Hawsh al-Sayyid Ali
al-Houz
Husseiniya
Jubaniyah
Jusiyah al-Amar
Kafr Mousa
al-Masriyah
Mudan
al-Nahariyah
al-Naim
al-Nizariyah
al-Qurniyah
Rablah
al-Sakher
al-Sallumiyah
Samaqiyat al-Gharbiyah
Samaqiyat al-Sharqiyah
Saqrajah
al-Sawadiyah
al-Shayahat
al-Shumariyah
Shinshar
Tell al-Nabi Mando
Wadi Hanna
Zira'a
Zita al-Gharbiyah
Rastan DistrictRastanSubdistrict
Al-Rastan
Abu Hamamah
Asiliyah
Ballan
Dalfin
al-Ghasibiyah
Gharnatah
Izz al-Din
Hameis
Kafr Nan
Kissin
al-Manara
Murayj al-Durr
al-Qunaytrat
Sulaym
Tasnin
al-Waza'iyah
Zamaymer
TalbisehSubdistrict
Talbiseh
Deir Ful
al-Farhaniyah
al-Ghantu
al-Hashimiyah
al-Makramiyah
al-Qanniyah
Saan al-Aswad
al-Sabil
Tell Jayurin
al-Thawrah
Umm Sharshuh
al-Zaafaraniyah
Tadmur DistrictTadmurSubdistrict
Tadmur
Arak
al-Bayda
al-Bi'arat
Rasm al-Abid
SukhnahSubdistrict
Al-Sukhnah
Karim
al-Kawm
al-Kadir
al-Taybah
al-Tuwaynat
Talkalakh DistrictTalkalakhSubdistrict
Talkalakh
Akkari
al-Amariyah
Aridah
Ayn al-Sawda
Ayn al-Tineh al-Gharbiyah
al-Bahluniyah
Baruha
Bayt Qarin
Burj al-Arab
Burj al-Maksur
Dabousieh
Hajar Abyad
Halat
Hasrajiyah
Jaafariyat
Kafrish
Khirbet al-Jabab
Masyadah
Naarah
Qanuta
Qurayyat
Qumayrah
al-Shabaq
al-Shabruniyah
Shalluh
Shamsiyah
Sindiyana
Samikah
Tell Hawsh
Tell Sarrin
al-Zarah
Zanbiyah
HadidahSubdistrict
Hadidah
Ayn al-Tineh al-Sharqiyah
Barudiyah
Bayun
Baznaya
Dardariyah
Haratayn
al-Malikiyah
al-Mashrafah al-Sharqiyah
Khansaa
Khirbet al-Manqalah
Lawaybdah
Marasiyah
Na'isiyah
Na'urah
Qaz al-Khass
Rihaniyah
Tell al-Safa
Umm al-Dawali
Umm Jamah
HawashSubdistrict
Al-Hawash
Anaz
Ain al-Ajouz
Ain al-Ghara
Ballat
Bisas
Duwair al-Lin
al-Husn
Ish al-Shuhah
Inata
Juwaniyat
al-Mazraah
Mizyeneh
al-Muqaabarat
Muqlus
Qal al-Saqa
al-Shuwayhid
Tallah
NasirahSubdistrict
Al-Nasirah
Amar al-Husn
Ain al-Barda
Ain al-Raheb
Bahzina
Baydar Rafiah
Daghlah
Habnamrah
Jankamrah
Jiwar al-Afas
Kafra
Kimah
Marmarita
Mashta Azar
al-Mishtaya
Qalatiyah
Qurb Ali
Tannurin
Zweitina
This article about a location in Homs Governorate, Syria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs"},{"link_name":"Homs Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Syria Central Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Protestant Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Al-Mazraah (Arabic: المزرعة) is a village in northern Syria located west of Homs in the Homs Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Al-Mazraah had a population of 166 in the 2004 census.[1] Its inhabitants are predominantly Christians.[2] The village has a Greek Orthodox Church and a Protestant Church.[3][4]","title":"Al-Mazraah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robinson, E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Smith, E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Smith"},{"link_name":"Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft"},{"link_name":"Crocker & Brewster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocker_%26_Brewster"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Homs_Governorate"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Homs_Governorate"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Homs_Governorate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Homs Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Homs District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs_District"},{"link_name":"Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs"},{"link_name":"Abil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abil"},{"link_name":"Abu Dali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dali,_Homs"},{"link_name":"Ashrafiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashrafiyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Dar al-Kabirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dar_al-Kabirah"},{"link_name":"Fahilah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fahilah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fairouzeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairouzeh"},{"link_name":"Hubub al-Rih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubub_al-Rih&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Halmuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halmuz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Hurriyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Hurriyah,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jawalik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jawalik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jawbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawbar,_Homs"},{"link_name":"Judaydat al-Assi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judaydat_al-Assi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Judaydat al-Sharqiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judaydat_al-Sharqiyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kafr Abed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kafr_Abed&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kafr Aya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Aya"},{"link_name":"Maskanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskanah,_Homs_Governorate"},{"link_name":"al-Mubarakiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarakiyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Mukhtariyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mukhtariyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Najmah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Najmah,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Naqirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Naqirah"},{"link_name":"Qattinah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qattinah"},{"link_name":"al-Rayyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rayyan,_Syria"},{"link_name":"al-Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Riyadh,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sakrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakrah"},{"link_name":"Teir Maalah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teir_Maalah"},{"link_name":"Tell Ahmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Ahmar"},{"link_name":"Tell al-Naqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tell_al-Naqa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tell al-Shur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tell_al-Shur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tell Zubaydah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tell_Zubaydah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Thabitiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Thabitiyah"},{"link_name":"Zaidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaidal"},{"link_name":"Zhuriyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhuriyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ayn al-Niser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_al-Niser"},{"link_name":"Ayn al-Dananir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn_al-Dananir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ayn Husayn Gharbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Husayn_Gharbi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ayn Husayn Shamali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Husayn_Shamali&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baddu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baddu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burzah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burzah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Humaydiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humaydiyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Jabiriyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Jabiriyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Mushrifah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mushrifah"},{"link_name":"Talamri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talamri"},{"link_name":"Waridah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waridah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Furqlus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furqlus"},{"link_name":"Fatim al-Arnouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatim_al-Arnouk"},{"link_name":"al-Hazzah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Hazzah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hulayah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hulayah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jabab Hamad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabab_Hamad"},{"link_name":"Jubb al-Shami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubb_al-Shami"},{"link_name":"al-Nasriyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Nasriyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Sabuniyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Sabuniyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Sayyid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sayyid,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Hisyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisyah"},{"link_name":"Bureij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureij,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Dibeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dibeh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jandar,_Syria"},{"link_name":"al-Kashaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Kashaf,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Ma'murah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Ma%27murah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shamsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamsin"},{"link_name":"Khirbet Tin Nur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_Tin_Nur"},{"link_name":"Aysun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aysun,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Balqasah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balqasah"},{"link_name":"Bataysah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataysah"},{"link_name":"al-Dahiyah al-Umaliyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Dahiyah_al-Umaliyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Faysiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Faysiyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ghuzaylah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghuzaylah"},{"link_name":"Khirbet Ghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_Ghazi"},{"link_name":"Khirbet al-Hamam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_al-Hamam"},{"link_name":"Khirbet Hayek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Hayek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khirbet al-Sawda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_al-Sawda,_Homs"},{"link_name":"Khirbet Tin Mahmoud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_Tin_Mahmoud"},{"link_name":"Kunaysah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunaysah"},{"link_name":"Liftaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liftaya"},{"link_name":"Marj Bulad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marj_Bulad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marj al-Qata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marj_al-Qata"},{"link_name":"Mashahdah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mashahdah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Mazraa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mazraa,_Homs"},{"link_name":"Nur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nur,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nuwayha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuwayha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Qazhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazhal"},{"link_name":"Qebbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qebbi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Rabwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rabwah,_Homs"},{"link_name":"Ram al-Anz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_al-Anz"},{"link_name":"Ram Jabal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Jabal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sannun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sannun,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shalluh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalluh"},{"link_name":"Tarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarin,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Tannunah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannunah"},{"link_name":"Umm al-'Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_al-%27Adam"},{"link_name":"Umm al-Qasab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_al-Qasab"},{"link_name":"Umm Haratayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umm_Haratayn,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wujuh al-Hajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wujuh_al-Hajar"},{"link_name":"al-Zurzuriyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zurzuriyah"},{"link_name":"Zayti al-Bahra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zayti_al-Bahra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zawr Baqraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zawr_Baqraya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mahin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahin,_Syria"},{"link_name":"al-Ghunthir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Ghunthir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Huwwarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwwarin"},{"link_name":"Al-Qabu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qabu,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Autan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autan"},{"link_name":"Fahil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahil"},{"link_name":"al-Qanaqiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qanaqiyah"},{"link_name":"Rabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabah,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Sharqliyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharqliyya"},{"link_name":"al-Shinyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shinyah"},{"link_name":"Al-Qaryatayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaryatayn"},{"link_name":"Tiyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiyas"},{"link_name":"Al-Riqama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Riqama"},{"link_name":"Alyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyat,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Awar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awar"},{"link_name":"al-Aziziyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Aziziyah,_Riqama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dardaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardaghan"},{"link_name":"al-Hamrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hamrat"},{"link_name":"Jabab al-Zayt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jabab_al-Zayt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Madaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Madaba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Manzul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Manzul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Nuzhah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Nuzhah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Rawdah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Rawdah,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shayrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shayrat"},{"link_name":"Sadad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadad,_Syria"},{"link_name":"al-Hafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hafar,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Shin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Ayn 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al-Sharqiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_al-Tineh_al-Sharqiyah"},{"link_name":"Barudiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barudiyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bayun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baznaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baznaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dardariyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dardariyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haratayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haratayn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Malikiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Malikiyah,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Mashrafah 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(1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. 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Sharshuh\nal-Zaafaraniyah\nTadmur DistrictTadmurSubdistrict\nTadmur\nArak\nal-Bayda\nal-Bi'arat\nRasm al-Abid\nSukhnahSubdistrict\nAl-Sukhnah\nKarim\nal-Kawm\nal-Kadir\nal-Taybah\nal-Tuwaynat\nTalkalakh DistrictTalkalakhSubdistrict\nTalkalakh\nAkkari\nal-Amariyah\nAridah\nAyn al-Sawda\nAyn al-Tineh al-Gharbiyah\nal-Bahluniyah\nBaruha\nBayt Qarin\nBurj al-Arab\nBurj al-Maksur\nDabousieh\nHajar Abyad\nHalat\nHasrajiyah\nJaafariyat\nKafrish\nKhirbet al-Jabab\nMasyadah\nNaarah\nQanuta\nQurayyat\nQumayrah\nal-Shabaq\nal-Shabruniyah\nShalluh\nShamsiyah\nSindiyana\nSamikah\nTell Hawsh\nTell Sarrin\nal-Zarah\nZanbiyah\nHadidahSubdistrict\nHadidah\nAyn al-Tineh al-Sharqiyah\nBarudiyah\nBayun\nBaznaya\nDardariyah\nHaratayn\nal-Malikiyah\nal-Mashrafah al-Sharqiyah\nKhansaa\nKhirbet al-Manqalah\nLawaybdah\nMarasiyah\nNa'isiyah\nNa'urah\nQaz al-Khass\nRihaniyah\nTell al-Safa\nUmm al-Dawali\nUmm Jamah\nHawashSubdistrict\nAl-Hawash\nAnaz\nAin al-Ajouz\nAin al-Ghara\nBallat\nBisas\nDuwair al-Lin\nal-Husn\nIsh al-Shuhah\nInata\nJuwaniyat\nal-Mazraah\nMizyeneh\nal-Muqaabarat\nMuqlus\nQal al-Saqa\nal-Shuwayhid\nTallah\nNasirahSubdistrict\nAl-Nasirah\nAmar al-Husn\nAin al-Barda\nAin al-Raheb\nBahzina\nBaydar Rafiah\nDaghlah\nHabnamrah\nJankamrah\nJiwar al-Afas\nKafra\nKimah\nMarmarita\nMashta Azar\nal-Mishtaya\nQalatiyah\nQurb Ali\nTannurin\nZweitinaThis article about a location in Homs Governorate, Syria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"General Census of Population 2004\". Retrieved 2014-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/syr_pop_2004_sycensus_0.xls","url_text":"\"General Census of Population 2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"الموسوعة المسيحية العربية الإلكترونية\".","urls":[{"url":"http://95.85.10.16/media_b/kan/country/sy/1/sy04?nav_show=","url_text":"\"الموسوعة المسيحية العربية الإلكترونية\""}]},{"reference":"\"الموسوعة المسيحية العربية الإلكترونية\".","urls":[{"url":"http://95.85.10.16/media_b/kan/country/sy/15/sy04?nav_show=","url_text":"\"الموسوعة المسيحية العربية الإلكترونية\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)","url_text":"Robinson, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Smith","url_text":"Smith, E."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft","url_text":"Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocker_%26_Brewster","url_text":"Crocker & Brewster"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/syr_pop_2004_sycensus_0.xls","external_links_name":"\"General Census of Population 2004\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/181/mode/1up","external_links_name":"181"},{"Link":"http://95.85.10.16/media_b/kan/country/sy/1/sy04?nav_show=","external_links_name":"\"الموسوعة المسيحية العربية الإلكترونية\""},{"Link":"http://95.85.10.16/media_b/kan/country/sy/15/sy04?nav_show=","external_links_name":"\"الموسوعة المسيحية العربية الإلكترونية\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft","external_links_name":"Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mazraah&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilussa | Trilussa | ["1 Biography","1.1 Childhood and education (1871-1886)","1.2 Debut and the Stelle de Roma (1887-1890)","1.3 The Don Chisciotte and the Favole Rimodernate (1891-1900)","1.4 Elocutionist Trilussa (1901-1914)","2 Style and themes","2.1 Socio-political satire","2.2 The Romanesco poet","3 Works","4 Citations and influences","4.1 Musicals based on his texts","4.2 TV miniseries","5 References","6 External links","7 Notes"] | Italian poet
TrilussaMember of the Senate of the RepublicLife tenure1 December 1950 – 21 December 1950Appointed byLuigi Einaudi
Personal detailsBorn(1871-10-26)26 October 1871Rome, ItalyDied21 December 1950(1950-12-21) (aged 79)Rome, ItalyOccupationPoet, writer, journalist
Carlo Alberto Camillo Mariano Salustri (26 October 1871 – 21 December 1950), known by the pseudonym Trilussa (an anagram of his last name), was an Italian poet, writer and journalist, particularly known for his works in Romanesco dialect.
Biography
Childhood and education (1871-1886)
Carlo Alberto Camillo Salustri was born in Rome on 26 October 1871. His father, Vincenzo, was a waiter from Albano Laziale, his mother, Carlotta Poldi, was a Bolognese seamstress. He was the second-born child of the Salustri family and was baptized on 31 October in the Church of San Giacomo in Augusta, when the fourth name, Mariano, was added. A year later, in 1872, at the age of three, his sister, Elisabetta, died of diphtheria. His tormented childhood was affected again two years later, on 1 April 1874, by the death of his father Vincenzo. After the death of her husband, Carlotta Poldi decided to move with her son Carlo to Via Ripetta, where they stayed for only eleven months, before moving again to the palace in Piazza di Pietra, belonging to the Marquis Ermenegildo del Cinque, Carlo's godfather. It is believed that Carlo owes his acquaintance with Filippo Chiappini, a Romanesco poet and disciple of Belli, to the Marquis; indeed, Chiappini's sonnet Ar marchese Riminigirdo Der Cinque (To the Marquis Riminigirdo Der Cinque), addressed to Trilussa's godfather, seems to be referring to Carlotta Poldi and her son in the last triplet.
(Romanesco)
«S'aricordi de me: non facci sciupo
de la salute sua, ch'adesso è bbona,
un zaluto a Ccarlotta e un bacio ar pupo.»
(IT)
«Si ricordi di me: non rovini
la sua salute, che adesso è buona,
un saluto a Carlotta e un bacio al bambino.»
(EN)
"Remember me: do not ruin
your health, that now is good,
a greeting to Carlotta and a kiss to her son."
(Filippo Chiappini, Ar marchese Riminigirdo Der Cinque)
In 1877 Carlotta enrolled her son in the San Nicola municipal schools, where Carlo attended first and second grade. Then, in October 1880, he took the examination for admission to the Collegio Poli of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, but having made a simple mistake in subtraction, he was forced to repeat the second year. Because of his negligence and lack of commitment, he had to repeat the third grade and then, in 1886, he abandoned formal studies for good, despite the pressure of his mother, his uncle Marco Salustri and Professor Chiappini, who insisted that Carlo continue to study.
An article in the Corriere della Sera of 7 November 2020, in the sports pages, shows a photo of Trilussa next to that of a young athlete captured wearing the Lazio Sports Club jersey. The two are almost identical: the photo was in fact taken inside the Casina dell'Uccelliera in Villa Borghese between 1906 and 1913, the site of the former official headquarters of the sports club. Trilussa, a well-known freemason, knew all the directors of the Lazio Sports Club and was friends with Giggi Zanazzo and Nino Ilari, well-known poets and playwrights who were regulars at the club. Sandro Ciotti, a well-known Lazio youth footballer, Lazio fan and future sports broadcaster born in Rome, had Trilussa as his godfather.
Debut and the Stelle de Roma (1887-1890)
Portrait of Filippo Chiappini, Trilussa's mentor, who insisted that Trilussa continue his studies. In a letter to his mother Carlotta he wrote: "Send him to take this exam in Rieti, Terni or some other town where he will not have to suffer a humiliation that would be painful for him, and when he comes back here with his licence have him enrol in the Institute and let him study accountancy. With three years at the Institute, he can get his technical license and can get a government job Don't tell me it's late, because it's not true."
In 1887, at the age of sixteen, he presented one of his poems to Giggi Zanazzo, the dialectal poet director of Rugantino, asking for it to be published. The sonnet, inspired by Belli, entitled L'invenzione della stampa (The Invention of Printing), begins with Johann Gutenberg's invention and ends with a criticism of contemporary printing in the final tercets:
(Romanesco)
«Cusì successe, caro patron Rocco,
Che quanno annavi ne le libbrerie
Te portavi via n' libbro c'un baijocco.
Mentre mo ce so' tante porcherie
De libri e de giornali che pe n' sordo
Dicono un frego de minchionerie.»
(IT)
«Così succedeva, caro patron Rocco,
che quando andavi nelle librerie
acquistavi un libro con cinque centesimi.
Mentre adesso ci sono tanti libri e giornali
fatti male che per cinque centesimi
dicono moltissime sciocchezze.»
(EN)
"So it used to be, dear patron Rocco,
when you went to bookshops
you could buy a book for five cents.
Whereas now there are many bad books and newspapers
that for five cents
say a lot of nonsense."
(Trilussa, L'invenzione della stampa)
Zanazzo agreed to publish the sonnet, which appeared in the edition of 30 October 1887, signed at the bottom with the pseudonym Trilussa. From this first publication he began an assiduous collaboration with the Roman periodical, thanks also to the support and encouragement of Edoardo Perino, editor of Rugantino, which would lead the young Trilussa to publish, between 1887 and 1889, fifty poems and forty-one prose works.
Among the many poems printed between the pages of Rugantino, the Stelle de Roma (Stars of Rome), a series of about thirty madrigals, that paid homage to some of the most beautiful young women in Rome, were a resounding success. Starting with the first stella, published on 3 June 1888, the poems dedicated to Roman women gradually gained such popularity that they involved the entire Rugantino editorial staff. Several authors, hiding behind pseudonyms, would try their hand at writing poems entitled to stelle along the lines of those of Trilussa. The popularity of his compositions led Trilussa to select twenty of them and, after revising them and making substantial changes, to publish them in his first collection of poems, Stelle de Roma. Versi romaneschi (Stars of Rome, Roman verses), published in 1889 by Cerroni and Solaro. However, his sudden popularity brought with it criticism from Belli's disciples, who attacked him for the themes he dealt with and accused him of using the Romanesco dialect combined with Italian. Among them was Filippo Chiappini himself, who, under the pseudonym Mastro Naticchia, mocked his pupil by means of two poems published in Rugantino.
After his first work was published, his collaborations with Rugantino decreased in frequency; however, Trilussa remained strongly tied to the publisher Perino, with whom, in 1890, he published the almanac Er Mago de Bborgo. Lunario pe' 'r 1890 (The Village Magician. 1980 Almanac). It is a revival of the eponymous almanac conceived in 1859 by the Roman poet Adone Finardi, produced in collaboration with Francesco Sabatini, known as Padron Checco, and the illustrator Adriano Minardi, alias Silhouette. Trilussa wrote for the almanac a sonnet for each month of the year, with the addition of a closing composition and some prose in Roman dialect.
The Don Chisciotte and the Favole Rimodernate (1891-1900)
The experience of the almanac was repeated the following year with Er Mago de Bborgo. Lunario pe' 'r 1891 (The Village Magician: 1891 Almanac): this time the texts are all by Trilussa, without the collaboration of Francesco Sabatini, but accompanied again by Silhouette's drawings. In the meantime, the Roman poet collaborated with various periodicals, publishing poems and prose in Il Ficcanaso. Almanacco popolare con caricature per l'anno 1890, Il Cicerone and La Frusta (The Meddler. Popular Almanac with Caricatures for the year 1890, The Cicerone, and The Whip). However, Trilussa's most important collaboration came in 1891, when he began writing for the Don Chisciotte della Mancia, a daily newspaper with national circulation, alternating satirical articles targeting Crispi's politics with city chronicles. His production for the paper thickened in 1893, when the newspaper changed its name to Il Don Chisciotte di Roma, and Trilussa, at the age of twenty-two, joined the newspaper's editorial board.
It was during this period that Trilussa prepared the publication of his second volume of poems, Quaranta sonetti romaneschi (Forty Roman Sonnets), a collection which, despite its name, contains forty-one sonnets, selected mainly from recent publications in Il Don Chisciotte di Roma and partly from the older poems published in Rugantino; the collection, published in 1894, marked the beginning of the collaboration between Trilussa and the Roman publisher Voghera, a relationship that would continue for the next twenty-five years.
It was on Luigi Arnaldo Vassallo's newspaper that the fable-writer Trilussa was born, between 1885 and 1899: twelve of the poet's fables appeared in Don Chisciotte; the first among them was La Cecala e la Formica (The Cicada and the Ant), published on 29 November 1895, which, in addition to being the first fable ever written, and the first by Trilussa, is also the first of the so-called Favole Rimodernate (Modernised Tales), which Diego De Miranda, the editor of the column Tra piume e strascichi, in which the fable was published, thus announced:
«Favole antiche colla morale nuova. Trilussa, da qualche tempo, non pubblica sonetti: non li pubblica perché li studia. Si direbbe che, acquistando la coscienza della sua maturità intellettuale, il giovane scrittore romanesco senta il dovere di dare la giusta misura di sé, di ciò che può, della originalità del suo concepimento. E osserva e tenta di fare diversamente da quanto ha fatto finora. E ha avuto un'idea, fra l'altro, arguta e geniale: quella di rifare le favole antiche di Esopo per metterci la morale corrente.»
"Ancient fables with new morals. Trilussa has not published sonnets for some time: he does not publish them because he studies them. One would say that, acquiring the consciousness of his intellectual maturity, the young Roman writer feels the duty to give the right measure of himself, of what he can, of the originality of his conception. And he observes and attempts to do differently from what he has done so far. And he has had an idea, among other things, witty and ingenious: that of remaking Aesop's ancient fables to put in current morals."
(Diego De Miranda)
When De Miranda said that the Roman poet was no longer publishing sonnets because he was studying them, he was probably referring to the collection that Trilussa was preparing, and of which he was aware, which would see daylight only in 1898, printed by Tipografia Folchetto under the title Altri sonetti. Preceduti da una lettera di Isacco di David Spizzichino, strozzino (Other Sonnets. Preceded by a Letter of Isacco di David Spizzichino, Usurer). The curious title of the work originated from an episode that biographers consider real: Trilussa, in financial difficulties, asked Isacco di David Spizzichino, a moneylender, for a loan, guaranteeing to pay him back after the publication of his next book. But the book was late to be published, and Isacco sent a peremptory letter to the poet; Trilussa decided to report the story with the cheerfulness and irony that always distinguished him: he included in the collection a dedication to his usurer and the intimidating letter as a preface to the work.
In the meantime, the Roman poet began to become declaimer of his own verses, which he recited in cultural circles, theatres, aristocratic salons, and cafè-concerts, Trilussa's favourite places, symbols of the Belle Époque. Without knowing German, in 1898 Trilussa ventured on his first foreign experience to Berlin, accompanied by the transformist Leopoldo Fregoli.
Elocutionist Trilussa (1901-1914)
Monument to Trilussa, in the homonymous square in Rome between Trastevere and Ponte Sisto.
In the wake of his success, he began to frequent 'salons' as a poet-commentator on the day's events. During the Fascist period, he avoided joining the Fascist Party, but preferred to define himself as a non-fascist rather than an anti-fascist. Although he made political satire, his relations with the regime were always calm and marked by mutual respect. In 1922, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore began publishing all his collections. Also in 1922, the writer joined Arcadia under the pseudonym of Tibrindo Plateo, which was also that of Belli.
He was godfather to the journalist and sports radio reporter Sandro Ciotti. The President of the Republic Luigi Einaudi appointed Trilussa senator for life on 1 December 1950, twenty days before he died (in one of the first issues of Epoca dedicated to the news of his death in 1950, could be read that the poet, long since ill, and prescient of the imminent end, had commented with unchanged irony: "They have appointed me senator to death"; the fact remains that Trilussa, although seventy-nine at the time of his death, insisted, with old-fashioned coquetry, on declaring that he was 73).
His last words, pronounced almost in a whisper to his faithful maid Rosa Tomei, seem to have been: "I'm leaving now". The maid, however, told the journalist of "Epoca" who interviewed her: "I was sewing a new scarf, now he won't need it anymore". He died on December 21, 1950, the same day of Giuseppe Gioachino Belli, another Roman poet, and Giovanni Boccaccio. He was almost two meters tall, as evidenced by the photos accompanying the news of his death, published by the Mondadori weekly Epoca in 1950.
He was a freemason.
He is buried in the historic Verano Cemetery in Rome, behind the Pincetto wall on the Caracciolo ramp. Engraved on the marble book on his tomb there is the poem Felicità (Happiness). The collection of Tutte le poesie (Collected Poems) was published posthumously in 1951, edited by Pietro Pancrazi, and with drawings by the author.
The poet's tomb at the monumental cemetery of Verano, in Rome.
Style and themes
Socio-political satire
In witty language, barely rippled by his bourgeois dialect, Trilussa commented on around fifty years of Roman and Italian news, from the Giolittian era to the years of fascism and the post-war years. The corruption of politicians, the fanaticism of hierarchs and the scheming of the powerful are some of his favourite targets. In some of his poems, such as Er venditore de pianeti, Trilussa also manifested a certain patriotism of the Risorgimento type.
However, satire, conducted with a certain political apathy and scepticism, is not the only motif that inspires Trilussian poetry: there are frequent moments of crepuscular melancholy, disconsolate reflection, here and there corrected by flashes of irony, on withering loves, on the loneliness that makes old age bitter and empty (the models in this case are Lorenzo Stecchetti and Guido Gozzano).
Trilussa
The key to accessing and reading Trilussa's satire can be found in fables. Like other fable writers, he also had something to teach, however, his moral was never generic or vague, but linked to the real-time comments on the issues of life. He was not satisfied with his happy endings; therefore, he pursued his own amusement already during text composition and, of course, that of the reader to whom the product was addressed.
The Romanesco poet
Trilussa was the third great dialect Roman poet to appear on the scene from the nineteenth century onwards: while Belli, with his expressive realism, drew fully from the language of the lowest strata and turned it into short, memorable sonnets, Pascarella proposed the language of the United Italy commoner, who typically aspires to culture and middle class, integrated into a narrative of a wider scope. Trilussa devised a language even closer to Italian, in an attempt to enhance Belli's vernacular. Trilussa replaced popular Rome with bourgeois Rome, and historical satire with the humour of the daily chronicle.
In particular, Trilussa has the ability to highlight people's pettiness and weaknesses through incisive and biting metaphors, often based on episodes involving domestic animals. This is the case of the well-known sonnet Er cane moralista (The Judgemental Dog) in which the initial censorious and critical attitude towards reprehensible behaviour is followed by a finale in which accommodation and mutual interest recall common dynamics of human behaviour.
Works
Between 1887 and 1950, Trilussa initially published his poems in newspapers and later collected them in volumes. This allowed him to immediately gather the readers' opinions, as well as to show them the artistic rendering of his compositions at a first draft. It was only afterwards that he selected and refined his poems, discarding those that were less up-to-date and making stylistic, metrical, and linguistic interventions. This second phase made his collections not a simple re-proposition of poems scattered on the pages of newspapers, but real books of poems, perfected and, when necessary, renewed in relation to the social context.
Stelle de Roma. Versi romaneschi, 1889.
Er Mago de Bborgo. Lunario pe' 'r 1890, 1890.
Er Mago de Bborgo. Lunario pe' 'r 1891, 1891.
Quaranta sonetti romaneschi, 1894.
Altri sonetti. Preceduti da una lettera di Isacco di David Spizzichino, strozzino, 1898.
Favole romanesche, Roma, Enrico Voghera, 1901.
Caffè-concerto, Roma, Enrico Voghera, 1901.
Er serrajo, Roma, Enrico Voghera, 1903.
Sonetti romaneschi, Roma, Enrico Voghera, 1909.
Nove poesie, Roma, Enrico Voghera, 1910 (online).
Roma nel 1911: l'Esposizione vista a volo di cornacchia: sestine umoristiche, Roma,1911.
Le storie, Roma, Enrico Voghera, 1913.
Ommini e bestie, Roma, Enrico Voghera, 1914.
La vispa Teresa, Roma, Carra, 1917.
...A tozzi e bocconi: Poesie giovanili e disperse, Roma, Carra, 1918.
Le finzioni della vita. Rocca San Casciano, Licinio Cappelli, 1918.
Lupi e agnelli, Roma, Enrico Voghera, 1919.
Le cose, Roma-Milano, A. Mondadori, 1922.
I sonetti, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1922.
La Gente, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1927.
Picchiabbò, ossia La moje der ciambellano: spupazzata dall'autore stesso, Roma, Edizioni d'arte Fauno, 1927.
Libro n. 9, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1930.
Evviva Trastevere: poesie, bozzetti, storia della festa de nojantri, varietà, Trilussa e altri, Roma, Autocultura, 1930.
La porchetta bianca, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1930.
Giove e le bestie, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1932.
Cento favole, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1934.
Libro muto, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1935.
Le favole, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1935.
Duecento sonetti, A. Milano, Mondadori, 1936.
Sei favole di Trilussa: commentate da Guglielmo Guasta Veglia (Guasta), Bari, Laterza e Polo, 1937.
Mamma primavera: favole di Trilussa: con commento di Guglielmo Guasta Veglia: disegni di Giobbe, Bari, Laterza e Polo, 1937.
Lo specchio e altre poesie, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1938.
La sincerità e altre fiabe nove e antiche, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1939.
Acqua e vino, Roma, A. Mondadori, 1945.
Le prose del Rugantino e del Don Chisciotte e altre prose, Anne-Christine Faitrop Porta, Roma, Salerno, 1992.
Citations and influences
Many of Trilussa's compositions have been used on several occasions by other artists as lyrics for their own songs, sometimes reinterpreting them. Some examples:
Ninna nanna della guerra, revisited by Maria Monti, on popular music.
Ninna nanna della guerra, for many years Claudio Baglioni's masterpiece under the title Ninna nanna nanna ninna, especially in live albums (see his discography).
A reference to the satire on "chickens" can be found in the song Penelope by Jovanotti, in the line "Se io mangio due polli e tu nessuno, statisticamente noi ne abbiamo mangiato uno per uno" (If I eat two chickens and you none, statistically we have eaten one for one).
Examples of the use of his verses can also be found in cólta music. Alfredo Casella, for instance, set some fables in Romanesco dialect to music (Er coccodrillo, La carità, Er gatto e er cane, L'elezzione der presidente).
The poem La fede (Faith) was taken up and reused by Pope John Paul I to develop one of the letters contained in the book Illustrissimi. Luciani, as in the poem, asks himself about faith: about what it is and why some people feel it ardently, while others do not have it at all. Luciani then adds some references to Manzoni. Pope John Paul I (Albino Luciani) recited one of his poems, La Fede, at a Wednesday audience during his brief pontificate in 1978.
Musicals based on his texts
Alipio Calzelli, Il balbuziente: versi di Trilussa, Napoli, Bideri.
Angelo Vagnetti, Un cameriere filosofo: versi di Trilussa: musica di A. Vagnetti, Napoli, Bideri, 1903.
Virgilio Brancali, La ninna nanna della guerra: canto e piano: versi di Trilussa, Roma, Casa Musicale Italiana, 1917.
Costantino Lombardo, Voci lontane: Poemetto per voci e orchestra: versi di Trilussa, Roma, Tip. Danesi, 1917.
Alfredo Casella, Quattro favole romanesche di Trilussa musicate per canto e pianoforte, Milano, G. Ricordi, 1924.
Cesare Franco, Bolla de sapone: lirica per soprano o tenore con accompagnamento di pianoforte od orchestra: op. 46: versi di Trilussa, Bari, Raffaello Leo, 1930.
Agostino Zanchetta, Er chirichetto: per canto e pianoforte: parole di Trilussa, Bologna, U. Pizzi Edit. Tip., 1931.
E. Sc. Skeletti, La felicità: per canto e pianoforte: versi di Trilussa, Milano, G. Ricordi, 1937.
E. Sc. Skeletti, La quercia: per canto e pianoforte: versi di Trilussa, Milano, G. Ricordi, 1937.
E. Sc. Skeletti, La bocca: per canto e pianoforte: versi di Trilussa, Milano, G. Ricordi, 1938.
Mario Pilati, La tartaruga: per canto e pianoforte: poesia di Trilussa (da Le favole), Milano, G. Ricordi, 1940.
Giuseppe Micheli, Trilussa aroma de Roma: testi di Trilussa: musiche originali di G. Micheli, Milano, Usignolo, 1976.
Celestino Eccher, Sette canzoncine per bambini: su testi di Trilussa, Trento, Federazione cori del Trentino, 2000.
TV miniseries
Rai 1 broadcast in the evenings of 11 and 12 March 2013 the miniseries in two episodes, starring Michele Placido, Trilussa - Storia d'amore e di poesia.
References
Corsi, M. (1968). Ecco Trilussa. Cosmopolita.
D'Arrigo, G. (1968). Trilussa: il tempo, i luoghi, l'opera. Arti Grafiche Scalia.
Dell'Arco, M. (1951). Lunga vita di Trilussa. Bardi.
Desiato, L. (2004) C'era una volta a Roma Trilussa. Mondadori.
Di Massa, S. (1946). Trilussa lirico. Danesi.
Escobar, M. (Ed.). (1957) Prosa e poesia romanesca: dalle origini a Trilussa. Cappelli.
Faitrop-Porta, C. A. (1979). Trilussa: doppio volto di un uomo e di un'opera. Istituto di studi romani.
Frapiselli, F. (2001). Trilussa con noi. Bardi.
Jannattoni, L. (1979). Roma fine ottocento. Trilussa dal madrigale alla favola. Newton Compton.
Luigi, C. (1945). Trilussa aneddotico. F. Mondini.
Mariani, G. (1974). Trilussa: Storia di un poeta. Bonacci.
Paratore, E. (1972). Trilussa: nel centenario della nascita. Istituto di studi romani.
Pericoli Ridolfini, C. (1974). Disegni inediti di Trilussa. Galleria L'agostiniana.
Pettinicchio, D. (2012). Concordanze delle poesie di Trilussa. il Cubo.
Sorge, M. (1939). De Belli à Trilussa, la portée humaine de la poésie en dialecte romain. Droz.
Trilussa. (1994). Poesie, (C. Rendina Ed.). Newton Compton, 1994.
Trilussa. (2012). Tutte le poesie. (C. Costa, L. Felici Eds.). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore.
Vaccaro, G. (1994). Vocabolario romanesco trilussiano-italiano. il Cubo.
Arolà (2021). Trilussa, Aesop of Rome. Troubador.
External links
Italian Wikisource has original text related to this article: Trilussa
Italian Wikiquote has quotations related to Trilussa
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trilussa
Trilussa Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.
Trilussa, Enciclopedia Italiana, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.
Trilussa, sapere.it, De Agostini.
Trilussa Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.
Opere di Trilussa OpenMLOL, Horizons Unlimited srl.
Opere di Trilussa Open Library, Internet Archive.
Trilussa, Senato della Repubblica.
Trilussa, Istituto centrale per i beni sonori ed audiovisivi.
Spartiti o libretti di Trilussa in International Music Score Library Project, Project Petrucci LLC.
Stanza di Trilussa al Museo di Roma in Trastevere
Indici di dialettalità di Belli, Pascarella e Trilussa
Poesie di Trilussa in poesiedautore.it
Trilussa Lyrics, in lyricstranslate.com
Works by Trilussa at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Notes
^ a b Some biographers as Claudio Rendina report Marianum as his fourth name (Rendina, p.19)
^ Felici, Costa. Cronologia (1871). pp. LXXVII–LXXVIII.
^ a b Felici, Costa. Cronologia (1872-1876). pp. LXXIX–LXXX.
^ Felici, Costa. Cronologia (1877-1886). pp. LXXX–LXXXIII.
^ Jannattoni, L. (1979). Roma fine ottocento. Trilussa dal madrigale alla favola. Newton Compton. p. 42.
^ Felici, Costa. Poesie Sparse. p. 1487.
^ Felici, Costa. Poesie Sparse. pp. 1690–1691.
^ a b c d Felici, Costa. Cronologia (1887-1890). pp. LXXXIII–LXXXVII.
^ Felici, Costa. Poesie Sparse. pp. 1692–1693.
^ Felici, Costa. Poesie Sparse. p. 1720.
^ Felici, Costa. Poesie Sparse. pp. 1722–1723.
^ a b c d e Felici, Costa. Cronologia (1891-1900). pp. LXXXVII–XCIX.
^ Felici, Costa. Poesie Sparse. p. 1729.
^ Jannattoni, L. (1979). Roma fine ottocento. Trilussa dal madrigale alla favola. Newton Compton. p. 112.
^ Jannattoni, L. (1979). Roma fine ottocento. Trilussa dal madrigale alla favola. Newton Compton. p. 161.
^ Corsi, M. (1968). Ecco Trilussa. Cosmopolita. p. 33.
^ D'Arrigo, G. (1968). Trilussa: il tempo, i luoghi, l'opera. Arti Grafiche Scalia. p. 66.
^ "È morto Sandro Ciotti maestro di giornalismo e uomo di qualità". Federazione Nazionale Stampa Italiana. 18 July 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29.
^ "Quanti personaggi dello spettacolo fra le logge italiane". Loggia Giordano Bruno. Retrieved 2 October 2007.
^ Felici, Costa. Profili dei Libri. pp. 1805–1820.
^ This song can be found, among the other LPs, also in Le Canzoni del No.
^ Casella, Alfredo (1924). Quattro favole romanesche di Trilussa musicate per canto e pianoforte. Milano: Ricordi.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"anagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagram"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer"},{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"Romanesco dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesco_dialect"}],"text":"Carlo Alberto Camillo Mariano Salustri[1] (26 October 1871 – 21 December 1950), known by the pseudonym Trilussa (an anagram of his last name), was an Italian poet, writer and journalist, particularly known for his works in Romanesco dialect.","title":"Trilussa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albano Laziale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albano_Laziale"},{"link_name":"Bolognese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"Church of San Giacomo in Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giacomo_in_Augusta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"diphtheria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheria"},{"link_name":"Via Ripetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_di_Ripetta"},{"link_name":"Belli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Gioachino_Belli"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Collegio Poli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegio_San_Giuseppe_-_Istituto_De_Merode"},{"link_name":"Brothers of the Christian Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Corriere della Sera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera"},{"link_name":"Lazio Sports Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Lazio"},{"link_name":"Lazio Sports Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Lazio"},{"link_name":"godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godparent"}],"sub_title":"Childhood and education (1871-1886)","text":"Carlo Alberto Camillo Salustri was born in Rome on 26 October 1871. His father, Vincenzo, was a waiter from Albano Laziale, his mother, Carlotta Poldi, was a Bolognese seamstress. He was the second-born child of the Salustri family and was baptized on 31 October in the Church of San Giacomo in Augusta, when the fourth name, Mariano, was added.[1][2] A year later, in 1872, at the age of three, his sister, Elisabetta, died of diphtheria. His tormented childhood was affected again two years later, on 1 April 1874, by the death of his father Vincenzo. After the death of her husband, Carlotta Poldi decided to move with her son Carlo to Via Ripetta, where they stayed for only eleven months, before moving again to the palace in Piazza di Pietra, belonging to the Marquis Ermenegildo del Cinque, Carlo's godfather. It is believed that Carlo owes his acquaintance with Filippo Chiappini, a Romanesco poet and disciple of Belli, to the Marquis;[3] indeed, Chiappini's sonnet Ar marchese Riminigirdo Der Cinque (To the Marquis Riminigirdo Der Cinque), addressed to Trilussa's godfather, seems to be referring to Carlotta Poldi and her son in the last triplet.(Filippo Chiappini, Ar marchese Riminigirdo Der Cinque[3])In 1877 Carlotta enrolled her son in the San Nicola municipal schools, where Carlo attended first and second grade. Then, in October 1880, he took the examination for admission to the Collegio Poli of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, but having made a simple mistake in subtraction, he was forced to repeat the second year. Because of his negligence and lack of commitment, he had to repeat the third grade and then, in 1886, he abandoned formal studies for good, despite the pressure of his mother, his uncle Marco Salustri and Professor Chiappini, who insisted that Carlo continue to study.[4]An article in the Corriere della Sera of 7 November 2020, in the sports pages, shows a photo of Trilussa next to that of a young athlete captured wearing the Lazio Sports Club jersey. The two are almost identical: the photo was in fact taken inside the Casina dell'Uccelliera in Villa Borghese between 1906 and 1913, the site of the former official headquarters of the sports club. Trilussa, a well-known freemason, knew all the directors of the Lazio Sports Club and was friends with Giggi Zanazzo and Nino Ilari, well-known poets and playwrights who were regulars at the club. Sandro Ciotti, a well-known Lazio youth footballer, Lazio fan and future sports broadcaster born in Rome, had Trilussa as his godfather.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Filippo_Chiappini.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Belli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Gioachino_Belli"},{"link_name":"Johann Gutenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"pseudonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"madrigals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal"},{"link_name":"pseudonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Debut and the Stelle de Roma (1887-1890)","text":"Portrait of Filippo Chiappini, Trilussa's mentor, who insisted that Trilussa continue his studies. In a letter to his mother Carlotta he wrote: \"Send him to take this exam in Rieti, Terni or some other town where he will not have to suffer a humiliation that would be painful for him, and when he comes back here with his licence have him enrol in the Institute and let him study accountancy. With three years at the Institute, he can get his technical license and can get a government job [...] Don't tell me it's late, because it's not true.\"[5]In 1887, at the age of sixteen, he presented one of his poems to Giggi Zanazzo, the dialectal poet director of Rugantino, asking for it to be published. The sonnet, inspired by Belli, entitled L'invenzione della stampa (The Invention of Printing), begins with Johann Gutenberg's invention and ends with a criticism of contemporary printing in the final tercets:(Trilussa, L'invenzione della stampa[6][7])Zanazzo agreed to publish the sonnet, which appeared in the edition of 30 October 1887, signed at the bottom with the pseudonym Trilussa. From this first publication he began an assiduous collaboration with the Roman periodical, thanks also to the support and encouragement of Edoardo Perino, editor of Rugantino, which would lead the young Trilussa to publish, between 1887 and 1889, fifty poems and forty-one prose works.[8]Among the many poems printed between the pages of Rugantino, the Stelle de Roma (Stars of Rome), a series of about thirty madrigals, that paid homage to some of the most beautiful young women in Rome, were a resounding success. Starting with the first stella, published on 3 June 1888, the poems dedicated to Roman women gradually gained such popularity that they involved the entire Rugantino editorial staff. Several authors, hiding behind pseudonyms, would try their hand at writing poems entitled to stelle along the lines of those of Trilussa. The popularity of his compositions led Trilussa to select twenty of them and, after revising them and making substantial changes, to publish them in his first collection of poems, Stelle de Roma. Versi romaneschi (Stars of Rome, Roman verses), published in 1889 by Cerroni and Solaro. However, his sudden popularity brought with it criticism from Belli's disciples, who attacked him for the themes he dealt with and accused him of using the Romanesco dialect combined with Italian. Among them was Filippo Chiappini himself, who, under the pseudonym Mastro Naticchia, mocked his pupil by means of two poems published in Rugantino.[8][9]After his first work was published, his collaborations with Rugantino decreased in frequency; however, Trilussa remained strongly tied to the publisher Perino, with whom, in 1890, he published the almanac Er Mago de Bborgo. Lunario pe' 'r 1890 (The Village Magician. 1980 Almanac). It is a revival of the eponymous almanac conceived in 1859 by the Roman poet Adone Finardi, produced in collaboration with Francesco Sabatini, known as Padron Checco, and the illustrator Adriano Minardi, alias Silhouette. Trilussa wrote for the almanac a sonnet for each month of the year, with the addition of a closing composition and some prose in Roman dialect.[8][10]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"satirical articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire"},{"link_name":"Crispi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Crispi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"cafè-concerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-chantant"},{"link_name":"Belle Époque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"}],"sub_title":"The Don Chisciotte and the Favole Rimodernate (1891-1900)","text":"The experience of the almanac was repeated the following year with Er Mago de Bborgo. Lunario pe' 'r 1891 (The Village Magician: 1891 Almanac): this time the texts are all by Trilussa, without the collaboration of Francesco Sabatini, but accompanied again by Silhouette's drawings.[11] In the meantime, the Roman poet collaborated with various periodicals, publishing poems and prose in Il Ficcanaso. Almanacco popolare con caricature per l'anno 1890, Il Cicerone and La Frusta (The Meddler. Popular Almanac with Caricatures for the year 1890, The Cicerone, and The Whip). However, Trilussa's most important collaboration came in 1891, when he began writing for the Don Chisciotte della Mancia, a daily newspaper with national circulation, alternating satirical articles targeting Crispi's politics with city chronicles. His production for the paper thickened in 1893, when the newspaper changed its name to Il Don Chisciotte di Roma, and Trilussa, at the age of twenty-two, joined the newspaper's editorial board.[8][12]It was during this period that Trilussa prepared the publication of his second volume of poems, Quaranta sonetti romaneschi (Forty Roman Sonnets), a collection which, despite its name, contains forty-one sonnets, selected mainly from recent publications in Il Don Chisciotte di Roma and partly from the older poems published in Rugantino; the collection, published in 1894, marked the beginning of the collaboration between Trilussa and the Roman publisher Voghera, a relationship that would continue for the next twenty-five years.[12][13]It was on Luigi Arnaldo Vassallo's newspaper that the fable-writer Trilussa was born, between 1885 and 1899: twelve of the poet's fables appeared in Don Chisciotte; the first among them was La Cecala e la Formica (The Cicada and the Ant), published on 29 November 1895, which, in addition to being the first fable ever written, and the first by Trilussa, is also the first of the so-called Favole Rimodernate (Modernised Tales),[14] which Diego De Miranda, the editor of the column Tra piume e strascichi, in which the fable was published, thus announced:(Diego De Miranda[12])When De Miranda said that the Roman poet was no longer publishing sonnets because he was studying them, he was probably referring to the collection that Trilussa was preparing, and of which he was aware, which would see daylight only in 1898, printed by Tipografia Folchetto under the title Altri sonetti. Preceduti da una lettera di Isacco di David Spizzichino, strozzino (Other Sonnets. Preceded by a Letter of Isacco di David Spizzichino, Usurer). The curious title of the work originated from an episode that biographers consider real:[15][16][17] Trilussa, in financial difficulties, asked Isacco di David Spizzichino, a moneylender, for a loan, guaranteeing to pay him back after the publication of his next book. But the book was late to be published, and Isacco sent a peremptory letter to the poet; Trilussa decided to report the story with the cheerfulness and irony that always distinguished him: he included in the collection a dedication to his usurer and the intimidating letter as a preface to the work.[12]In the meantime, the Roman poet began to become declaimer of his own verses, which he recited in cultural circles, theatres, aristocratic salons, and cafè-concerts, Trilussa's favourite places, symbols of the Belle Époque. Without knowing German, in 1898 Trilussa ventured on his first foreign experience to Berlin, accompanied by the transformist Leopoldo Fregoli.[12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trastevere_-_piazza_Trilussa_-_monumento_a_Trilussa_1531.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Trastevere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastevere"},{"link_name":"Ponte Sisto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_Sisto"},{"link_name":"Fascist period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Fascism"},{"link_name":"Fascist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fascist_Party"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"anti-fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascism"},{"link_name":"Arnoldo Mondadori Editore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnoldo_Mondadori_Editore"},{"link_name":"Arcadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Arcadia"},{"link_name":"Belli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Gioachino_Belli"},{"link_name":"godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godparent"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"President of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"Luigi Einaudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi"},{"link_name":"senator for life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senator_for_life"},{"link_name":"Epoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoca_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Gioachino Belli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Gioachino_Belli"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Boccaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio"},{"link_name":"freemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Verano Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_Verano"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roma_cimitero_Verano_tomba_Trilussa.jpg"},{"link_name":"monumental cemetery of Verano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_Verano"}],"sub_title":"Elocutionist Trilussa (1901-1914)","text":"Monument to Trilussa, in the homonymous square in Rome between Trastevere and Ponte Sisto.In the wake of his success, he began to frequent 'salons' as a poet-commentator on the day's events. During the Fascist period, he avoided joining the Fascist Party, but preferred to define himself as a non-fascist rather than an anti-fascist. Although he made political satire, his relations with the regime were always calm and marked by mutual respect. In 1922, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore began publishing all his collections. Also in 1922, the writer joined Arcadia under the pseudonym of Tibrindo Plateo, which was also that of Belli.He was godfather to the journalist and sports radio reporter Sandro Ciotti.[18] The President of the Republic Luigi Einaudi appointed Trilussa senator for life on 1 December 1950, twenty days before he died (in one of the first issues of Epoca dedicated to the news of his death in 1950, could be read that the poet, long since ill, and prescient of the imminent end, had commented with unchanged irony: \"They have appointed me senator to death\"; the fact remains that Trilussa, although seventy-nine at the time of his death, insisted, with old-fashioned coquetry, on declaring that he was 73).His last words, pronounced almost in a whisper to his faithful maid Rosa Tomei, seem to have been: \"I'm leaving now\". The maid, however, told the journalist of \"Epoca\" who interviewed her: \"I was sewing a new scarf, now he won't need it anymore\". He died on December 21, 1950, the same day of Giuseppe Gioachino Belli, another Roman poet, and Giovanni Boccaccio. He was almost two meters tall, as evidenced by the photos accompanying the news of his death, published by the Mondadori weekly Epoca in 1950.He was a freemason.[19]He is buried in the historic Verano Cemetery in Rome, behind the Pincetto wall on the Caracciolo ramp. Engraved on the marble book on his tomb there is the poem Felicità (Happiness). The collection of Tutte le poesie (Collected Poems) was published posthumously in 1951, edited by Pietro Pancrazi, and with drawings by the author.The poet's tomb at the monumental cemetery of Verano, in Rome.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Style and themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Giolittian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"post-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-war"},{"link_name":"hierarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerarca"},{"link_name":"patriotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotism"},{"link_name":"Risorgimento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_unification"},{"link_name":"satire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire"},{"link_name":"scepticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skepticism"},{"link_name":"crepuscular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepuscolari"},{"link_name":"Guido Gozzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Gozzano"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trilussa.jpg"},{"link_name":"fables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fable"}],"sub_title":"Socio-political satire","text":"In witty language, barely rippled by his bourgeois dialect, Trilussa commented on around fifty years of Roman and Italian news, from the Giolittian era to the years of fascism and the post-war years. The corruption of politicians, the fanaticism of hierarchs and the scheming of the powerful are some of his favourite targets. In some of his poems, such as Er venditore de pianeti, Trilussa also manifested a certain patriotism of the Risorgimento type.However, satire, conducted with a certain political apathy and scepticism, is not the only motif that inspires Trilussian poetry: there are frequent moments of crepuscular melancholy, disconsolate reflection, here and there corrected by flashes of irony, on withering loves, on the loneliness that makes old age bitter and empty (the models in this case are Lorenzo Stecchetti and Guido Gozzano).TrilussaThe key to accessing and reading Trilussa's satire can be found in fables. Like other fable writers, he also had something to teach, however, his moral was never generic or vague, but linked to the real-time comments on the issues of life. He was not satisfied with his happy endings; therefore, he pursued his own amusement already during text composition and, of course, that of the reader to whom the product was addressed.","title":"Style and themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Gioachino_Belli"},{"link_name":"realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Pascarella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Pascarella"},{"link_name":"commoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commoner"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Belli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Gioachino_Belli"},{"link_name":"vernacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular"},{"link_name":"satire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire"}],"sub_title":"The Romanesco poet","text":"Trilussa was the third great dialect Roman poet to appear on the scene from the nineteenth century onwards: while Belli, with his expressive realism, drew fully from the language of the lowest strata and turned it into short, memorable sonnets, Pascarella proposed the language of the United Italy commoner, who typically aspires to culture and middle class, integrated into a narrative of a wider scope. Trilussa devised a language even closer to Italian, in an attempt to enhance Belli's vernacular. Trilussa replaced popular Rome with bourgeois Rome, and historical satire with the humour of the daily chronicle.In particular, Trilussa has the ability to highlight people's pettiness and weaknesses through incisive and biting metaphors, often based on episodes involving domestic animals. This is the case of the well-known sonnet Er cane moralista (The Judgemental Dog) in which the initial censorious and critical attitude towards reprehensible behaviour is followed by a finale in which accommodation and mutual interest recall common dynamics of human behaviour.","title":"Style and themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/novepoesie00trilgoog"},{"link_name":"Guglielmo Guasta Veglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Guastaveglia"}],"text":"Between 1887 and 1950, Trilussa initially published his poems in newspapers and later collected them in volumes. This allowed him to immediately gather the readers' opinions, as well as to show them the artistic rendering of his compositions at a first draft. It was only afterwards that he selected and refined his poems, discarding those that were less up-to-date and making stylistic, metrical, and linguistic interventions. This second phase made his collections not a simple re-proposition of poems scattered on the pages of newspapers, but real books of poems, perfected and, when necessary, renewed in relation to the social context.[20]Stelle de Roma. Versi romaneschi, 1889.\nEr Mago de Bborgo. Lunario pe' 'r 1890, 1890.\nEr Mago de Bborgo. Lunario pe' 'r 1891, 1891.\nQuaranta sonetti romaneschi, 1894.\nAltri sonetti. Preceduti da una lettera di Isacco di David Spizzichino, strozzino, 1898.\nFavole romanesche, Roma, Enrico Voghera, 1901.\nCaffè-concerto, Roma, Enrico Voghera, 1901.\nEr serrajo, Roma, Enrico Voghera, 1903.\nSonetti romaneschi, Roma, Enrico Voghera, 1909.\nNove poesie, Roma, Enrico Voghera, 1910 (online).\nRoma nel 1911: l'Esposizione vista a volo di cornacchia: sestine umoristiche, Roma,1911.\nLe storie, Roma, Enrico Voghera, 1913.\nOmmini e bestie, Roma, Enrico Voghera, 1914.\nLa vispa Teresa, Roma, Carra, 1917.\n...A tozzi e bocconi: Poesie giovanili e disperse, Roma, Carra, 1918.\nLe finzioni della vita. Rocca San Casciano, Licinio Cappelli, 1918.\nLupi e agnelli, Roma, Enrico Voghera, 1919.\nLe cose, Roma-Milano, A. Mondadori, 1922.\nI sonetti, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1922.\nLa Gente, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1927.\nPicchiabbò, ossia La moje der ciambellano: spupazzata dall'autore stesso, Roma, Edizioni d'arte Fauno, 1927.\nLibro n. 9, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1930.\nEvviva Trastevere: poesie, bozzetti, storia della festa de nojantri, varietà, Trilussa e altri, Roma, Autocultura, 1930.\nLa porchetta bianca, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1930.\nGiove e le bestie, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1932.\nCento favole, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1934.\nLibro muto, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1935.\nLe favole, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1935.\nDuecento sonetti, A. Milano, Mondadori, 1936.\nSei favole di Trilussa: commentate da Guglielmo Guasta Veglia (Guasta), Bari, Laterza e Polo, 1937.\nMamma primavera: favole di Trilussa: con commento di Guglielmo Guasta Veglia: disegni di Giobbe, Bari, Laterza e Polo, 1937.\nLo specchio e altre poesie, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1938.\nLa sincerità e altre fiabe nove e antiche, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1939.\nAcqua e vino, Roma, A. Mondadori, 1945.\nLe prose del Rugantino e del Don Chisciotte e altre prose, Anne-Christine Faitrop Porta, Roma, Salerno, 1992.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song"},{"link_name":"Maria Monti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Monti"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Claudio Baglioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Baglioni"},{"link_name":"live albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_albums"},{"link_name":"Jovanotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovanotti"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Casella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Casella"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I"},{"link_name":"Illustrissimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrissimi"},{"link_name":"faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith"},{"link_name":"Manzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I"},{"link_name":"pontificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontificate"}],"text":"Many of Trilussa's compositions have been used on several occasions by other artists as lyrics for their own songs, sometimes reinterpreting them. Some examples:Ninna nanna della guerra, revisited by Maria Monti, on popular music.[21]\nNinna nanna della guerra, for many years Claudio Baglioni's masterpiece under the title Ninna nanna nanna ninna, especially in live albums (see his discography).A reference to the satire on \"chickens\" can be found in the song Penelope by Jovanotti, in the line \"Se io mangio due polli e tu nessuno, statisticamente noi ne abbiamo mangiato uno per uno\" (If I eat two chickens and you none, statistically we have eaten one for one).Examples of the use of his verses can also be found in cólta music. Alfredo Casella, for instance, set some fables in Romanesco dialect to music (Er coccodrillo, La carità, Er gatto e er cane, L'elezzione der presidente).[22]The poem La fede (Faith) was taken up and reused by Pope John Paul I to develop one of the letters contained in the book Illustrissimi. Luciani, as in the poem, asks himself about faith: about what it is and why some people feel it ardently, while others do not have it at all. Luciani then adds some references to Manzoni. Pope John Paul I (Albino Luciani) recited one of his poems, La Fede, at a Wednesday audience during his brief pontificate in 1978.","title":"Citations and influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfredo Casella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Casella"}],"sub_title":"Musicals based on his texts","text":"Alipio Calzelli, Il balbuziente: versi di Trilussa, Napoli, Bideri.\nAngelo Vagnetti, Un cameriere filosofo: versi di Trilussa: musica di A. Vagnetti, Napoli, Bideri, 1903.\nVirgilio Brancali, La ninna nanna della guerra: canto e piano: versi di Trilussa, Roma, Casa Musicale Italiana, 1917.\nCostantino Lombardo, Voci lontane: Poemetto per voci e orchestra: versi di Trilussa, Roma, Tip. Danesi, 1917.\nAlfredo Casella, Quattro favole romanesche di Trilussa musicate per canto e pianoforte, Milano, G. Ricordi, 1924.\nCesare Franco, Bolla de sapone: lirica per soprano o tenore con accompagnamento di pianoforte od orchestra: op. 46: versi di Trilussa, Bari, Raffaello Leo, 1930.\nAgostino Zanchetta, Er chirichetto: per canto e pianoforte: parole di Trilussa, Bologna, U. Pizzi Edit. Tip., 1931.\nE. Sc. Skeletti, La felicità: per canto e pianoforte: versi di Trilussa, Milano, G. Ricordi, 1937.\nE. Sc. Skeletti, La quercia: per canto e pianoforte: versi di Trilussa, Milano, G. Ricordi, 1937.\nE. Sc. Skeletti, La bocca: per canto e pianoforte: versi di Trilussa, Milano, G. Ricordi, 1938.\nMario Pilati, La tartaruga: per canto e pianoforte: poesia di Trilussa (da Le favole), Milano, G. Ricordi, 1940.\nGiuseppe Micheli, Trilussa aroma de Roma: testi di Trilussa: musiche originali di G. Micheli, Milano, Usignolo, 1976.\nCelestino Eccher, Sette canzoncine per bambini: su testi di Trilussa, Trento, Federazione cori del Trentino, 2000.","title":"Citations and influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rai 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_1"},{"link_name":"Michele Placido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Placido"},{"link_name":"Trilussa - Storia d'amore e di poesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilussa_-_Storia_d%27amore_e_di_poesia"}],"sub_title":"TV miniseries","text":"Rai 1 broadcast in the evenings of 11 and 12 March 2013 the miniseries in two episodes, starring Michele Placido, Trilussa - Storia d'amore e di poesia.","title":"Citations and influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_8-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_12-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_12-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_12-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"È 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Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/308996"},{"link_name":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/carlo-alberto-camillo-salustri_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118802755.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1254283"},{"link_name":"RISM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rism.online/people/40219432"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/03165651X"}],"text":"^ a b Some biographers as Claudio Rendina report Marianum as his fourth name (Rendina, p.19)\n\n^ Felici, Costa. Cronologia (1871). pp. LXXVII–LXXVIII.\n\n^ a b Felici, Costa. Cronologia (1872-1876). pp. LXXIX–LXXX.\n\n^ Felici, Costa. Cronologia (1877-1886). pp. LXXX–LXXXIII.\n\n^ Jannattoni, L. (1979). Roma fine ottocento. Trilussa dal madrigale alla favola. Newton Compton. p. 42.\n\n^ Felici, Costa. Poesie Sparse. p. 1487.\n\n^ Felici, Costa. Poesie Sparse. pp. 1690–1691.\n\n^ a b c d Felici, Costa. Cronologia (1887-1890). pp. LXXXIII–LXXXVII.\n\n^ Felici, Costa. Poesie Sparse. pp. 1692–1693.\n\n^ Felici, Costa. Poesie Sparse. p. 1720.\n\n^ Felici, Costa. Poesie Sparse. pp. 1722–1723.\n\n^ a b c d e Felici, Costa. Cronologia (1891-1900). pp. LXXXVII–XCIX.\n\n^ Felici, Costa. Poesie Sparse. p. 1729.\n\n^ Jannattoni, L. (1979). Roma fine ottocento. Trilussa dal madrigale alla favola. Newton Compton. p. 112.\n\n^ Jannattoni, L. (1979). Roma fine ottocento. Trilussa dal madrigale alla favola. Newton Compton. p. 161.\n\n^ Corsi, M. (1968). Ecco Trilussa. Cosmopolita. p. 33.\n\n^ D'Arrigo, G. (1968). Trilussa: il tempo, i luoghi, l'opera. Arti Grafiche Scalia. p. 66.\n\n^ \"È morto Sandro Ciotti maestro di giornalismo e uomo di qualità\". Federazione Nazionale Stampa Italiana. 18 July 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29.\n\n^ \"Quanti personaggi dello spettacolo fra le logge italiane\". Loggia Giordano Bruno. Retrieved 2 October 2007.\n\n^ Felici, Costa. Profili dei Libri. pp. 1805–1820.\n\n^ This song can be found, among the other LPs, also in Le Canzoni del No.\n\n^ Casella, Alfredo (1924). Quattro favole romanesche di Trilussa musicate per canto e pianoforte. 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With three years at the Institute, he can get his technical license and can get a government job [...] Don't tell me it's late, because it's not true.\"[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Filippo_Chiappini.jpg/220px-Filippo_Chiappini.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monument to Trilussa, in the homonymous square in Rome between Trastevere and Ponte Sisto.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Trastevere_-_piazza_Trilussa_-_monumento_a_Trilussa_1531.JPG/220px-Trastevere_-_piazza_Trilussa_-_monumento_a_Trilussa_1531.JPG"},{"image_text":"The poet's tomb at the monumental cemetery of Verano, in Rome.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Roma_cimitero_Verano_tomba_Trilussa.jpg/220px-Roma_cimitero_Verano_tomba_Trilussa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Trilussa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Trilussa.jpg/220px-Trilussa.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Felici, Costa. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Place_(Tournai) | Grand-Place (Tournai) | ["1 History","2 Buildings","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°36′23″N 3°23′11″E / 50.60639°N 3.38639°E / 50.60639; 3.38639You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (March 2022) Click for important translation instructions.
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Square in Tournai, Belgium
Grand-PlaceView of Tournai's Grand-Place from its BelfryLocation within BelgiumLocationTournai, Hainaut, BelgiumCoordinates50°36′23″N 3°23′11″E / 50.60639°N 3.38639°E / 50.60639; 3.38639
The Grand-Place (French: ; "Grand Square") is the main square and the centre of activity of Tournai, Hainaut, Belgium. The square has a triangular shape, owing it to the convergence of several ancient roads, and it covers 7,500 m2 (81,000 sq ft).
As in many Belgian cities, there are a number of cafés and pubs on the Grand-Place. In the middle of the square there are a series of water fountains, while a circular staircase to the top of the city's Belfry can be climbed.
History
The Grand-Place, c. 1934
The unusual triangular shape of the Grand-Place is due to the convergence of several ancient roads. Originally located outside the first city walls, this vast area was used as a cemetery in its western part, from the 1st to the 4th century AD.
During the Carolingian era, with the resumption of large-scale trade in Western Europe, the long-abandoned cemetery was transformed into a marketplace. The economic importance of this market attracted large crowds. In 1187, when the town received its own charter guaranteeing it municipal freedoms from King Philippe Auguste of France, the residents of Tournai chose the Grand-Place to erect a belfry, a symbol of these hard-won freedoms. From then on, the square became the centre of community life.
On 16–17 May 1940, almost all the buildings in the centre of Tournai, including the Grand-Place, were destroyed by German bombs. They were rebuilt between the 1940s and the beginning of the 2000s, most of them in a historicist style.
Buildings
The Belfry of Tournai, a freestanding bell tower of medieval origin, 72 metres (236 ft) in height with a 256-step stairway. Since 2005, it is recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, as part of the bi-national inscription "Belfries of Belgium and France" in recognition of its architecture and importance in the history of municipal power in Europe.
The Cloth Hall, a building originally constructed in 1610 in Renaissance style to replace a first 13th-century wooden hall. It was rebuilt identically in 1881 following its collapse.
The Church of St. Quentin, a Catholic parish church in Romanesque style with Gothic elements, known to have existed since the 10th century. The current building was built around 1200, but has been altered several times throughout history. It contains important sculptures by the 15th-century sculptor Jean Delemer.
The Princess of Epinoy statue, a bronze statue made in 1863 by the sculptor Aimable Dutrieux in honour of Marie-Christine de Lalaing, who defended the city against Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, in 1581.
Panoramic view of the Grand-Place. From left to right: the Cloth Hall, the Rue des Maux, the Princess of Epinoy statue and the Church of St. Quentin.
Notes
^ In this case, the French word place is a "false friend", and the correct counterparts in English are "plaza" or "town square".
References
^ "place | Etymology, origin and meaning of place by Etymonline". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
^ a b itinari (3 October 2018). "Visit Grand-Place Tournai". itinari. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ "The Grand Place". Visittournai. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
^ "Tournai, le plus vieux Beffroi de Belgique". Visittournai (in French). Retrieved 16 January 2023.
^ a b c "Grand-Place". TOURNAI.be (in French). Retrieved 14 June 2024.
^ Colignon, Alain. "Guerre aérienne en Belgique (La)" (in French). Belgium WWII.
^ "Tournai quasi détruite par les bombardements allemands et alliés lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale" (in French). Notélé. 14 May 1922.
^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Belfries of Belgium and France". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
^ "The Cloth Hall - Tournai". Visittournai. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
^ "Eglise paroissiale (Eglise Saint-Quentin)" (in French). Inventaire du patrimoine immobilier culturel de Wallonie. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^ Steyaert, J. (2003). "Delemer, Jean". Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T021971. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^ "Object number 10062545". BALaT Belgian Art Links and Tools. Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
External links
Belgium portal
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From then on, the square became the centre of community life.[5]On 16–17 May 1940, almost all the buildings in the centre of Tournai, including the Grand-Place, were destroyed by German bombs.[6] They were rebuilt between the 1940s and the beginning of the 2000s, most of them in a historicist style.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belfry of Tournai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfry_of_Tournai"},{"link_name":"bell tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_tower"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Belfries of Belgium and France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfries_of_Belgium_and_France"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Church of St. Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Quentin,_Tournai"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jean Delemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Delemer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"Aimable Dutrieux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aimable_Dutrieux&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marie-Christine de Lalaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Christine_de_Lalaing"},{"link_name":"Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tournai_Gd_Place.jpg"},{"link_name":"Church of St. Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Quentin,_Tournai"}],"text":"The Belfry of Tournai, a freestanding bell tower of medieval origin, 72 metres (236 ft) in height with a 256-step stairway. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migjid_Janraisig | Avalokiteśvara | ["1 Etymology","2 Origin","2.1 Mahayana account","2.2 Theravāda account","2.3 Modern scholarship","3 Mantras and Dharanis","3.1 Mani mantra","3.2 Ārolik mantra","3.3 Dharanis","4 Manifestations","4.1 Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara","4.2 Avalokiteśvara as a cosmic maheśvara (\"great lord\")","5 Tibetan Buddhist beliefs","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 References","9 Sources","10 External links"] | Buddhist bodhisattva embodying the compassion of all buddhas
This article is about the bodhisattva. For the film, see Avalokitesvara (film).
AvalokiteśvaraSculpture of Avalokiteśvara holding a lotus (padma). Nālandā, Bihar, India, 9th century CE.Sanskrit
अवलोकितस्वर
IAST: Avalokitasvara
अवलोकितेश्वर
IAST: Avalokiteśvara
Burmese
ကွမ်ယင်
IPA:
Chinese
观世音, 觀世音
Pinyin: Guānshìyīn
观音, 觀音
Pinyin: Guānyīn
观自在, 觀自在
Pinyin: Guānzìzài
Japanese
かんじざい
Romaji: Kanjizai
かんのん
Romaji: Kannon
かんぜおん
Romaji: Kanzeon
Khmer
អវលោកេស្វរៈ
GD: Avalokesvarak
អវលោកិតេស្វរៈ
GD: Avalokitesvarak
លោកេស្វរៈ
GD: Lokesvarak
Korean
관음
RR: Gwaneum
관자재
RR: Gwanjajae
관세음
RR: Gwanseeum
Russian
Авалокитешвара
ALA-LC romanization: Avalokiteshvara
Thai
อวโลกิเตศวร
RTGS: Avalokitesuan
กวนอิม
RTGS: Kuan Im
Tibetanསྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས
THL: Chenrézik
VietnameseQuan Âm, Quán Thế Âm, Quán Tự TạiInformationVenerated byBuddhism, Chinese folk religion, TaoismAttributesCompassion Religion portal
In Buddhism, Avalokiteśvara (meaning "God looking upon men with pity", IPA: /ˌʌvəloʊkɪˈteɪʃvərə/), also known as Lokeśvara ("Lord of the World") and Chenrezig (in Tibetan), is a tenth-level bodhisattva associated with great compassion (mahakaruṇā). He is often associated with Amitabha Buddha. Avalokiteśvara has numerous manifestations and is depicted in various forms and styles. In some texts, he is even considered to be the source of all Hindu deities (such as Vishnu, Shiva, Saraswati, Brahma, etc).
While Avalokiteśvara was depicted as male in India, in East Asian Buddhism, Avalokiteśvara is most often depicted as a female figure known as Guanyin (in Chinese), Kannon (in Japanese), and Gwaneum (in Korean). Guanyin is also an important figure in other East Asian religions, particularly Chinese folk religion and Daoism.
Avalokiteśvara is also known for his popular mantra, oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ, which is the most popular mantra in Tibetan Buddhism.
Etymology
The name Avalokiteśvara combines the verbal prefix ava "down", lokita, a past participle of the verb lok "to look, notice, behold, observe", here used in an active sense, and finally īśvara, "lord", "ruler", "sovereign", or "master". In accordance with sandhi (Sanskrit rules of sound combination), a+īśvara becomes eśvara. Combined, the parts mean "lord who gazes down (at the world)". The word loka ("world") is absent from the name, but the phrase is implied. It does appear in the Cambodian form of the name, Lokesvarak.
The earliest translation of the name Avalokiteśvara into Chinese by authors such as Xuanzang was as Guānzìzài (Chinese: 觀自在), not the form used in East Asian Buddhism today, which is Guanyin (Chinese: 觀音). It was initially thought that this was due to a lack of fluency, as Guanyin indicates the original Sanskrit form was instead Avalokitasvara, "who looked down upon sound", i.e., the cries of sentient beings who need help. It is now understood that Avalokitasvara was the original form and is also the origin of Guanyin "perceiving sound, cries". This translation was favored by the tendency of some Chinese translators, notably Kumārajīva, to use the variant 觀世音 Guānshìyīn "who perceives the world's lamentations"—wherein lok was read as simultaneously meaning both "to look" and "world" (Sanskrit loka; Chinese: 世; pinyin: shì). The original form of Guanyin's name appears in Sanskrit fragments from the fifth century.
This earlier Sanskrit name was supplanted by the form containing the ending -īśvara "lord", but Avalokiteśvara did not occur in Sanskrit before the seventh century.
The original meaning of the name fits the Buddhist understanding of the role of a bodhisattva. The reinterpretation presenting him as an īśvara shows a strong influence of Hinduism, as the term īśvara was usually connected to the Hindu notion of Vishnu (in Vaishnavism) or Shiva (in Shaivism) as the Supreme Lord, Creator, and Ruler of the world. Some attributes of such a god were transmitted to the bodhisattva, but the mainstream of those who venerated Avalokiteśvara upheld the Buddhist rejection of the doctrine of any creator god.
In Sanskrit, Avalokiteśvara is also referred to as Lokeśvara ("Lord of the World"). In Tibetan, Avalokiteśvara is Chenrézig (Tibetan: སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས་). The etymology of the Tibetan name Chenrézik is spyan "eye", ras "continuity", and gzig "to look". This gives the meaning of one who always looks upon all beings (with the eye of compassion).
Origin
Mahayana account
Avalokiteśvara painting from a Sanskrit palm-leaf manuscript. Nalanda, India, 12th century.
The name Avalokiteśvara first appeared in the Avatamsaka Sutra, a Mahayana scripture that precedes the Lotus Sutra. On account of its popularity in Japan and as a result of the works of the earliest Western translators of Buddhist Scriptures, the Lotus Sutra, however, has long been accepted as the earliest literature teaching about the doctrines of Avalokiteśvara. These are found in Chapter 25 of the Lotus Sutra: The Universal Gate of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (Chinese: 觀世音菩薩普門品). This chapter is devoted to Avalokiteśvara, describing him as a compassionate bodhisattva who hears the cries of sentient beings and who works tirelessly to help those who call upon his name. A total of 33 different manifestations of Avalokiteśvara are described, including female manifestations, all to suit the minds of various beings. The chapter consists of both a prose and a verse section. This earliest source often circulates separately as its own sutra, called the Avalokiteśvara Sūtra (Chinese: 觀世音經; pinyin: Guānshìyīn jīng), and is commonly recited or chanted at Buddhist temples in East Asia.
Four-armed Tibetan form of Avalokiteśvara.
When the Chinese monk Faxian traveled to Mathura in India around 400 CE, he wrote about monks presenting offerings to Avalokiteśvara. When Xuanzang traveled to India in the 7th century, he provided eyewitness accounts of Avalokiteśvara statues being venerated by devotees from all walks of life, from kings to monks to laypeople.
Avalokiteśvara / Padmapani, Ajanta Caves, India
In Chinese Buddhism and East Asia, Tangmi practices for the 18-armed form of Avalokiteśvara called Cundī are very popular. The popularity of Cundī is attested by the three extant translations of the Cundī Dhāraṇī Sūtra from Sanskrit to Chinese, made from the end of the seventh century to the beginning of the eighth century. In late imperial China, these early esoteric traditions still thrived in Buddhist communities. Robert Gimello has also observed that in these communities, the esoteric practices of Cundī were extremely popular among both the populace and the elite.
In the Tiantai school, six forms of Avalokiteśvara are defined. Each of the bodhisattva's six qualities is said to break the hindrances in one of the six realms of existence: hell-beings, pretas, animals, humans, asuras, and devas.
According to the prologue of Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī Sūtra, Gautama Buddha told his disciple Ānanda that Avalokiteśvara had become a Buddha from countless previous incarnations ago, alias Samyaka Dharma-vidya Tathāgata means "Tathāgata who clearly understood the right Dharma". Because of his great compassion and because he wanted to create proper conditions for all the Bodhisattva ranks and bring happiness and peacefulness to sentient beings, he became a Bodhisattva, taking the name of Avalokiteshvara and often abiding in the Sahā world. At the same time, Avalokiteśvara is also the attendant of Amitabha Buddha, assisting Amitabha Buddha to teach the Dharma in his Pure Land.
Theravāda account
Bronze statue of Avalokiteśvara from Sri Lanka, ca. 750 CE
Veneration of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva has continued to the present day in Sri Lanka.
In times past, both Tantrayana and Mahayana have been found in some of the Theravada countries, but today the Buddhism of Sri Lanka (formerly, Ceylon), Myanmar (formerly, Burma), Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia is almost exclusively Theravada, based on the Pali Canon. The only Mahayana deity that has entered the worship of ordinary Buddhists in Theravada Buddhism is Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara. In Sri Lanka, he is known as Natha-deva and is mistaken by the majority for the Buddha yet to come, Bodhisattva Maitreya. The figure of Avalokitesvara is usually found in the shrine room near the Buddha image.
In more recent times, some western-educated Theravādins have attempted to identify Nātha with Maitreya Bodhisattva; however, traditions and basic iconography (including an image of Amitābha Buddha on the front of the crown) identify Nātha as Avalokiteśvara. Andrew Skilton writes:
... It is clear from sculptural evidence alone that the Mahāyāna was fairly widespread throughout Sri Lanka, although the modern account of the history of Buddhism on the island presents an unbroken and pure lineage of Theravāda. (One can only assume that similar trends were transmitted to other parts of Southeast Asia with Sri Lankan ordination lineages.) Relics of an extensive cult of Avalokiteśvara can be seen in the present-day figure of Nātha.
Avalokiteśvara is popularly worshipped in Myanmar, where he is called Lokanat or lokabyuharnat, and Thailand, where he is called Lokesvara. The bodhisattva goes by many other names. In Indochina and Thailand, he is Lokesvara, "The Lord of the World." In Tibet, he is Chenrezig, also spelled Spyan-ras gzigs, "With a Pitying Look." In China, the bodhisattva takes a female form and is called Guanyin (also spelled Kwan Yin, Kuanyin, or Kwun Yum), "Hearing the Sounds of the World." In Japan, Guanyin is Kannon or Kanzeon; in Korea, Gwaneum; and in Vietnam, Quan Am.
Wood carving of Lokanat at Shwenandaw Monastery, Mandalay, Burma
Modern scholarship
Avalokiteśvara is worshipped as Nātha in Sri Lanka. The Tamil Buddhist tradition developed in Chola literature, such as Buddamitra's Virasoliyam, states that the Vedic sage Agastya learned Tamil from Avalokiteśvara. The earlier Chinese traveler Xuanzang recorded a temple dedicated to Avalokitesvara in the south Indian Mount Potalaka, a Sanskritization of Pothigai, where Tamil Hindu tradition places Agastya as having learned the Tamil language from Shiva. Avalokitesvara worship gained popularity with the growth of the Abhayagiri vihāra's Tamraparniyan Mahayana sect.
Pothigai Malai in Tamil Nadu is proposed as the original Mount Potalaka in India.
Western scholars have not reached a consensus on the origin of the reverence for Avalokiteśvara. Some have suggested that Avalokiteśvara, along with many other supernatural beings in Buddhism, was a borrowing or absorption by Mahayana Buddhism of one or more deities from Hinduism, in particular Shiva or Vishnu. This seems to be based on the name Avalokiteśvara.
On the basis of the study of Buddhist scriptures and ancient Tamil literary sources as well as a field survey, Japanese scholar Shu Hikosaka proposes the hypothesis that ancient Mount Potalaka, the residence of Avalokiteśvara described in the Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra and Xuanzang’s Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, is Mount Potigai in Ambasamudram, Tirunelveli, at the Tamil Nadu-Kerala border. Shu also said that Mount Potalaka has been a sacred place for the people of South India since time immemorial. It is the traditional residence of Siddhar Agastya at Agastya Mala. With the spread of Buddhism in the region beginning at the time of the great king Aśoka in the third century BCE, it became a holy place also for Buddhists, who gradually became dominant as a number of their hermits settled there. The local people, though, mainly remained followers of the Tamil animist religion. The mixed Tamil-Buddhist cult culminated in the formation of the figure of Avalokiteśvara.
The name Lokeśvara should not be confused with that of Lokeśvararāja, the Buddha under whom Dharmakara became a monk and made forty-eight vows before becoming Amitābha.
Avalokiteśvara's six armed manifestation as Cintāmaṇicakra is also widely venerated in East Asia. The Cintāmaṇicakra Dharani (Chinese: 如意寶輪王陀羅尼; pinyin: Rúyì Bǎolún Wáng Tuóluóní) is another popular dharani associated with the bodhisattva.
Mantras and Dharanis
OṂ MAŅI PADME HǕṂ. The six syllable mantra of Avalokiteśvara written in the Tibetan alphabet.
There are various mantras and dharanis associated with Avalokiteśvara.
Mani mantra
In Tibetan Buddhism, the central mantra is the six-syllable mantra oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ, also called the Mani mantra. Due to his association with this mantra, one form of Avalokiteśvara is called Ṣaḍākṣarī ("Lord of the Six Syllables") in Sanskrit. The Mani mantra is also popular in East Asian Mahayana.
Recitation of this mantra while using prayer beads is the most popular religious practice in Tibetan Buddhism. Another popular religious practice associated with om mani padme hum is the spinning of prayer wheels clockwise, which contains numerous repetitions of this mantra and effectively benefits everyone within the vicinity of the practitioner.
The connection between this famous mantra and Avalokiteśvara is documented for the first time in the Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra. This text is dated to around the late 4th century CE to the early 5th century CE. In this sūtra, a bodhisattva is told by the Buddha that recitation of this mantra while focusing on the sound can lead to the attainment of eight hundred samādhis.
Ārolik mantra
Another mantra for Avalokiteśvara commonly recited in East Asian Buddhism is "three and a half syllables" (ardhacaturthākṣara) heart-mantra: "oṃ ārolik svāha" (or sometimes just Ārolik or oṁ ārolik), which is found (in many forms and variations like ārolika, arulika, etc.) in numerous pre-tenth-century Indian texts, including the 7th century Chinese translation of the Dhāraṇīsaṁgraha, the Susiddhikarasūtra, the Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa, and the Guhyasamājatantra.
This is also the main mantra for the bodhisattva in Shingon Buddhism and is considered to be the main mantra of the Lotus Buddha family.
One text (Taisho Tripitaka no. 1031) describes a visualization practice done after reciting oṁ ārolik svāhā seven times which includes meditating on the meanings of the four letters of ārolik which are:
a: all dharmas are originally unborn (ādyanutpanna);
ra: all dharmas are dissociated from defilement (rajas);
la: characteristics (lakṣaṇa) are inapprehensible in all dharmas;
ka: all dharmas are without action (kārya).
The Ārolik mantra has also been found engraved on a few sculptures found in north India. One of these begins with "ārolik oṁ hrīḥ". Another one of these found in Bihar also included other mantras, including ye dharma hetu, followed by "namo ratnatrayāya namo Āryāvalokiteśvarāya bodhisatvāya mahāsatvāya mahākāruṇikāya Ārolok Oṁ hriḥ hriḥ".
Another longer mantra appears in a translation by Amoghavajra (T. 1033, 20: 9b1–7): namoratnatrayāya | nama āryāvalokiteśvarāya bodhisattvāya mahāsattvāya mahākāruṇikāya | tadyathā
padmapāṇi sara sara ehy ehi bhagavann āryāvalokiteśvara ārolik | In Chinese, oṃ ārolik svāha is pronounced Ǎn ālǔlēi jì suōpóhē (唵 阿嚕勒繼 娑婆訶). In Korean, it is pronounced Om aroreuk Ge Sabaha (옴 아로늑계 사바하). In Japanese, it is pronounced On arori kya sowa ka (おん あろりきゃ そわか).
Dharanis
The Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra also features the first appearance of the dhāraṇī of Cundī, which occurs at the end of the sūtra text. After the bodhisattva finally attains samādhi with the mantra "oṃ maṇipadme hūṃ", he is able to observe 77 koṭīs of fully enlightened buddhas replying to him in one voice with the Cundī Dhāraṇī: namaḥ saptānāṃ samyaksaṃbuddha koṭīnāṃ tadyathā, oṃ cale cule cunde svāhā.
The Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī is an 82-syllable dhāraṇī for Avalokiteśvara also known as the Great Compassion Mantra. It is very popular in East Asian Buddhism. Another popular Avalokiteśvara dharani in East Asian Buddhism is Eleven-Faced Avalokitesvara Heart Dharani. This dharani is associated with Avalokiteśvara's eleven face form, known as Ekādaśamukha, one of the six forms of Guanyin.
Manifestations
Clay images of Amoghapasha Lokesvara flanked by Arya Tara and Bhrikuti Tara enshrined at the side wing of Vasuccha Shil Mahavihar, Guita Bahi, Patan: This set of images is popular in traditional monasteries of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.
Ekādaśamukha (Eleven faced) Avalokiteśvara
Avalokiteśvara has an extraordinarily large number of forms, emanations or manifestations, including wisdom goddesses (vidyās) directly associated with him in images and texts.
Furthermore, at least two separate female Buddhist deities, Cundī and Tara also later came to be associated with Avalokiteśvara (and were even seen as manifestations of him).
Some of the more commonly mentioned forms include:
Sanskrit name
Meaning
Description
Āryāvalokiteśvara
Noble Avalokiteśvara
The root form of the Bodhisattva
Caturbhuja Lokeśvara
"Four armed" Lokeśvara
Two hands in anjali, one hand holds a lotus, the other hand holds a mala
Padmapani
Lotus in hand
Holds a vase and a lotus
Ekādaśamukha
Eleven Faced
Additional faces to teach all in 10 planes of existence
Sahasrabhuja
Thousand-Armed, Thousand-Eyed Avalokitesvara
White, with multiple arms holding many symbols
Sahasranetra
Thousand-eyed
Often depicted with multiple arms with eyes on the hands
Cintāmaṇicakra
Wish Fulfilling Wheel
Holds the wish-fulfilling jewel (cintamani) and the wheel (chakra)
Hayagrīva
Horse-necked one
Wrathful form; simultaneously bodhisattva and a Wisdom King
Amoghapāśa
Unfailing noose
Avalokitesvara with rope and net
Nīlakaṇṭhāvalokiteśvara
Dark blue necked
Dark blue in color
Siṃhanādalokeśvara
Lord with the voice of a lion
Seated on a roaring lion
Harihariharivāha
Triple Hari
Appears with Vishnu and Garuda
Sṛṣṭikartā Lokeśvara
Avalokiteshvara in the process of creation
Red in color, shown emanating numerous devas
Jinasagara Avalokiteśvara
Ocean of conquerors, also known as "Red Chenrezig"
A Vajrayana form, often depicted with a female consort
Khasarpaṇi Lokeśvara
"Sky flyer" Lokeśvara
White, two harms, holds a lotus
Gaṇapati
Ganesha
Bhṛkuti
Fierce-Eyed
Pāndaravāsinī
White Clad
Sadakṣarī
Six Syllables
Śvetabhagavatī
White Lord
Udakaśrī
Auspicious Water
Lokanātha Kala Lokeshvara
Lord of worlds Black Lokeshvara
A wrathful tantric form with 12 arms
Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara
Shrine to the Thousand-Hand Guanyin (Qianshou Guanyin) and Eleven-Headed Guanyin (Shiyimian Guanyin) on Mount Putuo Guanyin Dharma Realm in Zhejiang, China
One prominent Buddhist story tells of Avalokiteśvara vowing never to rest until he had freed all sentient beings from saṃsāra. Despite strenuous effort, he realizes that many unhappy beings were yet to be saved. After struggling to comprehend the needs of so many, his head splits into eleven pieces. Amitābha, seeing his plight, gives him eleven heads with which to hear the cries of the suffering. Upon hearing these cries and comprehending them, Avalokiteśvara tries to reach out to all those who needed aid, but found that his two arms shattered into pieces. Once more, Amitābha comes to his aid and invests him with a thousand arms with which to aid the suffering multitudes.
Avalokiteśvara as a cosmic maheśvara ("great lord")
Sṛṣṭikartā Lokeśvara (Avalokiteshvara in the process of creation), in which the bodhisattva takes on the form of Sṛṣṭikartā (creator) and emanates all the Hindu gods for the benefit of sentient beings.
According to various Mahayana sources, numerous Hindu deities are considered to be emanations of Avalokiteshvara. For example, in the Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra, Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma and Saraswati are all said to have emerged from Avalokiteshvara. The passage states:
Āditya and Candra came from his eyes, Maheśvara came from his forehead, Brahmā came from his shoulders, Nārāyaṇa came from his heart, Devi Sarasvatī came from his canines, Vāyu came from his mouth, Dharaṇī came from his feet, and Varuṇa came from his stomach.
In a similar manner, Hindu deities like Nīlakaṇṭha and Harihara are cited in the Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī, possibly as forms of Avalokiteshvara or as associated bodhisattvas (the text is not clear, though traditionally these have been interpreted as various names or forms of Avalokiteshvara).
Alexander Studholme writes that these sources are influenced by Puranic Hinduism, and its concepts of an Īśvara ("lord") and Maheśvara ("great lord"), both of which are terms that refer to a transcendent and all pervasive being. The name Maheśvara is also applied to Avalokiteshvara three times in the Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra, and some passages he is described as a cosmic man, similar to how the Puranas depict Vishnu or Shiva. However, this Buddhist myth only focuses on how Avalokiteshvara gives birth to all the gods (devas), and he is not depicted as a true Creator God (who creates the cosmos, like the Hindu Īśvara), instead he is depicted as a great cosmic being that manifests in myriad ways as a skillful means to guide living beings to Buddhahood.
Tibetan Buddhist beliefs
Avalokiteśvara is an important deity in Tibetan Buddhism. He is regarded in the Vajrayana teachings as a Buddha.
In Tibetan Buddhism, Tãrã came into existence from a single tear shed by Avalokiteśvara. When the tear fell to the ground it created a lake, and a lotus opening in the lake revealed Tara. In another version of this story, Tara emerges from the heart of Avalokiteśvara. In either version, it is Avalokiteśvara's outpouring of compassion which manifests Tãrã as a being.
Certain living tulku lineages, including the Dalai Lamas and the Karmapas, are considered by many Tibetan Buddhists to also be manifestations of Avalokiteśvara.
Gallery
Gandhāran statue of Avalokiteśvara, abhaya-mudrā. 3rd century CE.
Indian cave wall painting of Avalokiteśvara. Ajaṇṭā Caves, 6th century CE.
Avalokitesvara, ca 11th-12th Century CE, Pala Period
Avalokitesvara, Pala period
1000-armed Avalokiteśvara dated 13th - 15th century AD at Saspol cave (Gon-Nila-Phuk Cave Temples and Fort) in Ladakh, India
Cambodian statue of Avalokiteśvara. Sandstone, 7th century CE.
Avalokiteśvara sandstone statue, late 7th century CE.
Padmapani holding a lotus. 8th-9th century Sailendran art, Plaosan temple, Java, Indonesia.
Avalokiteśvara andesite stone in Mendut temple, early 9th century Sailendran art, Java, Indonesia.
Eight-armed Avalokiteśvara, ca. 12th-13th century (Bàyon). The Walters Art Museum.
Avalokiteśvara from Bingin Jungut, Musi Rawas, South Sumatra. Srivijayan art (c. 8th-9th century CE)
The bronze torso Avalokiteshvara of Chaiya, 8th century CE Srivijayan art, Chaiya District, Surat Thani Province, Southern Thailand.
The Privy Seal of King Ananda Mahidol of Thailand show a picture of a Bodhisattva, based on a Srivijayan sculpture of Avalokiteśvara Padmapani which was found at Chaiya District, Surat Thani Province.
The stone head of Avalokiteśvara, discovered in Aceh. Srivijaya, estimated 9th century.
Malaysian statue of Avalokiteśvara. Bidor, 8th-9th century CE.
Chinese statue of Avalokiteśvara looking out over the sea, c. 1025 CE.
Chinese hanging scroll depicting Shancai, Avalokiteśvara and Longnü, Yuan Dynasty.
Standing Kannon Bosatsu (Avalokitesvara), 12th century, Heian period, Tokyo National Museum, Japan.
Senju Kannon by Tankei, 13th century, Sanjūsangen-dō, Japan.
Nyoirin Kannon, 1275, Tokyo National Museum, Japan
Korean painting of Avalokiteśvara. Kagami Jinjya, Japan, 1310 CE.
Nepalese statue of Avalokiteśvara with six arms. 14th century CE.
Avalokiteśvara of One Thousand Arms, lacquered and gilded wood. Restored in 1656 CE. Bút Tháp Temple, Bắc Ninh Province, Vietnam
Tibetan statue of Avalokiteśvara with eleven faces.
Japanese painting of Avalokiteśvara meditating. 16th century CE.
Tang dynasty (896 AD) carved stone statue of Qianshou Guanyin in Shengshui Temple (內江聖水寺) in Neijiang, Sichuan, China
The world tallest octagonal pavilion to shelter the Guanyin statue in Kek Lok Si in Air Itam, Penang, Malaysia.
Esoteric Cundī form of Avalokiteśvara with eighteen arms in Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara bronze statue from Tibet, circa 1750. Birmingham Museum of Art
Quan Âm (Avalokiteśvara) statue in the 18th - 19th centuries at the Vietnam National Museum of History, Hanoi, Vietnam
2 statues of Quan Âm (Avalokiteśvara) in the Nguyễn dynasty at the Vietnam National Museum of History, Vietnam
Quán Âm (Avalokiteśvara) figurine, Bát Tràng kiln, Hanoi, Nguyễn dynasty, 19th century AD, white glazed ceramic - Vietnam National Museum of History, Vietnam
Statue of Avalokiteśvara (Migjid Janraisig) in Gandantegchinlen Monastery, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The tallest indoor statue in the world, 26.5-meter-high, 1996 rebuilt, (1913)
Statue of Ruyilun Guanyin (Cintamanicakra) in the Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum in Chinatown, Singapore.
Statue of Avalokiteśvara, date unknown, bronze and gold
Statue of Chenrezig, Pelling, Sikkim, India
Painting of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva. Sanskrit Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra manuscript written in the Ranjana script. Nalanda, Bihar, India. Circa 700-1100 CE
Qianshou Guanyin at Cham Shan Temple in Hong Kong, China
Qianshou Guanyin. Guanyin women's vihara, Anhui, China
Statue of Shiyimian Guanyin in Ten Thousand Buddhas Monastery (萬佛寺) in Pai Tau Village, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
The wooden statue of thousand-armed and thousand-eyed Guanyin at the City of Ten Thousand Buddhas in Ukiah, California.
See also
Virupaksha Temple, Hampi
Guanyin
Ishvara
Pure Land Buddhism
Ushnishasitatapattra
Vishnu
Dalai Lama
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^ Dampa Sonam Gyaltsen (1996). The Clear Mirror: A Traditional Account of Tibet's Golden Age. Shambhala. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-55939-932-6.
^ Shaw, Miranda (2006). Buddhist Goddesses of India. Princeton University Press. p. 307. ISBN 0-691-12758-1.
^ Bokar Tulku Rinpoche (1991). Chenrezig, Lord of Love: Principles and Methods of Deity Meditation. ClearPoint Press. ISBN 978-0-9630371-0-7.
^ "From Birth to Exile". The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
^ Martin, Michele (2003). "His Holiness the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa". Music in the Sky: The Life, Art, and Teachings of the 17th Karmapa. Karma Triyana Dharmachakra. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
^ "Glossary". Dhagpo Kundreul Ling. Archived from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
Sources
Buswell, Robert; Lopez, Donald S. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3.
Doniger, Wendy, ed. (1993), Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-1381-0
Ducor, Jérôme (2010). Le regard de Kannon (in French). Gollion: Infolio éditions / Genève: Musée d'ethnographie de Genève. p. 104. ISBN 978-2-88474-187-3. ill. colour
Getty, Alice (1914). The gods of northern Buddhism: their history, iconography and progressive evolution through the northern Buddhist countries. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Holt, John (1991). Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195064186.
McDermott, James P. (1999). "Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 119 (1): 195–196. doi:10.2307/605604. JSTOR 605604.
Studholme, Alexander (2002). The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum. Albany NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-5389-8.
Tsugunari, Kubo; Akira (tr.), Yuyama (2007). The Lotus Sutra (PDF) (Revised 2nd ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. ISBN 978-1-886439-39-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-02.
Yü, Chün-fang (2001). Kuan-Yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokitesvara. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12029-6.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Avalokiteshvara.
The Origin of Avalokiteshvara of Potala
An Explanation of the Name Avalokiteshvara
The Bodhisattva of Compassion and Spiritual Emanation of Amitabha - from Buddhanature.com
Depictions at the Bayon in Cambodia of Avalokiteshvara as the Khmer King Jayavarman VII
Mantra Avalokitesvara
Avalokiteshvara at Britannica.com
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Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avalokitesvara (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokitesvara_(film)"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"IPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"/ˌʌvəloʊkɪˈteɪʃvərə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"tenth-level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva#The_bodhisattva_grounds_(bh%C5%ABmis)"},{"link_name":"bodhisattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"compassion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassion"},{"link_name":"mahakaruṇā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Amitabha Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha_Buddha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hindu deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_deities"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Saraswati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati"},{"link_name":"Brahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"East Asian Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Guanyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanyin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leighton-5"},{"link_name":"East Asian religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_religions"},{"link_name":"Chinese folk religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Daoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"link_name":"mantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra"},{"link_name":"oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum"},{"link_name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"This article is about the bodhisattva. For the film, see Avalokitesvara (film).In Buddhism, Avalokiteśvara (meaning \"God looking upon men with pity\",[1] IPA: /ˌʌvəloʊkɪˈteɪʃvərə/[2]), also known as Lokeśvara (\"Lord of the World\") and Chenrezig (in Tibetan), is a tenth-level bodhisattva associated with great compassion (mahakaruṇā). He is often associated with Amitabha Buddha.[3] Avalokiteśvara has numerous manifestations and is depicted in various forms and styles. In some texts, he is even considered to be the source of all Hindu deities (such as Vishnu, Shiva, Saraswati, Brahma, etc).[4]While Avalokiteśvara was depicted as male in India, in East Asian Buddhism, Avalokiteśvara is most often depicted as a female figure known as Guanyin (in Chinese), Kannon (in Japanese), and Gwaneum (in Korean).[5] Guanyin is also an important figure in other East Asian religions, particularly Chinese folk religion and Daoism.Avalokiteśvara is also known for his popular mantra, oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ, which is the most popular mantra in Tibetan Buddhism.[6]","title":"Avalokiteśvara"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"īśvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishvara"},{"link_name":"sandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi"},{"link_name":"loka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loka"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Xuanzang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuanzang"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"East Asian Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Guanyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"sentient beings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentient_beings_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Red_Pine_2004_pg_44-45-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mironov-10"},{"link_name":"Kumārajīva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Red_Pine_2004_pg_44-45-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Studholme_p._52-57-11"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Shaivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism"},{"link_name":"Supreme Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Tibetan"},{"link_name":"Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The name Avalokiteśvara combines the verbal prefix ava \"down\", lokita, a past participle of the verb lok \"to look, notice, behold, observe\", here used in an active sense, and finally īśvara, \"lord\", \"ruler\", \"sovereign\", or \"master\". In accordance with sandhi (Sanskrit rules of sound combination), a+īśvara becomes eśvara. Combined, the parts mean \"lord who gazes down (at the world)\". The word loka (\"world\") is absent from the name, but the phrase is implied.[7] It does appear in the Cambodian form of the name, Lokesvarak.The earliest translation of the name Avalokiteśvara into Chinese by authors such as Xuanzang was as Guānzìzài (Chinese: 觀自在), not the form used in East Asian Buddhism today, which is Guanyin (Chinese: 觀音). It was initially thought that this was due to a lack of fluency, as Guanyin indicates the original Sanskrit form was instead Avalokitasvara, \"who looked down upon sound\", i.e., the cries of sentient beings who need help.[8] It is now understood that Avalokitasvara was the original form[9][10] and is also the origin of Guanyin \"perceiving sound, cries\". This translation was favored by the tendency of some Chinese translators, notably Kumārajīva, to use the variant 觀世音 Guānshìyīn \"who perceives the world's lamentations\"—wherein lok was read as simultaneously meaning both \"to look\" and \"world\" (Sanskrit loka; Chinese: 世; pinyin: shì).[8] The original form of Guanyin's name appears in Sanskrit fragments from the fifth century.[11]This earlier Sanskrit name was supplanted by the form containing the ending -īśvara \"lord\", but Avalokiteśvara did not occur in Sanskrit before the seventh century.The original meaning of the name fits the Buddhist understanding of the role of a bodhisattva. The reinterpretation presenting him as an īśvara shows a strong influence of Hinduism, as the term īśvara was usually connected to the Hindu notion of Vishnu (in Vaishnavism) or Shiva (in Shaivism) as the Supreme Lord, Creator, and Ruler of the world. Some attributes of such a god were transmitted to the bodhisattva, but the mainstream of those who venerated Avalokiteśvara upheld the Buddhist rejection of the doctrine of any creator god.[12]In Sanskrit, Avalokiteśvara is also referred to as Lokeśvara (\"Lord of the World\"). In Tibetan, Avalokiteśvara is Chenrézig (Tibetan: སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས་). The etymology of the Tibetan name Chenrézik is spyan \"eye\", ras \"continuity\", and gzig \"to look\". This gives the meaning of one who always looks upon all beings (with the eye of compassion).[13]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Avalokitesvara_Bodhisattva_Nalanda.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"palm-leaf manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript"},{"link_name":"Nalanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalanda_mahavihara"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Lotus Sutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Sutra"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chenrezigthangka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Faxian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faxian"},{"link_name":"Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kok_Kiang_2004._p._10-16"},{"link_name":"Xuanzang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuanzang"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kok_Kiang_2004._p._10-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodhisattva_Padmapani,_Ajanta,_cave_1,_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ajanta Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanta_Caves"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Chinese Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Tangmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangmi"},{"link_name":"Cundī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cundi_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Studholme,_Alexander_2002_p._175-17"},{"link_name":"late imperial China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Imperial_China"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tiantai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiantai"},{"link_name":"pretas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preta"},{"link_name":"asuras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"devas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)"}],"sub_title":"Mahayana account","text":"Avalokiteśvara painting from a Sanskrit palm-leaf manuscript. Nalanda, India, 12th century.The name Avalokiteśvara first appeared in the Avatamsaka Sutra, a Mahayana scripture that precedes the Lotus Sutra.[14] On account of its popularity in Japan and as a result of the works of the earliest Western translators of Buddhist Scriptures, the Lotus Sutra, however, has long been accepted as the earliest literature teaching about the doctrines of Avalokiteśvara. These are found in Chapter 25 of the Lotus Sutra: The Universal Gate of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (Chinese: 觀世音菩薩普門品). This chapter is devoted to Avalokiteśvara, describing him as a compassionate bodhisattva who hears the cries of sentient beings and who works tirelessly to help those who call upon his name. A total of 33 different manifestations of Avalokiteśvara are described, including female manifestations, all to suit the minds of various beings. The chapter consists of both a prose and a verse section. This earliest source often circulates separately as its own sutra, called the Avalokiteśvara Sūtra (Chinese: 觀世音經; pinyin: Guānshìyīn jīng), and is commonly recited or chanted at Buddhist temples in East Asia.[15]Four-armed Tibetan form of Avalokiteśvara.When the Chinese monk Faxian traveled to Mathura in India around 400 CE, he wrote about monks presenting offerings to Avalokiteśvara.[16] When Xuanzang traveled to India in the 7th century, he provided eyewitness accounts of Avalokiteśvara statues being venerated by devotees from all walks of life, from kings to monks to laypeople.[16]Avalokiteśvara / Padmapani, Ajanta Caves, IndiaIn Chinese Buddhism and East Asia, Tangmi practices for the 18-armed form of Avalokiteśvara called Cundī are very popular. The popularity of Cundī is attested by the three extant translations of the Cundī Dhāraṇī Sūtra from Sanskrit to Chinese, made from the end of the seventh century to the beginning of the eighth century.[17] In late imperial China, these early esoteric traditions still thrived in Buddhist communities. Robert Gimello has also observed that in these communities, the esoteric practices of Cundī were extremely popular among both the populace and the elite.[18]In the Tiantai school, six forms of Avalokiteśvara are defined. Each of the bodhisattva's six qualities is said to break the hindrances in one of the six realms of existence: hell-beings, pretas, animals, humans, asuras, and devas.According to the prologue of Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī Sūtra, Gautama Buddha told his disciple Ānanda that Avalokiteśvara had become a Buddha from countless previous incarnations ago, alias Samyaka Dharma-vidya Tathāgata means \"Tathāgata who clearly understood the right Dharma\". Because of his great compassion and because he wanted to create proper conditions for all the Bodhisattva ranks and bring happiness and peacefulness to sentient beings, he became a Bodhisattva, taking the name of Avalokiteshvara and often abiding in the Sahā world. At the same time, Avalokiteśvara is also the attendant of Amitabha Buddha, assisting Amitabha Buddha to teach the Dharma in his Pure Land.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodhisattva_Avalokitesvara-BMA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shwenandaw_2288795148_46754abf81.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shwenandaw Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwenandaw_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Mandalay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"}],"sub_title":"Theravāda account","text":"Bronze statue of Avalokiteśvara from Sri Lanka, ca. 750 CEVeneration of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva has continued to the present day in Sri Lanka.In times past, both Tantrayana and Mahayana have been found in some of the Theravada countries, but today the Buddhism of Sri Lanka (formerly, Ceylon), Myanmar (formerly, Burma), Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia is almost exclusively Theravada, based on the Pali Canon. The only Mahayana deity that has entered the worship of ordinary Buddhists in Theravada Buddhism is Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara. In Sri Lanka, he is known as Natha-deva and is mistaken by the majority for the Buddha yet to come, Bodhisattva Maitreya. The figure of Avalokitesvara is usually found in the shrine room near the Buddha image.[19]In more recent times, some western-educated Theravādins have attempted to identify Nātha with Maitreya Bodhisattva; however, traditions and basic iconography (including an image of Amitābha Buddha on the front of the crown) identify Nātha as Avalokiteśvara.[20] Andrew Skilton writes:[21]... It is clear from sculptural evidence alone that the Mahāyāna was fairly widespread throughout Sri Lanka, although the modern account of the history of Buddhism on the island presents an unbroken and pure lineage of Theravāda. (One can only assume that similar trends were transmitted to other parts of Southeast Asia with Sri Lankan ordination lineages.) Relics of an extensive cult of Avalokiteśvara can be seen in the present-day figure of Nātha.Avalokiteśvara is popularly worshipped in Myanmar, where he is called Lokanat or lokabyuharnat, and Thailand, where he is called Lokesvara. The bodhisattva goes by many other names. In Indochina and Thailand, he is Lokesvara, \"The Lord of the World.\" In Tibet, he is Chenrezig, also spelled Spyan-ras gzigs, \"With a Pitying Look.\" In China, the bodhisattva takes a female form and is called Guanyin (also spelled Kwan Yin, Kuanyin, or Kwun Yum), \"Hearing the Sounds of the World.\" In Japan, Guanyin is Kannon or Kanzeon; in Korea, Gwaneum; and in Vietnam, Quan Am.[22]Wood carving of Lokanat at Shwenandaw Monastery, Mandalay, Burma","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_amongst_Tamils"},{"link_name":"Chola literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_literature"},{"link_name":"Vedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic"},{"link_name":"Agastya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agastya"},{"link_name":"Xuanzang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuanzang"},{"link_name":"Mount Potalaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Potalaka"},{"link_name":"Pothigai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothigai"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Abhayagiri vihāra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhayagiri_vih%C4%81ra"},{"link_name":"Tamraparniyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamraparni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pothigai_Hills_Range.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pothigai Malai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothigai"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Mount Potalaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Potalaka"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Mahayana Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Studholme_p._52-57-11"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandavyuha"},{"link_name":"Great Tang Records on the Western Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Tang_Records_on_the_Western_Regions"},{"link_name":"Mount Potigai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothigai"},{"link_name":"Ambasamudram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambasamudram"},{"link_name":"Tirunelveli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirunelveli"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"South India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India"},{"link_name":"Siddhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhar"},{"link_name":"Agastya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agastya"},{"link_name":"Agastya Mala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agastya_Mala"},{"link_name":"Aśoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ML-27"},{"link_name":"Lokeśvararāja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loke%C5%9Bvarar%C4%81ja"},{"link_name":"Amitābha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha"},{"link_name":"Cintāmaṇicakra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87icakra"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-29"}],"sub_title":"Modern scholarship","text":"Avalokiteśvara is worshipped as Nātha in Sri Lanka. The Tamil Buddhist tradition developed in Chola literature, such as Buddamitra's Virasoliyam, states that the Vedic sage Agastya learned Tamil from Avalokiteśvara. The earlier Chinese traveler Xuanzang recorded a temple dedicated to Avalokitesvara in the south Indian Mount Potalaka, a Sanskritization of Pothigai, where Tamil Hindu tradition places Agastya as having learned the Tamil language from Shiva.[23][24][25] Avalokitesvara worship gained popularity with the growth of the Abhayagiri vihāra's Tamraparniyan Mahayana sect.Pothigai Malai in Tamil Nadu is proposed as the original Mount Potalaka in India.Western scholars have not reached a consensus on the origin of the reverence for Avalokiteśvara. Some have suggested that Avalokiteśvara, along with many other supernatural beings in Buddhism, was a borrowing or absorption by Mahayana Buddhism of one or more deities from Hinduism, in particular Shiva or Vishnu. This seems to be based on the name Avalokiteśvara.[11]On the basis of the study of Buddhist scriptures and ancient Tamil literary sources as well as a field survey, Japanese scholar Shu Hikosaka proposes the hypothesis that ancient Mount Potalaka, the residence of Avalokiteśvara described in the Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra and Xuanzang’s Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, is Mount Potigai in Ambasamudram, Tirunelveli, at the Tamil Nadu-Kerala border.[26] Shu also said that Mount Potalaka has been a sacred place for the people of South India since time immemorial. It is the traditional residence of Siddhar Agastya at Agastya Mala. With the spread of Buddhism in the region beginning at the time of the great king Aśoka in the third century BCE, it became a holy place also for Buddhists, who gradually became dominant as a number of their hermits settled there. The local people, though, mainly remained followers of the Tamil animist religion. The mixed Tamil-Buddhist cult culminated in the formation of the figure of Avalokiteśvara.[27]The name Lokeśvara should not be confused with that of Lokeśvararāja, the Buddha under whom Dharmakara became a monk and made forty-eight vows before becoming Amitābha.Avalokiteśvara's six armed manifestation as Cintāmaṇicakra is also widely venerated in East Asia. The Cintāmaṇicakra Dharani (Chinese: 如意寶輪王陀羅尼; pinyin: Rúyì Bǎolún Wáng Tuóluóní) is another popular dharani associated with the bodhisattva.[28][29]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OM_MANI_PADME_HUM.svg"},{"link_name":"mantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra"},{"link_name":"Tibetan alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet"},{"link_name":"mantras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra"},{"link_name":"dharanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharani"}],"text":"OṂ MAŅI PADME HǕṂ. The six syllable mantra of Avalokiteśvara written in the Tibetan alphabet.There are various mantras and dharanis associated with Avalokiteśvara.","title":"Mantras and Dharanis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"mantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra"},{"link_name":"oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Mahayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana"},{"link_name":"prayer beads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_prayer_beads"},{"link_name":"prayer wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_wheels"},{"link_name":"mantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Davy%C5%ABhas%C5%ABtra"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"samādhis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samadhi"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Mani mantra","text":"In Tibetan Buddhism, the central mantra is the six-syllable mantra oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ, also called the Mani mantra. Due to his association with this mantra, one form of Avalokiteśvara is called Ṣaḍākṣarī (\"Lord of the Six Syllables\") in Sanskrit. The Mani mantra is also popular in East Asian Mahayana.Recitation of this mantra while using prayer beads is the most popular religious practice in Tibetan Buddhism. Another popular religious practice associated with om mani padme hum is the spinning of prayer wheels clockwise, which contains numerous repetitions of this mantra and effectively benefits everyone within the vicinity of the practitioner.[30]The connection between this famous mantra and Avalokiteśvara is documented for the first time in the Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra. This text is dated to around the late 4th century CE to the early 5th century CE.[31] In this sūtra, a bodhisattva is told by the Buddha that recitation of this mantra while focusing on the sound can lead to the attainment of eight hundred samādhis.[32]","title":"Mantras and Dharanis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Susiddhikarasūtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susiddhikara_S%C5%ABtra"},{"link_name":"the Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB-m%C5%ABla-kalpa"},{"link_name":"Guhyasamājatantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guhyasam%C4%81ja_Tantra"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-33"},{"link_name":"Shingon Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Lotus Buddha family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Tath%C4%81gatas"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13Bud-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-33"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"ye dharma hetu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da_g%C4%81th%C4%81"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-33"},{"link_name":"Amoghavajra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoghavajra"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-33"}],"sub_title":"Ārolik mantra","text":"Another mantra for Avalokiteśvara commonly recited in East Asian Buddhism is \"three and a half syllables\" (ardhacaturthākṣara) heart-mantra: \"oṃ ārolik svāha\" (or sometimes just Ārolik or oṁ ārolik), which is found (in many forms and variations like ārolika, arulika, etc.) in numerous pre-tenth-century Indian texts, including the 7th century Chinese translation of the Dhāraṇīsaṁgraha, the Susiddhikarasūtra, the Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa, and the Guhyasamājatantra.[33]This is also the main mantra for the bodhisattva in Shingon Buddhism and is considered to be the main mantra of the Lotus Buddha family.[34][35][36]One text (Taisho Tripitaka no. 1031) describes a visualization practice done after reciting oṁ ārolik svāhā seven times which includes meditating on the meanings of the four letters of ārolik which are:[33]a: all dharmas are originally unborn (ādyanutpanna);\nra: all dharmas are dissociated from defilement (rajas);\nla: characteristics (lakṣaṇa) are inapprehensible in all dharmas;\nka: all dharmas are without action (kārya).The Ārolik mantra has also been found engraved on a few sculptures found in north India. One of these begins with \"ārolik oṁ hrīḥ\". Another one of these found in Bihar also included other mantras, including ye dharma hetu, followed by \"namo ratnatrayāya namo Āryāvalokiteśvarāya bodhisatvāya mahāsatvāya mahākāruṇikāya Ārolok Oṁ hriḥ hriḥ\".[33]Another longer mantra appears in a translation by Amoghavajra (T. 1033, 20: 9b1–7):[33]namoratnatrayāya | nama āryāvalokiteśvarāya bodhisattvāya mahāsattvāya mahākāruṇikāya | tadyathā\npadmapāṇi sara sara ehy ehi bhagavann āryāvalokiteśvara ārolik |In Chinese, oṃ ārolik svāha is pronounced Ǎn ālǔlēi jì suōpóhē (唵 阿嚕勒繼 娑婆訶). In Korean, it is pronounced Om aroreuk Ge Sabaha (옴 아로늑계 사바하). In Japanese, it is pronounced On arori kya sowa ka (おん あろりきゃ そわか).","title":"Mantras and Dharanis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dhāraṇī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Cundī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cundi_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Studholme,_Alexander_2002_p._175-17"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABlaka%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"East Asian Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Eleven-Faced Avalokitesvara Heart Dharani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleven-Faced_Avalokitesvara_Heart_Dharani_Sutra"},{"link_name":"Ekādaśamukha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek%C4%81da%C5%9Bamukha"},{"link_name":"the six forms of Guanyin.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Guanyin"}],"sub_title":"Dharanis","text":"The Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra also features the first appearance of the dhāraṇī of Cundī, which occurs at the end of the sūtra text.[17] After the bodhisattva finally attains samādhi with the mantra \"oṃ maṇipadme hūṃ\", he is able to observe 77 koṭīs of fully enlightened buddhas replying to him in one voice with the Cundī Dhāraṇī: namaḥ saptānāṃ samyaksaṃbuddha koṭīnāṃ tadyathā, oṃ cale cule cunde svāhā.[37]The Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī is an 82-syllable dhāraṇī for Avalokiteśvara also known as the Great Compassion Mantra. It is very popular in East Asian Buddhism. Another popular Avalokiteśvara dharani in East Asian Buddhism is Eleven-Faced Avalokitesvara Heart Dharani. This dharani is associated with Avalokiteśvara's eleven face form, known as Ekādaśamukha, one of the six forms of Guanyin.","title":"Mantras and Dharanis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amoghpasha_lokeshvara_image.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arya Tara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"Bhrikuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhrikuti"},{"link_name":"Patan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalitpur,_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clevelandart_1959.129.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ekādaśamukha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek%C4%81da%C5%9Bamukha"},{"link_name":"Cundī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cundi_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"Tara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Clay images of Amoghapasha Lokesvara flanked by Arya Tara and Bhrikuti Tara enshrined at the side wing of Vasuccha Shil Mahavihar, Guita Bahi, Patan: This set of images is popular in traditional monasteries of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.Ekādaśamukha (Eleven faced) AvalokiteśvaraAvalokiteśvara has an extraordinarily large number of forms, emanations or manifestations, including wisdom goddesses (vidyās) directly associated with him in images and texts.Furthermore, at least two separate female Buddhist deities, Cundī and Tara also later came to be associated with Avalokiteśvara (and were even seen as manifestations of him).Some of the more commonly mentioned forms include:[38][39][40]","title":"Manifestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thousand-Hand_Eleven-Headed_Guanyin_(%E5%8D%83%E6%89%8B%E8%A7%80%E9%9F%B3_Qianshou_Guanyin_and_%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E9%9D%A2%E8%A7%80%E9%9F%B3_Shiyimian_Guanyin)_-_Mount_Putuo_Guanyin_Dharma_Realm;_Zhejiang,_China.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Putuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Putuo"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang, China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"saṃsāra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra"},{"link_name":"Amitābha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara","text":"Shrine to the Thousand-Hand Guanyin (Qianshou Guanyin) and Eleven-Headed Guanyin (Shiyimian Guanyin) on Mount Putuo Guanyin Dharma Realm in Zhejiang, ChinaOne prominent Buddhist story tells of Avalokiteśvara vowing never to rest until he had freed all sentient beings from saṃsāra. Despite strenuous effort, he realizes that many unhappy beings were yet to be saved. After struggling to comprehend the needs of so many, his head splits into eleven pieces. Amitābha, seeing his plight, gives him eleven heads with which to hear the cries of the suffering. Upon hearing these cries and comprehending them, Avalokiteśvara tries to reach out to all those who needed aid, but found that his two arms shattered into pieces. Once more, Amitābha comes to his aid and invests him with a thousand arms with which to aid the suffering multitudes.[41]","title":"Manifestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADikart%C4%81_Loke%C5%9Bvara.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hindu gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_deities"},{"link_name":"Hindu deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_deities"},{"link_name":"Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Davy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Brahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"Saraswati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"Āditya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adityas"},{"link_name":"Candra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra"},{"link_name":"Maheśvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Brahmā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"Nārāyaṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana"},{"link_name":"Sarasvatī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati"},{"link_name":"Vāyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayu"},{"link_name":"Dharaṇī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhara_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Varuṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Nīlakaṇṭha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilkanth"},{"link_name":"Harihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harihara"},{"link_name":"Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABlaka%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Puranic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Īśvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishvara"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Studholme,_Alexander_2002_p._38-44"},{"link_name":"cosmic man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macranthropy"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Studholme,_Alexander_2002_p._38-44"},{"link_name":"Creator God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_deity"},{"link_name":"Īśvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishvara"},{"link_name":"skillful means","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upaya"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Avalokiteśvara as a cosmic maheśvara (\"great lord\")","text":"Sṛṣṭikartā Lokeśvara (Avalokiteshvara in the process of creation), in which the bodhisattva takes on the form of Sṛṣṭikartā (creator) and emanates all the Hindu gods for the benefit of sentient beings.According to various Mahayana sources, numerous Hindu deities are considered to be emanations of Avalokiteshvara. For example, in the Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra, Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma and Saraswati are all said to have emerged from Avalokiteshvara.[4] The passage states:Āditya and Candra came from his eyes, Maheśvara came from his forehead, Brahmā came from his shoulders, Nārāyaṇa came from his heart, Devi Sarasvatī came from his canines, Vāyu came from his mouth, Dharaṇī came from his feet, and Varuṇa came from his stomach.[42]In a similar manner, Hindu deities like Nīlakaṇṭha and Harihara are cited in the Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī, possibly as forms of Avalokiteshvara or as associated bodhisattvas (the text is not clear, though traditionally these have been interpreted as various names or forms of Avalokiteshvara).[43]Alexander Studholme writes that these sources are influenced by Puranic Hinduism, and its concepts of an Īśvara (\"lord\") and Maheśvara (\"great lord\"), both of which are terms that refer to a transcendent and all pervasive being.[44] The name Maheśvara is also applied to Avalokiteshvara three times in the Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra, and some passages he is described as a cosmic man, similar to how the Puranas depict Vishnu or Shiva.[44] However, this Buddhist myth only focuses on how Avalokiteshvara gives birth to all the gods (devas), and he is not depicted as a true Creator God (who creates the cosmos, like the Hindu Īśvara), instead he is depicted as a great cosmic being that manifests in myriad ways as a skillful means to guide living beings to Buddhahood.[45]","title":"Manifestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Vajrayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Tãrã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leighton-5"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"tulku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku"},{"link_name":"Dalai Lamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama"},{"link_name":"Karmapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmapa"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"Avalokiteśvara is an important deity in Tibetan Buddhism. He is regarded in the Vajrayana teachings as a Buddha.[46]In Tibetan Buddhism, Tãrã came into existence from a single tear shed by Avalokiteśvara.[5] When the tear fell to the ground it created a lake, and a lotus opening in the lake revealed Tara. In another version of this story, Tara emerges from the heart of Avalokiteśvara. In either version, it is Avalokiteśvara's outpouring of compassion which manifests Tãrã as a being.[47][48][49]Certain living tulku lineages, including the Dalai Lamas and the Karmapas, are considered by many Tibetan Buddhists to also be manifestations of Avalokiteśvara.[50][51][52]","title":"Tibetan Buddhist beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avalokitesvara_Gandhara_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2418_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gandhāran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara"},{"link_name":"mudrā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodhi_Ajanta.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ajaṇṭā Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanta_Caves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avalokitesvara_-_Basalt_-_ca_11th-12th_Century_CE_-_Pala_Period_-_Chowrapara_Rajshahi_-_ACCN_9015-A25200_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2016-03-06_1506.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bihar,_bodhisattva_avalokitesvara,_periodo_pala,_XI_secolo_ca.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1000_armed_Avalokiteshvara_at_Saspol_cave_DSCN7053_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guimet_5887_Avalokiteshvara.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cambodian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avalokiteshvara-statue.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avalokitesvara_Plaosan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sailendran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendra"},{"link_name":"Plaosan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaosan"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%B0%8F%E5%B7%9D%E6%99%B4%E6%9A%98%E6%92%AE%E5%BD%B1%E3%80%8A%E3%83%A0%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E5%AF%BA%E9%99%A2%E9%87%88%E8%BF%A6%E4%B8%89%E5%B0%8A%E5%83%8F%E3%81%AE%E3%81%86%E3%81%A1%E8%A6%B3%E9%9F%B3%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%80%811944%E5%B9%B4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mendut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendut"},{"link_name":"Sailendran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambodian_-_Eight-armed_Avalokiteshvara_-_Walters_542726.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Walters Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walters_Art_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avalokiteshvara_Bingin_Jungut_Srivijaya.JPG"},{"link_name":"Musi Rawas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musi_Rawas_Regency"},{"link_name":"Srivijayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodhisattava_Avalokiteshvara,_Chaiya_Art_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Avalokiteshvara of Chaiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokiteshvara_of_Chaiya"},{"link_name":"Chaiya District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaiya_District"},{"link_name":"Surat Thani Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Thani_Province"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Privy_Seal_of_King_Rama_VIII_(Ananda_Mahidol).svg"},{"link_name":"Ananda Mahidol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Srivijayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"Chaiya District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaiya_District"},{"link_name":"Surat Thani Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Thani_Province"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avalokiteshvara_head_Aceh_Srivijaya_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Aceh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh"},{"link_name":"Srivijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muzium_Negara_KL66.JPG"},{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Bidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuan-yan_bodhisattva,_Northern_Sung_dynasty,_China,_c._1025,_wood,_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guanyin_acolytes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Shancai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhana"},{"link_name":"Longnü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longn%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Yuan Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standing_Kannon_Bosatsu_(Avalokitesvara),_Heian_period,_Japan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"Tokyo National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanjusangendo_Thousand-armed_Kannon.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tankei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankei"},{"link_name":"Sanjūsangen-dō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanj%C5%ABsangen-d%C5%8D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodhisattva_Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87icakra,_Kamakura_period,_Japan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goryeo-Avalokiteshvara-1310-kagami_Jinjya_Temple.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_avalokiteshvara.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nepalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_statue_de_Quan_Am_dans_la_pagode_But_Thap_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bút Tháp Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAt_Th%C3%A1p_Temple"},{"link_name":"Bắc Ninh Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninh_Province"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:8O3temple-icon1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kano_White-robed_Kannon,_Bodhisattva_of_Compassion.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shrine_to_a_Tang_dynasty_(896_AD)_stone_statue_of_the_Thousand-Armed_Guanyin_(%E5%8D%83%E6%89%8B%E8%A7%80%E9%9F%B3_Qianshou_Guanyin)_in_Shengshui_Temple_(%E5%85%A7%E6%B1%9F%E8%81%96%E6%B0%B4%E5%AF%BA_Neijiang_Shengshui-si)_in_Neijiang,_Sichuan,_China_Picture_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"stone statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue"},{"link_name":"Neijiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neijiang"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kek_Lok_Si_Goddess_of_Mercy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kek Lok Si","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kek_Lok_Si"},{"link_name":"Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lingyin_temple_18_armed_cundi.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Cundī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cundi_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"Lingyin Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingyin_Temple"},{"link_name":"Hangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thousand-Armed_Avalokitesvara.jpg"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History,_September_2017._42.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vietnam National Museum of History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_National_Museum_of_History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Museum_Vietnamese_History_74.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vietnam National Museum of History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_National_Museum_of_History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avalokitesvara_figurine,_Bat_Trang_kiln,_Hanoi,_Nguyen_dynasty,_19th_century_AD,_white_glazed_ceramic_-_National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History_-_Hanoi,_Vietnam_-_DSC05438.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ulan_Bator.-_Gandan_Monastery_(3).JPG"},{"link_name":"Migjid Janraisig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migjid_Janraisig"},{"link_name":"Gandantegchinlen Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandantegchinlen_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Ulaanbaatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaanbaatar"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avalokitesvara_Bodhisattva_Siddham_Script.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Cintamanicakra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87icakra"},{"link_name":"Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Tooth_Relic_Temple_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avalokite%C5%9Bvara-Ethno_BHM_1967.263.1-P6141167-black.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pelling_Sky_Walk_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelling"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Avalokitesvara_Bodhisattva_Nalanda.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Ranjana script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjana_script"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha_with_Thousand_Arms_at_Cham_Shan_Temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thousand_Armed_Avalokitesvara_-_Guanyin_Nunnery_-_2.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Guanyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanyin"},{"link_name":"vihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihara"},{"link_name":"Anhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monastery_of_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas_%E8%90%AC%E4%BD%9B%E5%AF%BA_(5380241824).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ten Thousand Buddhas Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Thousand_Buddhas_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Pai Tau Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pai_Tau_Village"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_City_of_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas%27_Avalokiteshvara_statue.jpg"},{"link_name":"City of Ten Thousand Buddhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas"},{"link_name":"Ukiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiah,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"}],"text":"Gandhāran statue of Avalokiteśvara, abhaya-mudrā. 3rd century CE.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIndian cave wall painting of Avalokiteśvara. Ajaṇṭā Caves, 6th century CE.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAvalokitesvara, ca 11th-12th Century CE, Pala Period\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAvalokitesvara, Pala period\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1000-armed Avalokiteśvara dated 13th - 15th century AD at Saspol cave (Gon-Nila-Phuk Cave Temples and Fort) in Ladakh, India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCambodian statue of Avalokiteśvara. Sandstone, 7th century CE.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAvalokiteśvara sandstone statue, late 7th century CE.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPadmapani holding a lotus. 8th-9th century Sailendran art, Plaosan temple, Java, Indonesia.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAvalokiteśvara andesite stone in Mendut temple, early 9th century Sailendran art, Java, Indonesia.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEight-armed Avalokiteśvara, ca. 12th-13th century (Bàyon). The Walters Art Museum.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAvalokiteśvara from Bingin Jungut, Musi Rawas, South Sumatra. Srivijayan art (c. 8th-9th century CE)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe bronze torso Avalokiteshvara of Chaiya, 8th century CE Srivijayan art, Chaiya District, Surat Thani Province, Southern Thailand.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Privy Seal of King Ananda Mahidol of Thailand show a picture of a Bodhisattva, based on a Srivijayan sculpture of Avalokiteśvara Padmapani which was found at Chaiya District, Surat Thani Province.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe stone head of Avalokiteśvara, discovered in Aceh. Srivijaya, estimated 9th century.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMalaysian statue of Avalokiteśvara. Bidor, 8th-9th century CE.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChinese statue of Avalokiteśvara looking out over the sea, c. 1025 CE.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChinese hanging scroll depicting Shancai, Avalokiteśvara and Longnü, Yuan Dynasty.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStanding Kannon Bosatsu (Avalokitesvara), 12th century, Heian period, Tokyo National Museum, Japan.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSenju Kannon by Tankei, 13th century, Sanjūsangen-dō, Japan.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNyoirin Kannon, 1275, Tokyo National Museum, Japan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKorean painting of Avalokiteśvara. Kagami Jinjya, Japan, 1310 CE.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNepalese statue of Avalokiteśvara with six arms. 14th century CE.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAvalokiteśvara of One Thousand Arms, lacquered and gilded wood. Restored in 1656 CE. Bút Tháp Temple, Bắc Ninh Province, Vietnam\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTibetan statue of Avalokiteśvara with eleven faces.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJapanese painting of Avalokiteśvara meditating. 16th century CE.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTang dynasty (896 AD) carved stone statue of Qianshou Guanyin in Shengshui Temple (內江聖水寺) in Neijiang, Sichuan, China\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe world tallest octagonal pavilion to shelter the Guanyin statue in Kek Lok Si in Air Itam, Penang, Malaysia.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEsoteric Cundī form of Avalokiteśvara with eighteen arms in Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThousand-armed Avalokiteśvara bronze statue from Tibet, circa 1750. Birmingham Museum of Art\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQuan Âm (Avalokiteśvara) statue in the 18th - 19th centuries at the Vietnam National Museum of History, Hanoi, Vietnam\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2 statues of Quan Âm (Avalokiteśvara) in the Nguyễn dynasty at the Vietnam National Museum of History, Vietnam\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQuán Âm (Avalokiteśvara) figurine, Bát Tràng kiln, Hanoi, Nguyễn dynasty, 19th century AD, white glazed ceramic - Vietnam National Museum of History, Vietnam\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatue of Avalokiteśvara (Migjid Janraisig) in Gandantegchinlen Monastery, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The tallest indoor statue in the world, 26.5-meter-high, 1996 rebuilt, (1913)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatue of Ruyilun Guanyin (Cintamanicakra) in the Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum in Chinatown, Singapore.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatue of Avalokiteśvara, date unknown, bronze and gold\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatue of Chenrezig, Pelling, Sikkim, India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPainting of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva. Sanskrit Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra manuscript written in the Ranjana script. Nalanda, Bihar, India. Circa 700-1100 CE\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQianshou Guanyin at Cham Shan Temple in Hong Kong, China\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQianshou Guanyin. Guanyin women's vihara, Anhui, China\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatue of Shiyimian Guanyin in Ten Thousand Buddhas Monastery (萬佛寺) in Pai Tau Village, Sha Tin, Hong Kong\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe wooden statue of thousand-armed and thousand-eyed Guanyin at the City of Ten Thousand Buddhas in Ukiah, California.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buswell, Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Buswell_Jr."},{"link_name":"Lopez, Donald S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez,_Jr."},{"link_name":"The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-fWKngEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-15786-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3"},{"link_name":"Doniger, Wendy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Doniger"},{"link_name":"Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC"},{"link_name":"State University of New York Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7914-1381-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1381-0"},{"link_name":"Musée d'ethnographie de Genève","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27ethnographie_de_Gen%C3%A8ve"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-88474-187-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88474-187-3"},{"link_name":"The gods of northern Buddhism: their history, iconography and progressive evolution through the northern Buddhist countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/northernbuddhism00gettuoft"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0195064186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195064186"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/605604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F605604"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"605604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/605604"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7914-5389-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-5389-8"},{"link_name":"The Lotus Sutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150702040734/http://www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dBET_T0262_LotusSutra_2007.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-886439-39-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886439-39-9"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dBET_T0262_LotusSutra_2007.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-231-12029-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12029-6"}],"text":"Buswell, Robert; Lopez, Donald S. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3.\nDoniger, Wendy, ed. (1993), Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-1381-0\nDucor, Jérôme (2010). Le regard de Kannon (in French). Gollion: Infolio éditions / Genève: Musée d'ethnographie de Genève. p. 104. ISBN 978-2-88474-187-3. ill. colour\nGetty, Alice (1914). The gods of northern Buddhism: their history, iconography and progressive evolution through the northern Buddhist countries. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nHolt, John (1991). Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195064186.\nMcDermott, James P. (1999). \"Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 119 (1): 195–196. doi:10.2307/605604. JSTOR 605604.\nStudholme, Alexander (2002). The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum. Albany NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-5389-8.\nTsugunari, Kubo; Akira (tr.), Yuyama (2007). The Lotus Sutra (PDF) (Revised 2nd ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. ISBN 978-1-886439-39-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-02.\nYü, Chün-fang (2001). Kuan-Yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokitesvara. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12029-6.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Avalokiteśvara painting from a Sanskrit palm-leaf manuscript. Nalanda, India, 12th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Avalokitesvara_Bodhisattva_Nalanda.jpeg/262px-Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Avalokitesvara_Bodhisattva_Nalanda.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Four-armed Tibetan form of Avalokiteśvara.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Chenrezigthangka.jpg/262px-Chenrezigthangka.jpg"},{"image_text":"Avalokiteśvara / Padmapani, Ajanta Caves, India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bodhisattva_Padmapani%2C_Ajanta%2C_cave_1%2C_India.jpg/262px-Bodhisattva_Padmapani%2C_Ajanta%2C_cave_1%2C_India.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bronze statue of Avalokiteśvara from Sri Lanka, ca. 750 CE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bodhisattva_Avalokitesvara-BMA.jpg/262px-Bodhisattva_Avalokitesvara-BMA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wood carving of Lokanat at Shwenandaw Monastery, Mandalay, Burma","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Shwenandaw_2288795148_46754abf81.jpg/262px-Shwenandaw_2288795148_46754abf81.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pothigai Malai in Tamil Nadu is proposed as the original Mount Potalaka in India.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Pothigai_Hills_Range.jpg/262px-Pothigai_Hills_Range.jpg"},{"image_text":"OṂ MAŅI PADME HǕṂ. The six syllable mantra of Avalokiteśvara written in the Tibetan alphabet.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/OM_MANI_PADME_HUM.svg/262px-OM_MANI_PADME_HUM.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Clay images of Amoghapasha Lokesvara flanked by Arya Tara and Bhrikuti Tara enshrined at the side wing of Vasuccha Shil Mahavihar, Guita Bahi, Patan: This set of images is popular in traditional monasteries of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Amoghpasha_lokeshvara_image.jpg/220px-Amoghpasha_lokeshvara_image.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ekādaśamukha (Eleven faced) Avalokiteśvara","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Clevelandart_1959.129.jpg/220px-Clevelandart_1959.129.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shrine to the Thousand-Hand Guanyin (Qianshou Guanyin) and Eleven-Headed Guanyin (Shiyimian Guanyin) on Mount Putuo Guanyin Dharma Realm in Zhejiang, China","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Thousand-Hand_Eleven-Headed_Guanyin_%28%E5%8D%83%E6%89%8B%E8%A7%80%E9%9F%B3_Qianshou_Guanyin_and_%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E9%9D%A2%E8%A7%80%E9%9F%B3_Shiyimian_Guanyin%29_-_Mount_Putuo_Guanyin_Dharma_Realm%3B_Zhejiang%2C_China.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sṛṣṭikartā Lokeśvara (Avalokiteshvara in the process of creation), in which the bodhisattva takes on the form of Sṛṣṭikartā (creator) and emanates all the Hindu gods for the benefit of sentient beings.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/S%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADikart%C4%81_Loke%C5%9Bvara.jpg/220px-S%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADikart%C4%81_Loke%C5%9Bvara.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Virupaksha Temple, Hampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virupaksha_Temple,_Hampi"},{"title":"Guanyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanyin"},{"title":"Ishvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishvara"},{"title":"Pure Land Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism"},{"title":"Ushnishasitatapattra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushnishasitatapattra"},{"title":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"title":"Dalai Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama"}] | [{"reference":"Gour, H. S. (1929). The Spirit Of Buddhism Vol. 1. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189351/page/n17/mode/1up","url_text":"The Spirit Of Buddhism Vol. 1"}]},{"reference":"Ellwood, Robert S. (2008). The Encyclopedia of World Religions. Facts on file. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4381-1038-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1pGbdI4L0qsC&dq=avalokitesVara&pg=PA40","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of World Religions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1038-7","url_text":"978-1-4381-1038-7"}]},{"reference":"Leighton, Taigen Dan (1998). Bodhisattva Archetypes: Classic Buddhist Guides to Awakening and Their Modern Expression. New York: Penguin Arkana. pp. 158–205. ISBN 0140195564. OCLC 37211178.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taigen_Dan_Leighton","url_text":"Leighton, Taigen Dan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140195564","url_text":"0140195564"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37211178","url_text":"37211178"}]},{"reference":"Lokesh Chandra (1984). \"The Origin of Avalokitesvara\" (PDF). Indologica Taurinensia. XIII (1985-1986). International Association of Sanskrit Studies: 189–190. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 6, 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokesh_Chandra","url_text":"Lokesh Chandra"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140606205922/http://www.indologica.com/volumes/vol13/vol13_art13_CHANDRA.pdf","url_text":"\"The Origin of Avalokitesvara\""},{"url":"http://www.indologica.com/volumes/vol13/vol13_art13_CHANDRA.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mironov, N. D. (1927). \"Buddhist Miscellanea\". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 59 (2): 241–252. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00057440. JSTOR 25221116. S2CID 250344585.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00057440","url_text":"10.1017/S0035869X00057440"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25221116","url_text":"25221116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250344585","url_text":"250344585"}]},{"reference":"Bokar Rinpoche (1991). Chenrezig Lord of Love - Principles and Methods of Deity Meditation. San Francisco, California: Clearpoint Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-9630371-0-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9630371-0-2","url_text":"0-9630371-0-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Art & Archaeology - Sri Lanka - Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/lanka/matara/we01.html","url_text":"\"Art & Archaeology - Sri Lanka - Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Avalokiteshvara, Buddhism's Bodhisattva of Infinite Compassion\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thoughtco.com/avalokiteshvara-bodhisattva-450135","url_text":"\"Meet Avalokiteshvara, Buddhism's Bodhisattva of Infinite Compassion\""}]},{"reference":"Läänemets, Märt (2006). \"Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara in the Gandavyuha Sutra\". Chung-Hwa Buddhist Studies 10, 295-339. Retrieved 2009-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A4rt_L%C3%A4%C3%A4nemets&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Läänemets, Märt"},{"url":"http://www.chibs.edu.tw/ch_html/chbs/10/chbs1011.htm","url_text":"\"Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara in the Gandavyuha Sutra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ten Small Mantras\". www.buddhamountain.ca. Retrieved 2021-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.buddhamountain.ca/Ten_Small_Mantras.php","url_text":"\"Ten Small Mantras\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is Ten Small Mantras\". www.buddhismtoronto.com. Retrieved 2021-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buddhismtoronto.com/mantra-3.1.php","url_text":"\"What is Ten Small Mantras\""}]},{"reference":"Shingon Buddhist International Institute. \"Jusan Butsu – The Thirteen Buddhas of the Shingon School\". Archived from the original on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130401193122/http://www.shingon.org/deities/jusanbutsu/jusanbutsu.html","url_text":"\"Jusan Butsu – The Thirteen Buddhas of the Shingon School\""},{"url":"http://www.shingon.org/deities/jusanbutsu/jusanbutsu.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saptakoṭibuddhamātṛ Cundī Dhāraṇī Sūtra\". Lapis Lazuli Texts. Retrieved 24 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lapislazulitexts.com/tripitaka/T20_1077","url_text":"\"Saptakoṭibuddhamātṛ Cundī Dhāraṇī Sūtra\""}]},{"reference":"Getty, Alice (2011-05-29). \"The gods of northern Buddhism: their history, iconography and progressive evolution through the northern Buddhist countries - The Principal Forms Of Avalokitesvara [Chapter VI]\". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2023-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/the-gods-of-northern-buddhism/d/doc4714.html","url_text":"\"The gods of northern Buddhism: their history, iconography and progressive evolution through the northern Buddhist countries - The Principal Forms Of Avalokitesvara [Chapter VI]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buddhist Deity: Avalokiteshvara (Wrathful/Semi Forms)\". www.himalayanart.org. Retrieved 2023-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=1292","url_text":"\"Buddhist Deity: Avalokiteshvara (Wrathful/Semi Forms)\""}]},{"reference":"Venerable Shangpa Rinpoche. \"Arya Avalokitesvara and the Six Syllable Mantra\". Dhagpo Kagyu Ling. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dhagpo-kagyu.org/anglais/science-esprit/chemin/medit/methodes/avalokitesvara_shangpa2.htm","url_text":"\"Arya Avalokitesvara and the Six Syllable Mantra\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222250/http://www.dhagpo-kagyu.org/anglais/science-esprit/chemin/medit/methodes/avalokitesvara_shangpa2.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Basket's Display / 84000 Reading Room\". 84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha. Retrieved 2023-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://read.84000.co/translation/toh116.html","url_text":"\"The Basket's Display / 84000 Reading Room\""}]},{"reference":"Dampa Sonam Gyaltsen (1996). The Clear Mirror: A Traditional Account of Tibet's Golden Age. Shambhala. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-55939-932-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_Dampa_Sonam_Gyaltsen","url_text":"Dampa Sonam Gyaltsen"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-qLfqTWd8-gC&pg=PA21","url_text":"The Clear Mirror: A Traditional Account of Tibet's Golden Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-932-6","url_text":"978-1-55939-932-6"}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Miranda (2006). Buddhist Goddesses of India. Princeton University Press. p. 307. ISBN 0-691-12758-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda_Shaw&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Shaw, Miranda"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/buddhistgoddesse00shaw","url_text":"Buddhist Goddesses of India"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/buddhistgoddesse00shaw/page/307","url_text":"307"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-12758-1","url_text":"0-691-12758-1"}]},{"reference":"Bokar Tulku Rinpoche (1991). Chenrezig, Lord of Love: Principles and Methods of Deity Meditation. ClearPoint Press. 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Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kagyu.org/kagyulineage/karmapa/index.php","url_text":"\"His Holiness the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071014185000/http://www.kagyu.org/kagyulineage/karmapa/index.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Glossary\". Dhagpo Kundreul Ling. Archived from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2007-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070808134917/http://www.dhagpo-kundreul.org/anglais/glossaire/gloss_k_en.html","url_text":"\"Glossary\""},{"url":"http://www.dhagpo-kundreul.org/anglais/glossaire/gloss_k_en.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Buswell, Robert; Lopez, Donald S. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashika_ni | Tashika ni | ["1 Track listing","2 Live performances","3 References","4 External links"] | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (February 2023) Click for important translation instructions.
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2007 single by Angela Aki"Tashika ni (たしかに, Surely)"Single by Angela Akifrom the album Today ReleasedJuly 11, 2007 (Japan)GenreJ-popLength8:47LabelSony Music JapanSongwriter(s)Angela AkiAngela Aki singles chronology
"Kodoku no Kakera" (2007)
"Tashika ni (たしかに, Surely)" (2007)
"Tegami (Haikei Jūgo no Kimi e)" (2008)
"Tashika ni (たしかに, Surely)" is the seventh single by Japanese singer Angela Aki. It was released on July 11, 2007. It was featured as the "LISMO" CM song.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Angela Aki, arranged by Seiji KamedaNo.TitleLength1."Tashika ni (たしかに, Surely)"4:582."Tashika ni (たしかに, Surely)" (piano version)3:49
Live performances
Music Station
References
^ "アンジェラ・アキ/たしかに". tower.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-02-22.
External links
Official Discography (in Japanese)
vteAngela AkiStudio albums
These Words
Home
Today
Answer
Life
White
Blue
Cover albums
Songbook
Compilation albums
Tapestry of Songs
Extended play
One
Singles
"Home"
"Kokoro no Senshi"
"Kiss Me Good-Bye"
"This Love"
"Sakurairo"
"Tashika ni"
"Tegami (Haikei Jūgo no Kimi e)"
"Ai no Kisetsu"
"Kagayaku Hito"
"Hajimari no Ballad"
"Kokuhaku"
Related Articles
Discography
Sony Music Entertainment Japan
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
This 2000s Japanese single–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angela Aki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Aki"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"LISMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LISMO"}],"text":"2007 single by Angela Aki\"Tashika ni (たしかに, Surely)\" is the seventh single by Japanese singer Angela Aki.[1] It was released on July 11, 2007. It was featured as the \"LISMO\" CM song.","title":"Tashika ni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seiji Kameda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiji_Kameda"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Angela Aki, arranged by Seiji KamedaNo.TitleLength1.\"Tashika ni (たしかに, Surely)\"4:582.\"Tashika ni (たしかに, Surely)\" (piano version)3:49","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Music Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Station"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Music Station [citation needed]","title":"Live performances"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"アンジェラ・アキ/たしかに\". tower.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://tower.jp/item/2249967/%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AB","url_text":"\"アンジェラ・アキ/たしかに\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://tower.jp/item/2249967/%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AB","external_links_name":"\"アンジェラ・アキ/たしかに\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090413030507/http://www.angela-aki.com/disco/index.html","external_links_name":"Official Discography"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/3c998b83-973b-3492-8268-a47558eb67e5","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tashika_ni&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukauni | Chukauni | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Nepalese salad
ChukauniA bowl of ChukauniTypeSaladCourseSide dishPlace of originNepalRegion or statePalpa district, GandakiCooking time 20 minutes to 30 minutesMain ingredientsPotatoes, dahi, salt and spicesIngredients generally usedOnion, chilies
Chukauni (Nepali: चुकौनी) is a Nepalese side dish that originated around the Palpa district of western Nepal. It is made from boiled potatoes, yogurt, onion, coriander and spices. It is a popular type of salad and eaten mainly as a side dish with roti, sel roti, steamed rice or batuk.
It can be eaten both warm or cold. It is a simple dish to make with few ingredients.
See also
Sel roti
Raita
Nepali pickles
References
^ पोखरेल, लक्ष्मण. "पर्यटक तान्ने पाल्पाको चुकौनी". Sampurna Weekly. Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2022-04-16.
^ "Chukauni from Palpa district – Boss Nepal". Retrieved 2021-03-03.
^ "रैथाने स्वादः यसरी बनाउने पाल्पाली चुकाउनी". Online Khabar. Retrieved 2022-04-16.
^ "The culture, history and recipe of batuk". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2021-10-31.
^ Republica. "Recipe of Chukauni". My City. Retrieved 2021-10-31.
Palpali Chukauni Recipe
External links
Anup's kitchen recipe
Recipe by SBS Australia
This Nepalese cuisine–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vtevteYogurtVarieties
Curd
Dadiah
Dhau
Frozen
Matzoon
Nai lao
Qatiq
Strained
Cultures
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus
Streptococcus thermophilus
Lactobacillus
Bifidobacterium
Dishes
Borani
Churri
Çılbır
Chukauni
Cucumber raita
Dahi chutney
Dahi baigana
Dahi machha
Dahi puri
Dahi vada
Dahibara Aludam
Dovga
Jameed
Kadhi
Kashk
Mitha dahi
Parfait
Papri chaat
Raita
Shrikhand
Spas
Tarator
Tzatziki
Zhoixo
Drinks
Acidophiline
Ayran
Chaas
Chal
Chalap
Doogh
Lassi
Leben
Mattha
Nai lao
Omaere
Ryazhenka
Varenets
Related
Fermented milk products
Amasi
Buttermilk
Calpis
Clabber
Crème fraîche
Filmjölk
Jocoque
Kefir
Kumis
Mursik
Quark
Skyr
Smetana
Sour cream
Soured milk
Suorat
Viili
Yakult
Yayık ayranı
Ymer
Whey | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Nepalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Palpa district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpa_District"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"boiled potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiled_potato"},{"link_name":"yogurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogurt"},{"link_name":"onion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion"},{"link_name":"coriander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriander"},{"link_name":"spices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice"},{"link_name":"roti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti"},{"link_name":"sel roti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_roti"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"batuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medu_vada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Chukauni (Nepali: चुकौनी) is a Nepalese side dish that originated around the Palpa district of western Nepal.[1] It is made from boiled potatoes, yogurt, onion, coriander and spices. It is a popular type of salad and eaten mainly as a side dish with roti, sel roti, steamed rice or batuk.[2][3]It can be eaten both warm or cold. It is a simple dish to make with few ingredients.[4][5]","title":"Chukauni"}] | [] | [{"title":"Sel roti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_roti"},{"title":"Raita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raita"},{"title":"Nepali pickles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_pickle"}] | [{"reference":"पोखरेल, लक्ष्मण. \"पर्यटक तान्ने पाल्पाको चुकौनी\". Sampurna Weekly. Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2022-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221012170648/https://sampurnaweekly.com/news/1141","url_text":"\"पर्यटक तान्ने पाल्पाको चुकौनी\""},{"url":"https://sampurnaweekly.com/news/1141","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chukauni from Palpa district – Boss Nepal\". Retrieved 2021-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://bossnepal.com/chukauni-palpa-district/","url_text":"\"Chukauni from Palpa district – Boss Nepal\""}]},{"reference":"\"रैथाने स्वादः यसरी बनाउने पाल्पाली चुकाउनी\". Online Khabar. Retrieved 2022-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019/04/759433","url_text":"\"रैथाने स्वादः यसरी बनाउने पाल्पाली चुकाउनी\""}]},{"reference":"\"The culture, history and recipe of batuk\". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2021-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://kathmandupost.com/recipes/2020/08/28/the-culture-history-and-recipe-of-batuk","url_text":"\"The culture, history and recipe of batuk\""}]},{"reference":"Republica. \"Recipe of Chukauni\". My City. Retrieved 2021-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/87885/","url_text":"\"Recipe of Chukauni\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221012170648/https://sampurnaweekly.com/news/1141","external_links_name":"\"पर्यटक तान्ने पाल्पाको चुकौनी\""},{"Link":"https://sampurnaweekly.com/news/1141","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://bossnepal.com/chukauni-palpa-district/","external_links_name":"\"Chukauni from Palpa district – Boss Nepal\""},{"Link":"https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019/04/759433","external_links_name":"\"रैथाने स्वादः यसरी बनाउने पाल्पाली चुकाउनी\""},{"Link":"https://kathmandupost.com/recipes/2020/08/28/the-culture-history-and-recipe-of-batuk","external_links_name":"\"The culture, history and recipe of batuk\""},{"Link":"http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/87885/","external_links_name":"\"Recipe of Chukauni\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicalnepal.com/palpali-chukauni-recipe/","external_links_name":"Palpali Chukauni Recipe"},{"Link":"http://www.anupskitchen.com/recipe/potato-yogurt-salad/","external_links_name":"Anup's kitchen recipe"},{"Link":"https://www.sbs.com.au/food/recipes/spicy-potato-and-pea-salad-chukauni","external_links_name":"Recipe by SBS Australia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chukauni&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCE1 | ABCE1 | ["1 Structure","2 Function","2.1 Translation Initiation","2.2 Ribosome recycling","2.3 Ribosome biogenesis","2.4 RNAse inhibitor","3 Role in mitochondria","4 References","5 External links"] | Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
ABCE1IdentifiersAliasesABCE1, ABC38, OABP, RLI, RNASEL1, RNASELI, RNS4I, ATP binding cassette subfamily E member 1, RLI1External IDsOMIM: 601213; MGI: 1195458; HomoloGene: 2205; GeneCards: ABCE1; OMA:ABCE1 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 4 (human)Band4q31.21Start145,098,288 bpEnd145,129,524 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 8 (mouse)Band8|8 C1Start80,410,091 bpEnd80,438,369 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed ingonadislet of Langerhansventricular zoneAchilles tendonstromal cell of endometriumtesticleganglionic eminencesecondary oocytebody of pancreasrectumTop expressed inepiblastcumulus cellabdominal wallGonadal ridgelacrimal glandmaxillary prominencemandibular prominencedermisprimitive streakventricular zoneMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function
nucleotide binding
ATPase activity
protein binding
iron ion binding
ribosomal small subunit binding
ATP binding
endoribonuclease inhibitor activity
Cellular component
cytoplasm
mitochondrial matrix
membrane
mitochondrion
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex
cytosol
Biological process
viral process
ribosomal subunit export from nucleus
translational termination
negative regulation of endoribonuclease activity
translational initiation
regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway
defense response to virus
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez605924015EnsemblENSG00000164163ENSMUSG00000058355UniProtP61221P61222RefSeq (mRNA)NM_002940NM_001040876NM_015751RefSeq (protein)NP_001035809NP_002931NP_056566Location (UCSC)Chr 4: 145.1 – 145.13 MbChr 8: 80.41 – 80.44 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
ATP-binding cassette sub-family E member 1 (ABCE1) also known as RNase L inhibitor (RLI) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ABCE1 gene.
ABCE1 is an ATPase that is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters superfamily and OABP subfamily.
ABCE1 inhibits the action of ribonuclease L. Ribonuclease L normally binds to 2-5A (5'-phosphorylated 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates) and inhibits the interferon-regulated 2-5A/RNase L pathway, which is used by viruses. ABCE1 heterodimerize with ribonuclease L and prevents its interaction with 2-5A, antagonizing the anti-viral properties of ribonuclease L, and allow the virus to synthesize viral proteins. It has also been implicated to have an effect in tumor cell proliferation and antiapoptosis.
ABCE1 is an essential and highly conserved protein that is required for both eukaryotic translation initiation as well as ribosome biogenesis. The most studied homologues are Rli1p in yeast and Pixie in Drosophila.
Structure
RLI is a 68 kDa cytoplasmic protein found in most eukaryota and archae. Since the crystal structure for RLI has not yet been determined, all that is known has been inferred from protein sequencing. The protein sequences between species is very well conserved, for example Pixie and yeast Rli1p are 66% identical, and Rli1p and human RLI are 67% identical.
RLI belongs to the ABCE family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins. ABC proteins typically also contain a transmembrane region, and utilize ATP to transport substrates across a membrane, however RLI is unique in that it is a soluble protein that contains ABC domains. RLI has two C-terminal ABC domains; upon binding ATP they form a characteristic "ATP-sandwich," with two ATP molecules sandwiched between the two dimerized ABC domains. Hydrolysis of ATP allows the dimer to dissociate in a fully reversible process. Incubation of the protein with a non-hydrolyzable ATP analogue or a mutation of the ABC domain causes a complete loss of protein function.
RLI also has a cysteine-rich N-terminal region that is predicted to tightly bind two clusters. Mutation of this region, or depletion of available Fe/S clusters, renders the protein unable to function, and loss of cell viability, making RLI the only known essential cytoplasmic protein dependent on Fe/S cluster biosynthesis in the mitochondria. The function of the Fe/S clusters is unknown, although it has been suggested that they regulate the ABC domains in response to a change in the redox environment, for example in the presence of reactive oxygen species.
Function
RLI and its homologues in yeast and Drosophila have two major identified functions: translation initiation and ribosome biogenesis. In addition, human RLI is a known inhibitor of RNAse L. This was the first activity identified and the source of its name (RNAse L Inhibitor).
Translation Initiation
Translation initiation is an essential process required for proper protein expression and cell viability. Rli1p has been found to co-purify with eukaryotic initiation factors, specifically eIF2, eIF5, and eIF3, as well as the 40S subunit of the ribosome. These initiation factors must associate with the ribosome in stoichiometric proportions, while Rli1p is required in catalytic amounts. The following mechanism for the process has been proposed: One ABC domain binds the 40S subunit, while the other binds an initiation factor. Binding of ATP allows for dimerization, which subsequently brings the initiation factor and ribosomal subunit in close enough contact to associate. ATP hydrolysis releases the two substrates and allows the cycle to begin again. This model is similar to one that has been proposed for DNA repair enzymes with ABC domains, in which each domain binds either side of a broken piece of DNA, with hydrolysis allowing the pieces to be brought together and subsequently repaired.
Ribosome recycling
Recycling is essential for ribosomes to become usable again after translating an mRNA or stalling. In both eukaryotes and archaea, ABCE1 is responsible for splitting a ribosome that has been bound to Pelota or its paralog eRF1. The exact movements leading to the split is not well understood.
Ribosome biogenesis
RLI and its homologues are also thought to play a role in ribosome biogenesis, nuclear export, or both. They have been found in the nucleus associated with the 40S and 60S subunits, as well as Hcr1p, a protein required for rRNA processing. It has been shown that the Fe/S clusters are necessary for ribosome biogenesis and/or nuclear export, although the exact mechanism is unknown.
RNAse inhibitor
Human RLI was first identified because of its ability to inhibit RNAse L, which plays a crucial role in antiviral activity in mammals. This cannot account for the conservation of the protein in all other organisms, since only mammals have the RNAse L system. It has been suggested that RLI in lower eukaryotes functions by inhibiting RNAses involved in ribosomal biosynthesis, thereby regulating the process.
Role in mitochondria
The mitochondria's energetic and metabolic functions have been established to be non-essential for yeast cell viability. The only function that has been implicated in being necessary for survival is the biosynthesis of Fe/S clusters. RLI is the only known essential cytoplasmic Fe/S protein that is absolutely dependent on the mitochondrial Fe/S synthesis and export system for proper maturation. Rli1p is therefore a novel link between the mitochondria and ribosome function and biosynthesis, and therefore the viability of the cell.
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000164163 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000058355 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "ABCE1 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family E (OABP), member 1 ". Retrieved 14 March 2013.
^ "P61221 (ABCE1_HUMAN)".
^ Tian Y, Han X, Tian DL (October 2012). "The biological regulation of ABCE1". IUBMB Life. 64 (10): 795–800. doi:10.1002/iub.1071. PMID 23008114. S2CID 21490502.
^ Andersen DS, Leevers SJ (May 2007). "The essential Drosophila ATP-binding cassette domain protein, pixie, binds the 40 S ribosome in an ATP-dependent manner and is required for translation initiation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (20): 14752–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.M701361200. PMID 17392269.
^ Dong J, Lai R, Nielsen K, Fekete CA, Qiu H, Hinnebusch AG (October 2004). "The essential ATP-binding cassette protein RLI1 functions in translation by promoting preinitiation complex assembly". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (40): 42157–68. doi:10.1074/jbc.M404502200. PMID 15277527.
^ Becker T, Franckenberg S, Wickles S, Shoemaker CJ, Anger AM, Armache JP, et al. (February 2012). "Structural basis of highly conserved ribosome recycling in eukaryotes and archaea". Nature. 482 (7386): 501–6. Bibcode:2012Natur.482..501B. doi:10.1038/nature10829. PMC 6878762. PMID 22358840.
^ Hellen CU (October 2018). "Translation Termination and Ribosome Recycling in Eukaryotes". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 10 (10): a032656. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a032656. PMC 6169810. PMID 29735640.
^ Kispal G, Sipos K, Lange H, Fekete Z, Bedekovics T, Janáky T, et al. (February 2005). "Biogenesis of cytosolic ribosomes requires the essential iron-sulphur protein Rli1p and mitochondria". The EMBO Journal. 24 (3): 589–98. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600541. PMC 548650. PMID 15660134.
External links
ABCE1 at NCBI AceView genes
ABCE1 at GeneCards
P61221 UniProt
vteMembrane proteins, carrier proteins: membrane transport proteins ABC transporter (TC 3A1)A
A1
A2
A3
A4
A7
A8
A12
A13
B
B1
B2-3 (B2
B3)
B4
B5
B6
B7
B9
B11
C
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8-9 (C8, C9)
C10
C11
C13
D
D1
D2
D3
D4
E
E1
F
F1
F2
G
G1
G2
G4
Sterolin (G5, G8)
see also ABC transporter disorders | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"ATPase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATPase"},{"link_name":"ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-binding_cassette_transporter"},{"link_name":"superfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic_rank#Ranks_in_zoology"},{"link_name":"subfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic_rank#Ranks_in_zoology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ribonuclease L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonuclease_L"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"tumor cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor"},{"link_name":"proliferation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_proliferation"},{"link_name":"antiapoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"conserved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_sequence"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"eukaryotic translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_translation"},{"link_name":"ribosome biogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome_biogenesis"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"Drosophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster"}],"text":"ATP-binding cassette sub-family E member 1 (ABCE1) also known as RNase L inhibitor (RLI) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ABCE1 gene.ABCE1 is an ATPase that is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters superfamily and OABP subfamily.[5]ABCE1 inhibits the action of ribonuclease L. Ribonuclease L normally binds to 2-5A (5'-phosphorylated 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates) and inhibits the interferon-regulated 2-5A/RNase L pathway, which is used by viruses. ABCE1 heterodimerize with ribonuclease L and prevents its interaction with 2-5A, antagonizing the anti-viral properties of ribonuclease L,[6] and allow the virus to synthesize viral proteins. It has also been implicated to have an effect in tumor cell proliferation and antiapoptosis.[7]ABCE1 is an essential and highly conserved protein that is required for both eukaryotic translation initiation as well as ribosome biogenesis. The most studied homologues are Rli1p in yeast and Pixie in Drosophila.","title":"ABCE1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eukaryota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota"},{"link_name":"archae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea"},{"link_name":"ATP-binding cassette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-binding_cassette"},{"link_name":"Fe/S clusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fe/S_clusters&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"mitochondria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leevers-8"}],"text":"RLI is a 68 kDa cytoplasmic protein found in most eukaryota and archae. Since the crystal structure for RLI has not yet been determined, all that is known has been inferred from protein sequencing. The protein sequences between species is very well conserved, for example Pixie and yeast Rli1p are 66% identical, and Rli1p and human RLI are 67% identical.RLI belongs to the ABCE family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins. ABC proteins typically also contain a transmembrane region, and utilize ATP to transport substrates across a membrane, however RLI is unique in that it is a soluble protein that contains ABC domains. RLI has two C-terminal ABC domains; upon binding ATP they form a characteristic \"ATP-sandwich,\" with two ATP molecules sandwiched between the two dimerized ABC domains. Hydrolysis of ATP allows the dimer to dissociate in a fully reversible process. Incubation of the protein with a non-hydrolyzable ATP analogue or a mutation of the ABC domain causes a complete loss of protein function.RLI also has a cysteine-rich N-terminal region that is predicted to tightly bind two [4Fe-4S] clusters. Mutation of this region, or depletion of available Fe/S clusters, renders the protein unable to function, and loss of cell viability, making RLI the only known essential cytoplasmic protein dependent on Fe/S cluster biosynthesis in the mitochondria. The function of the Fe/S clusters is unknown, although it has been suggested that they regulate the ABC domains in response to a change in the redox environment, for example in the presence of reactive oxygen species.[8]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RLI and its homologues in yeast and Drosophila have two major identified functions: translation initiation and ribosome biogenesis. In addition, human RLI is a known inhibitor of RNAse L. This was the first activity identified and the source of its name (RNAse L Inhibitor).","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eukaryotic initiation factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_initiation_factors"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dong-9"}],"sub_title":"Translation Initiation","text":"Translation initiation is an essential process required for proper protein expression and cell viability. Rli1p has been found to co-purify with eukaryotic initiation factors, specifically eIF2, eIF5, and eIF3, as well as the 40S subunit of the ribosome. These initiation factors must associate with the ribosome in stoichiometric proportions, while Rli1p is required in catalytic amounts. The following mechanism for the process has been proposed: One ABC domain binds the 40S subunit, while the other binds an initiation factor. Binding of ATP allows for dimerization, which subsequently brings the initiation factor and ribosomal subunit in close enough contact to associate. ATP hydrolysis releases the two substrates and allows the cycle to begin again. This model is similar to one that has been proposed for DNA repair enzymes with ABC domains, in which each domain binds either side of a broken piece of DNA, with hydrolysis allowing the pieces to be brought together and subsequently repaired.[9]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pelota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PELO"},{"link_name":"eRF1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERF1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Ribosome recycling","text":"Recycling is essential for ribosomes to become usable again after translating an mRNA or stalling. In both eukaryotes and archaea, ABCE1 is responsible for splitting a ribosome that has been bound to Pelota or its paralog eRF1. The exact movements leading to the split is not well understood.[10][11]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ribosome biogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome_biogenesis"},{"link_name":"rRNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRNA"}],"sub_title":"Ribosome biogenesis","text":"RLI and its homologues are also thought to play a role in ribosome biogenesis, nuclear export, or both. They have been found in the nucleus associated with the 40S and 60S subunits, as well as Hcr1p, a protein required for rRNA processing. It has been shown that the Fe/S clusters are necessary for ribosome biogenesis and/or nuclear export, although the exact mechanism is unknown.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kispal-12"}],"sub_title":"RNAse inhibitor","text":"Human RLI was first identified because of its ability to inhibit RNAse L, which plays a crucial role in antiviral activity in mammals. This cannot account for the conservation of the protein in all other organisms, since only mammals have the RNAse L system. It has been suggested that RLI in lower eukaryotes functions by inhibiting RNAses involved in ribosomal biosynthesis, thereby regulating the process.[12]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The mitochondria's energetic and metabolic functions have been established to be non-essential for yeast cell viability. The only function that has been implicated in being necessary for survival is the biosynthesis of Fe/S clusters. RLI is the only known essential cytoplasmic Fe/S protein that is absolutely dependent on the mitochondrial Fe/S synthesis and export system for proper maturation. Rli1p is therefore a novel link between the mitochondria and ribosome function and biosynthesis, and therefore the viability of the cell.","title":"Role in mitochondria"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=6059","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". 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[{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/69","external_links_name":"ABCE1"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/601213","external_links_name":"601213"},{"Link":"http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1195458","external_links_name":"1195458"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=2205","external_links_name":"2205"},{"Link":"https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=ABCE1","external_links_name":"ABCE1"},{"Link":"https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000164163","external_links_name":"ABCE1 - orthologs"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/","external_links_name":"Bgee"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000164163","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000058355","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000164163","external_links_name":"More reference expression 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprinkler_fitting | Sprinkler fitting | ["1 Local and national standards","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sprinkler fitting" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Fire sprinkler control valve assembly.
Sprinkler fitting is an occupation consisting of the installing, testing, inspecting, and certifying of automatic fire suppression systems in all types of structures. Sprinkler systems installed by sprinkler fitters can include the underground supply as well as integrated overhead piping systems and standpipes. The fire suppression piping may contain water, air (in a dry system), antifreeze, gas or chemicals as in a hood system, or a mixture producing fire retardant foam.
Sprinkler fitters work with a variety of pipe and tubing materials including several types of plastic, copper, steel, cast iron, and ductile iron.
Sprinkler fitters specialize in piping associated with fire sprinkler systems. The piping within these types of systems are required to be installed and maintained in accordance with strict guidelines in order to maintain compliance with the local building code and the fire code. This type of fire protection is considered a part of active fire protection rather than passive fire protection.
Local and national standards
In the US, fire protection systems must adhere to the standards set forth in the installation standards of NFPA 13, (NFPA) 13D,(NFPA) 13R, (NFPA 14) and (NFPA) 25which are administered, copyrighted, and published by the National Fire Protection Association.
See also
Active fire protection
Automatic fire suppression
Fire sprinkler system
Piping and plumbing fitting
References
External links
National Fire Sprinkler Association
American Fire Sprinkler Association
Home Fire Sprinkler Coalition
British Standards Institute
vteFire protectionFundamental concepts
Backdraft
Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE)
Boilover
Combustibility and flammability
Conflagration
Dangerous goods (HAZMAT)
Deflagration
Detonation
Dust explosion
Enthalpy of vaporization
Explosive
Fire class
Fire control
Fire loading
Fire point
Fire triangle
Flammability diagram
Flammability limit
Flammable liquid
Flashover
Flash point
Friction loss
Gas leak
Heat transfer
Jet fire
K-factor (fire protection)
Pool fire
Pyrolysis
Spontaneous combustion
Structure fire
Thermal radiation
Water pressure
Technology
Active fire protection
Automatic fire suppression
Condensed aerosol fire suppression
Detonation flame arrester
External water spray system
Fire bucket
Fire prevention
Fire protection
Fire retardant
Fire-retardant fabric
Fire retardant gel
Fire-safe polymers
Fire safety
Fire sprinkler system
Fire suppression system
Firefighting foam
Flame arrester
Flame retardant
Flashback arrestor
Fusible link
Gaseous fire suppression
Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
Inerting system
Intumescent
Passive fire protection
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Relief valve
Spark arrestor
Tank blanketing
Vehicle fire suppression system
Building design
Annulus (firestop)
Area of refuge
Booster pump
Compartmentalization (fire protection)
Crash bar
Electromagnetic door holder
Electromagnetic lock
Emergency exit
Emergency light
Exit sign
Fire curtain
Fire cut
Fire damper
Fire door
Fire escape
Fire extinguisher
Fire hose
Fire hydrant
Fire pump
Fire sprinkler
Firestop
Firestop pillow
Firewall (construction)
Grease duct
Heat and smoke vent
Occupancy
Packing (firestopping)
Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
Penetration (firestop)
Pressurisation ductwork
Safety glass
Smoke control
Smoke damper
Smoke exhaust ductwork
Smokeproof enclosure
Standpipe (firefighting)
Fire alarm systems
Aspirating smoke detector
Carbon monoxide detector
Circuit integrity
Explosive gas leak detector
Fire alarm call box
Fire alarm control panel
Fire alarm notification appliance
Fire drill
Flame detector
Heat detector
Manual fire alarm activation
Smoke detector
Professions, trades,and services
Duct cleaning
Fire insurance
Fire protection engineering
Fireproofing
Fire-resistance rating
Fire Safety Evaluation System (FSES)
Fire test
Kitchen exhaust cleaning
Listing and approval use and compliance
Sprinkler fitting
Industry organizations
Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association (FEMA)
Institution of Fire Engineers (IFE)
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES)
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE)
Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
Standards
CE marking
EN 3
EN 54
EN 16034
Flame spread
GHS hazard statements
GHS precautionary statements
Life Safety Code (NFPA 101)
List of R-phrases
List of S-phrases
Safety data sheet
UL 94
Awards
Arthur B. Guise Medal
Harry C. Bigglestone Award
See also
Template:Fire
Template:Firefighting
Template:HVAC
Category
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Bandeira | Paco Bandeira | ["1 References"] | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (December 2014) Click for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article.
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Paco BandeiraBackground informationBirth nameFrancisco Veredas BandeirasBorn (1945-05-02) 2 May 1945 (age 79)OriginElvas, PortugalGenresFadoOccupation(s)Singer-songwriter, Guitar playerInstrument(s)Singer, guitarYears active1995–presentMusical artist
Francisco Veredas Bandeiras better known as Paco Bandeira (born 2 May 1945, Elvas, Portugal) is a musician from Portugal.
He is known for representing his country in the second edition of the OTI Festival in 1973 which was held in Belo Horizonte.
Bandeira stood trial in 2012 on suspicion of domestic violence.
References
^ "Paco Bandeira será julgado por suspeita de violência doméstica ("Paco Bandeira will stand trial on suspicion of domestic violence") | Pessoas | Diário Digital". Diariodigital.sapo.pt. Retrieved 2012-01-03.
Awards and achievements
Preceded byTonichawith "Glória, glória, aleluia"
Portugal in the OTI Festival 1973
Succeeded byPaulo de Carvalhowith "Amor sem palavras"
vtePortugal in the OTI FestivalParticipation
1972
1973
1977
1979
1980
1981
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
2000
Songs
"Abandonada"
"Adeus à praia"
"Amor sem palavras"
"Ao sul da América"
"A minha ilha"
"À tua espera"
"Eu quero um planeta azul"
"Glória, glória, aleluia"
"Mar Portugal"
"Na cabana junto à praia"
"Não me tirem este mar"
"Onde Estás?"
"Poema de mim"
"Quem espera, desespera"
"Quero acordar"
"Rosa morena"
"Um ano depois"
"Uma avenida inteira de saudade"
"Uma lágrima"
"Vem lá bem"
"Vem no meu sonho"
"Vivo a vida cantando"
Performers
Ágata
Anabela
Paco Bandeira
Beto
Paulo de Carvalho
José Cid
Dora
Dulce Pontes
Elaisa
Adelaide Ferreira
Jorge Fernando
Lena d'Água
Luis Filipe
Marco Paulo
Teresa Mayuco
Simone de Oliveira
Carlos Pedro
Pedro Migueis
Cristina Roque
Mafalda Sacchetti
Tonicha
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Portugal
Artists
MusicBrainz
This Portugal biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvas_Municipality"},{"link_name":"second edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTI_Festival_1973"},{"link_name":"OTI Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTI_Festival"},{"link_name":"Belo Horizonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo_Horizonte"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Musical artistFrancisco Veredas Bandeiras better known as Paco Bandeira (born 2 May 1945, Elvas, Portugal) is a musician from Portugal.He is known for representing his country in the second edition of the OTI Festival in 1973 which was held in Belo Horizonte.Bandeira stood trial in 2012 on suspicion of domestic violence.[1]","title":"Paco Bandeira"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Paco Bandeira será julgado por suspeita de violência doméstica (\"Paco Bandeira will stand trial on suspicion of domestic violence\") | Pessoas | Diário Digital\". Diariodigital.sapo.pt. Retrieved 2012-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?section_id=181&id_news=550689","url_text":"\"Paco Bandeira será julgado por suspeita de violência doméstica (\"Paco Bandeira will stand trial on suspicion of domestic violence\") | Pessoas | Diário Digital\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPaco_Bandeira&sl=pt&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?section_id=181&id_news=550689","external_links_name":"\"Paco Bandeira será julgado por suspeita de violência doméstica (\"Paco Bandeira will stand trial on suspicion of domestic violence\") | Pessoas | Diário Digital\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000007808548X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/120637375","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16713085b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16713085b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1397719","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6321d7fd-0e23-46f1-8f4f-4ba8976ab076","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paco_Bandeira&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians/Syriacs_in_Turkey | Assyrians in Turkey | ["1 History","1.1 Ottoman era","1.2 Republic of Turkey","2 Language","3 Religion","4 References","5 Sources","6 See also","7 External links"] | Ethnic group in the Republic of Turkey
Ethnic group
Turkish Assyriansܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ (Syriac) Turkish Assyrian Christians in Cevizağacı, BeytüşşebapTotal population25,000~600,000 (diaspora)Regions with significant populationsMainly Istanbul Cities of Hakkâri, Mardin and Yüksekova Southeastern Anatolia Region (historically)LanguagesSuret, Surayt, TurkishReligionSyriac Christianity
Assyrians in Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Süryanileri, Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ) or Turkish Assyrians are an indigenous Semitic-speaking ethnic group and minority of Turkey who are Eastern Aramaic–speaking Christians, with most being members of the Syriac Orthodox Church, Chaldean Catholic Church, Assyrian Pentecostal Church, Assyrian Evangelical Church, or Ancient Church of the East.
They share a common history and ethnic identity, rooted in shared linguistic, cultural and religious traditions, with Assyrians in Iraq, Assyrians in Iran and Assyrians in Syria, as well as with the Assyrian diaspora. Assyrians in such European countries as Sweden and Germany would usually be Turoyo-speakers or Western Assyrians, and tend to be originally from Turkey.
The Assyrians were once a large ethnic minority in the Ottoman Empire, living in the Hakkari, Sirnak and Mardin provinces, but, following the Sayfo (1915, also known as the Assyrian genocide), most were murdered or forced to emigrate to join fellow Assyrians in northern Iraq, northeast Syria, and northwest Iran. Most of those who survived the genocide and stayed in Turkey left the country for Western Europe in the 2nd half of the 20th century, due to conflicts between the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Turkish Land Forces. As of 2019, an estimated 18,000 of the country's 25,000 Assyrians live in Istanbul. According to Yusuf Çetin, Spiritual Leader of the Syriac Orthodox Community, as of 2023, there are 25,000-30,000 Assyrians in Turkey, including 17,000 to 22,000 in Istanbul, most of them in Yeşilköy, where the new Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church was inaugurated on 8 October 2023.
History
Ottoman era
Percentage of the prewar population that was Assyrian, presented by the Assyro-Chaldean delegation to the 1919 peace conference. More than 50% 30–40% 20–30% 10–20% 5–10%
Map of Assyrian settlements in their homeland, Tur Abdin
The Ottoman Empire had an elaborate system of administering the non-Muslim "People of the Book." That is, they made allowances for accepted monotheists with a scriptural tradition and distinguished them from people they defined as pagans. As People of the Book (or dhimmi), Jews, Christians and Mandaeans (in some cases Zoroastrians) received second-class treatment but were tolerated.
In the Ottoman Empire, this religious status became systematized as the "millet" administrative pattern. Each religious minority answered to the government through its chief religious representative. The Christians that the Ottomans conquered gradually but definitively with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 were already divided into many ethnic groups and denominations, usually organized into a hierarchy of bishops headed by a patriarch.
As for the 5 Assyrian Tribes of Hakkari, The Shimun Patriarchate in Qodshanis, who the Tribes worshipped because it was the Assyrian Church of the East's Holy See: was directly subservient to the Sublime Porte, who the see paid the taxes to which they collected from the tribes.
Those who had converted to Protestantism did not want to pay an annual tribute to the older churches through local bishops who then passed some of it up to the Patriarch who then passed some of it to the Porte in the form of taxes. They wanted to deal directly with the Porte, across ethnic lines (even if through a Muslim administrator), in order to have their own voice and not be subjected to the rule of the Patriarchal system. This general Protestant charter was granted in 1850.)
Assyrian women fleeing through the mountains during Sayfo, 1915
Gaunt has estimated the Assyrian population at between 500,000 and 600,000 just before the outbreak of World War I, significantly higher than reported on Ottoman census figures. Midyat, in Diyarbekir vilayet, was the only town in the Ottoman Empire with an Assyrian majority, although divided between Syriac Orthodox, Chaldeans, and Protestants. Syriac Orthodox Christians were concentrated in the hilly rural areas around Midyat, known as Tur Abdin, where they populated almost 100 villages and worked in agriculture or crafts. Syriac Orthodox culture was centered in two monasteries near Mardin (west of Tur Abdin), Mor Gabriel and Deyrulzafaran. Outside of the area of core Syriac settlement, there were also sizable populations in the towns of Diyarbakır, Urfa, Harput, and Adiyaman as well as villages. Unlike the Syriac population of Tur Abdin, many of these Syriacs spoke other languages.
Under the leadership of the Patriarch of the Church of the East, based in Qudshanis, Assyrian tribes ruled the Hakkari mountains (east of Tur Abdin, adjacent to the Ottoman–Persian border) with aşiret status—in theory granting them full autonomy—with subordinated farmers. Hakkari is very mountainous with peaks reaching up to 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) separated by steep gorges, such that many areas could only be accessed by footpaths carved into the side of mountains. The Assyrian tribes sometimes fought each other on behalf of their Kurdish allies. Church of the East settlement began to the east on the western shore of Lake Urmia in Persia, in the town of Urmia and surrounding villages; just north, in Salamas, was a Chaldean enclave. There was a Chaldean area around Siirt in Bitlis vilayet (northeast of Tur Abdin and northwest of Hakkari), which was mountainous but less so than Hakkari, but the bulk of Chaldeans lived farther south, in modern-day Iraq and outside of the zone that suffered genocide during World War I.
Republic of Turkey
After 1923, local politicians went on an anti-Christian campaign that negatively affected the Syriac communities (such as Adana, Urfa or Adiyaman) that had not been affected by the 1915 genocide. Many were forced to abandon their properties and flee to Syria, eventually settling in Aleppo, Qamishli, or the Khabur. The Syriac Orthodox patriarchate was expelled from Turkey in 1924, despite its declarations of loyalty to the new Turkish government. Unlike Armenians, Jews, and Greeks, Assyrians were not recognized as a minority group in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. The remaining population lived in submission to Kurdish aghas, and were subjected to constant harassment and abuse which pushed them to emigrate. Turkish laws denaturalized those who had fled and confiscated their property. Despite their actual citizenship rights, many Assyrians who remained in Turkey had to re-purchase their own properties from Kurdish aghas or risk losing their Turkish citizenship. Some Assyrians continued to live in Tur Abdin until the 1980s; this was the last substantial Christian population in Turkey living rurally in its original homeland. Some scholars have described ongoing exclusion and harassment of Syriacs in Turkey as a continuation of the Sayfo.
Mor Hananyo Monastery is an important Syriac Orthodox monastery in Tur Abdin, Turkey.
Unlike other persecuted Christian groups like the Greeks and Armenians, the Assyrian community of Turkey managed to sustain its numbers after the Assyrian Genocide but they had many hardships nevertheless. In the 1960s, it became increasingly unsafe for Assyrians/Syriacs in Midyat, the regional centre of Tur Abdin. Muslims incited violent anti-Christian protests as a response to events unfolding in Cyprus. This led to many Assyro-Syriacs not seeing a future for themselves in their ancestral homeland. By the 1980s the Assyrian population of Turkey was around 70,000 people, although down from the 300,000 or so in total who survived after the genocide. The currently diminished number of 28,000 Assyrians today was caused largely due to Kurdish insurgencies in the 1980s and the bad state of most of the Middle East, along with the forever looming issue of Turkish governmental discrimination. By the end of the conflict in the late 1990s, less than 1,000 Assyrians were still in Tur Abdin or Hakkari, with the rest living in Istanbul.
In 2001, the Turkish government invited Assyrians/Syriacs to return to Turkey, but some speculate that the offer was more of a publicity stunt, as a land law passed a short time before caused Assyrians who owned untilled farms or land with forests on them (which a large amount did, as those in diaspora could not till or maintain the properties they owned while living elsewhere) to have the land they owned confiscated by the state and sold to third parties. Another law made it illegal for non-Turkish nationals to purchase land in Mardin province, where most Assyrians would have immigrated to. Regardless of those laws a few did come, such as those who still had their citizenship and could buy property and managed to avoid having their land taken – but many more who could have come back could not due to the laws passed.
Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church, the first church built since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey
Some Assyrians who have fled from ISIL have found temporary homes in the city of Midyat. A refugee center is located near Midyat, but due to there being a small Assyrian community in Midyat, many of the Assyrian refugees at the camp went to Midyat hoping for better conditions than the refugee camp had. Many refugees were given help and accommodation by the local Assyrian community there, perhaps wishing that the refugees stay, as the community in Midyat is in need of more members.
In 2013, Assyrians were allowed to open the first school operating in their mother tongue since 1928. The same year, 55 Syriac churches, monasteries, and cemeteries in Mardin Province confiscated by the Turkish state were returned to them. On 8 October 2023, the Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church opened, the first church built since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. As of 2023, the Syriac community owns 113 properties registered in the name of community foundations.
Language
Unlike Armenians, Jews, and Greeks, Assyrians were not recognized as a minority group in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and could not open schools teaching their language. The last Assyrian-language school was closed in 1928.
On 18 June 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court ruled in favor of Assyrians' right to use their mother tongue as stated in the Treaty of Lausanne. The Ministry of Education accepted the decision and a first kindergarten opened in 2014. In 2023, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced the opening of a new Assyrian school, funded by the government.
Classical Syriac and modern Surayt are taught are Mardin Artuklu University.
In a 2017 survey, 64% of Assyrians in Istanbul declared "Assyrian" as their mother tongue, while 27% declared Turkish.
Religion
Syriac Catholic Church in Istanbul
The Assyrians are an ethnic group divided into a variety of different Christian churches, and those churches vary dramatically in liturgy and structure, and even dictate identity (see Terms for Syriac Christians). The predominant Christian denomination among Assyrians in Turkey is the Syriac Orthodox Church, with their 15,000–20,000 followers being called Syriacs. Due to migration, the Syriacs' main residential area in Turkey today is Istanbul, where between 12,000 and 18,000 live. Between 2,000 and 3,000 Syriac Orthodoxs still live in Tur Abdin, and they are spread among 30 villages, hamlets, and towns. Some of these locations are dominated by Syriacs while others are dominated by the Kurds. Additionally, there are a few Syriac Orthodox Christian communities in İzmir, Ankara, İskenderun, Diyarbakir, Adıyaman, Malatya, Elazığ, and a few other places. As part of the return movement some Syriac Orthodox returned to Tur Abdin villages from Germany, Sweden and Switzerland.
The second largest denomination is the Chaldean Catholic Church in Turkey, which has around 7,000–8,000 members who live primarily in Diyarbakir, Mardin, Sirnak province, and Istanbul. In 2016 it was estimated that there were about 48,594 Chaldean Catholics in Turkey. Diyarbakir was the city in which the Chaldean Catholic Church was founded when it separated in 1552 from the Assyrian Church of the East. Prior to the Sayfo there was also a large community of Nestorians, or followers of the Assyrian Church of the East, and Syriac Catholics. The Nestorian Tribes lived in the Hakkari mountains on the southeastern edge of Turkey's border, which is now part of the modern day Sirnak and Hakkari provinces. Additionally, the Patriarch of the Nestorian church had his See until mid-1915 based in a village in that region known as Qodshanis after he and his followers settled there in the 1660s, making Turkey the center of their church structure.
The Syriac Catholic Church had their See in Mardin during the 1800s after being driven out of Aleppo due to oppression by the Syriac Orthodox Church. A large community lived in the southeast in the Tur Abdin region until they were massacred and forced to flee during the Sayfo to Lebanon, where the See was reestablished. There is still a tiny Syriac Catholic community that lives in Mardin and Istanbul, but most Syriac Catholics now live in Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon. Syriac Protestant Churches exist in Turkey as well.
Syriac Orthodox Church and Cemetery in Istanbul
Mar Pithyoun (St. Anthony) Chaldean Catholic Church in Diyarbakır
Mor Gabriel Monastery in Tur Abdin
St. Mary Church, Diyarbakır
Syriac Orthodox Church of the Virgin Mary, Istanbul
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Gaunt, David; Atto, Naures; Barthoma, Soner O. (2017). "Introduction: Contextualizing the Sayfo in the First World War". Let Them Not Return: Sayfo - The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Berghahn Books. pp. 1–32. ISBN 978-1-78533-499-3.
Hooglund, Eric (2008). "The Society and Its Environment" (PDF). In Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric (eds.). Iran: A Country Study. Area Handbook Series. United States Library of Congress, Federal Research Division (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 81–142. ISBN 978-0-8444-1187-3. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
Gaunt, David (2020). "The Long Assyrian Genocide". Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State. Berghahn Books. pp. 56–96. ISBN 978-1-78920-451-3.
Polatel, Mehmet (2019). "The State, Local Actors and Mass Violence in Bitlis Province". The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 119–140. ISBN 978-1-78831-241-7.
Biner, Zerrin Özlem (2011). "Multiple imaginations of the state: understanding a mobile conflict about justice and accountability from the perspective of Assyrian–Syriac communities". Citizenship Studies. 15 (3–4): 367–379. doi:10.1080/13621025.2011.564789. S2CID 144086552.
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See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Assyrians in Turkey.
Assyrian homeland
Christianity in Turkey
Minorities in Turkey
External links
"İstanbul - Ankara Süryani Ortodoks Metropolitliği". www.suryanikadim.org. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
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Uzbeks
Yazidis
Zazas | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples"},{"link_name":"Semitic-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_language"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Eastern Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Chaldean Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Pentecostal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Evangelical Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church"},{"link_name":"Ancient Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"ethnic identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_identity"},{"link_name":"linguistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_culture"},{"link_name":"religious traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Assyrians in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Assyrians in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Assyrians in Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"Assyrian diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooglund2008100%E2%80%93101-2"},{"link_name":"Turoyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turoyo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nineveh_Press-4"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hakkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkari_province"},{"link_name":"Sirnak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirnak_province"},{"link_name":"Mardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin_province"},{"link_name":"Sayfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayfo"},{"link_name":"northern Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Turkish Land Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Yeşilköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Ephrem_Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DS20231008-7"}],"text":"Ethnic groupAssyrians in Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Süryanileri, Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ) or Turkish Assyrians are an indigenous Semitic-speaking ethnic group and minority of Turkey who are Eastern Aramaic–speaking Christians, with most being members of the Syriac Orthodox Church, Chaldean Catholic Church, Assyrian Pentecostal Church, Assyrian Evangelical Church, or Ancient Church of the East.They share a common history and ethnic identity, rooted in shared linguistic, cultural and religious traditions, with Assyrians in Iraq, Assyrians in Iran and Assyrians in Syria, as well as with the Assyrian diaspora.[2] Assyrians in such European countries as Sweden and Germany would usually be Turoyo-speakers or Western Assyrians,[3] and tend to be originally from Turkey.[4]The Assyrians were once a large ethnic minority in the Ottoman Empire, living in the Hakkari, Sirnak and Mardin provinces, but, following the Sayfo (1915, also known as the Assyrian genocide), most were murdered or forced to emigrate to join fellow Assyrians in northern Iraq, northeast Syria, and northwest Iran. Most of those who survived the genocide and stayed in Turkey left the country for Western Europe in the 2nd half of the 20th century, due to conflicts between the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Turkish Land Forces. As of 2019, an estimated 18,000 of the country's 25,000 Assyrians live in Istanbul.[5] According to Yusuf Çetin, Spiritual Leader of the Syriac Orthodox Community, as of 2023, there are 25,000-30,000 Assyrians in Turkey, including 17,000 to 22,000 in Istanbul,[6] most of them in Yeşilköy, where the new Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church was inaugurated on 8 October 2023.[7]","title":"Assyrians in Turkey"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assyrian_population_1914.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tur_Abdin.svg"},{"link_name":"Tur Abdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_Abdin"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"People of the Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_the_Book"},{"link_name":"dhimmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhimmi"},{"link_name":"millet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaunt_''et_al.''201718%E2%80%9319-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaunt201586-9"},{"link_name":"5 Assyrian Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_tribes"},{"link_name":"Hakkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Shimun Patriarchate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mor_Shimun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Qodshanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qodshanis"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Sublime Porte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublime_Porte"},{"link_name":"taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syrian_Women_of_the_Kurdistan_Mountains_in_Flight.png"},{"link_name":"Sayfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayfo"},{"link_name":"Midyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midyat"},{"link_name":"Diyarbekir vilayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbekir_vilayet"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaunt201587-12"},{"link_name":"Tur Abdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_Abdin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaunt201587-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r201113-13"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_culture"},{"link_name":"Mardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin"},{"link_name":"Mor Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Gabriel_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Deyrulzafaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deyrulzafaran"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r201115-14"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"Urfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfa"},{"link_name":"Harput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harput"},{"link_name":"Adiyaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiyaman"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaunt_''et_al.''201719-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaunt202057-16"},{"link_name":"Patriarch of the Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Qudshanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qudshanis"},{"link_name":"Assyrian tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_tribes"},{"link_name":"Hakkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Ottoman–Persian border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_border"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaunt201587-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaunt202058-17"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaunt202059-18"},{"link_name":"Lake Urmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Urmia"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_Iran"},{"link_name":"Urmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmia"},{"link_name":"Salamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamas"},{"link_name":"Siirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siirt"},{"link_name":"Bitlis vilayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitlis_vilayet"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaunt201586%E2%80%9387-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaunt202058-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaunt201586%E2%80%9387-19"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman era","text":"Percentage of the prewar population that was Assyrian, presented by the Assyro-Chaldean delegation to the 1919 peace conference. More than 50% 30–40% 20–30% 10–20% 5–10%Map of Assyrian settlements in their homeland, Tur AbdinThe Ottoman Empire had an elaborate system of administering the non-Muslim \"People of the Book.\" That is, they made allowances for accepted monotheists with a scriptural tradition and distinguished them from people they defined as pagans. As People of the Book (or dhimmi), Jews, Christians and Mandaeans (in some cases Zoroastrians) received second-class treatment but were tolerated.In the Ottoman Empire, this religious status became systematized as the \"millet\" administrative pattern. Each religious minority answered to the government through its chief religious representative. The Christians that the Ottomans conquered gradually but definitively with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 were already divided into many ethnic groups and denominations, usually organized into a hierarchy of bishops headed by a patriarch.[8][9]As for the 5 Assyrian Tribes of Hakkari, The Shimun Patriarchate in Qodshanis, who the Tribes worshipped because it was the Assyrian Church of the East's Holy See: was directly subservient to the Sublime Porte, who the see paid the taxes to which they collected from the tribes.[10]Those who had converted to Protestantism did not want to pay an annual tribute to the older churches through local bishops who then passed some of it up to the Patriarch who then passed some of it to the Porte in the form of taxes. They wanted to deal directly with the Porte, across ethnic lines (even if through a Muslim administrator), in order to have their own voice and not be subjected to the rule of the Patriarchal system. This general Protestant charter was granted in 1850.[11])Assyrian women fleeing through the mountains during Sayfo, 1915Gaunt has estimated the Assyrian population at between 500,000 and 600,000 just before the outbreak of World War I, significantly higher than reported on Ottoman census figures. Midyat, in Diyarbekir vilayet, was the only town in the Ottoman Empire with an Assyrian majority, although divided between Syriac Orthodox, Chaldeans, and Protestants.[12] Syriac Orthodox Christians were concentrated in the hilly rural areas around Midyat, known as Tur Abdin, where they populated almost 100 villages and worked in agriculture or crafts.[12][13] Syriac Orthodox culture was centered in two monasteries near Mardin (west of Tur Abdin), Mor Gabriel and Deyrulzafaran.[14] Outside of the area of core Syriac settlement, there were also sizable populations in the towns of Diyarbakır, Urfa, Harput, and Adiyaman[15] as well as villages. Unlike the Syriac population of Tur Abdin, many of these Syriacs spoke other languages.[16]Under the leadership of the Patriarch of the Church of the East, based in Qudshanis, Assyrian tribes ruled the Hakkari mountains (east of Tur Abdin, adjacent to the Ottoman–Persian border) with aşiret status—in theory granting them full autonomy—with subordinated farmers.[12] Hakkari is very mountainous with peaks reaching up to 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) separated by steep gorges, such that many areas could only be accessed by footpaths carved into the side of mountains.[17] The Assyrian tribes sometimes fought each other on behalf of their Kurdish allies.[18] Church of the East settlement began to the east on the western shore of Lake Urmia in Persia, in the town of Urmia and surrounding villages; just north, in Salamas, was a Chaldean enclave. There was a Chaldean area around Siirt in Bitlis vilayet (northeast of Tur Abdin and northwest of Hakkari),[19] which was mountainous but less so than Hakkari,[17] but the bulk of Chaldeans lived farther south, in modern-day Iraq and outside of the zone that suffered genocide during World War I.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment"},{"link_name":"Adana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana"},{"link_name":"Urfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfa"},{"link_name":"1915 genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayfo"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Qamishli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qamishli"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox patriarchate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaunt202088-20"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiner2019xv-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiner2011371-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiner2019xv-21"},{"link_name":"denaturalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturalized"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiner2011371-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaunt202069-23"},{"link_name":"Sayfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayfo"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiner201914%E2%80%9315-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eskikale-Mardin_Merkez-Mardin,_Turkey_-_panoramio_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mor Hananyo Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Hananyo_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Tur Abdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_Abdin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r201115-14"},{"link_name":"Christian groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Genocide"},{"link_name":"Midyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midyat"},{"link_name":"Tur Abdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_Abdin"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nineveh_Press-4"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Kurdish insurgencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aina.org-26"},{"link_name":"Tur Abdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_Abdin"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt120404-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aina.org-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StEphremSyriacOrthodoxChurchInYesilkoy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Ephrem_Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"ISIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL"},{"link_name":"Midyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midyat"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Mardin Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin_Province"},{"link_name":"Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Ephrem_Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DS20231008-7"}],"sub_title":"Republic of Turkey","text":"After 1923, local politicians went on an anti-Christian campaign that negatively affected the Syriac communities (such as Adana, Urfa or Adiyaman) that had not been affected by the 1915 genocide. Many were forced to abandon their properties and flee to Syria, eventually settling in Aleppo, Qamishli, or the Khabur. The Syriac Orthodox patriarchate was expelled from Turkey in 1924, despite its declarations of loyalty to the new Turkish government.[20] Unlike Armenians, Jews, and Greeks, Assyrians were not recognized as a minority group in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.[21] The remaining population lived in submission to Kurdish aghas, and were subjected to constant harassment and abuse which pushed them to emigrate.[22][21] Turkish laws denaturalized those who had fled and confiscated their property. Despite their actual citizenship rights, many Assyrians who remained in Turkey had to re-purchase their own properties from Kurdish aghas or risk losing their Turkish citizenship.[22] Some Assyrians continued to live in Tur Abdin until the 1980s; this was the last substantial Christian population in Turkey living rurally in its original homeland.[23] Some scholars have described ongoing exclusion and harassment of Syriacs in Turkey as a continuation of the Sayfo.[24]Mor Hananyo Monastery is an important Syriac Orthodox monastery in Tur Abdin, Turkey.[14]Unlike other persecuted Christian groups like the Greeks and Armenians, the Assyrian community of Turkey managed to sustain its numbers after the Assyrian Genocide but they had many hardships nevertheless. In the 1960s, it became increasingly unsafe for Assyrians/Syriacs in Midyat, the regional centre of Tur Abdin. Muslims incited violent anti-Christian protests as a response to events unfolding in Cyprus. This led to many Assyro-Syriacs not seeing a future for themselves in their ancestral homeland.[4] By the 1980s the Assyrian population of Turkey was around 70,000 people,[25] although down from the 300,000 or so in total who survived after the genocide. The currently diminished number of 28,000 Assyrians today was caused largely due to Kurdish insurgencies in the 1980s and the bad state of most of the Middle East, along with the forever looming issue of Turkish governmental discrimination.[26] By the end of the conflict in the late 1990s, less than 1,000 Assyrians were still in Tur Abdin or Hakkari, with the rest living in Istanbul.In 2001, the Turkish government invited Assyrians/Syriacs to return to Turkey,[27] but some speculate that the offer was more of a publicity stunt, as a land law passed a short time before caused Assyrians who owned untilled farms or land with forests on them (which a large amount did, as those in diaspora could not till or maintain the properties they owned while living elsewhere) to have the land they owned confiscated by the state and sold to third parties. Another law made it illegal for non-Turkish nationals to purchase land in Mardin province, where most Assyrians would have immigrated to.[26] Regardless of those laws a few did come, such as those who still had their citizenship and could buy property and managed to avoid having their land taken – but many more who could have come back could not due to the laws passed.Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church, the first church built since the foundation of the Republic of TurkeySome Assyrians who have fled from ISIL have found temporary homes in the city of Midyat. A refugee center is located near Midyat, but due to there being a small Assyrian community in Midyat, many of the Assyrian refugees at the camp went to Midyat hoping for better conditions than the refugee camp had. Many refugees were given help and accommodation by the local Assyrian community there, perhaps wishing that the refugees stay, as the community in Midyat is in need of more members.[28]In 2013, Assyrians were allowed to open the first school operating in their mother tongue since 1928. The same year, 55 Syriac churches, monasteries, and cemeteries in Mardin Province confiscated by the Turkish state were returned to them. On 8 October 2023, the Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church opened, the first church built since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey.[29][30] As of 2023, the Syriac community owns 113 properties registered in the name of community foundations.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Varli-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Surayt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surayt"},{"link_name":"Mardin Artuklu University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin_Artuklu_University"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Varli-31"}],"text":"Unlike Armenians, Jews, and Greeks, Assyrians were not recognized as a minority group in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and could not open schools teaching their language.[31][32] The last Assyrian-language school was closed in 1928.[33][34]On 18 June 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court ruled in favor of Assyrians' right to use their mother tongue as stated in the Treaty of Lausanne.[35][36] The Ministry of Education accepted the decision and a first kindergarten opened in 2014.[37][38][39] In 2023, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced the opening of a new Assyrian school, funded by the government.[40]Classical Syriac and modern Surayt are taught are Mardin Artuklu University.[41]In a 2017 survey, 64% of Assyrians in Istanbul declared \"Assyrian\" as their mother tongue, while 27% declared Turkish.[31]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syriac_Catholic_Church_in_Istanbul.jpg"},{"link_name":"Syriac Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Terms for Syriac Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Syriacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Christians_(Middle_East)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Religious_Minorities_in_Turkey-42"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Religious_Minorities_in_Turkey-42"},{"link_name":"Tur Abdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_Abdin"},{"link_name":"hamlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Religious_Minorities_in_Turkey-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Religious_Minorities_in_Turkey-42"},{"link_name":"İzmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmir"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"İskenderun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbakir"},{"link_name":"Adıyaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C4%B1yaman"},{"link_name":"Malatya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malatya"},{"link_name":"Elazığ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Religious_Minorities_in_Turkey-42"},{"link_name":"Tur Abdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_Abdin"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Religious_Minorities_in_Turkey-42"},{"link_name":"Chaldean Catholic Church in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Amida"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbakir"},{"link_name":"Mardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin"},{"link_name":"Sirnak province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirnak_province"},{"link_name":"Chaldean Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECNEWA_2016-45"},{"link_name":"separated in 1552","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schism_of_1552"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Sayfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayfo"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Nestorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorian"},{"link_name":"Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Tribes"},{"link_name":"Hakkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Sirnak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirnak_province"},{"link_name":"Hakkari provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkari_province"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Religious_Minorities_in_Turkey-42"},{"link_name":"See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"Qodshanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konak,_Hakkari"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Syriac Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Mardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Tur Abdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_Abdin"},{"link_name":"Sayfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayfo"},{"link_name":"Mardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Religious_Minorities_in_Turkey-42"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Religious_Minorities_in_Turkey-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syriac_Orthodox_church_and_cemetery_in_Zeytinburnu.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%AAra_Marpetyun_a_keldaniyan_a_Am%C3%AAd%C3%AA_2_2010.JPG"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mor_Gabriel_Manast%C4%B1r%C4%B1_Kuleleri.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mor Gabriel Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Gabriel_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Tur Abdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_Abdin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virgin_Mary_Church_Diyarbakir_DSCF9174.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Mary Church, Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary_Church,_Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nahansicht_Mutter-Maria-Kirche.jpg"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"}],"text":"Syriac Catholic Church in IstanbulThe Assyrians are an ethnic group divided into a variety of different Christian churches, and those churches vary dramatically in liturgy and structure, and even dictate identity (see Terms for Syriac Christians). The predominant Christian denomination among Assyrians in Turkey is the Syriac Orthodox Church, with their 15,000–20,000 followers being called Syriacs.[42] Due to migration, the Syriacs' main residential area in Turkey today is Istanbul, where between 12,000 and 18,000 live.[42] Between 2,000 and 3,000 Syriac Orthodoxs still live in Tur Abdin, and they are spread among 30 villages, hamlets, and towns.[42] Some of these locations are dominated by Syriacs while others are dominated by the Kurds.[42] Additionally, there are a few Syriac Orthodox Christian communities in İzmir, Ankara, İskenderun, Diyarbakir, Adıyaman, Malatya, Elazığ, and a few other places.[42] As part of the return movement some Syriac Orthodox returned to Tur Abdin villages from Germany, Sweden and Switzerland.[43][44][42]The second largest denomination is the Chaldean Catholic Church in Turkey, which has around 7,000–8,000 members who live primarily in Diyarbakir, Mardin, Sirnak province, and Istanbul. In 2016 it was estimated that there were about 48,594 Chaldean Catholics in Turkey.[45] Diyarbakir was the city in which the Chaldean Catholic Church was founded when it separated in 1552 from the Assyrian Church of the East. Prior to the Sayfo there was also a large community of Nestorians, or followers of the Assyrian Church of the East, and Syriac Catholics. The Nestorian Tribes lived in the Hakkari mountains on the southeastern edge of Turkey's border, which is now part of the modern day Sirnak and Hakkari provinces.[42] Additionally, the Patriarch of the Nestorian church had his See until mid-1915 based in a village in that region known as Qodshanis after he and his followers settled there in the 1660s, making Turkey the center of their church structure.[46][47][48]The Syriac Catholic Church had their See in Mardin during the 1800s after being driven out of Aleppo due to oppression by the Syriac Orthodox Church. A large community lived in the southeast in the Tur Abdin region until they were massacred and forced to flee during the Sayfo to Lebanon, where the See was reestablished. There is still a tiny Syriac Catholic community that lives in Mardin and Istanbul,[42] but most Syriac Catholics now live in Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon. Syriac Protestant Churches exist in Turkey as well.[42]Syriac Orthodox Church and Cemetery in Istanbul\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMar Pithyoun (St. Anthony) Chaldean Catholic Church in Diyarbakır\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMor Gabriel Monastery in Tur Abdin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt. Mary Church, Diyarbakır\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSyriac Orthodox Church of the Virgin Mary, Istanbul","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78533-499-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-499-3"},{"link_name":"Hooglund, Eric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hooglund"},{"link_name":"\"The Society and Its Environment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/81"},{"link_name":"Hooglund, Eric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hooglund"},{"link_name":"United States Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"Federal Research Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"United States Government Printing Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office"},{"link_name":"81–142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/81"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8444-1187-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-1187-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78920-451-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-451-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78831-241-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-241-7"},{"link_name":"Citizenship Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_Studies"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/13621025.2011.564789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F13621025.2011.564789"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144086552","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144086552"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8122-9659-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9659-4"},{"link_name":"\"The Complexity of the Assyrian Genocide\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//muse.jhu.edu/journal/690"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3138/gsi.9.1.05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.05"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2291-1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2291-1847"},{"link_name":"Üngör, Uğur Ümit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r"},{"link_name":"The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Making_of_Modern_Turkey"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-965522-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965522-9"},{"link_name":"\"The Eastern Catholic Churches 2016. Source: Annuario Pontificio\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161020094357/http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat16.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat16.pdf"}],"text":"Gaunt, David; Atto, Naures; Barthoma, Soner O. (2017). \"Introduction: Contextualizing the Sayfo in the First World War\". Let Them Not Return: Sayfo - The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Berghahn Books. pp. 1–32. ISBN 978-1-78533-499-3.\nHooglund, Eric (2008). \"The Society and Its Environment\" (PDF). In Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric (eds.). Iran: A Country Study. Area Handbook Series. United States Library of Congress, Federal Research Division (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 81–142. ISBN 978-0-8444-1187-3. Retrieved 13 October 2013.\nGaunt, David (2020). \"The Long Assyrian Genocide\". Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State. Berghahn Books. pp. 56–96. ISBN 978-1-78920-451-3.\nPolatel, Mehmet (2019). \"The State, Local Actors and Mass Violence in Bitlis Province\". The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 119–140. ISBN 978-1-78831-241-7.\nBiner, Zerrin Özlem (2011). \"Multiple imaginations of the state: understanding a mobile conflict about justice and accountability from the perspective of Assyrian–Syriac communities\". Citizenship Studies. 15 (3–4): 367–379. doi:10.1080/13621025.2011.564789. S2CID 144086552.\nBiner, Zerrin Özlem (2019). States of Dispossession: Violence and Precarious Coexistence in Southeast Turkey. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-9659-4.\nGaunt, David (2015). \"The Complexity of the Assyrian Genocide\". Genocide Studies International. 9 (1): 83–103. doi:10.3138/gsi.9.1.05. ISSN 2291-1847.\nÜngör, Uğur Ümit (2011). The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-965522-9.\n\"The Eastern Catholic Churches 2016. Source: Annuario Pontificio\" (PDF). CNEWA. 2016. pp. 3–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2022-03-23.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Percentage of the prewar population that was Assyrian, presented by the Assyro-Chaldean delegation to the 1919 peace conference. More than 50% 30–40% 20–30% 10–20% 5–10%","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Assyrian_population_1914.svg/220px-Assyrian_population_1914.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Assyrian settlements in their homeland, Tur Abdin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tur_Abdin.svg/220px-Tur_Abdin.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Assyrian women fleeing through the mountains during Sayfo, 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syrian_Women_of_the_Kurdistan_Mountains_in_Flight.png/220px-Syrian_Women_of_the_Kurdistan_Mountains_in_Flight.png"},{"image_text":"Mor Hananyo Monastery is an important Syriac Orthodox monastery in Tur Abdin, Turkey.[14]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eskikale-Mardin_Merkez-Mardin%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/220px-Eskikale-Mardin_Merkez-Mardin%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church, the first church built since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/StEphremSyriacOrthodoxChurchInYesilkoy.jpg/220px-StEphremSyriacOrthodoxChurchInYesilkoy.jpg"},{"image_text":"Syriac Catholic Church in Istanbul","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Syriac_Catholic_Church_in_Istanbul.jpg/220px-Syriac_Catholic_Church_in_Istanbul.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Assyrians in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Assyrians_in_Turkey"},{"title":"Assyrian homeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_homeland"},{"title":"Christianity in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey"},{"title":"Minorities in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey"}] | [{"reference":"\"2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Turkey\". Archived from the original on 2020-04-25. Retrieved 2020-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/turkey/","url_text":"\"2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Turkey\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200425223904/https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/turkey/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lundgren, Svante (15 May 2019). The Assyrians: Fifty Years in Swedenq. Nineveh Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-91-984101-7-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-984101-7-4","url_text":"978-91-984101-7-4"}]},{"reference":"DHA, Daily Sabah with (2019-01-10). \"Assyrians community thrives again in southeastern Turkey\". Daily Sabah. Archived from the original on 2019-01-10. Retrieved 2020-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2019/01/10/assyrian-community-thrives-again-in-southeastern-turkey","url_text":"\"Assyrians community thrives again in southeastern Turkey\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190110220953/https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2019/01/10/assyrian-community-thrives-again-in-southeastern-turkey","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cumhuriyetin ilk kilisesi açılıyor… Süryani Ruhani Lideri'nin ilk röportajı CNN Türk'te\". www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 2023-10-06. Retrieved 2023-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/cumhuriyetin-ilk-kilisesi-aciliyor-suryani-ruhani-liderinin-ilk-roportaji-cnn-turkte-42341964","url_text":"\"Cumhuriyetin ilk kilisesi açılıyor… Süryani Ruhani Lideri'nin ilk röportajı CNN Türk'te\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Erdoğan inaugurates Türkiye's 1st post-republic era church\". Daily Sabah. 2023-10-08. Retrieved 2023-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailysabah.com/turkiye/minorities/president-erdogan-inaugurates-turkiyes-1st-post-republic-era-church","url_text":"\"President Erdoğan inaugurates Türkiye's 1st post-republic era church\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey's Duplicitous Game With Assyrians\". aina.org. Archived from the original on 15 January 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aina.org/releases/20141202192116.htm","url_text":"\"Turkey's Duplicitous Game With Assyrians\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150115210442/http://www.aina.org/releases/20141202192116.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gusten, Susanne (April 4, 2012). \"Hopes to Revive the Christian Area of Turkey\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/world/middleeast/hopes-to-revive-the-christian-area-of-turkey.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Hopes to Revive the Christian Area of Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230120190454/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/world/middleeast/hopes-to-revive-the-christian-area-of-turkey.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Middle Eastern Christians Flee Violence for Ancient Homeland\". National Geographic. 29 December 2014. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141229215711/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/12/141229-syriac-christians-refugees-midyat-turkey/","url_text":"\"Middle Eastern Christians Flee Violence for Ancient Homeland\""},{"url":"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/12/141229-syriac-christians-refugees-midyat-turkey/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Syriac Orthodox church gives Istanbul new richness'\". aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2023-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/syriac-orthodox-church-gives-istanbul-new-richness/1548812","url_text":"\"'Syriac Orthodox church gives Istanbul new richness'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Türkiye's 1st Orthodox church built in post-republic era set to open\". Daily Sabah. 2023-10-04. Retrieved 2023-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailysabah.com/turkiye/minorities/turkiyes-1st-orthodox-church-built-in-post-republic-era-set-to-open","url_text":"\"Türkiye's 1st Orthodox church built in post-republic era set to open\""}]},{"reference":"Arikan, Arda; Varli, Ozan; Kürüm, Eyüp Yaşar (2017-05-01). \"A Study of Assyrians' Language Use in Istanbul\". Sustainable Multilingualism. 10 (1): 56–74. doi:10.1515/sm-2017-0003.","urls":[{"url":"https://sciendo.com/article/10.1515/sm-2017-0003","url_text":"\"A Study of Assyrians' Language Use in Istanbul\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fsm-2017-0003","url_text":"10.1515/sm-2017-0003"}]},{"reference":"Sabah, Daily (2019-08-26). \"Last 17 years a golden era for minority communities, witnessing period of increased rights\". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2023-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2019/08/26/last-17-years-a-golden-era-for-minority-communities-witnessing-period-of-increased-rights","url_text":"\"Last 17 years a golden era for minority communities, witnessing period of increased rights\""}]},{"reference":"\"Türkiye'de modern tarihin ilk Süryani Kilisesi için temel atıldı\". euronews (in Turkish). 2019-08-03. Retrieved 2023-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://tr.euronews.com/2019/08/03/turkiye-de-modern-tarihin-ilk-suryani-kilisesi-icin-temel-atild-erdogan-ve-imamoglu-torene","url_text":"\"Türkiye'de modern tarihin ilk Süryani Kilisesi için temel atıldı\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Syriac Orthodox church gives Istanbul new richness'\". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2023-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/syriac-orthodox-church-gives-istanbul-new-richness/1548812","url_text":"\"'Syriac Orthodox church gives Istanbul new richness'\""}]},{"reference":"Akbulut, Olgun (2023-10-19). \"For Centenary of the Lausanne Treaty: Re-Interpretation and Re-Implementation of Linguistic Minority Rights of Lausanne\". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. -1 (aop): 1–24. doi:10.1163/15718115-bja10134. ISSN 1385-4879.","urls":[{"url":"https://brill.com/view/journals/ijgr/aop/article-10.1163-15718115-bja10134/article-10.1163-15718115-bja10134.xml","url_text":"\"For Centenary of the Lausanne Treaty: Re-Interpretation and Re-Implementation of Linguistic Minority Rights of Lausanne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15718115-bja10134","url_text":"10.1163/15718115-bja10134"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1385-4879","url_text":"1385-4879"}]},{"reference":"\"Government's Move Expected to Help Save Assyrian Language\". www.aina.org. Retrieved 2023-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aina.org/news/20131101185040.htm","url_text":"\"Government's Move Expected to Help Save Assyrian Language\""}]},{"reference":"Köseoğlu, Ayman (2018-08-06). The Assyrian case: The impact of the European Union on Turkey`s minority rights concept (masterThesis thesis). Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.","urls":[{"url":"https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12812/231553","url_text":"The Assyrian case: The impact of the European Union on Turkey`s minority rights concept"}]},{"reference":"Erdem, Fazıl Hüsnü; Öngüç, Bahar (2021-06-30). \"SÜRYANİCE ANADİLİNDE EĞİTİM HAKKI: SORUNLAR VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ\". Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi (in Turkish). 26 (44): 3–35. ISSN 1300-2929.","urls":[{"url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/duhfd/issue/63313/959939","url_text":"\"SÜRYANİCE ANADİLİNDE EĞİTİM HAKKI: SORUNLAR VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1300-2929","url_text":"1300-2929"}]},{"reference":"\"Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Nefret suçlarına göz yumanlar, farklı kültürlerin bir arada yaşama iradesini dinamitlemektedir\". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2023-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-nefret-suclarina-goz-yumanlar-farkli-kulturlerin-bir-arada-yasama-iradesini-dinamitlemektedir/3011693","url_text":"\"Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Nefret suçlarına göz yumanlar, farklı kültürlerin bir arada yaşama iradesini dinamitlemektedir\""}]},{"reference":"\"T.C. MARDİN ARTUKLU ÜNİVERSİTESİ - Süryanice\". www.artuklu.edu.tr. Retrieved 2023-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artuklu.edu.tr/mauzem/suryanice","url_text":"\"T.C. MARDİN ARTUKLU ÜNİVERSİTESİ - Süryanice\""}]},{"reference":"Giesel, Christoph (2017). Religious Minorities in Turkey: Alevi, Armenians, and Syriacs and the Struggle to Desecuritize Religious Freedom. Springer. p. 169. ISBN 9781137270269.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137270269","url_text":"9781137270269"}]},{"reference":"Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). The Church of the East: A Concise History. London and New York: Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 9781134430192.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Church of the East: A Concise History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134430192","url_text":"9781134430192"}]},{"reference":"Joseph, John (2000). The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East. Leiden: Brill. p. 1. ISBN 9789004116412.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=79wj2hj4wKUC","url_text":"The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004116412","url_text":"9789004116412"}]},{"reference":"Aprim, Frederick A. (7 March 2008). \"Assyria and Assyrians Since the 2003 US Occupation of Iraq\" (PDF). Fredaprim.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fredaprim.com/pdfs/2008/20080307a.pdf","url_text":"\"Assyria and Assyrians Since the 2003 US Occupation of Iraq\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170807153159/http://www.fredaprim.com/pdfs/2008/20080307a.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gaunt, David; Atto, Naures; Barthoma, Soner O. (2017). \"Introduction: Contextualizing the Sayfo in the First World War\". Let Them Not Return: Sayfo - The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Berghahn Books. pp. 1–32. ISBN 978-1-78533-499-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-499-3","url_text":"978-1-78533-499-3"}]},{"reference":"Hooglund, Eric (2008). \"The Society and Its Environment\" (PDF). In Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric (eds.). Iran: A Country Study. Area Handbook Series. United States Library of Congress, Federal Research Division (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 81–142. ISBN 978-0-8444-1187-3. Retrieved 13 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hooglund","url_text":"Hooglund, Eric"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/81","url_text":"\"The Society and Its Environment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hooglund","url_text":"Hooglund, Eric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Library_of_Congress","url_text":"United States Library of Congress"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division","url_text":"Federal Research Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.","url_text":"Washington, D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office","url_text":"United States Government Printing Office"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/81","url_text":"81–142"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-1187-3","url_text":"978-0-8444-1187-3"}]},{"reference":"Gaunt, David (2020). \"The Long Assyrian Genocide\". Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State. Berghahn Books. pp. 56–96. ISBN 978-1-78920-451-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-451-3","url_text":"978-1-78920-451-3"}]},{"reference":"Polatel, Mehmet (2019). \"The State, Local Actors and Mass Violence in Bitlis Province\". The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 119–140. ISBN 978-1-78831-241-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-241-7","url_text":"978-1-78831-241-7"}]},{"reference":"Biner, Zerrin Özlem (2011). \"Multiple imaginations of the state: understanding a mobile conflict about justice and accountability from the perspective of Assyrian–Syriac communities\". Citizenship Studies. 15 (3–4): 367–379. doi:10.1080/13621025.2011.564789. S2CID 144086552.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_Studies","url_text":"Citizenship Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13621025.2011.564789","url_text":"10.1080/13621025.2011.564789"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144086552","url_text":"144086552"}]},{"reference":"Biner, Zerrin Özlem (2019). States of Dispossession: Violence and Precarious Coexistence in Southeast Turkey. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-9659-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press","url_text":"University of Pennsylvania Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9659-4","url_text":"978-0-8122-9659-4"}]},{"reference":"Gaunt, David (2015). \"The Complexity of the Assyrian Genocide\". Genocide Studies International. 9 (1): 83–103. doi:10.3138/gsi.9.1.05. ISSN 2291-1847.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/690","url_text":"\"The Complexity of the Assyrian Genocide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.05","url_text":"10.3138/gsi.9.1.05"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2291-1847","url_text":"2291-1847"}]},{"reference":"Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2011). The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-965522-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r","url_text":"Üngör, Uğur Ümit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Making_of_Modern_Turkey","url_text":"The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965522-9","url_text":"978-0-19-965522-9"}]},{"reference":"\"The Eastern Catholic Churches 2016. Source: Annuario Pontificio\" (PDF). CNEWA. 2016. pp. 3–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2022-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161020094357/http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat16.pdf","url_text":"\"The Eastern Catholic Churches 2016. Source: Annuario Pontificio\""},{"url":"http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat16.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"İstanbul - Ankara Süryani Ortodoks Metropolitliği\". www.suryanikadim.org. Retrieved 2023-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.suryanikadim.org/anasayfa.aspx","url_text":"\"İstanbul - Ankara Süryani Ortodoks Metropolitliği\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/turkey/","external_links_name":"\"2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200425223904/https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/turkey/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2019/01/10/assyrian-community-thrives-again-in-southeastern-turkey","external_links_name":"\"Assyrians community thrives again in southeastern Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190110220953/https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2019/01/10/assyrian-community-thrives-again-in-southeastern-turkey","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/cumhuriyetin-ilk-kilisesi-aciliyor-suryani-ruhani-liderinin-ilk-roportaji-cnn-turkte-42341964","external_links_name":"\"Cumhuriyetin ilk kilisesi açılıyor… Süryani Ruhani Lideri'nin ilk röportajı CNN Türk'te\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailysabah.com/turkiye/minorities/president-erdogan-inaugurates-turkiyes-1st-post-republic-era-church","external_links_name":"\"President Erdoğan inaugurates Türkiye's 1st post-republic era church\""},{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/assyrians-in-iran#pt3","external_links_name":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/assyrians-in-iran#pt3"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150204215842/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/assyrians-in-iran#pt3","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.aina.org/releases/20141202192116.htm","external_links_name":"\"Turkey's Duplicitous Game With Assyrians\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150115210442/http://www.aina.org/releases/20141202192116.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/world/middleeast/hopes-to-revive-the-christian-area-of-turkey.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"Hopes to Revive the Christian Area of Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230120190454/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/world/middleeast/hopes-to-revive-the-christian-area-of-turkey.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141229215711/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/12/141229-syriac-christians-refugees-midyat-turkey/","external_links_name":"\"Middle Eastern Christians Flee Violence for Ancient Homeland\""},{"Link":"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/12/141229-syriac-christians-refugees-midyat-turkey/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/syriac-orthodox-church-gives-istanbul-new-richness/1548812","external_links_name":"\"'Syriac Orthodox church gives Istanbul new richness'\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailysabah.com/turkiye/minorities/turkiyes-1st-orthodox-church-built-in-post-republic-era-set-to-open","external_links_name":"\"Türkiye's 1st Orthodox church built in post-republic era set to open\""},{"Link":"https://sciendo.com/article/10.1515/sm-2017-0003","external_links_name":"\"A Study of Assyrians' Language Use in Istanbul\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fsm-2017-0003","external_links_name":"10.1515/sm-2017-0003"},{"Link":"https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2019/08/26/last-17-years-a-golden-era-for-minority-communities-witnessing-period-of-increased-rights","external_links_name":"\"Last 17 years a golden era for minority communities, witnessing period of increased rights\""},{"Link":"https://tr.euronews.com/2019/08/03/turkiye-de-modern-tarihin-ilk-suryani-kilisesi-icin-temel-atild-erdogan-ve-imamoglu-torene","external_links_name":"\"Türkiye'de modern tarihin ilk Süryani Kilisesi için temel atıldı\""},{"Link":"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/syriac-orthodox-church-gives-istanbul-new-richness/1548812","external_links_name":"\"'Syriac Orthodox church gives Istanbul new 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ÖNERİLERİ\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1300-2929","external_links_name":"1300-2929"},{"Link":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-nefret-suclarina-goz-yumanlar-farkli-kulturlerin-bir-arada-yasama-iradesini-dinamitlemektedir/3011693","external_links_name":"\"Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Nefret suçlarına göz yumanlar, farklı kültürlerin bir arada yaşama iradesini dinamitlemektedir\""},{"Link":"https://www.artuklu.edu.tr/mauzem/suryanice","external_links_name":"\"T.C. MARDİN ARTUKLU ÜNİVERSİTESİ - Süryanice\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Church of the East: A Concise History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=79wj2hj4wKUC","external_links_name":"The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East"},{"Link":"http://www.fredaprim.com/pdfs/2008/20080307a.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Assyria and Assyrians Since the 2003 US Occupation of Iraq\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170807153159/http://www.fredaprim.com/pdfs/2008/20080307a.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/81","external_links_name":"\"The Society and Its Environment\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/81","external_links_name":"81–142"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13621025.2011.564789","external_links_name":"10.1080/13621025.2011.564789"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144086552","external_links_name":"144086552"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/690","external_links_name":"\"The Complexity of the Assyrian Genocide\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.05","external_links_name":"10.3138/gsi.9.1.05"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2291-1847","external_links_name":"2291-1847"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161020094357/http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat16.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Eastern Catholic Churches 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine-Renault_A110 | Alpine A110 | ["1 History","2 Model changes","3 Engines","4 World Rally Championship victories","5 References","6 External links"] | Sports car produced by Renault in the 1960s and 1970s
This article is about the 1963–1977 sports car. For the 2012 concept car, see Alpine A110-50. For the 2017 continuation, see Alpine A110 (2017).
Motor vehicle
Alpine A110A110 1300GOverviewManufacturerAlpineProduction1963–1977AssemblyDieppe, FranceDesignerGiovanni MichelottiBody and chassisClassSports car (S)Body style2-door BerlinetteLayoutRear-engine, rear-wheel-drivePowertrainEngine1.1–1.3 L R8 Major/Gordini I41.5 L Lotus I41.3 L and 1.6 L Renault I4Transmission5-speed manualDimensionsWheelbase2,099–2,180 mm (82.6–85.8 in)Length3,850 mm (152 in)Width1,471–1,550 mm (57.9–61.0 in)Curb weight706 kg (1,556 lb)ChronologyPredecessorAlpine A108SuccessorAlpine A310Alpine A110 (2017) (spiritual)
The Alpine A110 is a sports car produced by French automobile manufacturer Alpine from 1963 to 1977. The car was styled as a "berlinette", which in the post-WWII era refers to a small enclosed two-door berline, better-known as a coupé. The Alpine A110 succeeded the earlier A108. The car was powered by a succession of Renault engines. A car also named Alpine A110 was introduced in 2017.
The Alpine A110 experienced a remarkable evolution in terms of power output throughout its production years. Initially, the A110 had an output of just 51 horsepower, which was adequate for a car weighing only 620 kilograms. However, by the end of the A110's production run, its power output had increased to 180 horsepower. This impressive increase in power contributed to the car's success on the rally stages of Europe. The A110's crowning achievements included 1-2-3 finishes at both the 1971 and 1973 Monte Carlo rallies, and it used Renault 16 engines at the time. In 1973, Alpine won the inaugural manufacturer's World Rally Championship, defeating competitors such as Lancia, Porsche, and Ford. However, by 1974, advances in rally competition led to a significant shift in the landscape of the sport, and the Alpine A110, which had become outdated, struggled to keep up with its rivals. As a result, sales of the A110 declined, prompting Renault to step in and purchase the company outright in an effort to save it. Despite being surpassed by newer rally cars, the A110's legacy as a successful and iconic rally car remains, and its victories in the early 1970s solidified its place in motorsport history.
History
Alpine was founded by Jean Rédélé, a Frenchman based in Dieppe, who was an enthusiastic participant in rallying during the post-WWII era. Redele used Renault 4CVs and modified them for improved performance, including replacing the original three-speed gearbox with a five-speed manual transmission—a significant upgrade at the time. He also constructed new, lighter bodies to fit over the chassis and entered his modified vehicles in endurance races, including Le Mans and Sebring. Redele's success in rallying and continued improvement of Renault vehicles eventually gained the attention of Renault, leading to factory financial support. He formally established the Societe Anonyme des Automobiles Alpine and named the company "Alpine" as a tribute to his previous successes rallying in the Alps.
Launched in 1963, the A110, like previous road-going Alpines, used many Renault parts, including engines. While its predecessor the A108 was designed around Dauphine components, the A110 was updated to use R8 parts. Unlike the A108, which was available first as a cabriolet and only later as a coupé, the A110 was available first as a berlinette and then as a cabriolet. The most obvious external departure from the A108 coupé was a restyling of the rear bodywork. Done to accommodate the A110's larger engine, this change gave the car a more aggressive look. Like the A108, the A110 featured a steel backbone chassis and a fiberglass body.
Alpine was a pioneer in the use of glass-fibre body panel construction, which was valued for its lightweight properties and malleability. This innovation allowed the company to produce its first proprietary body, the A106, which was placed on top of the old Renault 4CV chassis. The reduced weight of the body contributed to the car's success in rallying. Later, a cabriolet version was introduced, based on a stiff, tubular backbone chassis design that would become the foundation for all Alpines until the final production of the A610 in 1995.
The A110 was originally offered with 1.1 L R8 Major or R8 Gordini engines. The Gordini engine has a power output of 95 hp (71 kW) SAE at 6,500 rpm.
A110 GT4
The A110 achieved most of its fame in the early 1970s as a successful rally car. After winning several rallies in France in the late 1960s with the cast-iron R8 Gordini Cléon-Fonte engines the car was fitted with the aluminium-block Cléon-Alu from the Renault 16 TS. With two twin-venturi Weber 45 carburetors, the TS engine has a power output of 125 hp (93 kW) DIN at 6,000 rpm. This allowed the production 1600S to attain a top speed of 210 km/h (130 mph). The long-wheelbase Alpine A108 2+2 coupé was replaced with a new restyled 2+2 coupé based on the A110 mechanicals called the A110 GT4.
The car achieved international fame during the 1970–1972 seasons competing in the newly created International Championship for Manufacturers, winning events throughout Europe, and earning a reputation as one of the strongest rally cars of its time. Notable performances included a victory in the 1971 Monte Carlo Rally with Swedish driver Ove Andersson.
Alpine played a key role in Renault's entry into Formula One. During the 1970s, Alpine had been involved in Formula Three and Formula Two track-racing series and ultimately persuaded Renault to enter Formula One. Alpine had built a Formula One testing mule by 1976, leading to Renault's full-scale entry into the prestigious global motorsport category. This involvement marked one of Alpine's enduring legacies, as Renault continues to be active in Formula One to this day.
After Alpine's acquisition by Renault in 1971, the International Championship was replaced by the World Rally Championship for 1973, at which time Renault elected to compete with the A110. With a team featuring Bernard Darniche, Jean-Pierre Nicolas and Jean-Luc Thérier as permanent drivers and "guest stars" like Jean-Claude Andruet (who won the 1973 Monte Carlo Rally) the A110 won most of the races where the works team was entered, making Alpine the first World Rally Champion. Later competition-spec A110s received engines of up to 1.8 litres.
A110 1600SX
In addition to Alpine's own Dieppe factory, versions of the A110 were built under license by various other vehicle manufacturers around the world. From 1965 to 1974 the car was produced in Mexico under the name "Dinalpin" by Diesel Nacional (DINA), which also produced Renault vehicles. From 1967 to 1969, the A110 was also produced in Bulgaria under the name "Bulgaralpine" by a partnership formed between SPC Metalhim and ETO Bulet, whose collaboration also resulted in the production of the Bulgarrenault.
In Spain, the Alpine A110 was produced by FASA in Valladolid from 1967 to 1978. These were the only versions built outside France that were commercialised under the same names and to the same specifications as the French-built ones. FASA manufactured version A110 1100 (from 1967 to 1970) with 1108 cc engines, version A110 1300 (from 1971 to 1976) with 1289 cc engines, and version A110 1400 (from 1977 to 1978) with 1397 cc engines.
In 1974, the mid-engine Lancia Stratos which was the first car designed specifically for rally racing, was operational and homologated. At the same time it was obvious that the rear-engine A110 was nearing the limits of its development potential. The adoption of fuel injection brought no performance increase. On some cars, a DOHC 16-valve head was fitted to the engine, but it proved unreliable. Chassis modifications, such as the usage of the A310's double wishbone rear suspension, homologated with the A110 1600SC, also failed to increase performance. On the international stage the Stratos proved to be the "ultimate weapon", soon making the A110, as well as many other rally cars, obsolete. The A110 remains a staple of vintage racing events such as the Rallye Monte-Carlo Historique.
The Dieppe factory that served as the base for Jean Redele and Alpine continues to operate and produce cars. Notably, the legendary Renault 5 Turbo was built at the Dieppe factory. In more recent years, the factory became the headquarters of Renault Sport, where renowned performance cars such as the Clio 172, 182, Trophy, and the Megane R26.R and 275 Trophy R were designed and developed. This legacy of performance car development can be traced back to Dieppe and ultimately to the influence of Alpine and Jean Redele.
In 2012, to mark the 50th anniversary of the A110, Renault produced a concept car called the A110-50. The modern production version of the A110 was introduced by Renault in 2017.
Model changes
October 1962: Prototype unveiled at Paris Show.
June 1963: Production A110 launched with Renault 8-derived 956cc, 51 bhp engine, R8 four-speed gearbox and all-round disc brakes.
October 1963: 1108cc,66 bhp engine from R8 Major offered in V70 model, with new all-synchro four-speed gearbox.
October 1964: 1108cc, 85 bhp twin-carb R8 Gordini engine in 85 model. Five-speed ‘box optional. Competition 1100 also launched with high-compression, 1108cc,95bhp motor.
June 1965: 1300 announced with 1296cc, 115bhp R8 Gordini motor: nearly all five-speed.
October 1965: 956cc and 85 models deleted; 1108cc single-carb version renamed Standard. Chromed vents appear below headlights.
June 1966: Production begins at FASA-Renault in Spain (cars have drum rear brakes).
October 1966: Previous 1300 renamed Super, with extra 5bhp (to 120bhp) and five-speed. New 1300 has 1255cc, 105bhp R8 Gordini motor, and 1500 launched with 1470cc, 90bhp all-alloy motor from Renault 16. Twin Cibié driving lamps added to all models, and Renault badge appears on nose for first time.
September 1968: 1500 superseded by 1600, with 92bhp R16TS 1565cc engine. 100 model deleted, along with Cabriolet and GT4 coupé.
October 1969: 1600S has high-comp, modified R16TS engine running twin Webers 45 giving 138bhp and 132mph through five-speed ’box.
January 1970: Four-speed base model: 1300cc V85, using RI2 1289cc,81 bhp motor. Five-speed 1300 and Super become 1300G and 1300S.
October 1970: 1600 axed. Front indicators move from bumpers to wings on all cars. Group 4 1600S, with extra high-comp, 172bhp motor.
March 1971: Spanish 1300, with all-disc brakes.
October 1971: Range rationalised to 85 and 1600S models only.
May 1973: New 1600S has 1605cc, 138bhp engine from A310. Five-speed ‘box standard.
October 1973: Bodywork gains flush-fitting push-button door handles. 85 becomes 1300. 1600S given A310 four-stud alloy wheels, removable rear panel (added to 1300 in June "74), and rear suspension changed from swing axles to double wishbones. Two 1600 engines: SC with twin carbs and SI with Bosch fuel-injection. Group 4 rally 1600S replaced by 1800 (1798cc, 185bhp).
October 1975: SX replaces 1600SC and SI, using 1647cc R16TX engine with single Weber carb. Chrome trim strips deleted.
October 1976: 1600SX becomes only French A110, with ‘tape recorder’ alloys as used on Renault 5 Alpine.
May 1977: Spanish 1300 replaced by 1400.
July 1977: Production at Dieppe ceases after 7176 cars built.
May 1978: Production ceases at FASA in Spain, where 1566 cars were made.
Engines
The A110 was fitted with a variety of engines between 1963 and 1977. The Alpine A110, driven by Jean-Luc Therier, became the first vehicle ever to win an international rally with a turbocharger when it secured victory at the 1972 Criterium des Cevennes rally. This achievement predated the introduction of Audi's turbocharged Ur-Quattro by eight years Engines used on production cars included the following:
Name
Year
Model
Engine description
Type
Displacement
Power
A110 956
1963–1965
R8 Cléon-Fonte
689
956 cc
55 hp SAE
A110 1100 "70"
1964–1969
1100 VA
R8 Major Cléon-Fonte
688
1,108 cc
66 hp SAE
A110 1100 "100"
1965–1968
1100 VB
R8 Gordini Cléon-Fonte
804
1,108 cc
95 hp SAE
A110 1300 "Super" / S
1966–1971
1300 VB
Tuned R8 Gordini Cléon-Fonte
804
1,296 cc
120 hp SAE
A110 1300 / 1300 G
1967–1971
1300 VA
Stock R8 Gordini 1300 Cléon-Fonte
812
1,255 cc
105 hp SAE
A110 1500
1967–1968
1500 VA
R16 Cléon-Alu from Lotus Europa
A1K
1,470 cc
82 hp SAE
A110 1600
1969–1970
1600 VA
Stock R16 TS Cléon-Alu
807-24
1,565 cc
102 hp SAE
A110 V85 / 1300
1970–1976
1300 VC
R12 TS Cléon-Fonte
810-30
1,289 cc
81 hp SAE (68 PS)
A110 1600S
1970–1973
1600 VB
Tuned R16 TS Cléon-Alu
807-24
1,565 cc
138 hp SAE (125 PS)
A110 1600S
1973–1975
1600 VC/SC
R17 TS Cléon-Alu
844–32
1,605 cc
140 hp SAE (127 PS)
A110 1600S SI
1974–1975
1600 VD
R17 TS Cléon-Alu with injection.
844-34
1,605 cc
140 hp SAE (127 PS)
A110 1600S SX
1976–1977
1600 VH
Stock R16 TX Cléon-Alu
843
1,647 cc
92 hp (93 PS)
World Rally Championship victories
No.
Event
Season
Driver
Co-driver
1
42ème Rallye Automobile de Monte-Carlo
1973
Jean-Claude Andruet
Michèle 'Biche' Petit
2
7º TAP Rallye de Portugal
1973
Jean-Luc Thérier
Jacques Jaubert
3
16ème Rallye du Maroc
1973
Bernard Darniche
Alain Mahé
4
21st Acropolis Rally
1973
Jean-Luc Thérier
Christian Delferrier
5
15º Rallye Sanremo
1973
Jean-Luc Thérier
Jacques Jaubert
6
17ème Tour de Corse
1973
Jean-Pierre Nicolas
Michel Vial
References
^ "Designer". ajovalo.net. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
^ Cumberford, Robert (August 2016). "The Cumberford Perspective". Sports Car Market. 28 (8): 68.
^ Haajanen, Lennart (1 October 2007). Illustrated Dictionary of Automobile Body Styles. Mcfarland & Co Inc. p. 20. ISBN 978-0786437375.
^ a b c d e f "7 Incredible Things You Didn't Know About Alpine". Car Throttle. 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
^ Cole, Lance (2017). The Classic Car Adventure: Driving Through History on the Road to Nostalgia. ISBN 978-1473896413.
^ /index_archivos/Page648.htm Alpine A110. 'Classic and sports casts magazine
^ Alpine Renault Ultimate Portfolio 1958–1995. May 2007. ISBN 978-1855207424.
^ a b c d e f g h i Christian Descombes, Alpine, Label bleu, série et compétition, édition E.P.A.
^ Auto-Rétro n°32, avril 1983.
^ "1961–1973 Renault Alpine A110". www.topspeed.com. TopSpeed. 16 August 2007.
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Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpine A110-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_A110-50"},{"link_name":"Alpine A110 (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_A110_(2017)"},{"link_name":"sports car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_car"},{"link_name":"Alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"berlinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinette_(car_body)"},{"link_name":"berline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)#International_terminology"},{"link_name":"coupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-styles-3"},{"link_name":"A108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_A108"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault"},{"link_name":"car also named Alpine A110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_A110_(2017)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carthrottle-4"}],"text":"This article is about the 1963–1977 sports car. For the 2012 concept car, see Alpine A110-50. For the 2017 continuation, see Alpine A110 (2017).Motor vehicleThe Alpine A110 is a sports car produced by French automobile manufacturer Alpine from 1963 to 1977. The car was styled as a \"berlinette\", which in the post-WWII era refers to a small enclosed two-door berline, better-known as a coupé.[3] The Alpine A110 succeeded the earlier A108. The car was powered by a succession of Renault engines. A car also named Alpine A110 was introduced in 2017.The Alpine A110 experienced a remarkable evolution in terms of power output throughout its production years. Initially, the A110 had an output of just 51 horsepower, which was adequate for a car weighing only 620 kilograms. However, by the end of the A110's production run, its power output had increased to 180 horsepower. This impressive increase in power contributed to the car's success on the rally stages of Europe. The A110's crowning achievements included 1-2-3 finishes at both the 1971 and 1973 Monte Carlo rallies, and it used Renault 16 engines at the time. In 1973, Alpine won the inaugural manufacturer's World Rally Championship, defeating competitors such as Lancia, Porsche, and Ford. However, by 1974, advances in rally competition led to a significant shift in the landscape of the sport, and the Alpine A110, which had become outdated, struggled to keep up with its rivals. As a result, sales of the A110 declined, prompting Renault to step in and purchase the company outright in an effort to save it. Despite being surpassed by newer rally cars, the A110's legacy as a successful and iconic rally car remains, and its victories in the early 1970s solidified its place in motorsport history.[4]","title":"Alpine A110"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Rédélé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_R%C3%A9d%C3%A9l%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Renault 4CVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_4CV"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carthrottle-4"},{"link_name":"Dauphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Dauphine"},{"link_name":"R8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_8_and_10#Renault_8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cole-5"},{"link_name":"cabriolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertible"},{"link_name":"coupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"backbone chassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbone_chassis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carthrottle-4"},{"link_name":"R8 Gordini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_8_and_10#Engine_upgrades"},{"link_name":"Gordini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpine_GT_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"rally car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallying"},{"link_name":"Cléon-Fonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Cl%C3%A9on-Fonte_engine"},{"link_name":"Cléon-Alu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Cl%C3%A9on-Alu_engine"},{"link_name":"Renault 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_16"},{"link_name":"twin-venturi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetor#Multiple_carburetor_barrels"},{"link_name":"carburetors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetor"},{"link_name":"International Championship for Manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Championship_for_Manufacturers"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallye_Automobile_Monte_Carlo"},{"link_name":"Ove Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ove_Andersson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carthrottle-4"},{"link_name":"World Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_World_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"Bernard Darniche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Darniche"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Nicolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Nicolas"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Thérier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Th%C3%A9rier"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Andruet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Andruet"},{"link_name":"1973 Monte Carlo Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Monte_Carlo_Rally"},{"link_name":"World Rally Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Rally_Championship_Constructors%27_Champions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_-_Retromobile_2012_-_Renault_Alpine_-_021.jpg"},{"link_name":"Diesel Nacional (DINA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DINA_S.A."},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Bulgaralpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaralpine"},{"link_name":"Bulgarrenault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarrenault"},{"link_name":"FASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASA-Renault"},{"link_name":"Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lancia Stratos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_Stratos"},{"link_name":"rear-engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-engine_design"},{"link_name":"DOHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOHC"},{"link_name":"A310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_A310"},{"link_name":"Rallye Monte-Carlo Historique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Rally"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carthrottle-4"},{"link_name":"A110-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_A110-50"},{"link_name":"modern production version of the A110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_A110_(2017)"}],"text":"Alpine was founded by Jean Rédélé, a Frenchman based in Dieppe, who was an enthusiastic participant in rallying during the post-WWII era. Redele used Renault 4CVs and modified them for improved performance, including replacing the original three-speed gearbox with a five-speed manual transmission—a significant upgrade at the time. He also constructed new, lighter bodies to fit over the chassis and entered his modified vehicles in endurance races, including Le Mans and Sebring. Redele's success in rallying and continued improvement of Renault vehicles eventually gained the attention of Renault, leading to factory financial support. He formally established the Societe Anonyme des Automobiles Alpine and named the company \"Alpine\" as a tribute to his previous successes rallying in the Alps.[4]Launched in 1963, the A110, like previous road-going Alpines, used many Renault parts, including engines. While its predecessor the A108 was designed around Dauphine components, the A110 was updated to use R8 parts.[5] Unlike the A108, which was available first as a cabriolet and only later as a coupé, the A110 was available first as a berlinette and then as a cabriolet. The most obvious external departure from the A108 coupé was a restyling of the rear bodywork. Done to accommodate the A110's larger engine, this change gave the car a more aggressive look. Like the A108, the A110 featured a steel backbone chassis and a fiberglass body. \nAlpine was a pioneer in the use of glass-fibre body panel construction, which was valued for its lightweight properties and malleability. This innovation allowed the company to produce its first proprietary body, the A106, which was placed on top of the old Renault 4CV chassis. The reduced weight of the body contributed to the car's success in rallying. Later, a cabriolet version was introduced, based on a stiff, tubular backbone chassis design that would become the foundation for all Alpines until the final production of the A610 in 1995.[4]The A110 was originally offered with 1.1 L R8 Major or R8 Gordini engines. The Gordini engine has a power output of 95 hp (71 kW) SAE at 6,500 rpm.A110 GT4The A110 achieved most of its fame in the early 1970s as a successful rally car. After winning several rallies in France in the late 1960s with the cast-iron R8 Gordini Cléon-Fonte engines the car was fitted with the aluminium-block Cléon-Alu from the Renault 16 TS. With two twin-venturi Weber 45 carburetors, the TS engine has a power output of 125 hp (93 kW) DIN at 6,000 rpm. This allowed the production 1600S to attain a top speed of 210 km/h (130 mph). The long-wheelbase Alpine A108 2+2 coupé was replaced with a new restyled 2+2 coupé based on the A110 mechanicals called the A110 GT4.The car achieved international fame during the 1970–1972 seasons competing in the newly created International Championship for Manufacturers, winning events throughout Europe, and earning a reputation as one of the strongest rally cars of its time. Notable performances included a victory in the 1971 Monte Carlo Rally with Swedish driver Ove Andersson.\nAlpine played a key role in Renault's entry into Formula One. During the 1970s, Alpine had been involved in Formula Three and Formula Two track-racing series and ultimately persuaded Renault to enter Formula One. Alpine had built a Formula One testing mule by 1976, leading to Renault's full-scale entry into the prestigious global motorsport category. This involvement marked one of Alpine's enduring legacies, as Renault continues to be active in Formula One to this day.[4]After Alpine's acquisition by Renault in 1971, the International Championship was replaced by the World Rally Championship for 1973, at which time Renault elected to compete with the A110. With a team featuring Bernard Darniche, Jean-Pierre Nicolas and Jean-Luc Thérier as permanent drivers and \"guest stars\" like Jean-Claude Andruet (who won the 1973 Monte Carlo Rally) the A110 won most of the races where the works team was entered, making Alpine the first World Rally Champion. Later competition-spec A110s received engines of up to 1.8 litres.A110 1600SXIn addition to Alpine's own Dieppe factory, versions of the A110 were built under license by various other vehicle manufacturers around the world. From 1965 to 1974 the car was produced in Mexico under the name \"Dinalpin\" by Diesel Nacional (DINA), which also produced Renault vehicles. From 1967 to 1969, the A110 was also produced in Bulgaria under the name \"Bulgaralpine\" by a partnership formed between SPC Metalhim and ETO Bulet, whose collaboration also resulted in the production of the Bulgarrenault.In Spain, the Alpine A110 was produced by FASA in Valladolid from 1967 to 1978.[6] These were the only versions built outside France that were commercialised under the same names and to the same specifications as the French-built ones. FASA manufactured version A110 1100 (from 1967 to 1970) with 1108 cc engines, version A110 1300 (from 1971 to 1976) with 1289 cc engines, and version A110 1400 (from 1977 to 1978) with 1397 cc engines.In 1974, the mid-engine Lancia Stratos which was the first car designed specifically for rally racing, was operational and homologated. At the same time it was obvious that the rear-engine A110 was nearing the limits of its development potential. The adoption of fuel injection brought no performance increase. On some cars, a DOHC 16-valve head was fitted to the engine, but it proved unreliable. Chassis modifications, such as the usage of the A310's double wishbone rear suspension, homologated with the A110 1600SC, also failed to increase performance. On the international stage the Stratos proved to be the \"ultimate weapon\", soon making the A110, as well as many other rally cars, obsolete. The A110 remains a staple of vintage racing events such as the Rallye Monte-Carlo Historique.The Dieppe factory that served as the base for Jean Redele and Alpine continues to operate and produce cars. Notably, the legendary Renault 5 Turbo was built at the Dieppe factory. In more recent years, the factory became the headquarters of Renault Sport, where renowned performance cars such as the Clio 172, 182, Trophy, and the Megane R26.R and 275 Trophy R were designed and developed. This legacy of performance car development can be traced back to Dieppe and ultimately to the influence of Alpine and Jean Redele.[4]In 2012, to mark the 50th anniversary of the A110, Renault produced a concept car called the A110-50. The modern production version of the A110 was introduced by Renault in 2017.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ult-7"}],"text":"October 1962: Prototype unveiled at Paris Show.\nJune 1963: Production A110 launched with Renault 8-derived 956cc, 51 bhp engine, R8 four-speed gearbox and all-round disc brakes.\nOctober 1963: 1108cc,66 bhp engine from R8 Major offered in V70 model, with new all-synchro four-speed gearbox.\nOctober 1964: 1108cc, 85 bhp twin-carb R8 Gordini engine in 85 model. Five-speed ‘box optional. Competition 1100 also launched with high-compression, 1108cc,95bhp motor.\nJune 1965: 1300 announced with 1296cc, 115bhp R8 Gordini motor: nearly all five-speed.\nOctober 1965: 956cc and 85 models deleted; 1108cc single-carb version renamed Standard. Chromed vents appear below headlights.\nJune 1966: Production begins at FASA-Renault in Spain (cars have drum rear brakes).\nOctober 1966: Previous 1300 renamed Super, with extra 5bhp (to 120bhp) and five-speed. New 1300 has 1255cc, 105bhp R8 Gordini motor, and 1500 launched with 1470cc, 90bhp all-alloy motor from Renault 16. Twin Cibié driving lamps added to all models, and Renault badge appears on nose for first time.\nSeptember 1968: 1500 superseded by 1600, with 92bhp R16TS 1565cc engine. 100 model deleted, along with Cabriolet and GT4 coupé.\nOctober 1969: 1600S has high-comp, modified R16TS engine running twin Webers 45 giving 138bhp and 132mph through five-speed ’box.\nJanuary 1970: Four-speed base model: 1300cc V85, using RI2 1289cc,81 bhp motor. Five-speed 1300 and Super become 1300G and 1300S.\nOctober 1970: 1600 axed. Front indicators move from bumpers to wings on all cars. Group 4 1600S, with extra high-comp, 172bhp motor.\nMarch 1971: Spanish 1300, with all-disc brakes.\nOctober 1971: Range rationalised to 85 and 1600S models only.\nMay 1973: New 1600S has 1605cc, 138bhp engine from A310. Five-speed ‘box standard.\nOctober 1973: Bodywork gains flush-fitting push-button door handles. 85 becomes 1300. 1600S given A310 four-stud alloy wheels, removable rear panel (added to 1300 in June \"74), and rear suspension changed from swing axles to double wishbones. Two 1600 engines: SC with twin carbs and SI with Bosch fuel-injection. Group 4 rally 1600S replaced by 1800 (1798cc, 185bhp).\nOctober 1975: SX replaces 1600SC and SI, using 1647cc R16TX engine with single Weber carb. Chrome trim strips deleted.\nOctober 1976: 1600SX becomes only French A110, with ‘tape recorder’ alloys as used on Renault 5 Alpine.\nMay 1977: Spanish 1300 replaced by 1400.\nJuly 1977: Production at Dieppe ceases after 7176 cars built.\nMay 1978: Production ceases at FASA in Spain, where 1566 cars were made.[7]","title":"Model changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carthrottle-4"}],"text":"The A110 was fitted with a variety of engines between 1963 and 1977. The Alpine A110, driven by Jean-Luc Therier, became the first vehicle ever to win an international rally with a turbocharger when it secured victory at the 1972 Criterium des Cevennes rally. This achievement predated the introduction of Audi's turbocharged Ur-Quattro by eight years[4] Engines used on production cars included the following:","title":"Engines"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World Rally Championship victories"}] | [{"image_text":"A110 GT4","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alpine_GT_4.jpg/220px-Alpine_GT_4.jpg"},{"image_text":"A110 1600SX","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Paris_-_Retromobile_2012_-_Renault_Alpine_-_021.jpg/220px-Paris_-_Retromobile_2012_-_Renault_Alpine_-_021.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Designer\". ajovalo.net. Retrieved 8 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ajovalo.net/muotoilijat.htm","url_text":"\"Designer\""}]},{"reference":"Cumberford, Robert (August 2016). \"The Cumberford Perspective\". Sports Car Market. 28 (8): 68.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cumberford","url_text":"Cumberford, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Car_Market","url_text":"Sports Car Market"}]},{"reference":"Haajanen, Lennart (1 October 2007). Illustrated Dictionary of Automobile Body Styles. Mcfarland & Co Inc. p. 20. ISBN 978-0786437375.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786437375","url_text":"978-0786437375"}]},{"reference":"\"7 Incredible Things You Didn't Know About Alpine\". Car Throttle. 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carthrottle.com/post/7-incredible-things-you-didnt-know-about-alpine/","url_text":"\"7 Incredible Things You Didn't Know About Alpine\""}]},{"reference":"Cole, Lance (2017). The Classic Car Adventure: Driving Through History on the Road to Nostalgia. ISBN 978-1473896413.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473896413","url_text":"978-1473896413"}]},{"reference":"Alpine Renault Ultimate Portfolio 1958–1995. May 2007. ISBN 978-1855207424.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1855207424","url_text":"978-1855207424"}]},{"reference":"\"1961–1973 Renault Alpine A110\". www.topspeed.com. TopSpeed. 16 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topspeed.com/cars/renault/1961-1973-renault-alpine-a110-ar27769.html","url_text":"\"1961–1973 Renault Alpine A110\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ajovalo.net/muotoilijat.htm","external_links_name":"\"Designer\""},{"Link":"https://www.carthrottle.com/post/7-incredible-things-you-didnt-know-about-alpine/","external_links_name":"\"7 Incredible Things You Didn't Know About Alpine\""},{"Link":"http://www.clasicosydeportivos.es/","external_links_name":"/index_archivos/Page648.htm Alpine A110"},{"Link":"https://www.topspeed.com/cars/renault/1961-1973-renault-alpine-a110-ar27769.html","external_links_name":"\"1961–1973 Renault Alpine A110\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Air_Force_Falcons_football_team | 1981 Air Force Falcons football team | ["1 Schedule","2 Personnel","3 References"] | American college football season
1981 Air Force Falcons footballConferenceWestern Athletic ConferenceRecord4–7 (2–3 WAC)Head coachKen Hatfield (3rd season)Offensive coordinatorFisher DeBerry (1st season)Offensive schemeWishbone triple optionDefensive coordinatorChan Gailey (1st season)Base defense3–4Home stadiumFalcon StadiumSeasons← 19801982 →
1981 Western Athletic Conference football standings
vte
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
T
W
L
T
No. 13 BYU $
7
–
1
–
0
11
–
2
–
0
Hawaii
5
–
1
–
0
9
–
2
–
0
Utah
4
–
1
–
1
8
–
2
–
1
Wyoming
6
–
2
–
0
8
–
3
–
0
New Mexico
3
–
4
–
1
4
–
7
–
1
Air Force
2
–
3
–
0
4
–
7
–
0
San Diego State
3
–
5
–
0
6
–
5
–
0
UTEP
1
–
6
–
0
1
–
10
–
0
Colorado State
0
–
8
–
0
0
–
12
–
0
$ – Conference championRankings from AP Poll
The 1981 Air Force Falcons football team represented the United States Air Force Academy in the 1981 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was led by third-year head coach Ken Hatfield and played its home games at Falcon Stadium. It finished the regular season with a 4–7 overall record and a 2–3 record in Western Athletic Conference games.
Schedule
DateTimeOpponentSiteResultAttendanceSourceSeptember 12at No. 15 BYUCougar StadiumProvo, UTL 21–4538,712
September 19WyomingFalcon StadiumColorado Springs, COL 10–1728,200
September 26at New MexicoUniversity StadiumAlbuquerque, NML 10–2724,240
October 3Colorado StateFalcon StadiumColorado Springs, CO (rivalry)W 28–1420,300
October 10at Navy*Navy–Marine Corps Memorial StadiumAnnapolis, MD (Commander-in-Chief's Trophy)L 13–3031,191
October 17Tulane*Falcon StadiumColorado Springs, COL 13–3118,467
October 242:00 p.m.at Oregon*Autzen StadiumEugene, ORW 20–1023,290
October 31Army*Falcon StadiumColorado Springs, COW 7–331,535
November 141:00 p.m.Notre Dame*Falcon StadiumColorado Springs, CO (rivalry)L 7–3536,800
November 21at UNLV*Las Vegas Silver BowlLas Vegas, NVL 21–2422,574
November 28vs. San Diego StateOlympic Memorial StadiumTokyo, Japan (Mirage Bowl)W 21–1660,000
*Non-conference gameRankings from AP Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Central time
Personnel
1981 Air Force Falcons football team roster
Players
Coaches
Offense
Pos.
#
Name
Class
FB
John Kershner
So
OL
Dave Schrek
Jr
Defense
Pos.
#
Name
Class
DL
Chris Funk
Fr
S
Johnny Jackson
Sr
Special teams
Pos.
#
Name
Class
Head coach
Ken Hatfield
Coordinators/assistant coaches
Mike Heimerdinger (Wide receivers)
Legend
(C) Team captain
(S) Suspended
(I) Ineligible
Injured
Redshirt
References
^ "Football Schedule/Results: 1981-1982". Air Force Athletics. Archived from the original on October 8, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
^ "1981 Air Force Falcons Schedule and Results". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
^ Dunn, Marion (September 13, 1981). "Bottom Line: BYU 45, AFA 21". Daily Herald. p. 6. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Wyoming 17, Air Force 10". The Palm Beach Post. September 20, 1981. p. E8. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Lobos Beat Air Force". The Arizona Republic. September 27, 1981. p. G4. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Air Force 28, Colorado State 14". The Tampa Tribune. October 4, 1981. p. 6D. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Jackson, James H. (October 11, 1981). "Navy soars over Air Force, 30-13". The Baltimore Sun. p. C1. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Lewis paces Tulane over AF by 31–13". Alexandria Daily Town Talk. October 18, 1981. Retrieved October 19, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Welsh, Steve (October 25, 1981). "Air Force drops Oregon, 20-10". Statesman Journal. p. 1D. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Air Force 7, Army 3". The Tampa Tribune. November 1, 1981. p. 5D. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Irish Explode Late To Smash Air Force, 35-7". The Cincinnati Enquirer. November 15, 1981. p. C9. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Nevada-Las Vegas 24, Air Force 21". The Arizona Republic. November 22, 1981. p. G2. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "San Diego State Upset by Air Force". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. November 30, 1981. p. III-18. Retrieved October 19, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
vteAir Force Falcons footballVenues
DU Stadium (1955–1961)
Falcon Stadium (1962–present)
Bowls & rivalries
Bowl games
Army (Commander-in-Chief's Trophy)
Colorado State (Ram–Falcon Trophy)
Hawaii (Kuter Trophy)
Navy (Commander-in-Chief's Trophy)
Culture & lore
History
The Bird
"Falcon Fight Song"
"The U.S. Air Force"
United States Air Force Academy Band
People
Head coaches
Statistical leaders
NFL draftees
Seasons
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
This college football 1980s season article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Air Force Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy"},{"link_name":"1981 NCAA Division I-A football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season"},{"link_name":"Ken Hatfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Hatfield"},{"link_name":"Falcon Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Western Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 1981 Air Force Falcons football team represented the United States Air Force Academy in the 1981 NCAA Division I-A football season. 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Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87469818/","url_text":"\"Air Force 7, Army 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tampa_Tribune","url_text":"The Tampa Tribune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Explode Late To Smash Air Force, 35-7\". The Cincinnati Enquirer. November 15, 1981. p. C9. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87470092/","url_text":"\"Irish Explode Late To Smash Air Force, 35-7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Enquirer","url_text":"The Cincinnati Enquirer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Nevada-Las Vegas 24, Air Force 21\". The Arizona Republic. November 22, 1981. p. G2. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87470597/","url_text":"\"Nevada-Las Vegas 24, Air Force 21\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic","url_text":"The Arizona Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"San Diego State Upset by Air Force\". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. November 30, 1981. p. III-18. Retrieved October 19, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8421577/san_diego_state_upset_by_air_force/","url_text":"\"San Diego State Upset by Air Force\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131008194827/http://www.goairforcefalcons.com/sports/m-footbl/sched/afa-m-footbl-sched.html","external_links_name":"\"Football Schedule/Results: 1981-1982\""},{"Link":"http://www.goairforcefalcons.com/sports/m-footbl/sched/afa-m-footbl-sched.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/air-force/1981-schedule.html","external_links_name":"\"1981 Air Force Falcons Schedule and Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87466547/","external_links_name":"\"Bottom Line: BYU 45, AFA 21\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87468629/","external_links_name":"\"Wyoming 17, Air Force 10\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87468802/","external_links_name":"\"Lobos Beat Air Force\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87469011/","external_links_name":"\"Air Force 28, Colorado State 14\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87469237/","external_links_name":"\"Navy soars over Air Force, 30-13\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87410663/lewis-paces-tulane-over-af-by-3113/","external_links_name":"\"Lewis paces Tulane over AF by 31–13\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87469586/","external_links_name":"\"Air Force drops Oregon, 20-10\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87469818/","external_links_name":"\"Air Force 7, Army 3\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87470092/","external_links_name":"\"Irish Explode Late To Smash Air Force, 35-7\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87470597/","external_links_name":"\"Nevada-Las Vegas 24, Air Force 21\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8421577/san_diego_state_upset_by_air_force/","external_links_name":"\"San Diego State Upset by Air Force\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981_Air_Force_Falcons_football_team&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Slade_(film) | Jack Slade (film) | ["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"] | 1953 film by Harold D. Schuster
Jack SladeDirected byHarold SchusterWritten byWarren DouglasProduced by
John H. Burrows
Lindsley Parsons
StarringMark Stevens Dorothy Malone Barton MacLaneCinematographyWilliam A. SicknerEdited byLeonard W. HermanMusic byPaul DunlapProductioncompanies
Allied Artists Pictures
Monogram Pictures
Distributed by
Allied Artists Pictures
Associated British-Pathé
Interna Filmverleih
Comet Video
Release date
November 8, 1953 (1953-11-08)
Running time90 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Jack Slade is a 1953 American black-and-white Western film directed by Harold Schuster, written by Warren Douglas and starring Mark Stevens. It was followed by a sequel, The Return of Jack Slade (1955), also directed by Schuster, written by Douglas and starring John Ericson. Both were based on chapter 9 through 11 of Mark Twain's book Roughing It.
Cast
Mark Stevens as Jack Slade
Dorothy Malone as Virginia Maria Dale
Barton MacLane as Jules Reni
John Litel as Judge Davidson
Paul Langton as Dan Traver
Harry Shannon as Tom Carter
John Harmon as Hollis
Jim Bannon as Farnsworth
Lee Van Cleef as Bolt Mackay
David May as Tump
Ron Hargrave as Ned Prentice
Sammy Ogg as Joey Slade
Nelson Leigh as Alf Slade
Richard Reeves as Rufe Prentice
Dorothy Kennedy as Mrs. Ward
Duane Thorsen as Tad Prentice
Robert Carson as Holdup Man
Harry Cheshire as Mr. Hill
Bill Coontz as Barfly
Steve Darrell as Holdup Man
Tex Driscoll as Barfly
Donald Elson as Mr. Ward
Nancy Gilbert as Little Girl
John Halloran as Johnny Danton
Chick Hannan as Barfly
Jim Hayward as Bartender
Ray Jones as Townsman
Harry Landers as Danton Son
Scotty Morrow as The Ward Boy
Anna Navarro as Mexican Girl
Fox O'Callahan as Barfly
Tex Palmer as Townsman
Hank Patterson as Old Tom
Steve Pendleton as Stage Passenger
Jack Tornek as Barfly
Bob Woodward as Stage Driver
References
^ Reid, John Howard (September 16, 2015). World's Worst Westerns Plus Some of the Best Your Guide to the Best of the Worst. Lulu.com. p. 70. ISBN 9781329548374.
^ Reid, John Howard (2006). Cinemascope 3: Hollywood Takes the Plunge. Lulu.com. p. 202. ISBN 9781411671881.
^ Weisenburger, Steven (2006). A Gravity's Rainbow Companion: Sources and Contexts for Pynchon's Novel. University of Georgia Press. p. 155. ISBN 9780820328119.
External links
Jack Slade at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black-and-white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_white_film"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Harold Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Schuster"},{"link_name":"Warren Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Mark Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stevens_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Return of Jack Slade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_Jack_Slade"},{"link_name":"John Ericson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ericson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"Roughing It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roughing_It"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Jack Slade is a 1953 American black-and-white Western film directed by Harold Schuster, written by Warren Douglas and starring Mark Stevens.[1] It was followed by a sequel, The Return of Jack Slade (1955), also directed by Schuster, written by Douglas and starring John Ericson.[2] Both were based on chapter 9 through 11 of Mark Twain's book Roughing It.[3]","title":"Jack Slade (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stevens_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jack Slade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Slade"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Malone"},{"link_name":"Barton MacLane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_MacLane"},{"link_name":"John Litel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Litel"},{"link_name":"Paul Langton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Langton"},{"link_name":"Harry Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Shannon_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Harmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harmon_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jim Bannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bannon"},{"link_name":"Lee Van Cleef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Van_Cleef"},{"link_name":"Ron Hargrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Hargrave"},{"link_name":"Nelson Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Leigh"},{"link_name":"Richard Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Reeves_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Robert Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Carson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Harry Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Bill Coontz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Coontz"},{"link_name":"Steve Darrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Darrell"},{"link_name":"Chick Hannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_Hannan"},{"link_name":"Harry Landers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Landers"},{"link_name":"Anna Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Navarro"},{"link_name":"Tex Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Hank Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Patterson"},{"link_name":"Steve Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Pendleton"},{"link_name":"Bob Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Woodward_(actor)"}],"text":"Mark Stevens as Jack Slade\nDorothy Malone as Virginia Maria Dale\nBarton MacLane as Jules Reni\nJohn Litel as Judge Davidson\nPaul Langton as Dan Traver\nHarry Shannon as Tom Carter\nJohn Harmon as Hollis\nJim Bannon as Farnsworth\nLee Van Cleef as Bolt Mackay\nDavid May as Tump\nRon Hargrave as Ned Prentice\nSammy Ogg as Joey Slade\nNelson Leigh as Alf Slade\nRichard Reeves as Rufe Prentice\nDorothy Kennedy as Mrs. Ward\nDuane Thorsen as Tad Prentice\nRobert Carson as Holdup Man\nHarry Cheshire as Mr. Hill\nBill Coontz as Barfly\nSteve Darrell as Holdup Man\nTex Driscoll as Barfly\nDonald Elson as Mr. Ward\nNancy Gilbert as Little Girl\nJohn Halloran as Johnny Danton\nChick Hannan as Barfly\nJim Hayward as Bartender\nRay Jones as Townsman\nHarry Landers as Danton Son\nScotty Morrow as The Ward Boy\nAnna Navarro as Mexican Girl\nFox O'Callahan as Barfly\nTex Palmer as Townsman\nHank Patterson as Old Tom\nSteve Pendleton as Stage Passenger\nJack Tornek as Barfly\nBob Woodward as Stage Driver","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Reid, John Howard (September 16, 2015). World's Worst Westerns Plus Some of the Best Your Guide to the Best of the Worst. Lulu.com. p. 70. ISBN 9781329548374.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ic-ZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70","url_text":"World's Worst Westerns Plus Some of the Best Your Guide to the Best of the Worst"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu.com","url_text":"Lulu.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781329548374","url_text":"9781329548374"}]},{"reference":"Reid, John Howard (2006). Cinemascope 3: Hollywood Takes the Plunge. Lulu.com. p. 202. ISBN 9781411671881.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lmc4m9FNUAsC&pg=PA202","url_text":"Cinemascope 3: Hollywood Takes the Plunge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu.com","url_text":"Lulu.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781411671881","url_text":"9781411671881"}]},{"reference":"Weisenburger, Steven (2006). A Gravity's Rainbow Companion: Sources and Contexts for Pynchon's Novel. University of Georgia Press. p. 155. ISBN 9780820328119.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MDn6CWKirXMC&pg=PA155","url_text":"A Gravity's Rainbow Companion: Sources and Contexts for Pynchon's Novel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press","url_text":"University of Georgia Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820328119","url_text":"9780820328119"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ic-ZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70","external_links_name":"World's Worst Westerns Plus Some of the Best Your Guide to the Best of the Worst"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lmc4m9FNUAsC&pg=PA202","external_links_name":"Cinemascope 3: Hollywood Takes the Plunge"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MDn6CWKirXMC&pg=PA155","external_links_name":"A Gravity's Rainbow Companion: Sources and Contexts for Pynchon's Novel"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045925/","external_links_name":"Jack Slade"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lawton_(settler) | George Lawton (settler) | ["1 Life","2 Family","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Bibliography","5 External links"] | George LawtonBornbaptized 23 September 1607Cranfield, Bedfordshire, EnglandDied5 October 1693Portsmouth, Rhode IslandSpouseElizabeth HazardChildrenIsabel, John, Mary, George, Robert, Susanna, Ruth, Mercy, Job, ElizabethParent(s)George Lawton and Isabel Smith
George Lawton (1607-1693) was an early settler of Portsmouth in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Late in life Lawton became active in the affairs of the colony, and served for several years as both Deputy to the General Assembly, and Assistant to the governor. His house was sometimes used for meetings of colonial leaders and committees. He became such a highly esteemed member of the colony, that in 1676 he was one of 16 individuals whose counsel was requested by the General Assembly during the chaotic events of King Philip's War.
Life
Baptized in the parish of Cranfield in Bedfordshire, England on 23 September 1607, George Lawton was the oldest of eight children of George Lawton and Isabel Smith. About 1637 he left England for New England, probably accompanied by his younger brother Thomas. In 1638 Lawton was accepted as an inhabitant of Aquidneck Island, in what was soon to become the town of Portsmouth in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Dissension arose among the leaders of this colony, and in April 1639 a group of nine individuals signed an agreement for a government and moved to the south end of the island to establish the town of Newport. Within days of this, on 30 April, Lawton was one of 29 inhabitants remaining in Portsmouth who signed their own compact for a government. In 1648 he was granted 40 acres of land, near that of his brother Thomas, and this same year he became a member of the Court of Trials. His name appears on a list of Portsmouth freemen in 1655, and in 1665 he became involved in the service of the colony as a Deputy to the General Assembly, a position he held for five of the next 15 years. Lawton had a land interest in Conanicut Island (now Jamestown, Rhode Island), and in March 1672 sold 24 acres to merchant Richard Smith of Newport.
Lawton was one of 16 prominent citizens whose counsel was sought during King Philip's War.
The year 1675 brought about the beginning of King Philip's War, the most devastating event to occur in the Rhode Island colony prior to the American Revolutionary War. During this war all of Warwick, all of Pawtuxet, and much of Providence were destroyed. In April 1676 the General Assembly voted "That in these troublesome times and straits in this colony, the Assembly desiring to have the advice and concurrence of the most judicious inhabitants, if it may be had for the good of the whole, do desire at their next sitting, the company and counsel of.." and 16 names are thereafter written, among which is the name of George Lawton. In May 1676 Lawton and John Easton were directed to go to Providence to determine if garrison houses there should be maintained at the colony's expense. In October 1678 the Assembly determined that a meeting was to be held at Lawton's house the following January to audit the accounts between Newport and Portsmouth concerning the expenses from the recent war.
In May 1680 Lawton and two others were empowered to purchase a bell for the colony, to be used for giving notice of the sittings of the assemblies, courts of trial, and general councils. Previously these assemblies were gathered by drum beat. A bell was purchased for £3 10s from Freelove Arnold, the daughter of the late Governor Benedict Arnold.
In 1680 Lawton was elected to the position of Assistant, and held this position for seven of the next ten years. In January 1690 he was one of six Assistants who drafted a letter to the new English monarchs, William III and Mary II, congratulating them for their accession to the throne, and also mentioning the seizure of Governor Andros in Rhode Island, and his removal to Massachusetts for trial.
Lawton died on 5 October 1693 and was buried in his orchard in Portsmouth.
Family
Although the exact date is unknown, it is believed that in 1647 Lawton married the much younger Elizabeth Hazard, the daughter of early Newport founder Thomas Hazard (Lawton may have been older than his father-in-law). The couple had ten known children, of whom Isabel married Major John Albro, Mary married John Babcock, and John married Mary Boomer. George married Naomi Hunt, Robert married Mary Wodell, and Ruth married William Wodell. Susanna married Thomas Cornell, Mercy married James Tripp, Elizabeth married Robert Carr, Jr., and Job did not marry.
Lawton's brother, Thomas Lawton (1614-c.1681) was also an early inhabitant of Portsmouth. Among George Lawton's descendants is Gideon Cornell, the first Chief Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court.
See also
United States portalNew England portalRhode Island portalBiography portal
List of early settlers of Rhode Island
Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
References
^ a b c Shurtleff & Shurtleff 2005, p. 73.
^ Shurtleff & Shurtleff 2005, pp. 73–4.
^ a b c d e Austin 1887, p. 121.
^ a b Austin 1887, pp. 121–2.
^ a b c d e Austin 1887, p. 122.
Bibliography
Austin, John Osborne (1887). Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island. Albany, New York: J. Munsell's Sons. ISBN 978-0-8063-0006-1.
Shurtleff, William Roy; Shurtleff, Lawton Lothrop (2005). The Shurtleff and Lawton Families: Genealogy and History, second edition. Lafayette, California: Pine Hill Press. pp. 73–4. ISBN 0-942515-10-2.
External links
Lawton genealogy
Lawton genealogy, 2005 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations"},{"link_name":"one of 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_settlers_of_Rhode_Island#Colonial_leaders_during_King_Philip's_War"},{"link_name":"King Philip's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War"}],"text":"George Lawton (1607-1693) was an early settler of Portsmouth in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Late in life Lawton became active in the affairs of the colony, and served for several years as both Deputy to the General Assembly, and Assistant to the governor. His house was sometimes used for meetings of colonial leaders and committees. 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Within days of this, on 30 April, Lawton was one of 29 inhabitants remaining in Portsmouth who signed their own compact for a government.[3] In 1648 he was granted 40 acres of land, near that of his brother Thomas, and this same year he became a member of the Court of Trials.[3] His name appears on a list of Portsmouth freemen in 1655, and in 1665 he became involved in the service of the colony as a Deputy to the General Assembly, a position he held for five of the next 15 years.[3] Lawton had a land interest in Conanicut Island (now Jamestown, Rhode Island), and in March 1672 sold 24 acres to merchant Richard Smith of Newport.[3]Lawton was one of 16 prominent citizens whose counsel was sought during King Philip's War.The year 1675 brought about the beginning of King Philip's War, the most devastating event to occur in the Rhode Island colony prior to the American Revolutionary War. During this war all of Warwick, all of Pawtuxet, and much of Providence were destroyed. In April 1676 the General Assembly voted \"That in these troublesome times and straits in this colony, the Assembly desiring to have the advice and concurrence of the most judicious inhabitants, if it may be had for the good of the whole, do desire at their next sitting, the company and counsel of..\" and 16 names are thereafter written, among which is the name of George Lawton.[4] In May 1676 Lawton and John Easton were directed to go to Providence to determine if garrison houses there should be maintained at the colony's expense.[5] In October 1678 the Assembly determined that a meeting was to be held at Lawton's house the following January to audit the accounts between Newport and Portsmouth concerning the expenses from the recent war.[5]In May 1680 Lawton and two others were empowered to purchase a bell for the colony, to be used for giving notice of the sittings of the assemblies, courts of trial, and general councils. Previously these assemblies were gathered by drum beat. A bell was purchased for £3 10s from Freelove Arnold, the daughter of the late Governor Benedict Arnold.[5]In 1680 Lawton was elected to the position of Assistant, and held this position for seven of the next ten years. In January 1690 he was one of six Assistants who drafted a letter to the new English monarchs, William III and Mary II, congratulating them for their accession to the throne, and also mentioning the seizure of Governor Andros in Rhode Island, and his removal to Massachusetts for trial.[5]Lawton died on 5 October 1693 and was buried in his orchard in Portsmouth.[5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newport founder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_settlers_of_Rhode_Island#Founders_of_Newport"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hazard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hazard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShurtleffShurtleff200573-1"},{"link_name":"John Albro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Albro_(settler)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin1887121%E2%80%932-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShurtleffShurtleff200573-1"},{"link_name":"Gideon Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Cornell"},{"link_name":"first Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chief_Justices_of_the_Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court"}],"text":"Although the exact date is unknown, it is believed that in 1647 Lawton married the much younger Elizabeth Hazard, the daughter of early Newport founder Thomas Hazard (Lawton may have been older than his father-in-law).[1] The couple had ten known children, of whom Isabel married Major John Albro, Mary married John Babcock, and John married Mary Boomer. George married Naomi Hunt, Robert married Mary Wodell, and Ruth married William Wodell. Susanna married Thomas Cornell, Mercy married James Tripp, Elizabeth married Robert Carr, Jr., and Job did not marry.[4]Lawton's brother, Thomas Lawton (1614-c.1681) was also an early inhabitant of Portsmouth.[1] Among George Lawton's descendants is Gideon Cornell, the first Chief Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court.","title":"Family"}] | [{"image_text":"Lawton was one of 16 prominent citizens whose counsel was sought during King Philip's War.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Indians_Attacking_a_Garrison_House.jpg/220px-Indians_Attacking_a_Garrison_House.jpg"}] | [{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"New England portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_England"},{"title":"Rhode Island portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Rhode_Island"},{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"List of early settlers of Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_settlers_of_Rhode_Island"},{"title":"Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations"}] | [{"reference":"Austin, John Osborne (1887). Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island. Albany, New York: J. Munsell's Sons. ISBN 978-0-8063-0006-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Osborne_Austin","url_text":"Austin, John Osborne"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LA7ntaS11ocC&q=abbott%2C+daniel+235","url_text":"Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-0006-1","url_text":"978-0-8063-0006-1"}]},{"reference":"Shurtleff, William Roy; Shurtleff, Lawton Lothrop (2005). The Shurtleff and Lawton Families: Genealogy and History, second edition. Lafayette, California: Pine Hill Press. pp. 73–4. ISBN 0-942515-10-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RL5RAAAAMAAJ&q=Cranfield+parish+Lawton&pg=PA74","url_text":"The Shurtleff and Lawton Families: Genealogy and History, second edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942515-10-2","url_text":"0-942515-10-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LA7ntaS11ocC&q=abbott%2C+daniel+235","external_links_name":"Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RL5RAAAAMAAJ&q=Cranfield+parish+Lawton&pg=PA74","external_links_name":"The Shurtleff and Lawton Families: Genealogy and History, second edition"},{"Link":"http://www.usgennet.org/family/baicon/data/fam10758.htm","external_links_name":"Lawton genealogy"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/shurtlefflawtonf00shur/page/74","external_links_name":"Lawton genealogy, 2005"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Jimmerson | Art Jimmerson | ["1 Biography","1.1 Ultimate Fighting Championship","1.2 Later career","1.3 Death","2 Professional boxing record","3 Mixed martial arts record","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | American martial artist (1963–2024)
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Art JimmersonBornArthur Jimmerson(1963-08-04)August 4, 1963St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.DiedMay 8, 2024(2024-05-08) (aged 60)Height5 ft 11 in (180 cm)Weight190 lb (86 kg; 13 st 8 lb)DivisionCruiserweightLight heavyweightSuper middleweightStyleBoxingStanceOrthodoxFighting out ofSt. Louis, MissouriProfessional boxing recordTotal51Wins33By knockout17Losses18Draws0No contests0
Other informationBoxing record from BoxRecMixed martial arts record from Sherdog
Arthur Jimmerson (August 4, 1963 – May 8, 2024) was an American boxer and mixed martial artist who competed at super middleweight, light heavyweight, and cruiserweight. As an amateur, Jimmerson was the 1983 National Golden Gloves Middleweight champion. He finished his boxing career in 2002, with a record of 33–18.
As a professional boxer, he fought many world champions, including Dennis Andries, Jeff Harding, Vassiliy Jirov and Orlin Norris.
Biography
Ultimate Fighting Championship
In November 1993, Jimmerson competed at the very first Ultimate Fighting Championship competition, UFC 1. He came to his first match wearing only one boxing glove in order to protect his jab hand and leave free the other, which earned him the nickname of Art "One Glove" Jimmerson in the process. His opponent would be Brazilian jiu-jitsu master and eventual tournament winner Royce Gracie.
Gracie opened the fight keeping distance with Jimmerson via front kicks. He then shot a double leg takedown and achieved mount over the boxer, grapevining his legs and tying up his arms. After Gracie landed the first headbutt, Jimmerson, who had been unsuccessfully trying to get out of the hold, tapped out. It was Jimmerson's first and last MMA match, as he returned to boxing shortly after.
Later career
Jimmerson was the head boxing coach at the UFC GYM in Torrance, CA.
Jimmerson expressed an interest in fighting former YouTube sensation and UFC fighter Kimbo Slice in a boxing match.
Death
Jimmerson died on May 8, 2024, at the age of 60.
Professional boxing record
33 Wins (17 knockouts, 16 decisions), 18 Losses (12 knockouts, 6 decisions)
Result
Record
Opponent
Type
Round
Date
Location
Notes
Loss
33-18
Rydell Booker
TKO
2
23/11/2002
Danville, Virginia, U.S.
Loss
33-17
Mike Rodgers
TKO
3
12/10/2002
Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
WBF Cruiserweight/Super Cruiserweight Titles.
Loss
33-16
Rich LaMontagne
TKO
1
28/06/2002
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
EBA Cruiserweight Title.
Loss
33-15
Mike Rodgers
DQ
3
11/08/2001
Little Rock, Arkansas, U.S.
Loss
33-14
Arthur Williams
KO
1
09/01/1999
Pensacola, Florida, U.S.
Jimmerson knocked out at 0:54 of the first round.
Loss
33-13
Adolpho Washington
TKO
3
27/11/1998
Gary, Indiana, U.S.
Referee stopped the bout at 1:33 of the third round.
Loss
33-12
Dale Brown
KO
3
03/04/1998
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
NABF Cruiserweight Title. Jimmerson knocked out at 1:10 of the third round.
Loss
33-11
Vassiliy Jirov
TKO
2
06/12/1997
Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
Referee stopped the bout at 2:55 of the second round.
Loss
33-10
Terry Dunstan
TKO
1
12/04/1997
Sheffield, England, U.K.
Win
33-9
Earl Abernathy
UD
6
23/09/1996
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Loss
32-9
Torsten May
KO
5
09/09/1995
Bielefeld, Germany
Loss
32-8
Brian LaSpada
DQ
11
17/06/1995
Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
NABF Cruiserweight Title. Jimmerson disqualified at 2:31 of the 11th round for low blows.
Win
32-7
Jerry Halstead
SD
8
01/05/1995
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Loss
31-7
Holsey Ellingburg
PTS
8
29/10/1994
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
31-6
Anthony Peat
KO
3
10/10/1994
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
30-6
Lopez McGee
PTS
6
01/04/1994
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Loss
29-6
Orlin Norris
TKO
4
09/01/1994
Del Mar, California, U.S.
Win
29-5
Rick Myers
TKO
4
27/09/1993
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
28-5
Tim Fitzgerald
TKO
1
06/05/1993
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
27-5
Mike Smith
KO
2
15/03/1993
Jefferson City, Missouri, U.S.
Win
26-5
Lopez McGee
TKO
3
08/03/1993
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
25-5
Larry Prather
UD
10
11/01/1993
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
24-5
Tim Johnson
PTS
10
30/11/1992
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
23-5
John Collier
PTS
6
29/08/1992
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
22-5
Lopez McGee
UD
8
17/08/1992
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
21-5
Sylvester White
PTS
8
22/06/1992
Bridgeton, Missouri, U.S.
Win
20-5
Tim Knight
TKO
6
13/04/1992
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
19-5
Phil Brown
KO
3
27/03/1992
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
18-5
Jordan Keepers
TKO
1
20/03/1992
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
17-5
Tim Knight
DQ
7
17/02/1992
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
16-5
William Dorsett
TKO
1
06/01/1992
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
15-5
Paul McPeek
TKO
9
03/05/1991
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
IBC Americas Light Heavyweight Title.
Loss
14-5
Andrew Maynard
RTD
3
29/04/1990
Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
NABF Light Heavyweight Title.
Win
14-4
Randy Smith
UD
10
09/03/1990
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
13-4
William Knorr
TKO
1
16/02/1990
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Loss
12-4
Dennis Andries
UD
10
26/10/1989
Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
Loss
12-3
Jeff Harding
UD
10
01/03/1989
Newcastle, Australia
Win
12-2
Bill Lee
UD
10
29/10/1988
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
11-2
Jerry Okorodudu
UD
10
27/09/1988
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
10-2
Lenny LaPaglia
TKO
6
14/07/1988
New York City, New York, U.S.
Win
9-2
Lopez McGee
PTS
10
09/06/1988
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
8-2
Danny Thomas
PTS
6
19/05/1988
Saginaw, Michigan, U.S.
Win
7-2
Assim Rezzaq
KO
3
05/03/1988
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Win
6-2
John Moore
SD
6
23/01/1988
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Loss
5-2
Manuel Murillo
TKO
7
19/06/1986
San Diego, California, U.S.
Referee stopped the bout at 1:13 of the seventh round.
Loss
5-1
David Johnson
MD
6
10/02/1986
Inglewood, California, U.S.
Win
5-0
Danny Blake
PTS
8
02/11/1985
San Francisco, California, U.S.
Win
4-0
John Murphy
TKO
2
27/09/1985
Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.
Win
3-0
Robert Williams
TKO
2
18/07/1985
San Diego, California, U.S.
Referee stopped the bout at 1:17 of the second round.
Win
2-0
Manuel Leyva
KO
1
27/06/1985
San Diego, California, U.S.
Leyva knocked out at 2:24 of the first round.
Win
1-0
Sal Trujillo
KO
1
25/04/1985
San Diego, California, U.S.
Trujillo knocked out at 1:08 of the first round.
Mixed martial arts record
Professional record breakdown
1 match
0 wins
1 loss
By knockout
0
0
By submission
0
1
By decision
0
0
Res.
Record
Opponent
Method
Event
Date
Round
Time
Location
Notes
Loss
0–1
Royce Gracie
Submission (smother choke)
UFC 1
November 12, 1993
1
2:18
Denver, Colorado, United States
UFC 1 Tournament Quarterfinal.
See also
List of mixed martial artists with professional boxing records
References
^ Don Beu, The Ultimate Fighting Championship: Jujutsu and Royce Gracie Reign Supreme at No-Holds-Barred Tournament, Black Belt magazine, March 1994
^ "Art "One Glove" Jimmerson Talks James Toney, UFC 1". Full Mount. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
^ "MMAFighting". Ariel Helwani. MMAFighting.
^ UFC pioneer Art 'One Glove' Jimmerson dies at age 60 ESPN
^ "Art Jimmerson, UFC 1 pioneer and professional boxer, dead at 60". MMA Junkie. 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
^ "Art Jimmerson - Boxer". Archived from the original on 2015-03-29. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
External links
Boxing record for Art Jimmerson from BoxRec (registration required)
Art Jimmerson at IMDb
Official page on Blogger
Professional MMA record for Art Jimmerson from Sherdog
Art Jimmerson at UFC
Art Jimmerson: Where is he now | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"super middleweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_middleweight"},{"link_name":"light heavyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_heavyweight"},{"link_name":"cruiserweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiserweight_(boxing)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Andries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Andries"},{"link_name":"Jeff Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Harding_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Vassiliy Jirov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassiliy_Jirov"},{"link_name":"Orlin Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlin_Norris"}],"text":"Arthur Jimmerson (August 4, 1963 – May 8, 2024) was an American boxer and mixed martial artist who competed at super middleweight, light heavyweight, and cruiserweight. As an amateur, Jimmerson was the 1983 National Golden Gloves Middleweight champion. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Pekari%C4%87 | Nino Pekarić | ["1 Honours","2 External links"] | Serbian footballer
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Nino PekarićPersonal informationFull name
Nino PekarićDate of birth
(1982-08-16) 16 August 1982 (age 41)Place of birth
Novi Sad, SFR YugoslaviaHeight
1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)Position(s)
DefenderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2001–2004
Radnički Obrenovac
79
(4)2004–2007
Vojvodina
86
(3)2008–2009
Dinamo București
3
(0)2008–2009
→ Red Star Belgrade (loan)
3
(0)2011
Novi Sad
4
(0)2011–2012
Nea Salamis Famagusta
4
(0)2013
Hajduk Kula
12
(0)2013
Novi Pazar
4
(0)2014–2017
Vojvodina
45
(2)International career2002
FR Yugoslavia U21
1
(1)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 30 August 2015
Nino Pekarić (Serbian Cyrillic: Нино Пекарић; born 16 August 1982) is a former Serbian professional footballer who played as a defender.
Honours
Vojvodina
Serbian Cup (1): 2013–14
External links
Nino Pekarić at Soccerway
This biographical article related to a Serbian association football defender is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"}],"text":"Nino Pekarić (Serbian Cyrillic: Нино Пекарић; born 16 August 1982) is a former Serbian professional footballer who played as a defender.","title":"Nino Pekarić"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cup"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Serbian_Cup"}],"text":"VojvodinaSerbian Cup (1): 2013–14","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22","external_links_name":"\"Nino Pekarić\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22","external_links_name":"\"Nino Pekarić\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22","external_links_name":"\"Nino Pekarić\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nino+Pekari%C4%87%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/nino-pekaric/181455/","external_links_name":"Nino Pekarić"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nino_Pekari%C4%87&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ormrod | Roger Ormrod | ["1 Biography","2 Sources","3 References"] | English judge (1911–1992)
The Right HonourableSir Roger OrmrodLord Justice of AppealIn office1974 – 1982 (retired)
Personal detailsBorn20 October 1911Died6 January 1992NationalityBritishSpouseAnne LushAlma materThe Queen's College, OxfordProfessionbarristerCommitteesLord Chancellor's committee on legal education (chair, 1968)Military serviceBranch/serviceRoyal Army Medical CorpsYears of service1942–1945RankmajorUnitdeputy assistant director of medical services, 8th Corps
Sir Roger Fray Greenwood Ormrod, PC (20 October 1911 – 6 January 1992) was a British Lord Justice of Appeal.
Biography
Ormrod was educated at Shrewsbury School and the Queen's College, Oxford. Although he had studied law at university, his father insisted that he train as a doctor.
After serving in the Royal Army Medical Corps during the Second World War, he returned to legal practice, specialising in divorce cases and becoming Queen's Counsel in 1958. In 1961 he was appointed a judge of the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division, and in 1974 a Lord Justice of Appeal. He was a significant figure in the development of the jurisprudence of no-fault divorce in the English courts.
His best known finding came in the divorce case of Corbett v Corbett (1971), in which the wife was a transgender woman. Ormrod held that, for the purpose of marriage, sex was to be legally defined by three factors that he called 'biological' – namely chromosomal, gonadal and genital. Any 'operative intervention' was to be ignored, as were any 'psychological factors' (in that case identified with 'transsexualism'). He said:
Having regard to the essentially heterosexual character of the relationship which is called marriage, the criteria must, in my judgment, be biological, for even the most extreme degree of transsexualism in a male or the most severe hormonal imbalance which can exist in a person with male chromosomes, male gonads and male genitalia cannot reproduce a person who is naturally capable of performing the essential role of a woman in marriage.
On the basis of the medical evidence, Ormrod held that the wife was not a woman for the purposes of marriage but a biological male, and had been so since birth. Accordingly, as the relationship called marriage "is and always has been recognised as the union of man and woman", the marriage was void ab initio.
Ormrod was for many years the chairman of the very successful Notting Hill Housing Trust a charitable housing association then operating mostly in RBK&C and the LB Hammersmith and Fulham.
Sources
Obituary in The Times, 9 January 1992.
References
^ a b c "Judgment: Corbett v Corbett (otherwise Ashley)" (PDF). February 1970.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
This United Kingdom law-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lord Justice of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Justice_of_Appeal"}],"text":"Sir Roger Fray Greenwood Ormrod, PC (20 October 1911 – 6 January 1992) was a British Lord Justice of Appeal.","title":"Roger Ormrod"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shrewsbury School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_School"},{"link_name":"the Queen's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Royal Army Medical Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Queen's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice#Family_Division"},{"link_name":"no-fault divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-fault_divorce"},{"link_name":"Corbett v Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbett_v_Corbett"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CaseReport-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CaseReport-1"},{"link_name":"void","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_(law)"},{"link_name":"ab initio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_initio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CaseReport-1"}],"text":"Ormrod was educated at Shrewsbury School and the Queen's College, Oxford. Although he had studied law at university, his father insisted that he train as a doctor.After serving in the Royal Army Medical Corps during the Second World War, he returned to legal practice, specialising in divorce cases and becoming Queen's Counsel in 1958. In 1961 he was appointed a judge of the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division, and in 1974 a Lord Justice of Appeal. He was a significant figure in the development of the jurisprudence of no-fault divorce in the English courts.His best known finding came in the divorce case of Corbett v Corbett (1971), in which the wife was a transgender woman. Ormrod held that, for the purpose of marriage, sex was to be legally defined by three factors that he called 'biological' – namely chromosomal, gonadal and genital. Any 'operative intervention' was to be ignored, as were any 'psychological factors' (in that case identified with 'transsexualism').[1] He said:Having regard to the essentially heterosexual character of the relationship which is called marriage, the criteria must, in my judgment, be biological, for even the most extreme degree of transsexualism in a male or the most severe hormonal imbalance which can exist in a person with male chromosomes, male gonads and male genitalia cannot reproduce a person who is naturally capable of performing the essential role of a woman in marriage.[1]On the basis of the medical evidence, Ormrod held that the wife was not a woman for the purposes of marriage but a biological male, and had been so since birth. Accordingly, as the relationship called marriage \"is and always has been recognised as the union of man and woman\", the marriage was void ab initio.[1]Ormrod was for many years the chairman of the very successful Notting Hill Housing Trust a charitable housing association then operating mostly in RBK&C and the LB Hammersmith and Fulham.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"}],"text":"Obituary in The Times, 9 January 1992.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Judgment: Corbett v Corbett (otherwise Ashley)\" (PDF). February 1970.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pfc.org.uk/caselaw/Corbett%20v%20Corbett.pdf","url_text":"\"Judgment: Corbett v Corbett (otherwise Ashley)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.pfc.org.uk/caselaw/Corbett%20v%20Corbett.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Judgment: Corbett v Corbett (otherwise Ashley)\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/224056806","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJth6BvKCBmbK3TMgRy8G3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012040261","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Ormrod&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Dakota | 1944 United States Senate election in North Dakota | ["1 Democratic primary","1.1 Candidates","1.2 Results","2 Republican primary","2.1 Candidates","2.2 Results","3 General election","3.1 Results","4 References"] | 1944 United States Senate election in North Dakota
← 1938
November 7, 1944
1946 (special) →
Nominee
John Moses
Gerald Nye
Lynn Stambaugh
Party
Democratic
Republican
Independent Republican
Popular vote
95,102
69,530
44,596
Percentage
45.20%
33.04%
21.19%
County resultsMoses: 30–40% 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% Nye: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 80–90% Stambaugh: 30–40%
U.S. senator before election
Gerald Nye
Republican
Elected U.S. Senator
John Moses
Democratic
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vte
The 1944 United States Senate election in North Dakota took place on November 7, 1944. Incumbent Republican Senator Gerald Nye ran for re-election to his fourth term. He faced a serious challenge to his renomination in the Republican primary, with prominent Fargo attorney Lynn Stambaugh and Congressman Usher L. Burdick running against him. He won with one-third of the vote, defeating Shambaugh, his closest opponent, by fewer than 1,000 votes. In the general election, Stambaugh continued his campaign against Nye as an independent, splitting the Republican vote as Governor John Moses, the Democratic nominee, ran a strong campaign. Though Nye had benefited from crowded general elections before, he bled Republican support to Stambaugh and Moses unseated him with just 45% of the vote. However, just a few months into Moses's term, he died in office, flipping the seat back to Republican control and triggering a June 1946 special election.
Democratic primary
Candidates
John Moses, Governor of North Dakota
Results
Democratic primary
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
John Moses
14,650
100.00%
Total votes
14,650
100.00%
Republican primary
Candidates
Gerald Nye, incumbent U.S. Senator
Lynn Stambaugh, Fargo attorney, former national commander of the American Legion
Usher L. Burdick, U.S. Congressman from North Dakota's at-large congressional district
A. C. Townley
Results
Republican primary
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Gerald Nye (inc.)
38,191
33.98%
Republican
Lynn Stambaugh
37,219
33.11%
Republican
Usher L. Burdick
35,687
31.75%
Republican
A. C. Townley
1,300
1.16%
Total votes
112,397
100.00%
General election
Results
1944 United States Senate election in North Dakota
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Democratic
John Moses
95,102
45.20%
+2.63%
Republican
Gerald Nye (inc.)
69,530
33.04%
-17.08%
Independent Republican
Lynn Stambaugh
44,596
21.19%
—
Independent
Bernard H. O'Laughlin
705
0.34%
—
Independent
L. D. Harris
489
0.23%
—
Majority
25,572
12.15%
+4.59%
Turnout
210,422
Democratic gain from Republican
References
^ "Stambaugh Says Nye is Conducting Smear Campaign". Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, N.D. September 13, 1944. p. 1. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
^ a b "Primary Election 06-27-1944" (PDF). Secretary of State of North Dakota. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
^ "Stambaugh Announces He'll Be Candidate for Senator". Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, N.D. March 10, 1944. p. 1. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
^ "General Election 11-07-1944" (PDF). Secretary of State of North Dakota. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
vte(1942←) 1944 United States elections (→1946)President
1944 United States presidential election
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vteElections in North DakotaGeneral
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See also: Political party strength in North Dakota | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerald Nye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Nye"},{"link_name":"Fargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Usher L. Burdick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usher_L._Burdick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"John Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moses_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"June 1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_North_Dakota"}],"text":"The 1944 United States Senate election in North Dakota took place on November 7, 1944. Incumbent Republican Senator Gerald Nye ran for re-election to his fourth term. He faced a serious challenge to his renomination in the Republican primary, with prominent Fargo attorney Lynn Stambaugh and Congressman Usher L. Burdick running against him. He won with one-third of the vote, defeating Shambaugh, his closest opponent, by fewer than 1,000 votes. In the general election, Stambaugh continued his campaign against Nye as an independent,[1] splitting the Republican vote as Governor John Moses, the Democratic nominee, ran a strong campaign. Though Nye had benefited from crowded general elections before, he bled Republican support to Stambaugh and Moses unseated him with just 45% of the vote. However, just a few months into Moses's term, he died in office, flipping the seat back to Republican control and triggering a June 1946 special election.","title":"1944 United States Senate election in North Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moses_(American_politician)"}],"sub_title":"Candidates","text":"John Moses, Governor of North Dakota","title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Republican primary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerald Nye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Nye"},{"link_name":"Fargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"American Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legion"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Usher L. Burdick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usher_L._Burdick"},{"link_name":"North Dakota's at-large congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota%27s_at-large_congressional_district"}],"sub_title":"Candidates","text":"Gerald Nye, incumbent U.S. Senator\nLynn Stambaugh, Fargo attorney, former national commander of the American Legion[3]\nUsher L. Burdick, U.S. Congressman from North Dakota's at-large congressional district\nA. C. Townley","title":"Republican primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"Republican primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General election"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"General election"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Stambaugh Says Nye is Conducting Smear Campaign\". Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, N.D. September 13, 1944. p. 1. Retrieved June 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79870483/the-bismarck-tribune/","url_text":"\"Stambaugh Says Nye is Conducting Smear Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Primary Election 06-27-1944\" (PDF). Secretary of State of North Dakota. Retrieved June 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://vip.sos.nd.gov/pdfs/Abstracts%20by%20Year/1940%20through%201948%20Statewide%20Election%20Results/1944/Primary%20Election%2006-27-1944.pdf","url_text":"\"Primary Election 06-27-1944\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stambaugh Announces He'll Be Candidate for Senator\". Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, N.D. March 10, 1944. p. 1. Retrieved June 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79869963/the-bismarck-tribune/","url_text":"\"Stambaugh Announces He'll Be Candidate for Senator\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Election 11-07-1944\" (PDF). Secretary of State of North Dakota. Retrieved June 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://vip.sos.nd.gov/pdfs/Abstracts%20by%20Year/1940%20through%201948%20Statewide%20Election%20Results/1944/General%20Election%2011-07-1944.pdf","url_text":"\"General Election 11-07-1944\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79870483/the-bismarck-tribune/","external_links_name":"\"Stambaugh Says Nye is Conducting Smear Campaign\""},{"Link":"https://vip.sos.nd.gov/pdfs/Abstracts%20by%20Year/1940%20through%201948%20Statewide%20Election%20Results/1944/Primary%20Election%2006-27-1944.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Primary Election 06-27-1944\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79869963/the-bismarck-tribune/","external_links_name":"\"Stambaugh Announces He'll Be Candidate for Senator\""},{"Link":"https://vip.sos.nd.gov/pdfs/Abstracts%20by%20Year/1940%20through%201948%20Statewide%20Election%20Results/1944/General%20Election%2011-07-1944.pdf","external_links_name":"\"General Election 11-07-1944\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fisher-Becker | Simon Fisher-Becker | ["1 Filmography","1.1 Television","1.2 Film","1.3 Audio","2 References","3 External links"] | British actor
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Simon Fisher-Becker" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Simon Fisher-BeckerSimon Fisher-Becker in 2013NationalityBritishOccupationActorWebsiteFisher-Becker
Simon Fisher-Becker is a British stage, television and film actor, specialising in comedy and character parts. His more notable roles include Tony Fazackerley in Puppy Love for the BBC, The Fat Friar in the Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, and Dorium Maldovar in series 5 and 6 of Doctor Who.
Filmography
Television
An Ungentlemanly Act (1992) as Prisoner
One Foot in the Grave (1 episode, 1993) as Magician
Doctors (1 episode, 2001) as Cyril Wilson
Love Soup (1 episode, 2005) as Horatio
Afterlife (1 episode, 2006) as Mini-cab driver
Doctor Who (3 episodes & a prequel, 2010–2011) as Dorium Maldovar
Doctor Who Confidential (1 episode, 2011) as himself
Getting On (ep 3, 2012) as Stephen Ferris
Waterside (2012) as Dante Harper
Gay Boys (2012) as Mr Fitz-Hubbard, The Pope & Malcolm
3some Webseries (2013) as Roger
Puppy Love (2014) as Tony Fazackerley
Film
Arrivederci Millwall (1990) as Shop Manager
Beg! (1994) as Dr. Farth
Sweet Thing (1999) as Klaus
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) as The Fat Friar
Chakan, the Forever Man (2012) as Ethan Scott
Rise of the Euphonious Angel (2012) as Dante
Coveted Desires (2016) as Keith's Dad
Audio
Doctor Who: The Curse of Sleepy Hollow (2013) as Father Hardwood (fan adventure)
Big Finish - Gallifrey V - (2013)
Big Finish - Irish Wildthyme 'Going Down' - (2013)
Cog Work Pro. Doctor Who - Out Of Time 'The Voice' (2013)
Illusionist Productions' Doctor Who: Tales of Mystery & Imagination (2 episodes, 2014) as Mr. Dike
The Hawk Chronicles (2018–present) as Agent Tony Simon
References
^ Morgan Jeffery (23 September 2011). "'Doctor Who' actor Simon Fisher-Becker joins 'Game of Thrones'". Digital Spy. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
^ "Red Matter Productions - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
^ Rise of the Euphonious Angel Official Premiere Event Page
^ SIMON FISHER-BECKER interview | YouTube
^ Ryan Hennessey (creator of audio) Facebook status
^ Doctor Who: The Curse of the Sleepy Hollow Facebook event page
^ Tales of Mystery & Imagination - Episode 4 "Hickory Banes vs the Daleks"
External links
Simon Fisher-Becker at IMDb
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puppy Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppy_Love_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Fat Friar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts_staff#The_Fat_Friar"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone_(film)"},{"link_name":"series 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(series_5)"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(series_6)"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digital_Spy-1"}],"text":"British actorSimon Fisher-Becker is a British stage, television and film actor, specialising in comedy and character parts. His more notable roles include Tony Fazackerley in Puppy Love for the BBC, The Fat Friar in the Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, and Dorium Maldovar in series 5 and 6 of Doctor Who.[1]","title":"Simon Fisher-Becker"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"An Ungentlemanly Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ungentlemanly_Act"},{"link_name":"One Foot in the Grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Foot_in_the_Grave"},{"link_name":"Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_(2000_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Love Soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Soup"},{"link_name":"Afterlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who Confidential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_Confidential"},{"link_name":"Getting On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_On_(UK_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"An Ungentlemanly Act (1992) as Prisoner\nOne Foot in the Grave (1 episode, 1993) as Magician\nDoctors (1 episode, 2001) as Cyril Wilson\nLove Soup (1 episode, 2005) as Horatio\nAfterlife (1 episode, 2006) as Mini-cab driver\nDoctor Who (3 episodes & a prequel, 2010–2011) as Dorium Maldovar\nDoctor Who Confidential (1 episode, 2011) as himself\nGetting On (ep 3, 2012) as Stephen Ferris\nWaterside (2012) as Dante Harper[2]\nGay Boys (2012) as Mr Fitz-Hubbard, The Pope & Malcolm\n3some Webseries (2013) as Roger\nPuppy Love (2014) as Tony Fazackerley","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone"},{"link_name":"The Fat Friar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts_staff#The_Fat_Friar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Arrivederci Millwall (1990) as Shop Manager\nBeg! (1994) as Dr. Farth\nSweet Thing (1999) as Klaus\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) as The Fat Friar\nChakan, the Forever Man (2012) as Ethan Scott\nRise of the Euphonious Angel (2012) as Dante[3][4]\nCoveted Desires (2016) as Keith's Dad","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Hawk Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hawk_Chronicles"}],"sub_title":"Audio","text":"Doctor Who: The Curse of Sleepy Hollow (2013) as Father Hardwood[5][6] (fan adventure)\nBig Finish - Gallifrey V - (2013)\nBig Finish - Irish Wildthyme 'Going Down' - (2013)\nCog Work Pro. Doctor Who - Out Of Time 'The Voice' (2013)\nIllusionist Productions' Doctor Who: Tales of Mystery & Imagination (2 episodes, 2014) as Mr. Dike[7]\nThe Hawk Chronicles (2018–present) as Agent Tony Simon","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Morgan Jeffery (23 September 2011). \"'Doctor Who' actor Simon Fisher-Becker joins 'Game of Thrones'\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 30 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/s151/game-of-thrones/news/a341915/doctor-who-actor-simon-fisher-becker-joins-game-of-thrones.html","url_text":"\"'Doctor Who' actor Simon Fisher-Becker joins 'Game of Thrones'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"\"Red Matter Productions - YouTube\". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 27 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/c/RedMatterProductions/videos","url_text":"\"Red Matter Productions - YouTube\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Simon+Fisher-Becker%22","external_links_name":"\"Simon Fisher-Becker\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Simon+Fisher-Becker%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Simon+Fisher-Becker%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Simon+Fisher-Becker%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Simon+Fisher-Becker%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Simon+Fisher-Becker%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.fisherbecker.info/","external_links_name":"Fisher-Becker"},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/s151/game-of-thrones/news/a341915/doctor-who-actor-simon-fisher-becker-joins-game-of-thrones.html","external_links_name":"\"'Doctor Who' actor Simon Fisher-Becker joins 'Game of Thrones'\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/c/RedMatterProductions/videos","external_links_name":"\"Red Matter Productions - YouTube\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/events/427821580616036/430096327055228/?notif_t=plan_mall_activity","external_links_name":"Rise of the Euphonious Angel Official Premiere Event Page"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oT7HiYipg6o","external_links_name":"SIMON FISHER-BECKER interview | YouTube"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/lordpresidentrassilon/posts/4384780132948?notif_t=feed_comment_reply","external_links_name":"Ryan Hennessey (creator of audio) Facebook status"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/events/352086528216758/?fref=ts","external_links_name":"Doctor Who: The Curse of the Sleepy Hollow Facebook event page"},{"Link":"http://illusionistproductions.blogspot.com.au/2014/01/tales-4-hickory-banes.html","external_links_name":"Tales of Mystery & Imagination - Episode 4 \"Hickory Banes vs the Daleks\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0279839/","external_links_name":"Simon Fisher-Becker"},{"Link":"http://www.fisherbecker.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivien_John | Vivien John | ["1 Biography","2 References"] | British artist
Vivien JohnBorn8 March 1915Dorset, EnglandDied20 May 1994(1994-05-20) (aged 79)London, EnglandAlma materSlade School of Fine ArtAcadémie de la Grande ChaumièreChelsea School of ArtKnown forPaintingSpouseJohn WhiteParent(s)Augustus JohnDorelia McNeillFamilyGwen John (aunt)Amaryllis FlemingCaspar JohnGwyneth JohnstoneTristan de Vere Cole (half-siblings)
Vivien John (8 March 1915 – 20 May 1994) was a British painter.
Biography
Vivien John was born at Alderney Manor in Dorset, the daughter of Dorelia McNeill and the artist Augustus John; she was the youngest of their four children together. After a Bohemian upbringing in Dorset, Vivien John attended the Slade School of Fine Art from 1932 to 1934 and had her first solo exhibition at the Cooling Gallery in London during 1935 before studying with the Euston Road School of artists in the late 1930s. Travelling with her father, she visited Italy, France and then Kingston in Jamaica where a joint exhibition of their paintings was held. John also spent time in Paris with her aunt, the artist Gwen John, during this period. During the Second World War, Vivien John served as a nurse with the Red Cross. As the war came to an end, she took art lessons in Paris at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière before returning to London to study at the Chelsea School of Art in 1945.
After the War, John married a haematologist, Dr John White, and the couple spent 1947 in Moscow and periods of the 1960s in both Malaysia and Papua New Guinea. She continued to paint and had a number of exhibitions, including a 1967 show at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool and a solo exhibition at the Upper Grosvenor Galleries in 1971. Her work featured in group exhibitions at the Royal Academy, the London Group and with the Women's International Art Club. Examples of John's work was included in the 1987 Slade Contemporaries exhibition and a memorial exhibition was held in 1995.
Fellow artist Gwen John was her aunt, and some of Vivien's half-siblings were cellist Amaryllis Fleming, Sir Caspar John and another artist Gwyneth Johnstone; only Sir Caspar was born from Augustus's only marriage and he became a prominent Royal Navy admiral and later First Sea Lord. Her only living half-brother is retired television director Tristan de Vere Cole (b. 1935). Cole, Fleming, and Johnstone were born from Augustus's other relationships.
References
^ a b c Frances Spalding (1990). 20th Century Painters and Sculptors. Antique Collectors' Club. ISBN 1-85149-106-6.
^ a b c d David Buckman (2006). Artists in Britain Since 1945 Vol 1, A to L. Art Dictionaries Ltd. ISBN 0-953260-95-X.
^ a b c d Victor Arwas (27 May 1994). "Obituary: Vivien John". Independent. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^ "Gwen John". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
^ Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734–1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. p. 136. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.
^ Fergus Fleming (5 August 1999). "Obituary: Amaryllis Fleming". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012.
^ "Obituary: Vivien John". The Independent. 27 May 1994.
^ "Gwyneth Johnstone obituary". The Guardian. 6 January 2011.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
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Her only living half-brother is retired television director Tristan de Vere Cole (b. 1935). Cole, Fleming, and Johnstone were born from Augustus's other relationships.[4][5][6][7][8]","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Frances Spalding (1990). 20th Century Painters and Sculptors. Antique Collectors' Club. ISBN 1-85149-106-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Spalding","url_text":"Frances Spalding"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85149-106-6","url_text":"1-85149-106-6"}]},{"reference":"David Buckman (2006). Artists in Britain Since 1945 Vol 1, A to L. Art Dictionaries Ltd. ISBN 0-953260-95-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-953260-95-X","url_text":"0-953260-95-X"}]},{"reference":"Victor Arwas (27 May 1994). \"Obituary: Vivien John\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Command_%26_Conquer_characters | Command & Conquer | ["1 History","2 Gameplay","2.1 Multiplayer","3 Games","3.1 Tiberian series","3.2 Red Alert series","3.3 Generals series","3.4 Recent","4 Chronology","5 Music","6 Reception","7 References","8 External links"] | Real-time strategy (RTS) video game franchise
This article is about the video game franchise. For the first game in the franchise, see Command & Conquer (1995 video game). For the cancelled 2013 reboot, see Command & Conquer (cancelled video game).
Video game seriesCommand & ConquerGenre(s)Real-time strategy (1995–2020)First-person shooter (2002)Developer(s)Westwood Studios (1995–2003)EA Los Angeles (2003–2010)Victory Games (2011–2013)EA Phenomic (2011–2013)EA Redwood Studios (2018–present)Publisher(s)Virgin Interactive EntertainmentElectronic ArtsSegaNintendoPlatform(s)Apple Mac, Nintendo 64, PlayStation, PC (MS-DOS, Windows), Sega Saturn, Xbox 360, Android, iOSFirst releaseCommand & ConquerSeptember 1995Latest releaseCommand & Conquer Remastered CollectionJune 5, 2020
Command & Conquer (C&C) is a real-time strategy (RTS) video game franchise, first developed by Westwood Studios. The first game was one of the earliest of the RTS genre, itself based on Westwood Studios' influential strategy game Dune II and introducing trademarks followed in the rest of the series. This includes full-motion video cutscenes with an ensemble cast to progress the story, as opposed to digitally in-game rendered cutscenes. Westwood Studios was taken over by Electronic Arts in 1998 and closed down in 2003. The studio and some of its members were absorbed into EA Los Angeles, which continued development on the series.
History
Release timeline1995Command & Conquer1996The Covert OperationsRed Alert1997Red Alert: CounterstrikeRed Alert: The AftermathSole Survivor1998Red Alert: Retaliation1999Tiberian Sun2000Tiberian Sun – FirestormRed Alert 22001Yuri's Revenge2002Renegade2003GeneralsGenerals – Zero Hour2004–20052006The First Decade20073: Tiberium Wars20083: Kane's WrathRed Alert 32009Red Alert 3 – UprisingRed Alert 3 – Commander's ChallengeRed Alert (2009)20104: Tiberian Twilight20112012Tiberium AlliancesThe Ultimate Collection2013–20172018Rivals20192020Remastered Collection
After Westwood Studios developed the critically acclaimed Dune II, Computer Gaming World reported in 1993 that the company would not use the Dune license for Westwood's next strategy game "mostly because the programmers are tired of sand". The magazine stated that it would have "new terrain and enemies", and that "the design team is serious about doing a multi-player version".
Command & Conquer was released worldwide by Westwood in 1995. The plot is set sometime in the near future where the Earth becomes contaminated by a mysterious substance known as Tiberium. A global war ensues between the UN-formed Global Defense Initiative to contain it and the cult quasi-state revolutionary Brotherhood of Nod, led by the enigmatic Kane, which seeks to harness it. Highly successful, it was followed by Command & Conquer: Red Alert in 1996 which is set in an alternate universe where the Soviet Union wages war with the Allies. Developed as the prequel to the original, the Red Alert series was spun off into a separate, lighthearted and comic series, while the original game and its sequels became known as the "Tiberium" series, retaining its science fiction and serious tone. The first game is sometimes referred to as Tiberian Dawn as a result.
The original game was followed by Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun in 1999 and its expansion pack Firestorm. In 2002, Westwood Studios released Command & Conquer: Renegade, a first-person shooter. Renegade was praised for its online features. A spin-off game in 2003, Command & Conquer: Generals, set in a more realistic near-future and featuring the United States, China and the Global Liberation Army was followed by an expansion pack, Zero Hour. Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars was released in 2007 and followed by the expansion pack Kane's Wrath. Command & Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight, released in 2010 as the conclusion to the Tiberium saga, received mixed reviews because of its deviation from traditional gameplay and story. The Red Alert series was continued by the 2000 title Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2, its expansion, Yuri's Revenge and Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 in 2008, which introduced a third faction, the Empire of the Rising Sun, which resembles Japan with futuristic robotic technology.
The series is primarily developed for personal computers running Microsoft Windows, although some titles have been ported to various video game consoles and Apple Mac. Other games for platforms such as iOS and web-based have also been developed. As of July 2010, the Command & Conquer franchise consists of eleven games and eight expansion packs. The first three games of the series have been released as freeware to promote the successors. A free-to-play game, entitled Command & Conquer, was in development with the studio Victory Games. It was set to be the next game in the series and was expected to be released in 2013. However, after a short alpha period the game was cancelled, and Victory Games disbanded by EA. The Command & Conquer series has been a commercial success with over 30 million Command & Conquer games sold as of 2009.
Gameplay
The Command & Conquer titles are real-time strategy games, with the exception of the first-person shooter Command & Conquer: Renegade. A staple of the series is the parallel campaigns of various different factions to one central storyline. Games in the series also offered multiplayer game options, via LAN and modem connection. All games in the series have also offered online play, as well as "skirmish" matches in which players can face AI enemies.
All Command & Conquer real-time strategy games except Command & Conquer: Generals and its expansions have featured the "side bar" for navigation and control as opposed to many other similar games where the control bar is located on the bottom of the screen.
Command & Conquer gameplay typically requires the player to construct a base and acquire resources, in order to fund the ongoing production of various types of forces with which to assault and conquer the opponent's base. All available structures of the faction chosen by the player are constructed on-site at so-called "construction yard" - which typically begin as large-sized vehicles capable of deploying themselves into the aforementioned construction yards, called MCVs or Mobile Construction Vehicle. When a construction yard has finished building a new structure, the player can select a spot near to a preexisting structure in order to place it, where the prefabricated building will rapidly unfold in a distinctive manner.
In all games in the series except Command & Conquer: Generals and its expansion Zero Hour, funds are acquired by specialised "harvester" units which bring their cargo (Tiberium for the Tiberian series of games or ore or the more valuable gems for the Red Alert series) to a "refinery" structure. This in turn will convert the raw material into usable resources, expressed as credits. The raw materials themselves, in games released before Red Alert 2 as well as Command & Conquer 3 require storage space in the form of refineries and, in the case of excess, "storage silo" structures. In Generals and Zero Hour, funds are collected by two methods: collection of supplies by specialised units and converted to money in "supply centers" or directly produced by specialised units, buildings, or tech buildings at a set interval of time.
All factions have structures and units with similar functions at their disposal. However, they are adjusted to fit each faction's theme and have somewhat varying properties. Units can be classified into infantry, vehicles, and aircraft, each with their own subdivisions (note: in the Red Alert series there is also naval craft available). Unit effectiveness against opponents follows the rock-paper-scissors (intransitivity) principle found in most real-time strategy games, and units' attack characteristics can vary according to faction.
Virtually every type of structure in the series acts as a tech tree node, and additional units, structures and faction-specific abilities will become available as new structures are built and placed. Access to advanced units and abilities may be temporarily blocked if the required structures are destroyed or if they are not being provided with adequate power by the supporting "power plant" structures.
Multiplayer
Each Command & Conquer game has included the ability to play multiplayer games against other players. Each box of Command & Conquer contained two CD copies of the game, making multiplayer gaming possible with a single purchase of the game. Westwood Studios advertised this on the packaging with the slogan "A second copy, so you and your friend can destroy each other." This resulted in Command & Conquer becoming the first RTS game title to feature competitive online play, and this is considered the most pertinent outside factor in the success of Command & Conquer. All games in the series up to Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 featured two CDs that could be used for this reason. Later games did not.
Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 was noted for being the first RTS game to enable the campaigns to be played cooperatively online; others had only supported single player campaigns. However, it was only possible to connect to other computers through EA's servers and not with LAN play.
Games produced by Westwood use the proprietary Westwood Online system to facilitate multiplayer games over the Internet; Renegade also supported GameSpy. Games under EA's development continued to use GameSpy, but dropped support for Westwood Online in favor of using EA's own servers. The GameSpy master servers have shut down in 2013., but some game titles can be played via Gameranger.
Games
Tiberian series
Command & Conquer, released on September 26, 1995, is the first game in the series, which takes place somewhere between 2017 and 2020 according to the Command & Conquer: Renegade manual. It's considered as the title which originally defined and popularized the real-time strategy genre. Command & Conquer introduced the warring factions of the Global Defense Initiative (GDI) and the Brotherhood of Nod. Command & Conquer was well received and was widely praised by critics: "Command & Conquer is one of the finest, most brilliantly-designed computer games I have ever seen" said GameSpot reviewer Chris Hudak. Command & Conquer has attained 94% as an aggregate score from Metacritic with the less well received Covert Operations expansion pack obtaining an aggregate score of 72% after its 1996 release.
Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun, released on August 27, 1999, takes place in the year 2030. While the original Command & Conquer's plot was centered around an allegorical world politics setting, Tiberian Sun shifted this to a more science fiction-like setting against the apocalyptic background of Tiberium beginning to assimilate vast portions of the Earth's ecosystems. In 1998, Westwood Studios, the developers of Tiberian Sun, was acquired by Electronic Arts. However, EA had no direct part in the development of the title. Compared to its predecessor, Tiberian Sun relies heavily on science fiction technologies and introduces a new isometric game engine featuring varying level terrain to give the impression of a true 3D environment.
The full motion video is also scripted differently; while the cutscenes of Command & Conquer and Red Alert were filmed from a first-person perspective, Tiberian Sun used traditional cinematic shots for its FMVs featuring actors such as James Earl Jones and Michael Biehn.
Command & Conquer: Renegade, released February 26, 2002, takes place in the final days of the events of Command & Conquer and was the last Command & Conquer game to be created by Westwood Studios before their liquidation in 2003. Unlike any other games in the series, Renegade is a first-person shooter. Although receiving average reviews, with an aggregate score of 75% on both GameRankings and Metacritic, Renegade was praised for its online features. GameSpy awarded Renegade its 2002 "Wish it had been better" award, condemning the single player but saying that "C&C: Renegade's multiplayer was innovative and fun". Online play was praised for encouraging teamwork and coordinated assaults, unlike other contemporary first-person shooters.
Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars, released March 29, 2007, was a return to the real-time strategy roots of the Command & Conquer series. As a direct sequel to Tiberian Sun, Tiberium Wars is set in 2047 and features the introduction of a third faction, the Scrin. The sequel attained an aggregate score of 85% from both GameRankings and Metacritic. PC Gamer U.S. gave the game its "Editor's Choice" rating at 90%, stating that "one of the greatest RTS franchises of all time returns to glory", while PC Gamer UK gave it a more reserved rating of 82%, stating that it was "a welcome, but limited, return".
Shortly after the release of Tiberium Wars, the expansion pack Command & Conquer 3: Kane's Wrath was announced. Released on March 24, 2008, Kane's Wrath limited the player to only the Brotherhood of Nod in the campaign mode, though the original factions and six new sub-factions are available for the new strategic mode and skirmish mode and it takes place in 2052. Reception was mainly positive with the expansion attaining an aggregate score of 77%.
Command & Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight, released on March 16, 2010, saw a big change in gameplay from the previous Command & Conquer by removing the resource gathering and base building elements in previous games as well as the removal of the third faction, the Scrin. It is a direct sequel to Kane's Wrath (however not directly following on from its storyline), and is set in 2062, a time when Tiberium has advanced to its next evolutionary stage, and is rapidly spreading across Earth, making it soon to be uninhabitable.
Renegade X, is a free, fan-made remake of Command & Conquer: Renegade. The developers received approval from EA to release their game, and it entered open beta on February 26, 2014. Renegade X includes a short single-player campaign called Black Dawn.
Command & Conquer Remastered Collection. EA announced in November 2018 its plans to remaster Command & Conquer, including expansions and Red Alert, for modern computer systems through Petroglyph Games. It was released on June 5, 2020. The Remastered Collection received a score of 82/100 on Metacritic, with 48 positive, 10 mixed, and 0 negative reviews, indicating a "generally favorable" reception. Along with the release, EA also released the source code to the mod libraries for the base game and Red Alert into open source as to allow players to build improved mods for the games.
Red Alert series
Command & Conquer: Red Alert, released on November 22, 1996, is set in an alternate universe 1950s and was originally made to be the prequel to Command & Conquer establishing Red Alert as the prologue of the entire Tiberium series of games. Louis Castle has said that connecting Red Alert with the Tiberium series was a "failed experiment". Red Alert introduces the Allies and the Soviets as rival factions roughly analogous to NATO and the Warsaw Pact of the Cold War. The game was received well by critics and has the highest average score of any Command & Conquer game with an average of over 90% from GameRankings and Metacritic, unlike the title's two expansion packs, Red Alert: Counterstrike and Red Alert: The Aftermath of which both received below average reviews for the series with 63% and 70% average scores respectively. Both expansions gave the game more missions and more units. For PlayStation only, there was also a separate release to the original called Red Alert: Retaliation which included all the maps, missions and units of Red Alert: Counterstrike and Red Alert: The Aftermath as well as some newly filmed cut-scenes only available with Red Alert: Retaliation. Before being re-released as freeware on August 31, 2008, by Electronic Arts Command & Conquer: Red Alert had sold over three million copies.
Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 was released on October 23, 2000. It featured a Soviet invasion of North America with tanks, conscripts, large airships, and psychically dominated anti-ship giant squid. Since that game lacked reference to the Tiberian series, the connection established in the first Red Alert game became unclear. However, it has been implied by the original creators of the series, now working at Petroglyph Games, that Red Alert 2 takes place in a parallel universe that came about as a result of time travel experiments taking place some time into the Tiberian series. Red Alert 2 was received fairly positively with an aggregate score of 86% from GameRankings.
An expansion pack to Red Alert 2, Command & Conquer: Yuri's Revenge was released on October 10, 2001. In Yuri's Revenge, an ex-Soviet figure named Yuri, tries to conquer the world using psychic technology and his own private army. The expansion pack received mostly positive reviews. GameRankings reports an average score of 85% based on 31 reviews, making Yuri's Revenge the best received expansion pack in the Command & Conquer series.
Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3, released on October 28, 2008, followed up on the story of Red Alert 2 and continued the series' more "light-hearted" take on Command & Conquer. It introduced many new comical units and the Empire of the Rising Sun faction, an anime inspired version of the Empire of Japan. Executive producer Chris Corry stated in a pre-release interview that Red Alert 3 will further differentiate the playable factions from each other and " up the silliness in their faction design whenever possible". This approach was seen as popular with Red Alert 3 obtaining an aggregate score of 82% from Metacritic. A stand-alone expansion to Red Alert 3, Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 – Uprising was released on March 12, 2009, to fairly poor reviews for the series with an average score of 64% from Metacritic. Another downloadable standalone game for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 was released known as Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 - Commander's Challenge which contained the Commander's Challenge mode of Uprising for consoles.
Command & Conquer: Red Alert was released on October 16, 2009, for iOS which was a continuation of the story of Red Alert 2 and takes place before Red Alert 3. It contained two factions, the Allies and Soviet Union with a third faction, the Empire of the Rising Sun, to be added in its expansion pack. This version of the game is not available in some regions (e.g. the UK).
The Chinese developer Tencent made a new iOS version of Red Alert, with a highly mixed reception from fans online.
Generals series
Command & Conquer: Generals, released on February 10, 2003, has a plotline which is unrelated to the other games of the Command & Conquer series. Generals is set in the near future and features the United States, China and the fictional terrorist organization, the Global Liberation Army. Generals uses an engine dubbed SAGE (or Strategy Action Game Engine) and is the first fully three-dimensional Command & Conquer real-time strategy game. After its release, Generals received mostly positive reviews. Based on 34 reviews, Metacritic gives it a score of 84/100 which includes a score of 9.3/10 from IGN. Generals has also received the E3 2002 Game Critics Awards Best Strategy Game award. One review noted that Generals was the first Command & Conquer real-time strategy game that did not include full-motion video cutscenes to tell the story and that it departed from the unique interface and base-building mechanics that had characterized all of the previous Command & Conquer RTS titles.
An expansion for Generals, Command & Conquer: Generals – Zero Hour, was released on September 22, 2003, to further the Generals storyline. Zero Hour added 9 new armies to the game, over a dozen new campaign missions, and a gameplay mode known as Generals Challenge. Unlike Generals, Zero Hour featured the return of full motion videos to the series. Zero Hour obtained much the same reception as Generals with an aggregate score of 85% and 84% from GameRankings and Metacritic respectively.
After EA Los Angeles started up their new internal group Danger Close and switched its focus to the Medal of Honor series, EA launched a new studio named Victory Games to continue the Command & Conquer franchise. On December 10, 2011, Electronic Arts posted that the next game in the series would be Command & Conquer: Generals 2. Three days later, a new browser-based, free-to-play MMO Command & Conquer game was also under development, under the name Command & Conquer: Tiberium Alliances. On December 15, Tiberium Alliances began a closed beta.
In August 2012, Generals 2 was repurposed to a free-to-play game known as simply Command & Conquer. The new game would have been based around the Generals franchise. However, following feedback from players who were able to play the alpha trial, the game was cancelled in October 2013. EA has said that the franchise will continue, but has given no other information at the time.
Recent
EA revealed Command & Conquer: Rivals, which was under development by the newly formed EA Redwood Studios and released for Android and iOS mobile devices in December 2018.
Petroglyph Games released remastered versions of Red Alert and Command and Conquer in June 2020, where both games have been updated with features that improve gameplay for players while also including all expansions initially released for the games.
In March 2024, EA released Command & Conquer: The Ultimate Collection on Steam.
Chronology
Westwood Studios (1995–2002)
1995 – Command & Conquer
1996 – Command & Conquer – The Covert Operations
1996 – Command & Conquer: Red Alert
1997 – Command & Conquer: Red Alert – Counterstrike
1997 – Command & Conquer: Red Alert – The Aftermath
1998 – Command & Conquer: Red Alert – Retaliation
1997 – Command & Conquer: Sole Survivor
1999 – Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun
2000 – Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun – Firestorm
2000 – Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2
2001 – Command & Conquer: Yuri's Revenge
2002 – Command & Conquer: Renegade
EA Los Angeles (2003–2010)
2003 – Command & Conquer: Generals
2003 – Command & Conquer: Generals – Zero Hour
2007 – Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars
2008 – Command & Conquer 3: Kane's Wrath
2008 – Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3
2009 – Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 – Uprising
2010 – Command & Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight
EA Phenomic (2011)
2012 – Command & Conquer: Tiberium Alliances
EA Redwood Studios (2018–)
2018 – Command & Conquer: Rivals
Petroglyph Games (2020)
2020 – Command & Conquer Remastered Collection
See also canceled Command & Conquer games.
Music
Main article: Music of the Command & Conquer series
Much of the music for the series was composed and produced by Westwood Studios' former sound director and video game music composer Frank Klepacki for the early games, with composition duties being taken on by several others following the liquidation of Westwood Studios in 2003. Klepacki returned to the series in 2008 to assist with the soundtrack for Red Alert 3.
The music has been received positively by critics, although praise was higher with earlier entries.
The original score for Command & Conquer: Red Alert was composed by Frank Klepacki and was voted the best video game soundtrack of 1996 by PC Gamer and Gameslice magazines. Among his most famous songs from the series is the theme of Red Alert, titled "Hell March", which accents the style of the game with adrenalized riffs of electric guitar, the sounds of marching feet, and synthesizers to a dramatic chant. Originally intended to be the theme for the Brotherhood of Nod faction in the Covert Operations expansion to the original 1995 Command & Conquer game, the track eventually ended up enlisting itself as a staple in the Red Alert series instead, and a second version of "Hell March" was specifically created for Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2.
After C&C came out we wasted no time kicking out Covert Ops. I wrote some more ambient style themes they asked me for, and then I began tinkering with this heavy metal song that I was trying to gear towards Nod for the next big C&C game. Brett Sperry came in my office and said "You got anything I can hear for the new C&C?" I played it for him. He said "What's the name of this one?" I said "Hell March". He said "That's the signature song for our next game".— Frank Klepacki, Senior Composer
Reception
The Command & Conquer series have been a commercial success with over 30 million Command & Conquer games sold as of 2009. In 1997, Screen Digest said it was "probably the world's biggest PC CD-ROM entertainment franchise to date."
Games in the series have nearly consistently scored highly on video game review aggregator websites GameRankings and Metacritic, which collect data from numerous review websites. As noted in the table below, the highest rated game is Command & Conquer with a score of 94% from Metacritic. The highest rated game averaged over both sites is Command & Conquer: Red Alert with an average of just over 90%. As a series, Command & Conquer games have averaged approximately 80% when including expansion packs and approximately 84% without.
Command & Conquer's long history resulted in Guinness World Records awarding the series six world records in the Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2008. These records include "Biggest Selling RTS Series", "Most Number of Platforms for an RTS", and "Longest Running Actor in Video Game Role" for Joe Kucan, who has played the part of Kane, the villainous mastermind of the series, for 15 years.
Aggregate review scoresAs of April 16, 2011.
Game
Year
GameRankings
Metacritic
Command & Conquer
1995
84.33%
94%
The Covert Operations
1996
72%
86%
Sole Survivor
1997
62%
–
Command & Conquer 2: Tiberian Sun
1999
80%
84%
Firestorm
2000
73%
85%
Command & Conquer: Renegade
2002
75%
75%
Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars
2007
85%
85%
Kane's Wrath
2008
77%
77%
Command & Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight
2010
63%
64%
Command & Conquer: Red Alert
1996
91%
90%
Counterstrike
1997
63%
83%
The Aftermath
1997
70%
85%
Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2
2000
86%
84%
Yuri's Revenge
2001
85%
86%
Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3
2008
81%
82%
Uprising
2009
65%
64%
Command & Conquer: Generals
2003
85%
84%
Zero Hour
2003
84%
83%
Command & Conquer: Remastered Collection
2020
-
82%
References
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Notes
Eastman, David (1995). Official Guide to Command & Conquer (Periodical). 2. Indianapolis, IN: Brady Pub.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Command & Conquer.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Command & Conquer (series).
Video games portal
Official website
Command & Conquer at Curlie
Command & Conquer series at MobyGames
Command & Conquer Wiki
vteCommand & ConquerMain series
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Renegade
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2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Command & Conquer (1995 video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_(1995_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer (cancelled video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_(cancelled_video_game)"},{"link_name":"real-time strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_strategy"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_franchise"},{"link_name":"Westwood Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_Studios"},{"link_name":"Dune II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_II"},{"link_name":"full-motion video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-motion_video"},{"link_name":"cutscenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutscene"},{"link_name":"ensemble cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"},{"link_name":"rendered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"EA Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA_Los_Angeles"}],"text":"This article is about the video game franchise. For the first game in the franchise, see Command & Conquer (1995 video game). For the cancelled 2013 reboot, see Command & Conquer (cancelled video game).Video game seriesCommand & Conquer (C&C) is a real-time strategy (RTS) video game franchise, first developed by Westwood Studios. The first game was one of the earliest of the RTS genre, itself based on Westwood Studios' influential strategy game Dune II and introducing trademarks followed in the rest of the series. This includes full-motion video cutscenes with an ensemble cast to progress the story, as opposed to digitally in-game rendered cutscenes. Westwood Studios was taken over by Electronic Arts in 1998 and closed down in 2003. The studio and some of its members were absorbed into EA Los Angeles, which continued development on the series.","title":"Command & Conquer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westwood Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_Studios"},{"link_name":"Dune II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_II"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgw199311-3"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_(1995_video_game)"},{"link_name":"UN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_(Command_%26_Conquer)"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert"},{"link_name":"prequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prequel"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Tiberian_Sun"},{"link_name":"Firestorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberian_Sun:_Firestorm"},{"link_name":"Westwood Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_Studios"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Renegade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Renegade"},{"link_name":"first-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Generals"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Zero Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Generals_%E2%80%93_Zero_Hour"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_3:_Tiberium_Wars"},{"link_name":"Kane's Wrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_3:_Kane%27s_Wrath"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_4:_Tiberian_Twilight"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_2"},{"link_name":"Yuri's Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri%27s_Revenge"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_3"},{"link_name":"personal computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"ported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting"},{"link_name":"video game consoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console"},{"link_name":"Apple Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_(computer)"},{"link_name":"freeware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_(2013_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Victory Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Games_(EA)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"After Westwood Studios developed the critically acclaimed Dune II, Computer Gaming World reported in 1993 that the company would not use the Dune license for Westwood's next strategy game \"mostly because the programmers are tired of sand\". The magazine stated that it would have \"new terrain and enemies\", and that \"the design team is serious about doing a multi-player version\".[3]Command & Conquer was released worldwide by Westwood in 1995. The plot is set sometime in the near future where the Earth becomes contaminated by a mysterious substance known as Tiberium. A global war ensues between the UN-formed Global Defense Initiative to contain it and the cult quasi-state revolutionary Brotherhood of Nod, led by the enigmatic Kane, which seeks to harness it. Highly successful, it was followed by Command & Conquer: Red Alert in 1996 which is set in an alternate universe where the Soviet Union wages war with the Allies. Developed as the prequel to the original, the Red Alert series was spun off into a separate, lighthearted and comic series, while the original game and its sequels became known as the \"Tiberium\" series, retaining its science fiction and serious tone. The first game is sometimes referred to as Tiberian Dawn as a result.The original game was followed by Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun in 1999 and its expansion pack Firestorm. In 2002, Westwood Studios released Command & Conquer: Renegade, a first-person shooter. Renegade was praised for its online features. A spin-off game in 2003, Command & Conquer: Generals, set in a more realistic near-future and featuring the United States, China and the Global Liberation Army was followed by an expansion pack, Zero Hour. Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars was released in 2007 and followed by the expansion pack Kane's Wrath. Command & Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight, released in 2010 as the conclusion to the Tiberium saga, received mixed reviews because of its deviation from traditional gameplay and story. The Red Alert series was continued by the 2000 title Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2, its expansion, Yuri's Revenge and Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 in 2008, which introduced a third faction, the Empire of the Rising Sun, which resembles Japan with futuristic robotic technology.The series is primarily developed for personal computers running Microsoft Windows, although some titles have been ported to various video game consoles and Apple Mac. Other games for platforms such as iOS and web-based have also been developed. As of July 2010, the Command & Conquer franchise consists of eleven games and eight expansion packs. The first three games of the series have been released as freeware to promote the successors.[4] A free-to-play game, entitled Command & Conquer, was in development with the studio Victory Games. It was set to be the next game in the series and was expected to be released in 2013. However, after a short alpha period the game was cancelled, and Victory Games disbanded by EA.[5][6] The Command & Conquer series has been a commercial success with over 30 million Command & Conquer games sold as of 2009.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"real-time strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_strategy"},{"link_name":"first-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Renegade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Renegade"},{"link_name":"multiplayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game"},{"link_name":"LAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAN"},{"link_name":"modem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem"},{"link_name":"prefabricated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefabricated"},{"link_name":"rock-paper-scissors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-paper-scissors"},{"link_name":"intransitivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intransitivity"},{"link_name":"real-time strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_strategy"},{"link_name":"tech tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_tree"}],"text":"The Command & Conquer titles are real-time strategy games, with the exception of the first-person shooter Command & Conquer: Renegade. A staple of the series is the parallel campaigns of various different factions to one central storyline. Games in the series also offered multiplayer game options, via LAN and modem connection. All games in the series have also offered online play, as well as \"skirmish\" matches in which players can face AI enemies.All Command & Conquer real-time strategy games except Command & Conquer: Generals and its expansions have featured the \"side bar\" for navigation and control as opposed to many other similar games where the control bar is located on the bottom of the screen.Command & Conquer gameplay typically requires the player to construct a base and acquire resources, in order to fund the ongoing production of various types of forces with which to assault and conquer the opponent's base. All available structures of the faction chosen by the player are constructed on-site at so-called \"construction yard\" - which typically begin as large-sized vehicles capable of deploying themselves into the aforementioned construction yards, called MCVs or Mobile Construction Vehicle. When a construction yard has finished building a new structure, the player can select a spot near to a preexisting structure in order to place it, where the prefabricated building will rapidly unfold in a distinctive manner.In all games in the series except Command & Conquer: Generals and its expansion Zero Hour, funds are acquired by specialised \"harvester\" units which bring their cargo (Tiberium for the Tiberian series of games or ore or the more valuable gems for the Red Alert series) to a \"refinery\" structure. This in turn will convert the raw material into usable resources, expressed as credits. The raw materials themselves, in games released before Red Alert 2 as well as Command & Conquer 3 require storage space in the form of refineries and, in the case of excess, \"storage silo\" structures. In Generals and Zero Hour, funds are collected by two methods: collection of supplies by specialised units and converted to money in \"supply centers\" or directly produced by specialised units, buildings, or tech buildings at a set interval of time.All factions have structures and units with similar functions at their disposal. However, they are adjusted to fit each faction's theme and have somewhat varying properties. Units can be classified into infantry, vehicles, and aircraft, each with their own subdivisions (note: in the Red Alert series there is also naval craft available). Unit effectiveness against opponents follows the rock-paper-scissors (intransitivity) principle found in most real-time strategy games, and units' attack characteristics can vary according to faction.Virtually every type of structure in the series acts as a tech tree node, and additional units, structures and faction-specific abilities will become available as new structures are built and placed. Access to advanced units and abilities may be temporarily blocked if the required structures are destroyed or if they are not being provided with adequate power by the supporting \"power plant\" structures.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiplayer gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C&CRTSInfluence-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccorigins-8"},{"link_name":"LAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAN"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gameranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameranger"}],"sub_title":"Multiplayer","text":"Each Command & Conquer game has included the ability to play multiplayer games against other players. Each box of Command & Conquer contained two CD copies of the game, making multiplayer gaming possible with a single purchase of the game. Westwood Studios advertised this on the packaging with the slogan \"A second copy, so you and your friend can destroy each other.\" This resulted in Command & Conquer becoming the first RTS game title to feature competitive online play,[7] and this is considered the most pertinent outside factor in the success of Command & Conquer.[8] All games in the series up to Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 featured two CDs that could be used for this reason. Later games did not.Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 was noted for being the first RTS game to enable the campaigns to be played cooperatively online; others had only supported single player campaigns. However, it was only possible to connect to other computers through EA's servers and not with LAN play.Games produced by Westwood use the proprietary Westwood Online system to facilitate multiplayer games over the Internet; Renegade also supported GameSpy. Games under EA's development continued to use GameSpy, but dropped support for Westwood Online in favor of using EA's own servers. The GameSpy master servers have shut down in 2013.,[9] but some game titles can be played via Gameranger.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Command & Conquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_(1995_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CnCDOSReleaseDate-10"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Renegade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Renegade"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C&CRTSInfluence-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccorigins-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetacriticScore-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StateofRTS-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryofRTS-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTSPrimerArticle-14"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpotReviewC&Cone-15"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNC1MC-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNC1GR-17"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Tiberian_Sun"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Westwood Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_Studios"},{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"full motion video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_motion_video"},{"link_name":"James Earl Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Earl_Jones"},{"link_name":"Michael Biehn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Biehn"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Renegade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Renegade"},{"link_name":"first-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespy-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameOverOnline-20"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_3:_Tiberium_Wars"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer 3: Kane's Wrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_3:_Kane%27s_Wrath"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_4:_Tiberian_Twilight"},{"link_name":"Renegade X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renegade_X"},{"link_name":"free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware"},{"link_name":"fan-made","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan-made"},{"link_name":"remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_remake"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Renegade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Renegade"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPS_Renegade-X-21"},{"link_name":"open beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_beta"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer Remastered Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_Remastered_Collection"},{"link_name":"Petroglyph Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph_Games"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"mod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Tiberian series","text":"Command & Conquer, released on September 26, 1995,[10] is the first game in the series, which takes place somewhere between 2017 and 2020 according to the Command & Conquer: Renegade manual. It's considered as the title which originally defined and popularized the real-time strategy genre.[7][8][11][12][13][14] Command & Conquer introduced the warring factions of the Global Defense Initiative (GDI) and the Brotherhood of Nod. Command & Conquer was well received and was widely praised by critics: \"Command & Conquer is one of the finest, most brilliantly-designed computer games I have ever seen\" said GameSpot reviewer Chris Hudak.[15] Command & Conquer has attained 94% as an aggregate score from Metacritic[16] with the less well received Covert Operations expansion pack obtaining an aggregate score of 72% after its 1996 release.[17]Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun, released on August 27, 1999, takes place in the year 2030. While the original Command & Conquer's plot was centered around an allegorical world politics setting, Tiberian Sun shifted this to a more science fiction-like setting against the apocalyptic background of Tiberium beginning to assimilate vast portions of the Earth's ecosystems. In 1998, Westwood Studios, the developers of Tiberian Sun, was acquired by Electronic Arts. However, EA had no direct part in the development of the title. Compared to its predecessor, Tiberian Sun relies heavily on science fiction technologies and introduces a new isometric game engine featuring varying level terrain to give the impression of a true 3D environment.The full motion video is also scripted differently; while the cutscenes of Command & Conquer and Red Alert were filmed from a first-person perspective, Tiberian Sun used traditional cinematic shots for its FMVs featuring actors such as James Earl Jones and Michael Biehn.Command & Conquer: Renegade, released February 26, 2002, takes place in the final days of the events of Command & Conquer and was the last Command & Conquer game to be created by Westwood Studios before their liquidation in 2003. Unlike any other games in the series, Renegade is a first-person shooter.[18] Although receiving average reviews, with an aggregate score of 75% on both GameRankings and Metacritic, Renegade was praised for its online features. GameSpy awarded Renegade its 2002 \"Wish it had been better\" award, condemning the single player but saying that \"C&C: Renegade's multiplayer was innovative and fun\".[19] Online play was praised for encouraging teamwork and coordinated assaults, unlike other contemporary first-person shooters.[20]Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars, released March 29, 2007, was a return to the real-time strategy roots of the Command & Conquer series. As a direct sequel to Tiberian Sun, Tiberium Wars is set in 2047 and features the introduction of a third faction, the Scrin. The sequel attained an aggregate score of 85% from both GameRankings and Metacritic. PC Gamer U.S. gave the game its \"Editor's Choice\" rating at 90%, stating that \"one of the greatest RTS franchises of all time returns to glory\", while PC Gamer UK gave it a more reserved rating of 82%, stating that it was \"a welcome, but limited, return\".Shortly after the release of Tiberium Wars, the expansion pack Command & Conquer 3: Kane's Wrath was announced. Released on March 24, 2008, Kane's Wrath limited the player to only the Brotherhood of Nod in the campaign mode, though the original factions and six new sub-factions are available for the new strategic mode and skirmish mode and it takes place in 2052. Reception was mainly positive with the expansion attaining an aggregate score of 77%.Command & Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight, released on March 16, 2010, saw a big change in gameplay from the previous Command & Conquer by removing the resource gathering and base building elements in previous games as well as the removal of the third faction, the Scrin. It is a direct sequel to Kane's Wrath (however not directly following on from its storyline), and is set in 2062, a time when Tiberium has advanced to its next evolutionary stage, and is rapidly spreading across Earth, making it soon to be uninhabitable.Renegade X, is a free, fan-made remake of Command & Conquer: Renegade. The developers received approval from EA to release their game,[21] and it entered open beta on February 26, 2014. Renegade X includes a short single-player campaign called Black Dawn.Command & Conquer Remastered Collection. EA announced in November 2018 its plans to remaster Command & Conquer, including expansions and Red Alert, for modern computer systems through Petroglyph Games. It was released on June 5, 2020.[22] The Remastered Collection received a score of 82/100 on Metacritic, with 48 positive, 10 mixed, and 0 negative reviews, indicating a \"generally favorable\" reception.[23] Along with the release, EA also released the source code to the mod libraries for the base game and Red Alert into open source as to allow players to build improved mods for the games.[24]","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rareleasedate-25"},{"link_name":"prequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prequel"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RATibconnection-26"},{"link_name":"prologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prologue"},{"link_name":"Louis Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Castle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Soviets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviets"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"freeware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware"},{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_2"},{"link_name":"airships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship"},{"link_name":"giant squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_squid"},{"link_name":"Petroglyph Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph_Games"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Yuri's Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Yuri%27s_Revenge"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_3"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 – Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_3_%E2%80%93_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 - Commander's Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_3_-_Commander%27s_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_(iOS)"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"Tencent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Red Alert series","text":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert, released on November 22, 1996,[25] is set in an alternate universe 1950s and was originally made to be the prequel to Command & Conquer[26] establishing Red Alert as the prologue of the entire Tiberium series of games. Louis Castle has said that connecting Red Alert with the Tiberium series was a \"failed experiment\".[citation needed] Red Alert introduces the Allies and the Soviets as rival factions roughly analogous to NATO and the Warsaw Pact of the Cold War. The game was received well by critics and has the highest average score of any Command & Conquer game with an average of over 90% from GameRankings and Metacritic, unlike the title's two expansion packs, Red Alert: Counterstrike and Red Alert: The Aftermath of which both received below average reviews for the series with 63% and 70% average scores respectively. Both expansions gave the game more missions and more units. For PlayStation only, there was also a separate release to the original called Red Alert: Retaliation which included all the maps, missions and units of Red Alert: Counterstrike and Red Alert: The Aftermath as well as some newly filmed cut-scenes only available with Red Alert: Retaliation. Before being re-released as freeware on August 31, 2008, by Electronic Arts Command & Conquer: Red Alert had sold over three million copies.[27]Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 was released on October 23, 2000. It featured a Soviet invasion of North America with tanks, conscripts, large airships, and psychically dominated anti-ship giant squid. Since that game lacked reference to the Tiberian series, the connection established in the first Red Alert game became unclear. However, it has been implied by the original creators of the series, now working at Petroglyph Games, that Red Alert 2 takes place in a parallel universe that came about as a result of time travel experiments taking place some time into the Tiberian series.[28] Red Alert 2 was received fairly positively with an aggregate score of 86% from GameRankings.An expansion pack to Red Alert 2, Command & Conquer: Yuri's Revenge was released on October 10, 2001. In Yuri's Revenge, an ex-Soviet figure named Yuri, tries to conquer the world using psychic technology and his own private army. The expansion pack received mostly positive reviews. GameRankings reports an average score of 85% based on 31 reviews,[29] making Yuri's Revenge the best received expansion pack in the Command & Conquer series.Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3, released on October 28, 2008, followed up on the story of Red Alert 2 and continued the series' more \"light-hearted\" take on Command & Conquer. It introduced many new comical units and the Empire of the Rising Sun faction, an anime inspired version of the Empire of Japan. Executive producer Chris Corry stated in a pre-release interview that Red Alert 3 will further differentiate the playable factions from each other and \"[play] up the silliness in their faction design whenever possible\".[30] This approach was seen as popular with Red Alert 3 obtaining an aggregate score of 82% from Metacritic. A stand-alone expansion to Red Alert 3, Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 – Uprising was released on March 12, 2009, to fairly poor reviews for the series with an average score of 64% from Metacritic. Another downloadable standalone game for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 was released known as Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 - Commander's Challenge which contained the Commander's Challenge mode of Uprising for consoles.Command & Conquer: Red Alert was released on October 16, 2009, for iOS which was a continuation of the story of Red Alert 2 and takes place before Red Alert 3. It contained two factions, the Allies and Soviet Union with a third faction, the Empire of the Rising Sun, to be added in its expansion pack. This version of the game is not available in some regions (e.g. the UK).The Chinese developer Tencent made a new iOS version of Red Alert, with a highly mixed reception from fans online.[31]","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Generals"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"SAGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_(game_engine)"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"E3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Entertainment_Expo"},{"link_name":"Game Critics Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Critics_Awards"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Generals – Zero Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Generals_%E2%80%93_Zero_Hour"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"Victory Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Games_(EA)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Generals 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Generals_2"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Tiberium Alliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Tiberium_Alliances"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCTABETA-40"},{"link_name":"free-to-play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-play"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_(2013_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C&CF2P-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Generals series","text":"Command & Conquer: Generals, released on February 10, 2003, has a plotline which is unrelated to the other games of the Command & Conquer series. Generals is set in the near future and features the United States, China and the fictional terrorist organization, the Global Liberation Army. Generals uses an engine dubbed SAGE (or Strategy Action Game Engine) and is the first fully three-dimensional Command & Conquer real-time strategy game. After its release, Generals received mostly positive reviews. Based on 34 reviews, Metacritic gives it a score of 84/100[32] which includes a score of 9.3/10 from IGN.[33] Generals has also received the E3 2002 Game Critics Awards Best Strategy Game award.[34] One review noted that Generals was the first Command & Conquer real-time strategy game that did not include full-motion video cutscenes to tell the story and that it departed from the unique interface and base-building mechanics that had characterized all of the previous Command & Conquer RTS titles.[35]An expansion for Generals, Command & Conquer: Generals – Zero Hour, was released on September 22, 2003, to further the Generals storyline. Zero Hour added 9 new armies to the game, over a dozen new campaign missions, and a gameplay mode known as Generals Challenge.[36] Unlike Generals, Zero Hour featured the return of full motion videos to the series. Zero Hour obtained much the same reception as Generals with an aggregate score of 85% and 84% from GameRankings and Metacritic respectively.After EA Los Angeles started up their new internal group Danger Close and switched its focus to the Medal of Honor series, EA launched a new studio named Victory Games to continue the Command & Conquer franchise.[37] On December 10, 2011, Electronic Arts posted that the next game in the series would be Command & Conquer: Generals 2.[38] Three days later, a new browser-based, free-to-play MMO Command & Conquer game was also under development, under the name Command & Conquer: Tiberium Alliances.[39] On December 15, Tiberium Alliances began a closed beta.[40]In August 2012, Generals 2 was repurposed to a free-to-play game known as simply Command & Conquer.[41] The new game would have been based around the Generals franchise. However, following feedback from players who were able to play the alpha trial, the game was cancelled in October 2013.[42] EA has said that the franchise will continue, but has given no other information at the time.[43][44]","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Rivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Rivals"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Petroglyph Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph_Games"},{"link_name":"remastered versions of Red Alert and Command and Conquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_Remastered_Collection"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: The Ultimate Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_The_Ultimate_Collection"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Recent","text":"EA revealed Command & Conquer: Rivals, which was under development by the newly formed EA Redwood Studios and released for Android and iOS mobile devices in December 2018.[45]Petroglyph Games released remastered versions of Red Alert and Command and Conquer in June 2020, where both games have been updated with features that improve gameplay for players while also including all expansions initially released for the games.In March 2024, EA released Command & Conquer: The Ultimate Collection on Steam.[46]","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westwood Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_Studios"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_(1995_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer – The Covert Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_%E2%80%93_The_Covert_Operations"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert – Counterstrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_%E2%80%93_Counterstrike"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert – The Aftermath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_%E2%80%93_The_Aftermath"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert – Retaliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_%E2%80%93_Retaliation"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Tiberian_Sun"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun – Firestorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_Tiberian_Sun:_Firestorm"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_2"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Yuri's Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Yuri%27s_Revenge"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Renegade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Renegade"},{"link_name":"EA Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Generals"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Generals – Zero Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Generals_%E2%80%93_Zero_Hour"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_3:_Tiberium_Wars"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer 3: Kane's Wrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_3:_Kane%27s_Wrath"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_3"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 – Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_3_%E2%80%93_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_4:_Tiberian_Twilight"},{"link_name":"EA Phenomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA_Phenomic"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Tiberium Alliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Tiberium_Alliances"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Rivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Rivals"},{"link_name":"Petroglyph Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph_Games"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer Remastered Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_Remastered_Collection"},{"link_name":"canceled Command & Conquer games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_canceled_Command_%26_Conquer_games"}],"text":"Westwood Studios (1995–2002)1995 – Command & Conquer\n1996 – Command & Conquer – The Covert Operations\n1996 – Command & Conquer: Red Alert\n1997 – Command & Conquer: Red Alert – Counterstrike\n1997 – Command & Conquer: Red Alert – The Aftermath\n1998 – Command & Conquer: Red Alert – Retaliation\n1997 – Command & Conquer: Sole Survivor\n1999 – Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun\n2000 – Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun – Firestorm\n2000 – Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2\n2001 – Command & Conquer: Yuri's Revenge\n2002 – Command & Conquer: RenegadeEA Los Angeles (2003–2010)2003 – Command & Conquer: Generals\n2003 – Command & Conquer: Generals – Zero Hour\n2007 – Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars\n2008 – Command & Conquer 3: Kane's Wrath\n2008 – Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3\n2009 – Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 – Uprising\n2010 – Command & Conquer 4: Tiberian TwilightEA Phenomic (2011)2012 – Command & Conquer: Tiberium AlliancesEA Redwood Studios (2018–)2018 – Command & Conquer: RivalsPetroglyph Games (2020)2020 – Command & Conquer Remastered CollectionSee also canceled Command & Conquer games.","title":"Chronology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westwood Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_Studios"},{"link_name":"video game music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_music"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"Frank Klepacki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Klepacki"},{"link_name":"Red Alert 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_3"},{"link_name":"Frank Klepacki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Klepacki"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behindra-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_2"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-facebook-49"},{"link_name":"Frank Klepacki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Klepacki"},{"link_name":"Senior Composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"}],"text":"Much of the music for the series was composed and produced by Westwood Studios' former sound director and video game music composer Frank Klepacki for the early games, with composition duties being taken on by several others following the liquidation of Westwood Studios in 2003. Klepacki returned to the series in 2008 to assist with the soundtrack for Red Alert 3.The music has been received positively by critics, although praise was higher with earlier entries.The original score for Command & Conquer: Red Alert was composed by Frank Klepacki and was voted the best video game soundtrack of 1996 by PC Gamer and Gameslice magazines.[47] Among his most famous songs from the series is the theme of Red Alert, titled \"Hell March\", which accents the style of the game with adrenalized riffs of electric guitar, the sounds of marching feet, and synthesizers to a dramatic chant. Originally intended to be the theme for the Brotherhood of Nod faction in the Covert Operations expansion to the original 1995 Command & Conquer game,[48] the track eventually ended up enlisting itself as a staple in the Red Alert series instead, and a second version of \"Hell March\" was specifically created for Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2.After C&C came out we wasted no time kicking out Covert Ops. I wrote some more ambient style themes they asked me for, and then I began tinkering with this heavy metal song that I was trying to gear towards Nod for the next big C&C game. Brett Sperry came in my office and said \"You got anything I can hear for the new C&C?\" I played it for him. He said \"What's the name of this one?\" I said \"Hell March\". He said \"That's the signature song for our next game\".[49]— Frank Klepacki, Senior Composer","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EACnC4-50"},{"link_name":"Screen Digest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Digest"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"Joe Kucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_D._Kucan"}],"text":"The Command & Conquer series have been a commercial success with over 30 million Command & Conquer games sold as of 2009.[50] In 1997, Screen Digest said it was \"probably the world's biggest PC CD-ROM entertainment franchise to date.\"[51]Games in the series have nearly consistently scored highly on video game review aggregator websites GameRankings and Metacritic, which collect data from numerous review websites. As noted in the table below, the highest rated game is Command & Conquer with a score of 94% from Metacritic. The highest rated game averaged over both sites is Command & Conquer: Red Alert with an average of just over 90%. As a series, Command & Conquer games have averaged approximately 80% when including expansion packs and approximately 84% without.Command & Conquer's long history resulted in Guinness World Records awarding the series six world records in the Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2008. These records include \"Biggest Selling RTS Series\", \"Most Number of Platforms for an RTS\", and \"Longest Running Actor in Video Game Role\" for Joe Kucan, who has played the part of Kane, the villainous mastermind of the series, for 15 years.","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Command & Conquer (PSP)\". IGN. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090205164631/http://uk.psp.ign.com/objects/737/737755.html","url_text":"\"Command & Conquer (PSP)\""},{"url":"http://uk.psp.ign.com/objects/737/737755.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vampires, Video Games, Virtual Reality\". Computer Gaming World. November 1993. pp. 120–121. Retrieved March 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1993&pub=2&id=112","url_text":"\"Vampires, Video Games, Virtual Reality\""}]},{"reference":"\"Command & Conquer Classics\". Archived from the original on February 14, 2010. Retrieved April 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100214144634/http://www.commandandconquer.com/classic","url_text":"\"Command & Conquer Classics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Command and Conquer\". commandandconquer.com. February 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.commandandconquer.com/en/news/1380/a-new-future-for-command-conquer","url_text":"\"Command and Conquer\""}]},{"reference":"McWhertor, Michael (October 29, 2013). \"EA cancels Command & Conquer, closes development studio\". polygon.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2013/10/29/5043244/ea-cancels-free-to-play-command-and-conquer","url_text":"\"EA cancels Command & Conquer, closes development studio\""}]},{"reference":"Mallinson, Paul (May 31, 2002). \"Games that changed the world: Command & Conquer\". CVG magazine. Retrieved December 22, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=49038","url_text":"\"Games that changed the world: Command & Conquer\""}]},{"reference":"Porter, Will. \"Command & Conquer - Origins\". Computerandvideogames staff. Retrieved May 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=183584&skip=yes","url_text":"\"Command & Conquer - Origins\""}]},{"reference":"\"The tale of a release date\". C&C Communications Center. January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://cnc-comm.com/news/a-tale-of-a-release-date","url_text":"\"The tale of a release date\""}]},{"reference":"\"Command & Conquer\". Metracritic. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved April 25, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929150826/http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/commandandconquer?q=Command%20&%20Conquer","url_text":"\"Command & Conquer\""},{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/commandandconquer?q=Command%20&%20Conquer","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Dan (April 7, 2006). \"The State of the RTS\". IGN. Archived from the original on April 9, 2006. Retrieved May 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060409154749/http://pc.ign.com/articles/700/700747p1.html","url_text":"\"The State of the RTS\""},{"url":"http://pc.ign.com/articles/700/700747p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Geryk, Bruce. \"A History of Real-Time Strategy Games\". GameSpot. Retrieved May 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/all/real_time/p3_02.html","url_text":"\"A History of Real-Time Strategy Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Mark H. \"Strategy Gaming: Part II\". GameSpy. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080626061050/http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/february02/strategy02/","url_text":"\"Strategy Gaming: Part II\""},{"url":"http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/february02/strategy02/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hudak, Chris (May 1, 1996). \"Command & Conquer Review\". GameSpot. Retrieved August 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/command-and-conquer/reviews/command-and-conquer-review-2538453/","url_text":"\"Command & Conquer Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"\"Command & Conquer\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved August 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929150826/http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/commandandconquer?q=Command%20&%20Conquer","url_text":"\"Command & Conquer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/commandandconquer?q=Command%20&%20Conquer","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Command & Conquer\". GameRankings. Retrieved August 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerankings.com/pc/196957-command-and-conquer/index.html","url_text":"\"Command & Conquer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings","url_text":"GameRankings"}]},{"reference":"\"Command & Conquer: Renegade\". IGN. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100808034158/http://pc.ign.com/objects/013/013180.html","url_text":"\"Command & Conquer: Renegade\""},{"url":"http://pc.ign.com/objects/013/013180.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GameSpy's Game of the year awards 2002\". GameSpy. 2002. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved August 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090412122151/http://archive.gamespy.com/goty2002/pc/index16.shtml","url_text":"\"GameSpy's Game of the year awards 2002\""},{"url":"http://archive.gamespy.com/goty2002/pc/index16.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Game Over Online Magazine - Command & Conquer: Renegade\". Game Over Online Magazine. April 9, 2002. Retrieved August 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.game-over.net/reviews.php?id=712&page=reviews","url_text":"\"Game Over Online Magazine - Command & Conquer: Renegade\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Graham (February 28, 2014). \"Repair Facility: Three Hours With Renegade-X\". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved April 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2014/02/28/renegade-x-thoughts/","url_text":"\"Repair Facility: Three Hours With Renegade-X\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock,_Paper,_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock, Paper, Shotgun"}]},{"reference":"McWhertor, Michael (November 14, 2018). \"Command & Conquer 4K remaster coming\". Polygon. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duan_Qi | Duan Kan | ["1 Background","2 Reign","2.1 Early rule","2.2 Siege of Guanggu","2.3 Fall and aftermath","3 See also","4 References"] | Duke of Qi
Duan Kan段龕Duke of QiRuler of Duan QiReign350–356BornUnknownDied357Full nameFamily name: Duàn (段)Given name: Kān (龕)Regnal name350–351: King of Qi (齊王)351–356: General Who Guards the North, Duke of Qi (鎮北將軍 齊公)DynastyDuan Qi
Duan Kan (simplified Chinese: 段龛; traditional Chinese: 段龕; pinyin: Duàn Kān) (died 357) was a Xianbei military general of the Later Zhao during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. In 350, taking advantage of the Later Zhao collapse, he occupied the Shandong peninsula and declared himself the King of Qi. His state of Qi (simplified Chinese: 齐; traditional Chinese: 齊; pinyin: Qí; 350–356) is known in historiography as Duan Qi (simplified Chinese: 段齐; traditional Chinese: 段齊; pinyin: Duàn Qí). Duan Kan's state lasted for six years before it was conquered by the Former Yan in 356.
Background
Duan Kan was a member of the Duan-Xianbei tribe in Liaoxi as the son of Duan Lan. After the fall of the Duan duchy in 338, Duan Lan fled but later found himself serving under the Later Zhao dynasty, who stationed him at his tribe's old capital in Lingzhi (令支, in present-day Qian'an, Hebei). After Duan Lan died, Duan Kan inherited his position.
As the Later Zhao collapsed under the weight of civil war in 350, Duan Kan led his followers south and occupied Chenliu Commandery (陳留郡; around present-day Kaifeng, Henan). He refused to acknowledge the authority of Shi Min, who had forcibly took control of the emperor and the Zhao capital, Ye. Instead, from Chenliu, he invaded and took over Qing province (modern central and eastern Shandong), where he declared himself the King of Qi at his new capital, Guanggu (廣固, in modern Qingzhou, Shandong).
Reign
Qi齊350–356CapitalGuangguGovernmentMonarchyKing / Duke • 350–356 Duan Kan
Historical eraSixteen Kingdoms• Established 350• Disestablished 356• Duan Kan's death 357
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Later Zhao
Former Yan
Today part ofChina
Early rule
Throughout its short existence, the Duan Qi state was deeply entrenched. While Shandong's natural terrain offered them a robust defense, it appears that they did not, or were unable to, make any real effort to expand. They were also surrounded by their more powerful neighbours, Eastern Jin and Former Yan. In 351, Duan Kan became a vassal to Jin, who appointed him the General Who Guards the North and demoted his title to Duke of Qi. Still, he remained largely independent as Jin had no direct control over his territory.
Conflict between Duan Qi and Former Yan first began in 354, when Yan's Inspector of Qing province, Zhu Tu (朱禿) assassinated a member of the imperial family, Murong Gou (慕容鉤) and defected to Qi. In 355, Duan Kan sent a letter to the Yan ruler, Murong Jun, denouncing his decision to declare himself emperor. The letter was also written in a manner of writing between cousins, as Jun's mother was from the Duan tribe. Insulted, Jun sent his brother, Murong Ke and general, Yang Wu to attack Qi.
As Murong Ke's soldiers approached, Duan Kan's brother, Duan Pi (段羆) proposed that he be sent with elite soldiers to hold the line along the Yellow River while Duan Kan defend Guanggu. However, Duan Kan rejected this strategy and eventually executed his brother out of anger for continuining to insist upon it.
Siege of Guanggu
In early 356, Murong Ke's army crossed the Yellow River. Duan Kan led 30,000 troops out of Guanggu to face in battle but was defeated in battle. His brother, Duan Qin (段欽) was captured while his officials, Yuan Fan (袁范), Pilu Yu (辟閭蔚) and others were killed. Many of Duan Kan's soldiers surrendered as he retreated back to his capital, prompting Murong Ke to lay siege.
While Duan Kan held on to Guanggu, Murong Ke built forts and cultivated land to prepare for a long siege. He also granted amnesty to any Qi city that surrendered. Among those who surrendered was Qi's Inspector of Xu province, Wang Teng (王騰). After several months of siege, Duan Kan sent his subordinate Duan Yun (段薀) to request for aid from Jin. Jin sent the general, Xun Xian to help him, but fearful of the Yan army's strength, he stopped his advance once he reached Langya Commandery.
Murong Ke remained patient throughout the siege and refused to make any rash attacks on the city. His soldiers were willingly supplied with food by the people of Shandong. In contrast, the inhabitants of Guanggu were starving as they were cut off from their food supply, leading to widespread cannibalism. Desperately, Duan Kan mustered his remaining troops and once again led them out to give battle, but was defeated within the Yan encirclement. Ke also sent his troops to guard the entrance to the city while they fought. Duan Kan was forced to personally fight his way back into the city and barely did so alone as his soldiers were wiped out. Morale within Guanggu plummeted and its people were no longer willing to fight.
Fall and aftermath
On 22 December 356, Duan Kan finally surrendered to Yan, bounding himself and arresting Zhu Tu for Yan to punish for killing Murong Gou. Zhu Tu was subjected to the Five Punishments while Duan Kan was pardoned and appointed the General of Obedient Submission. Around 3,000 Xianbei, Jie and other tribal households from Duan Kan's former territory were moved to the Yan capital at Ji. Despite his initial leniency, for unknown reasons, Murong Jun had Duan Kan killed, first poisoning his eyes, and buried alive 3,000 of his followers in 357.
See also
Xianbei
Ethnic groups in Chinese history
Five Barbarians
Duan tribe
References
^ Zizhi Tongjian, Chapter 98：初，段兰卒于令支，段龛代领其众，因石氏之乱，拥部落南徙。秋，七月，龛引兵东据广固，自称齐王。
^ Zizhi Tongjian, Chapter 99：段龛请以青州内附；二月，戊寅，以龛为镇北将军。封齐公。
^ Zizhi Tongjian, Chapter 99：镇北将军段龛与燕主俊书，抗中表之仪，非其称帝。俊怒，十一月，以太原王恪为大都督、抚军将军，阳鹜副之，以击龛。
vteSixteen KingdomsHistory
Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
Disaster of Yongjia
Shi Le's conquest of North China
Wei–Zhao War
Conquest of Wei by Yan
Huan Wen's Expeditions
Fu Jian's unification of North China
Battle of Fei River
Liu Yu's Expeditions
Northern Wei's unification of North China
The 16 KingdomsXiongnu
Han-Zhao (304–329)
Northern Liang (397–460)
Xia (407–431)
Di
Cheng-Han (304–347)
Former Qin (351–394)
Later Liang (386–403)
Jie
Later Zhao (319–351)
Xianbei
Former Yan (337–370)
Later Yan (384–409)
Western Qin (385–431)
Southern Liang (397–414)
Southern Yan (398–410)
Qiang
Later Qin (384–417)
Han
Former Liang (318–376)
Western Liang (400–421)
Northern Yan (407–436)
Other statesShort-lived
Ran Wei (350–352)
Duan Qi (350–356)
Western Yan (384–394)
Zhai Wei (388–392)
Huan Chu (403–404)
Qiao Shu (405–413)
Tribes
Yuwen
Duan
States
Chouchi (296–580)
Dai (310–376)
Northern Wei (386–535)
Involved
Jin dynasty
Jie
Xiongnu
Qiang
Xianbei
Di
Dingling
Goguryeo
Key personalities
Liu Yuan
Liu Cong
Shi Le
Shi Hu
Ran Min
Huan Wen
Fu Jian
Wang Meng
Murong Chui
Yao Xing
Tuoba Gui
Tuoba Tao
Liu Yu
Histories of the Era
Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
Book of Jin
This article related to the history of China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Xianbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei"},{"link_name":"Later Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Sixteen Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"Shandong peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Former Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Yan"}],"text":"Duan Kan (simplified Chinese: 段龛; traditional Chinese: 段龕; pinyin: Duàn Kān) (died 357) was a Xianbei military general of the Later Zhao during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. In 350, taking advantage of the Later Zhao collapse, he occupied the Shandong peninsula and declared himself the King of Qi. His state of Qi (simplified Chinese: 齐; traditional Chinese: 齊; pinyin: Qí; 350–356) is known in historiography as Duan Qi (simplified Chinese: 段齐; traditional Chinese: 段齊; pinyin: Duàn Qí). Duan Kan's state lasted for six years before it was conquered by the Former Yan in 356.","title":"Duan Kan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duan_tribe"},{"link_name":"Liaoxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoxi_Commandery"},{"link_name":"Duan Lan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duan_Lan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Later Zhao dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Zhao_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qian'an, Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qian%27an,_Hebei"},{"link_name":"Kaifeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaifeng"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"Shi Min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran_Min"},{"link_name":"Ye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_(Hebei)"},{"link_name":"Qing province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingzhou_(ancient_China)"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"Qingzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingzhou"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Duan Kan was a member of the Duan-Xianbei tribe in Liaoxi as the son of Duan Lan. After the fall of the Duan duchy in 338, Duan Lan fled but later found himself serving under the Later Zhao dynasty, who stationed him at his tribe's old capital in Lingzhi (令支, in present-day Qian'an, Hebei). After Duan Lan died, Duan Kan inherited his position.As the Later Zhao collapsed under the weight of civil war in 350, Duan Kan led his followers south and occupied Chenliu Commandery (陳留郡; around present-day Kaifeng, Henan). He refused to acknowledge the authority of Shi Min, who had forcibly took control of the emperor and the Zhao capital, Ye. Instead, from Chenliu, he invaded and took over Qing province (modern central and eastern Shandong), where he declared himself the King of Qi at his new capital, Guanggu (廣固, in modern Qingzhou, Shandong).[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)"},{"link_name":"Former Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Yan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Murong Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murong_Jun"},{"link_name":"Murong Ke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murong_Ke"},{"link_name":"Yang Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Wu_(Former_Yan)"},{"link_name":"Yellow River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River"}],"sub_title":"Early rule","text":"Throughout its short existence, the Duan Qi state was deeply entrenched. While Shandong's natural terrain offered them a robust defense, it appears that they did not, or were unable to, make any real effort to expand. They were also surrounded by their more powerful neighbours, Eastern Jin and Former Yan. In 351, Duan Kan became a vassal to Jin, who appointed him the General Who Guards the North and demoted his title to Duke of Qi. Still, he remained largely independent as Jin had no direct control over his territory.[2]Conflict between Duan Qi and Former Yan first began in 354, when Yan's Inspector of Qing province, Zhu Tu (朱禿) assassinated a member of the imperial family, Murong Gou (慕容鉤) and defected to Qi. In 355, Duan Kan sent a letter to the Yan ruler, Murong Jun, denouncing his decision to declare himself emperor. The letter was also written in a manner of writing between cousins, as Jun's mother was from the Duan tribe. Insulted, Jun sent his brother, Murong Ke and general, Yang Wu to attack Qi.As Murong Ke's soldiers approached, Duan Kan's brother, Duan Pi (段羆) proposed that he be sent with elite soldiers to hold the line along the Yellow River while Duan Kan defend Guanggu. However, Duan Kan rejected this strategy and eventually executed his brother out of anger for continuining to insist upon it.","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xun Xian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xun_Xian"},{"link_name":"Langya Commandery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langya_Commandery"},{"link_name":"cannibalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cannibalism"}],"sub_title":"Siege of Guanggu","text":"In early 356, Murong Ke's army crossed the Yellow River. Duan Kan led 30,000 troops out of Guanggu to face in battle but was defeated in battle. His brother, Duan Qin (段欽) was captured while his officials, Yuan Fan (袁范), Pilu Yu (辟閭蔚) and others were killed. Many of Duan Kan's soldiers surrendered as he retreated back to his capital, prompting Murong Ke to lay siege.While Duan Kan held on to Guanggu, Murong Ke built forts and cultivated land to prepare for a long siege. He also granted amnesty to any Qi city that surrendered. Among those who surrendered was Qi's Inspector of Xu province, Wang Teng (王騰). After several months of siege, Duan Kan sent his subordinate Duan Yun (段薀) to request for aid from Jin. Jin sent the general, Xun Xian to help him, but fearful of the Yan army's strength, he stopped his advance once he reached Langya Commandery.Murong Ke remained patient throughout the siege and refused to make any rash attacks on the city. His soldiers were willingly supplied with food by the people of Shandong. In contrast, the inhabitants of Guanggu were starving as they were cut off from their food supply, leading to widespread cannibalism. Desperately, Duan Kan mustered his remaining troops and once again led them out to give battle, but was defeated within the Yan encirclement. Ke also sent his troops to guard the entrance to the city while they fought. Duan Kan was forced to personally fight his way back into the city and barely did so alone as his soldiers were wiped out. Morale within Guanggu plummeted and its people were no longer willing to fight.","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Five Punishments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Punishments"},{"link_name":"Xianbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei"},{"link_name":"Jie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jie_people"},{"link_name":"Ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicheng_(Beijing)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Fall and aftermath","text":"On 22 December 356, Duan Kan finally surrendered to Yan, bounding himself and arresting Zhu Tu for Yan to punish for killing Murong Gou. Zhu Tu was subjected to the Five Punishments while Duan Kan was pardoned and appointed the General of Obedient Submission. Around 3,000 Xianbei, Jie and other tribal households from Duan Kan's former territory were moved to the Yan capital at Ji. Despite his initial leniency, for unknown reasons, Murong Jun had Duan Kan killed, first poisoning his eyes, and buried alive 3,000 of his followers in 357.[3]","title":"Reign"}] | [] | [{"title":"Xianbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei"},{"title":"Ethnic groups in Chinese history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history"},{"title":"Five Barbarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Barbarians"},{"title":"Duan tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duan_tribe"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duan_Kan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_7_(Hong_Kong) | Route 7 (Hong Kong) | ["1 Route description","2 Exits and Interchanges","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Road in Hong Kong
Route 7Alignment and exits of Route 7 (zoom in to view exit details)Route informationMaintained by Highways DepartmentLength17.6 km (10.9 mi)Existed24 June 1961 (Lung Cheung Road)–presentMajor junctionsEast endWan Po Road, Tseung Kwan OMajor intersections Kwun Tong Bypass Kai Fuk Road, Ngau Tau Kok Lion Rock Tunnel, Beacon Hill Tsing Sha Highway in Lai Chi Kok Tsing Kwai Highway, Kwai ChungWest end Kwai Chung Road, Kwai Chung
LocationCountryChinaSpecial administrative regionHong KongDistrictsSai Kung, Kwun Tong, Wong Tai Sin, Sham Shui Po, Kwai Tsing
Highway system
Transport in Hong Kong
Routes
Roads and Streets
← Route 6→ Route 8
Route 7 near Ting Fu Street, Ngau Tau Kok
Route 7 (Chinese: 七號幹線) is a major road linking Tseung Kwan O and Kwai Chung, through the northern part of Kowloon in Hong Kong.
The route was constructed in the 1960s, and consisted sections of Lung Cheung Road and Ching Cheung Road. It was built as a five lane dual carriageway to connect the factories in Kwun Tong with the Container Terminals, bypassing the built-up areas in Kowloon. The route was previously known as Route 4 and has been renamed in 2004. Following the opening of the Tseung Kwan O Tunnel in 1990, Route 7 was extended to Tseung Kwan O. Route 7 also the only route without Expressway
Route description
Route 7 begins at Wan Po Road in Tseung Kwan O and travels west to Kwun Tong via the Tseung Kwan O Tunnel. It follows Sau Mau Ping Road and meets Route 2 at Kwun Tong Bypass, then branches off into Kwun Tong Road. The road becomes a viaduct until it descends onto the ground level and joining Prince Edward Road East. The viaduct continues as Route 5 along the shore.
After Kowloon Bay, the road makes a few sharp bends before entering Lung Cheung Road. The route continues heading west and passes through the suburbs of Diamond Hill, Wong Tai Sin and Wang Tau Hom. The road becomes considerably steeper near the exit for Lion Rock Tunnel, and follows the foothills of northern Kowloon. At Tai Wo Ping, the route interchanges with Tai Po Road and continues as Ching Cheung Road, bypassing Sham Shui Po and Cheung Sha Wan before terminating at Kwai Chung and joins Route 5 again.
Some sections of the route are otherwise known as:
Ching Cheung Road
Lung Cheung Road
Kwun Tong Road
Tseung Kwan O Road
Tseung Kwan O Tunnel and Tseung Kwan O Tunnel Road
Exits and Interchanges
District
Location
Road Name
km
mi
Exit
Kwai Chung (West) bound exit
Tseung Kwan O (East) bound exit
Notes
Sai Kung District
Pak Shing Kok
Joins Wan Po Road (Non-route part)
Hang Hau
Wan Po Road
—
—
1
Po Yap Road, Chiu Shun Road - Sai Kung, Town Centre
—
—
2
Po Shun Road - Town Centre (Sheung Tak), Tiu Keng Leng
—
—
Po Shun Road - Town Centre, Tiu Keng Leng, Haven of Hope Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong (East) (Via Route 6 (Tseung Kwan O-Lam Tin Tunnel)
Po Lam
Tseung Kwan O Tunnel Road
—
—
2A
Po Shun Road - Hang Hau, Po Lam, Sai Kung, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Tseung Kwan O Sports Centre
Ma Yau Tong
—
—
Tseung Kwan O Tunnel
Kwun Tong District
Sau Mau Ping
Tseung Kwan O Road
—
—
3A
Sau Mau Ping Road - Sau Mau Ping
Lin Tak Road - Lam Tin
Lam Tin
—
—
3B
Kai Tin Road
—
—
4
Route 2 (Lei Yue Mun Road) - Lei Yue Mun, Hong Kong (East)
—
—
—
—
4A
Route 2 (Kwun Tong Bypass ) - Kowloon Bay, Sha Tin
Kwun Tong
Kwun Tong Road
—
—
4B
Wai Fat Road - Cha Kwo Ling, Kowloon Bay
—
—
N/A
Tsui Ping Road
—
—
5
Hoi Yuen Road, Hip Wo Street - Sau Mau Ping, Kwun Tong Business Area
Westbound
—
—
Eastbound
—
—
5A
Hong Ning Road
—
—
N/A
Hau Ming Street
—
—
5C
Lai Yip Street - Kowloon Bay
—
—
5D
Route 5 (Kai Fuk Road) - To Kwa Wan, Hong Kong
Beginning of Route 5
Ngau Tau Kok
—
—
6A
Nga Lai Road, Lai Yip Street - Ngau Tau Kok, Kowloon Bay
—
—
6B
Ting Fu Street
—
—
6C
Hong Tak Road - Telford Garden
—
—
6D
Ngau Tau Kok Road
—
—
6E
Fuk To Street
—
—
6F
Ngau Tau Kok Road - Ngau Tau Kok
—
—
6G
Choi Wan Road - Sau Mau Ping, Jordan Valley
—
—
7A
Prince Edward Road East - Kowloon City, Mong Kok
—
—
7B
Wai Yip Street, Kai Cheung Road - Kowloon Bay, Cruise Terminal
Wong Tai Sin District
Ngau Chi Wan
—
—
8
Prince Edward Road East - Mong KokClear Water Bay Road - Sai Kung
Lung Cheung Road
—
—
Clear Water Bay Road - Clear Water Bay, Sai Kung
—
—
9
Choi Hung Road - San Po Kong, Tsz Wan Shan Route 2 (Tate's Cairn Tunnel) - Sha Tin
Tai Hom
—
—
Lung Poon Street - Diamond Hill Route 2 (Tate's Cairn Tunnel) - Sha Tin
—
—
10
Po Kong Village Road (Southbound) - San Po Kong, Tsz Wan Shan, Chuk Yuen
—
—
Po Kong Village Road (Southbound) - San Po Kong
Wong Tai Sin
—
—
10A
Po Kong Village Road (Northbound) - Tsz Wan Shan
—
—
10B
Ching Tak Street - Wong Tai Sin
—
—
11
Fung Mo Street - Wang Tau Hom, Kowloon City
Wang Tau Hom
—
—
Fung Mo Street, Ma Chai Hang Road - Chuk Yuen, Wong Tai Sin, Kowloon City
—
—
11A
Chuk Yuen Road - Wang Tau Hom, Kowloon City, Hong Kong
Kowloon City District
Kowloon Tong
—
—
12
Route 1 (Lion Rock Tunnel) - Sha Tin
—
—
13
Lung Kui Road - Lung Cheung Road Lookout
—
—
Lung Yan Road - Water Supplies Department Mechanical & Electrical Workshop, Phoenix House
Sham Shui Po District
—
—
13A
Tai Po Road - Sham Shui Po, Sha Tin
Tai Wo Ping
—
—
13B
Nam Cheong Street - Shek Kip Mei
—
—
Lung Kui Road
So Uk
—
—
13C
Tai Po Road - Sham Shui Po, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
Ching Cheung Road
—
—
13D
Tai Po Road - Sha Tin
Cheung Sha Wan
—
—
14A
Wing Tak Road - Caritas Medical Centre
Permission required for access
Lai Chi Kok
—
—
14B
Butterfly Valley Road - Lai Chi Kok
—
—
14C
Castle Peak Road - Kwai Chung - Tsuen Wan
—
—
14D
Route 8 (Tsing Sha Highway ) - Sha Tin, Tai Po
—
—
14E
Container Port Road South - Container Terminals, Sha Tin Route 3 (Tsing Kwai Highway ) - Lantau Island, Disneyland, Airport
Kwai Tsing District
Kwai Chung
Joins Route 5 (Kwai Chung Road)
See also
Transport in Hong Kong
References
^ "道 路 及 鐵 路 － 香 港 幹 線 公 路 ( 二 )". Hong Kong Place. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
^ "Route Diagram-Route 7". Transport Department. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
External links
vteHong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System
Route 1
Route 2
Route 3
Route 4
Route 5
Route 6 (under construction)
Route 7
Route 8
Route 9
Route 10
Route 11 (proposed)
Route 7
Wan Po Road
Tseung Kwan O Tunnel Road
Tseung Kwan O Tunnel
Tseung Kwan O Road
Lei Yue Mun Road
Kwun Tong Road
Kwun Tong Road Underpass
Kwun Tong Road Flyover
Choi Hung Interchange
Lung Cheung Road
Ching Cheung Road | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NgauTauKokR7f.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ngau Tau Kok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngau_Tau_Kok"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"major road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Strategic_Route_and_Exit_Number_System"},{"link_name":"Tseung Kwan O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseung_Kwan_O"},{"link_name":"Kwai Chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwai_Chung"},{"link_name":"Kowloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Lung Cheung Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_Cheung_Road"},{"link_name":"Kwun Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwun_Tong"},{"link_name":"Container Terminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals"},{"link_name":"Kowloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon"},{"link_name":"Tseung Kwan O Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseung_Kwan_O_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Tseung Kwan O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseung_Kwan_O"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-place-1"},{"link_name":"Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled-access_highway"}],"text":"Route 7 near Ting Fu Street, Ngau Tau KokRoute 7 (Chinese: 七號幹線) is a major road linking Tseung Kwan O and Kwai Chung, through the northern part of Kowloon in Hong Kong.The route was constructed in the 1960s, and consisted sections of Lung Cheung Road and Ching Cheung Road. It was built as a five lane dual carriageway to connect the factories in Kwun Tong with the Container Terminals, bypassing the built-up areas in Kowloon. The route was previously known as Route 4 and has been renamed in 2004. Following the opening of the Tseung Kwan O Tunnel in 1990, Route 7 was extended to Tseung Kwan O.[1] Route 7 also the only route without Expressway","title":"Route 7 (Hong Kong)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tseung Kwan O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseung_Kwan_O"},{"link_name":"Kwun Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwun_Tong"},{"link_name":"Tseung Kwan O Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseung_Kwan_O_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Route 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_2_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Kwun Tong Bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwun_Tong_Bypass"},{"link_name":"Kwun Tong Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwun_Tong_Road"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward Road East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Road_East"},{"link_name":"Route 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_5_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Lung Cheung Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_Cheung_Road"},{"link_name":"Diamond Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Hill"},{"link_name":"Wong Tai Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin"},{"link_name":"Wang Tau Hom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Tau_Hom"},{"link_name":"Lion Rock Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Rock_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Tai Wo Ping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Wo_Ping"},{"link_name":"Tai Po Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Po_Road"},{"link_name":"Sham Shui Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sham_Shui_Po"},{"link_name":"Cheung Sha Wan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung_Sha_Wan"},{"link_name":"Kwai Chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwai_Chung"},{"link_name":"Route 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_5_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lung Cheung Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_Cheung_Road"},{"link_name":"Kwun Tong Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwun_Tong_Road"},{"link_name":"Tseung Kwan O Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseung_Kwan_O_Tunnel"}],"text":"Route 7 begins at Wan Po Road in Tseung Kwan O and travels west to Kwun Tong via the Tseung Kwan O Tunnel. It follows Sau Mau Ping Road and meets Route 2 at Kwun Tong Bypass, then branches off into Kwun Tong Road. The road becomes a viaduct until it descends onto the ground level and joining Prince Edward Road East. The viaduct continues as Route 5 along the shore.After Kowloon Bay, the road makes a few sharp bends before entering Lung Cheung Road. The route continues heading west and passes through the suburbs of Diamond Hill, Wong Tai Sin and Wang Tau Hom. The road becomes considerably steeper near the exit for Lion Rock Tunnel, and follows the foothills of northern Kowloon. At Tai Wo Ping, the route interchanges with Tai Po Road and continues as Ching Cheung Road, bypassing Sham Shui Po and Cheung Sha Wan before terminating at Kwai Chung and joins Route 5 again.[2]Some sections of the route are otherwise known as:Ching Cheung Road\nLung Cheung Road\nKwun Tong Road\nTseung Kwan O Road\nTseung Kwan O Tunnel and Tseung Kwan O Tunnel Road","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exits and Interchanges"}] | [{"image_text":"Route 7 near Ting Fu Street, Ngau Tau Kok","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NgauTauKokR7f.jpg/220px-NgauTauKokR7f.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Transport in Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Hong_Kong"}] | [{"reference":"\"道 路 及 鐵 路 － 香 港 幹 線 公 路 ( 二 )\". Hong Kong Place. Retrieved 6 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://hk-place.com/view.php?id=319","url_text":"\"道 路 及 鐵 路 － 香 港 幹 線 公 路 ( 二 )\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route Diagram-Route 7\". Transport Department. Retrieved 6 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.td.gov.hk/mini_site/hksrens/2008/EN/RouteMapL-R7.htm","url_text":"\"Route Diagram-Route 7\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://hk-place.com/view.php?id=319","external_links_name":"\"道 路 及 鐵 路 － 香 港 幹 線 公 路 ( 二 )\""},{"Link":"http://www.td.gov.hk/mini_site/hksrens/2008/EN/RouteMapL-R7.htm","external_links_name":"\"Route Diagram-Route 7\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married_But_Not_to_Each_Other | Married, But Not to Each Other | ["1 Background","2 Release and chart performance","3 Track listing","4 Charts","5 Barbara Mandrell cover","5.1 Background and recording","5.2 Release and chart performance","5.3 Track listing","5.4 Charts","6 References"] | "Married But Not to Each Other"Single by Denise LaSallefrom the album Here I Am Again B-side"Who's the Fool"ReleasedMarch 1976 (1976-03)GenreR&BsoulLength3:40LabelWestboundSongwriter(s)Denise LaSalleFrancis MilerProducer(s)Crajon EnterprisesDenise LaSalle singles chronology
"Here I Am Again" (1975)
"Married But Not to Each Other" (1976)
"Hellfire Loving" (1976)
"Married But Not to Each Other" is a song originally recorded by American R&B artist Denise LaSalle. It was composed by LaSalle, along with Francis Miller. LaSalle's original version became a major hit on the American R&B music chart in 1976, reaching the top 20 that year. It was one of several singles composed by LaSalle that became a charting single. It was later covered in 1977 by American country artist Barbara Mandrell, whose version reached the top five of the American country chart.
Background
Denise LaSalle had initial success in 1971 with her R&B crossover pop hit "Trapped by a Thing Called Love". She had several more years of commercial success and was signed later on by ABC Records where she cut several more records. Unlike other R&B performers of the era, LaSalle recorded songs she composed herself. Among these self-penned songs was the tune "Married But Not to Each Other". LaSalle composed the song with Francis Miller. The track was produced by Crajon Enterprises while she was under contract at Westbound Records in the mid 1970s.
The song discusses both sides of a couple's struggle to hide their external love affairs to avoid hurting each other's feelings.
Release and chart performance
"Married But Not to Each Other" was released as a single on Westbound Records in March 1976. The single was pressed as a seven inch vinyl recording containing a B-side titled "Who's the Fool" (also penned by LaSalle). The single spent 17 weeks on America's Billboard R&B songs chart, peaking at number 16 in May 1976. The song was one of her final top 20 hits in her recording career. The song also climbed to number two on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 singles chart in 1976. In 1976, the song appeared on LaSalle's studio album titled Here I Am Again.
Track listing
7" vinyl single
"Married But Not to Each Other" – 3:40
"Who's the Fool" – 2:39
Charts
Chart performance for "Married, But Not to Each Other"
Chart (1976)
Peakposition
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 (Billboard)
2
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
16
Barbara Mandrell cover
"Married But Not to Each Other"Single by Barbara Mandrellfrom the album Lovers, Friends and Strangers B-side"Fool's Gold"ReleasedMarch 1977 (1977-03)RecordedSeptember 1976 (1976-09)GenreCountry-popCountrypolitanLength3:04LabelABCDotSongwriter(s)Denise LaSalleFrances MillerProducer(s)Tom CollinsBarbara Mandrell singles chronology
"Midnight Angel" (1976)
"Married But Not to Each Other" (1977)
"Hold Me" (1977)
Background and recording
"Married But Not to Each Other" was notably covered by American country artist Barbara Mandrell in 1977. She had recently signed with ABC/Dot Records and began working with producer Tom Collins. Collins helped establish Mandrell's breakthrough as a country artist by shifting her towards a country pop style that incorporated R&B elements. Among the songs she recorded for ABC/Dot was Denise LaSalle's "Married But Not to Each Other". Tom Collins produced Mandrell on the recording in September 1976.
Release and chart performance
"Married But Not to Each Other" was released as a single on ABC/Dot Records in March 1977. It was backed on the B-side by the song "Fool's Gold". The track was issued by the label as a seven inch vinyl single. The single spent 17 weeks on America's Billboard country songs chart, peaking at number three by June 1977. Up to that point in her singing career, it was Barbara Mandrell's highest-charting single on the country chart. In Canada, the single also climbed to the number three position on the RPM country chart. It was also her highest-charting single in Canada up to that point. The song was released on Mandrell's first album for the label, which was titled Lovers, Friends and Strangers. The album was released in 1977.
Track listing
7" vinyl single
"Married But Not to Each Other" – 2:56
"Fool's Gold" – 2:24
Charts
Chart performance for "Married But Not to Each Other"
Chart (1977)
Peakposition
Canada Country Songs (RPM)
3
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)
3
References
^ a b c "Here I Am Again: Denise LaSalle: Songs, reviews, credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
^ Skelly, Richard. "Denise LaSalle: Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
^ a b c LaSalle, Denise (March 1976). ""Married But Not to Each Other"/"Who's the Fool" (7" vinyl single sleeve insert)". Westbound Records.
^ Barbara Mandrell - Married But Not To Each Other (1977) Lyrics
^ "Denise LaSalle chart history (R&B songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
^ a b Whitburn, Joel (2005). Bubbling Under the Billboard Hot 100: 1959-2004. Record Research. ISBN 978-0898201628.
^ "Denise LaSalle Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
^ ""Married But Not to Each Other": Barbara Mandrell: Song information". AllMusic. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
^ a b Wolff, Kurt (2000). Country Music: The Rough Guide. London: Penguin Books. p. 438. ISBN 1-85828-534-8.
^ a b c Mandrell, Barbara (March 1977). ""Married But Not to Each Other"/"Fool's Gold" (7" vinyl single sleeve insert)". ABC Records//Dot Records. 1310-17688.
^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2.
^ a b "Search results for "Barbara Mandrell" under Country Songs". RPM. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
^ Mandrell, Barbara (1977). "Lovers, Friends and Strangers (LP Album Information)". ABC Records/Dot Records. 673.
^ "Barbara Mandrell Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
vteBarbara Mandrell songsAlbumsSinglesTreat Him Right
"I've Been Loving You Too Long (To Stop Now)"
"Playin' Around with Love"
"Do Right Woman, Do Right Man"
"Treat Him Right"
The Midnight Oil
"Tonight My Baby's Coming Home"
"Show Me"
"Holdin' On (To the Love I Got)"
"Give a Little, Take a Little"
"The Midnight Oil"
This Time I Almost Made It
"This Time I Almost Made It"
"Wonder When My Baby's Coming Home"
This Is Barbara Mandrell
"Standing Room Only"
"That's What Friends Are For"
"Love Is Thin Ice"
Midnight Angel
"Midnight Angel"
Lovers, Friends and Strangers
"Married, But Not to Each Other"
"Hold Me"
Love's Ups and Downs
"Woman to Woman"
"Tonight"
Moods
"Sleeping Single in a Double Bed"
"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right"
Just for the Record
"Fooled by a Feeling"
"Years"
Love Is Fair
"Crackers"
"The Best of Strangers"
"Love Is Fair"
Barbara Mandrell Live
"I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool"
"Wish You Were Here"
...In Black and White
"'Till You're Gone"
"Operator, Long Distance Please"
Spun Gold
"In Times Like These"
"One of a Kind Pair of Fools"
Clean Cut
"Happy Birthday Dear Heartache"
"Only a Lonely Heart Knows"
"Crossword Puzzle"
Meant for Each Other (with Lee Greenwood)
"To Me" (with Lee Greenwood)
"It Should Have Been Love by Now" (with Lee Greenwood)
Greatest Hits
"There's No Love in Tennessee"
Get to the Heart
"Angel in Your Arms"
"Fast Lanes and Country Roads"
"When You Get to the Heart" (with The Oak Ridge Boys)
Moments
"No One Mends a Broken Heart Like You"
Sure Feels Good
"Child Support"
I'll Be Your Jukebox Tonight
"I Wish I Could Fall in Love Today"
"My Train of Thought" | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B_music"},{"link_name":"Denise LaSalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_LaSalle"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Barbara Mandrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell"}],"text":"\"Married But Not to Each Other\" is a song originally recorded by American R&B artist Denise LaSalle. It was composed by LaSalle, along with Francis Miller. LaSalle's original version became a major hit on the American R&B music chart in 1976, reaching the top 20 that year. It was one of several singles composed by LaSalle that became a charting single. 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The single was pressed as a seven inch vinyl recording containing a B-side titled \"Who's the Fool\" (also penned by LaSalle).[3] The single spent 17 weeks on America's Billboard R&B songs chart, peaking at number 16 in May 1976. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeremys | Nigeremys | ["1 Discovery","2 References"] | Genus of reptiles
NigeremysTemporal range: Maastrichtian–Eocene
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Nigeremys fossil skull
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Reptilia
Order:
Testudines
Suborder:
Pleurodira
Family:
†Bothremydidae
Genus:
†NigeremysBroin, 1977
Species:
†N. gigantea
Binomial name
†Nigeremys giganteaBroin, 1977
Nigeremys ("Niger turtle") is an extinct genus of bothremydid pleurodiran turtle from Niger, Mali and Syria. The genus consists exclusively of the combinatio nova of the type species N. gigantea.
Discovery
Nigeremys was described in 1977.
References
^ a b F. Broin. 1977. Contribution a l'etude des Cheloniens. Cheloniens continentaux due Cretace et du Tertiare de France. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle Serie, Serie C, Sciences de la terre 38:1-366
^ Fossilworks: Phosphatochelys fossilworks.org Retrieved 2021-01-05
vteTestudines
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Diapsida
Order: Testudines
SuborderSuperfamilyFamilyGenusCryptodiraChelonioidea(Sea turtles)Cheloniidae
†Allopleuron
Caretta
†Carolinochelys
Chelonia
†Eochelone
Eretmochelys
†Gigantatypus
†Glarichelys
†Itilochelys
Lepidochelys
†Mexichelys
†Miocaretta
Natator
†Pacifichelys
†Syllomus
†Tasbacka
Dermochelyidae
†Arabemys
†Corsochelys
†Cosmochelys
Dermochelys
†Eosphargis
†Mesodermochelys
†Psephophorus
†Euclastes
†Peritresius
†Procolpochelys
†Protosphargis
†Puppigerus
KinosternoideaDermatemydidae
Dermatemys
Kinosternidae
Claudius
†Hoplochelys
Kinosternon
Staurotypus
Sternotherus
TestudinoideaEmydidae
†Acherontemys
Chrysemys
Clemmys
Deirochelys
Emys
Actinemys
Emydoidea
Glyptemys
Graptemys
Malaclemys
Pseudemys
Terrapene
Trachemys
†Wilburemys
Geoemydidae
Batagur
†Banhxeochelys
Cuora
Cyclemys
Geoclemys
Geoemyda
Hardella
Heosemys
Leucocephalon
Malayemys
Mauremys
Melanochelys
Morenia
Notochelys
Orlitia
Pangshura
Rhinoclemmys
Sacalia
Siebenrockiella
Vijayachelys
Platysternidae
Platysternon
Testudinidae
Aldabrachelys
Astrochelys
Centrochelys
Chelonoidis
Chersina
Cylindraspis
†Cymatholcus
†Floridemys
Geochelone
Gopherus
†Hadrianus
†Hesperotestudo
Homopus
Indotestudo
Kinixys
Malacochersus
Manouria
†Megalochelys
†Oligopherus
Psammobates
Pyxis
†Solitudo
Stigmochelys
†Stylemys
Testudo
TrionychiaCarettochelyidae
†Allaeochelys
†Anosteira
Carettochelys
Trionychidae
Amyda
Apalone
†Axestemys
Chitra
Cyclanorbis
Cycloderma
†Drazinderetes
Dogania
†Gilmoremys
†Hutchemys
†Khunnuchelys
Lissemys
Nilssonia
Palea
†Palaeoamyda
Pelochelys
Pelodiscus
Rafetus
Trionyx
†Basilochelys
†Sinaspideretes
Chelydridae
Chelydra
†Chelydrops
†Chelydropsis
†Emarginachelys
†Macrocephalochelys
Macrochelys
†Planiplastron
†Protochelydra
†Nanhsiungchelyidae
†Anomalochelys
†Basilemys
†Jiangxichelys
†Protostegidae
†Alienochelys
†Archelon
†Atlantochelys
†Bouliachelys
†Calcarichelys
†Cratochelone
†Desmatochelys
†Iserosaurus
†Notochelone
†Ocepechelon
†Pneumatoarthrus
†Protostega
†Rhinochelys
†Santanachelys
†Terlinguachelys
†Adocus
†Argillochelys
†Bashuchelys
†Ctenochelys
†Prionochelys
†Toxochelys
Pleurodira †Araripemydidae
†Araripemys
†Bothremydidae
†Araiochelys
†Arenila
†Azabbaremys
†Bothremys
†Cearachelys
†Chedighaii
†Chupacabrachelys
†Eotaphrosphys
†Foxemys
†Galianemys
†Ilatardia
†Inaechelys
†Itapecuruemys
†Jainemys
†Kinkonychelys
†Kurmademys
†Labrostochelys
†Nigeremys
†Phosphatochelys
†Polysternon
†Puentemys
†Rosasia
†Rhothonemys
†Sankuchemys
†Taphrosphys
†Ummulisani
†Zolhafah
Chelidae
Acanthochelys
Chelodina
Chelus
Elseya
Elusor
Emydura
Hydromedusa
†Lomalatachelys
Mesoclemmys
Myuchelys
Phrynops
Platemys
†Prochelidella
Pseudemydura
Rheodytes
Rhinemys
†Yaminuechelys
Pelomedusidae
Pelomedusa
Pelusios
Podocnemididae
†Albertwoodemys
†Bauruemys
†Brontochelys
†Caninemys
†Carbonemys
†Cerrejonemys
†Cordichelys
Erymnochelys
†Lapparentemys
†Latentemys
Peltocephalus
Podocnemis
†Stupendemys
†Sahonachelyidae
†Sahonachelys
†Sokatra
†Caribemys
†Caririemys
†Tacuarembemys
Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. † = extinct.
See also List of Testudines families
Taxon identifiersNigeremys
Wikidata: Q105063078
Wikispecies: Nigeremys
BioLib: 60903
GBIF: 4983721
Open Tree of Life: 6155795
Paleobiology Database: 131520
This article about a prehistoric turtle is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"bothremydid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothremydidae"},{"link_name":"pleurodiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurodiran"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-broin1977-1"},{"link_name":"combinatio nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatio_nova"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fossilworks-2"}],"text":"Nigeremys (\"Niger turtle\") is an extinct genus of bothremydid pleurodiran turtle from Niger, Mali and Syria.[1] The genus consists exclusively of the combinatio nova of the type species N. gigantea.[2]","title":"Nigeremys"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-broin1977-1"}],"text":"Nigeremys was described in 1977.[1]","title":"Discovery"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=131511","external_links_name":"Fossilworks: Phosphatochelys"},{"Link":"http://images.turtleconservancy.org/documents/2017/crm-7-checklist-atlas-v8-2017.pdf","external_links_name":"Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id60903","external_links_name":"60903"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4983721","external_links_name":"4983721"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=6155795","external_links_name":"6155795"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=131520","external_links_name":"131520"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeremys&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edie_Windsor | Edith Windsor | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Activism","5 United States v. Windsor","6 Recognition","6.1 Awards","7 Death","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | American LGBTQ rights activist and a technology manager at IBM
Edith WindsorWindsor at DC Pride 2017BornEdith Schlain(1929-06-20)June 20, 1929Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedSeptember 12, 2017(2017-09-12) (aged 88)New York City, U.S.Other namesEdie WindsorEducationTemple University (BA)New York University (MA)EmployerIBMKnown forUnited States v. WindsorMovementLGBT rightsSpouses
Saul Windsor
(m. 1951; div. 1952)
Thea Clara Spyer
(m. 2007; died 2009)
Judith Kasen (m. 2016)
AwardsSee belowWebsiteediewindsor.org
Windsor and Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell
Edith "Edie" Windsor (née Schlain; June 20, 1929 – September 12, 2017) was an American LGBT rights activist and a technology manager at IBM. She was the lead plaintiff in the 2013 Supreme Court of the United States case United States v. Windsor, which overturned Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act and was considered a landmark legal victory for the same-sex marriage movement in the United States. The Obama administration and federal agencies extended rights, privileges and benefits to married same-sex couples because of the decision.
Early life and education
Windsor was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 20, 1929, the youngest of three children of James and Celia Schlain, a Russian Jewish immigrant family of modest means. During her childhood, her family suffered as a result of the Great Depression, and her father lost both his candy-and-ice-cream store and their home above it. In school, she at times experienced anti-Semitism. Throughout school, she dated boys her age, but said later she recalls having crushes on girls.
Windsor received her bachelor's degree from Temple University in 1950. In 1955, she began pursuing a master's degree in mathematics, which she obtained from New York University in 1957. She then joined IBM, where she worked for the next sixteen years. During this time, she spent two semesters studying applied mathematics at Harvard University on an IBM fellowship.
Career
While attending New York University, Windsor worked for the university's math department, entering data into its UNIVAC. She also worked as a programmer at Combustion Engineering, Inc., where she worked with physicists and the UNIVAC.
After receiving her master's degree in mathematics in 1957 from New York University, Windsor began work in senior technical and management positions at IBM in 1958. Her work at IBM was primarily related to systems architecture and implementation of operating systems and natural language processors. Windsor began her career at IBM as a mainframe programmer. In May 1968, she attained the title designating the highest level technical position at IBM, senior systems programmer. Windsor worked at IBM for 16 years and was well known around IBM for her "top-notch debugging skills". She received the first IBM PC delivered in New York City. However, the company rejected her insurance form naming her partner Thea Spyer as a beneficiary. Windsor also assisted the Atomic Energy Commission, and was at one point even investigated by the FBI. Windsor feared that it was because of her closeted homosexuality. This was during the time right after the Lavender Scare. She later found out it was because of her sister's ties to the Teacher's Union.
In 1975, Windsor left IBM and became the founding president of PC Classics, a consulting firm specializing in software development projects. During this time consulting, Windsor helped many LGBTQ groups become "tech literate". She helped many LGBTQ organizations computerize their mail systems.
Personal life
Saul Windsor was Edie's older brother's best friend, whom she had known for many years and respected. They went to college together and during their third year, Saul proposed marriage and Edie accepted. Their relationship ended at one time during the engagement when Edie fell in love with a female classmate. However, after Windsor decided she did not want to live life as a lesbian, they reconciled and got married after graduation, in May 1951. They divorced less than one year afterward, on March 3, 1952, and she confided in him that she longed to be with women. Shortly after her divorce, Windsor left Philadelphia for New York City.
Windsor met Thea Spyer, an Amsterdam-born psychologist, in 1963 at Portofino, a restaurant in Greenwich Village. When they initially met, each was already in a relationship. They occasionally saw each other at events over the next two years, but it was not until a trip to the East End of Long Island in the late spring of 1965 that they began dating each other. To help keep the relationship a secret from her co-workers, Windsor invented a relationship with Spyer's fictional brother Willy – who was actually a childhood doll belonging to Windsor – to explain Spyer's phone calls to the office. In 1967, Spyer asked Windsor to marry, although it was not yet legal anywhere in the United States. Fearing that a traditional engagement ring might expose Windsor's sexual orientation to her coworkers, Spyer instead proposed with a circular diamond pin.
Six months after getting engaged, Windsor and Spyer moved into an apartment in Greenwich Village. In 1968, they purchased a small house on Long Island together, where they went on vacation for the following forty summers. The couple often took trips both in the United States and internationally. They also entertained at their home frequently, with Spyer preparing meals, including an annual Memorial Day weekend celebration of their anniversary.
In 1977, Spyer was diagnosed with progressive multiple sclerosis. The disease caused a gradual, but ever-increasing paralysis. Windsor used her early retirement to become a full-time caregiver for Spyer, and the couple continued to adjust their daily behavior to accommodate.
Windsor and Spyer entered a domestic partnership in New York City in 1993. Registering on the first available day, they were issued certificate number eighty.
Spyer suffered a heart attack in 2002 and was diagnosed with aortic stenosis. In 2007, her doctors told her she had less than a year to live. New York had not yet legalized same-sex marriage, so the couple opted to marry in Toronto, Canada, on May 22, 2007, with Canada's first openly gay judge, Justice Harvey Brownstone, presiding, and with the assistance of a filmmaker and same-sex marriage activist familiar with the laws in both countries. An announcement of their wedding was published in The New York Times. Spyer died from complications related to her heart condition on February 5, 2009. After Spyer's death, Windsor was hospitalized with stress cardiomyopathy.
On September 26, 2016, Windsor married Judith Kasen at New York City Hall. At the time of the wedding, Windsor was age 87 and Kasen was age 51.
Windsor was also a member of the non-denominational Congregation Beit Simchat Torah synagogue, which has been self-described as the world's largest LGBT synagogue.
In October 2019, Windsor's memoir A Wild and Precious Life was published by St. Martin's Press. The writing was begun before Windsor's death in 2017 and was completed by her co-author Joshua Lyon. It was also released as an audiobook, read by Donna Postel and Joshua Lyon.
Activism
Windsor with Carolyn Maloney in 2016
In June 1969, Windsor and Spyer returned from a vacation in Italy to discover the Stonewall Riots had begun the night before. In the following years, the couple publicly participated in LGBT marches and events. They also lent their Cadillac convertible to LGBT rights organizations.
Following her departure from IBM in 1975, she increased her involvement with LGBT organizations. She volunteered for the Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders, the East End Gay Organization, the LGBT Community Center, 1994 Gay Games New York, and helped found Old Queers Acting Up, an improv group utilizing skits to address social justice issues. She served on the board of Services & Advocacy for GLBT Elders (SAGE) from 1986 to 1988 and again from 2005 to 2007.
Windsor continued to be a public advocate for same-sex marriage in the years following United States v. Windsor. She helped Senator Dianne Feinstein and Representative Jerrold Nadler introduce the Respect for Marriage Act at a press conference in Washington, D.C., in 2011. She was also a prominent supporter of Israeli LGBT rights group A Wider Bridge. In 2013, Time magazine named Windsor as a finalist for their Person of the Year award, losing out only to Pope Francis. Later in life, she became an ardent supporter of New York City's largest LGBTQ+ band, the Lesbian & Gay Big Apple Corps, calling them "her band". They performed a concert called The Roaring Music of Women: A Tribute to the Iconic Edie Windsor in her honor on Saturday, April 7, 2018.
United States v. Windsor
Main article: United States v. Windsor
Upon Spyer's death on February 5, 2009, Windsor became the executor and sole beneficiary of Spyer's estate, via a revocable trust. Windsor was required to pay $363,053 in federal estate taxes on her inheritance of her wife's estate. Had federal law recognized the validity of their marriage, Windsor would have qualified for an unlimited spousal deduction and paid no federal estate taxes.
Windsor sought to claim the federal estate tax exemption for surviving spouses. She was barred from doing so by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) (codified at 1 U.S.C. § 7), which provided that the term "spouse" only applied to marriages between a man and woman. The Internal Revenue Service found that the exemption did not apply to same-sex marriages, denied Windsor's claim, and compelled her to pay $363,053 in estate taxes.
In 2010 Windsor filed a lawsuit against the federal government in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, seeking a refund because DOMA singled out legally married same-sex couples for "differential treatment compared to other similarly situated couples without justification." In 2012, Judge Barbara S. Jones ruled that Section 3 of DOMA was unconstitutional under the due process guarantees of the Fifth Amendment and ordered the federal government to issue the tax refund, including interest. The U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed in a 2–1 decision later in 2012.
The U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the case in March 2013, and on 26 June of that year issued a 5–4 decision affirming that Section 3 of DOMA was unconstitutional "as a deprivation of the liberty of the person protected by the Fifth Amendment.": 25
Recognition
Sign thanking Windsor at a rally supporting same-sex marriage
Windsor was honored by the National Computing Conference in 1987 as a "pioneer in operating systems".
On Windsor's 70th birthday in 1999, the Edie Windsor Fund for Old Lesbians was gifted to Windsor by Spyer and their friends. It is maintained and administered by Open Meadows Foundation, and provides grants to projects for and by older lesbians.
A 2009 documentary, Edie & Thea: A Very Long Engagement, by Susan Muska and Greta Olfsdottir, documents Windsor and Spyer's life and wedding. The DVD of the film contains a full-length interview with Justice Harvey Brownstone, the Canadian judge who officiated at the Windsor/Spyer wedding.
She was the grand marshal of the 2013 New York City LGBT Pride March.
She was a runner-up, to Pope Francis, for 2013 Time Person of the Year.
Windsor was honored as The New Jewish Home's Eight Over Eighty Gala 2014 honoree.
On May 22, 2014, she received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Johns Hopkins University.
In June 2014 Windsor traveled back to Toronto, the city where she married Thea Spyer, to receive an award at WorldPride. While in Toronto she appeared on the CTV Television Network's national morning show, Canada AM, with Harvey Brownstone, the Toronto judge who officiated at her wedding.
On June 26, 2014, Windsor was featured on Logo TV's 2014 LOGO Trailblazers.
In 2016, Lesbians Who Tech initiated the Edie Windsor Coding Scholarship Fund.
In 2018, a block of South 13th Street in Philadelphia was designated as Edie Windsor Way.
In June 2019, Windsor was one of the inaugural fifty American "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes" inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument (SNM) in New York City's Stonewall Inn. The SNM is the first U.S. national monument dedicated to LGBTQ rights and history, while the Wall's unveiling was timed to take place during the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots.
Awards
Windsor received numerous awards related to her work in technology and LGBT activism.
Award
Presented by
Date
Notes
Joyce Warshaw Lifetime Achievement Award
Services & Advocacy for GLBT Elders (SAGE)
October 25, 2010
Trailblazer in Law Award
Marriage Equality New York
May 19, 2011
Roger Baldwin Medal of Liberty
American Civil Liberties Union
June 11, 2011
New York City Council Award
New York City Council
June 16, 2011
Presented during council's Gay Pride celebration
Edie Windsor & Thea Spyer Equality Award
The LOFT
2012
Susan B. Anthony Award
National Organization for Women New York City
February 15, 2012
Visionary Award
NewFest
2012
Trailblazer Award
New York City LGBT Community Center
April 11, 2013
Eugene J. Keogh Award for Distinguished Public Service at New York University
New York University
May 22, 2013
Presidential Medal
New York University
May 24, 2013
Keeping Faith Award
American Constitution Society for Law & Policy
September 17, 2013
Lifetime Leadership Award
National Gay & Lesbian Task Force
October 8, 2013
Trailblazer of Democracy Award
The Eleanor Roosevelt Legacy Award
October 11, 2013
Individual Leadership Award
PFLAG
October 14, 2013
Alumni Achievement Award
New York University Graduate School of Arts and Science
October 18, 2013
American Spirit Award for Citizen Activism
Common Good Award
November 13, 2013
Out 100 – Lifetime Achievement Award
Out
November 13, 2013
The Imperial Diamond Award for Vision – Support – Activism
Imperial Court System New York
March 29, 2014
Ovation Award
Olivia Cruises
2014
Laurel Hester Award
Gay Officers Action League (GOAL) – New York
April 25, 2014
Women's Rights Award
American Federation of Teachers (AFT)
July 14, 2014
Named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of the 2015 LGBT History Month
Equality Forum
2015
Death
On September 12, 2017, Windsor's wife Judith Kasen-Windsor confirmed that Windsor had died in Manhattan, but did not specify a cause. Former US President Bill Clinton, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo, California US Senator Dianne Feinstein, and various politicians and celebrities posted words of tribute on their Twitter accounts. Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton spoke at her funeral.
See also
LGBT portalNew York City portal
LGBT rights in the United States
References
^ a b Curtis M. Wong (September 12, 2017). "Bill Clinton, Andy Cohen, Lea DeLaria And More Mourn Edie Windsor's Death". Huffington Post. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ Tiven, Rachel (June 23, 2021). "Edie Windsor". Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. Jewish Women's Archive.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Affidavit of Edith Schlain Windsor" (PDF). nyclu.org. United States District Court Southern District of New York. June 23, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Eliza Gray (December 11, 2013). "Edith Windsor, The Unlikely Activist". Time. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
^ Naomi Zeveloff. "Forward 50 (2013): Edith Windsor". The Forward. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
^ "Windsor Amended Complaint". box.com.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Jill Hamburg Coplan (Fall 2011). "When a Woman Loves a Woman". NYU Alumni Magazine (17). Retrieved June 25, 2015.
^ a b c Totenberg, Nina (March 21, 2013). "Meet The 83-Year-Old Taking On The U.S. Over Same-Sex Marriage". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
^ Graham, Kristen A. (April 28, 2014). "At Temple, an alumna once closeted gets a hero's welcome back". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
^ a b c d e f g "Edie Windsor Profile". ediewindsor.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
^ a b c d Gabbatt, Adam (June 26, 2013). "Edith Windsor and Thea Spyer: 'A love affair that just kept on and on and on'". the Guardian. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
^ a b "Remembering Edie Windsor: Tech Pioneer, Equality Advocate - AnitaB.org". AnitaB.org. September 24, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
^ Levy, Ariel (September 23, 2013). "The Perfect Wife". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
^ a b c Kaplan, Roberta; Dickey, Lisa (2015). Then Comes Marriage: United States v. Windsor and the Defeat of DOMA (1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 152–154. ISBN 9780393248678. OCLC 902661501.
^ Peter Applebome (December 10, 2012). "Reveling in Her Supreme Court Moment". The New York Times.
^ a b c d Stanberry, Charlyn (March 30, 2013). "Who is Edith Windsor? How One Woman Plans to Change the Face of DOMA". politic365.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
^ "Edith Windsor". The Forward. November 7, 2013.
^ "Thea Spyer profile". ediewindsor.com. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
^ a b c d e "Edith "Edie" Windsor". The Reconstructionists. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
^ Ring, Trudy (October 2016). "DOMA Plaintiff Edie Windsor Remarries". Advocate.com. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
^ Bernstein, Jacob (September 30, 2016). "The Remarriage of Edie Windsor, Gay Marriage Pioneer". The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
^ Hoffman, Allison (September 28, 2012). "Jewish Organizations Join DOMA Appeal: The case of Edie Windsor finds allies in the Jewish community". The Scroll. Tablet. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ Kampeas, Ron (June 28, 2013). "Edie Windsor's lawyer and the daughters of Zelophehad (includes drash)". Telegraph: Blogging Jewish News and Culture. JTA: The Global Jewish News Service. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ Lemberger, Michal (March 11, 2013). "Gay Synagogues' Uncertain Future: As mainstream acceptance grows—along with membership—gay congregations face unexpected questions". Tablet. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ Windsor, Edie; Lyon, Joshua (2019). A Wild and Precious Life: A Memoir (First ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9781250195135. OCLC 1110805870.
^ Windsor, Edie; Lyon, Joshua (2019). A Wild and Precious Life: A Memoir (audiobook on CD) (Unabridged ed.). Grand Haven, MI: Brilliance Audio. ISBN 9781978684584. OCLC 1121597985.
^ "A Wider Bridge Meets Edie Windsor – AWiderBridge". awiderbridge.org. September 21, 2016. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
^ "A Wider Brunch 2016". youtube.com. December 13, 2016.
^ "How Edith Windsor Became a 'Matriarch of the Gay-Rights Movement'". Time. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
^ "In the News". The Lesbian & Gay Big Apple Corps. April 2, 2015. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
^ Schwartz, John (November 8, 2010). "Gay Couple to Sue over U.S. Marriage Law". The New York Times. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
^ Johnson, Chris (November 9, 2010). "Two New Lawsuits Target DOMA". Washington Blade. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
^ "Complaint: United States v. Windsor" (PDF). aclu.org. p. 21. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
^ Baynes, Terry (October 18, 2012). "Appeals court rules against Defense of Marriage Act". Reuters. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
^ United States v. Windsor, F.3d 169 (2d Cir. 2012), archived from the original.
^ Schwartz, John (October 18, 2012). "U.S. Marriage Act Is Unfair to Gays, Court Panel Says". The New York Times. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
^ United States v. Windsor, No. 12-307, 570 U.S. ___ (June 26, 2013). Retrieved June 26, 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "Awards". ediewindsor.com. Archived from the original on November 20, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
^ Verena Dobnik (June 30, 2013). "Grand Marshall Edith Windsor leads jubilant crowd at NYC pride". LGBTQ Nation. Associated Press. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
^ Rector, Kevin (May 22, 2014). "DOMA plaintiff, attorney receive honorary degrees, applause at Hopkins commencement". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
^ "Canada AM: Windsor's epic win | CTV News". Canadaam.ctvnews.ca. September 9, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
^ "2014 Logo Trailblazers — Edie Windsor's Extended Acceptance Speech". LOGOTV. June 26, 2014. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
^ Dickey, Megan Rose (September 26, 2016). "Edie Windsor coding scholarship selects 40 LGBTQ women to learn how to code". TechCrunch. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ Ring, Trudy (2018). "Philadelphia Honors Marriage Equality Pioneer With Edie Windsor Way". Advocate.com. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
^ Glasses-Baker, Becca (June 27, 2019). "National LGBTQ Wall of Honor unveiled at Stonewall Inn". www.metro.us. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
^ Rawles, Timothy (June 19, 2019). "National LGBTQ Wall of Honor to be unveiled at historic Stonewall Inn". San Diego Gay and Lesbian News. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
^ "Groups seek names for Stonewall 50 honor wall". The Bay Area Reporter / B.A.R. Inc. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
^ "Stonewall 50". San Francisco Bay Times. April 3, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
^ Malcolm Lazin (August 20, 2015). "Op-ed: Here Are the 31 Icons of 2015's Gay History Month". Advocate.com. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
^ McFadden, Robert D. (September 12, 2017). "Edith Windsor, Whose Same-Sex Marriage Fight Led to Landmark Ruling, Dies at 88". The New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ Johnson, Chris (September 15, 2017). "Hillary Clinton makes surprise appearance at Edith Windsor's funeral". Washington Blade. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edith Windsor.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Edith Windsor.
Official website
Appearances on C-SPAN
To A More Perfect Union: United States v. Windsor (2017 documentary film)
vteVH1 Trailblazer Honors2014
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Roberta Kaplan
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2015
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2016
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2017
Alvin Ailey
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2018
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2019
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United States
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edie_Windsor_and_Secretary_Jewell_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Jewell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hufftribute-1"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States v. Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor"},{"link_name":"Defense of Marriage Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage movement in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Obama administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration"}],"text":"Windsor and Secretary of the Interior Sally JewellEdith \"Edie\"[1] Windsor (née Schlain; June 20, 1929 – September 12, 2017) was an American LGBT rights activist and a technology manager at IBM. She was the lead plaintiff in the 2013 Supreme Court of the United States case United States v. Windsor, which overturned Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act and was considered a landmark legal victory for the same-sex marriage movement in the United States. The Obama administration and federal agencies extended rights, privileges and benefits to married same-sex couples because of the decision.","title":"Edith Windsor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Russian Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Jew"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edith-affidavit-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forward-5"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edith-affidavit-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amended-6"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyuam17-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr313-8"},{"link_name":"Temple University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edith-affidavit-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham-9"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edith-affidavit-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyuam17-7"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edith-affidavit-3"}],"text":"Windsor was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 20, 1929, the youngest of three children of James and Celia Schlain, a Russian Jewish immigrant family of modest means.[2] [3][4][5] During her childhood, her family suffered as a result of the Great Depression, and her father lost both his candy-and-ice-cream store and their home above it.[3][6] In school, she at times experienced anti-Semitism.[4][7] Throughout school, she dated boys her age, but said later she recalls having crushes on girls.[4][8]Windsor received her bachelor's degree from Temple University in 1950.[3][9] In 1955, she began pursuing a master's degree in mathematics, which she obtained from New York University in 1957.[3][4][7] She then joined IBM, where she worked for the next sixteen years. During this time, she spent two semesters studying applied mathematics at Harvard University on an IBM fellowship.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UNIVAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIVAC"},{"link_name":"Combustion Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyuam17-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewcom-profile-10"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian613-11"},{"link_name":"systems architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_architecture"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systems"},{"link_name":"natural language processors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processors"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edith-affidavit-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnitaB.org-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewcom-profile-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyuam17-7"},{"link_name":"Lavender Scare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender_Scare"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnitaB.org-12"}],"text":"While attending New York University, Windsor worked for the university's math department, entering data into its UNIVAC. She also worked as a programmer at Combustion Engineering, Inc., where she worked with physicists and the UNIVAC.[7][10]After receiving her master's degree in mathematics in 1957 from New York University, Windsor began work in senior technical and management positions at IBM in 1958.[4][11] Her work at IBM was primarily related to systems architecture and implementation of operating systems and natural language processors. Windsor began her career at IBM as a mainframe programmer. In May 1968, she attained the title designating the highest level technical position at IBM, senior systems programmer.[3] Windsor worked at IBM for 16 years and was well known around IBM for her \"top-notch debugging skills\".[12] She received the first IBM PC delivered in New York City.[10] However, the company rejected her insurance form naming her partner Thea Spyer as a beneficiary.[7] Windsor also assisted the Atomic Energy Commission, and was at one point even investigated by the FBI. Windsor feared that it was because of her closeted homosexuality. This was during the time right after the Lavender Scare. She later found out it was because of her sister's ties to the Teacher's Union.[13]In 1975, Windsor left IBM and became the founding president of PC Classics, a consulting firm specializing in software development projects. During this time consulting, Windsor helped many LGBTQ groups become \"tech literate\". She helped many LGBTQ organizations computerize their mail systems.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaplan-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaplan-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reveling-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaplan-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian613-11"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-politic365313-16"},{"link_name":"psychologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edith-affidavit-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyuam17-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-politic365313-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-therecon-19"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian613-11"},{"link_name":"engagement ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engagement_ring"},{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edith-affidavit-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyuam17-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-politic365313-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edith-affidavit-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyuam17-7"},{"link_name":"Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edith-affidavit-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"multiple sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"paralysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralysis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edith-affidavit-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyuam17-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr313-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyuam17-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edith-affidavit-3"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"},{"link_name":"aortic stenosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_stenosis"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-therecon-19"},{"link_name":"Harvey Brownstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Brownstone"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyuam17-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-politic365313-16"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edith-affidavit-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"stress cardiomyopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_cardiomyopathy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edith-affidavit-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyuam17-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr313-8"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Congregation Beit Simchat Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_Beit_Simchat_Torah"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tablet-windsor-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jta-windsor-23"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tablet-uncertain-24"},{"link_name":"St. Martin's Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press"},{"link_name":"Joshua Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Lyon"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"audiobook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiobook"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Saul Windsor was Edie's older brother's best friend, whom she had known for many years and respected. They went to college together and during their third year, Saul proposed marriage and Edie accepted.[14] Their relationship ended at one time during the engagement when Edie fell in love with a female classmate. However, after Windsor decided she did not want to live life as a lesbian, they reconciled and got married after graduation, in May 1951.[14] They divorced less than one year afterward,[4][15] on March 3, 1952,[14] and she confided in him that she longed to be with women.[4][11] Shortly after her divorce, Windsor left Philadelphia for New York City.[16]Windsor met Thea Spyer, an Amsterdam-born psychologist,[17][18] in 1963 at Portofino, a restaurant in Greenwich Village. When they initially met, each was already in a relationship. They occasionally saw each other at events over the next two years, but it was not until a trip to the East End of Long Island in the late spring of 1965 that they began dating each other.[3][7][16][19] To help keep the relationship a secret from her co-workers, Windsor invented a relationship with Spyer's fictional brother Willy – who was actually a childhood doll belonging to Windsor – to explain Spyer's phone calls to the office.[4] In 1967, Spyer asked Windsor to marry, although it was not yet legal anywhere in the United States.[11] Fearing that a traditional engagement ring might expose Windsor's sexual orientation to her coworkers, Spyer instead proposed with a circular diamond pin.[3][7][16]Six months after getting engaged, Windsor and Spyer moved into an apartment in Greenwich Village. In 1968, they purchased a small house on Long Island together, where they went on vacation for the following forty summers.[3][4][7] The couple often took trips both in the United States and internationally. They also entertained at their home frequently, with Spyer preparing meals, including an annual Memorial Day weekend celebration of their anniversary.[3][4]In 1977, Spyer was diagnosed with progressive multiple sclerosis. The disease caused a gradual, but ever-increasing paralysis. Windsor used her early retirement to become a full-time caregiver for Spyer, and the couple continued to adjust their daily behavior to accommodate.[3][7][8]Windsor and Spyer entered a domestic partnership in New York City in 1993.[7] Registering on the first available day, they were issued certificate number eighty.[3]Spyer suffered a heart attack in 2002 and was diagnosed with aortic stenosis. In 2007, her doctors told her she had less than a year to live. New York had not yet legalized same-sex marriage, so the couple opted to marry in Toronto, Canada, on May 22, 2007,[19] with Canada's first openly gay judge, Justice Harvey Brownstone,[7][16] presiding, and with the assistance of a filmmaker and same-sex marriage activist familiar with the laws in both countries.[4] An announcement of their wedding was published in The New York Times.[3][4] Spyer died from complications related to her heart condition on February 5, 2009.[4] After Spyer's death, Windsor was hospitalized with stress cardiomyopathy.[3][7][8]On September 26, 2016, Windsor married Judith Kasen at New York City Hall. At the time of the wedding, Windsor was age 87 and Kasen was age 51.[20][21]Windsor was also a member of the non-denominational Congregation Beit Simchat Torah synagogue,[22][23] which has been self-described as the world's largest LGBT synagogue.[24]In October 2019, Windsor's memoir A Wild and Precious Life was published by St. Martin's Press. The writing was begun before Windsor's death in 2017 and was completed by her co-author Joshua Lyon.[25] It was also released as an audiobook, read by Donna Postel and Joshua Lyon.[26]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Congresswoman_Carolyn_B._Maloney_and_Edith_Windsor_at_the_2016_Dedication_of_the_Stonewall_National_Monument.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carolyn Maloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney"},{"link_name":"Stonewall Riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Riots"},{"link_name":"Cadillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac"},{"link_name":"convertible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertible"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyuam17-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyuam17-7"},{"link_name":"Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_%26_Lesbian_Advocates_%26_Defenders"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"LGBT Community Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual_%26_Transgender_Community_Center"},{"link_name":"Services & Advocacy for GLBT Elders (SAGE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_%26_Advocacy_for_GLBT_Elders"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyuam17-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewcom-profile-10"},{"link_name":"Dianne Feinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein"},{"link_name":"Jerrold Nadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerrold_Nadler"},{"link_name":"Respect for Marriage Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect_for_Marriage_Act"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyuam17-7"},{"link_name":"A Wider Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Wider_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Person of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Lesbian & Gay Big Apple Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian_%26_Gay_Big_Apple_Corps"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Windsor with Carolyn Maloney in 2016In June 1969, Windsor and Spyer returned from a vacation in Italy to discover the Stonewall Riots had begun the night before. In the following years, the couple publicly participated in LGBT marches and events. They also lent their Cadillac convertible to LGBT rights organizations.[7]Following her departure from IBM in 1975, she increased her involvement with LGBT organizations.[4][7] She volunteered for the Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders, the East End Gay Organization,[4] the LGBT Community Center, 1994 Gay Games New York, and helped found Old Queers Acting Up, an improv group utilizing skits to address social justice issues. She served on the board of Services & Advocacy for GLBT Elders (SAGE) from 1986 to 1988 and again from 2005 to 2007.[7][10]Windsor continued to be a public advocate for same-sex marriage in the years following United States v. Windsor. She helped Senator Dianne Feinstein and Representative Jerrold Nadler introduce the Respect for Marriage Act at a press conference in Washington, D.C., in 2011.[7] She was also a prominent supporter of Israeli LGBT rights group A Wider Bridge.[27][28] In 2013, Time magazine named Windsor as a finalist for their Person of the Year award, losing out only to Pope Francis.[29] Later in life, she became an ardent supporter of New York City's largest LGBTQ+ band, the Lesbian & Gay Big Apple Corps, calling them \"her band\". They performed a concert called The Roaring Music of Women: A Tribute to the Iconic Edie Windsor in her honor on Saturday, April 7, 2018.[30]","title":"Activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"revocable trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revocable_trust"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edith-affidavit-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-therecon-19"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"estate tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_tax"},{"link_name":"exemption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_exemption"},{"link_name":"surviving spouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow"},{"link_name":"Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act"},{"link_name":"1 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_1_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/1/7"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edith-affidavit-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyuam17-7"},{"link_name":"U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-therecon-19"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Barbara S. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_S._Jones"},{"link_name":"U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters20121018-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2ndcircuit-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-therecon-19"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotus-opinion-37"}],"text":"Upon Spyer's death on February 5, 2009, Windsor became the executor and sole beneficiary of Spyer's estate, via a revocable trust. Windsor was required to pay $363,053 in federal estate taxes on her inheritance of her wife's estate.[3][19] Had federal law recognized the validity of their marriage, Windsor would have qualified for an unlimited spousal deduction and paid no federal estate taxes.[4][31][32]Windsor sought to claim the federal estate tax exemption for surviving spouses. She was barred from doing so by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) (codified at 1 U.S.C. § 7), which provided that the term \"spouse\" only applied to marriages between a man and woman. The Internal Revenue Service found that the exemption did not apply to same-sex marriages, denied Windsor's claim, and compelled her to pay $363,053 in estate taxes.[3][4][7]In 2010 Windsor filed a lawsuit against the federal government in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, seeking a refund because DOMA singled out legally married same-sex couples for \"differential treatment compared to other similarly situated couples without justification.\"[19][33] In 2012, Judge Barbara S. Jones ruled that Section 3 of DOMA was unconstitutional under the due process guarantees of the Fifth Amendment and ordered the federal government to issue the tax refund, including interest. The U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed in a 2–1 decision later in 2012.[34][35][36]The U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the case in March 2013, and on 26 June of that year issued a 5–4 decision affirming that Section 3 of DOMA was unconstitutional \"as a deprivation of the liberty of the person protected by the Fifth Amendment.\"[4][19][37]: 25","title":"United States v. Windsor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marriage_equality_support_sign_thanking_Edith_Windsor_(9144992760).jpg"},{"link_name":"National Computing Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Computer_Conference"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewcom-profile-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewcom-profile-10"},{"link_name":"Edie & Thea: A Very Long Engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edie_%26_Thea:_A_Very_Long_Engagement"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewcom-profile-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian613-11"},{"link_name":"grand marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_marshal"},{"link_name":"New York City LGBT Pride March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_Pride_March_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewcom-awards-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lgbtqnation613-39"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"Time Person of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time1213-4"},{"link_name":"The New Jewish Home's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Jewish_Home"},{"link_name":"Doctorate of Humane Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate_of_Humane_Letters"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewcom-awards-38"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"WorldPride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldPride"},{"link_name":"CTV Television Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Logo TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo_TV"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewcom-awards-38"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-logo_2014-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tc-26sep2016-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"National LGBTQ Wall of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_LGBTQ_Wall_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Stonewall National Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Stonewall Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Inn"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDGLN-46"},{"link_name":"U.S. national monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_LGBT_people"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"50th anniversary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_50_%E2%80%93_WorldPride_NYC_2019"},{"link_name":"Stonewall riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Sign thanking Windsor at a rally supporting same-sex marriageWindsor was honored by the National Computing Conference in 1987 as a \"pioneer in operating systems\".[10]On Windsor's 70th birthday in 1999, the Edie Windsor Fund for Old Lesbians was gifted to Windsor by Spyer and their friends. It is maintained and administered by Open Meadows Foundation, and provides grants to projects for and by older lesbians.[10]A 2009 documentary, Edie & Thea: A Very Long Engagement, by Susan Muska and Greta Olfsdottir, documents Windsor and Spyer's life and wedding.[10][11] The DVD of the film contains a full-length interview with Justice Harvey Brownstone, the Canadian judge who officiated at the Windsor/Spyer wedding.She was the grand marshal of the 2013 New York City LGBT Pride March.[38][39]She was a runner-up, to Pope Francis, for 2013 Time Person of the Year.[4]Windsor was honored as The New Jewish Home's Eight Over Eighty Gala 2014 honoree.On May 22, 2014, she received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Johns Hopkins University.[38][40]In June 2014 Windsor traveled back to Toronto, the city where she married Thea Spyer, to receive an award at WorldPride. While in Toronto she appeared on the CTV Television Network's national morning show, Canada AM, with Harvey Brownstone, the Toronto judge who officiated at her wedding.[41]On June 26, 2014, Windsor was featured on Logo TV's 2014 LOGO Trailblazers.[38][42]In 2016, Lesbians Who Tech initiated the Edie Windsor Coding Scholarship Fund.[43]In 2018, a block of South 13th Street in Philadelphia was designated as Edie Windsor Way.[44]In June 2019, Windsor was one of the inaugural fifty American \"pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes\" inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument (SNM) in New York City's Stonewall Inn.[45][46] The SNM is the first U.S. national monument dedicated to LGBTQ rights and history,[47] while the Wall's unveiling was timed to take place during the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots.[48]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewcom-profile-10"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewcom-awards-38"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"Windsor received numerous awards related to her work in technology and LGBT activism.[10][38]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-windsordeath-50"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cuomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo"},{"link_name":"Dianne Feinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hufftribute-1"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"On September 12, 2017, Windsor's wife Judith Kasen-Windsor confirmed that Windsor had died in Manhattan, but did not specify a cause.[50] Former US President Bill Clinton, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo, California US Senator Dianne Feinstein, and various politicians and celebrities posted words of tribute on their Twitter accounts.[1] Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton spoke at her funeral.[51]","title":"Death"}] | [{"image_text":"Windsor and Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Edie_Windsor_and_Secretary_Jewell_2016.jpg/220px-Edie_Windsor_and_Secretary_Jewell_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Windsor with Carolyn Maloney in 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Congresswoman_Carolyn_B._Maloney_and_Edith_Windsor_at_the_2016_Dedication_of_the_Stonewall_National_Monument.jpg/220px-Congresswoman_Carolyn_B._Maloney_and_Edith_Windsor_at_the_2016_Dedication_of_the_Stonewall_National_Monument.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sign thanking Windsor at a rally supporting same-sex marriage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Marriage_equality_support_sign_thanking_Edith_Windsor_%289144992760%29.jpg/220px-Marriage_equality_support_sign_thanking_Edith_Windsor_%289144992760%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"LGBT portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:LGBT"},{"title":"New York City portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_York_City"},{"title":"LGBT rights in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States"}] | [{"reference":"Curtis M. Wong (September 12, 2017). \"Bill Clinton, Andy Cohen, Lea DeLaria And More Mourn Edie Windsor's Death\". Huffington Post. Retrieved September 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/edie-windsor-celebrity-reactions_us_59b84780e4b0edff97174ed0","url_text":"\"Bill Clinton, Andy Cohen, Lea DeLaria And More Mourn Edie Windsor's Death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post","url_text":"Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Tiven, Rachel (June 23, 2021). \"Edie Windsor\". Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. Jewish Women's Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/windsor-edie","url_text":"\"Edie Windsor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Affidavit of Edith Schlain Windsor\" (PDF). nyclu.org. United States District Court Southern District of New York. June 23, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233654/http://www.nyclu.org/files/windsor_edie%20affidavit.pdf","url_text":"\"Affidavit of Edith Schlain Windsor\""},{"url":"http://www.nyclu.org/files/windsor_edie%20affidavit.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eliza Gray (December 11, 2013). \"Edith Windsor, The Unlikely Activist\". Time. Retrieved June 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://poy.time.com/2013/12/11/runner-up-edith-windsor-the-unlikely-activist/","url_text":"\"Edith Windsor, The Unlikely Activist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"Naomi Zeveloff. \"Forward 50 (2013): Edith Windsor\". The Forward. Retrieved October 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://forward.com/specials/forward-50-2013/edith-windsor/","url_text":"\"Forward 50 (2013): Edith Windsor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Windsor Amended Complaint\". box.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://stanford.app.box.com/s/qpihsz3m4giioisu3uv0","url_text":"\"Windsor Amended Complaint\""}]},{"reference":"Jill Hamburg Coplan (Fall 2011). \"When a Woman Loves a Woman\". NYU Alumni Magazine (17). Retrieved June 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nyu.edu/alumni.magazine/issue17/17_FEA_DOMA.html","url_text":"\"When a Woman Loves a Woman\""}]},{"reference":"Totenberg, Nina (March 21, 2013). \"Meet The 83-Year-Old Taking On The U.S. Over Same-Sex Marriage\". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved June 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2013/03/21/174944430/meet-the-83-year-old-taking-on-the-u-s-over-same-sex-marriage","url_text":"\"Meet The 83-Year-Old Taking On The U.S. Over Same-Sex Marriage\""}]},{"reference":"Graham, Kristen A. (April 28, 2014). \"At Temple, an alumna once closeted gets a hero's welcome back\". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved October 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.philly.com/2014-04-28/news/49440082_1_thea-spyer-edith-windsor-temple-university","url_text":"\"At Temple, an alumna once closeted gets a hero's welcome back\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edie Windsor Profile\". ediewindsor.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170618180718/http://ediewindsor.com/edieprofile.html","url_text":"\"Edie Windsor Profile\""},{"url":"http://ediewindsor.com/edieprofile.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gabbatt, Adam (June 26, 2013). \"Edith Windsor and Thea Spyer: 'A love affair that just kept on and on and on'\". the Guardian. Retrieved June 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/26/edith-windsor-thea-spyer-doma","url_text":"\"Edith Windsor and Thea Spyer: 'A love affair that just kept on and on and on'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering Edie Windsor: Tech Pioneer, Equality Advocate - AnitaB.org\". AnitaB.org. September 24, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://anitab.org/profiles/remembering-edie-windsor-tech-pioneer-equality-advocate/","url_text":"\"Remembering Edie Windsor: Tech Pioneer, Equality Advocate - AnitaB.org\""}]},{"reference":"Levy, Ariel (September 23, 2013). \"The Perfect Wife\". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Levy_(writer)","url_text":"Levy, Ariel"},{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/09/30/the-perfect-wife","url_text":"\"The Perfect Wife\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Roberta; Dickey, Lisa (2015). Then Comes Marriage: United States v. Windsor and the Defeat of DOMA (1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 152–154. ISBN 9780393248678. OCLC 902661501.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_A._Kaplan","url_text":"Kaplan, Roberta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393248678","url_text":"9780393248678"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/902661501","url_text":"902661501"}]},{"reference":"Peter Applebome (December 10, 2012). \"Reveling in Her Supreme Court Moment\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/nyregion/edith-windsor-gay-widow-revels-in-supreme-court-fight.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Reveling in Her Supreme Court Moment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Stanberry, Charlyn (March 30, 2013). \"Who is Edith Windsor? How One Woman Plans to Change the Face of DOMA\". politic365.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626115232/http://politic365.com/2013/03/30/who-is-edith-windsor-how-one-woman-plans-to-change-the-face-of-doma/","url_text":"\"Who is Edith Windsor? How One Woman Plans to Change the Face of DOMA\""},{"url":"http://politic365.com/2013/03/30/who-is-edith-windsor-how-one-woman-plans-to-change-the-face-of-doma/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Edith Windsor\". The Forward. November 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://forward.com/series/forward-50/2013/edith-windsor/","url_text":"\"Edith Windsor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thea Spyer profile\". ediewindsor.com. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170916082951/http://www.ediewindsor.com/theaprofile.html","url_text":"\"Thea Spyer profile\""},{"url":"http://ediewindsor.com/theaprofile.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Edith \"Edie\" Windsor\". The Reconstructionists. Retrieved June 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://thereconstructionists.org/post/54311191522/one-evening-in-1965-edith-edie-windsor-b","url_text":"\"Edith \"Edie\" Windsor\""}]},{"reference":"Ring, Trudy (October 2016). \"DOMA Plaintiff Edie Windsor Remarries\". Advocate.com. Retrieved October 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.advocate.com/marriage-equality/2016/10/01/doma-plaintiff-edie-windsor-remarries","url_text":"\"DOMA Plaintiff Edie Windsor Remarries\""}]},{"reference":"Bernstein, Jacob (September 30, 2016). \"The Remarriage of Edie Windsor, Gay Marriage Pioneer\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/30/fashion/weddings/edie-windsor-lgbt-activist-marriage.html?_r=1","url_text":"\"The Remarriage of Edie Windsor, Gay Marriage Pioneer\""}]},{"reference":"Hoffman, Allison (September 28, 2012). \"Jewish Organizations Join DOMA Appeal: The case of Edie Windsor finds allies in the Jewish community\". The Scroll. Tablet. Retrieved September 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/113151/jewish-organizations-join-doma-appeal","url_text":"\"Jewish Organizations Join DOMA Appeal: The case of Edie Windsor finds allies in the Jewish community\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)","url_text":"Tablet"}]},{"reference":"Kampeas, Ron (June 28, 2013). \"Edie Windsor's lawyer and the daughters of Zelophehad (includes drash)\". Telegraph: Blogging Jewish News and Culture. JTA: The Global Jewish News Service. Retrieved September 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jta.org/2013/06/28/news-opinion/politics/edie-windsors-lawyer-and-the-daughters-of-zelophehad","url_text":"\"Edie Windsor's lawyer and the daughters of Zelophehad (includes drash)\""}]},{"reference":"Lemberger, Michal (March 11, 2013). \"Gay Synagogues' Uncertain Future: As mainstream acceptance grows—along with membership—gay congregations face unexpected questions\". Tablet. Retrieved September 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/126512/gay-synagogues-uncertain-future","url_text":"\"Gay Synagogues' Uncertain Future: As mainstream acceptance grows—along with membership—gay congregations face unexpected questions\""}]},{"reference":"Windsor, Edie; Lyon, Joshua (2019). A Wild and Precious Life: A Memoir (First ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9781250195135. OCLC 1110805870.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Lyon","url_text":"Lyon, Joshua"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250195135","url_text":"9781250195135"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1110805870","url_text":"1110805870"}]},{"reference":"Windsor, Edie; Lyon, Joshua (2019). A Wild and Precious Life: A Memoir (audiobook on CD) (Unabridged ed.). Grand Haven, MI: Brilliance Audio. ISBN 9781978684584. OCLC 1121597985.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781978684584","url_text":"9781978684584"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1121597985","url_text":"1121597985"}]},{"reference":"\"A Wider Bridge Meets Edie Windsor – AWiderBridge\". awiderbridge.org. September 21, 2016. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170914172737/http://awiderbridge.org/a-wider-bridge-meets-edie-windsor/","url_text":"\"A Wider Bridge Meets Edie Windsor – AWiderBridge\""},{"url":"http://awiderbridge.org/a-wider-bridge-meets-edie-windsor","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Wider Brunch 2016\". youtube.com. December 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4146&v=L_bnMXPC5RM","url_text":"\"A Wider Brunch 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Edith Windsor Became a 'Matriarch of the Gay-Rights Movement'\". Time. Retrieved December 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/4938601/edith-windsor-death-obituary/","url_text":"\"How Edith Windsor Became a 'Matriarch of the Gay-Rights Movement'\""}]},{"reference":"\"In the News\". The Lesbian & Gay Big Apple Corps. April 2, 2015. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191102122014/http://www.lgbac.org/news/","url_text":"\"In the News\""},{"url":"http://www.lgbac.org/news/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, John (November 8, 2010). \"Gay Couple to Sue over U.S. Marriage Law\". The New York Times. 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Retrieved June 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171120194143/http://ediewindsor.com/awards.html","url_text":"\"Awards\""},{"url":"http://ediewindsor.com/awards.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Verena Dobnik (June 30, 2013). \"Grand Marshall Edith Windsor leads jubilant crowd at NYC pride\". LGBTQ Nation. Associated Press. Retrieved June 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2013/06/new-york-city-gay-pride-march-to-celebrate-supreme-court-win/","url_text":"\"Grand Marshall Edith Windsor leads jubilant crowd at NYC pride\""}]},{"reference":"Rector, Kevin (May 22, 2014). \"DOMA plaintiff, attorney receive honorary degrees, applause at Hopkins commencement\". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170913044120/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-05-22/features/bs-gm-doma-plaintiff-attorney-applause-at-jhu-commencement-20140522_1_edith-windsor-thea-spyer-roberta-kaplan","url_text":"\"DOMA plaintiff, attorney receive honorary degrees, applause at Hopkins commencement\""},{"url":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-05-22/features/bs-gm-doma-plaintiff-attorney-applause-at-jhu-commencement-20140522_1_edith-windsor-thea-spyer-roberta-kaplan","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada AM: Windsor's epic win | CTV News\". Canadaam.ctvnews.ca. September 9, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://canadaam.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=387382&playlistId=1.1885046&binId=1.815911&playlistPageNum=1","url_text":"\"Canada AM: Windsor's epic win | CTV News\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Logo Trailblazers — Edie Windsor's Extended Acceptance Speech\". LOGOTV. June 26, 2014. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053315/http://www.logotv.com/events/trailblazer-honors/videos/2014-logo-trailblazers-edie-windsors-extended-acceptance-speech/1055450/","url_text":"\"2014 Logo Trailblazers — Edie Windsor's Extended Acceptance Speech\""},{"url":"http://www.logotv.com/events/trailblazer-honors/videos/2014-logo-trailblazers-edie-windsors-extended-acceptance-speech/1055450/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dickey, Megan Rose (September 26, 2016). \"Edie Windsor coding scholarship selects 40 LGBTQ women to learn how to code\". TechCrunch. Retrieved September 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/26/edie-windsor-coding-scholarship-lgbtq/","url_text":"\"Edie Windsor coding scholarship selects 40 LGBTQ women to learn how to code\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Ring, Trudy (2018). \"Philadelphia Honors Marriage Equality Pioneer With Edie Windsor Way\". Advocate.com. Retrieved October 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.advocate.com/women/2018/10/09/philadelphia-honors-marriage-equality-pioneer-edie-windsor-way","url_text":"\"Philadelphia Honors Marriage Equality Pioneer With Edie Windsor Way\""}]},{"reference":"Glasses-Baker, Becca (June 27, 2019). \"National LGBTQ Wall of Honor unveiled at Stonewall Inn\". www.metro.us. Retrieved June 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metro.us/news/local-news/new-york/stonewall-inn-lgbtq-wall-honor","url_text":"\"National LGBTQ Wall of Honor unveiled at Stonewall Inn\""}]},{"reference":"Rawles, Timothy (June 19, 2019). \"National LGBTQ Wall of Honor to be unveiled at historic Stonewall Inn\". San Diego Gay and Lesbian News. Retrieved June 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://sdgln.com/news/2019/06/19/national-lgbtq-wall-honor-be-unveiled-historic-stonewall-inn","url_text":"\"National LGBTQ Wall of Honor to be unveiled at historic Stonewall Inn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Groups seek names for Stonewall 50 honor wall\". The Bay Area Reporter / B.A.R. Inc. Retrieved May 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ebar.com/news/news//272833","url_text":"\"Groups seek names for Stonewall 50 honor wall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stonewall 50\". San Francisco Bay Times. April 3, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://sfbaytimes.com/stonewall-50/","url_text":"\"Stonewall 50\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Times","url_text":"San Francisco Bay Times"}]},{"reference":"Malcolm Lazin (August 20, 2015). \"Op-ed: Here Are the 31 Icons of 2015's Gay History Month\". Advocate.com. Retrieved August 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2015/08/20/op-ed-here-are-31-icons-2015s-gay-history-month","url_text":"\"Op-ed: Here Are the 31 Icons of 2015's Gay History Month\""}]},{"reference":"McFadden, Robert D. (September 12, 2017). \"Edith Windsor, Whose Same-Sex Marriage Fight Led to Landmark Ruling, Dies at 88\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/12/us/edith-windsor-dead-same-sex-marriage-doma.html?mcubz=3","url_text":"\"Edith Windsor, Whose Same-Sex Marriage Fight Led to Landmark Ruling, Dies at 88\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Chris (September 15, 2017). \"Hillary Clinton makes surprise appearance at Edith Windsor's funeral\". Washington Blade. Retrieved November 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.washingtonblade.com/2017/09/15/hillary-clinton-makes-surprise-appearance-edith-windsors-funeral/","url_text":"\"Hillary Clinton makes surprise appearance at Edith Windsor's funeral\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ediewindsor.org/","external_links_name":"ediewindsor.org"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/1/7","external_links_name":"§ 7"},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/edie-windsor-celebrity-reactions_us_59b84780e4b0edff97174ed0","external_links_name":"\"Bill Clinton, Andy Cohen, Lea DeLaria And More Mourn Edie Windsor's Death\""},{"Link":"https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/windsor-edie","external_links_name":"\"Edie Windsor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233654/http://www.nyclu.org/files/windsor_edie%20affidavit.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Affidavit of Edith Schlain Windsor\""},{"Link":"http://www.nyclu.org/files/windsor_edie%20affidavit.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://poy.time.com/2013/12/11/runner-up-edith-windsor-the-unlikely-activist/","external_links_name":"\"Edith Windsor, The Unlikely Activist\""},{"Link":"http://forward.com/specials/forward-50-2013/edith-windsor/","external_links_name":"\"Forward 50 (2013): Edith Windsor\""},{"Link":"https://stanford.app.box.com/s/qpihsz3m4giioisu3uv0","external_links_name":"\"Windsor Amended Complaint\""},{"Link":"https://www.nyu.edu/alumni.magazine/issue17/17_FEA_DOMA.html","external_links_name":"\"When a Woman Loves a Woman\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2013/03/21/174944430/meet-the-83-year-old-taking-on-the-u-s-over-same-sex-marriage","external_links_name":"\"Meet The 83-Year-Old Taking On The U.S. Over Same-Sex Marriage\""},{"Link":"http://articles.philly.com/2014-04-28/news/49440082_1_thea-spyer-edith-windsor-temple-university","external_links_name":"\"At Temple, an alumna once closeted gets a hero's welcome back\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170618180718/http://ediewindsor.com/edieprofile.html","external_links_name":"\"Edie Windsor Profile\""},{"Link":"http://ediewindsor.com/edieprofile.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/26/edith-windsor-thea-spyer-doma","external_links_name":"\"Edith Windsor and Thea Spyer: 'A love affair that just kept on and on and on'\""},{"Link":"https://anitab.org/profiles/remembering-edie-windsor-tech-pioneer-equality-advocate/","external_links_name":"\"Remembering Edie Windsor: Tech Pioneer, Equality Advocate - AnitaB.org\""},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/09/30/the-perfect-wife","external_links_name":"\"The Perfect Wife\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/902661501","external_links_name":"902661501"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/nyregion/edith-windsor-gay-widow-revels-in-supreme-court-fight.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"Reveling in Her Supreme Court Moment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626115232/http://politic365.com/2013/03/30/who-is-edith-windsor-how-one-woman-plans-to-change-the-face-of-doma/","external_links_name":"\"Who is Edith Windsor? How One Woman Plans to Change the Face of DOMA\""},{"Link":"http://politic365.com/2013/03/30/who-is-edith-windsor-how-one-woman-plans-to-change-the-face-of-doma/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://forward.com/series/forward-50/2013/edith-windsor/","external_links_name":"\"Edith Windsor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170916082951/http://www.ediewindsor.com/theaprofile.html","external_links_name":"\"Thea Spyer profile\""},{"Link":"http://ediewindsor.com/theaprofile.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://thereconstructionists.org/post/54311191522/one-evening-in-1965-edith-edie-windsor-b","external_links_name":"\"Edith \"Edie\" Windsor\""},{"Link":"http://www.advocate.com/marriage-equality/2016/10/01/doma-plaintiff-edie-windsor-remarries","external_links_name":"\"DOMA Plaintiff Edie Windsor Remarries\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/30/fashion/weddings/edie-windsor-lgbt-activist-marriage.html?_r=1","external_links_name":"\"The Remarriage of Edie Windsor, Gay Marriage Pioneer\""},{"Link":"http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/113151/jewish-organizations-join-doma-appeal","external_links_name":"\"Jewish Organizations Join DOMA Appeal: The case of Edie Windsor finds allies in the Jewish community\""},{"Link":"http://www.jta.org/2013/06/28/news-opinion/politics/edie-windsors-lawyer-and-the-daughters-of-zelophehad","external_links_name":"\"Edie Windsor's lawyer and the daughters of Zelophehad (includes drash)\""},{"Link":"http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/126512/gay-synagogues-uncertain-future","external_links_name":"\"Gay Synagogues' Uncertain Future: As mainstream acceptance grows—along with membership—gay congregations face unexpected questions\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1110805870","external_links_name":"1110805870"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1121597985","external_links_name":"1121597985"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170914172737/http://awiderbridge.org/a-wider-bridge-meets-edie-windsor/","external_links_name":"\"A Wider Bridge Meets Edie Windsor – AWiderBridge\""},{"Link":"http://awiderbridge.org/a-wider-bridge-meets-edie-windsor","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4146&v=L_bnMXPC5RM","external_links_name":"\"A Wider Brunch 2016\""},{"Link":"http://time.com/4938601/edith-windsor-death-obituary/","external_links_name":"\"How Edith Windsor Became a 'Matriarch of the Gay-Rights Movement'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191102122014/http://www.lgbac.org/news/","external_links_name":"\"In the News\""},{"Link":"http://www.lgbac.org/news/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/09/us/09marriage.html","external_links_name":"\"Gay Couple to Sue over U.S. Marriage Law\""},{"Link":"http://www.washingtonblade.com/2010/11/09/two-new-lawsuits-target-doma","external_links_name":"\"Two New Lawsuits Target DOMA\""},{"Link":"https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-11-9-WindsorvUS-Complaint.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Complaint: United States v. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund%27s_rule_of_Maximum_Multiplicity | Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity | ["1 Atoms","2 Molecules","3 Exception","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Rule used to predict the ground state of an atom or molecule with open electron shells
Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity is a rule based on observation of atomic spectra, which is used to predict the ground state of an atom or molecule with one or more open electronic shells. The rule states that for a given electron configuration, the lowest energy term is the one with the greatest value of spin multiplicity. This implies that if two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons will occupy them singly before filling them in pairs. The rule, discovered by Friedrich Hund in 1925, is of important use in atomic chemistry, spectroscopy, and quantum chemistry, and is often abbreviated to Hund's rule, ignoring Hund's other two rules.
Atoms
The multiplicity of a state is defined as 2S + 1, where S is the total electronic spin. A high multiplicity state is therefore the same as a high-spin state. The lowest-energy state with maximum multiplicity usually has unpaired electrons all with parallel spin. Since the spin of each electron is 1/2, the total spin is one-half the number of unpaired electrons, and the multiplicity is the number of unpaired electrons + 1. For example, the nitrogen atom ground state has three unpaired electrons of parallel spin, so that the total spin is 3/2 and the multiplicity is 4.
The lower energy and increased stability of the atom arise because the high-spin state has unpaired electrons of parallel spin, which must reside in different spatial orbitals according to the Pauli exclusion principle. An early but incorrect explanation of the lower energy of high multiplicity states was that the different occupied spatial orbitals create a larger average distance between electrons, reducing electron-electron repulsion energy. However, quantum-mechanical calculations with accurate wave functions since the 1970s have shown that the actual physical reason for the increased stability is a decrease in the screening of electron-nuclear attractions, so that the unpaired electrons can approach the nucleus more closely and the electron-nuclear attraction is increased.
As a result of Hund's rule, constraints are placed on the way atomic orbitals are filled in the ground state using the Aufbau principle. Before any two electrons occupy an orbital in a subshell, other orbitals in the same subshell must first each contain one electron. Also, the electrons filling a subshell will have parallel spin before the shell starts filling up with the opposite spin electrons (after the first orbital gains a second electron). As a result, when filling up atomic orbitals, the maximum number of unpaired electrons (and hence maximum total spin state) is assured.
The valence orbitals of the oxygen atom (sides of diagram) and the dioxygen molecule (middle) in the ground state. In both atom and molecule, the electrons in singly occupied orbitals have their spins parallel.
For example, in the oxygen atom, the 2p4 subshell arranges its electrons as rather than or . The manganese (Mn) atom has a 3d5 electron configuration with five unpaired electrons all of parallel spin, corresponding to a 6S ground state. The superscript 6 is the value of the multiplicity, corresponding to five unpaired electrons with parallel spin in accordance with Hund's rule.
An atom can have a ground state with two incompletely filled subshells which are close in energy. The lightest example is the chromium (Cr) atom with a 3d54s electron configuration. Here there are six unpaired electrons all of parallel spin for a 7S ground state.
Molecules
Although most stable molecules have closed electron shells, a few have unpaired electrons for which Hund's rule is applicable. The most important example is the dioxygen molecule, O2, which has two degenerate pi antibonding molecular orbitals (π*) occupied by only two electrons. In accordance with Hund's rule, the ground state is triplet oxygen with two unpaired electrons in singly occupied orbitals. The singlet oxygen state with one doubly occupied and one empty π* is an excited state with different chemical properties and greater reactivity than the ground state.
Exception
In 2004, researchers reported the synthesis of 5-dehydro-m-xylylene (DMX), the first organic molecule known to violate Hund's rule.
See also
Hund's rules (includes this plus 2 other rules)
High spin metal complexes
References
^ T. Engel and P. Reid, Physical Chemistry (Pearson Benjamin-Cummings, 2006) ISBN 080533842X, pp. 477–479
^ Engel and Reid p.473
^ a b Levine, I. N. (2013). Quantum Chemistry (7th ed.). Pearson. pp. 310–311. ISBN 978-0321803450.
^ NIST Atomic Spectrum Database To read the manganese atom levels, type "Mn I" in the Spectrum box and click on Retrieve data.
^ NIST Atomic Spectrum Database To read the chromium atom levels, type "Cr I" in the Spectrum box and click on Retrieve data.
^ Slipchenko, L.; Munsch, T.; Wenthold, P.; Krylov, A. (2004). "5-Dehydro-1,3-quinodimethane: a hydrocarbon with an open-shell doublet ground state". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 43 (6): 742–745. doi:10.1002/anie.200352990. PMID 14755709.
External links
A glossary entry hosted on the web site of the Chemistry Department of Purdue University
vteElectron configuration
Electron shell
Atomic orbital
Quantum mechanics
Introduction to quantum mechanics
Quantum numbers
Principal quantum number (n)
Azimuthal quantum number (ℓ)
Magnetic quantum number (m)
Spin quantum number (s)
Ground-state configurations
Periodic table (electron configurations)
Electron configurations of the elements (data page)
Electron filling
Pauli exclusion principle
Hund's rule
Aufbau principle
Electron pairing
Electron pair
Unpaired electron
Bonding participation
Valence electron
Core electron
Electron counting rules
Octet rule
18-electron rule | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"atomic spectra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"ground state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_state"},{"link_name":"atom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom"},{"link_name":"molecule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule"},{"link_name":"open electronic shells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_shell"},{"link_name":"electron configuration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configuration"},{"link_name":"term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_symbol"},{"link_name":"multiplicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicity_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"orbitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbital"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"electrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"},{"link_name":"pairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_pair"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Hund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hund"},{"link_name":"atomic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry#Atom"},{"link_name":"spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"quantum chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Hund's other two rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hund%27s_rules"}],"text":"Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity is a rule based on observation of atomic spectra, which is used to predict the ground state of an atom or molecule with one or more open electronic shells. The rule states that for a given electron configuration, the lowest energy term is the one with the greatest value of spin multiplicity.[1] This implies that if two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons will occupy them singly before filling them in pairs. The rule, discovered by Friedrich Hund in 1925, is of important use in atomic chemistry, spectroscopy, and quantum chemistry, and is often abbreviated to Hund's rule, ignoring Hund's other two rules.","title":"Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiplicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicity_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pauli exclusion principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levine-3"},{"link_name":"wave functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_function"},{"link_name":"screening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shielding_effect"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levine-3"},{"link_name":"Aufbau principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufbau_principle"},{"link_name":"electrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"},{"link_name":"orbital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configuration"},{"link_name":"subshell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_shell#Subshells"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valence_orbitals_of_oxygen_atom_and_dioxygen_molecule_(diagram).svg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"multiplicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicity_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The multiplicity of a state is defined as 2S + 1, where S is the total electronic spin.[2] A high multiplicity state is therefore the same as a high-spin state. The lowest-energy state with maximum multiplicity usually has unpaired electrons all with parallel spin. Since the spin of each electron is 1/2, the total spin is one-half the number of unpaired electrons, and the multiplicity is the number of unpaired electrons + 1. For example, the nitrogen atom ground state has three unpaired electrons of parallel spin, so that the total spin is 3/2 and the multiplicity is 4.The lower energy and increased stability of the atom arise because the high-spin state has unpaired electrons of parallel spin, which must reside in different spatial orbitals according to the Pauli exclusion principle. An early but incorrect explanation of the lower energy of high multiplicity states was that the different occupied spatial orbitals create a larger average distance between electrons, reducing electron-electron repulsion energy.[3] However, quantum-mechanical calculations with accurate wave functions since the 1970s have shown that the actual physical reason for the increased stability is a decrease in the screening of electron-nuclear attractions, so that the unpaired electrons can approach the nucleus more closely and the electron-nuclear attraction is increased.[3]As a result of Hund's rule, constraints are placed on the way atomic orbitals are filled in the ground state using the Aufbau principle. Before any two electrons occupy an orbital in a subshell, other orbitals in the same subshell must first each contain one electron. Also, the electrons filling a subshell will have parallel spin before the shell starts filling up with the opposite spin electrons (after the first orbital gains a second electron). As a result, when filling up atomic orbitals, the maximum number of unpaired electrons (and hence maximum total spin state) is assured.The valence orbitals of the oxygen atom (sides of diagram) and the dioxygen molecule (middle) in the ground state. In both atom and molecule, the electrons in singly occupied orbitals have their spins parallel.For example, in the oxygen atom, the 2p4 subshell arranges its electrons as [↑↓] [↑] [↑] rather than [↑↓] [↑] [↓] or [↑↓] [↑↓][ ]. The manganese (Mn) atom has a 3d5 electron configuration with five unpaired electrons all of parallel spin, corresponding to a 6S ground state.[4] The superscript 6 is the value of the multiplicity, corresponding to five unpaired electrons with parallel spin in accordance with Hund's rule.An atom can have a ground state with two incompletely filled subshells which are close in energy. The lightest example is the chromium (Cr) atom with a 3d54s electron configuration. Here there are six unpaired electrons all of parallel spin for a 7S ground state.[5]","title":"Atoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_bond"},{"link_name":"antibonding molecular orbitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibonding_molecular_orbital"},{"link_name":"triplet oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplet_oxygen"},{"link_name":"singlet oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singlet_oxygen"}],"text":"Although most stable molecules have closed electron shells, a few have unpaired electrons for which Hund's rule is applicable. The most important example is the dioxygen molecule, O2, which has two degenerate pi antibonding molecular orbitals (π*) occupied by only two electrons. In accordance with Hund's rule, the ground state is triplet oxygen with two unpaired electrons in singly occupied orbitals. The singlet oxygen state with one doubly occupied and one empty π* is an excited state with different chemical properties and greater reactivity than the ground state.","title":"Molecules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"5-dehydro-m-xylylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-dehydro-m-xylylene"},{"link_name":"organic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"molecule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 2004, researchers reported the synthesis of 5-dehydro-m-xylylene (DMX), the first organic molecule known to violate Hund's rule.[6]","title":"Exception"}] | [{"image_text":"The valence orbitals of the oxygen atom (sides of diagram) and the dioxygen molecule (middle) in the ground state. In both atom and molecule, the electrons in singly occupied orbitals have their spins parallel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Valence_orbitals_of_oxygen_atom_and_dioxygen_molecule_%28diagram%29.svg/220px-Valence_orbitals_of_oxygen_atom_and_dioxygen_molecule_%28diagram%29.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Hund's rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund%27s_rules"},{"title":"High spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_spin"}] | [{"reference":"Levine, I. N. (2013). Quantum Chemistry (7th ed.). Pearson. pp. 310–311. ISBN 978-0321803450.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0321803450","url_text":"978-0321803450"}]},{"reference":"Slipchenko, L.; Munsch, T.; Wenthold, P.; Krylov, A. (2004). \"5-Dehydro-1,3-quinodimethane: a hydrocarbon with an open-shell doublet ground state\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 43 (6): 742–745. doi:10.1002/anie.200352990. PMID 14755709.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200352990","url_text":"10.1002/anie.200352990"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14755709","url_text":"14755709"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/levels_form.html","external_links_name":"NIST Atomic Spectrum Database"},{"Link":"http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/levels_form.html","external_links_name":"NIST Atomic Spectrum Database"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200352990","external_links_name":"10.1002/anie.200352990"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14755709","external_links_name":"14755709"},{"Link":"http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/gloss/hundsrule.html","external_links_name":"A glossary entry hosted on the web site of the Chemistry Department of Purdue University"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_wine_classification | Classification of wine | ["1 The term \"wine\"","2 By appellation","2.1 Regional wine classifications","3 By vinification methods and style","3.1 Sparkling and still wines","3.2 Dessert and fortified wine","3.3 Other styles","4 By vintage or variety","5 See also","6 References"] | System for classifying wines
The classification of wine is based on various criteria including place of origin or appellation, vinification method and style, sweetness and vintage, and the grape variety or varieties used. Practices vary in different countries and regions of origin, and many practices have varied over time. Some classifications enjoy official protection by being part of the wine law in their country of origin, while others have been created by, for example, growers' organizations without such protection.
The term "wine"
Within the European Union, the term "wine" and its equivalents in other languages is reserved exclusively for the fermented juice of grapes.
In the United States, the term is also used for the fermented juice of any fruit or agricultural product, provided that it has an alcohol content of 7 to 24% (alcohol by volume) and is intended for non-industrial use. With the exceptions of cider, perry, and sake, such non-grape wines are to be labelled with the word "wine" qualified by a truthful description of the originating product: "honey wine", "dandelion wine", (blended) "fruit wine", etc.
Other jurisdictions have similar rules dictating the range of products qualifying as "wine".
By appellation
Historically, wines have been known by names reflecting their origin, and sometimes style: Bordeaux, Port, Rioja, Mosel and Chianti are all legally defined names reflecting the traditional wines produced in the named region. These naming conventions or "appellations" (as they are known in France) dictate not only where the grapes in a wine were grown but also which grapes went into the wine and how they were vinified. The appellation system is strongest in the European Union, but a related system, the American Viticultural Area, restricts the use of certain regional labels in America, such as Napa Valley, Santa Barbara and Willamette Valley. The AVA designations do not restrict the type of grape used.
In most of the world, wine labelled Champagne must be made from grapes grown in the Champagne region of France and fermented using a certain method, based on the international trademark agreements included in the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. However, in the United States, a legal definition called semi-generic has enabled U.S. winemakers to use certain generic terms (Champagne, Hock, Sherry, etc.) if there appears next to the term the actual appellation of origin.
More recently, wine regions in countries with less stringent location protection laws such as the United States and Australia have joined with well-known European wine producing regions to sign the Napa Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin, commonly known as the Napa Declaration on Place. This is a "declaration of joint principles stating the importance of location to wine and the need to protect place names". The Declaration was signed in July 2005 by four United States winegrowing regions and three European Union winegrowing regions.
The signatory regions from the US were Napa Valley, Washington, Oregon and Walla Walla, while the signatory regions from the EU were: Champagne, Cognac (the commune where Cognac is produced), Douro (the region where Port wine is produced) and Jerez (the region where Sherry is produced).
The list of signatories to the agreement expanded in March 2007 when Sonoma County, Paso Robles, Chianti Classico, Tokay, Victoria, Australia and Western Australia signed the Declaration at a ceremony in Washington, DC.
Regional wine classifications
Many regional wine classifications exist as part of tradition or appellation law. The most common of these is based on vineyard sites and include the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855, though some regions classify their wines based on the style like the German wine classification system. Vineyard classification has a long history dating from some early examples in Jurançon in the 14th century, in 1644 when the council of Würzburg ranked the city's vineyards by quality, and the early five-level designation of vineyards based on quality in Tokaj-Hegyalja in 1700.
Other well known classifications include:
Classification of Saint-Émilion wine of Bordeaux
Classification of Graves wine of Bordeaux
Cru Bourgeois of Bordeaux (Médoc)
Classified estates of Provence
The follow regions are classified by vineyards, not estate.
Grand cru of Burgundy and Alsace
By vinification methods and style
Dark purple wine grapes on the vine
See also: Winemaking
Wines may be classified by vinification methods. These include classifications such as red or white wine, sparkling, semi-sparkling or still, fortified and dessert wines. The colour of wine is not determined by the juice of the grape, which is almost always clear, but rather by the presence or absence of the grape skin during fermentation. Grapes with coloured juice, for example alicante bouschet, are known as teinturier. Red wine is made from red (or black) grapes, but its red colour is bestowed by a process called maceration, whereby the skin is left in contact with the juice during fermentation. White wine can be made from any colour of grape as the skin is separated from the juice during fermentation. A white wine made from a very dark grape may appear pink or 'blush'. A form of Rosé is called Blanc de Noirs where the juice of red grapes is allowed contact with the skins for a very short time (usually only a couple of hours).
Sparkling and still wines
Main article: Sparkling wine
Sparkling wines such as champagne, contain carbon dioxide which is produced naturally from fermentation or force-injected later. To have this effect, the wine is fermented twice, once in an open container to allow the carbon dioxide to escape into the air, and a second time in a sealed container where the gas is caught and remains in the wine. Sparkling wines that gain their carbonation from the traditional method of bottle fermentation are labelled "bottle fermented", "méthode traditionelle", or "méthode champenoise". The latter designation was outlawed for all wines other than champagne (which for obvious reasons does not bother to utilize it) in Europe in 1994.
Other terms for sparkling wine in other languages include Sekt or Schaumwein (Germany), cava (Spain), spumante (Italy) and espumante (Portugal). Semi-sparkling wines are sparkling wines that contain less than 2.5 atmospheres of carbon dioxide at sea level and 20 °C. Some countries such as the UK impose a higher tax on fully sparkling wines. Examples of semi-sparkling synonym terms are frizzante in Italy, vino de aguja in Spain, and pétillant in France. In most countries except the United States, champagne is legally defined as sparkling wine originating from the Champagne wine region in France, especially the city of Reims and the town of Épernay.
Still wines are wines that have not gone through the sparkling wine method and have no effervescence.
Dessert and fortified wine
Dessert wines range from slightly sweet (with less than 50 g/L of sugar) to incredibly sweet wines (with over 400 g/L of sugar). Late harvest wines such as Spätlese are made from grapes harvested well after they have reached maximum ripeness. Dried grape wines, such as Recioto and Vin Santo from Italy, are made from grapes that have been partially raisined after harvesting. Botrytized wines are made from grapes infected by the mold Botrytis cinerea or noble rot. These include Sauternes from Bordeaux, numerous wines from Loire such as Bonnezeaux and Quarts de Chaume, Tokaji Aszú from Hungary, and Beerenauslese. Ice Wine is made from grapes that are harvested while they are frozen. Fortified wines are often sweeter, and generally more alcoholic wines that have had their fermentation process stopped by the addition of a spirit, such as brandy, or have had additional spirit added after fermentation. Examples include Port, Madeira and Sherry.
Other styles
See also: Category:Wine styles
Table wines are inexpensive wines that often do not specify the grape variety used or the region of origin. Some equivalent terms for "table wine" in other languages are "vin de table" (French), "vino da tavola" (Italian), "Tafelwein" (German), and "vino de mesa" (Spanish).
Cooking wine or cooking sherry usually refers to inexpensive grape wine (or rice wine in Chinese and other East Asian cuisine) which is intended for use as an ingredient in food rather than as a beverage. Cooking wine typically available in North America is treated with salt to allow its sale in non-licensed grocery stores. This also acts as a preservative, as the salt in cooking wine inhibits the growth of the microorganisms that produce acetic acid. This will preserve a bottle of cooking wine, which may be opened and used occasionally over a long period of time.
In other countries sherry wine is used for cooking. Fortified wines resist spoilage, as their alcohol content is too high to permit bacterial growth.
By vintage or variety
A vintage wine is one made from grapes that were all, or mostly, grown in a single specified year, and are accordingly dated as such. Consequently, it is not uncommon for wine enthusiasts and traders to save bottles of an especially good vintage wine for future consumption. However, there is some disagreement and research about the significance of vintage year to wine quality. Most countries allow a vintage wine to include a portion of wine that is not from the labeled vintage.
A varietal wine is wine made from a dominant grape such as a Chardonnay or a Cabernet Sauvignon and labeled by the name of the grape variety. The wine may not be entirely of that one grape and varietal labeling laws differ. In the United States a wine needs to be composed of at least 75% of a particular grape to be labeled as a varietal wine. In the European Union, a minimum of 85% is required if the name of a single variety is displayed, and if two or more varieties are mentioned, they combined must make up 100% and they must be listed in descending order. E.g., a mixture of 70% Chardonnay and 30% Viognier must be called Chardonnay-Viognier rather than Viognier-Chardonnay.
See also
Classification of Champagne vineyards
Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855
ISWN (International Standard Wine Number)
Langton's Classification of Australian Wine
Protected designation of origin
Quinta classification of Port vineyards in the Douro
References
^ a b "Wine Classification".
^ M. Ewing-Mulligan & E. McCarthy Wine Style: Using Your Senses To Explore And Enjoy Wine Introduction Wiley Publishing 2005 ISBN 0-7645-4453-5.
^ J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition pg 752 & 753 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6.
^ Harding, G. A Wine Miscellany, pp. 5-9. Clarkson Potter Publishing (New York), 2005. ISBN 0-307-34635-8.
^ 26 U.S.C. §5381: "Natural wine". Accessed 9 November 2013.
^ The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 27: Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. §4.10: "Meaning of terms: Wine". Accessed 9 November 2013.
^ The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 27: Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. §4.21: "The standards of identity: Class 5; Fruit wine" & "Class 6; Wine from other agricultural products". Accessed 9 November 2013.
^ George, Rosemary (1991). The Simon & Schuster Pocket Wine Label Decoder. Fireside. ISBN 978-0-671-72897-7.
^ Title 27 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) §4.25 Archived 2007-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
^ Title 27 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) §4.24 Archived 2007-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Center for Wine Origins | Declaration to Protect Wine Place". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-10-16. Napa Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin (press release, Napa Valley Vintners).
^ J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition, p. 175 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6, classification Archived 2008-08-08 at the Wayback Machine
^ K. MacNeil The Wine Bible p. 170 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1-56305-434-5.
^ winepros.com.au. The Oxford Companion to Wine. "champagne method". Archived from the original on 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
^ "Freedictionary.com".
^ K. MacNeil The Wine Bible p. 488 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1-56305-434-5.
^ "27 CFR § 24.215 - Wine or wine products not for beverage use". Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
^ Cooking With Sherry. By Lalo Grosso, edited by Diputación de Cádiz in 2002. ISBN 978-84-95388-54-4.
^ Weil, Roman L. (25 May 2001). "Parker v. Prial: The Death of the Vintage Chart " (PDF). Chance. 14 (4): 27–31. doi:10.1080/09332480.2001.10542295. S2CID 60638965. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
^ Robinson, Jancis (2014). The Oxford Companion to Wine (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 727. ISBN 978-0-19-860990-2. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
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Wine portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"place of origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin"},{"link_name":"appellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wine_intro-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"sweetness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetness_of_wine"},{"link_name":"vintage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_752_&_753-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wine_intro-1"},{"link_name":"wine law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_law"}],"text":"The classification of wine is based on various criteria including place of origin or appellation,[1] vinification method and style,[2] sweetness and vintage,[3] and the grape variety or varieties used.[1] Practices vary in different countries and regions of origin, and many practices have varied over time. 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provided that it has an alcohol content of 7 to 24% (alcohol by volume) and is intended for non-industrial use.[6] With the exceptions of cider, perry, and sake, such non-grape wines are to be labelled with the word \"wine\" qualified by a truthful description of the originating product: \"honey wine\", \"dandelion wine\", (blended) \"fruit wine\", etc.[7]Other jurisdictions have similar rules dictating the range of products qualifying as \"wine\".[8]","title":"The term \"wine\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_wine"},{"link_name":"Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_wine"},{"link_name":"Rioja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rioja_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Mosel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosel_wine"},{"link_name":"Chianti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianti"},{"link_name":"appellations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation"},{"link_name":"American Viticultural 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Robles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso_Robles"},{"link_name":"Chianti Classico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianti_Classico"},{"link_name":"Tokay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokaji"},{"link_name":"Victoria, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"}],"text":"Historically, wines have been known by names reflecting their origin, and sometimes style: Bordeaux, Port, Rioja, Mosel and Chianti are all legally defined names reflecting the traditional wines produced in the named region. These naming conventions or \"appellations\" (as they are known in France) dictate not only where the grapes in a wine were grown but also which grapes went into the wine and how they were vinified. The appellation system is strongest in the European Union, but a related system, the American Viticultural Area, restricts the use of certain regional labels in America, such as Napa Valley, Santa Barbara and Willamette Valley. The AVA designations do not restrict the type of grape used.[9]In most of the world, wine labelled Champagne must be made from grapes grown in the Champagne region of France and fermented using a certain method, based on the international trademark agreements included in the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. However, in the United States, a legal definition called semi-generic has enabled U.S. winemakers to use certain generic terms (Champagne, Hock, Sherry, etc.) if there appears next to the term the actual appellation of origin.[10]More recently, wine regions in countries with less stringent location protection laws such as the United States and Australia have joined with well-known European wine producing regions to sign the Napa Declaration to Protect Wine Place and Origin, commonly known as the Napa Declaration on Place. This is a \"declaration of joint principles stating the importance of location to wine and the need to protect place names\".[11] The Declaration was signed in July 2005 by four United States winegrowing regions and three European Union winegrowing regions.The signatory regions from the US were Napa Valley, Washington, Oregon and Walla Walla, while the signatory regions from the EU were: Champagne, Cognac (the commune where Cognac is produced), Douro (the region where Port wine is produced) and Jerez (the region where Sherry is produced).The list of signatories to the agreement expanded in March 2007 when Sonoma County, Paso Robles, Chianti Classico, Tokay, Victoria, Australia and Western Australia signed the Declaration at a ceremony in Washington, DC.","title":"By appellation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_wine"},{"link_name":"appellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_Wine_Official_Classification_of_1855"},{"link_name":"German wine classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine_classification"},{"link_name":"Jurançon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juran%C3%A7on_AOC"},{"link_name":"Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg"},{"link_name":"Tokaj-Hegyalja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokaj-Hegyalja"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_175-12"},{"link_name":"Classification of Saint-Émilion wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_Saint-%C3%89milion_wine"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_wine"},{"link_name":"Classification of Graves wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_Graves_wine"},{"link_name":"Cru Bourgeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cru_Bourgeois"},{"link_name":"Classified estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence_wine#Classified_estates"},{"link_name":"Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"},{"link_name":"Grand cru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cru_(wine)#Grand_cru"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy_wine"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsatian_wine"}],"sub_title":"Regional wine classifications","text":"Many regional wine classifications exist as part of tradition or appellation law. The most common of these is based on vineyard sites and include the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855, though some regions classify their wines based on the style like the German wine classification system. Vineyard classification has a long history dating from some early examples in Jurançon in the 14th century, in 1644 when the council of Würzburg ranked the city's vineyards by quality, and the early five-level designation of vineyards based on quality in Tokaj-Hegyalja in 1700.[12]Other well known classifications include:Classification of Saint-Émilion wine of Bordeaux\nClassification of Graves wine of Bordeaux\nCru Bourgeois of Bordeaux (Médoc)\nClassified estates of ProvenceThe follow regions are classified by vineyards, not estate.Grand cru of Burgundy and Alsace","title":"By appellation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dark_wine_grapes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Winemaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemaking"},{"link_name":"colour of wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colour_of_wine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"teinturier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teinturier"},{"link_name":"maceration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maceration_(wine)"},{"link_name":"blush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blush_wine"},{"link_name":"Rosé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Blanc de Noirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanc_de_Noirs"}],"text":"Dark purple wine grapes on the vineSee also: WinemakingWines may be classified by vinification methods. These include classifications such as red or white wine, sparkling, semi-sparkling or still, fortified and dessert wines. The colour of wine is not determined by the juice of the grape, which is almost always clear, but rather by the presence or absence of the grape skin during fermentation. Grapes with coloured juice, for example alicante bouschet, are known as teinturier. Red wine is made from red (or black) grapes, but its red colour is bestowed by a process called maceration, whereby the skin is left in contact with the juice during fermentation. White wine can be made from any colour of grape as the skin is separated from the juice during fermentation. A white wine made from a very dark grape may appear pink or 'blush'. A form of Rosé is called Blanc de Noirs where the juice of red grapes is allowed contact with the skins for a very short time (usually only a couple of hours).","title":"By vinification methods and style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sparkling wines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkling_wines"},{"link_name":"champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_(wine)"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_170-13"},{"link_name":"carbonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonation"},{"link_name":"méthode champenoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_champenoise"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCW-14"},{"link_name":"Sekt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekt"},{"link_name":"cava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cava_(Spanish_wine)"},{"link_name":"spumante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spumante"},{"link_name":"espumante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Espumante&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"frizzante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frizzante"},{"link_name":"vino de aguja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vino_de_aguja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pétillant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9tillant"},{"link_name":"Champagne wine region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_wine_region"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"},{"link_name":"Épernay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pernay"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Sparkling and still wines","text":"Sparkling wines such as champagne, contain carbon dioxide which is produced naturally from fermentation or force-injected later. To have this effect, the wine is fermented twice, once in an open container to allow the carbon dioxide to escape into the air, and a second time in a sealed container where the gas is caught and remains in the wine.[13] Sparkling wines that gain their carbonation from the traditional method of bottle fermentation are labelled \"bottle fermented\", \"méthode traditionelle\", or \"méthode champenoise\". The latter designation was outlawed for all wines other than champagne (which for obvious reasons does not bother to utilize it) in Europe in 1994.[14]Other terms for sparkling wine in other languages include Sekt or Schaumwein (Germany), cava (Spain), spumante (Italy) and espumante (Portugal). Semi-sparkling wines are sparkling wines that contain less than 2.5 atmospheres of carbon dioxide at sea level and 20 °C. Some countries such as the UK impose a higher tax on fully sparkling wines. Examples of semi-sparkling synonym terms are frizzante in Italy, vino de aguja in Spain, and pétillant in France. In most countries except the United States, champagne is legally defined as sparkling wine originating from the Champagne wine region in France, especially the city of Reims and the town of Épernay.Still wines are wines that have not gone through the sparkling wine method and have no effervescence.[15]","title":"By vinification methods and style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dessert wines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert_wines"},{"link_name":"Late harvest wines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_harvest_wine"},{"link_name":"Spätlese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tlese"},{"link_name":"ripeness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripeness_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Recioto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recioto"},{"link_name":"Vin Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_Santo"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Botrytis cinerea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea"},{"link_name":"noble rot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_rot"},{"link_name":"Sauternes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire"},{"link_name":"Bonnezeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnezeaux"},{"link_name":"Quarts de Chaume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarts_de_Chaume"},{"link_name":"Tokaji Aszú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokaji"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Beerenauslese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerenauslese"},{"link_name":"Ice Wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Wine"},{"link_name":"Fortified wines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_wines"},{"link_name":"brandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacNeil_p._488-16"},{"link_name":"Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_wine"},{"link_name":"Madeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira_wine"},{"link_name":"Sherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry"}],"sub_title":"Dessert and fortified wine","text":"Dessert wines range from slightly sweet (with less than 50 g/L of sugar) to incredibly sweet wines (with over 400 g/L of sugar). Late harvest wines such as Spätlese are made from grapes harvested well after they have reached maximum ripeness. Dried grape wines, such as Recioto and Vin Santo from Italy, are made from grapes that have been partially raisined after harvesting. Botrytized wines are made from grapes infected by the mold Botrytis cinerea or noble rot. These include Sauternes from Bordeaux, numerous wines from Loire such as Bonnezeaux and Quarts de Chaume, Tokaji Aszú from Hungary, and Beerenauslese. Ice Wine is made from grapes that are harvested while they are frozen. Fortified wines are often sweeter, and generally more alcoholic wines that have had their fermentation process stopped by the addition of a spirit, such as brandy, or have had additional spirit added after fermentation.[16] Examples include Port, Madeira and Sherry.","title":"By vinification methods and style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Wine styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wine_styles"},{"link_name":"Table wines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_wines"},{"link_name":"grape wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"rice wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_wine"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"East Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt"},{"link_name":"non-licensed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor_license#United_States"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"acetic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid"},{"link_name":"sherry wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry_wine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Fortified wines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_wines"}],"sub_title":"Other styles","text":"See also: Category:Wine stylesTable wines are inexpensive wines that often do not specify the grape variety used or the region of origin. Some equivalent terms for \"table wine\" in other languages are \"vin de table\" (French), \"vino da tavola\" (Italian), \"Tafelwein\" (German), and \"vino de mesa\" (Spanish).Cooking wine or cooking sherry usually refers to inexpensive grape wine (or rice wine in Chinese and other East Asian cuisine) which is intended for use as an ingredient in food rather than as a beverage. Cooking wine typically available in North America is treated with salt to allow its sale in non-licensed grocery stores.[17] This also acts as a preservative, as the salt in cooking wine inhibits the growth of the microorganisms that produce acetic acid. This will preserve a bottle of cooking wine, which may be opened and used occasionally over a long period of time.In other countries sherry wine is used for cooking.[18] Fortified wines resist spoilage, as their alcohol content is too high to permit bacterial growth.","title":"By vinification methods and style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vintage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage"},{"link_name":"vintage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"varietal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietal"},{"link_name":"Chardonnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnay"},{"link_name":"Cabernet Sauvignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_727-20"},{"link_name":"Viognier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viognier"}],"text":"A vintage wine is one made from grapes that were all, or mostly, grown in a single specified year, and are accordingly dated as such. Consequently, it is not uncommon for wine enthusiasts and traders to save bottles of an especially good vintage wine for future consumption. However, there is some disagreement and research about the significance of vintage year to wine quality.[19] Most countries allow a vintage wine to include a portion of wine that is not from the labeled vintage.[citation needed]A varietal wine is wine made from a dominant grape such as a Chardonnay or a Cabernet Sauvignon and labeled by the name of the grape variety. The wine may not be entirely of that one grape and varietal labeling laws differ. In the United States a wine needs to be composed of at least 75% of a particular grape to be labeled as a varietal wine.[20] In the European Union, a minimum of 85% is required if the name of a single variety is displayed, and if two or more varieties are mentioned, they combined must make up 100% and they must be listed in descending order. E.g., a mixture of 70% Chardonnay and 30% Viognier must be called Chardonnay-Viognier rather than Viognier-Chardonnay.","title":"By vintage or variety"}] | [{"image_text":"Dark purple wine grapes on the vine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dark_wine_grapes.jpg/200px-Dark_wine_grapes.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Classification of Champagne vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_Champagne_vineyards"},{"title":"Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_Wine_Official_Classification_of_1855"},{"title":"ISWN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISWN"},{"title":"Langton's Classification of Australian Wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langton%27s_Classification_of_Australian_Wine"},{"title":"Protected designation of origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin"},{"title":"Quinta classification of Port vineyards in the Douro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinta_classification_of_Port_vineyards_in_the_Douro"}] | [{"reference":"\"Wine Classification\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wineintro.com/regions/classification.html","url_text":"\"Wine Classification\""}]},{"reference":"George, Rosemary (1991). The Simon & Schuster Pocket Wine Label Decoder. Fireside. ISBN 978-0-671-72897-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-72897-7","url_text":"978-0-671-72897-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Center for Wine Origins | Declaration to Protect Wine Place\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928070901/http://www.wineorigins.com/page.cfm?pageID=28","url_text":"\"Center for Wine Origins | Declaration to Protect Wine Place\""},{"url":"http://www.wineorigins.com/page.cfm?pageID=28","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Oxford Companion to Wine. \"champagne method\". Archived from the original on 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2008-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080820092114/http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=644","url_text":"\"champagne method\""},{"url":"http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=644","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Freedictionary.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Still+wine","url_text":"\"Freedictionary.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"27 CFR § 24.215 - Wine or wine products not for beverage use\". Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. Retrieved 21 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/27/24.215","url_text":"\"27 CFR § 24.215 - Wine or wine products not for beverage use\""}]},{"reference":"Weil, Roman L. (25 May 2001). \"Parker v. Prial: The Death of the Vintage Chart [Lighten Your Wallet]\" (PDF). Chance. 14 (4): 27–31. doi:10.1080/09332480.2001.10542295. S2CID 60638965. Retrieved 21 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liquidasset.com/WEILVDQS.PDF","url_text":"\"Parker v. Prial: The Death of the Vintage Chart [Lighten Your Wallet]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09332480.2001.10542295","url_text":"10.1080/09332480.2001.10542295"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:60638965","url_text":"60638965"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Jancis (2014). The Oxford Companion to Wine (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 727. ISBN 978-0-19-860990-2. Retrieved 21 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198609902.001.0001/acref-9780198609902","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to Wine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860990-2","url_text":"978-0-19-860990-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.wineintro.com/regions/classification.html","external_links_name":"\"Wine Classification\""},{"Link":"http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/uscode/26/E/51/F/III/5381","external_links_name":"26 U.S.C. §5381: \"Natural wine\""},{"Link":"http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=506cf0c03546efff958847134c5527d3&rgn=div5&view=text&node=27:1.0.1.1.2&idno=27#27:1.0.1.1.2.2.25.1","external_links_name":"§4.10: \"Meaning of terms: Wine\""},{"Link":"http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=506cf0c03546efff958847134c5527d3&rgn=div5&view=text&node=27:1.0.1.1.2&idno=27#27:1.0.1.1.2.2.25.1","external_links_name":"§4.21: \"The standards of identity: Class 5; Fruit wine\" & \"Class 6; Wine from other agricultural products\""},{"Link":"http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=33fc0c0194b58b6fe95208945b5c637a&rgn=div5&view=text&node=27:1.0.1.1.2&idno=27#27:1.0.1.1.2.3.25.6","external_links_name":"§4.25"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070217043053/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=33fc0c0194b58b6fe95208945b5c637a&rgn=div5&view=text&node=27:1.0.1.1.2&idno=27#27:1.0.1.1.2.3.25.6","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=33fc0c0194b58b6fe95208945b5c637a&rgn=div5&view=text&node=27:1.0.1.1.2&idno=27#27:1.0.1.1.2.3.25.5","external_links_name":"§4.24"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070217043053/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=33fc0c0194b58b6fe95208945b5c637a&rgn=div5&view=text&node=27:1.0.1.1.2&idno=27#27:1.0.1.1.2.3.25.5","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928070901/http://www.wineorigins.com/page.cfm?pageID=28","external_links_name":"\"Center for Wine Origins | Declaration to Protect Wine Place\""},{"Link":"http://www.wineorigins.com/page.cfm?pageID=28","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=724","external_links_name":"classification"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080808113151/http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=724","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080820092114/http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=644","external_links_name":"\"champagne method\""},{"Link":"http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=644","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Still+wine","external_links_name":"\"Freedictionary.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/27/24.215","external_links_name":"\"27 CFR § 24.215 - Wine or wine products not for beverage use\""},{"Link":"http://www.liquidasset.com/WEILVDQS.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Parker v. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire | 1916 United States presidential election in New Hampshire | ["1 Results","1.1 Results by county","2 See also","3 References"] | Election in New Hampshire
Main article: 1916 United States presidential election
1916 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
← 1912
November 7, 1916
1920 →
Nominee
Woodrow Wilson
Charles Evans Hughes
Party
Democratic
Republican
Home state
New Jersey
New York
Running mate
Thomas R. Marshall
Charles W. Fairbanks
Electoral vote
4
0
Popular vote
43,781
43,725
Percentage
49.12%
49.06%
County Results
Wilson
40-50%
50-60%
Hughes
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50-60%
President before election
Woodrow Wilson
Democratic
Elected President
Woodrow Wilson
Democratic
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vte
The 1916 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 7, 1916, as part of the 1916 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
New Hampshire was won by the Democratic nominees, incumbent Democratic President Woodrow Wilson and Vice President Thomas R. Marshall. They defeated Republican nominee, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes of New York, and his running mate Senator Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana.
Wilson won New Hampshire by a very narrow margin of just 0.06283% (one vote in 1,592) and 56 popular votes. In terms of popular vote margin, this is the third-closest state presidential election race on record, behind two in Maryland from 1832 and 1904. In terms of percentage, it stands as the ninth-closest behind the two Maryland elections above, two from California in 1892 and 1912, Kentucky in 1896, Hawaii’s inaugural 1960 election, and the 2000 Florida and New Mexico elections. This is the only presidential election in which New Hampshire voted Democratic while a number of modern-day Democratic-leaning states voted Republican. These states include the fellow New England states of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, as well as New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Minnesota, Illinois, and Oregon. It was also the only election in which New Hampshire voted Democratic while Pennsylvania voted Republican until 2016.
The giant Rexall drugstore chain made an early opinion poll that predicted Wilson’s narrow victory in New Hampshire and in California almost perfectly, leading to a reputation for accuracy that was to be lost twenty years subsequently.
This was the first time since 1852 that Sullivan County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.
Results
1916 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
Party
Candidate
Running mate
Popular vote
Electoral vote
Count
%
Count
%
Democratic
Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey
Thomas Riley Marshall of Indiana
43,781
49.12%
4
100.00%
Republican
Charles Evans Hughes of New York
Charles Warren Fairbanks of Indiana
43,725
49.06%
0
0.00%
Socialist
Allan Louis Benson of New York
George Ross Kirkpatrick of New Jersey
1,318
1.48%
0
0.00%
Prohibition
James Franklin Hanly of Indiana
Ira Landrith of Tennessee
303
0.34%
0
0.00%
Total
89,127
100.00%
4
100.00%
Results by county
County
Thomas Woodrow WilsonDemocratic
Charles Evans HughesRepublican
Allan Louis BensonSocialist
James Franklin HanlyProhibition
Margin
Total votes cast
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
Belknap
2,310
46.19%
2,579
51.57%
62
1.24%
50
1.00%
-269
-5.38%
5,001
Carroll
2,003
46.65%
2,259
52.61%
22
0.51%
10
0.23%
-256
-5.96%
4,294
Cheshire
2,779
44.51%
3,337
53.44%
121
1.94%
7
0.11%
-558
-8.93%
6,244
Coös
3,247
51.99%
2,762
44.22%
210
3.36%
27
0.43%
485
7.77%
6,246
Grafton
4,644
48.80%
4,795
50.38%
49
0.51%
29
0.30%
-151
-1.58%
9,517
Hillsborough
10,939
51.05%
9,927
46.33%
502
2.34%
60
0.28%
1,012
4.72%
21,428
Merrimack
5,967
49.14%
5,970
49.16%
160
1.32%
47
0.39%
-3
-0.02%
12,144
Rockingham
5,637
48.32%
5,866
50.29%
114
0.98%
48
0.41%
-229
-1.97%
11,665
Strafford
4,040
49.62%
4,037
49.58%
49
0.60%
16
0.20%
3
0.04%
8,142
Sullivan
2,215
49.82%
2,193
49.33%
29
0.65%
9
0.20%
22
0.49%
4,446
Totals
43,781
49.12%
43,725
49.06%
1,621
1.82%
303
0.34%
56
0.06%
89,127
See also
United States presidential elections in New Hampshire
References
^ Pietrusza, David; 1920: The Year of the Six Presidents, p. 398 ISBN 0786721022
^ Menendez, Albert J.; The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004, p. 257 ISBN 0786422173
^ "1916 Presidential General Election Results - New Hampshire". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
^ a b New Hampshire Department of State Election Division; New Hampshire Manual 1917, pp, 368-378
^ Robinson, Edgar Eugene; The Presidential Vote 1896-1932, p. 270 ISBN 9780804716963
vte Elections in New HampshirePresidential elections
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vte(1915 ←) 1916 United States elections (→ 1917)U.S.President
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vteState and district results of the 1916 United States presidential election
Alabama
Arizona
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Wyoming | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1916 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Electoral College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"vice president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Thomas R. 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Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.New Hampshire was won by the Democratic nominees, incumbent Democratic President Woodrow Wilson and Vice President Thomas R. Marshall. They defeated Republican nominee, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes of New York, and his running mate Senator Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana.Wilson won New Hampshire by a very narrow margin of just 0.06283% (one vote in 1,592) and 56 popular votes. In terms of popular vote margin, this is the third-closest state presidential election race on record, behind two in Maryland from 1832 and 1904. In terms of percentage, it stands as the ninth-closest behind the two Maryland elections above, two from California in 1892 and 1912, Kentucky in 1896, Hawaii’s inaugural 1960 election, and the 2000 Florida and New Mexico elections. This is the only presidential election in which New Hampshire voted Democratic while a number of modern-day Democratic-leaning states voted Republican. These states include the fellow New England states of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, as well as New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Minnesota, Illinois, and Oregon. It was also the only election in which New Hampshire voted Democratic while Pennsylvania voted Republican until 2016.The giant Rexall drugstore chain made an early opinion poll that predicted Wilson’s narrow victory in New Hampshire and in California almost perfectly,[1] leading to a reputation for accuracy that was to be lost twenty years subsequently.This was the first time since 1852 that Sullivan County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.[2]","title":"1916 United States presidential election in New Hampshire"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results by county","title":"Results"}] | [] | [{"title":"United States presidential elections in New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Hampshire"}] | [{"reference":"\"1916 Presidential General Election Results - New Hampshire\". U.S. Election Atlas. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Advocates_for_Children_and_Families | Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families | ["1 Policy positions and advocacy","2 Notes","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 34°45′01″N 92°17′14″W / 34.750379°N 92.287102°W / 34.750379; -92.287102U.S. nonprofit organization
Arkansas Advocates for Children and FamiliesFormationMay 17, 1977; 47 years ago (1977-05-17)Foundergroup of people, including Hillary ClintonFounded atArkansas, United StatesTax ID no. 71-0492205Legal status501(c)(3) nonprofit organizationHeadquartersLittle Rock, Arkansas, United StatesCoordinates34°45′01″N 92°17′14″W / 34.750379°N 92.287102°W / 34.750379; -92.287102PresidentJay BarthExecutive DirectorRich HuddlestonRevenue (2014) $2,139,014Expenses (2014)$1,858,171Staff (2014) 23Websitewww.aradvocates.org
Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families (AACF) is a non-profit advocacy organization which encourages public policy in Arkansas that will benefit children and their families.
Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families was founded in 1977 by attorney Hillary Rodham as a non-partisan 501(c)(3) group and continues to be supported by a wide variety of individuals and organizations.
Policy positions and advocacy
In 1992 Arkansas Governor Jim Guy Tucker wanted to end its policy of increasing Aid to Families with Dependent Children payments for additional children born into families on welfare. Governor Tucker said that the proposed policy would encourage women on welfare to use state-provided birth control rather than conceive and it would save the state of Arkansas one-million dollars per year. Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families opposed the governor's proposed policy saying it would punish children and their mothers.
In 1994 Governor Tucker proposed expanding the number of crimes for which 14- and 15-year-olds could be tried as adults. Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families opposed the proposed policy, saying it would do nothing beneficial, and it would send more juveniles into the overburdened adult judicial system.
The Arkansas House of Representatives debated a bill that would allow police officers to stop, arrest, and interrogate children without notifying their parents in 1994. Prosecutors were in favor of the bill saying it was necessary for police at crime scenes to question children who might be witnesses or suspects.
The Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families said the bill was clearly unconstitutional because minors lack the legal understanding to waive their constitutional rights without consulting an adult adviser such as their parents.
In 1997, Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families advocated for increasing the number of eligible children participating in the summer lunch program. The group said that just six percent of eligible children participate in the summer lunch program, a rate much lower than any other state. A state agency said the low rate was a result of children having no transportation to serving locations as well as a new state law that students who failed classes were no longer required to attend summer school.
In 1998, Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families advocated for increased availability to child care, saying that families with two parents working needed additional help from the state with childcare so the parents can work.
Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families described Arkansas state income taxes as too high in 2000. The group said that Arkansas state income tax was regressive and put too large a burden on families with lower incomes. The group advocated for a zero-percent income tax rate for families with low incomes, refundable earned income tax credit for low-income families, and elimination of the state sales tax on groceries.
Notes
^ "Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families". Arkansas Secretary of State. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
^ "Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families". Exempt Organizations Select Check. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
^ "Board". Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016.
^ "Staff". Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016.
^ a b c "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax". Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families. Guidestar. December 31, 2014.
^ Cimons, Marlene. "Shifting Toward a Mainstream Approach to Children's Issues". Los Angeles Times. December 24, 1992. p. 5.
^ a b c Duffy, Joan I. "Tucker Plan Halts AFDC to Subsequent Children". The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee). December 3, 1992.
^ a b Duffy, Joan I. "Tucker plan on juvenile crime lauded, questioned". The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee). August 12, 1994.
^ a b c Duffy, Joan I. "Ark. panel OK's bill letting cops question kids". The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee). August 17, 1994.
^ a b c "Ark. Group Wants to Beef Up Lunch Line". Associated Press. The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee). July 11, 1997.
^ "Tenn., Ark., Miss. Fall Short on Kids' Care, Survey Finds". Associated Press. The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee). May 6, 1998.
^ a b c "Study: Taxes unfair to poor". Times Record (Fort Smith, Arkansas). May 11, 2000.
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Activities after 2016 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"advocacy organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_group"},{"link_name":"public policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child"},{"link_name":"families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family"},{"link_name":"Hillary Rodham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Rodham"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"non-partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-partisan"},{"link_name":"501(c)(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(3)"}],"text":"U.S. nonprofit organizationArkansas Advocates for Children and Families (AACF) is a non-profit advocacy organization which encourages public policy in Arkansas that will benefit children and their families.Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families was founded in 1977 by attorney Hillary Rodham[6] as a non-partisan 501(c)(3) group and continues to be supported by a wide variety of individuals and organizations.","title":"Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arkansas Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Governor"},{"link_name":"Jim Guy Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Guy_Tucker"},{"link_name":"Aid to Families with Dependent Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halts-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halts-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halts-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lauded-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lauded-8"},{"link_name":"Arkansas House of 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increasing Aid to Families with Dependent Children payments for additional children born into families on welfare.[7] Governor Tucker said that the proposed policy would encourage women on welfare to use state-provided birth control rather than conceive and it would save the state of Arkansas one-million dollars per year.[7] Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families opposed the governor's proposed policy saying it would punish children and their mothers.[7]In 1994 Governor Tucker proposed expanding the number of crimes for which 14- and 15-year-olds could be tried as adults.[8] Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families opposed the proposed policy, saying it would do nothing beneficial, and it would send more juveniles into the overburdened adult judicial system.[8]The Arkansas House of Representatives debated a bill that would allow police officers to stop, arrest, and interrogate children without notifying their parents in 1994.[9] Prosecutors were in favor of the bill saying it was necessary for police at crime scenes to question children who might be witnesses or suspects.[9]The Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families said the bill was clearly unconstitutional because minors lack the legal understanding to waive their constitutional rights without consulting an adult adviser such as their parents.[9]In 1997, Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families advocated for increasing the number of eligible children participating in the summer lunch program.[10] The group said that just six percent of eligible children participate in the summer lunch program, a rate much lower than any other state.[10] A state agency said the low rate was a result of children having no transportation to serving locations as well as a new state law that students who failed classes were no longer required to attend summer school.[10]In 1998, Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families advocated for increased availability to child care, saying that families with two parents working needed additional help from the state with childcare so the parents can work.[11]Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families described Arkansas state income taxes as too high in 2000.[12] The group said that Arkansas state income tax was regressive and put too large a burden on families with lower incomes.[12] The group advocated for a zero-percent income tax rate for families with low incomes, refundable earned income tax credit for low-income families, and elimination of the state sales tax on groceries.[12]","title":"Policy positions and advocacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-corp_1-0"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Advocates for Children and 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Archived from the original on June 17, 2016.\n\n^ \"Staff\". Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016.\n\n^ a b c \"Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax\". Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families. Guidestar. December 31, 2014.\n\n^ Cimons, Marlene. \"Shifting Toward a Mainstream Approach to Children's Issues\". Los Angeles Times. December 24, 1992. p. 5.\n\n^ a b c Duffy, Joan I. \"Tucker Plan Halts AFDC to Subsequent Children\". The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee). December 3, 1992.\n\n^ a b Duffy, Joan I. \"Tucker plan on juvenile crime lauded, questioned\". The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee). August 12, 1994.\n\n^ a b c Duffy, Joan I. \"Ark. panel OK's bill letting cops question kids\". The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee). August 17, 1994.\n\n^ a b c \"Ark. Group Wants to Beef Up Lunch Line\". Associated Press. The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee). July 11, 1997.\n\n^ \"Tenn., Ark., Miss. Fall Short on Kids' Care, Survey Finds\". Associated Press. The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee). May 6, 1998.\n\n^ a b c \"Study: Taxes unfair to poor\". Times Record (Fort Smith, Arkansas). May 11, 2000.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arkansas_Advocates_for_Children_and_Families¶ms=34.750379_N_92.287102_W_","external_links_name":"34°45′01″N 92°17′14″W / 34.750379°N 92.287102°W / 34.750379; -92.287102"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arkansas_Advocates_for_Children_and_Families¶ms=34.750379_N_92.287102_W_","external_links_name":"34°45′01″N 92°17′14″W / 34.750379°N 92.287102°W / 34.750379; -92.287102"},{"Link":"https://www.aradvocates.org/","external_links_name":"www.aradvocates.org"},{"Link":"http://www.sos.arkansas.gov/corps/search_corps.php?DETAIL=20278&corp_type_id=&corp_name=Arkansas+Advocates+for+Children+and+Families&agent_search=&agent_city=&agent_state=&filing_number=&cmd=","external_links_name":"Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families"},{"Link":"https://apps.irs.gov/app/eos/pub78Search.do?ein1=71-0492205&names=&city=&state=All...&country=US&deductibility=all&dispatchMethod=searchCharities&submitName=Search","external_links_name":"Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160617030957/http://www.aradvocates.org/about-us/board/","external_links_name":"Board"},{"Link":"http://www.aradvocates.org/about-us/board/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160617014630/http://www.aradvocates.org/about-us/staff/","external_links_name":"Staff"},{"Link":"http://www.aradvocates.org/about-us/staff/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2014/710/492/2014-710492205-0bacb6ab-9.pdf","external_links_name":"Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax"},{"Link":"http://search.proquest.com/docview/281747497/","external_links_name":"Shifting Toward a Mainstream Approach to Children's Issues"},{"Link":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=0EAF93F875B67B63&p_docnum=5&p_queryname=3","external_links_name":"Tucker Plan Halts AFDC to Subsequent Children"},{"Link":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=0EAF94B95776F16E&p_docnum=6&p_queryname=3","external_links_name":"Tucker plan on juvenile crime lauded, questioned"},{"Link":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=0EAF94BA94C3B6E7&p_docnum=7&p_queryname=3","external_links_name":"Ark. panel OK's bill letting cops question kids"},{"Link":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=0F7B8BC68D7D0E65&p_docnum=11&p_queryname=3","external_links_name":"Ark. Group Wants to Beef Up Lunch Line"},{"Link":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=0F7B904574C9D472&p_docnum=22&p_queryname=3","external_links_name":"Tenn., Ark., Miss. Fall Short on Kids' Care, Survey Finds"},{"Link":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=1249AF96B21DE908&p_docnum=42&p_queryname=3","external_links_name":"Study: Taxes unfair to poor"},{"Link":"https://www.aradvocates.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_E._Massey | Walter E. Massey | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Academics and early advocacy","2.2 Argonne National Laboratory","2.3 National Science Foundation","2.4 Other domestic and international science policy","2.5 Return to academia","2.6 Business, civic, and philanthropic career","3 Awards and honors","4 References"] | Physicist, American businessman, college president
For the Canadian actor, see Walter Massey (actor).
Walter E. MasseyMassey (left) meeting with President Jimmy Carter on February 28, 198014th President of School of the Art Institute of ChicagoIn office2010–2016Preceded byWellington ReiterSucceeded byElissa Tenny10th President of Morehouse CollegeIn office1995–2007Preceded byLeroy KeithSucceeded byRobert Michael Franklin, Jr.9th Director of the National Science FoundationIn office1991–1993PresidentGeorge H. W. BushPreceded byErich BlochSucceeded byNeal Francis Lane
Personal detailsBorn (1938-04-05) April 5, 1938 (age 86)Hattiesburg, MississippiNationalityAmericanEducationMorehouse CollegeWashington University in St. LouisScientific careerFieldsTheoretical physicsInstitutionsArgonne National LaboratoryUniversity of CaliforniaUniversity of ChicagoBrown UniversityUniversity of IllinoisThesisGround state of liquid helium - boson solutions for mass 3 and 4 (1966)Doctoral advisorEugene Feenberg
Walter Eugene Massey (born April 5, 1938) is an American educator, physicist, and executive. President Emeritus of both the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC), and of Morehouse College, he is chairman of the board overseeing construction of the Giant Magellan Telescope. During his long career, Massey has served as head of the National Science Foundation, director of Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), chairman of Bank of America, and as trustee chair of the City Colleges of Chicago. He has also served in professorial and administrative posts at the University of California, University of Chicago, Brown University, and the University of Illinois.
Born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi and raised in the Jim Crow era South, Massey became fascinated by mathematics as a youth. After attending Morehouse, an historically black college (HBCU), he pursued advanced study in physics earning his PhD from Washington University in St. Louis in the 1960s. He went on to post-graduate research at ANL near Chicago and joined the physics faculty at the University of Illinois, where African-American students sought his support and guidance in the 1960s struggle for civil rights. Massey decided to seek a better balance between research and activism as a physics professor at Brown University and was then invited back to head the ANL in the late 1970s. While he rose to become provost at the University of California in the 1990s, he decided to move when Morehouse asked him to come back to lead it in its mission as an HBCU. Following his retirement from Morehouse, and return to Chicago, he was called upon to head the Art Institute's school. He has served on multiple corporate and educational institution boards, and was asked to chair the board of Bank of America through a corporate transition in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. While attending a board meeting for the University of Chicago in the 2010s, he was recruited to take on the Giant Magellan Telescope project.
Massey is the only individual to have served as both President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and as Chair of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design (AICAD). Additionally, Massey is the only individual to have received both the Enrico Fermi Award for Science and Technology from the Chicago Historical Society and the Public Humanities Award from Illinois Humanities. He is an elected member of both the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Early life and education
Born on April 5, 1938, in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, Massey displayed a gift for mathematics as a child, and by the middle of high school his academic achievements had earned him a Ford Foundation fellowship to Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia. There, he began studying theoretical physics, which he chose in part because it gave him the chance to rise above the discrimination he had witnessed as a youth in the segregated South of the 1940s and 1950s. Massey graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1958.
Mentors played an important role in Massey's academic life. Initially, he lacked direction at Morehouse until receiving the guidance of Sabinus H. Christensen, a white physics instructor teaching at the traditionally black college for men. Christensen's tutorials and support helped Massey earn a bachelor's degree in physics and mathematics. Later, he continued his studies in physics under Eugene Feenberg as a doctoral student at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri.
While finishing his doctoral studies, Massey began working in 1966 as a member of the research staff at Argonne National Laboratory, which is operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of Chicago. Massey's work at Argonne focused on the study of the many-body theory of liquids and solids, which attempts to explain the properties of systems of interacting particles in various states. He also continued his own research, applying correlated basic functions to both liquid and solid helium. Two years later, Massey accepted an assistant professorship at the University of Illinois.
Career
Academics and early advocacy
While continuing to pursue his own research, Massey's tenure at the University of Illinois was also defined by his commitment to achieving racial and social equality as well as to improving access to science and technology education. On his first night on campus, 264 black students who had protested racial discrimination at the university were arrested. This incident led him to become advisor to the Black Students Association and first chairman of the Black Faculty and Staff Association. In his teaching, meanwhile, Massey found that many of his black students lacked the preparation in mathematics and the sciences necessary for success at the college level. This led to his interest in and commitment to the improvement of science teaching in high schools.
In 1970, Massey was offered an associate professorship at Brown University, which he accepted and would soon after complete some of his most significant academic research to date, collaborating with Humphrey Maris on the study of changes in sound waves in superfluid helium. By 1975, he had been appointed a full professor and dean of the college.
Also at Brown, Massey continued his efforts to support diversity in the sciences, developing and directing the Inner City Teachers of Science (INCTOS) program, through which Brown undergraduates studying to become science teachers served as mentors and tutors in urban high school science classes. The impact of this program earned Massey the distinguished service citation of the American Association of Physics Teachers in 1975.
In 1979, Massey's demonstrated success as a researcher and administrator at Brown led to his return to Argonne National Laboratory, this time as its director, in addition to which he was also appointed professor of physics at the University of Chicago.
Argonne National Laboratory
At Argonne, Massey assumed control of an annual budget of more than $250 million and a staff of almost four thousand. But he also assumed control of a nebulous public relations image. National laboratories at the time were highly suspect: their work was not being translated to industry. To the outside world, the laboratories lacked clear missions; on the inside, scientists and technicians lacked morale.
To address these issues, Massey reorganized the governance of the laboratory in the early 1980s, instituting what D. Allen Bromley, President George H. W. Bush's assistant for science and technology, referred to as "participatory democracy" among its scientists. At the same time, Massey responded to the lack of outside connections by helping form the Argonne National Laboratory-University of Chicago Development Corporation (ARCH), an organization that expedited the transfer of technologies created in the laboratory to industry and the marketplace. Other initiatives Massey undertook at Argonne include generating support for its nuclear energy programs in a time of drastic cutbacks and providing support and leadership for the funding of major research facilities at the laboratory, including the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS), the Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II), and the initial funding for the Advanced Photon Source (APS).
While at Argonne and the University of Chicago, Massey also continued his work as an advocate on behalf of science education and awareness. In 1982, he headed the Chicago Mayoral Task Force on High-Technology Development and was the founding chair of the Chicago High-Tech Association. He also served on the Illinois Governor's Commission on Science and Technology and was highly visible on two educational fronts, helping to organize the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, one of the nation's first residential high schools devoted to science and math education, and serving as a trustee for the Academy for Mathematics and Science Teachers, which trained almost 17,000 Chicago public school teachers in those fields.
National Science Foundation
In 1989, Massey served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Massey's efforts to forge a more productive relationship between the scientific community, the U.S. government, and private industry culminated in 1990 with his appointment as director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) under President George H. W. Bush.
In this role, Massey embarked on a number of critical initiatives, including efforts to deepen the connection between academia and industry and the establishment of the Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences and the Commission on the Future of NSF. He also remained a strong proponent of basic research and science education, focusing on providing grants to university research centers and individuals and on upgrading pre-college science education, with an emphasis on attracting more women and minority groups to careers in science.
In February 2016, it was announced that scientists at the advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) had observed gravitational waves for the first time ever, confirming Albert Einstein's 1915 general theory of relativity. Dr. France Cordova, current director of the NSF, credited Massey's role in securing both approval and funding for the project nearly 25 years before. Massey was honored by LIGO scientist Kip Thorne, with an invitation to the Nobel Prize in Physics ceremony.
Other domestic and international science policy
In concert with his roles at Argonne and the University of Chicago, in 1987 Massey was named president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, after having served as a board member for a number of years. As president, he led an organization listing over 140,000 members and 285 scientific societies. In this position, Massey—the first African American ever to hold that post—was able to shine a light on the problems of science education on a national level.
Under Massey's leadership, the AAAS aimed to improve science education in grades K- 12 by sponsoring Project 2061, which attempted to structure curricula that would emphasize major scientific concepts. In doing so, Massey and the AAAS hoped to address the loss of the United States' economic competitiveness in the world market beginning in the mid-1980s and to better prepare the nation to respond to the health and environmental crises that were afflicting the world at the time. Generally, Massey's aim at the AAAS was to instigate a shift in the national dialogue, in which science and technology had historically been emphasized only ever during times of war.
In addition to his experience at the AAAS, Massey has been involved as a member or chair of many other major scientific organizations, societies, and commissions. He was vice president of the American Physical Society; chair of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board (SEAB); and a member of the President's Council of Advisors of Science and Technology (PCAST) in two presidential administrations. Massey has also served as a member of the National Science Board, as well as on the Board of Trustees of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and the Marine Biological Laboratory.
Massey's service to the scientific community extends beyond domestic borders and is global in scope. He has served on the National Science Foundation's Advisory Committee for International Programs; was a member of the President's advisory board for the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; co-chaired the planning efforts on cooperative programs between the Soviet Academy of Sciences and the AAAS; co-chaired the AAAS project to strengthen Scientific and Technical Engineering Infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa; and was a founding member of the African Academy of Sciences, an organization designed to promote the advancement of scientific research and science education in sub-Saharan Africa.
Massey was also founding chairman of the National Society of Black Physicists, an organization established to promote the professional development of black physicists and enhance the number of African Americans entering the field of physics, and an advisor for the formation of the Society of Black Physics Graduate Students.
Return to academia
Following the completion of his tenure at the NSF, in 1993 Massey became provost and vice president for academic affairs at the University of California system, the nation's largest and perhaps most prestigious. In this role, he held the number two position in the state's university system, overseeing academic concerns at all of its nine campuses and its three national laboratories: Lawrence Berkeley, Lawrence Livermore and Los Alamos.
In 1995, he assumed the presidency of his alma mater, Morehouse College. As president of Morehouse, Massey created a vision that would take the college into the new century, which involved reinvigorating its campus, refreshing its core curriculum, and reigniting its fundraising efforts. Massey retired from Morehouse in 2007. From 2007 to 2010, he chaired the board for the Salzburg Global Seminar.
In 2010, Massey entered a new phase of his career, accepting the role of interim president, and later as full president, of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, a leading school of art and design. He also served a term as chair of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design. In 2016, Massey transitioned to his new role as chancellor of SAIC. Later that year, he also accepted the appointment to chair the board of the organization building the Giant Magellan Telescope in Chile. In 2017, Massey was named to chair the board of trustees of the City Colleges of Chicago.
Business, civic, and philanthropic career
In addition to his work as a scientist, college president, and leader in national and international science policy, Massey has served on the boards of several major multinational corporations, including McDonald's, where he remains a director, and, previously, Bank of America, where he rose to chairman, BP, Tribune Company, Motorola, First National Bank of Chicago, Continental Materials, Amoco, Research-Cottrell, and Analytic Services.
In 2009, he headed Bank of America, as its chairman of the board.
He has also served on the boards of numerous philanthropic organizations and foundations in the civic, social, cultural, and educational spaces, including the Mellon Foundation, the Commonwealth Fund, the MacArthur Foundation, the Rand Corporation, the National Center for Civil and Human Rights, the Smithsonian Institution, the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, and many others.
Awards and honors
Massey has received forty-one honorary degrees during his career.
He is a recipient of the Distinguished Service Citation of the American Association of Physics Teachers for his exceptional contributions to the teaching of physics, and was a member of the National Commission on Mathematics and Science Teaching for the 21st century, a commission established by Senator Glenn to recommend methods for improving science and math teaching in the United States.
In 1987, Massey was awarded the Order of Lincoln, the State of Illinois' highest honor. In 1992, Massey received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member and Nobel Prize laureate Leon Lederman. In 1999, the Georgia State Senate passed resolution SR 113 "recognizing and commending Dr. Walter E. Massey, President of Morehouse College."
In May 2016, Massey received Illinois Humanities' Public Humanities Award, which "recognizes individuals and organizations that have helped transform lives and have strengthened communities through the humanities." In 2012, he received the Chicago Historical Society, Making History–Enrico Fermi Award in science and technology.
Massey was a member of both the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
References
^ (SAIC), School of the Art Institute of Chicago. "Mission and Governance: About Our Chancellor - School of the Art Institute of Chicago". www.saic.edu. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
^ a b "City Colleges of Chicago - Mayor Emanuel Announces Walter E. Massey to Serve as the New Chair of the City Colleges of Chicago Board of Trustees". www.ccc.edu. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
^ "Walter E. Massey". University of Chicago.
^ Miller, Katrina (March 19, 2024). "Walter Massey, a Physicist With a Higher Calling: He broke barriers as the first Black physicist in nearly every role. But his identity made him reach for dreams beyond his career as a scientist". New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
^ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T., eds. (September 14, 1990). "George Bush: Nomination of Walter E. Massey To Be Director of the National Science Foundation". The American Presidency Project – via University of California, Santa Barbara.
^ College. "Morehouse College - Walter E. Massey '58". Morehouse College. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
^ Massey, Walter Eugene (1966). Ground state of liquid helium - boson solutions for mass 3 and 4 (Ph.D.). Washington University in St. Louis. OCLC 26139775 – via ProQuest.
^ "Walter Massey is new director of Argonne". Physics Today. 32 (8): 70. August 1979. doi:10.1063/1.2995688.
^ a b "SR 113 - Dr. Walter E. Massey, President, Morehouse College - commend". Georgia General Assembly. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
^ "Walter Massey, Brown's first African American professor of physics - Physics - Brown University". www.brown.edu. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
^ a b "Walter E. Massey". UChicago Argonne, LLC. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
^ "About - NSF History - Massey Biography | NSF - National Science Foundation". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
^ "Massey, Walter E." Physics History Network - American Institute of Physics. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
^ "About - NSF History - Massey Biography - National Science Foundation". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
^ "Remarks by Dr. France A. Córdova, Director, National Science Foundation, at the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, National Academy of Science, Washington, DC, April 4, 2016 - National Science Foundation". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
^ "On eve of Nobel, reflecting on how LIGO nearly didn't get built". UChicago News. December 8, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
^ "Morehouse College | Walter E. Massey '58". www.morehouse.edu. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
^ "Massey, Walter E." history.aip.org. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
^ "Former Salzburg Global Chair Walter E Massey receives honorary doctorate from Harvard University". Salzburg Global Seminar. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
^ Viera, Lauren (June 22, 2010). "School of the Art Institute names Massey interim president". Chicago Tribune.
^ "Walter E. Massey, Taft Armandroff to lead Giant Magellan Telescope board". UChicago News. November 16, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
^ "A look at Walter Massey, BofA's new chairman". www.bizjournals.com. April 30, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
^ "Laureates Alphabetically - The Lincoln Academy of Illinois". thelincolnacademyofillinois.org. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
^ "Dr. Walter E. Massey to Receive 2016 Public Humanities Award – IL Humanities". www.ilhumanities.org. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
^ "SAIC President Dr. Walter E. Massey Receives Making History Award". School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
^ "Walter E. Massey". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
Government offices
Preceded byErich Bloch
Director of the National Science Foundation 1991–1993
Succeeded byNeal Lane
Business positions
Preceded byKen Lewis
Chairman of Bank of America 2009–2010
Succeeded byCharles O. Holliday
vtePresidents of Morehouse College
Robert (1871–84)
Estes (1884-1885)*
Graves (1885–90)
Sale (1890–1906)
Hope (1906–31)
Archer (1931–37)
Hubert (1937–40)*
Mays (1940–67)
Gloster (1967–87)
Keith (1987–94)
Perdue (1994-1995)*
Massey (1995–2007)
Franklin (2007–12)
Sheftall, Jr. (January 2013)*
Wilson (2013–2017)
Thomas (2018– )* Exercised the Office of President with the Title “Acting”
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Massey (actor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Massey_(actor)"},{"link_name":"School of the Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Morehouse College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morehouse_College"},{"link_name":"Giant Magellan Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Magellan_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Bank of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America"},{"link_name":"City Colleges of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Colleges_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCC-2"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hattiesburg, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow"},{"link_name":"historically black college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_college"},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"provost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(education)"},{"link_name":"Art Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"2008 financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Colleges_of_Art_and_Design"},{"link_name":"Chicago Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"}],"text":"For the Canadian actor, see Walter Massey (actor).Walter Eugene Massey (born April 5, 1938) is an American educator, physicist, and executive. President Emeritus of both the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC), and of Morehouse College, he is chairman of the board overseeing construction of the Giant Magellan Telescope.[1] During his long career, Massey has served as head of the National Science Foundation, director of Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), chairman of Bank of America, and as trustee chair of the City Colleges of Chicago.[2] He has also served in professorial and administrative posts at the University of California, University of Chicago, Brown University, and the University of Illinois.[3]Born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi and raised in the Jim Crow era South, Massey became fascinated by mathematics as a youth. After attending Morehouse, an historically black college (HBCU), he pursued advanced study in physics earning his PhD from Washington University in St. Louis in the 1960s. He went on to post-graduate research at ANL near Chicago and joined the physics faculty at the University of Illinois, where African-American students sought his support and guidance in the 1960s struggle for civil rights. Massey decided to seek a better balance between research and activism as a physics professor at Brown University and was then invited back to head the ANL in the late 1970s. While he rose to become provost at the University of California in the 1990s, he decided to move when Morehouse asked him to come back to lead it in its mission as an HBCU. Following his retirement from Morehouse, and return to Chicago, he was called upon to head the Art Institute's school. He has served on multiple corporate and educational institution boards, and was asked to chair the board of Bank of America through a corporate transition in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. While attending a board meeting for the University of Chicago in the 2010s, he was recruited to take on the Giant Magellan Telescope project.[4]Massey is the only individual to have served as both President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and as Chair of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design (AICAD). Additionally, Massey is the only individual to have received both the Enrico Fermi Award for Science and Technology from the Chicago Historical Society and the Public Humanities Award from Illinois Humanities. He is an elected member of both the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.","title":"Walter E. Massey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hattiesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattiesburg"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ford Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Morehouse College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morehouse_College"},{"link_name":"segregated South of the 1940s and 1950s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Eugene Feenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Feenberg"},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thesis-massey-1966-7"},{"link_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Born on April 5, 1938, in Hattiesburg, Mississippi,[5] Massey displayed a gift for mathematics as a child, and by the middle of high school his academic achievements had earned him a Ford Foundation fellowship to Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia. There, he began studying theoretical physics, which he chose in part because it gave him the chance to rise above the discrimination he had witnessed as a youth in the segregated South of the 1940s and 1950s. Massey graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1958.[6]Mentors played an important role in Massey's academic life. Initially, he lacked direction at Morehouse until receiving the guidance of Sabinus H. Christensen, a white physics instructor teaching at the traditionally black college for men. Christensen's tutorials and support helped Massey earn a bachelor's degree in physics and mathematics. Later, he continued his studies in physics under Eugene Feenberg as a doctoral student at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri.[7]While finishing his doctoral studies, Massey began working in 1966 as a member of the research staff at Argonne National Laboratory, which is operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of Chicago. Massey's work at Argonne focused on the study of the many-body theory of liquids and solids, which attempts to explain the properties of systems of interacting particles in various states. He also continued his own research, applying correlated basic functions to both liquid and solid helium. Two years later, Massey accepted an assistant professorship at the University of Illinois.[8]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSS-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"American Association of Physics Teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Physics_Teachers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UC-11"}],"sub_title":"Academics and early advocacy","text":"While continuing to pursue his own research, Massey's tenure at the University of Illinois was also defined by his commitment to achieving racial and social equality as well as to improving access to science and technology education. On his first night on campus, 264 black students who had protested racial discrimination at the university were arrested. This incident led him to become advisor to the Black Students Association and first chairman of the Black Faculty and Staff Association. In his teaching, meanwhile, Massey found that many of his black students lacked the preparation in mathematics and the sciences necessary for success at the college level. This led to his interest in and commitment to the improvement of science teaching in high schools.In 1970, Massey was offered an associate professorship at Brown University, which he accepted and would soon after complete some of his most significant academic research to date, collaborating with Humphrey Maris on the study of changes in sound waves in superfluid helium. By 1975, he had been appointed a full professor and dean of the college.[9][10]Also at Brown, Massey continued his efforts to support diversity in the sciences, developing and directing the Inner City Teachers of Science (INCTOS) program, through which Brown undergraduates studying to become science teachers served as mentors and tutors in urban high school science classes. The impact of this program earned Massey the distinguished service citation of the American Association of Physics Teachers in 1975.In 1979, Massey's demonstrated success as a researcher and administrator at Brown led to his return to Argonne National Laboratory, this time as its director, in addition to which he was also appointed professor of physics at the University of Chicago.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Intense Pulsed Neutron Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intense_Pulsed_Neutron_Source"},{"link_name":"Experimental Breeder Reactor II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_II"},{"link_name":"Advanced Photon Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Photon_Source"},{"link_name":"Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Mathematics_and_Science_Academy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Argonne National Laboratory","text":"At Argonne, Massey assumed control of an annual budget of more than $250 million and a staff of almost four thousand. But he also assumed control of a nebulous public relations image. National laboratories at the time were highly suspect: their work was not being translated to industry. To the outside world, the laboratories lacked clear missions; on the inside, scientists and technicians lacked morale.To address these issues, Massey reorganized the governance of the laboratory in the early 1980s, instituting what D. Allen Bromley, President George H. W. Bush's assistant for science and technology, referred to as \"participatory democracy\" among its scientists. At the same time, Massey responded to the lack of outside connections by helping form the Argonne National Laboratory-University of Chicago Development Corporation (ARCH), an organization that expedited the transfer of technologies created in the laboratory to industry and the marketplace. Other initiatives Massey undertook at Argonne include generating support for its nuclear energy programs in a time of drastic cutbacks and providing support and leadership for the funding of major research facilities at the laboratory, including the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS), the Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II), and the initial funding for the Advanced Photon Source (APS).While at Argonne and the University of Chicago, Massey also continued his work as an advocate on behalf of science education and awareness. In 1982, he headed the Chicago Mayoral Task Force on High-Technology Development and was the founding chair of the Chicago High-Tech Association. He also served on the Illinois Governor's Commission on Science and Technology and was highly visible on two educational fronts, helping to organize the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, one of the nation's first residential high schools devoted to science and math education, and serving as a trustee for the Academy for Mathematics and Science Teachers, which trained almost 17,000 Chicago public school teachers in those fields.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UC-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Gravitational-wave_Observatory"},{"link_name":"France Cordova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Cordova"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kip Thorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip_Thorne"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"National Science Foundation","text":"In 1989, Massey served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[13]\nMassey's efforts to forge a more productive relationship between the scientific community, the U.S. government, and private industry culminated in 1990 with his appointment as director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) under President George H. W. Bush.[11]In this role, Massey embarked on a number of critical initiatives, including efforts to deepen the connection between academia and industry and the establishment of the Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences and the Commission on the Future of NSF.[14] He also remained a strong proponent of basic research and science education, focusing on providing grants to university research centers and individuals and on upgrading pre-college science education, with an emphasis on attracting more women and minority groups to careers in science.In February 2016, it was announced that scientists at the advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) had observed gravitational waves for the first time ever, confirming Albert Einstein's 1915 general theory of relativity. Dr. France Cordova, current director of the NSF, credited Massey's role in securing both approval and funding for the project nearly 25 years before.[15] Massey was honored by LIGO scientist Kip Thorne, with an invitation to the Nobel Prize in Physics ceremony.[16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"American Physical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Physical_Society"},{"link_name":"National Science Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Board"},{"link_name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institute"},{"link_name":"Marine Biological Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Biological_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Soviet Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"African Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"National Society of Black Physicists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Society_of_Black_Physicists"}],"sub_title":"Other domestic and international science policy","text":"In concert with his roles at Argonne and the University of Chicago, in 1987 Massey was named president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, after having served as a board member for a number of years. As president, he led an organization listing over 140,000 members and 285 scientific societies. In this position, Massey—the first African American ever to hold that post—was able to shine a light on the problems of science education on a national level.[17]Under Massey's leadership, the AAAS aimed to improve science education in grades K- 12 by sponsoring Project 2061, which attempted to structure curricula that would emphasize major scientific concepts. In doing so, Massey and the AAAS hoped to address the loss of the United States' economic competitiveness in the world market beginning in the mid-1980s and to better prepare the nation to respond to the health and environmental crises that were afflicting the world at the time. Generally, Massey's aim at the AAAS was to instigate a shift in the national dialogue, in which science and technology had historically been emphasized only ever during times of war.In addition to his experience at the AAAS, Massey has been involved as a member or chair of many other major scientific organizations, societies, and commissions. He was vice president of the American Physical Society; chair of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board (SEAB); and a member of the President's Council of Advisors of Science and Technology (PCAST) in two presidential administrations. Massey has also served as a member of the National Science Board, as well as on the Board of Trustees of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and the Marine Biological Laboratory.[18]Massey's service to the scientific community extends beyond domestic borders and is global in scope. He has served on the National Science Foundation's Advisory Committee for International Programs; was a member of the President's advisory board for the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; co-chaired the planning efforts on cooperative programs between the Soviet Academy of Sciences and the AAAS; co-chaired the AAAS project to strengthen Scientific and Technical Engineering Infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa; and was a founding member of the African Academy of Sciences, an organization designed to promote the advancement of scientific research and science education in sub-Saharan Africa.Massey was also founding chairman of the National Society of Black Physicists, an organization established to promote the professional development of black physicists and enhance the number of African Americans entering the field of physics, and an advisor for the formation of the Society of Black Physics Graduate Students.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of California system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_system"},{"link_name":"Morehouse College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morehouse_College"},{"link_name":"Salzburg Global Seminar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg_Global_Seminar"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"School of the Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-2010jun22-20"},{"link_name":"Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Colleges_of_Art_and_Design"},{"link_name":"Giant Magellan Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Magellan_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"City Colleges of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Colleges_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCC-2"}],"sub_title":"Return to academia","text":"Following the completion of his tenure at the NSF, in 1993 Massey became provost and vice president for academic affairs at the University of California system, the nation's largest and perhaps most prestigious. In this role, he held the number two position in the state's university system, overseeing academic concerns at all of its nine campuses and its three national laboratories: Lawrence Berkeley, Lawrence Livermore and Los Alamos.In 1995, he assumed the presidency of his alma mater, Morehouse College. As president of Morehouse, Massey created a vision that would take the college into the new century, which involved reinvigorating its campus, refreshing its core curriculum, and reigniting its fundraising efforts. Massey retired from Morehouse in 2007. From 2007 to 2010, he chaired the board for the Salzburg Global Seminar.[19]In 2010, Massey entered a new phase of his career, accepting the role of interim president, and later as full president, of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, a leading school of art and design.[20] He also served a term as chair of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design. In 2016, Massey transitioned to his new role as chancellor of SAIC. Later that year, he also accepted the appointment to chair the board of the organization building the Giant Magellan Telescope in Chile.[21] In 2017, Massey was named to chair the board of trustees of the City Colleges of Chicago.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"Bank of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America"},{"link_name":"BP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP"},{"link_name":"Tribune Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_Company"},{"link_name":"Motorola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola"},{"link_name":"First National Bank of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Bank_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Continental Materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continental_Materials&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco"},{"link_name":"Research-Cottrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Research-Cottrell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bank of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Mellon Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellon_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Fund"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Rand Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_Corporation"},{"link_name":"National Center for Civil and Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Civil_and_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"Museum of Science and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Chicago)"}],"sub_title":"Business, civic, and philanthropic career","text":"In addition to his work as a scientist, college president, and leader in national and international science policy, Massey has served on the boards of several major multinational corporations, including McDonald's, where he remains a director, and, previously, Bank of America, where he rose to chairman, BP, Tribune Company, Motorola, First National Bank of Chicago, Continental Materials, Amoco, Research-Cottrell, and Analytic Services.In 2009, he headed Bank of America, as its chairman of the board.[22]He has also served on the boards of numerous philanthropic organizations and foundations in the civic, social, cultural, and educational spaces, including the Mellon Foundation, the Commonwealth Fund, the MacArthur Foundation, the Rand Corporation, the National Center for Civil and Human Rights, the Smithsonian Institution, the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, and many others.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Association of Physics Teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Physics_Teachers"},{"link_name":"Order of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement"},{"link_name":"Leon Lederman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Lederman"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Georgia State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSS-9"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Massey has received forty-one honorary degrees during his career.He is a recipient of the Distinguished Service Citation of the American Association of Physics Teachers for his exceptional contributions to the teaching of physics, and was a member of the National Commission on Mathematics and Science Teaching for the 21st century, a commission established by Senator Glenn to recommend methods for improving science and math teaching in the United States.In 1987, Massey was awarded the Order of Lincoln, the State of Illinois' highest honor.[23] In 1992, Massey received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member and Nobel Prize laureate Leon Lederman.[24] In 1999, the Georgia State Senate passed resolution SR 113 \"recognizing and commending Dr. Walter E. Massey, President of Morehouse College.\"[9]In May 2016, Massey received Illinois Humanities' Public Humanities Award, which \"recognizes individuals and organizations that have helped transform lives and have strengthened communities through the humanities.\"[25] In 2012, he received the Chicago Historical Society, Making History–Enrico Fermi Award in science and technology.[26]Massey was a member of both the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[27][28]","title":"Awards and honors"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"(SAIC), School of the Art Institute of Chicago. \"Mission and Governance: About Our Chancellor - School of the Art Institute of Chicago\". www.saic.edu. Retrieved April 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saic.edu/about/missionandgovernance/officeofthepresident/aboutourchancellor/","url_text":"\"Mission and Governance: About Our Chancellor - School of the Art Institute of Chicago\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Colleges of Chicago - Mayor Emanuel Announces Walter E. Massey to Serve as the New Chair of the City Colleges of Chicago Board of Trustees\". www.ccc.edu. Retrieved April 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ccc.edu/news/Pages/MAYOR-EMANUEL-ANNOUNCES-WALTER-E.-MASSEY-TO-SERVE-AS-THE--NEW-CHAIR-OF-THE-CITY-COLLEGES-OF-CHICAGO-BOARD-OF-TRUSTEES.aspx","url_text":"\"City Colleges of Chicago - Mayor Emanuel Announces Walter E. Massey to Serve as the New Chair of the City Colleges of Chicago Board of Trustees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walter E. Massey\". University of Chicago.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uchicagoargonnellc.org/bios/massey.shtml","url_text":"\"Walter E. Massey\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Katrina (March 19, 2024). \"Walter Massey, a Physicist With a Higher Calling: He broke barriers as the first Black physicist in nearly every role. But his identity made him reach for dreams beyond his career as a scientist\". New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/19/science/physics-massey-black.html","url_text":"\"Walter Massey, a Physicist With a Higher Calling: He broke barriers as the first Black physicist in nearly every role. But his identity made him reach for dreams beyond his career as a scientist\""}]},{"reference":"Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T., eds. (September 14, 1990). \"George Bush: Nomination of Walter E. Massey To Be Director of the National Science Foundation\". The American Presidency Project – via University of California, Santa Barbara.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=18830","url_text":"\"George Bush: Nomination of Walter E. Massey To Be Director of the National Science Foundation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara","url_text":"University of California, Santa Barbara"}]},{"reference":"College. \"Morehouse College - Walter E. Massey '58\". Morehouse College. Retrieved April 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.morehouse.edu/about/bio-wmassey.html","url_text":"\"Morehouse College - Walter E. Massey '58\""}]},{"reference":"Massey, Walter Eugene (1966). Ground state of liquid helium - boson solutions for mass 3 and 4 (Ph.D.). Washington University in St. Louis. OCLC 26139775 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/302215082/","url_text":"Ground state of liquid helium - boson solutions for mass 3 and 4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis","url_text":"Washington University in St. Louis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26139775","url_text":"26139775"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest","url_text":"ProQuest"}]},{"reference":"\"Walter Massey is new director of Argonne\". Physics Today. 32 (8): 70. August 1979. doi:10.1063/1.2995688.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2995688","url_text":"10.1063/1.2995688"}]},{"reference":"\"SR 113 - Dr. Walter E. Massey, President, Morehouse College - commend\". Georgia General Assembly. Retrieved October 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legis.ga.gov/Legislation/Archives/19992000/leg/fulltext/lc83627.htm","url_text":"\"SR 113 - Dr. Walter E. Massey, President, Morehouse College - commend\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_General_Assembly","url_text":"Georgia General Assembly"}]},{"reference":"\"Walter Massey, Brown's first African American professor of physics - Physics - Brown University\". www.brown.edu. Retrieved April 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brown.edu/academics/physics/news/2017/02/walter-massey-browns-first-african-american-professor-physics","url_text":"\"Walter Massey, Brown's first African American professor of physics - Physics - Brown University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walter E. Massey\". UChicago Argonne, LLC. Retrieved October 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uchicagoargonnellc.org/bios/massey.shtml","url_text":"\"Walter E. Massey\""}]},{"reference":"\"About - NSF History - Massey Biography | NSF - National Science Foundation\". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved August 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/about/history/bios/wemassey.jsp","url_text":"\"About - NSF History - Massey Biography | NSF - National Science Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Massey, Walter E.\" Physics History Network - American Institute of Physics. Retrieved April 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.aip.org/phn/11606019.html","url_text":"\"Massey, Walter E.\""}]},{"reference":"\"About - NSF History - Massey Biography - National Science Foundation\". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved April 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/about/history/bios/wemassey.jsp","url_text":"\"About - NSF History - Massey Biography - National Science Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remarks by Dr. France A. Córdova, Director, National Science Foundation, at the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, National Academy of Science, Washington, DC, April 4, 2016 - National Science Foundation\". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved April 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/news/speeches/cordova/16/fc160404_aimbe.jsp","url_text":"\"Remarks by Dr. France A. Córdova, Director, National Science Foundation, at the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, National Academy of Science, Washington, DC, April 4, 2016 - National Science Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"On eve of Nobel, reflecting on how LIGO nearly didn't get built\". UChicago News. December 8, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.uchicago.edu/article/2017/12/08/eve-nobel-reflecting-how-ligo-nearly-didnt-get-built","url_text":"\"On eve of Nobel, reflecting on how LIGO nearly didn't get built\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morehouse College | Walter E. Massey '58\". www.morehouse.edu. Retrieved August 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.morehouse.edu/about/bio-wmassey.html","url_text":"\"Morehouse College | Walter E. Massey '58\""}]},{"reference":"\"Massey, Walter E.\" history.aip.org. Retrieved August 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.aip.org/phn/11606019.html","url_text":"\"Massey, Walter E.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Salzburg Global Chair Walter E Massey receives honorary doctorate from Harvard University\". Salzburg Global Seminar. Retrieved April 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.salzburgglobal.org//topics/article/former-salzburg-global-chair-walter-e-massey-receives-honorary-doctorate-from-harvard-university.html","url_text":"\"Former Salzburg Global Chair Walter E Massey receives honorary doctorate from Harvard University\""}]},{"reference":"Viera, Lauren (June 22, 2010). \"School of the Art Institute names Massey interim president\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-06-22/news/ct-live-0622-saic-president-20100622_1_provost-interim-president-academic-affairs","url_text":"\"School of the Art Institute names Massey interim president\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Walter E. Massey, Taft Armandroff to lead Giant Magellan Telescope board\". UChicago News. November 16, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.uchicago.edu/article/2016/11/16/walter-e-massey-taft-armandroff-lead-giant-magellan-telescope-board","url_text":"\"Walter E. Massey, Taft Armandroff to lead Giant Magellan Telescope board\""}]},{"reference":"\"A look at Walter Massey, BofA's new chairman\". www.bizjournals.com. April 30, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/stories/2009/04/27/daily35.html","url_text":"\"A look at Walter Massey, BofA's new chairman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laureates Alphabetically - The Lincoln Academy of Illinois\". thelincolnacademyofillinois.org. Retrieved June 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://thelincolnacademyofillinois.org/laureates-alphabetically/","url_text":"\"Laureates Alphabetically - The Lincoln Academy of Illinois\""}]},{"reference":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.","urls":[{"url":"https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service","url_text":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement","url_text":"American Academy of Achievement"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Walter E. Massey to Receive 2016 Public Humanities Award – IL Humanities\". www.ilhumanities.org. Retrieved June 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilhumanities.org/news/2016/01/dr-walter-e-massey-to-receive-2016-public-humanities-award/","url_text":"\"Dr. Walter E. Massey to Receive 2016 Public Humanities Award – IL Humanities\""}]},{"reference":"\"SAIC President Dr. Walter E. Massey Receives Making History Award\". School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved April 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saic.edu/press/saic-president-dr-walter-e-massey-receives-making-history-award","url_text":"\"SAIC President Dr. Walter E. Massey Receives Making History Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Walter+Eugene+Massey&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walter E. Massey\". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved April 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amacad.org/person/walter-e-massey","url_text":"\"Walter E. Massey\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/302215082/","external_links_name":"Ground state of liquid helium - boson solutions for mass 3 and 4"},{"Link":"http://www.saic.edu/about/missionandgovernance/officeofthepresident/aboutourchancellor/","external_links_name":"\"Mission and Governance: About Our Chancellor - School of the Art Institute of Chicago\""},{"Link":"http://www.ccc.edu/news/Pages/MAYOR-EMANUEL-ANNOUNCES-WALTER-E.-MASSEY-TO-SERVE-AS-THE--NEW-CHAIR-OF-THE-CITY-COLLEGES-OF-CHICAGO-BOARD-OF-TRUSTEES.aspx","external_links_name":"\"City Colleges of Chicago - Mayor Emanuel Announces Walter E. Massey to Serve as the New Chair of the City Colleges of Chicago Board of Trustees\""},{"Link":"http://www.uchicagoargonnellc.org/bios/massey.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Walter E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Peru | List of mountains in Peru | ["1 Peaks above 6,000 metres","2 Peaks less than 6000m","3 Sub-peaks with less than 300m re-ascent","4 Mountain ranges","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Peaks above 6,000 metres
Huascarán Sur
Yerupajá
Coropuna
Huantsan
Ausangate
This is a list of the thirty-seven 6000 metre peaks in Peru as defined by a regain height, or prominence, above a col of 300m or more. This list is taken from the full set of Peruvian IGM maps alongside various climbing and mountaineering records. Heights are taken from the Peruvian IGM 1:100,000 series maps with the OEAV survey maps of the Cordillera Blanca (north and south) used where the IGM maps do not give spot heights. SRTM data has been used in a few places to confirm these heights, but due to the steep terrain is often unusable
Mountain
Elevation(metres)
Region
Mountain range
Huascarán S
6,768
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Huascarán N
6,655
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Yerupajá
6,617
Ancash
Cordillera Huayhuash
Coropuna
6,425
Arequipa
Cordillera Occidental
Huandoy
6,395
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Coropuna Casulla
6,377
Arequipa
Cordillera Occidental
Ausangate
6,372
Cusco
Cordillera Vilcanota
Huantsan (Tunshu)
6,369
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Chopicalqui
6,345
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Siula Grande
6,344
Lima-Huánuco
Cordillera Huayhuash
Chinchey (Rurichinchay)
6,309
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Coropuna E
6,305
Arequipa
Cordillera Occidental
Ampato
6,288
Arequipa
Cordillera Occidental
Palcaraju
6,274
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Salcantay
6,271
Cusco
Cordillera Vilcabamba
Santa Cruz
6,241
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Copa
6,188
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Ranrapalca
6,162
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Huandoy S
6,160
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Pucaranra
6,156
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Hualcán (Rahupakinan)
6,122
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Yerupaja Chico
6,121
Ancash
Cordillera Huayhuash
Callangate (a.k.a. Qullpa Ananta, Cayangate or Chimboya)
6,110
Cusco
Cordillera Vilcanota
Chacraraju
6,108
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Chumpe (a.k.a. Hatunrit'i, Ñañaluma, Wisk'achani, Yanaluma)
6,106
Cusco
Cordillera Vilcanota
Alcamarinayoc (a.k.a. Qullqi Cruz)
6,102
Cusco
Cordillera Vilcanota
Jirishanca
6,094
Ancash-Huánuco
Cordillera Huayhuash
Hatunuma (Pico Tres)
6,093
Cusco
Cordillera Vilcanota
Solimana
6,093
Arequipa
Cordillera Occidental
Chachani
6,057
Arequipa
Cordillera Occidental
Yayamari (Montura)
6,049
Cusco
Cordillera Vilcanota
Pucajirca
6,046
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Chaupi Orco
6,044
Puno- Bolivia
Cordillera Apolobamba
Quitaraju
6,036
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Tocllaraju
6,034
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Hualca Hualca
6,025
Arequipa
Cordillera Occidental
Caraz
6,025
Ancash
Cordillera Blanca
Peaks less than 6000m
Many peaks in Peru frequently quoted as being over 6000m are under this height according to the most recent surveys published by the Peruvian IGM. These peaks include:- Pumasillo 5,991m, Lasunayoc 5,936m, Yanarahu 5,954m, Artesonraju 5,999m, Sabancaya 5,976m, Palumani 5,723m, Sara Sara 5,505m, Helancoma 5,367m.
Sub-peaks with less than 300m re-ascent
Other 6,000 m peaks which are often defined as individual peaks but which have less than 300 m of re-ascent or prominence, include:- Huandoy W 6,342 m (prominence between 200-250m), Sarapu 6,127 (prominence between 180-230m), Callangate North 6,000 m (less than 295m prominence).
Qaras E (6025m) and Rasac (6,017 m) may or may not have 300m prominence. There is insufficient data on the relevant Peruvian IGM maps.
Mountain ranges
Peru is home to a number of mountain ranges, including the following:
Chila mountain range
Chonta mountain range
Cordillera del Cóndor
Cordillera Apolobamba
Cordillera Blanca
Cordillera Carabaya
Cordillera Central (Peru)
Cordillera de Rentema
Cordillera Huayhuash
Cordillera Negra
Cordillera Occidental (Peru)
Cordillera Oriental (Peru)
Cordillera Vilcanota
Huaguruncho mountain range
Huallanca mountain range
Huanzo mountain range
Huaytapallana mountain range
La Raya mountain range
Pariacaca mountain range
Puwaq Hanka mountain range
Raura mountain range
Serra do Divisor
Urubamba mountain range
Vilcabamba mountain range
See also
Geography of Peru
References
Sources consulted
INEI, Perú (2005). Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005 (in Spanish). Lima: Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 22.
Endnotes
^ Peruvian Instituto Geografico Militar 1:100, 000 map series published in Lima, various dates from 1950's to present, Sheets 18-h, 19-h, 19-i, 20-i, 21-j, 27-q, 28-t, 28-u, 30-y, 31-q, 32-q, 32-s and 33-s cover the 6000m peaks of Peru.
^ J. Neate (1994). Mountaineering in the Andes, p187. RGS 1994, ISBN 0-907649-64-5
^ J. Biggar(2005). The Andes - A Guide for Climbers, p279. pub. Andes, ISBN 0-9536087-2-7
^ Alpenverienskarte sheets 0/3a and 0/3b published 1999 and 2005. ISBN 3-928777-57-2 and ISBN 3-937530-05-3
^ Ferranti 2005, "Peru ultra-Prominences", op. cit.
External links
The lists can be contradictory but are all useful. They use different criteria of prominence or re-ascent for defining major peaks and sub-peaks.
"The 6000m peaks of the Andes" - a comprehensive, up-to-date and well researched list.
""Andes 6000-meter Peaks"". Peakbagger.com. at Peak Bagger.com – a hypertext list
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See also Peru | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of mountains in Peru"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huascaran_norte.JPG"},{"link_name":"Huascarán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huascar%C3%A1n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yerupaja_Grande.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yerupajá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerupaj%C3%A1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coropuna_Volcano.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coropuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coropuna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nevado_Huantsan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Huantsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huantsan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ausangate.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ausangate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausangate"},{"link_name":"peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"prominence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_prominence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferranti2005-5"}],"text":"Huascarán SurYerupajáCoropunaHuantsanAusangateThis is a list of the thirty-seven 6000 metre peaks in Peru as defined by a regain height, or prominence, above a col of 300m or more. This list is taken from the full set of Peruvian IGM maps[1] alongside various climbing and mountaineering records.[2][3] Heights are taken from the Peruvian IGM 1:100,000 series maps with the OEAV survey maps [4] of the Cordillera Blanca (north and south) used where the IGM maps do not give spot heights. SRTM data has been used in a few places to confirm these heights, but due to the steep terrain is often unusable[5]","title":"Peaks above 6,000 metres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pumasillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumasillo"},{"link_name":"Yanarahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanarahu_(Asunci%C3%B3n-Carhuaz-Yungay)"},{"link_name":"Artesonraju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artesonraju"},{"link_name":"Sabancaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabancaya"},{"link_name":"Palumani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palumani"}],"text":"Many peaks in Peru frequently quoted as being over 6000m are under this height according to the most recent surveys published by the Peruvian IGM. These peaks include:- Pumasillo 5,991m, Lasunayoc 5,936m, Yanarahu 5,954m, Artesonraju 5,999m, Sabancaya 5,976m, Palumani 5,723m, Sara Sara 5,505m, Helancoma 5,367m.","title":"Peaks less than 6000m"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prominence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prominence"},{"link_name":"Rasac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasac"}],"text":"Other 6,000 m peaks which are often defined as individual peaks but which have less than 300 m of re-ascent or prominence, include:- Huandoy W 6,342 m (prominence between 200-250m), Sarapu 6,127 (prominence between 180-230m), Callangate North 6,000 m (less than 295m prominence).Qaras E (6025m) and Rasac (6,017 m) may or may not have 300m prominence. There is insufficient data on the relevant Peruvian IGM maps.","title":"Sub-peaks with less than 300m re-ascent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chila mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chila_mountain_range"},{"link_name":"Chonta mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chonta_mountain_range"},{"link_name":"Cordillera del Cóndor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_del_C%C3%B3ndor"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Apolobamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Apolobamba"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Blanca"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Carabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Carabaya"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Central (Peru)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Central_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"Cordillera de Rentema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_de_Rentema"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Huayhuash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Huayhuash"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Negra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Negra"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Occidental (Peru)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Occidental_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Oriental (Peru)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Oriental_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Vilcanota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Vilcanota"},{"link_name":"Huaguruncho mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaguruncho_mountain_range"},{"link_name":"Huallanca mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huallanca_mountain_range"},{"link_name":"Huanzo mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huanzo_mountain_range"},{"link_name":"Huaytapallana mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaytapallana_mountain_range"},{"link_name":"La Raya mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Raya_mountain_range"},{"link_name":"Pariacaca mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariacaca_mountain_range"},{"link_name":"Puwaq Hanka mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puwaq_Hanka_mountain_range"},{"link_name":"Raura mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raura_mountain_range"},{"link_name":"Serra do Divisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_do_Divisor"},{"link_name":"Urubamba mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urubamba_mountain_range"},{"link_name":"Vilcabamba mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilcabamba_mountain_range"}],"text":"Peru is home to a number of mountain ranges, including the following:Chila mountain range\nChonta mountain range\nCordillera del Cóndor\nCordillera Apolobamba\nCordillera Blanca\nCordillera Carabaya\nCordillera Central (Peru)\nCordillera de Rentema\nCordillera Huayhuash\nCordillera Negra\nCordillera Occidental (Peru)\nCordillera Oriental (Peru)\nCordillera Vilcanota\nHuaguruncho mountain range\nHuallanca mountain range\nHuanzo mountain range\nHuaytapallana mountain range\nLa Raya mountain range\nPariacaca mountain range\nPuwaq Hanka mountain range\nRaura mountain range\nSerra do Divisor\nUrubamba mountain range\nVilcabamba mountain range","title":"Mountain ranges"}] | [{"image_text":"Huascarán Sur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Huascaran_norte.JPG/220px-Huascaran_norte.JPG"},{"image_text":"Yerupajá","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Yerupaja_Grande.jpg/220px-Yerupaja_Grande.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coropuna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coropuna_Volcano.jpg/220px-Coropuna_Volcano.jpg"},{"image_text":"Huantsan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nevado_Huantsan.jpg/220px-Nevado_Huantsan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ausangate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ausangate.jpg/220px-Ausangate.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Geography of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Peru"}] | [{"reference":"INEI, Perú (2005). Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005 (in Spanish). Lima: Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_e_Inform%C3%A1tica","url_text":"INEI"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima","url_text":"Lima"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_e_Inform%C3%A1tica","url_text":"Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Andes 6000-meter Peaks\"\". Peakbagger.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peakbagger.com/list.aspx?lid=2201","url_text":"\"\"Andes 6000-meter Peaks\"\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.andes.org.uk/andes-information-files/6000m-peaks.asp","external_links_name":"\"The 6000m peaks of the Andes\""},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/list.aspx?lid=2201","external_links_name":"\"\"Andes 6000-meter Peaks\"\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioparque_Los_Ocarros | Bioparque Los Ocarros | ["1 Gallery","2 References"] | Coordinates: 4°11′06.18″N 73°36′31.2″W / 4.1850500°N 73.608667°W / 4.1850500; -73.608667Zoo in Villavicencio, Colombia
Bioparque Los OcarrosLogo4°11′06.18″N 73°36′31.2″W / 4.1850500°N 73.608667°W / 4.1850500; -73.608667Date opened2003LocationVillavicencio, Meta, ColombiaLand area5.5 hectares (14 acres)No. of species181Major exhibits38Website
Bioparque Los Ocarros or Los Ocarros is a zoo park located in the city of Villavicencio in Colombia. The biopark houses animals of the region and works closely with the environmental authorities to preserve the local fauna.
The zoo's 5.5 hectares (14 acres) are divided into 7 different sections with 38 habitats that are home to about 181 species of animals. The biological park also has an artificial lake that is home to a variety of turtles, fish and birds.
Gallery
A Ramphastos tucanus at the toucan exhibit
A Crotalus durissus at the snake exhibit
A giant armadillo enclosure
Orinoco crocodiles
White-tailed deer
Chestnut-eared aracari at the toucan exhibit
References
^ "Bioparque los Ocarros". Archived from the original on 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2014-07-11. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Villavicencio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villavicencio"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Zoo in Villavicencio, ColombiaBioparque Los Ocarros or Los Ocarros is a zoo park located in the city of Villavicencio in Colombia. The biopark houses animals of the region and works closely with the environmental authorities to preserve the local fauna.The zoo's 5.5 hectares (14 acres) are divided into 7 different sections with 38 habitats that are home to about 181 species of animals.[1] The biological park also has an artificial lake that is home to a variety of turtles, fish and birds.","title":"Bioparque Los Ocarros"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_White-throated_Toucan.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ramphastos tucanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramphastos_tucanus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crotalus_durissus_cumanensis.JPG"},{"link_name":"Crotalus durissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotalus_durissus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_armadillo_enclosure.JPG"},{"link_name":"giant armadillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_armadillo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Croc_inter.jpg"},{"link_name":"Orinoco crocodiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco_crocodile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_tailed_deer_Colombia.jpg"},{"link_name":"White-tailed deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pteroglossus_castanotis.JPG"},{"link_name":"Chestnut-eared aracari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-eared_aracari"}],"text":"A Ramphastos tucanus at the toucan exhibit\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Crotalus durissus at the snake exhibit\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA giant armadillo enclosure\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOrinoco crocodiles\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWhite-tailed deer\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChestnut-eared aracari at the toucan exhibit","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bioparque los Ocarros\". Archived from the original on 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2014-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140220045733/http://www.visitalosllanos.com/planea-tu-viaje/5-que-hay-para-hacer/24-bioparque-los-ocarros","url_text":"\"Bioparque los Ocarros\""},{"url":"http://www.visitalosllanos.com/planea-tu-viaje/5-que-hay-para-hacer/24-bioparque-los-ocarros","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bioparque_Los_Ocarros¶ms=4_11_06.18_N_73_36_31.2_W_region:CO_source:kolossus-eswiki_type:landmark","external_links_name":"4°11′06.18″N 73°36′31.2″W / 4.1850500°N 73.608667°W / 4.1850500; -73.608667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bioparque_Los_Ocarros¶ms=4_11_06.18_N_73_36_31.2_W_region:CO_source:kolossus-eswiki_type:landmark","external_links_name":"4°11′06.18″N 73°36′31.2″W / 4.1850500°N 73.608667°W / 4.1850500; -73.608667"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140220045733/http://www.visitalosllanos.com/planea-tu-viaje/5-que-hay-para-hacer/24-bioparque-los-ocarros","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140220045733/http://www.visitalosllanos.com/planea-tu-viaje/5-que-hay-para-hacer/24-bioparque-los-ocarros","external_links_name":"\"Bioparque los Ocarros\""},{"Link":"http://www.visitalosllanos.com/planea-tu-viaje/5-que-hay-para-hacer/24-bioparque-los-ocarros","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_My_Father%27s_Den_(film) | In My Father's Den (film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Awards","5 Critical reaction","6 References","7 External links"] | 2004 film by Brad McGann
In My Father's DenTheatrical release posterDirected byBrad McGannWritten byMaurice Gee (novel)Brad McGannProduced byTrevor HaysomDixie LinderStarringMatthew MacfadyenEmily BarclayMiranda OttoDistributed byHoyts DistributionRelease date
7 October 2004 (2004-10-07)
Running time128 minutesCountryNew ZealandLanguageEnglishBudget~ NZ$7,000,000
In My Father's Den is a 2004 New Zealand film written and directed by Brad McGann and starring Matthew Macfadyen and Emily Barclay. It is based on the novel of the same title by Maurice Gee. The film was released in October 2004 to glowing reviews.
Plot
Following the death of his father Jeff (Matthew Chamberlain), renowned war photographer Paul Prior (Matthew Macfadyen) returns to his hometown in the South Island of New Zealand. Paul also reunites with his younger brother Andrew (Colin Moy), a pious local ostrich farmer, who is married to the very religious and agoraphobic Penny (Miranda Otto). Under Andrew's pressure, Paul reluctantly prolongs his stay to help sort out the sale of their father's cottage and the adjoining orchard.
Returning to the dilapidated family property, Paul revisits his father's makeshift den in the equipment shed. Jeff, who secretly harboured a love of wine, literature, and free-thinking philosophy, found solace in the den away from his puritanical wife Iris (Vanessa Riddell). When Paul as a child had accidentally stumbled upon this wondrous booklined universe, his father had shared the den with him on the condition that he did not tell anyone else.
While back in his hometown, Paul accepts a temporary English teaching position at his old high school. Paul also forges an unlikely friendship with the 16-year-old Celia (Emily Barclay), a teenaged misfit who loves writing and dreams of travelling to Spain. Celia is the daughter of Paul's former girlfriend Jackie (Jodie Rimmer), the town's butcher. It is implied that Paul believes Celia to be his daughter, and becomes a father figure for the teenager. Resenting the unwanted attentions of her mother's boyfriend Gareth (Antony Starr), Celia seeks solace in Paul's den.
Paul and Celia's budding friendship eventually comes under scrutiny from the judgmental Andrew and the envious Jackie. After Paul attacks Gareth for beating Celia, Jackie forbids Paul from having contact with her daughter. Despite the warnings, Celia continues to visit and Paul encourages her in her ambitions as a writer. In the middle of winter, Celia goes missing. Due to their close friendship, Paul becomes the prime suspect in her disappearance and endures the hostility of the town including Gareth and his teenage nephew Jonathan (Jimmy Keen), who fancied Celia.
The rest of the film is shown in flashbacks of Paul's teenage years interspersed with his interactions with Celia and final confrontation with Andrew. After Jonathan reveals that his father had confiscated his camera for illicitly photographing Celia, Paul confronts Andrew. Jeff is then revealed to be Celia's biological father through an affair with Jackie, which Paul and Iris had discovered. Grief-stricken and betrayed, Iris committed suicide, while Paul - ignoring the pleas of Andrew - left the family home at the age of 17.
Paul also learns that Andrew had invited Celia to view their late father's will; Jeff had left a third of his estate to Celia. Mistaking Celia for Andrew's mistress after accidentally viewing Jonathan's photos, and with a misunderstanding of confirmation from Andrew, an enraged Penny had pushed Celia over the balcony, killing her. To protect his wife, Andrew covered up Celia's death. After Paul and Andrew's confrontation, Jonathan calls the police, believing his father killed Celia. To continue protecting Penny, Andrew takes the blame and is arrested. Celia's body is later found in a river.
Following the funeral, Paul burns the den and reconciles with Jackie. The film closes with a flashback to the last time Paul saw Celia; they openly talk about being siblings - Paul being revealed to have known she was his half-sister all along - and they say goodbye as she walks down the road to her untimely death.
Cast
Matthew Macfadyen as Paul Prior
Emily Barclay as Celia
Colin Moy as Andrew
Miranda Otto as Penny
Jodie Rimmer as Jackie
Vanessa Riddell as Iris
Matthew Chamberlain as Jeff
Antony Starr as Gareth
Jimmy Keen as Jonathan
Geoff Dolan as O'Neill
Asher Emanuel as Young Paul
Production
Filming locations were mainly in Central Otago, New Zealand, with the town of Roxburgh standing in for the fictional Rapata Junction. Interior scenes of Andrew and Penny's house were filmed in Auckland.
In My Father's Den was the only feature film and the final work written or directed by McGann, who died of bowel cancer in 2007.
Awards
The film won the Fipresci Prize at the 2004 Toronto International Film Festival, the Mercedes Benz Youth Jury Prize at the 52nd San Sebastián International Film Festival in Spain in the same year, the Special Jury Prize at the Seattle International Film Festival in 2005 and the Grand Prix at the 2005 Festival du Film Britannique de Dinard. It became one of the top 10 grossing New Zealand films.
Critical reaction
The website rottentomatoes.com, which compiles mostly North American reviews, gives the film a 100 per cent "fresh" rating, meaning consistently positive reviews, and with an average rating of 7.2 out of 10. The latter figure is the average from seven reviews. The film also garnered acclaim in many publications. A reviewer for The Australian described the film as "one of the best films I have ever seen". Meanwhile, Empire described that "director Brad McGann reveals great skill and bravery in the way he brings the story's insular world to life".
References
^ "In My Father's Den-New Zealand Box Office". Box Office Mojo.
^ In My Father's Den - Movie Reviews, Trailers, Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes
^ "Asher Emanuel". IMDb. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
^ "In My Father's Den". NZ On Screen. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
^ "Signature Television". Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2006.
External links
In My Father's Den at IMDb
Sydney Morning Herald movie review
In My Father's Den at NZ On Screen | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brad McGann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_McGann"},{"link_name":"Matthew Macfadyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Macfadyen"},{"link_name":"Emily Barclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Barclay"},{"link_name":"novel of the same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_My_Father%27s_Den"},{"link_name":"Maurice Gee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Gee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In My Father's Den is a 2004 New Zealand film written and directed by Brad McGann and starring Matthew Macfadyen and Emily Barclay. It is based on the novel of the same title by Maurice Gee. The film was released in October 2004 to glowing reviews.[2]","title":"In My Father's Den (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Macfadyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Macfadyen"},{"link_name":"South Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Miranda Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Otto"},{"link_name":"Emily Barclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Barclay"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Jodie Rimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie_Rimmer"},{"link_name":"Antony Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Starr"}],"text":"Following the death of his father Jeff (Matthew Chamberlain), renowned war photographer Paul Prior (Matthew Macfadyen) returns to his hometown in the South Island of New Zealand. Paul also reunites with his younger brother Andrew (Colin Moy), a pious local ostrich farmer, who is married to the very religious and agoraphobic Penny (Miranda Otto). Under Andrew's pressure, Paul reluctantly prolongs his stay to help sort out the sale of their father's cottage and the adjoining orchard.Returning to the dilapidated family property, Paul revisits his father's makeshift den in the equipment shed. Jeff, who secretly harboured a love of wine, literature, and free-thinking philosophy, found solace in the den away from his puritanical wife Iris (Vanessa Riddell). When Paul as a child had accidentally stumbled upon this wondrous booklined universe, his father had shared the den with him on the condition that he did not tell anyone else.While back in his hometown, Paul accepts a temporary English teaching position at his old high school. Paul also forges an unlikely friendship with the 16-year-old Celia (Emily Barclay), a teenaged misfit who loves writing and dreams of travelling to Spain. Celia is the daughter of Paul's former girlfriend Jackie (Jodie Rimmer), the town's butcher. It is implied that Paul believes Celia to be his daughter, and becomes a father figure for the teenager. Resenting the unwanted attentions of her mother's boyfriend Gareth (Antony Starr), Celia seeks solace in Paul's den.Paul and Celia's budding friendship eventually comes under scrutiny from the judgmental Andrew and the envious Jackie. After Paul attacks Gareth for beating Celia, Jackie forbids Paul from having contact with her daughter. Despite the warnings, Celia continues to visit and Paul encourages her in her ambitions as a writer. In the middle of winter, Celia goes missing. Due to their close friendship, Paul becomes the prime suspect in her disappearance and endures the hostility of the town including Gareth and his teenage nephew Jonathan (Jimmy Keen), who fancied Celia.The rest of the film is shown in flashbacks of Paul's teenage years interspersed with his interactions with Celia and final confrontation with Andrew. After Jonathan reveals that his father had confiscated his camera for illicitly photographing Celia, Paul confronts Andrew. Jeff is then revealed to be Celia's biological father through an affair with Jackie, which Paul and Iris had discovered. Grief-stricken and betrayed, Iris committed suicide, while Paul - ignoring the pleas of Andrew - left the family home at the age of 17.Paul also learns that Andrew had invited Celia to view their late father's will; Jeff had left a third of his estate to Celia. Mistaking Celia for Andrew's mistress after accidentally viewing Jonathan's photos, and with a misunderstanding of confirmation from Andrew, an enraged Penny had pushed Celia over the balcony, killing her. To protect his wife, Andrew covered up Celia's death. After Paul and Andrew's confrontation, Jonathan calls the police, believing his father killed Celia. To continue protecting Penny, Andrew takes the blame and is arrested. Celia's body is later found in a river.Following the funeral, Paul burns the den and reconciles with Jackie. The film closes with a flashback to the last time Paul saw Celia; they openly talk about being siblings - Paul being revealed to have known she was his half-sister all along - and they say goodbye as she walks down the road to her untimely death.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Macfadyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Macfadyen"},{"link_name":"Emily Barclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Barclay"},{"link_name":"Miranda Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Otto"},{"link_name":"Jodie Rimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie_Rimmer"},{"link_name":"Antony Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Starr"},{"link_name":"Geoff Dolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Dolan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Matthew Macfadyen as Paul Prior\nEmily Barclay as Celia\nColin Moy as Andrew\nMiranda Otto as Penny\nJodie Rimmer as Jackie\nVanessa Riddell as Iris\nMatthew Chamberlain as Jeff\nAntony Starr as Gareth\nJimmy Keen as Jonathan\nGeoff Dolan as O'Neill\nAsher Emanuel as Young Paul[3]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Otago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Otago"},{"link_name":"Roxburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburgh,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"bowel cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Filming locations were mainly in Central Otago, New Zealand, with the town of Roxburgh standing in for the fictional Rapata Junction. Interior scenes of Andrew and Penny's house were filmed in Auckland.In My Father's Den was the only feature film and the final work written or directed by McGann, who died of bowel cancer in 2007.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2004 Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Seattle International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Festival du Film Britannique de Dinard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinard_Festival_of_British_Cinema&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Zealand films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The film won the Fipresci Prize at the 2004 Toronto International Film Festival, the Mercedes Benz Youth Jury Prize at the 52nd San Sebastián International Film Festival in Spain in the same year, the Special Jury Prize at the Seattle International Film Festival in 2005 and the Grand Prix at the 2005 Festival du Film Britannique de Dinard. It became one of the top 10 grossing New Zealand films.[5]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The website rottentomatoes.com, which compiles mostly North American reviews, gives the film a 100 per cent \"fresh\" rating, meaning consistently positive reviews, and with an average rating of 7.2 out of 10. The latter figure is the average from seven reviews. The film also garnered acclaim in many publications. A reviewer for The Australian described the film as \"one of the best films I have ever seen\". Meanwhile, Empire described that \"director Brad McGann reveals great skill and bravery in the way he brings the story's insular world to life\".","title":"Critical reaction"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"In My Father's Den-New Zealand Box Office\". Box Office Mojo.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3741615873/weekend/","url_text":"\"In My Father's Den-New Zealand Box Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"Asher Emanuel\". IMDb. Retrieved 3 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1616577/","url_text":"\"Asher Emanuel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"In My Father's Den\". NZ On Screen. Retrieved 12 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/in-my-fathers-den-2004/background#critique_0","url_text":"\"In My Father's Den\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_On_Screen","url_text":"NZ On Screen"}]},{"reference":"\"Signature Television\". Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190119001614/http://thefilm.co.nz/biography.htm","url_text":"\"Signature Television\""},{"url":"http://www.thefilm.co.nz/biography.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3741615873/weekend/","external_links_name":"\"In My Father's Den-New Zealand Box Office\""},{"Link":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/in_my_fathers_den/","external_links_name":"In My Father's Den - Movie Reviews, Trailers, Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1616577/","external_links_name":"\"Asher Emanuel\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/in-my-fathers-den-2004/background#critique_0","external_links_name":"\"In My Father's Den\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190119001614/http://thefilm.co.nz/biography.htm","external_links_name":"\"Signature Television\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefilm.co.nz/biography.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0385017/","external_links_name":"In My Father's Den"},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/Reviews/In-My-Fathers-Den/2004/10/29/1099028200556.html","external_links_name":"Sydney Morning Herald movie review"},{"Link":"http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/in-my-fathers-den-2004","external_links_name":"In My Father's Den"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Army | Kraków Army | ["1 Creation of Kraków Army","2 Tasks","3 Operational history","3.1 Battle of the Border","3.2 The Retreat","3.3 The End of Kraków Army","4 Organization","5 References","6 Further reading"] | 1939 Polish Army formation
Kraków Army (Polish: Armia Kraków) was one of the Polish armies which took part in the Polish Defensive War of 1939. It was officially created on March 23, 1939 as the main pivot of Polish defence. It was commanded by Gen. Antoni Szylling. Originally, Kraków Army was to be made of seven infantry divisions, two cavalry brigades and one mountain brigade. On September 1, 1939, General Szylling had the force which consisted of five infantry divisions, two cavalry brigades and one brigade of mountain infantry. Altogether, the army was made of 59 battalions, 29 squadrons, 352 cannons, 90 tanks, two armoured trains and 44 planes. These forces were not enough to halt German advance, especially in the area north of Częstochowa, where Kraków Army connected with Łódź Army. Main thrust of Wehrmacht panzer units was directed there, and this area was defended only by the Polish 7th I.D., which was destroyed in the early days of September 1939, opening the way towards central Poland.
Creation of Kraków Army
On March 15, 1939, units of the Wehrmacht entered Prague, and two days earlier at Berlin, Joachim von Ribbentrop in a conversation with Polish ambassador Józef Lipski demanded definite answer to German demands of Free City of Danzig and a highway through the Polish Corridor. On March 23, a number of officers of the Polish Army was ordered to come to the General Inspector of the Armed Forces in Warsaw. Together with General Antoni Szylling, these officers (Colonel Jan Rzepecki, Major Władysław Steblik, Major Kazimierz Szpądrowski and Major Franciszek Chmura) were ordered to create staff of the newly created Kraków Army. The army itself was created upon written order of Edward Rydz-Śmigły, which was handed to General Szylling on the same day, together with more detailed demands. On March 25, staff officers of Kraków Army arrived at Kraków, staying at the Jan III Sobieski barracks, where the 5th Military Police Unit was located. On the same day at noon, General Szylling met commanders of the divisions that came under his control, and on March 27, the officers took their oath.
Tasks
Forces as of 31 August and German plan of attack.
Forces as of 14 September with troop movements up to this date.
Forces after 14 September with troop movements after this date
Its main task was to delay advancing German troops and withdraw eastwards along the northern line of the Carpathians and defend the heavily industrialized Upper Silesia region, together with western counties of Lesser Poland and the Carpathian foothills. Altogether, Kraków Army defended southwestern border of Poland, from Krzepice near Częstochowa, to Czorsztyn. In the area of Częstochowa, the 7th I.D. (General Janusz Gąsiorowski) was placed, with its right wing supported by the Kraków Cavalry Brigade of General Zygmunt Piasecki. The remaining units were divided into two operational groups. Operational Group Silesia (under General Jan Jagmin Sadowski) was made of the 23rd I.D. (Colonel Władysław Powierza), together with the 55th (reserve) I.D. (Colonel Stanisław Kalabiński), and soldiers manning the Fortified Area of Silesia. Operational Group Bielsko (under General Mieczysław Boruta-Spiechowicz) was made of the 21st I.D. (General Józef Kustroń), and the 1st Brigade of Mountain Infantry (Colonel Janusz Gaładyk). This group was located in the area of Żywiec, Chabówka, and Bielsko-Biała. Furthermore, in the area of Pszczyna was the 6th I.D. (General Bernard Mond), and in the area of Kraków, the 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Colonel Stanisław Maczek).
Kraków Army's tasks were as follows:
to defend Upper Silesia,
to protect the general direction towards the city of Kraków from southwest,
to defend the strategic rail line from Dąbrowa Górnicza Ząbkowice to Częstochowa,
final line of defence was as follows: Fortified Area of Silesia - Mikołów - Pszczyna - Bielsko-Biała - Żywiec.
Operational history
Battle of the Border
Kraków Army fought against German Army Group South, whose units crossed the border on September 1, 1939, at 4 a.m. In central part of the front, German 10th Army advanced, attacking in the sector from Tarnowskie Góry to Wieluń. North of the 10th Army was the 8th Army (advancing towards Sieradz and Łódź), and in the south was and the 14th Army, advancing towards Kraków. On September 1, the Wehrmacht failed to cause a breach Polish positions, but it was obvious that the Germans tried to bypass Fortified Area of Silesia, attacking both north and south of the fortifications. As early as the night of September 1/2, Polish situation became difficult, as the 7th I.D., operating near Częstochowa, found it hard to halt the advance of the panzers of the XVI Panzer Corps, which fought their way into central Poland. This division was located some 40 kilometers away from other Polish units; close to it was the Volhynian Cavalry Brigade, which itself was attacked by the Germans in the Battle of Mokra.
On September 2, German 1st Panzer Division bypassed Częstochowa north of the city, and supported by the Luftwaffe, managed to cross the Warta river. At the same time, Kraków Cavalry Brigade was attacked by the 2nd Light Division in the area of Woźniki. After heavy fighting, it withdrew towards Zawiercie, which caused a breach in the defensive line, enabling the Germans both to bypass Polish fortifications in Upper Silesia, and to attack the 7th I.D. from the rear. As a result, the 7th I.D. was destroyed on Sept. 2, and its remaining units retreated to the forests near Koniecpol. This defeat enabled German XVI Panzer Corps to move towards Kielce without any problems. Since Polish Army did not have any reserve units east of Częstochowa, Edward Śmigły-Rydz ordered a detachment of the PZL.23 Karaś bombers to attack the advancing panzers. The attack, however, did not result in a success, and the advance of the Wehrmacht continued.
In the south, the Wehrmacht attacked on Sept. 2 in two spots - Mikołów/Pszczyna, and Wysoka/Rabka. Near Pszczyna, Polish 6th I.D. failed to halt the 5th Panzer Division, and in the morning of the same day, the 2nd Panzer Division was stopped in the Battle of Jordanów. At the same time, however, the Germans won the Battle of Węgierska Górka. In the afternoon of September 2, the situation of Kraków Army turned critical. German panzers attacked in large formations in the area of Koziegłowy in the north, and in the area of Jordanów in the south. Furthermore, breach of the Polish lines near Pszczyna caused another problem, as it gave the Germans an opportunity to bypass the Upper Silesian fortifications. As a result, General Szylling, in a conversation with Marshall Śmigły-Rydz stated that it was necessary to withdraw from Upper Silesia and Trans-Olza, and to retreat towards Kraków. The Marshall gave tentative permission at 16:00 on Sept. 2, urging Szylling to press his soldiers to do their best. In the evening of September 2, the situation deteriorated further, as Kraków Cavalry Brigade was pushed behind the Warta, and the distance to the retreating remnants of the 7th I.D. was some 30 kilometres. German 2nd Light Division entered this gap, advancing towards Żarki. The Luftwaffe bombed Polish towns and rail junctions, General Szylling was unable to locate the positions of his divisions, and to get in touch with their commandants. At 18:00, Szylling once again talked with Śmigły-Rydz, and 30 minutes later, the Marshall agreed to the withdrawal of Kraków Army to the line marked by the Nida and Dunajec rivers. It was a difficult decision, as it meant that the pre-war Polish defensive plan (see Plan West) was abandoned. Śmigły-Rydz, however, hoped that the retreat would save Kraków Army from complete destruction.
The Retreat
In the evening of Saturday, Sept. 2, the order to retreat reached Polish units. Kraków Cavalry Brigade, together with the 7th I.D. was to move towards Jędrzejów, halting the advance of the 2nd Light Division. 22nd Mountain I.D. was to withdraw towards Olkusz, and to support Operational Group Silesia (renamed into Operational Group Jagmin), which itself was to retreat behind the Przemsza. Operational Group Bielsko (renamed into Operational Group Boruta) was to withdraw behind the Skawa, and to take positions between Zator and Wadowice. General retreat towards the Dunajec and the Nida was to begin in the night of September 2/3.. General Szylling specified that units located in the centre of the front were to retreat first, to avoid being surrounded by German panzers advancing fast both in the north and the south. This plan failed, as Polish 7th I.D. was completely destroyed in the morning of Sunday, September 3, by the 14th Infantry Division, the 4th Infantry Division, and the 2nd Light Division.
The retreat itself did not improve the situation of Kraków Army, as it lost its fortified defensive positions, together with heavy equipment, which was abandoned. Polish historians Czesław Grzelak and Henryk Stańczyk in their book "Kampania polska 1939 roku" write that several historians question the decision of General Szylling, as in their opinion the decision to withdraw eastwards on the second day of the war was premature. Tadeusz Jurga wrote: "To remain in defensive positions would result in halting the advance of the German 10th Army, which later destroyed Prusy Army (...) Furthermore, defensive positions of Kraków Army were based on fortifications, which had been built before the war. These fortifications eliminated technological superiority of the Wehrmacht. To abandon them and to fight in the open lowered defensive abilities of Kraków Army".
The decision to abandon southwestern Poland had far-reaching consequences, as Kraków Army was the centre point of the defensive plan. Its new line of defence along the Dunajec and the Nida was ill-prepared, and the retreat itself turned out to be very difficult, as Polish units were under constant pressure of the Luftwaffe and German motorized divisions. In the morning of September 3, General Szylling ordered general retreat east of Kraków, dividing his army into Operational Group Jagmin (north of the Vistula, consisting of the 23rd, the 55th and the 22th I.D.'s, together with Kraków Cavalry Brigade, and soldiers of Fortified Group Silesia), and Operational Group Boruta (south of the Vistula, consisting of the 6th and the 21st I.D.'s, the 10th Motorized Brigade, and the 1st Mountain Brigade). Szylling hoped to reach the defensive line by September 7, and first days of retreat were relatively calm, as the Wehrmacht concentrated its efforts in the area of Piotrków Trybunalski.
The End of Kraków Army
On September 5, German 2nd Panzer Division, together with the 3rd Mountain Division and the 7th Infantry Division broke through Polish lines near Pcim, capturing Myślenice, Bochnia and Wiśnicz, thus positioning themselves in the rear of the retreating units of Operational Group Boruta. On the same day, Fall 5 September instruction was issued by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, ordering German divisions to continue their advance towards Tarnów and Rzeszów. On September 6, German 4th Light Division attacked Polish 24th I.D. near Tarnów, crossing the Dunajec south of Zakliczyn. Polish unit managed to halt the Germans, and its commandant, Colonel Bolesław Krzyżanowski hoped to keep the line of the Dunajec for Operational Group Boruta. In the evening of September 6, General Kazimierz Fabrycy ordered him to retreat to the Wisłoka river. On the same day, Polish units abandoned Kraków.
On September 6, Marshall Śmigły-Rydz reorganized the units fighting in southern Lesser Poland. Operational Group Boruta was moved to Karpaty Army, and soon afterwards, Karpaty Army was merged with Operational Group Jagmin, creating Małopolska Army, under General Fabrycy. Śmigły-Rydz was well aware of the fact that it was impossible to hold the line of the Dunajec and the Nida, and that further retreat towards the San was the only option.
Organization
The Army was commanded by general Antoni Szylling; his chief of staff was Colonel Stanisław Wiloch. It consisted of five infantry divisions, one motorized cavalry brigade, one mountain brigade and one cavalry brigade. The 22nd Mountain Infantry Division (Colonel Leopold Endel-Ragis) was supposed to be the reserve of Łódź Army, but due to destruction of rail connections, this division never reached its destination in central Poland. It concentrated near Krzeszowice and Trzebinia, and on September 2 joined Kraków Army, replacing the 7th I.D., which had been destroyed near Częstochowa.
Kraków Army
Unit
Polish name
Commander
Remarks
Army units - gen. Antoni Szylling
6th Infantry Division
6 Dywizja Piechoty
Bernard Mond
7th Infantry Division
7 Dywizja Piechoty
gen. bryg. Janusz Gąsiorowski
Krakowska Cavalry Brigade
Krakowska Brygada Kawalerii
gen.bryg. Zygmunt Piasecki
10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade
10 Brygada Kawalerii
płk. Stanisław Maczek
22nd Mountain Infantry Division
22. Dywizja Piechoty Górskiej
col. Leopold Endel-Ragis
joined Kraków Army on September 2
Śląsk Operational Group - gen. Jan Jagmin-Sadowski
23rd Infantry Division
23 Dywizja Piechoty
płk. Władysław Powierza
Upper Silesian
55th Infantry Division
55 Dywizja Piechoty
płk. Stanisław Kalabiński
reserve
Bielsko Operational Group - gen. Mieczysław Boruta-Spiechowicz
21st Mountain Infantry Division
21 Dywizja Piechoty Górskiej
gen. Józef Kustroń
1st Mountain Brigade
1 Brygada Górska
płk Janusz Gaładyk
mostly elite KOP troops
References
^ Tadeusz Jurga, Obrona Polski 1939. Warsaw 1990, page 313
(in Polish) Armie i samodzielne grupy operacyjne Wojska Polskiego 1939 Archived 2013-02-06 at the Wayback Machine WIEM Encyklopedia
Czesław Grzelak, Henryk Stańczyk Kampania polska 1939 roku. Oficyna Wydawnicza RYTM Warszawa, 2005. ISBN 83-7399-169-7
Further reading
Steblik, Władysław; Kozłowski, Eugeniusz. Armia 'Kraków' 1939 (in Polish). Warsaw: Wojskowy Instytut Historyczny, Ministry of National Defence Press. p. 775. ISBN 83-11-07434-8.
vtePolish Armies and notable Operational Groups (GOs) in 1939Armies
Karpaty
Kraków
Lublin
Łódź
Małopolska
Modlin
Pomorze
Poznań
Prusy
Warszawa
GOs
Narew
Polesie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Polish armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_armies"},{"link_name":"Polish Defensive War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)"},{"link_name":"Antoni Szylling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Szylling"},{"link_name":"Częstochowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa"},{"link_name":"Łódź Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Army"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"}],"text":"Kraków Army (Polish: Armia Kraków) was one of the Polish armies which took part in the Polish Defensive War of 1939. It was officially created on March 23, 1939 as the main pivot of Polish defence. It was commanded by Gen. Antoni Szylling. Originally, Kraków Army was to be made of seven infantry divisions, two cavalry brigades and one mountain brigade. 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Main thrust of Wehrmacht panzer units was directed there, and this area was defended only by the Polish 7th I.D., which was destroyed in the early days of September 1939, opening the way towards central Poland.","title":"Kraków Army"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Joachim von Ribbentrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop"},{"link_name":"Józef Lipski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Lipski"},{"link_name":"Free City of Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig"},{"link_name":"Polish Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Corridor"},{"link_name":"General Inspector of the Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Inspector_of_the_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Edward Rydz-Śmigły","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Rydz-%C5%9Amig%C5%82y"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Jan III Sobieski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_III_Sobieski"}],"text":"On March 15, 1939, units of the Wehrmacht entered Prague, and two days earlier at Berlin, Joachim von Ribbentrop in a conversation with Polish ambassador Józef Lipski demanded definite answer to German demands of Free City of Danzig and a highway through the Polish Corridor. On March 23, a number of officers of the Polish Army was ordered to come to the General Inspector of the Armed Forces in Warsaw. Together with General Antoni Szylling, these officers (Colonel Jan Rzepecki, Major Władysław Steblik, Major Kazimierz Szpądrowski and Major Franciszek Chmura) were ordered to create staff of the newly created Kraków Army. The army itself was created upon written order of Edward Rydz-Śmigły, which was handed to General Szylling on the same day, together with more detailed demands. On March 25, staff officers of Kraków Army arrived at Kraków, staying at the Jan III Sobieski barracks, where the 5th Military Police Unit was located. On the same day at noon, General Szylling met commanders of the divisions that came under his control, and on March 27, the officers took their oath.","title":"Creation of Kraków Army"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poland1939_GermanPlanMap.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poland2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poland1939_after_14_Sep.png"},{"link_name":"Carpathians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"heavily industrialized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Industry_Area"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Lesser Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland"},{"link_name":"Krzepice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzepice"},{"link_name":"Częstochowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa"},{"link_name":"Czorsztyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czorsztyn"},{"link_name":"Janusz Gąsiorowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_G%C4%85siorowski"},{"link_name":"Kraków Cavalry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Cavalry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Zygmunt Piasecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zygmunt_Piasecki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jan Jagmin Sadowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Jagmin_Sadowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Władysław Powierza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Powierza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Kalabiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Kalabi%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fortified Area of Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_Area_of_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Mieczysław Boruta-Spiechowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Boruta-Spiechowicz"},{"link_name":"Józef Kustroń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Kustro%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Janusz Gaładyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Ga%C5%82adyk"},{"link_name":"Żywiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBywiec"},{"link_name":"Chabówka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chab%C3%B3wka"},{"link_name":"Bielsko-Biała","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a"},{"link_name":"Pszczyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pszczyna"},{"link_name":"Bernard Mond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Mond"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_10th_Motorized_Cavalry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Maczek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Maczek"},{"link_name":"Dąbrowa Górnicza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%85browa_G%C3%B3rnicza"},{"link_name":"Częstochowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa"},{"link_name":"Mikołów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Pszczyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pszczyna"}],"text":"Forces as of 31 August and German plan of attack.Forces as of 14 September with troop movements up to this date.Forces after 14 September with troop movements after this dateIts main task was to delay advancing German troops and withdraw eastwards along the northern line of the Carpathians and defend the heavily industrialized Upper Silesia region, together with western counties of Lesser Poland and the Carpathian foothills. Altogether, Kraków Army defended southwestern border of Poland, from Krzepice near Częstochowa, to Czorsztyn. In the area of Częstochowa, the 7th I.D. (General Janusz Gąsiorowski) was placed, with its right wing supported by the Kraków Cavalry Brigade of General Zygmunt Piasecki. The remaining units were divided into two operational groups. Operational Group Silesia (under General Jan Jagmin Sadowski) was made of the 23rd I.D. (Colonel Władysław Powierza), together with the 55th (reserve) I.D. (Colonel Stanisław Kalabiński), and soldiers manning the Fortified Area of Silesia. Operational Group Bielsko (under General Mieczysław Boruta-Spiechowicz) was made of the 21st I.D. (General Józef Kustroń), and the 1st Brigade of Mountain Infantry (Colonel Janusz Gaładyk). This group was located in the area of Żywiec, Chabówka, and Bielsko-Biała. Furthermore, in the area of Pszczyna was the 6th I.D. (General Bernard Mond), and in the area of Kraków, the 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Colonel Stanisław Maczek).Kraków Army's tasks were as follows:to defend Upper Silesia,\nto protect the general direction towards the city of Kraków from southwest,\nto defend the strategic rail line from Dąbrowa Górnicza Ząbkowice to Częstochowa,\nfinal line of defence was as follows: Fortified Area of Silesia - Mikołów - Pszczyna - Bielsko-Biała - Żywiec.","title":"Tasks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Army Group South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_South"},{"link_name":"10th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Tarnowskie Góry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnowskie_G%C3%B3ry"},{"link_name":"Wieluń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielu%C5%84"},{"link_name":"8th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Sieradz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieradz"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"14th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Fortified Area of Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_Area_of_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Volhynian Cavalry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynian_Cavalry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mokra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mokra"},{"link_name":"1st Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Warta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warta"},{"link_name":"Kraków Cavalry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Cavalry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"2nd Light Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Light_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Woźniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo%C5%BAniki"},{"link_name":"Zawiercie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawiercie"},{"link_name":"Koniecpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koniecpol"},{"link_name":"Kielce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielce"},{"link_name":"Edward Śmigły-Rydz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_%C5%9Amig%C5%82y-Rydz"},{"link_name":"PZL.23 Karaś","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL.23_Kara%C5%9B"},{"link_name":"Mikołów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Pszczyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pszczyna"},{"link_name":"Wysoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wysoka"},{"link_name":"Rabka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabka-Zdr%C3%B3j"},{"link_name":"5th Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"2nd Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jordanów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jordan%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Battle of Węgierska Górka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_W%C4%99gierska_G%C3%B3rka"},{"link_name":"Koziegłowy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozieg%C5%82owy,_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Jordanów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Trans-Olza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Olza"},{"link_name":"Żarki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBarki"},{"link_name":"Nida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nida_(river)"},{"link_name":"Dunajec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunajec"},{"link_name":"Plan West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_West"}],"sub_title":"Battle of the Border","text":"Kraków Army fought against German Army Group South, whose units crossed the border on September 1, 1939, at 4 a.m. In central part of the front, German 10th Army advanced, attacking in the sector from Tarnowskie Góry to Wieluń. North of the 10th Army was the 8th Army (advancing towards Sieradz and Łódź), and in the south was and the 14th Army, advancing towards Kraków. On September 1, the Wehrmacht failed to cause a breach Polish positions, but it was obvious that the Germans tried to bypass Fortified Area of Silesia, attacking both north and south of the fortifications. As early as the night of September 1/2, Polish situation became difficult, as the 7th I.D., operating near Częstochowa, found it hard to halt the advance of the panzers of the XVI Panzer Corps, which fought their way into central Poland. This division was located some 40 kilometers away from other Polish units; close to it was the Volhynian Cavalry Brigade, which itself was attacked by the Germans in the Battle of Mokra.On September 2, German 1st Panzer Division bypassed Częstochowa north of the city, and supported by the Luftwaffe, managed to cross the Warta river. At the same time, Kraków Cavalry Brigade was attacked by the 2nd Light Division in the area of Woźniki. After heavy fighting, it withdrew towards Zawiercie, which caused a breach in the defensive line, enabling the Germans both to bypass Polish fortifications in Upper Silesia, and to attack the 7th I.D. from the rear. As a result, the 7th I.D. was destroyed on Sept. 2, and its remaining units retreated to the forests near Koniecpol. This defeat enabled German XVI Panzer Corps to move towards Kielce without any problems. Since Polish Army did not have any reserve units east of Częstochowa, Edward Śmigły-Rydz ordered a detachment of the PZL.23 Karaś bombers to attack the advancing panzers. The attack, however, did not result in a success, and the advance of the Wehrmacht continued.In the south, the Wehrmacht attacked on Sept. 2 in two spots - Mikołów/Pszczyna, and Wysoka/Rabka. Near Pszczyna, Polish 6th I.D. failed to halt the 5th Panzer Division, and in the morning of the same day, the 2nd Panzer Division was stopped in the Battle of Jordanów. At the same time, however, the Germans won the Battle of Węgierska Górka. In the afternoon of September 2, the situation of Kraków Army turned critical. German panzers attacked in large formations in the area of Koziegłowy in the north, and in the area of Jordanów in the south. Furthermore, breach of the Polish lines near Pszczyna caused another problem, as it gave the Germans an opportunity to bypass the Upper Silesian fortifications. As a result, General Szylling, in a conversation with Marshall Śmigły-Rydz stated that it was necessary to withdraw from Upper Silesia and Trans-Olza, and to retreat towards Kraków. The Marshall gave tentative permission at 16:00 on Sept. 2, urging Szylling to press his soldiers to do their best. In the evening of September 2, the situation deteriorated further, as Kraków Cavalry Brigade was pushed behind the Warta, and the distance to the retreating remnants of the 7th I.D. was some 30 kilometres. German 2nd Light Division entered this gap, advancing towards Żarki. The Luftwaffe bombed Polish towns and rail junctions, General Szylling was unable to locate the positions of his divisions, and to get in touch with their commandants. At 18:00, Szylling once again talked with Śmigły-Rydz, and 30 minutes later, the Marshall agreed to the withdrawal of Kraków Army to the line marked by the Nida and Dunajec rivers. It was a difficult decision, as it meant that the pre-war Polish defensive plan (see Plan West) was abandoned. Śmigły-Rydz, however, hoped that the retreat would save Kraków Army from complete destruction.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jędrzejów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99drzej%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Olkusz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkusz"},{"link_name":"Przemsza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemsza"},{"link_name":"Skawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skawa"},{"link_name":"Zator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zator,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Wadowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadowice"},{"link_name":"Dunajec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunajec"},{"link_name":"Nida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nida_(river)"},{"link_name":"14th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"4th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Prusy Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusy_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Piotrków Trybunalski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotrk%C3%B3w_Trybunalski"}],"sub_title":"The Retreat","text":"In the evening of Saturday, Sept. 2, the order to retreat reached Polish units. Kraków Cavalry Brigade, together with the 7th I.D. was to move towards Jędrzejów, halting the advance of the 2nd Light Division. 22nd Mountain I.D. was to withdraw towards Olkusz, and to support Operational Group Silesia (renamed into Operational Group Jagmin), which itself was to retreat behind the Przemsza. Operational Group Bielsko (renamed into Operational Group Boruta) was to withdraw behind the Skawa, and to take positions between Zator and Wadowice. General retreat towards the Dunajec and the Nida was to begin in the night of September 2/3.. General Szylling specified that units located in the centre of the front were to retreat first, to avoid being surrounded by German panzers advancing fast both in the north and the south. This plan failed, as Polish 7th I.D. was completely destroyed in the morning of Sunday, September 3, by the 14th Infantry Division, the 4th Infantry Division, and the 2nd Light Division.The retreat itself did not improve the situation of Kraków Army, as it lost its fortified defensive positions, together with heavy equipment, which was abandoned. Polish historians Czesław Grzelak and Henryk Stańczyk in their book \"Kampania polska 1939 roku\" write that several historians question the decision of General Szylling, as in their opinion the decision to withdraw eastwards on the second day of the war was premature. Tadeusz Jurga wrote: \"To remain in defensive positions would result in halting the advance of the German 10th Army, which later destroyed Prusy Army (...) Furthermore, defensive positions of Kraków Army were based on fortifications, which had been built before the war. These fortifications eliminated technological superiority of the Wehrmacht. To abandon them and to fight in the open lowered defensive abilities of Kraków Army\".[1]The decision to abandon southwestern Poland had far-reaching consequences, as Kraków Army was the centre point of the defensive plan. Its new line of defence along the Dunajec and the Nida was ill-prepared, and the retreat itself turned out to be very difficult, as Polish units were under constant pressure of the Luftwaffe and German motorized divisions. In the morning of September 3, General Szylling ordered general retreat east of Kraków, dividing his army into Operational Group Jagmin (north of the Vistula, consisting of the 23rd, the 55th and the 22th[clarification needed] I.D.'s, together with Kraków Cavalry Brigade, and soldiers of Fortified Group Silesia), and Operational Group Boruta (south of the Vistula, consisting of the 6th and the 21st I.D.'s, the 10th Motorized Brigade, and the 1st Mountain Brigade). Szylling hoped to reach the defensive line by September 7, and first days of retreat were relatively calm, as the Wehrmacht concentrated its efforts in the area of Piotrków Trybunalski.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3rd Mountain Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Mountain_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"7th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Pcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pcim"},{"link_name":"Myślenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C5%9Blenice"},{"link_name":"Bochnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochnia"},{"link_name":"Wiśnicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi%C5%9Bnicz"},{"link_name":"Oberkommando der Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Tarnów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Rzeszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"4th Light Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Zakliczyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakliczyn"},{"link_name":"Bolesław Krzyżanowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boles%C5%82aw_Krzy%C5%BCanowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Fabrycy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Fabrycy"},{"link_name":"Wisłoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82oka"},{"link_name":"Lesser Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland"},{"link_name":"Karpaty Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpaty_Army"},{"link_name":"Małopolska Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82opolska_Army"},{"link_name":"San","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_(river)"}],"sub_title":"The End of Kraków Army","text":"On September 5, German 2nd Panzer Division, together with the 3rd Mountain Division and the 7th Infantry Division broke through Polish lines near Pcim, capturing Myślenice, Bochnia and Wiśnicz, thus positioning themselves in the rear of the retreating units of Operational Group Boruta. On the same day, Fall 5 September instruction was issued by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, ordering German divisions to continue their advance towards Tarnów and Rzeszów. On September 6, German 4th Light Division attacked Polish 24th I.D. near Tarnów, crossing the Dunajec south of Zakliczyn. Polish unit managed to halt the Germans, and its commandant, Colonel Bolesław Krzyżanowski hoped to keep the line of the Dunajec for Operational Group Boruta. In the evening of September 6, General Kazimierz Fabrycy ordered him to retreat to the Wisłoka river. On the same day, Polish units abandoned Kraków.On September 6, Marshall Śmigły-Rydz reorganized the units fighting in southern Lesser Poland. Operational Group Boruta was moved to Karpaty Army, and soon afterwards, Karpaty Army was merged with Operational Group Jagmin, creating Małopolska Army, under General Fabrycy. Śmigły-Rydz was well aware of the fact that it was impossible to hold the line of the Dunajec and the Nida, and that further retreat towards the San was the only option.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antoni Szylling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Szylling"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Wiloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wiloch"},{"link_name":"22nd Mountain Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_Mountain_Infantry_Division_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Leopold Endel-Ragis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Endel-Ragis"},{"link_name":"Łódź Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Army"},{"link_name":"Krzeszowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzeszowice"},{"link_name":"Trzebinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzebinia"}],"text":"The Army was commanded by general Antoni Szylling; his chief of staff was Colonel Stanisław Wiloch. It consisted of five infantry divisions, one motorized cavalry brigade, one mountain brigade and one cavalry brigade. The 22nd Mountain Infantry Division (Colonel Leopold Endel-Ragis) was supposed to be the reserve of Łódź Army, but due to destruction of rail connections, this division never reached its destination in central Poland. It concentrated near Krzeszowice and Trzebinia, and on September 2 joined Kraków Army, replacing the 7th I.D., which had been destroyed near Częstochowa.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"83-11-07434-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-11-07434-8"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Polish_Armies_1939"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Polish_Armies_1939"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polish_Armies_1939"},{"link_name":"Polish Armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_armies_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Operational Groups (GOs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Group"},{"link_name":"Karpaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpaty_Army"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin_Army"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Army"},{"link_name":"Małopolska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpaty_Army"},{"link_name":"Modlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modlin_Army"},{"link_name":"Pomorze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomorze_Army"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Army"},{"link_name":"Prusy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusy_Army"},{"link_name":"Warszawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa_Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg"},{"link_name":"Narew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Operational_Group_Narew"},{"link_name":"Polesie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Operational_Group_Polesie"}],"text":"Steblik, Władysław; Kozłowski, Eugeniusz. Armia 'Kraków' 1939 (in Polish). Warsaw: Wojskowy Instytut Historyczny, Ministry of National Defence Press. p. 775. ISBN 83-11-07434-8.vtePolish Armies and notable Operational Groups (GOs) in 1939Armies\nKarpaty\nKraków\nLublin\nŁódź\nMałopolska\nModlin\nPomorze\nPoznań\nPrusy\nWarszawa\nGOs\nNarew\nPolesie","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Forces as of 31 August and German plan of attack.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Poland1939_GermanPlanMap.jpg/300px-Poland1939_GermanPlanMap.jpg"},{"image_text":"Forces as of 14 September with troop movements up to this date.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Poland2.jpg/300px-Poland2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Forces after 14 September with troop movements after this date","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Poland1939_after_14_Sep.png/300px-Poland1939_after_14_Sep.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Steblik, Władysław; Kozłowski, Eugeniusz. Armia 'Kraków' 1939 (in Polish). Warsaw: Wojskowy Instytut Historyczny, Ministry of National Defence Press. p. 775. ISBN 83-11-07434-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-11-07434-8","url_text":"83-11-07434-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/53777,,,,armie_i_samodzielne_grupy_operacyjne_wojska_polskiego_1939,haslo.html","external_links_name":"Armie i samodzielne grupy operacyjne Wojska Polskiego 1939"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130206231551/http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/53777,,,,armie_i_samodzielne_grupy_operacyjne_wojska_polskiego_1939,haslo.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_Lane_railway_station | Monument Lane railway station | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 52°28′56″N 1°55′29″W / 52.4822°N 1.9247°W / 52.4822; -1.9247Former railway station in England
Monument LaneSite of station — central platform ran between tracksGeneral informationLocationLadywood, BirminghamEnglandCoordinates52°28′56″N 1°55′29″W / 52.4822°N 1.9247°W / 52.4822; -1.9247Grid referenceSP052871Platforms2Other informationStatusDisusedHistoryPre-groupingLondon and North Western RailwayPost-groupingLondon, Midland and Scottish RailwayKey datesJuly 1854Opened1886Resited17 November 1958Closed
1888-9 map of location of the former station
Monument Lane railway station was a railway station in Birmingham, England, built by the London and North Western Railway on their Stour Valley Line in 1854. It served the Ladywood area of Birmingham, it was also the site of a large goods yard and a locomotive shed. In 1886, a new station was opened just north of the first station.
The station closed in 1958, although the Rugby–Birmingham–Stafford line loop from the West Coast Main Line still runs through the site of the station today.
Monument Lane goods yard was adjacent to the East, as was an engine shed with turntable.
There is some evidence of the station on the ground today, as there is a gap in the tracks running currently through the site at the location of an island platform. There were calls for a new station to be built at this site to serve the International Convention Centre but this seems unlikely to happen owing to the Midland Metro extension now running to Centenary Square.
Preceding station
Disused railways
Following station
Winson Green
London and North Western RailwayStour Valley Line
Birmingham New Street
Icknield Port Road
Harborne RailwayHarborne Branch Line
Birmingham New Street
References
^ a b "Station Name: Monument Lane (1st)". Disused Stations. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
^ "Station Name: Monument Lane (2nd)". Disused Stations. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
^ "Monument Lane Station". Warwickshire Railways. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
^ "Monument Lane Station". Rail Around Birmingham and the West Midlands. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
British History Online: Birmingham Communications
vteRailway stations in the West Midlands countyOpen stationsBirmingham
Acocks Green
Adderley Park
Aston
Blake Street
Bordesley
Bournville
Butlers Lane
Chester Road
Duddeston
Erdington
Five Ways
Four Oaks
Gravelly Hill
Hall Green
Hamstead
Jewellery Quarter
Kings Norton
Lea Hall
Longbridge
Moor Street
New Street
Northfield
Perry Barr
Selly Oak
Small Heath
Snow Hill
Spring Road
Stechford
Sutton Coldfield
Tyseley
University
Witton
Wylde Green
Yardley Wood
Coventry
Canley
Coventry
Coventry Arena
Tile Hill
Dudley
Coseley
Lye
Stourbridge Junction
Stourbridge Town
Sandwell
Bescot Stadium
Cradley Heath
Dudley Port
Langley Green
Old Hill
Rowley Regis
Sandwell & Dudley
Smethwick Galton Bridge
Smethwick Rolfe Street
Tame Bridge Parkway
The Hawthorns
Tipton
Solihull
Berkswell
Birmingham International
Dorridge
Earlswood
Hampton-in-Arden
Marston Green
Olton
Shirley
Solihull
Whitlocks End
Widney Manor
Walsall
Bloxwich
Bloxwich North
Walsall
Wolverhampton
Wolverhampton
Outside West Midlands county,but within the Transport for West Midlands area
Wythall
DisusedBirmingham
Bromford Bridge
Camp Hill
Castle Bromwich
Central Goods
Church Road
Curzon Street
Granville Street
Hagley Road
Handsworth & Smethwick
Handsworth Wood
Harborne
Hazelwell
Hockley
Icknield Port Road
Kings Heath
Lawley Street
Lifford
Longbridge (1915–1964)
Monument Lane
Moseley
Penns
Rotton Park Road
Rubery
Saltley
Soho & Winson Green
Soho Road
Somerset Road
Sutton Park
Sutton Coldfield Town
Winson Green
Coventry
Coundon Road
Daimler Halt
Foleshill
Longford & Exhall
Dudley
Baptist End
Blowers Green
Brettell Lane
Brierley Hill
Brockmoor Halt
Bromley Halt
Darby End
Dudley
Gornal Halt
Halesowen
Harts Hill
Old Hill High Street
Pensnett Halt
Round Oak
Windmill End
Sandwell
Albion
Great Bridge North
Great Bridge South
Newton Road
Oldbury
Princes End & Coseley
Rood End
Smethwick West
Soho
Spon Lane
Swan Village
Tipton Five Ways
Wednesbury Central
Wednesbury Town
West Bromwich
Walsall
Aldridge
Bentley
Brownhills
Brownhills Watling Street
Darlaston
Darlaston James Bridge
North Walsall
Pelsall
Pleck
Rushall
Short Heath
Streetly
Walsall Wood
Willenhall Bilston Street
Willenhall Stafford Street
Wood Green
Wolverhampton
Bilston Central
Bilston West
Bradley and Moxley
Bushbury
Compton Halt
Daisy Bank
Dunstall Park
Ettingshall Road
Heath Town
Monmore Green
Portobello
Priestfield
Stafford Road
Tettenhall
Wednesfield Heath for Wolverhampton
Wednesfield
Wolverhampton Low Level
Wolverhampton Temporary
Heritage
Tyseley, Warwick Road
List of railway stations in the West Midlands
Transport in the West Midlands
Transport for West Midlands
This article about a West Midlands building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article on a railway station in the West Midlands region is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_Lane_Station_map_w3200.jpg"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"London and North Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Stour Valley Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stour_Valley_Line"},{"link_name":"Ladywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladywood"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WR-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RABWM-4"},{"link_name":"Rugby–Birmingham–Stafford line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby%E2%80%93Birmingham%E2%80%93Stafford_line"},{"link_name":"West Coast Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"International Convention Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Convention_Centre,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Centenary Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenary_Square"}],"text":"Former railway station in England1888-9 map of location of the former stationMonument Lane railway station was a railway station in Birmingham, England, built by the London and North Western Railway on their Stour Valley Line in 1854. It served the Ladywood area of Birmingham, it was also the site of a large goods yard and a locomotive shed.[3] In 1886, a new station was opened just north of the first station.The station closed in 1958,[4] although the Rugby–Birmingham–Stafford line loop from the West Coast Main Line still runs through the site of the station today. \nMonument Lane goods yard was adjacent to the East, as was an engine shed with turntable.There is some evidence of the station on the ground today, as there is a gap in the tracks running currently through the site at the location of an island platform. There were calls for a new station to be built at this site to serve the International Convention Centre but this seems unlikely to happen owing to the Midland Metro extension now running to Centenary Square.","title":"Monument Lane railway station"}] | [{"image_text":"1888-9 map of location of the former station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Monument_Lane_Station_map_w3200.jpg/220px-Monument_Lane_Station_map_w3200.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Station Name: Monument Lane (1st)\". Disused Stations. Retrieved 1 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/m/monument_lane_1st/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Station Name: Monument Lane (1st)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station Name: Monument Lane (2nd)\". Disused Stations. Retrieved 1 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/m/monument_lane_2nd/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Station Name: Monument Lane (2nd)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monument Lane Station\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Point_Tunnel | Fort Point Channel tunnel | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 42°20′49″N 71°03′17″W / 42.3470°N 71.0547°W / 42.3470; -71.0547Fort Point Channel TunnelOverviewLocationBoston, MassachusettsCoordinates42°20′49″N 71°03′17″W / 42.3470°N 71.0547°W / 42.3470; -71.0547StatusOpenRoute I-90 / Mass PikeOperationOpened
OwnerCommonwealth of MassachusettsOperatorMassachusetts Department of TransportationTrafficAutomotiveTechnicalOperating speed35 mph (56 km/h)
The Fort Point Channel Tunnel is a tunnel underneath the South Boston Streets and Fort Point Channel. It was built using a casting basin. It was built 1991–1994 in the Big Dig.
In July 2006, a ceiling tile and associated debris weighing 26 tons collapsed, causing the death of a passenger in a vehicle in the tunnel and severe injury to the driver. This incident and the resulting inspections and repairs delayed the Big Dig construction project by a year.
References
^ Boston.com Staff. "The Massachusetts Turnpike extension". boston.com. The New York Times. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
^ "Tunnels & Bridges". massDOT. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
This United States tunnel–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Point Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Point_Channel"},{"link_name":"Big Dig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Dig"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"a ceiling tile and associated debris weighing 26 tons collapsed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Dig_ceiling_collapse"}],"text":"The Fort Point Channel Tunnel is a tunnel underneath the South Boston Streets and Fort Point Channel. It was built using a casting basin. It was built 1991–1994 in the Big Dig.[1][2]In July 2006, a ceiling tile and associated debris weighing 26 tons collapsed, causing the death of a passenger in a vehicle in the tunnel and severe injury to the driver. This incident and the resulting inspections and repairs delayed the Big Dig construction project by a year.","title":"Fort Point Channel tunnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Boston.com Staff. \"The Massachusetts Turnpike extension\". boston.com. The New York Times. Retrieved April 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://graphics.boston.com/traffic/bigdig/construction.htm","url_text":"\"The Massachusetts Turnpike extension\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tunnels & Bridges\". massDOT. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170622030807/http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/highway/TheBigDig/TunnelsBridges.aspx","url_text":"\"Tunnels & Bridges\""},{"url":"http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/highway/TheBigDig/TunnelsBridges.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Point_Channel_tunnel¶ms=42.347_N_71.0547_W_type:landmark,region:US-MA","external_links_name":"42°20′49″N 71°03′17″W / 42.3470°N 71.0547°W / 42.3470; -71.0547"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Point_Channel_tunnel¶ms=42.347_N_71.0547_W_type:landmark,region:US-MA","external_links_name":"42°20′49″N 71°03′17″W / 42.3470°N 71.0547°W / 42.3470; -71.0547"},{"Link":"http://graphics.boston.com/traffic/bigdig/construction.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Massachusetts Turnpike extension\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170622030807/http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/highway/TheBigDig/TunnelsBridges.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Tunnels & Bridges\""},{"Link":"http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/highway/TheBigDig/TunnelsBridges.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Point_Channel_tunnel&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Sullivan_(English_actress) | Nancy Sullivan (English actress) | ["1 Early life and training","2 Career","3 More recent activities","4 References","5 External links"] | English actress and singer (born 1985)
Nancy SullivanBorn1985 (age 38–39)Bermondsey, EnglandOccupation(s)Actress, singer
Nancy Sullivan (born 1985) is an English actress and singer.
Early life and training
Sullivan was born in Bermondsey where she grew up with her family, being the eldest of three children. Her father was a boxer and furniture dealer, and her mother worked in a library. She trained at the BRIT School and then continued her training at the London School of Musical Theatre. She graduated in 2004 and began to audition.
Career
Her first job was working for Andrew Lloyd Webber at his Sydmonton Festival (2005), playing the role of Jenny in the world premier of The Likes Of Us, which was the first show Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber wrote together. The cast included Stephen Fry, Sally Anne Triplett, Hannah Waddingham and Michael Simkins. Sullivan can be heard on the cast recording of the show, and appeared on BBC Radio 2's Friday Night Is Music Night performing the role in concert. She then workshopped a Tony Award-winning musical, Urinetown, in which she played Little Becky (2005). Other roles she has played include Nicola in Hitting Town (2005), Cinderella in Cinderella (2005), Lisa in Footballer's Wives (2006), Lucy in Love Me Dorothy at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe (2006), and understudied Dorothy in the RSC version of The Wizard of Oz for the West Yorkshire Playhouse (2006).
She went on to create the role of Chloe for the new Take That musical, Never Forget, which completed a UK tour in 2007. Her performance can be seen on the Never Forget DVD, filmed by Universal Pictures and heard on the cast recording. In 2008, Sullivan applied for the BBC's I'd Do Anything to play the role of Nancy in Oliver!. She went through to the final stages and was one of the last 20 women before leaving the competition.
Having been noticed on the programme, she appeared in her dream role as Eponine in Les Misérables in the West End, playing the role for two years (2008-2010).
In 2013, Sullivan worked on the play Beautiful Thing at the Arts Theatre, where she was understudy to the roles of Leah and Sandra, played by actors Suranne Jones and Zaraah Abrahams. She later performed both roles. She then played the Niece in The Good Person of Szechwan, at The Colchester Mercury Theatre, and Sherbet in the 21st Anniversary Production of The Fastest Clock in the Universe, at the Old Red Lion. That production received five-star reviews and was filmed by the Victoria and Albert Museum for its National Video Archives of Performance.
More recent activities
Sullivan worked on independent British films, and been involved in new writing and other stage works. Her roles include Joanne in What If Like Me (British Film 2011), Shy in The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (Union Theatre 2011), various characters in Who's Stalking John Barrowman? (New Workshop piece 2012), Liza in Liza Liza Liza (New Workshop piece 2012), one of the Lovely Ladies in Les Misérables directed by Tom Hooper (2012), Anthea in Judy The Righteous (Trafalgar Studios and Kings Head Theatre 2012), Sandy in Smile Baby Smile (British Film 2012), and was understudy to Sandra and Leah in the play Beautiful Thing (The Arts Theatre, West Yorkshire Playhouse and Liverpool Everyman 2013).
In 2014, she returned to teaching at Rascals Theatre School in Ilford. She runs a workshop company, W1 Workshops, with David Thaxton, aimed at people wishing to further their development in the performing arts world.
References
^ a b "5 minutes with: Nancy Sullivan - 'My very first job was with Andrew Lloyd Webber' | WhatsOnStage". www.whatsonstage.com. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
^ a b Anderson, Hayley (1 June 2014). "West End star and Gants Hill stage school teacher Nancy Sullivan inspired by Miss Saigon". Ilford Recorder. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
^ "Home". W1WORKSHOPS. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
External links
Official Nancy Sullivan Website
W1 Workshops | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Nancy Sullivan (born 1985) is an English actress and singer.","title":"Nancy Sullivan (English actress)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bermondsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermondsey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myfirstref-1"},{"link_name":"BRIT School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIT_School"},{"link_name":"London School of Musical Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Musical_Theatre"}],"text":"Sullivan was born in Bermondsey where she grew up with her family, being the eldest of three children. Her father was a boxer and furniture dealer, and her mother worked in a library.[1] She trained at the BRIT School and then continued her training at the London School of Musical Theatre. She graduated in 2004 and began to audition.","title":"Early life and training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Lloyd Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myfirstref-1"},{"link_name":"Sydmonton Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydmonton_Festival"},{"link_name":"The Likes Of Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Likes_Of_Us&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tim Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Rice"},{"link_name":"Stephen Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fry"},{"link_name":"Sally Anne Triplett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Anne_Triplett"},{"link_name":"Hannah Waddingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Waddingham"},{"link_name":"Michael Simkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Simkins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Friday Night Is Music Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_Night_Is_Music_Night"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Awards"},{"link_name":"Urinetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinetown"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Festival Fringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe"},{"link_name":"RSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"The Wizard of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Wizard_of_Oz"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"Take That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_That"},{"link_name":"Never Forget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Forget_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"I'd Do Anything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27d_Do_Anything_(BBC_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Oliver!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver!"},{"link_name":"Les Misérables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ilford-2"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Thing_(play)"},{"link_name":"Suranne Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suranne_Jones"},{"link_name":"Zaraah Abrahams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaraah_Abrahams"},{"link_name":"The Good Person of Szechwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Person_of_Szechwan"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"}],"text":"Her first job was working for Andrew Lloyd Webber[1] at his Sydmonton Festival (2005), playing the role of Jenny in the world premier of The Likes Of Us, which was the first show Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber wrote together. The cast included Stephen Fry, Sally Anne Triplett, Hannah Waddingham and Michael Simkins. Sullivan can be heard on the cast recording of the show, and appeared on BBC Radio 2's Friday Night Is Music Night performing the role in concert. She then workshopped a Tony Award-winning musical, Urinetown, in which she played Little Becky (2005). Other roles she has played include Nicola in Hitting Town (2005), Cinderella in Cinderella (2005), Lisa in Footballer's Wives (2006), Lucy in Love Me Dorothy at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe (2006), and understudied Dorothy in the RSC version of The Wizard of Oz for the West Yorkshire Playhouse (2006).She went on to create the role of Chloe for the new Take That musical, Never Forget, which completed a UK tour in 2007. Her performance can be seen on the Never Forget DVD, filmed by Universal Pictures and heard on the cast recording. In 2008, Sullivan applied for the BBC's I'd Do Anything to play the role of Nancy in Oliver!. She went through to the final stages and was one of the last 20 women before leaving the competition.Having been noticed on the programme, she appeared in her dream role as Eponine in Les Misérables in the West End, playing the role for two years (2008-2010).[2]In 2013, Sullivan worked on the play Beautiful Thing at the Arts Theatre, where she was understudy to the roles of Leah and Sandra, played by actors Suranne Jones and Zaraah Abrahams. She later performed both roles. She then played the Niece in The Good Person of Szechwan, at The Colchester Mercury Theatre, and Sherbet in the 21st Anniversary Production of The Fastest Clock in the Universe, at the Old Red Lion. That production received five-star reviews and was filmed by the Victoria and Albert Museum for its National Video Archives of Performance.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_Little_Whorehouse_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Les Misérables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"Tom Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hooper_(director)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ilford-2"},{"link_name":"David Thaxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thaxton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sullivan worked on independent British films, and been involved in new writing and other stage works. Her roles include Joanne in What If Like Me (British Film 2011), Shy in The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (Union Theatre 2011), various characters in Who's Stalking John Barrowman? (New Workshop piece 2012), Liza in Liza Liza Liza (New Workshop piece 2012), one of the Lovely Ladies in Les Misérables directed by Tom Hooper (2012), Anthea in Judy The Righteous (Trafalgar Studios and Kings Head Theatre 2012), Sandy in Smile Baby Smile (British Film 2012), and was understudy to Sandra and Leah in the play Beautiful Thing (The Arts Theatre, West Yorkshire Playhouse and Liverpool Everyman 2013).In 2014, she returned to teaching at Rascals Theatre School in Ilford.[2] She runs a workshop company, W1 Workshops, with David Thaxton, aimed at people wishing to further their development in the performing arts world.[3]","title":"More recent activities"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"5 minutes with: Nancy Sullivan - 'My very first job was with Andrew Lloyd Webber' | WhatsOnStage\". www.whatsonstage.com. Retrieved 7 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whatsonstage.com/edinburgh-theatre/news/5-minutes-with-nancy-sullivan-fringe-festival_41564.html","url_text":"\"5 minutes with: Nancy Sullivan - 'My very first job was with Andrew Lloyd Webber' | WhatsOnStage\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Hayley (1 June 2014). \"West End star and Gants Hill stage school teacher Nancy Sullivan inspired by Miss Saigon\". Ilford Recorder. Retrieved 11 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilfordrecorder.co.uk/things-to-do/21207283.west-end-star-gants-hill-stage-school-teacher-nancy-sullivan-inspired-miss-saigon/","url_text":"\"West End star and Gants Hill stage school teacher Nancy Sullivan inspired by Miss Saigon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". W1WORKSHOPS. Retrieved 7 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.w1workshops.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.whatsonstage.com/edinburgh-theatre/news/5-minutes-with-nancy-sullivan-fringe-festival_41564.html","external_links_name":"\"5 minutes with: Nancy Sullivan - 'My very first job was with Andrew Lloyd Webber' | WhatsOnStage\""},{"Link":"https://www.ilfordrecorder.co.uk/things-to-do/21207283.west-end-star-gants-hill-stage-school-teacher-nancy-sullivan-inspired-miss-saigon/","external_links_name":"\"West End star and Gants Hill stage school teacher Nancy Sullivan inspired by Miss Saigon\""},{"Link":"https://www.w1workshops.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.nancysullivan.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Official Nancy Sullivan Website"},{"Link":"http://www.w1workshops.com/","external_links_name":"W1 Workshops"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Muire_of_Atholl | Máel Muire, Earl of Atholl | ["1 Bibliography","2 External links"] | Scottish noble
Máel Muire of Atholl was Mormaer of Atholl at the beginning of the 12th century, until sometime perhaps in the 1130s. According to the Orkneyinga Saga, Máel Muire was a son of king Donnchad I and a younger brother of King Máel Coluim III. A Malmori d' Athótla is mentioned in a charter relating to a year after 1130, contained within the Book of Deer.
Bibliography
Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500-1286, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922
Roberts, John L., Lost Kingdoms: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages, (Edinburgh, 1997
External links
Gaelic Notitiae to the Book of Deer
Preceded by?Crínán
Mormaer of Atholl -1130s
Succeeded byMatad
vteMormaers or Earls of Atholl 10th-century mormaers
Dubdon
Mormaers from the Atholl line
Máel Muire of Atholl
Matad of Atholl
Máel Coluim of Atholl
Henry of Atholl
Isabella of Atholl (with 1. Tomás Mac Uchtraigh; 2. Alan Durward)
Padraig of Atholl
Forbhlaith of Atholl (with David de Hastings)
Ada de Hastings (with John de Strathbogie)
David I of Strathbogie
John of Strathbogie
David II of Strathbogie
Appointed between Robert I and James I
John Campbell
William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale
Robert Stewart
David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay
Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany
Walter Stewart
Stewart of Balveny
John Stewart, 1st Earl
John Stewart, 2nd Earl
John Stewart, 3rd Earl
John Stewart, 4th Earl
John Stewart, 5th Earl
Stewart of Innermeath
John Stewart, 1st Earl
James Stewart, 2nd Earl
Scotland portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mormaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormaer"},{"link_name":"Atholl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atholl"},{"link_name":"Orkneyinga Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkneyinga_saga"},{"link_name":"Donnchad I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Máel Coluim III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Book of Deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Deer"}],"text":"Máel Muire of Atholl was Mormaer of Atholl at the beginning of the 12th century, until sometime perhaps in the 1130s. According to the Orkneyinga Saga, Máel Muire was a son of king Donnchad I and a younger brother of King Máel Coluim III. A Malmori d' Athótla is mentioned in a charter relating to a year after 1130, contained within the Book of Deer.","title":"Máel Muire, Earl of Atholl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anderson, Alan Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Orr_Anderson"}],"text":"Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500-1286, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922\nRoberts, John L., Lost Kingdoms: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages, (Edinburgh, 1997","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G102007/","external_links_name":"Gaelic Notitiae to the Book of Deer"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_School_of_Aeronautical_Engineering | Defence School of Aeronautical Engineering | ["1 History","2 Constituent elements","2.1 Headquarters","2.2 No. 1 School of Technical Training","2.3 Aerosystems Engineer and Management Training School","2.4 Royal Naval Air Engineering and Survival Equipment School","2.5 School of Army Aeronautical Engineering","3 References","4 External links"] | Defence School of Aeronautical EngineeringLogoActive1 April 2004 – presentCountry United KingdomBranch Naval Service British Army Royal Air ForceTypeDefence Training EstablishmentRoleAircraft engineering trainingPart ofDefence College of Technical TrainingLocationsRAF Cosford (HQ)HMS SultanRAF CranwellMOD St. AthanMilitary unit
The Defence School of Aeronautical Engineering (DSAE) is a Defence Training Establishment (DTEs) of the British Ministry of Defence. It was formed on 1 April 2004 and provides training for aircraft engineering officers and tradesmen across the three British armed forces. The school comprises a headquarters, No. 1 School of Technical Training and the Aerosystems Engineer and Management Training School all based at RAF Cosford, the Royal Naval Air Engineering and Survival Equipment School (RNAESS) at HMS Sultan, with elements also based at RAF Cranwell and MOD St. Athan.
History
Crest of the DCAE
The school was formed on 1 April 2004 as the Defence College of Aeronautical Engineering (DCAE) and was one of five federated defence colleges formed after the Defence Training Review. In 2012, it joined three other technical training colleges under a combined organisation, the Defence College of Technical Training, and reverted in title to being a Defence School.
On 17 January 2007, Secretary of State for Defence Des Browne announced that Metrix UK, a joint venture between Qinetiq and Land Securities, had been selected as preferred bidder for Package One of Defence training. This would locate all Aeronautical Engineering training for all three services at MOD St Athan in 2017. The project was terminated in 2010 as part of the Strategic Defence and Security Review, undertaken by the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government.
Constituent elements
The school comprises a headquarters and four affiliated schools.
Headquarters
The DSAE headquarters is based at the RAF Cosford in Shropshire. The school reports to the Defence College of Technical Training (DCTT) which, in turn, is part of the Royal Air Force's No. 22 Group. Between 2004 and 2009 the station at Cosford was known as DCAE Cosford.
No. 1 School of Technical Training
Several SEPECAT Jaguar GR3A used as instructional airframes at No. 1 School of Technical Training at RAF Cosford.
The RAF's No. 1 School of Technical Training is based at RAF Cosford and provides RAF personnel with mechanical, avionics, weapons and survival equipment training. The school trains around 2,000 students per year.
Aerosystems Engineer and Management Training School
Professional and management training is provided to RAF personnel by the Aerosystems Engineer and Management Training School (AE&MTS) based at RAF Cosford.
Royal Naval Air Engineering and Survival Equipment School
Based at HMS Sultan located at Gosport in Hampshire, the Royal Navy's Air Engineering and Survival Equipment School provides aeronautical engineering and survival equipment training to Royal Navy personnel. The school is divided into six elements – a headquarters, 764 Initial Training Squadron, the Advanced Training Group, the Common Training Group, the Specialist Training Group and the Training Support Group.
School of Army Aeronautical Engineering
Based at MOD Lyneham in Wiltshire, the Army's aviation engineering school delivers aeronautical engineering training to British Army personnel in the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME). SAAE trains potential aeronautical Technicians, Supervisor, Artificers and Engineering Officers for frontline Joint Helicopter Command roles in order to sustain REME Aviation.
References
^ a b "RAF Cosford – Who's based here". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
^ "RN Air Engineering and Survival School". Royal Navy. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
^ "Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers". Retrieved 19 September 2023.
External links
DCAE Website
DCAE Cranwell
No. 22 Training Group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_forces"},{"link_name":"No. 1 School of Technical Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1_School_of_Technical_Training_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Cosford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Cosford"},{"link_name":"HMS Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sultan_(shore_establishment)"},{"link_name":"RAF Cranwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Cranwell"},{"link_name":"MOD St. Athan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOD_St_Athan"}],"text":"Military unitThe Defence School of Aeronautical Engineering (DSAE) is a Defence Training Establishment (DTEs) of the British Ministry of Defence. It was formed on 1 April 2004 and provides training for aircraft engineering officers and tradesmen across the three British armed forces. 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In 2012, it joined three other technical training colleges under a combined organisation, the Defence College of Technical Training, and reverted in title to being a Defence School.On 17 January 2007, Secretary of State for Defence Des Browne announced that Metrix UK, a joint venture between Qinetiq and Land Securities, had been selected as preferred bidder for Package One of Defence training. This would locate all Aeronautical Engineering training for all three services at MOD St Athan in 2017. The project was terminated in 2010 as part of the Strategic Defence and Security Review, undertaken by the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"affiliated schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliated_school"}],"text":"The school comprises a headquarters and four affiliated schools.","title":"Constituent elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RAF Cosford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Cosford"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"No. 22 Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._22_Group_RAF"}],"sub_title":"Headquarters","text":"The DSAE headquarters is based at the RAF Cosford in Shropshire. The school reports to the Defence College of Technical Training (DCTT) which, in turn, is part of the Royal Air Force's No. 22 Group. Between 2004 and 2009 the station at Cosford was known as DCAE Cosford.","title":"Constituent elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Line_up_of_Jaguar_GR.3As_at_Cosford.jpg"},{"link_name":"SEPECAT Jaguar GR3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar"},{"link_name":"No. 1 School of Technical Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1_School_of_Technical_Training_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Cosford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Cosford"},{"link_name":"No. 1 School of Technical Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1_School_of_Technical_Training_RAF"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"No. 1 School of Technical Training","text":"Several SEPECAT Jaguar GR3A used as instructional airframes at No. 1 School of Technical Training at RAF Cosford.The RAF's No. 1 School of Technical Training is based at RAF Cosford and provides RAF personnel with mechanical, avionics, weapons and survival equipment training. The school trains around 2,000 students per year.[1]","title":"Constituent elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Aerosystems Engineer and Management Training School","text":"Professional and management training is provided to RAF personnel by the Aerosystems Engineer and Management Training School (AE&MTS) based at RAF Cosford.[1]","title":"Constituent elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sultan_(shore_establishment)"},{"link_name":"Gosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosport"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Royal Naval Air Engineering and Survival Equipment School","text":"Based at HMS Sultan located at Gosport in Hampshire, the Royal Navy's Air Engineering and Survival Equipment School provides aeronautical engineering and survival equipment training to Royal Navy personnel. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomm_Coker | Tomm Coker | ["1 Career","2 Works","2.1 Films","2.2 Comics","2.3 Role-playing games","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | American comic book artist and film director
Tomm CokerCoker at the New York Comic Con in Manhattan, October 9, 2010.BornThomas Coker (1972-11-03) November 3, 1972 (age 51)Sacramento, California, U.S.NationalityAmericanArea(s)Comics artist, film director/writerPseudonym(s)Thomas L. Coker
Tomm Coker, also known as Thomas L. Coker (born November 3, 1972), is an American comic book artist and film director/writer.
Career
Coker's career started in the early nineties drawing comic books for Image Comics, Dark Horse Comics, Marvel Comics and DC Comics. Throughout the 1990s he worked on such titles as Gen 13 Bootleg, Nightfall: The Black Chronicles and Penthouse Comix.
After a short absence, he returned to comics in 2003, illustrating the popular Vertigo mini-series Blood & Water. This series also marked a stylistic change, in which his art evolved in a much more realistic direction.
His short film A Day Between premiered at the 2003 Sacramento International Film and Music Festival. His first feature-length film, Catacombs, starring Shannyn Sossamon and pop singer Pink, was released in 2007.
In 2009, he drew MTV's "motion comic" series Audio Quest: A Captain Lights Adventure, starring the singer Lights.
Works
Films
A Day Between (2003)
Catacombs (2007)
Comics
Nightfall: The Black Chronicles (with writer Ford Lytle Gillmore, Homage Comics, 1999–2000)
Blood & Water (with writer Judd Winick, 5-issue mini-series, Vertigo, 2003)
Daredevil Noir (with writer Alexander Irvine, 4-issue mini-series, Marvel Comics, 2009)
Audio Quest: A Captain LIGHTS Adventure (with writer LIGHTS)
Undying Love (with Daniel Freedman, 4-issue mini-series, Image Comics, 2011)
Near Death (Ongoing Series, Covers #1-5, Image Comics, 2011)
The Black Monday Murders (with writer Jonathan Hickman, ongoing series, 2016-...)
Role-playing games
Eberron Campaign Setting (2004)
Sharn: City of Towers (2004)
Notes
^ "Thomas L. Coker". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
^ Brady, Matt. "Looking Back and Around with Tomm Coker", Newsarama, August 30, 2004
^ Brady, Matt. "Tomm Coker Talks Catacombs", Newsarama, March 11, 2005
^ (October 19, 2007). "Estrenos: Catacumbas", Mural, p. 8.
^ Markham-Smith, Ian (March 4, 2005). "Tickled Pink by film role", Daily Mirror, p. 14.
^ Mayne, Jane (May 23, 2008). "Catacombs", Cape Times, p. 6.
^ (November 28, 2009). "Global pulse: Lights on", Billboard 121 (47): 34–35.
^ Caldwell, Patrick (April 15, 2010). "Lighting up pop life", Austin American-Statesman, p. T8.
^ (January 6, 2012). "Screen talk", The Independent, p. 10.
^ (July 15, 2011). "Screen talk: True blood ways", The Independent.
^ "Image Comics, The Black Monday Murders". Image Comics. May 18, 2016. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016. Archive requires scrolldown
^ "Tomm Coker". Archived from the original on February 21, 2005.
References
Tomm Coker at the Grand Comics Database
External links
Tomm Coker at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
Tomm Coker at IMDb
"Tomm Coker :: Pen & Paper RPG Database". Archived from the original on February 21, 2005.
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Coker\". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 3, 2017.\n\n^ Brady, Matt. \"Looking Back and Around with Tomm Coker\", Newsarama, August 30, 2004[dead link]\n\n^ Brady, Matt. \"Tomm Coker Talks Catacombs\", Newsarama, March 11, 2005[dead link]\n\n^ (October 19, 2007). \"Estrenos: Catacumbas\", Mural, p. 8.\n\n^ Markham-Smith, Ian (March 4, 2005). \"Tickled Pink by film role\", Daily Mirror, p. 14.\n\n^ Mayne, Jane (May 23, 2008). \"Catacombs\", Cape Times, p. 6.\n\n^ (November 28, 2009). \"Global pulse: Lights on\", Billboard 121 (47): 34–35.\n\n^ Caldwell, Patrick (April 15, 2010). \"Lighting up pop life\", Austin American-Statesman, p. T8.\n\n^ (January 6, 2012). \"Screen talk\", The Independent, p. 10.\n\n^ (July 15, 2011). \"Screen talk: True blood ways\", The Independent.\n\n^ \"Image Comics, The Black Monday Murders\". Image Comics. May 18, 2016. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016. Archive requires scrolldown\n\n^ \"Tomm Coker\". Archived from the original on February 21, 2005.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Thomas L. Coker\". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/thomas_l_coker_born_1972_11573901","url_text":"\"Thomas L. Coker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Image Comics, The Black Monday Murders\". Image Comics. May 18, 2016. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://imagecomics.com/comics/series/the-black-monday-murders","url_text":"\"Image Comics, The Black Monday Murders\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160909171503/https://imagecomics.com/comics/series/the-black-monday-murders","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tomm Coker\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahidka | Black Widow (Chechnya) | ["1 Motives","2 Media depictions","3 Notable attacks","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Term for Islamist Chechen female suicide bombers
"Black Widows" redirects here. For other uses, see Black Widow (disambiguation).
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Black Widow (Russian: чёрная вдова, chyornaya vdova) or Shahidka (Russian: шахидка—Russian feminine gender derivation from shahid), is a term for Islamist Chechen female suicide bombers, willing to be a manifestation of violent jihad. They became known at the Moscow theater hostage crisis of October 2002. The commander Shamil Basayev referred to the shahidkas as a part of force of his suicide bombers called the Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs. Basayev also stated that he himself trained at least fifty of the Black Widows. The female suicide bombers have carried out over 65% of the 23 terrorist attacks linked to the Chechen movement since 2000. The Black Widows are associated with terrorist attacks in Chechnya between 1999 and 2005.
The term "Black Widows" probably originates from these women being widows of men killed by the Russian forces in Chechnya (the connotation of black widow spider is intended). The Black Widows wear black dresses and dark clothing that covers their bodies from head to toe. This attire is supposed to symbolize their personal losses from the Chechen wars. In 2003, the Russian journalist Yulia Yuzik coined the phrase "Brides of Allah" (Невесты Аллаха) when she described the process by which Chechen women were recruited by Basayev and his associates; the phrase was also used again after the Beslan attack, as the title of an installment of the Russian NTV programme Top Secret (Совершенно секретно).
Furthermore, to terrorists, Black Widows are considered less valuable than male terrorists, since male terrorists require formal training, while women terrorists are viewed as expendable. In some cases, when opinions do not match between Black Widows and male terrorists, male terrorists detonate bombs strapped onto Black Widows to get rid of them. Additionally, women terrorists are strategically appealing because they symbolize opposing their traditional roles of being obedient, also women terrorists arouse less suspicion, which terrorists groups are able to take advantages of. Between 1998 and 2001, according to professor Richard Pape of University of Chicago, the average number of deaths caused by a suicide attack is 13 people, while the average deaths caused by suicide attacks from Black Widows is 28, meaning they are twice more deadly than the average suicide bomber.
There are currently forty-seven Chechen Female bombers that have been confirmed based on twenty five successful bombings. These attacks methods include detonating bombs on trucks, cars, usage of explosive devices, or using suicide belts or bags. Some have even detonated their bombs on airplanes.
According to Marc Sagement, who takes part in the Foreign Policy Research Institute's Center for the Study of Terrorism, there is a strong relationship between becoming a Black Widow and having personal connections to terror networks. In other words, recruitment of Black Widows usually occurs through friendships or familial relationships. Approximately, twenty seven percent of Black Widows were married or had personal connections to terrorists before becoming terrorists themselves. Further, Black Widows had similar prior experiences before becoming terrorists. These prior experiences include losing close family members that resulted from conflicts with the Russian forces.
Although Chechen suicide bombers do not have personality disorders prior to becoming terrorists, research shows that they have deep personal trauma, which leads them to embrace terrorist ideologies causing them to join the Black Widows. Furthermore, Chechens believe it is ethically correct to take revenge if one's loved one has died. Another perspective of how Black Widows form is that after traumatic events, people in general, not just Chechen women, tend to turn to extreme religious views to form a sense of identity and belonging. Thus, jihadist ideologies provides this medium for Chechen women who experienced extreme post traumatic experiences thus transforming them into Black Widows. Combined with personal trauma, cultural responsibility for social justice, and extreme religious viewpoints to take revenge, these factors mold Chechen women to become Black Widows.
Motives
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There have been claims by Yulia Yuzik, a Russian journalist and author of Brides of Allah, that many of the women who have been sold by their parents are used as shahidkas, while others have been kidnapped or tricked. She also claims that many have been prepared to be suicide bombers through narcotics and rape. Several were pregnant at the time. Besayev, who is a leader of the Chechen independence movement and a terrorist, also argued that women are trained for their missions. In addition, Michael Radu argued that these women are specifically trained for suicide attacks. On the other hand, independent journalists including Robert W. Kurz and Charles K. Bartles reject this view, stating that in most cases female Chechen suicide bombers do not fit this model. Mostly, female terrorists are given no training at all in preparation for the suicides as no weapon skill is needed to strap on the explosives. Many do not even blow themselves up, but are blown up by remote controls.
Additionally, some Black Widows have brothers or close relatives who were killed in one of the two Chechen wars between Russia and Islamist rebels since 1994 or in clashes with Russian-backed forces. These women may be driven by grievances or they may feel it is the only option to get their viewpoint seen. Kurz and Bartles offer another view of Black Widows' motives, arguing that these women are much more motivated by revenge, despair, and their drive for an independent state than by religious fundamentalism or individual honor. They may feel that terrorism is a strategy when there is no peaceful outlet to affect politics or that it is the only option for people with extremist views. Black Widows may be driven by the idea of Chechnya gaining independence from Russia or they may have joined the terrorist movement because they were brainwashed and needed a sense of belonging when they were in a state of political turmoil. It's important to note that the Black Widows rarely do interviews, so very little is known about their lives.
After the Dubrovka theater attack, hostages gave mixed reports about what motivates the Black Widows. During the attack, some female suicide bombers reportedly told hostages how their family members had been killed in the war and they felt they had nothing left, thus, they were motivated by family connections. Other hostages reported that some of the Black Widows only talked about the Koran, had extremist viewpoints, and were hard to reason with. A majority of Black Widows are uneducated which may be the result of these extreme perspectives. This also suggests that Black Widows may be driven by ideals about religion or may be out of touch with reality, and brainwashed by the men in their lives to join the cause.
Media depictions
The media depicts the female suicide bombers in two main ways, as motivated by the deaths of men in her life or as in a situation of hopelessness where she is forced into terrorism to get her voice heard. Both the Russian government and Chechen groups portrayed the Black Widows in these ways to support their respective positions. Chechen terrorist leaders emphasized women as victims to humanize the Russian-Chechen Conflict. Media coverage tends to show the female terrorists motives as emotional, such as due to loss of a relative, rather than ideological or political, such as gaining independence from Russia. The New York Times reported on Chechnya and Russia between 1994 and 2004 during the peak of the conflict; it's reports often questioned and speculated why women would join the Chechen terrorist groups and largely did not interview the Chechen's involved in the cause. A common media narrative about the Chechen Black Widows is that they joined due to family connections; because they were following men or avenging the deaths of their husbands. Women may also be portrayed as being a terrorist for 'the sake of love'; meaning they join because they have a personal connection to the organization, such as a husband or a boyfriend in the organization. This narrative describes the female terrorists as feminine and passive because they are following the men in their lives to join the terrorist organization. On the other hand, women may also be depicted as tough as a man and given more masculine qualities; and the media may question her feminine qualities.
In 1994, the Russian press began to note rumors of female suicide bombers and female snipers; these rumors were proven credible due to the occasional arrests and the known involvement of women in the attacks during the Russian-Chechen Conflict. On November 29, 2001, journalists reported the attempted assassination of General Gadzhiyez by a suicide bomber attack This attack received relatively little attention from the western press, but may have been the first Black Widow attack. On October 23, 2002, the female terrorists gained international media attention when they seized the Dubrovka Theater. During this attack, female terrorists were filmed and interviewed by the press. This is one of the first times the Black Widows had a voice in the media.
Notable attacks
The main perpetrator Khava Barayeva is considered first known ‘Black Widow’. She is the cousin of the well-known field commander warlord Arbi Barayev and sister of Movsar Barayev, head of the moscow commando. She and Luisa Magomadova were the first to attack and became known as the “Black Widows”. Before her attack Khava Barayeva made a martyr video. In the video, Khava Barayeva claimed she was attacking for Chechen independence and tried to spread the message to others to do the same. On June 6, 2000, Khava Barayeva, who was only 17 years old, and Luisa Magomadova drove a truck of explosives at a checkpoint of Omon, a base named Alkhan-Yurt. Barayeva detonated the bombs, which is reported according to the rebels 27 people had passed, while Russians claimed two people were killed and only five people were injured.
Medna Bayrokova, a resident of Grozny, said that she remembers the day a middle aged woman came to her front door asking to speak to her 26-year-old daughter, Zareta Bayrokova, who was a tuberculosis patient. Bayrokova let the woman in. Her daughter spent an hour in her bedroom with the woman, before leaving the house. Zareta Bayrokova died in the attack on the Dubrovka Theater in Moscow in 2002. Of the 41 terrorists in the attack on the Dubrovka theater 19 were female. The terrorists held around 800 people hostage at the theater for 3 days, until Russian forces regained control of the building.
In May 2003, Shakhida Baimuratova, a suicide bomber, killed 16 people and wounded 150 in an assassination attempt on then Moscow-appointed Chechen president Akhmad Kadyrov at a crowded Muslim festival in Ilishkan Yurt. A second woman bomber was also present but killed only herself.
On 5 June 2003, a woman detonated a bomb in a bus carrying Russian Air Force pilots in North Ossetia, killing twenty (besides herself) and injuring 14.
On 5 July 2003, two suicide bombers killed 16 people and injured six others at a rock concert at Tushino Airfield in Moscow.
In December 2003, a male and female suicide bomber killed 46 people and injured 100 others by detonating explosives on a packed commuter train, which had just left Yessentuki in Southern Russia. The woman is believed to have carried explosives in a bag, whereas the man had grenades strapped to his leg.
On 9 December 2003, a bomb exploded outside the Hotel National, Moscow just a few hundred metres from the Moscow Kremlin. It is thought that the target was the State Duma building and that the bomb had detonated prematurely. Six people died and 13 were injured in the blast. The suicide bomber was later identified as Khadishat Mangeriyeva.
On 6 February 2004, Georgi Trofimov, a Russian bomb disposal officer, was killed as he tried to defuse a device at a Moscow cafe. The failed bomber, ethnic Ingush Zarema Muzhakhoyeva, was sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment for terrorism in April 2004. In 2005, she participated in the trial of the Beslan hostage crisis terrorist Nur-Pashi Kulayev as a witness for the prosecution, but she withdrew all her statements about Kulayev that she made in pre-trial depositions and said she didn't know he was a militant.
Two Russian passenger aircraft disasters in 2004 are believed to have been the work of the Black Widows. The smaller of the planes, a TU-134 which crashed near Tula, had been carrying a Chechen woman called Amanat Nagayeva who had bought her ticket just an hour before the flight took off. The larger plane exploded near the city of Rostov killing 46 people. Among the wreckage, investigators found traces of hexogen, a powerful explosive. Another Chechen woman, Satsita Djerbikhanova, was also a last-minute passenger on this flight.
The Beslan School Siege started on Wednesday, September 1, 2004, during the day of knowledge, which is a holiday that celebrates school starting. Because of this holiday, there were many children including parents in a school in Beslan, North Ossetia. At 9:30 AM, 34 terrorists stormed the school, including two female suicide bombers, taking more than one thousand hostages. On the first day, all of the hostages were taken to the school's gym. There were more than a thousand hostages including parents, children, and teachers. The attackers then separated the adults that seemed the strongest, about fifteen to twenty people, into a corridor, where explosions occurred shortly after. The explosions were the result of the female suicide bombers. Negotiations started with the terrorists and with an individual named Leonid Rosha, a pediatrician. Ultimately, negotiations failed. On the second day, Russia's president, Vladimir Putin made the public statement that, what is most important is the life of the hostages. Negotiations kept occurring, but none of them seemed successful. On the last day of the siege, two bombs detonated killing many hostages instantly, however, some of the hostages took this chance to flee. Russian forces also took this chance to move in into the school. In the process of all of this, the roof collapsed killing more than a hundred hostages. In the end, some of the terrorists were killed and some were captured alive. Because of this incident, more than 330 people were killed and about 700 people were wounded. Two Chechen women suicide bombers, Roza Nagayeva and Mairam Taburova, were involved.
On 29 March 2010, nearly 40 people were killed and another 100 injured when two suicide bombers detonated explosives at two stations of the Moscow subway, the Park Kultury metro station and at the Lubyanka station. The attacks were linked to shahidkas by the Russian Government, although an investigation has yet to be undertaken. One of the perpetrators was Dagestani-born Dzhennet Abdurakhmanova (1992-2010), the widow of 30-year-old Umalat Magomedov who was killed by Russian forces on 31 December 2009.
On 24 January 2011, 35 were killed and 180 wounded in Domodedovo, Russia's busiest airport. Although the identity of those responsible for carrying out the attacks has not been officially confirmed, initial reports suggested that at least one Black Widow was involved, likely accompanied by a man.
On 7 March 2012, a widow of a militant killed on 10–11 February 2012 near a village, Karabudakhkent, 40 km (24 miles) south of Dagestan capital Makhachkala, killed herself and five police officers and wounded two others in Karabudakhkent.
On 28 August 2012, Sufi leader Said Afandi and six other people were killed in a suicide bomb attack in Dagestan. The attack was allegedly perpetrated by Russian Aminat Kurbanova who had converted to Islam. Her two former spouses were Islamic militants, and her third husband also believed to be a militant.
On 25 May 2013, a female suicide bomber, Madina Alieva, blew herself up in Dagestan, injuring at least 18. She was the widow of an Islamist killed in 2009.
On 21 October 2013, a female suicide bomber, Naida Asiyalova, blew up a Volgograd bus, killing six of the forty passengers.
On 29 December 2013, a female suicide bomber killed 16 people at a train station in Volgograd.
See also
Shaheeda
References
^ a b Osborne, Andrew (29 March 2012). "Moscow bombing: who are the Black Widows". The Telegraph. Moscow. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
^ Elder, Miriam (29 March 2010). "Moscow bombings blamed on Chechnya's Black Widows". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h Kurz, Robert W.; Charles K. Bartles (2007). "Chechen suicide bombers" (PDF). Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 20 (4): 529–547. doi:10.1080/13518040701703070. S2CID 96476266. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
^ a b c d Shirazi, Faegheh (2010). Muslim Women in War and Crisis: Representation. pp. 92–106.
^ a b c d e f Eliatamby, Maneshka; Romanova, Ekaterina (2011). "Dying for Identity: Chechnya and Sri Lanka". Women Waging War and Peace. pp. 53–65.
^ Interview with Yulia Yuzik at RFE/RL
^ Banks, Cyndi (2019). "Introduction: Women, Gender, and Terrorism: Gendering Terrorism". Women & Criminal Justice. 29 (4–5): 181–187. doi:10.1080/08974454.2019.1633612. S2CID 200015855.
^ "Government snipers triggered Beslan bloodbath, court told".
^ "Black Widows: The Chechen Female Suicide Terrorists" (PDF).
^ "Unraveling Chechen "Black Widows" | Office of Justice Programs". www.ojp.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
^ "News Article". css.ethz.ch. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Black Widows: The Chechen Female Suicide Terrorists" (PDF).
^ "Marc Sageman - Foreign Policy Research Institute". www.fpri.org. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
^ "Yulia Yuzik". Wiedling Literary Agency. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
^ a b c d Julia Jusik: The brides Allahs. Suicide assassin inside from Chechnya
^ Radu, Michael (November–December 2004). "Russia's Problem: The Chechens or Islamic Terrorists?". Society. 42: 10–11. doi:10.1007/bf02687293. S2CID 143804533.
^ (in German) Sie explodierten per Fernzündung Archived 6 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Allahs sorte enker" (in Norwegian). Kulturmeglerne. 29 March 2005. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007.
^ a b c d e f g Nacos, Brigitte (15 August 2006). "The Portrayal of Female Terrorists in the Media: Similar Framing Patterns in the News Coverage of Women in Politics and in Terrorism". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 28 (5): 435–451. doi:10.1080/10576100500180352. S2CID 111067973.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sjoberg, Laura (2011). Women, Gender, and Terrorism. University of Georgia Press.
^ "Chechen Black Widows: The lethal female terrorists ever". 3 July 2017.
^ a b c "Black Widows: The Chechen Female Suicide Terrorists" (PDF).
^ "BBC News | EUROPE | Suicide bombers strike in Chechnya". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-11-20.
^ a b "What Makes Chechen Women So Dangerous?". The New York Times. 31 March 2010.
^ Nivat, Anne (2005). "The Black Widows: Chechen Women Join the Fight for Independence—and Allah". Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. 28 (5): 413–419. doi:10.1080/10576100500180394. S2CID 145077435.
^ "Moscow airport attack: timeline of attacks in Russia". The Telegraph. London, UK. 24 January 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
^ Sokovnin, Aleksey (9 April 2004). "Now we all are going to be blown up". Kommersant (in Russian). Retrieved 20 July 2015.
^ Farniev, Zaur (23 December 2005). "Zarema, whom should we kill now?". Kommersant (in Russian). Retrieved 12 April 2009.
^ rac_admin (2019-08-30). "Day of Knowledge | 1 September". Russian Art + Culture. Retrieved 2022-11-20.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Beslan school attack | Siege, Massacre, & Aftermath | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-11-20.
^ a b "Black Widows: The Chechen Female Suicide Terrorists" (PDF).
^ "Where Were You, 8, Beslan Massacre | Alexander Street, part of Clarivate". search.alexanderstreet.com. Retrieved 2022-11-20.
^ Bransten, Jeremy (8 April 2008). "Russia: Recounting The Beslan Hostage Siege -- A Chronology". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2022-11-20.
^ "Russia blames Chechen sisters for suicide bombings". the Guardian. 2005-04-21. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
^ a b Faulconbridge, Guy (2 April 2012). "Russia says Moscow bomber was teenage "Black Widow"". Reuters. Moscow. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
^ "Moscow hit by deadly suicide bombings". BBC. 29 March 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
^ Buribayev, Aydar; Nowak, David (30 March 2010). "Metro massacre brings terror back to Russian capital". The Scotsman. Edinburgh. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
^ "Dagestan 'black widow' bomber kills Russian police". BBC. 7 March 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
^ Roggio, Bill (29 August 2012). "'Black Widow' assassinates moderate Muslim cleric in Russia's Caucasus". Long War Journal. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
^ "Female suicide bomber injures 18 in southern Russia". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 May 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
^ "Volgograd bombs: Second blast kills 14 a day after first attack". The Australian. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
External links
Groskop, Viv (5 September 2004). "The women with death at their fingertips - martyrs or victims?". The Scotsman. Edinburgh. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
F. Shamileva (29 March 2004). "Women's question". The Chechen Times. Vol. 31. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
Lagunina, Irina (27 October 2006). "Nord-Ost Anniversary Recalls Ascent of Female Suicide Bomber". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
Yuzik, Yulia, "Невесты Аллаха. Лица и судьбы всех женщин-шахидок, взорвавшихся в России" 2003, Ультра Культура; ISBN 5-98042-034-7
Zur Hochzeit mit Allah (German language excerpt), zeit.de (2004) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Widow (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Widow_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Language"},{"link_name":"feminine gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminine_gender"},{"link_name":"shahid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahid"},{"link_name":"Islamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamist"},{"link_name":"Chechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechens"},{"link_name":"female suicide bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_suicide_bomber"},{"link_name":"jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tt29-1"},{"link_name":"Moscow theater hostage crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tgmel-2"},{"link_name":"Shamil Basayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamil_Basayev"},{"link_name":"suicide bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_bomber"},{"link_name":"Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad-us_Saliheen_Brigade_of_Martyrs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rwkckb07-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rwkckb07-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-5"},{"link_name":"widows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow"},{"link_name":"Chechnya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya"},{"link_name":"black widow spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_widow_spider"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-5"},{"link_name":"Yulia Yuzik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulia_Yuzik"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Beslan attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beslan_school_hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"NTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTV_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"}],"text":"\"Black Widows\" redirects here. For other uses, see Black Widow (disambiguation).Black Widow (Russian: чёрная вдова, chyornaya vdova) or Shahidka (Russian: шахидка—Russian feminine gender derivation from shahid), is a term for Islamist Chechen female suicide bombers, willing to be a manifestation of violent jihad.[1] They became known at the Moscow theater hostage crisis of October 2002.[2] The commander Shamil Basayev referred to the shahidkas as a part of force of his suicide bombers called the Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs.[3] Basayev also stated that he himself trained at least fifty of the Black Widows.[3] The female suicide bombers have carried out over 65% of the 23 terrorist attacks linked to the Chechen movement since 2000.[4] The Black Widows are associated with terrorist attacks in Chechnya between 1999 and 2005.[5]The term \"Black Widows\" probably originates from these women being widows of men killed by the Russian forces in Chechnya (the connotation of black widow spider is intended). The Black Widows wear black dresses and dark clothing that covers their bodies from head to toe.[5] This attire is supposed to symbolize their personal losses from the Chechen wars.[5] In 2003, the Russian journalist Yulia Yuzik coined the phrase \"Brides of Allah\" (Невесты Аллаха) when she described the process by which Chechen women were recruited by Basayev and his associates;[6] the phrase was also used again after the Beslan attack, as the title of an installment of the Russian NTV programme Top Secret (Совершенно секретно).Furthermore, to terrorists, Black Widows are considered less valuable than male terrorists, since male terrorists require formal training, while women terrorists are viewed as expendable.[7] In some cases, when opinions do not match between Black Widows and male terrorists, male terrorists detonate bombs strapped onto Black Widows to get rid of them.[8] Additionally, women terrorists are strategically appealing because they symbolize opposing their traditional roles of being obedient, also women terrorists arouse less suspicion, which terrorists groups are able to take advantages of.[9][10] Between 1998 and 2001, according to professor Richard Pape of University of Chicago, the average number of deaths caused by a suicide attack is 13 people, while the average deaths caused by suicide attacks from Black Widows is 28, meaning they are twice more deadly than the average suicide bomber.[11]There are currently forty-seven Chechen Female bombers that have been confirmed based on twenty five successful bombings.[12] These attacks methods include detonating bombs on trucks, cars, usage of explosive devices, or using suicide belts or bags.[12] Some have even detonated their bombs on airplanes.[12]According to Marc Sagement,[13] who takes part in the Foreign Policy Research Institute's Center for the Study of Terrorism, there is a strong relationship between becoming a Black Widow and having personal connections to terror networks.[12] In other words, recruitment of Black Widows usually occurs through friendships or familial relationships.[12] Approximately, twenty seven percent of Black Widows were married or had personal connections to terrorists before becoming terrorists themselves.[12] Further, Black Widows had similar prior experiences before becoming terrorists.[12] These prior experiences include losing close family members that resulted from conflicts with the Russian forces.[12]Although Chechen suicide bombers do not have personality disorders prior to becoming terrorists, research shows that they have deep personal trauma, which leads them to embrace terrorist ideologies causing them to join the Black Widows.[12] Furthermore, Chechens believe it is ethically correct to take revenge if one's loved one has died.[12] Another perspective of how Black Widows form is that after traumatic events, people in general, not just Chechen women, tend to turn to extreme religious views to form a sense of identity and belonging.[12] Thus, jihadist ideologies provides this medium for Chechen women who experienced extreme post traumatic experiences thus transforming them into Black Widows.[12] Combined with personal trauma, cultural responsibility for social justice, and extreme religious viewpoints to take revenge, these factors mold Chechen women to become Black Widows.[12]","title":"Black Widow (Chechnya)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-izlu4249-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jjusik-15"},{"link_name":"narcotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jjusik-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rwkckb07-3"},{"link_name":"Michael Radu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Radu"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radu-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rwkckb07-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jjusik-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jjusik-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Chechen wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_separatism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tt29-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-19"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rwkckb07-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-5"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-19"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-20"}],"text":"There have been claims by Yulia Yuzik, a Russian journalist and author of Brides of Allah,[14] that many of the women who have been sold by their parents are used as shahidkas, while others have been kidnapped or tricked.[15] She also claims that many have been prepared to be suicide bombers through narcotics and rape. Several were pregnant at the time.[15] Besayev, who is a leader of the Chechen independence movement and a terrorist, also argued that women are trained for their missions.[3] In addition, Michael Radu argued that these women are specifically trained for suicide attacks.[16] On the other hand, independent journalists including Robert W. Kurz and Charles K. Bartles reject this view, stating that in most cases female Chechen suicide bombers do not fit this model.[3] Mostly, female terrorists are given no training at all in preparation for the suicides as no weapon skill is needed to strap on the explosives.[15] Many do not even blow themselves up, but are blown up by remote controls.[15][17][18]Additionally, some Black Widows have brothers or close relatives who were killed in one of the two Chechen wars between Russia and Islamist rebels since 1994 or in clashes with Russian-backed forces.[1] These women may be driven by grievances or they may feel it is the only option to get their viewpoint seen.[19][5] Kurz and Bartles offer another view of Black Widows' motives, arguing that these women are much more motivated by revenge, despair, and their drive for an independent state than by religious fundamentalism or individual honor.[3] They may feel that terrorism is a strategy when there is no peaceful outlet to affect politics or that it is the only option for people with extremist views.[5][19] Black Widows may be driven by the idea of Chechnya gaining independence from Russia or they may have joined the terrorist movement because they were brainwashed and needed a sense of belonging when they were in a state of political turmoil.[19][5] It's important to note that the Black Widows rarely do interviews, so very little is known about their lives.[4]After the Dubrovka theater attack, hostages gave mixed reports about what motivates the Black Widows.[20] During the attack, some female suicide bombers reportedly told hostages how their family members had been killed in the war and they felt they had nothing left, thus, they were motivated by family connections.[20] Other hostages reported that some of the Black Widows only talked about the Koran, had extremist viewpoints, and were hard to reason with.[20] A majority of Black Widows are uneducated which may be the result of these extreme perspectives.[21] This also suggests that Black Widows may be driven by ideals about religion or may be out of touch with reality, and brainwashed by the men in their lives to join the cause.[20]","title":"Motives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-4"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-19"},{"link_name":"Russian-Chechen Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-20"}],"text":"The media depicts the female suicide bombers in two main ways, as motivated by the deaths of men in her life or as in a situation of hopelessness where she is forced into terrorism to get her voice heard.[20] Both the Russian government and Chechen groups portrayed the Black Widows in these ways to support their respective positions.[20] Chechen terrorist leaders emphasized women as victims to humanize the Russian-Chechen Conflict.[20] Media coverage tends to show the female terrorists motives as emotional, such as due to loss of a relative, rather than ideological or political, such as gaining independence from Russia.[4] The New York Times reported on Chechnya and Russia between 1994 and 2004 during the peak of the conflict; it's reports often questioned and speculated why women would join the Chechen terrorist groups and largely did not interview the Chechen's involved in the cause.[4] A common media narrative about the Chechen Black Widows is that they joined due to family connections; because they were following men or avenging the deaths of their husbands.[19] Women may also be portrayed as being a terrorist for 'the sake of love'; meaning they join because they have a personal connection to the organization, such as a husband or a boyfriend in the organization.[19] This narrative describes the female terrorists as feminine and passive because they are following the men in their lives to join the terrorist organization.[19] On the other hand, women may also be depicted as tough as a man and given more masculine qualities; and the media may question her feminine qualities.[19]In 1994, the Russian press began to note rumors of female suicide bombers and female snipers; these rumors were proven credible due to the occasional arrests and the known involvement of women in the attacks during the Russian-Chechen Conflict.[20] On November 29, 2001, journalists reported the attempted assassination of General Gadzhiyez by a suicide bomber attack[20] This attack received relatively little attention from the western press, but may have been the first Black Widow attack.[20] On October 23, 2002, the female terrorists gained international media attention when they seized the Dubrovka Theater.[20] During this attack, female terrorists were filmed and interviewed by the press.[20] This is one of the first times the Black Widows had a voice in the media.[20]","title":"Media depictions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-22"},{"link_name":"Grozny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Dubrovka Theater in Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nivat-25"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-20"},{"link_name":"Akhmad Kadyrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhmad_Kadyrov"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rwkckb07-3"},{"link_name":"North Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ossetia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rwkckb07-3"},{"link_name":"Tushino Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushino_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timelinett-26"},{"link_name":"Yessentuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yessentuki"},{"link_name":"grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenade"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hotel National, Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_National,_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Moscow Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin"},{"link_name":"State Duma building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Duma_building"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"bomb disposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_disposal"},{"link_name":"Ingush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_people"},{"link_name":"Zarema Muzhakhoyeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarema_Muzhakhoyeva"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Beslan hostage crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beslan_hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"Nur-Pashi Kulayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur-Pashi_Kulayev"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Two Russian passenger aircraft disasters in 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Russian_aircraft_bombings"},{"link_name":"TU-134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TU-134"},{"link_name":"Tula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Rostov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast"},{"link_name":"hexogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexogen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rwkckb07-3"},{"link_name":"Beslan School Siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beslan_school_siege"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-30"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-30"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuguy-35"},{"link_name":"The attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Moscow_Metro_bombings"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuguy-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domodedovo_International_Airport_bombing"},{"link_name":"Domodedovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domodedovo_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Makhachkala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhachkala"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc7mar-38"},{"link_name":"Said Afandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_Afandi_al-Chirkawi"},{"link_name":"Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lwj-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"blew up a Volgograd bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2013_Volgograd_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"killed 16 people at a train station in Volgograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2013_Volgograd_bombings"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"The main perpetrator Khava Barayeva is considered first known ‘Black Widow’.[22] She is the cousin of the well-known field commander warlord Arbi Barayev and sister of Movsar Barayev, head of the moscow commando.[23] She and Luisa Magomadova were the first to attack and became known as the “Black Widows”.[22] Before her attack Khava Barayeva made a martyr video.[24] In the video, Khava Barayeva claimed she was attacking for Chechen independence and tried to spread the message to others to do the same.[24] On June 6, 2000, Khava Barayeva, who was only 17 years old, and Luisa Magomadova drove a truck of explosives at a checkpoint of Omon, a base named Alkhan-Yurt. Barayeva detonated the bombs, which is reported according to the rebels 27 people had passed, while Russians claimed two people were killed and only five people were injured.[22]\nMedna Bayrokova, a resident of Grozny, said that she remembers the day a middle aged woman came to her front door asking to speak to her 26-year-old daughter, Zareta Bayrokova, who was a tuberculosis patient. Bayrokova let the woman in. Her daughter spent an hour in her bedroom with the woman, before leaving the house. Zareta Bayrokova died in the attack on the Dubrovka Theater in Moscow in 2002.[25] Of the 41 terrorists in the attack on the Dubrovka theater 19 were female. The terrorists held around 800 people hostage at the theater for 3 days, until Russian forces regained control of the building.[20]\nIn May 2003, Shakhida Baimuratova, a suicide bomber, killed 16 people and wounded 150 in an assassination attempt on then Moscow-appointed Chechen president Akhmad Kadyrov at a crowded Muslim festival in Ilishkan Yurt. A second woman bomber was also present but killed only herself.[3]\nOn 5 June 2003, a woman detonated a bomb in a bus carrying Russian Air Force pilots in North Ossetia, killing twenty (besides herself) and injuring 14.[3]\nOn 5 July 2003, two suicide bombers killed 16 people and injured six others at a rock concert at Tushino Airfield in Moscow.[26]\nIn December 2003, a male and female suicide bomber killed 46 people and injured 100 others by detonating explosives on a packed commuter train, which had just left Yessentuki in Southern Russia. The woman is believed to have carried explosives in a bag, whereas the man had grenades strapped to his leg.[citation needed]\nOn 9 December 2003, a bomb exploded outside the Hotel National, Moscow just a few hundred metres from the Moscow Kremlin. It is thought that the target was the State Duma building and that the bomb had detonated prematurely. Six people died and 13 were injured in the blast. The suicide bomber was later identified as Khadishat Mangeriyeva.[citation needed]\nOn 6 February 2004, Georgi Trofimov, a Russian bomb disposal officer, was killed as he tried to defuse a device at a Moscow cafe. The failed bomber, ethnic Ingush Zarema Muzhakhoyeva, was sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment for terrorism in April 2004.[27] In 2005, she participated in the trial of the Beslan hostage crisis terrorist Nur-Pashi Kulayev as a witness for the prosecution, but she withdrew all her statements about Kulayev that she made in pre-trial depositions and said she didn't know he was a militant.[28]\nTwo Russian passenger aircraft disasters in 2004 are believed to have been the work of the Black Widows. The smaller of the planes, a TU-134 which crashed near Tula, had been carrying a Chechen woman called Amanat Nagayeva who had bought her ticket just an hour before the flight took off. The larger plane exploded near the city of Rostov killing 46 people. Among the wreckage, investigators found traces of hexogen, a powerful explosive. Another Chechen woman, Satsita Djerbikhanova, was also a last-minute passenger on this flight.[3]\nThe Beslan School Siege started on Wednesday, September 1, 2004, during the day of knowledge, which is a holiday that celebrates school starting.[29][30] Because of this holiday, there were many children including parents in a school in Beslan, North Ossetia.[30] At 9:30 AM, 34 terrorists stormed the school, including two female suicide bombers, taking more than one thousand hostages. On the first day, all of the hostages were taken to the school's gym.[30] There were more than a thousand hostages including parents, children, and teachers.[30] The attackers then separated the adults that seemed the strongest, about fifteen to twenty people, into a corridor, where explosions occurred shortly after.[31] The explosions were the result of the female suicide bombers.[31] Negotiations started with the terrorists and with an individual named Leonid Rosha, a pediatrician. Ultimately, negotiations failed.[32] On the second day, Russia's president, Vladimir Putin made the public statement that, what is most important is the life of the hostages.[30] Negotiations kept occurring, but none of them seemed successful.[33] On the last day of the siege, two bombs detonated killing many hostages instantly, however, some of the hostages took this chance to flee.[30] Russian forces also took this chance to move in into the school.[30] In the process of all of this, the roof collapsed killing more than a hundred hostages.[30] In the end, some of the terrorists were killed and some were captured alive. Because of this incident, more than 330 people were killed and about 700 people were wounded.[30] Two Chechen women suicide bombers, Roza Nagayeva and Mairam Taburova, were involved.[34]\nOn 29 March 2010, nearly 40 people were killed and another 100 injured when two suicide bombers detonated explosives at two stations of the Moscow subway, the Park Kultury metro station and at the Lubyanka station.[35] The attacks were linked to shahidkas by the Russian Government, although an investigation has yet to be undertaken. One of the perpetrators was Dagestani-born Dzhennet Abdurakhmanova (1992-2010), the widow of 30-year-old Umalat Magomedov who was killed by Russian forces on 31 December 2009.[35][36][37]\nOn 24 January 2011, 35 were killed and 180 wounded in Domodedovo, Russia's busiest airport. Although the identity of those responsible for carrying out the attacks has not been officially confirmed, initial reports suggested that at least one Black Widow was involved, likely accompanied by a man.[citation needed]\nOn 7 March 2012, a widow of a militant killed on 10–11 February 2012 near a village, Karabudakhkent, 40 km (24 miles) south of Dagestan capital Makhachkala, killed herself and five police officers and wounded two others in Karabudakhkent.[38]\nOn 28 August 2012, Sufi leader Said Afandi and six other people were killed in a suicide bomb attack in Dagestan. The attack was allegedly perpetrated by Russian Aminat Kurbanova who had converted to Islam. Her two former spouses were Islamic militants, and her third husband also believed to be a militant.[39]\nOn 25 May 2013, a female suicide bomber, Madina Alieva, blew herself up in Dagestan, injuring at least 18. She was the widow of an Islamist killed in 2009.[40]\nOn 21 October 2013, a female suicide bomber, Naida Asiyalova, blew up a Volgograd bus, killing six of the forty passengers.[citation needed]\nOn 29 December 2013, a female suicide bomber killed 16 people at a train station in Volgograd.[41]","title":"Notable attacks"}] | [] | [{"title":"Shaheeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahid"}] | [{"reference":"Osborne, Andrew (29 March 2012). \"Moscow bombing: who are the Black Widows\". The Telegraph. Moscow. Retrieved 30 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/7534464/Moscow-bombing-who-are-the-Black-Widows.html","url_text":"\"Moscow bombing: who are the Black Widows\""}]},{"reference":"Elder, Miriam (29 March 2010). \"Moscow bombings blamed on Chechnya's Black Widows\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/29/black-widows-women-moscow-bombings","url_text":"\"Moscow bombings blamed on Chechnya's Black Widows\""}]},{"reference":"Kurz, Robert W.; Charles K. Bartles (2007). \"Chechen suicide bombers\" (PDF). Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 20 (4): 529–547. doi:10.1080/13518040701703070. S2CID 96476266. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2014. 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Women & Criminal Justice. 29 (4–5): 181–187. doi:10.1080/08974454.2019.1633612. 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Retrieved 2022-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/unraveling-chechen-black-widows","url_text":"\"Unraveling Chechen \"Black Widows\" | Office of Justice Programs\""}]},{"reference":"\"News Article\". css.ethz.ch. Retrieved 2022-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html","url_text":"\"News Article\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Widows: The Chechen Female Suicide Terrorists\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Female-Suicide-Bombers-63-80.pdf","url_text":"\"Black Widows: The Chechen Female Suicide Terrorists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marc Sageman - Foreign Policy Research Institute\". www.fpri.org. Retrieved 2022-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fpri.org/contributor/marc-sageman/","url_text":"\"Marc Sageman - Foreign Policy Research Institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yulia Yuzik\". Wiedling Literary Agency. Retrieved 22 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiedling-litag.com/authors/yuzik.html","url_text":"\"Yulia Yuzik\""}]},{"reference":"Radu, Michael (November–December 2004). \"Russia's Problem: The Chechens or Islamic Terrorists?\". Society. 42: 10–11. doi:10.1007/bf02687293. S2CID 143804533.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02687293","url_text":"10.1007/bf02687293"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143804533","url_text":"143804533"}]},{"reference":"\"Allahs sorte enker\" (in Norwegian). Kulturmeglerne. 29 March 2005. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071009210826/http://www.kulturmeglerne.no/kulturmeglerne/views/3955","url_text":"\"Allahs sorte enker\""},{"url":"http://www.kulturmeglerne.no/kulturmeglerne/views/3955","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nacos, Brigitte (15 August 2006). \"The Portrayal of Female Terrorists in the Media: Similar Framing Patterns in the News Coverage of Women in Politics and in Terrorism\". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 28 (5): 435–451. doi:10.1080/10576100500180352. 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University of Georgia Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Chechen Black Widows: The lethal female terrorists ever\". 3 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2017/07/03/chechen-black-widows-the-lethal-female-terrorists-ever/","url_text":"\"Chechen Black Widows: The lethal female terrorists ever\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Widows: The Chechen Female Suicide Terrorists\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Female-Suicide-Bombers-63-80.pdf","url_text":"\"Black Widows: The Chechen Female Suicide Terrorists\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC News | EUROPE | Suicide bombers strike in Chechnya\". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/782079.stm","url_text":"\"BBC News | EUROPE | Suicide bombers strike in Chechnya\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Makes Chechen Women So Dangerous?\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27z_Me | It'z Me | ["1 Background and release","2 Music and composition","3 Promotion","3.1 Singles","3.2 Live performances","4 Critical reception","5 Commercial performance","6 Track listing","7 Charts","8 Certifications and sales figures","9 Release history","10 See also","11 References"] | 2020 EP by ItzyIt'z MeDigital coverEP by ItzyReleasedMarch 9, 2020 (2020-03-09)Recorded2019–2020StudioJYPE StudiosGenreK-popdancehip hoprockLength21:27LanguageKoreanEnglishLabel
JYP
Dreamus
Itzy chronology
It'z Icy(2019)
It'z Me(2020)
Not Shy(2020)
Singles from It'z Me
"Wannabe"Released: March 9, 2020
Physical edition coverVersions 1–3, left to right
It'z Me (stylized as IT'z ME) is the second Korean extended play by the South Korean girl group Itzy released on March 9, 2020, by JYP Entertainment. It features 7 tracks, including "Wannabe", the lead single from the EP. The physical release is available in three versions: IT'z, ME and WANNABE. It is their first Korean material since the release of It'z Icy in July 2019. It'z Me features a collaboration with Dutch DJ and electronic music producer Oliver Heldens. It was produced by Galactika, Oak Felder, Oliver Heldens, earattack, Shim Eunji, Collapsedone, Jin by Jin, SOPHIE and KASS. Musically, it is a K-pop record that contains influences of dance, hip hop and rock.
It'z Me debuted at number one on the Gaon Album Chart, moving 126,000 units in its first month. It also debuted at number five on the US Billboard World Albums chart. The album received generally positive reviews from critics, who commended Itzy's overall sound becoming harder and featuring more electronic productions.
Background and release
"ITZY finished filming the music video for their comeback ahead of their showcase tour in the United States. The exact timing of their comeback is undecided."
— JYP Entertainment shared to Xportsnews.
On January 28, 2020, it was reported that Itzy had finished filming their music video for a new song and are in the final stages of comeback preparations. It was also revealed that Itzy will return with new music in spring. On February 13, News1 reported that ITZY are in the final stages of preparation to make a comeback on March 9. In the response to the article, JYP Entertainment commented: “It is true that they are preparing to make a comeback with March 9 in mind. The date will be announced once it is confirmed.” It'z Me is Itzy's third 'It'z' series following It'z Different and It'z Icy. The EP was released on March 9, 2020, through several music portals including iTunes.
Music and composition
At seven tracks, It'z Me is the longest EP in Itzy's catalogue. The album's overall sound becomes harder and it features also more electronic productions. Musically, It'z Me is a K-pop record that contains influences of dance, hip hop and rock and continues to show the girl group exploring new areas in the K-pop scene and carving out their own musical identity.
The lead single from the album, "Wannabe", employs a churning combo of house and hip-hop/pop production for the girls to mix in a bubblegum-pop melodies and proclaim create a confident beat for the girls to get down to. It was written and produced by Galactika, who also helmed their debut track "Dalla Dalla". Itzy's collaboration with Heldens, “Ting Ting Ting” is a "rowdy-yet-fierce EDM cut" that sends forth swarming determination and courage. "That's a No No" has the loudest beat which complements the powerful raps and vocals of the members. "Nobody Like You" is a rock song, is about someone who establishes an admiration for someone. "You Make Me" clamors curiosity for someone whom she developed feelings with and made her speechless. "I Don't Wanna Dance" is a song with EDM elements. The song possesses party vibe with a distinguishable repetitive lyrics. "24Hrs" is a "quirky-pop stomper" that indicates the girls’ full existence for “24 Hrs”. The song also claims their freedom and self-determination to what comes their way.
Oliver Heldens co-produced "Ting Ting Ting".
Promotion
On February 18, the first group teaser was released. The next day the second group teaser was revealed. Itzy then unveiled the third group teaser photo on February 20. On February 23, Yeji's teaser posters were revealed. On the following day, individual teaser photos of Lia were dropped. Ryujin's teaser posters were revealed on February 25. Chaeryeong’'s teaser posters were revealed the next day. Yuna's teaser posters were finally revealed on February 27. On the first day of March, the official tracklist of the album was revealed. The music video teasers were released on March 4 and March 5.
Singles
"Wannabe" was released on March 9, 2020, as the lead single from the album. On the same day, the music video of the song was released on YouTube. The music video was directed by the Naive Creative Production. Within 24 hours, the music video accumulated over 11 million views and has, as of April 2020, accumulated more than 100 million views on the platform making their fastest music video to reach that. Commercially, the single reached the charts in eight countries, peaking at number six in South Korea. The song also debuted at number 4 on the US World Digital Song Sales chart. It also became the group's first top-five entry since "Dalla Dalla" and their third top-ten entry overall, respectively. In New Zealand the song peaked at number 22 on the Hot Singles chart. In Japan "Wannabe" debuted and peaked at number 23, making it their highest peak on that chart. "Wannabe" also marks the group's debut on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 92, becoming only the seventh K-pop female act to appear on the chart (after CL, Red Velvet and Twice). The song topped the charts in Malaysia and Singapore, becoming their first number-one song on both charts.
Live performances
Itzy promoted the album and its songs on several live performances. On March 12, 2020, the group made the debut performance of 'Wannabe" on M Countdown. On March 13, they performed the song on Music Bank. Itzy performed the song again on Show! Music Core on March 14. On March 15, Itzy performed the song on Inkigayo. On March 20, the song was again performed on Music Bank. On April 4, Itzy performed the song on Show! Music Core. On April 6, they performed "Wannabe" once again on Inkigayo.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingIZMBillboardfavorable
Writing for IZM Kim Do-heon was mixed in his review, praising "The five members of Yeji, Lia, Ryujin, Chaeryeong, and Yuna in Wannabe's refrain, I don't wanna be somebody / Just wanna be me Exclaim. Contrary to intention, however, there are traces of numerous' Wannabe 'like the song title at this point where the members' voices are gathered together. JYP's unique and vibrant image is gathered in a combination of two-one-one melody and refrain of metal guitar riff, five-member composition and vocal operation overlapping Blackpink and Red Velvet, and inherited from Miss A and Twice."
Writing for Billboard, Jeff Benjamin said that "Itzy continue their string of empowering and confident singles with the most striking difference in It'z Me coming from the group's overall sound becoming harder and featuring more electronic productions."
Commercial performance
"Wannabe" debuted at number 6 on the Gaon Digital Chart, giving the group their third top ten song. The song debuted at number 4 on the US World Digital Song Sales chart. It also became the group's first top-five entry since "Dalla Dalla" and their third top-ten entry overall, respectively. In New Zealand the song peaked at number 22 on the Hot Singles chart. In Japan "Wannabe" debuted and peaked at number 23, making it their highest peak on that chart. "Wannabe" also marks the group's debut on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 92, becoming only the fifth K-pop female act to appear on the chart. The song topped the charts in Malaysia and Singapore, becoming their first number-one song on both charts.
On March 21, It'z Me debuted and peaked at number 5 on the US Billboard World Albums chart, but did not make an impact on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums. According to Hanteo, the album went on to sell over 34,000 physical copies on the first day of availability, selling twice as many copies as It'z Icy. The extended play also debuted atop the Gaon Weekly Album Chart, becoming their first number one album in the country. It has also debuted and peaked at number 27 in Poland, marking it their first ever appearance on a European chart.
Track listing
It'z Me track listingNo.TitleLyricsMusicArrangementLength1."Wannabe"GalactikaGalactikaTeam Galactika3:122."Ting Ting Ting" (with Oliver Heldens)PenomecoLee Seu-ranKang Eun-jeongWarren "Oak" FelderJanee “Jin Jin” BennettOliver HeldensOak FelderOliver Heldens3:393."That's a No No"Shim EunjiKASSShim EunjiKASSAriowa IrosogieShim EunjiKASS3:004."Nobody Like You"YubinJosh RecordAndrew BullimoreLee Woo-min ‘Collapsedone’Josh RecordAndrew BullimoreLee Woo-min ‘Collapsedone’3:175."You Make Me"Lee Seu-ranearattackMiranda Glory InzunzaearattackMiranda Glory InzunzaMatthew Ferreeearattack공도3:036."I Don't Wanna Dance"JQ (제이큐)makeumine works (정세희)Anne Judith Stokke Wik, Nermin Harambašić, Jin By JinSeung Eun OhAndreas BaertelsJin by Jin3:097."24Hrs"PenomecoSOPHIELola BlancSOPHIE2:07Total length:21:27
Charts
Weekly sales chart performance for It'z Me
Chart (2020)
Peakposition
Japanese Albums (Oricon)
13
Japan Hot Albums (Billboard Japan)
37
Polish Albums (ZPAV)
27
South Korean Albums (Gaon)
1
US World Albums (Billboard)
5
Monthly sales chart performance for It'z Me
Chart (2020)
Peakposition
South Korea (Gaon Album Chart)
4
Certifications and sales figures
Sales certifiations and figures for It'z Me
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Japan
—
10,386
South Korea
—
198,251
United States
—
2,000
Release history
Release formats for It'z Me
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
South Korea
March 9, 2020
CDdigital downloadstreaming
JYP EntertainmentDreamus
Various
Digital download, streaming
See also
List of Gaon Album Chart number ones of 2020
List of K-pop songs on the Billboard charts
List of K-pop albums on the Billboard charts
List of number-one songs of 2020 (Malaysia)
List of number-one songs of 2020 (Singapore)
References
^ "ITZY RELEASES TEASERS FOR UPCOMING ALBUM "IT'Z ME"". myx.abs-cbn. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
^ a b c "Itzy Embrace Who They Really 'Wannabe' in New Self-Love Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
^ a b "K-Pop Comeback Spotlight: ITZY's 2nd Mini Album "IT'z ME"". Hellokpop. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
^ Kim, Ye-na. "JYP 측 "ITZY 신곡 뮤비 촬영 완료, 컴백 시기는 미정" ". Xports News (in Korean). Retrieved March 11, 2019 – via Naver.
^ Jung, Ji-won. "ITZY, 올 봄 가요계 컴백…신곡 MV 촬영 완료". JoyNews24 (in Korean). Retrieved March 11, 2019.
^ Hwang, Mi-hyun (February 13, 2020). " 있지(ITZY), 3월9일 컴백 확정…괴물 신인 출격". News1 (in Korean). Retrieved April 24, 2020 – via Naver.
^ a b "ITZY Score First Top 5 on World Albums Chart With 'It'z Me'". Billboard. Retrieved 2020-03-19.
^ "ITZY <IT'z ME> TEASER IMAGE". Itzy. February 18, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "ITZY <IT'z ME> TEASER IMAGE". Itzy. February 19, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "ITZY <IT'z ME> TEASER IMAGE". Itzy. February 20, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "ITZY <IT'z ME> TEASER IMAGE". Itzy. February 23, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "ITZY <IT'z ME> TEASER IMAGE". Itzy. February 23, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "ITZY <IT'z ME> TEASER IMAGE". Itzy. February 25, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "ITZY <IT'z ME> TEASER IMAGE". Itzy. February 26, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "ITZY <IT'z ME> TEASER IMAGE". Itzy. February 27, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "ITZY <IT'z ME> TRACK LIST". Itzy. March 1, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "ITZY "WANNABE" M/V TEASER". Itzy. March 4, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "ITZY "WANNABE" M/V TEASER". Itzy. March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "ITZY "WANNABE" M/V". JYP Entertainment. March 9, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020 – via YouTube.
^ a b "World Digital Song Sales". Billboard. March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
^ a b "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
^ a b "Hot 100 (2020/03/23 付け)". Billboard Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved March 19, 2020.
^ a b "Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles In Malaysia". Recording Industry Association of Malaysia. Recording Industry Association of Malaysia. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
^ a b "RIAS International Top Charts Week 12". Recording Industry Association (Singapore). Archived from the original on March 28, 2020.
^ " Comeback Stage M COUNTDOWN 200312 EP.656". Mnet K-pop. March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020 – via YouTube.
^ "WANNABE(워너비) - ITZY(있지) 20200313". Kbs K-pop. March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020 – via YouTube.
^ " 있지 -WANNABE (ITZY -WANNABE) 20200314". MBCkpop. March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020 – via YouTube.
^ "ITZY - WANNABE ". Inkigayo. March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020 – via YouTube.
^ "ITZY - WANNABE ". Music Bank. March 20, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020 – via YouTube.
^ " 있지 -워너비 (ITZY -WANNABE) 20200404". Show Music Core. April 4, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020 – via YouTube.
^ "ITZY - WANNABE ". Show Music Core. April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020 – via YouTube.
^ a b Kim Do-heon. "It'z Me". IZM (in Korean). Retrieved April 21, 2020.
^ Benjamin, Jeff (March 18, 2020). "ITZY Score First Top 5 on World Albums Chart With 'It'z Me'". Billboard. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
^ "Digital Chart – Week 11 of 2020". Gaon Chart (in Korean). Retrieved March 19, 2020.
^ a b "World Albums – March 21, 2019". Billboard. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
^ a b "Gaon Album Chart – Week 11, 2020". Gaon Chart (in Korean). Retrieved March 19, 2020.
^ "ITZY – Ting Ting Ting (with Oliver Heldens) Lyrics". iLyricsBuz. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
^ "'ITZY – THAT'S A NO NO Lyrics'". iLyricsBuz. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
^ "ITZY – NOBODY LIKE YOU Lyrics". iLyricsBuz. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
^ "ITZY – You Make Me Lyrics". iLyricsBuz. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
^ "ITZY – You Make Me Lyrics". iLyricsBuz. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
^ "ITZY – 24Hrs Lyrics". iLyricsBuz. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
^ "Oricon Top 50 Albums: 2020-03-23" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
^ "Hot Albums (2020/03/23)". Billboard Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved March 18, 2020.
^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". OLiS. Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
^ "2020년 03월 Digital Chart" (in Korean). Gaon Digital Chart. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
^ 月間 アルバムランキング 2020年03月度 . Oricon (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 8, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
^ Total sales for It'z Me: 153,037 (2020) + 30,189 (2021) + 15,025 (2022)
2020년 Album Chart . Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Korea Music Content Association. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
2021년 12월 Album Chart . Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Korea Music Content Association. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
"2022.06 Album Chart". Circle Music Chart. Korea Music Content Association. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
^ "It'z Me". iTunes. Apple Inc. Archived from the original on March 9, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
vteItzy
Yeji
Lia
Ryujin
Chaeryeong
Yuna
Studio albumsKorean
Crazy in Love
Born to Be
Japanese
Ringo
Extended plays
It'z Icy
It'z Me
Not Shy
Guess Who
Checkmate
Cheshire
Kill My Doubt
Single albums
It'z Different
SinglesKorean
"Dalla Dalla"
"Icy"
"Wannabe"
"Not Shy "
"In the Morning"
"Loco"
"Sneakers"
"Cheshire"
"Cake"
"Untouchable"
Japanese
"Voltage"
"Blah Blah Blah"
English
"Boys Like You"
Concert tours
Checkmate World Tour
Born to Be World Tour
Related topics
JYP Entertainment
Sixteen
Discography
Songs
Awards and nominations
Concert tours
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Itzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzy"},{"link_name":"JYP Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JYP_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Wannabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannabe_(Itzy_song)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"It'z Icy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27z_Icy"},{"link_name":"Oliver Heldens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heldens"},{"link_name":"SOPHIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_(musician)"},{"link_name":"K-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-2"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hellokpop-3"},{"link_name":"Gaon Album Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Album_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"World Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Albums"}],"text":"It'z Me (stylized as IT'z ME) is the second Korean extended play by the South Korean girl group Itzy released on March 9, 2020, by JYP Entertainment. It features 7 tracks, including \"Wannabe\", the lead single from the EP. The physical release is available in three versions: IT'z, ME and WANNABE.[1] It is their first Korean material since the release of It'z Icy in July 2019. It'z Me features a collaboration with Dutch DJ and electronic music producer Oliver Heldens. It was produced by Galactika, Oak Felder, Oliver Heldens, earattack, Shim Eunji, Collapsedone, Jin by Jin, SOPHIE and KASS. Musically, it is a K-pop record that contains influences of dance, hip hop[2] and rock.[3]It'z Me debuted at number one on the Gaon Album Chart, moving 126,000 units in its first month. It also debuted at number five on the US Billboard World Albums chart. The album received generally positive reviews from critics, who commended Itzy's overall sound becoming harder and featuring more electronic productions.","title":"It'z Me"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"It'z Icy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27z_Icy"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"}],"text":"\"ITZY finished filming the music video for their comeback ahead of their showcase tour in the United States. The exact timing of their comeback is undecided.\"\n\n\n— JYP Entertainment shared to Xportsnews.[4]On January 28, 2020, it was reported that Itzy had finished filming their music video for a new song and are in the final stages of comeback preparations.[5] It was also revealed that Itzy will return with new music in spring. On February 13, News1 reported that ITZY are in the final stages of preparation to make a comeback on March 9. In the response to the article, JYP Entertainment commented: “It is true that they are preparing to make a comeback with March 9 in mind. The date will be announced once it is confirmed.”[6] It'z Me is Itzy's third 'It'z' series following It'z Different and It'z Icy. The EP was released on March 9, 2020, through several music portals including iTunes.","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_2-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-2"},{"link_name":"Dalla Dalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalla_Dalla"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hellokpop-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airbeat_One_2015_Oliver_Heldens_by_Denis_Apel-1666.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oliver Heldens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heldens"}],"text":"At seven tracks, It'z Me is the longest EP in Itzy's catalogue. The album's overall sound becomes harder and it features also more electronic productions.[7] Musically, It'z Me is a K-pop record that contains influences of dance, hip hop and rock and continues to show the girl group exploring new areas in the K-pop scene and carving out their own musical identity.The lead single from the album, \"Wannabe\", employs a churning combo of house and hip-hop/pop production for the girls to mix in a bubblegum-pop melodies and proclaim create a confident beat for the girls to get down to.[2] It was written and produced by Galactika, who also helmed their debut track \"Dalla Dalla\". Itzy's collaboration with Heldens, “Ting Ting Ting” is a \"rowdy-yet-fierce EDM cut\" that sends forth swarming determination and courage. \"That's a No No\" has the loudest beat which complements the powerful raps and vocals of the members. \"Nobody Like You\" is a rock song, is about someone who establishes an admiration for someone. \"You Make Me\" clamors curiosity for someone whom she developed feelings with and made her speechless. \"I Don't Wanna Dance\" is a song with EDM elements. The song possesses party vibe with a distinguishable repetitive lyrics. \"24Hrs\" is a \"quirky-pop stomper\" that indicates the girls’ full existence for “24 Hrs”. The song also claims their freedom and self-determination to what comes their way.[3]Oliver Heldens co-produced \"Ting Ting Ting\".","title":"Music and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"On February 18, the first group teaser was released.[8] The next day the second group teaser was revealed.[9] Itzy then unveiled the third group teaser photo on February 20.[10] On February 23, Yeji's teaser posters were revealed.[11] On the following day, individual teaser photos of Lia were dropped.[12] Ryujin's teaser posters were revealed on February 25.[13] Chaeryeong’'s teaser posters were revealed the next day.[14] Yuna's teaser posters were finally revealed on February 27.[15] On the first day of March, the official tracklist of the album was revealed.[16] The music video teasers were released on March 4 and March 5.[17][18]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-2"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"World Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_World_Digital_Songs-20"},{"link_name":"Hot Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Zeland_Hot_Singles-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Hot_100-22"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIM-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIAS-24"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Wannabe\" was released on March 9, 2020, as the lead single from the album.[2] On the same day, the music video of the song was released on YouTube.[19] The music video was directed by the Naive Creative Production. Within 24 hours, the music video accumulated over 11 million views and has, as of April 2020, accumulated more than 100 million views on the platform making their fastest music video to reach that. Commercially, the single reached the charts in eight countries, peaking at number six in South Korea. The song also debuted at number 4 on the US World Digital Song Sales chart. It also became the group's first top-five entry since \"Dalla Dalla\" and their third top-ten entry overall, respectively.[20] In New Zealand the song peaked at number 22 on the Hot Singles chart.[21] In Japan \"Wannabe\" debuted and peaked at number 23, making it their highest peak on that chart.[22] \"Wannabe\" also marks the group's debut on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 92, becoming only the seventh K-pop female act to appear on the chart (after CL, Red Velvet and Twice). The song topped the charts in Malaysia and Singapore, becoming their first number-one song on both charts.[23][24]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_Countdown"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Music Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Bank_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Show! Music Core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show!_Music_Core"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Inkigayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkigayo"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Live performances","text":"Itzy promoted the album and its songs on several live performances. On March 12, 2020, the group made the debut performance of 'Wannabe\" on M Countdown.[25] On March 13, they performed the song on Music Bank.[26] Itzy performed the song again on Show! Music Core on March 14.[27] On March 15, Itzy performed the song on Inkigayo.[28] On March 20, the song was again performed on Music Bank.[29] On April 4, Itzy performed the song on Show! Music Core.[30] On April 6, they performed \"Wannabe\" once again on Inkigayo.[31]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IZM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZM"},{"link_name":"Blackpink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpink"},{"link_name":"Red Velvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Velvet_(group)"},{"link_name":"Miss A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_A"},{"link_name":"Twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twice"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IZM-32"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Itzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzy"}],"text":"Writing for IZM Kim Do-heon was mixed in his review, praising \"The five members of Yeji, Lia, Ryujin, Chaeryeong, and Yuna in Wannabe's refrain, I don't wanna be somebody / Just wanna be me Exclaim. Contrary to intention, however, there are traces of numerous' Wannabe 'like the song title at this point where the members' voices are gathered together. JYP's unique and vibrant image is gathered in a combination of two-one-one melody and refrain of metal guitar riff, five-member composition and vocal operation overlapping Blackpink and Red Velvet, and inherited from Miss A and Twice.\"[32]Writing for Billboard, Jeff Benjamin said that \"Itzy continue their string of empowering and confident singles with the most striking difference in It'z Me coming from the group's overall sound becoming harder and featuring more electronic productions.\"","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaon_Digital_Chart-34"},{"link_name":"World Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_World_Digital_Songs-20"},{"link_name":"Hot Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Zeland_Hot_Singles-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Hot_100-22"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIM-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIAS-24"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"World Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Albums"},{"link_name":"Heatseekers Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Heatseekers"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_World_Albums-35"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Gaon Weekly Album Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Album_Chart"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-South_Korean_Album-36"}],"text":"\"Wannabe\" debuted at number 6 on the Gaon Digital Chart, giving the group their third top ten song.[34] The song debuted at number 4 on the US World Digital Song Sales chart. It also became the group's first top-five entry since \"Dalla Dalla\" and their third top-ten entry overall, respectively.[20] In New Zealand the song peaked at number 22 on the Hot Singles chart.[21] In Japan \"Wannabe\" debuted and peaked at number 23, making it their highest peak on that chart.[22] \"Wannabe\" also marks the group's debut on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 92, becoming only the fifth K-pop female act to appear on the chart. The song topped the charts in Malaysia and Singapore, becoming their first number-one song on both charts.[23][24]On March 21, It'z Me debuted and peaked at number 5 on the US Billboard World Albums chart, but did not make an impact on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums.[35] According to Hanteo, the album went on to sell over 34,000 physical copies on the first day of availability, selling twice as many copies as It'z Icy.[citation needed] The extended play also debuted atop the Gaon Weekly Album Chart, becoming their first number one album in the country.[36] It has also debuted and peaked at number 27 in Poland, marking it their first ever appearance on a European chart.","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wannabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannabe_(Itzy_song)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Heldens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heldens"},{"link_name":"Penomeco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penomeco"},{"link_name":"Lee Seu-ran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_Factory_(music_publisher)#L_Diary"},{"link_name":"Warren \"Oak\" Felder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Felder"},{"link_name":"Janee “Jin Jin” Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Jin_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Heldens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heldens"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Ariowa Irosogie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_PenSmith"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Yubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Yu-bin_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Josh Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Record"},{"link_name":"Andrew Bullimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatbullyz#Past_members"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Anne Judith Stokke Wik, Nermin Harambašić, Jin By Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsign_Music"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Penomeco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penomeco"},{"link_name":"SOPHIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Lola Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Blanc"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"It'z Me track listingNo.TitleLyricsMusicArrangementLength1.\"Wannabe\"GalactikaGalactikaTeam Galactika3:122.\"Ting Ting Ting\" (with Oliver Heldens)PenomecoLee Seu-ranKang Eun-jeongWarren \"Oak\" FelderJanee “Jin Jin” BennettOliver HeldensOak FelderOliver Heldens[37]3:393.\"That's a No No\"Shim EunjiKASSShim EunjiKASSAriowa IrosogieShim EunjiKASS[38]3:004.\"Nobody Like You\"YubinJosh RecordAndrew BullimoreLee Woo-min ‘Collapsedone’Josh RecordAndrew BullimoreLee Woo-min ‘Collapsedone’[39]3:175.\"You Make Me\"Lee Seu-ranearattackMiranda Glory InzunzaearattackMiranda Glory InzunzaMatthew Ferreeearattack공도[40]3:036.\"I Don't Wanna Dance\"JQ (제이큐)makeumine works (정세희)Anne Judith Stokke Wik, Nermin Harambašić, Jin By JinSeung Eun OhAndreas BaertelsJin by Jin[41]3:097.\"24Hrs\"PenomecoSOPHIELola BlancSOPHIE[42]2:07Total length:21:27","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications and sales figures"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}] | [{"image_text":"Oliver Heldens co-produced \"Ting Ting Ting\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Airbeat_One_2015_Oliver_Heldens_by_Denis_Apel-1666.jpg/220px-Airbeat_One_2015_Oliver_Heldens_by_Denis_Apel-1666.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Gaon Album Chart number ones of 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gaon_Album_Chart_number_ones_of_2020"},{"title":"List of K-pop songs on the Billboard charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_K-pop_songs_on_the_Billboard_charts"},{"title":"List of K-pop albums on the Billboard charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_K-pop_albums_on_the_Billboard_charts"},{"title":"List of number-one songs of 2020 (Malaysia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_songs_of_2020_(Malaysia)"},{"title":"List of number-one songs of 2020 (Singapore)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_songs_of_2020_(Singapore)"}] | [{"reference":"\"ITZY RELEASES TEASERS FOR UPCOMING ALBUM \"IT'Z ME\"\". myx.abs-cbn. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_in_Barcelona_(Bruce_Springsteen_video) | Live in Barcelona (Bruce Springsteen video) | ["1 Contents","1.1 Disc one","1.2 Disc two","2 Personnel","3 Charts","4 Certifications","5 References","6 External links"] | 2003 documentary film directed by Chris Hilson
Live in BarcelonaDirected byChris HilsonProduced byJon LandauBarbara CarrGeorge TravisStarringBruce Springsteen & the E Street BandEdited byThom ZimnyMusic byBruce Springsteenrecorded and mixed by Brendan O'BrienDistributed byColumbia Music VideoRelease date
November 18, 2003 (2003-11-18)
Running time180 minutesCountrySpainLanguageEnglish
Live In Barcelona is a full concert video DVD of a performance by Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band of their Rising Tour performance of October 16, 2002 at Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
The first half of the show was broadcast live at the time across Europe on MTV Europe and VH1 UK; the broadcast concluded with Springsteen's biggest hit, "Dancing in the Dark", unusually placed in the middle of the regular set for that reason. A tape of the broadcast was later aired by CBS in the United States on February 28, 2003 as well. The performance of "Waitin' on a Sunny Day" was released as a music video to promote the single.
Released on November 18, 2003 after the tour's conclusion and now incorporating the complete Barcelona performance, this DVD was the first time that an entire Springsteen concert was documented with an official release in either audio or video. Unlike the prior tour's concert video Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band: Live in New York City, no equivalent audio-only album release was made.
Contents
Disc one
"The Rising"
"Lonesome Day"
"Prove It All Night"
"Darkness on the Edge of Town"
"Empty Sky"
"You're Missing"
"Waitin' on a Sunny Day"
"The Promised Land"
"Worlds Apart"
"Badlands"
"She's the One"
"Mary's Place"
"Dancing in the Dark"
"Countin' on a Miracle"
"Spirit in the Night"
"Incident on 57th Street"
"Into the Fire"
Disc two
"Night"
"Ramrod"
"Born to Run"
"My City of Ruins"
"Born in the U.S.A."
"Land of Hope and Dreams"
"Thunder Road"
Drop the Needle and Pray: The Rising on Tour, a documentary featuring footage from shows on the Summer 2003 leg of the tour at Fenway Park and Giants Stadium, interviews with Springsteen and band members, and unpublished photographs.
Personnel
As listed on the DVD cover:
The E Street Band
Roy Bittan – keyboards
Clarence Clemons – saxophone, percussion
Danny Federici – keyboards, accordeon
Nils Lofgren – guitar, vocals
Patti Scialfa – guitar, vocals
Bruce Springsteen – guitar, vocals
Garry Tallent – bass guitar
Stevie Van Zandt – guitar, vocals
Max Weinberg – drums
with Soozie Tyrell – vocals, violin
Charts
Chart (2003)
Peakposition
Australian DVDs Chart
14
Austrian Music DVDs Chart
4
German Albums Chart
38
US Music Videos Chart
5
Chart (2004)
Peakposition
Belgian (Flanders) Music DVDs Chart
10
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
3× Platinum
45,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)
Gold
5,000*
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)
Gold
20,000^
France (SNEP)
Gold
10,000*
Germany (BVMI)
Platinum
50,000^
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
2× Platinum
50,000^
United States (RIAA)
4× Platinum
200,000^
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
^ "ARIA Top 40 DVD" (PDF). The ARIA Report (718): 19. November 24, 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 6, 2003. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
^ "Austria Top 40 – Musik-DVDs Top 10 30.11.2003". austriancharts.at (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
^ "Album – Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band, Live in Barcelona ". charts.de (in German). Media Control. Archived from the original on December 2, 2014. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
^ "Top Music Videos". Billboard. Vol. 115, no. 49. December 6, 2003. p. 40. ISSN 0006-2510.
^ "Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band – Live in Barcelona ". ultratop.be (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2008 DVDs" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
^ "Austrian video certifications – Bruce Springsteen – Live in Barcelona" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
^ "Guld og platin i 2004". IFPI Denmark (in Danish). Archived from the original on June 11, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
^ "French video certifications – Bruce Springsteen – Live in Barcelona" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Bruce Springsteen; 'Live in Barcelona')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
^ "Top 20 DVD 04_01" (PDF). PROMUSICAE (in Spanish). Retrieved December 27, 2012.
^ "American video certifications – Bruce Springsteen – Live in Barcelona". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
DVD cover notes at official Springsteen website
External links
Live in Barcelona at IMDb
vteBruce Springsteen
E Street Band
Bruce Springsteen
Garry Tallent
Roy Bittan
Max Weinberg
Steven Van Zandt
Nils Lofgren
Patti Scialfa
Soozie Tyrell
Charles Giordano
Jake Clemons
Clarence Clemons
Danny Federici
Vini Lopez
David Sancious
Ernest Carter
Suki Lahav
Studio albums
Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. (1973)
The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle (1973)
Born to Run (1975)
Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978)
The River (1980)
Nebraska (1982)
Born in the U.S.A. (1984)
Tunnel of Love (1987)
Human Touch (1992)
Lucky Town (1992)
The Ghost of Tom Joad (1995)
The Rising (2002)
Devils & Dust (2005)
We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions (2006)
Magic (2007)
Working on a Dream (2009)
Wrecking Ball (2012)
High Hopes (2014)
Western Stars (2019)
Letter to You (2020)
Only the Strong Survive (2022)
Live albums
Live 1975–85 (1986)
In Concert/MTV Plugged (1993)
Live in New York City (2001)
Hammersmith Odeon, London '75 (2006)
Live in Dublin (2007)
Springsteen on Broadway (2018)
The Legendary 1979 No Nukes Concerts (2021)
Bruce SpringsteenArchives
Apollo Theater 3/09/12 (2014)
The Agora, Cleveland 1978 (2015)
Tower Theater, Philadelphia 1975 (2015)
Nassau Coliseum, New York 1980 (2015)
Brendan Byrne Arena, New Jersey 1984 (2015)
LA Sports Arena, California 1988 (2015)
Schottenstein Center, Ohio 2005 (2015)
Ippodromo delle Capannelle, Rome 2013 (2015)
Arizona State University, Tempe 1980 (2015)
The Christic Shows 1990 (2016)
HSBC Arena, Buffalo, NY, 11/22/09 (2016)
Scottrade Center, St. Louis, MO, 8/23/08 (2017)
Olympiastadion, Helsinki, July 31, 2012 (2017)
Palace Theatre, Albany 1977 (2017)
Auditorium Theatre, Rochester, NY 1977 (2017)
The Summit, Houston, TX December 8, 1978 (2017)
Soundtracks
Western Stars – Songs from the Film (2019)
Compilations
Greatest Hits (1995)
18 Tracks (1999)
The Essential Bruce Springsteen (2003)
Greatest Hits (2009)
The Promise (2010)
Collection: 1973–2012 (2013)
Chapter and Verse (2016)
Best of Bruce Springsteen (2024)
Box sets
The Born in the U.S.A. 12" Single Collection (1985)
Tracks (1998)
The Collection (2004)
Born to Run: 30th Anniversary Edition (2005)
The Collection 1973–1984 (2010)
The Promise: The Darkness on the Edge of Town Story (2010)
The Album Collection Vol. 1 1973–1984 (2014)
The Ties That Bind: The River Collection (2015)
EPs
Live Collection (1987)
Chimes of Freedom (1988)
Blood Brothers (1996)
PBS Exclusive (2007)
Magic Tour Highlights (2008)
American Beauty (2014)
Video releases
Video Anthology / 1978–88 (1989)
In Concert/MTV Plugged (1992)
Blood Brothers (1996)
The Complete Video Anthology / 1978–2000 (2001)
Live in New York City (2001)
Live in Barcelona (2003)
VH1 Storytellers (2005)
Wings for Wheels (2005)
Hammersmith Odeon, London '75 (2005)
Live in Dublin (2007)
Magic Tour Highlights (2008)
London Calling: Live in Hyde Park (2010)
The Promise: The Making of Darkness on the Edge of Town (2010)
Springsteen & I (2013)
Born in the U.S.A. Live: London 2013 (2014)
A MusiCares Tribute to Bruce Springsteen (2014)
Bruce Springsteen's High Hopes (2014)
High Hopes in South Africa (2014)
Hunter of Invisible Game (2014)
Concerts
Born to Run tours (1974–77)
Darkness Tour (1978)
The River Tour (1980–81)
Born in the U.S.A. Tour (1984–85)
Tunnel of Love Express (1988)
Human Rights Now! (1988)
Bruce Springsteen 1992–1993 World Tour (1992–93)
Ghost of Tom Joad Tour (1995–97)
Reunion Tour (1999–2000)
Rising Tour (2002–03)
Vote for Change (2004)
Devils & Dust Tour (2005)
Seeger Sessions Band Tour (2006)
Magic Tour (2007–08)
Working on a Dream Tour (2009)
Wrecking Ball World Tour (2012–13)
High Hopes Tour (2014)
The River Tour (2016)
Summer '17 (2017)
Springsteen on Broadway (2017–18; 2021)
2023 Tour (2023–24)
Related people
Jessica Springsteen
Pamela Springsteen
Jon Landau
John Hammond
Mike Appel
Phil Petillo
Marie Castello
Southside Johnny
Brendan O'Brien
Ron Aniello
Toby Scott
Bob Clearmountain
Chuck Plotkin
Jimmy Iovine
Dave Marsh
Eric Meola
Frank Stefanko
Lynn Goldsmith
Annie Leibovitz
Danny Clinch
Thom Zimny
Related articles
Discography
Songs
E Street Band
Steel Mill
The Sessions Band
The Miami Horns
Born to Run autobiography
E Street Radio
Little Steven's Underground Garage
Outlaw Pete
Columbia Records
914 Sound Studios
Record Plant
Power Station
The Hit Factory
The Max Weinberg 7
Badlands: A Tribute to Bruce Springsteen's Nebraska
Greetings from E Street
Backstreets Magazine
The Upstage Club
The Stone Pony
Fender Telecaster
Freehold Borough, New Jersey
Asbury Park, New Jersey
"Because the Night"
"Jersey Girl"
"Springsteen"
Blinded by the Light (film)
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"E Street Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_Street_Band"},{"link_name":"Rising Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rising_Tour"},{"link_name":"Palau Sant Jordi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau_Sant_Jordi"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"MTV Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Europe"},{"link_name":"VH1 UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1_UK"},{"link_name":"Dancing in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_in_the_Dark_(Bruce_Springsteen_song)"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Waitin' on a Sunny Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitin%27_on_a_Sunny_Day"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band: Live in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen_%26_The_E_Street_Band:_Live_in_New_York_City"}],"text":"Live In Barcelona is a full concert video DVD of a performance by Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band of their Rising Tour performance of October 16, 2002 at Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.The first half of the show was broadcast live at the time across Europe on MTV Europe and VH1 UK; the broadcast concluded with Springsteen's biggest hit, \"Dancing in the Dark\", unusually placed in the middle of the regular set for that reason. A tape of the broadcast was later aired by CBS in the United States on February 28, 2003 as well. The performance of \"Waitin' on a Sunny Day\" was released as a music video to promote the single.Released on November 18, 2003 after the tour's conclusion and now incorporating the complete Barcelona performance, this DVD was the first time that an entire Springsteen concert was documented with an official release in either audio or video. Unlike the prior tour's concert video Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band: Live in New York City, no equivalent audio-only album release was made.","title":"Live in Barcelona (Bruce Springsteen video)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rising_(Bruce_Springsteen_song)"},{"link_name":"Lonesome Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonesome_Day"},{"link_name":"Prove It All Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prove_It_All_Night"},{"link_name":"Waitin' on a Sunny Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitin%27_on_a_Sunny_Day"},{"link_name":"The Promised Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Promised_Land_(Bruce_Springsteen_song)"},{"link_name":"Badlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlands_(Bruce_Springsteen_song)"},{"link_name":"She's the One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_the_One_(Bruce_Springsteen_song)"},{"link_name":"Dancing in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_in_the_Dark_(Bruce_Springsteen_song)"},{"link_name":"Spirit in the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_in_the_Night"},{"link_name":"Incident on 57th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incident_on_57th_Street"}],"sub_title":"Disc one","text":"\"The Rising\"\n\"Lonesome Day\"\n\"Prove It All Night\"\n\"Darkness on the Edge of Town\"\n\"Empty Sky\"\n\"You're Missing\"\n\"Waitin' on a Sunny Day\"\n\"The Promised Land\"\n\"Worlds Apart\"\n\"Badlands\"\n\"She's the One\"\n\"Mary's Place\"\n\"Dancing in the Dark\"\n\"Countin' on a Miracle\"\n\"Spirit in the Night\"\n\"Incident on 57th Street\"\n\"Into the Fire\"","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(Bruce_Springsteen_song)"},{"link_name":"Ramrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramrod_(Bruce_Springsteen_song)"},{"link_name":"Born to Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_to_Run_(Bruce_Springsteen_song)"},{"link_name":"My City of Ruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_City_of_Ruins"},{"link_name":"Born in the U.S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_in_the_U.S.A._(song)"},{"link_name":"Land of Hope and Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Hope_and_Dreams"},{"link_name":"Thunder Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Road_(song)"},{"link_name":"Fenway Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park"},{"link_name":"Giants Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giants_Stadium"}],"sub_title":"Disc two","text":"\"Night\"\n\"Ramrod\"\n\"Born to Run\"\n\"My City of Ruins\"\n\"Born in the U.S.A.\"\n\"Land of Hope and Dreams\"\n\"Thunder Road\"\nDrop the Needle and Pray: The Rising on Tour, a documentary featuring footage from shows on the Summer 2003 leg of the tour at Fenway Park and Giants Stadium, interviews with Springsteen and band members, and unpublished photographs.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roy Bittan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Bittan"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"Clarence Clemons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Clemons"},{"link_name":"saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"Danny Federici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Federici"},{"link_name":"Nils Lofgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Lofgren"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"Patti Scialfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Scialfa"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"Garry Tallent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Tallent"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Stevie Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Van_Zandt"},{"link_name":"Max Weinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weinberg"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"Soozie Tyrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soozie_Tyrell"},{"link_name":"violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"}],"text":"As listed on the DVD cover:The E Street BandRoy Bittan – keyboards\nClarence Clemons – saxophone, percussion\nDanny Federici – keyboards, accordeon\nNils Lofgren – guitar, vocals\nPatti Scialfa – guitar, vocals\nBruce Springsteen – guitar, vocals\nGarry Tallent – bass guitar\nStevie Van Zandt – guitar, vocals\nMax Weinberg – drums\nwith Soozie Tyrell – vocals, violin","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"ARIA Top 40 DVD\" (PDF). 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Retrieved December 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AACIy6L0vRyXEayNcbS-HgDKa/2008%20Accreds.pdf","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2008 DVDs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Austrian video certifications – Bruce Springsteen – Live in Barcelona\" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved December 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://ifpi.at/auszeichnungen/?fwp_per_page=100&fwp_interpret=Bruce+Springsteen&fwp_titel=Live+in+Barcelona&fwp_format=dvd&","url_text":"\"Austrian video certifications – Bruce Springsteen – Live in Barcelona\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"IFPI"}]},{"reference":"\"Guld og platin i 2004\". IFPI Denmark (in Danish). Archived from the original on June 11, 2007. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_College_at_Jacksonville | Florida State College at Jacksonville | ["1 History","2 Campuses","2.1 Downtown Campus","2.2 North Campus","2.3 Kent Campus","2.4 South Campus","2.5 Other facilities","3 Athletics","4 Notable alumni","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 30°20′05.0″N 81°39′35″W / 30.334722°N 81.65972°W / 30.334722; -81.65972Public college Jacksonville, Florida, US
Florida State College at JacksonvilleFormer namesFlorida Community College at Jacksonville (1986–2009)Florida Junior College (1965–1986)TypePublic collegeEstablished1966; 58 years ago (1966)Parent institutionFlorida College SystemAcademic affiliationsFlorida College SystemEndowment$53.5 million (2020)PresidentJohn AvendanoStudents49,721LocationJacksonville, Florida, U.S.30°20′05.0″N 81°39′35″W / 30.334722°N 81.65972°W / 30.334722; -81.65972CampusUrbanColors Blue & yellowNicknameBlueWaveSporting affiliationsNJCAA Region 8, Mid-Florida ConferenceMascotManta RayWebsitefscj.edu
Florida State College at Jacksonville (FSCJ) is a public college in Jacksonville, Florida. It is part of the Florida College System and one of several institutions in that system designated a "state college" as it offers a greater number of four-year bachelor's degrees than traditional community colleges.
The college was established in 1966 as Florida Junior College. It has four major physical campuses and several additional centers located around the First Coast region and enrolled 49,721 students in 2017.
History
The institution was founded in 1966 as Florida Junior College. With the growth of the community college movement, it was renamed Florida Community College at Jacksonville (FCCJ) in 1986.
In 2009, in recognition of a shortage of four-year colleges in the state, the Florida Legislature passed legislation creating the Florida College System, enabling some community colleges to become "state colleges", meaning they can offer more bachelor's degrees than traditional community colleges, but no graduate degree programs. FCCJ was one of the first community colleges to make the change, and, also in 2009, announced the change to their current name, "Florida State College at Jacksonville".
Campuses
Downtown Campus
Florida State College at Jacksonville's main administrative campus is situated in Downtown Jacksonville adjacent to the historic neighborhood of Springfield. Established in 1977, Its programs focus on college degrees, continuing education and vocational training. The Downtown Campus places particular emphasis on educational outreach; programs of focus include building construction, auto mechanic, electrical and metal trades, and English as a second language. The campus is situated north of State Street and south of First Street between Main and Jefferson streets. Nearby Rosa Parks Transit Station offers both bus and Jacksonville Skyway monorail service.
Other downtown facilities include:
The Administrative Offices serve the administrative functions of FSCJ, and are located adjacent to the Downtown Campus.
The Advanced Technology Center is a specialized facility for teaching technical topics such as information technology, industrial electricity, transportation technology, biotechnology, and corporate training. The ATC is located along State Street west of Downtown Campus and behind the Administrative Offices.
The Urban Resource Center is home to the Open Campus as well as FSCJ's military and government programs. It is located on State Street near the Downtown Campus. Open Campus is FSCJ's virtual school. It offers accredited college courses through online distance learning. It is housed in the Downtown Campus' Urban Resource Center.
Northern facade of the Advanced Technology Center.
Administration Building at FSCJ Downtown.
FSCJ Urban Resource Center.
Building A at FSCJ Downtown, an example of Brutalist architecture.
The Main Street Building.
Pedestrian bridge located near State Street.
North Campus
North Campus is located off Dunn Avenue on Jacksonville's Northside. Built in 1970, it houses many of FSCJ's health programs, including nursing, dental hygiene, and emergency medical services. North Campus also includes the Culinary Institute of the South, a culinary school with its own restaurant, and a cosmetology program. The North Campus includes baseball, softball, and soccer facilities.
Kent Campus
Kent Campus is located on Roosevelt Boulevard in the Riverside and Avondale neighborhood. It opened in 1966 using over 100 World War II-era housing units as classrooms. Originally known as Cumberland Campus, it was later renamed after Fred H. Kent, a prominent Jacksonville attorney, and the first Chairman of the FSCJ District Board of Trustees. In 1979, the buildings that were still structurally sound went into service as residential housing in the community. Kent Campus was rebuilt in an all-brick, closed courtyard design, gaining it a reputation over the years as an aesthetically pleasing area in an urban environment.
Kent Campus
South Campus
South Campus is located on Beach Boulevard on Jacksonville's Southside. Its programs focus on technical and liberal arts associate's degrees. South Campus is home to FSCJ's art, music and theater programs and the Nathan H. Wilson Center for the Arts, as well as the Jacksonville Regional Fire/Rescue Training and Education Center. The campus features the Sports Center, an arena for basketball, volleyball, and tennis.
Other facilities
The Betty P. Cook Nassau Center, located in Yulee, is an outlying FSCJ branch serving Nassau County residents. It offers courses and certificate and degree programs in various fields. Nassau Center includes the Outdoor Education Center, a 16-acre natural space owned by the college. It houses the Nassau County Yulee Library Branch.
Cecil Center North is located at Cecil Commerce Center on Jacksonville's Westside. It offers more traditional college courses than the nearby Cecil Center South.
Cecil Center – Aviation Programs is located at Cecil Field, near Cecil Center. Its programs focus on aviation and related fields, including pilot training, aviation operations, and aviation maintenance.
Deerwood Center is situated in a former shopping mall in the Baymeadows area of Jacksonville's Southside. It offers a variety of courses and programs. It is also the center of FSCJ's information technology department, which maintains the college's computer network and serves distance learners.
Athletics
FSCJ offers intercollegiate athletics for both men and women. The FSCJ Athletic Program competes in Men's and Women's Cross-Country, Women's Volleyball, Women's Softball, Women's Basketball, Men's Basketball, and Men's Baseball. The college competes as a Division 2 program in the Mid-Florida Conference of the Florida State College Activities Association (FSCAA) in the Mid-Florida Conference. The FSCAA is governed by the rules of the National Junior Community College Athletic Association (NJCAA), of which FSCJ is a member of Region 8.
FSCJ had a track and field program that was dismantled due to Title IX and lack of community college teams to compete against at the completion of the 2000 outdoor track season. Larry Monts served as its only head coach, coaching 129 NJCAA All-Americans, 29 national champions, and winning two team NJCAA National Championship during his tenure.
In 2017 FSCJ hired former assistant coach and Jacksonville native Jody Hale to restart the Cross-Country program.
Notable alumni
Janet H. Adkins, member of the Florida House of Representatives
Audrey Gibson, member of the Florida House of Representatives
Alvin Heggs, professional basketball player
Sam Jones, mayor of Mobile, Alabama
Tim McGraw, country music artist and actor (attended for one semester)
Michael D. Reynolds, astronomer and faculty member at Florida State College at Jacksonville
Kevin O'Sullivan, head baseball coach for the Florida Gators
Kelly Kelly, former WWE professional wrestler and 1x Divas Champion
References
^ As of June 30, 2020. U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
^ a b FSCJ (2018). "FSCJ Fact Sheet" (PDF). www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. Archived from the original on March 25, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
^ a b Aasen, Adam (March 4, 2009). "New name: FCCJ to be Florida State College at Jacksonville". The Florida Times-Union. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
^ "Downtown Campus". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
^ "Administrative Offices". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
^ "Advanced Technology Center". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
^ "Open Campus". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
^ "North Campus". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
^ "Kent Campus". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
^ "South Campus". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
^ "Betty P. Cook Nassau Center". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
^ "Yulee Library Branch." Nassau County Public Library. Retrieved on February 10, 2017.
^ "Cecil Center North". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on March 16, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
^ "Cecil Center South - Aviation Center of Excellence". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on September 14, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
^ "A Ritzy '80s Florida Mall Flamed Out - Until It Went to Community College". Adapt + Reuse. 3 March 2020.
^ "Deerwood Center". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Florida State College at Jacksonville.
Official website
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Broward College
Chipola College
College of Central Florida
Daytona State College
Eastern Florida State College
Florida Keys Community College
Florida SouthWestern State College
Florida State College at Jacksonville
Gulf Coast State College
Hillsborough Community College
Indian River State College
Florida Gateway College
Lake–Sumter State College
Miami Dade College
North Florida College
Northwest Florida State College
Palm Beach State College
Pasco–Hernando State College
Pensacola State College
Polk State College
Santa Fe College
Seminole State College of Florida
South Florida State College
St. Johns River State College
St. Petersburg College
State College of Florida, Manatee–Sarasota
Tallahassee Community College
Valencia College
Florida College System – Founded in 1933
vteColleges and universities in metropolitan Jacksonville
Edward Waters University
Flagler College
Florida State College at Jacksonville
Jacksonville University
Jones College
Mayo Graduate School
St. Johns River State College
University of Florida Health Science Center
University of North Florida
vteCollege sports teams in FloridaCollege athletics(NCAA Division I)
Bethune–Cookman Wildcats (SWAC)
FIU Panthers (C-USA)
Florida Gators (SEC)
Florida A&M Rattlers (SWAC)
Florida Atlantic Owls (American)
Florida Gulf Coast Eagles (ASUN)
Florida State Seminoles (ACC)
Jacksonville Dolphins (ASUN)
Miami Hurricanes (ACC)
North Florida Ospreys (ASUN)
South Florida Bulls (American)
Stetson Hatters (ASUN/Pioneer)
UCF Knights (Big 12)
College athletics(NCAA Division II)
Barry Buccaneers (SSC)
Eckerd Tritons (SSC)
Edward Waters Tigers (SIAC)
Embry–Riddle Eagles (SSC)
Flagler Saints (PBC)
Florida Southern Moccasins (SSC)
Florida Tech Panthers (SSC)
Lynn Fighting Knights (SSC)
Nova Southeastern Sharks (SSC)
Palm Beach Atlantic Sailfish (SSC)
Rollins Tars (SSC)
Saint Leo Lions (SSC)
Tampa Spartans (SSC)
West Florida Argonauts (GSC)
College athletics(NAIA)Sun Conference
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Florida Memorial Lions
Keiser Seahawks
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Warner Royals
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Independent
Florida College Falcons
Florida National Conquistadors
College athletics(NCCAA)
Fort Lauderdale Eagles
Johnson Suns
Pensacola Christian Eagles
Trinity College Tigers
Trinity Baptist Eagles
College athletics(USCAA)
Atlantis University Atlanteans
Beacon College Blazers
Florida National Conquistadors
United International Eagle Rays
College athletics(NJCAA)
ASA College of Miami Avengers (Independent)
Broward College Seahawks (Southern Conference)
Chipola College Indians (Panhandle Conference)
College of Central Florida Patriots (Mid-Florida Conference)
Daytona State College Falcons (Mid-Florida Conference)
Eastern Florida State College Titans (Southern Conference)
Florida SouthWestern State College Buccaneers (Southern Conference)
Florida State College at Jacksonville Blue Wave (Mid-Florida Conference)
Gulf Coast State College Commodores (Panhandle Conference)
Hillsborough Community College Hawks (Suncoast Conference)
Indian River State College Pioneers (Southern Conference)
Lake–Sumter State College Lakehawks (Mid-Florida Conference)
Miami Dade College Sharks (Southern Conference)
Northwest Florida State College Raiders (Panhandle Conference)
Palm Beach State College Panthers (Southern Conference)
Pasco–Hernando State College Conquistadors (Independent)
Pensacola State College Pirates (Panhandle Conference)
Polk State College Eagles (Suncoast Conference)
Santa Fe College Saints (Mid-Florida Conference)
St. Johns River State College Vikings (Mid-Florida Conference)
St. Petersburg College Titans (Suncoast Conference)
State College of Florida, Manatee–Sarasota Manatees (Suncoast Conference)
Tallahassee Community College Eagles (Panhandle Conference)
Authority control databases International
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National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_college"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida College System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_College_System"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degrees"},{"link_name":"community colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_college"},{"link_name":"First Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Coast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enrollment_numbers-2"}],"text":"Public college Jacksonville, Florida, USFlorida State College at Jacksonville (FSCJ) is a public college in Jacksonville, Florida. It is part of the Florida College System and one of several institutions in that system designated a \"state college\" as it offers a greater number of four-year bachelor's degrees than traditional community colleges.The college was established in 1966 as Florida Junior College. It has four major physical campuses and several additional centers located around the First Coast region and enrolled 49,721 students in 2017.[2]","title":"Florida State College at Jacksonville"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"community college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_college"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aasen-3"},{"link_name":"Florida Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Florida College System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_College_System"},{"link_name":"community colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_colleges"},{"link_name":"state colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_colleges"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degrees"},{"link_name":"graduate degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_degree"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aasen-3"}],"text":"The institution was founded in 1966 as Florida Junior College. With the growth of the community college movement, it was renamed Florida Community College at Jacksonville (FCCJ) in 1986.[3]In 2009, in recognition of a shortage of four-year colleges in the state, the Florida Legislature passed legislation creating the Florida College System, enabling some community colleges to become \"state colleges\", meaning they can offer more bachelor's degrees than traditional community colleges, but no graduate degree programs. FCCJ was one of the first community colleges to make the change, and, also in 2009, announced the change to their current name, \"Florida State College at Jacksonville\".[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Downtown Jacksonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Jacksonville"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_(Jacksonville)"},{"link_name":"building construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_construction"},{"link_name":"auto mechanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_mechanic"},{"link_name":"English as a second language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_as_a_second_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rosa Parks Transit Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Transit_Station"},{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTA_Bus"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Skyway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Skyway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"information technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"virtual school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_school"},{"link_name":"distance learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_learning"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advanced_Tech_Center,_north_side.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FSCJ_Administration_building.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urban_Resource_Center.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Building_A,_FSCJ.JPG"},{"link_name":"Brutalist architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalist_architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Main_Street_Building_2,_FSCJ.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bridge_Park,_FSCJ.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Downtown Campus","text":"Florida State College at Jacksonville's main administrative campus is situated in Downtown Jacksonville adjacent to the historic neighborhood of Springfield. Established in 1977, Its programs focus on college degrees, continuing education and vocational training. The Downtown Campus places particular emphasis on educational outreach; programs of focus include building construction, auto mechanic, electrical and metal trades, and English as a second language.[4] The campus is situated north of State Street and south of First Street between Main and Jefferson streets. Nearby Rosa Parks Transit Station offers both bus and Jacksonville Skyway monorail service.Other downtown facilities include:The Administrative Offices serve the administrative functions of FSCJ, and are located adjacent to the Downtown Campus.[5]\nThe Advanced Technology Center is a specialized facility for teaching technical topics such as information technology, industrial electricity, transportation technology, biotechnology, and corporate training. The ATC is located along State Street west of Downtown Campus and behind the Administrative Offices.[6]\nThe Urban Resource Center is home to the Open Campus as well as FSCJ's military and government programs. It is located on State Street near the Downtown Campus. Open Campus is FSCJ's virtual school. It offers accredited college courses through online distance learning. It is housed in the Downtown Campus' Urban Resource Center.[7]Northern facade of the Advanced Technology Center.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdministration Building at FSCJ Downtown.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFSCJ Urban Resource Center.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuilding A at FSCJ Downtown, an example of Brutalist architecture.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Main Street Building.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPedestrian bridge located near State Street.","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northside_(Jacksonville)"},{"link_name":"nursing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing"},{"link_name":"dental hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_hygiene"},{"link_name":"emergency medical services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services"},{"link_name":"culinary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culinary_school"},{"link_name":"cosmetology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetology"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"softball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"North Campus","text":"North Campus is located off Dunn Avenue on Jacksonville's Northside. Built in 1970, it houses many of FSCJ's health programs, including nursing, dental hygiene, and emergency medical services. North Campus also includes the Culinary Institute of the South, a culinary school with its own restaurant, and a cosmetology program. The North Campus includes baseball, softball, and soccer facilities.[8]","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roosevelt Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Boulevard_(Jacksonville)"},{"link_name":"Riverside and Avondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_and_Avondale"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Board of Trustees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Trustees"},{"link_name":"urban environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FCCJ_Kent_Campus_360_Panorama_1.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Kent Campus","text":"Kent Campus is located on Roosevelt Boulevard in the Riverside and Avondale neighborhood.[9] It opened in 1966 using over 100 World War II-era housing units as classrooms. Originally known as Cumberland Campus, it was later renamed after Fred H. Kent, a prominent Jacksonville attorney, and the first Chairman of the FSCJ District Board of Trustees. In 1979, the buildings that were still structurally sound went into service as residential housing in the community. Kent Campus was rebuilt in an all-brick, closed courtyard design, gaining it a reputation over the years as an aesthetically pleasing area in an urban environment.Kent Campus","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beach Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Boulevard_(Jacksonville)"},{"link_name":"Southside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southside_(Jacksonville)"},{"link_name":"associate's degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate%27s_degrees"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"South Campus","text":"South Campus is located on Beach Boulevard on Jacksonville's Southside. Its programs focus on technical and liberal arts associate's degrees. South Campus is home to FSCJ's art, music and theater programs and the Nathan H. Wilson Center for the Arts, as well as the Jacksonville Regional Fire/Rescue Training and Education Center. The campus features the Sports Center, an arena for basketball, volleyball, and tennis.[10]","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yulee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Nassau County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cecil Commerce Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Commerce_Center"},{"link_name":"Westside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westside,_Jacksonville"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cecil Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Field"},{"link_name":"aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"shopping mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Other facilities","text":"The Betty P. Cook Nassau Center, located in Yulee, is an outlying FSCJ branch serving Nassau County residents. It offers courses and certificate and degree programs in various fields. Nassau Center includes the Outdoor Education Center, a 16-acre natural space owned by the college.[11] It houses the Nassau County Yulee Library Branch.[12]\nCecil Center North is located at Cecil Commerce Center on Jacksonville's Westside. It offers more traditional college courses than the nearby Cecil Center South.[13]\nCecil Center – Aviation Programs is located at Cecil Field, near Cecil Center. Its programs focus on aviation and related fields, including pilot training, aviation operations, and aviation maintenance.[14]\nDeerwood Center is situated in a former shopping mall in the Baymeadows area of Jacksonville's Southside.[15] It offers a variety of courses and programs.[16] It is also the center of FSCJ's information technology department, which maintains the college's computer network and serves distance learners.","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida State College Activities Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_College_Activities_Association"},{"link_name":"Mid-Florida Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Florida_Conference"},{"link_name":"Region 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJCAA_Region_VIII"}],"text":"FSCJ offers intercollegiate athletics for both men and women. The FSCJ Athletic Program competes in Men's and Women's Cross-Country, Women's Volleyball, Women's Softball, Women's Basketball, Men's Basketball, and Men's Baseball. The college competes as a Division 2 program in the Mid-Florida Conference of the Florida State College Activities Association (FSCAA) in the Mid-Florida Conference. The FSCAA is governed by the rules of the National Junior Community College Athletic Association (NJCAA), of which FSCJ is a member of Region 8.FSCJ had a track and field program that was dismantled due to Title IX and lack of community college teams to compete against at the completion of the 2000 outdoor track season. Larry Monts served as its only head coach, coaching 129 NJCAA All-Americans, 29 national champions, and winning two team NJCAA National Championship during his tenure.In 2017 FSCJ hired former assistant coach and Jacksonville native Jody Hale to restart the Cross-Country program.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janet H. Adkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_H._Adkins"},{"link_name":"Florida House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Audrey Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Florida House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Alvin Heggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Heggs"},{"link_name":"Sam Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Jones_(mayor)"},{"link_name":"Mobile, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Tim McGraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McGraw"},{"link_name":"Michael D. Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Kevin O'Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_O%27Sullivan_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Florida Gators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Gators"},{"link_name":"Kelly Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Kelly"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"}],"text":"Janet H. Adkins, member of the Florida House of Representatives\nAudrey Gibson, member of the Florida House of Representatives\nAlvin Heggs, professional basketball player\nSam Jones, mayor of Mobile, Alabama\nTim McGraw, country music artist and actor (attended for one semester)\nMichael D. Reynolds, astronomer and faculty member at Florida State College at Jacksonville\nKevin O'Sullivan, head baseball coach for the Florida Gators\nKelly Kelly, former WWE professional wrestler and 1x Divas Champion","title":"Notable alumni"}] | [{"image_text":"Kent Campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/FCCJ_Kent_Campus_360_Panorama_1.jpg/1136px-FCCJ_Kent_Campus_360_Panorama_1.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx","url_text":"U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIAA","url_text":"TIAA"}]},{"reference":"FSCJ (2018). \"FSCJ Fact Sheet\" (PDF). www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. Archived from the original on March 25, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fscj.edu/docs/default-source/governance/oiea/grant-resource-development/fscj-fact-sheet-2018_final.pdf","url_text":"\"FSCJ Fact Sheet\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130325031530/http://www.fscj.edu/district/about/enrollment-growth.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aasen, Adam (March 4, 2009). \"New name: FCCJ to be Florida State College at Jacksonville\". The Florida Times-Union. Retrieved March 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://jacksonville.com/news/metro/2009-03-03/story/fccj_or_fscj_name_change_being_voted_on","url_text":"\"New name: FCCJ to be Florida State College at Jacksonville\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Florida_Times-Union","url_text":"The Florida Times-Union"}]},{"reference":"\"Downtown Campus\". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/downtown/index.php","url_text":"\"Downtown Campus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Administrative Offices\". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130217080442/http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/administrative-offices/index.php","url_text":"\"Administrative Offices\""},{"url":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/administrative-offices/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Advanced Technology Center\". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/advanced-technology-center/index.php","url_text":"\"Advanced Technology Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Open Campus\". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130304134019/http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/open/index.php","url_text":"\"Open Campus\""},{"url":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/open/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"North Campus\". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130304135111/http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/north/index.php","url_text":"\"North Campus\""},{"url":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/north/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kent Campus\". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130304140334/http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/kent/index.php","url_text":"\"Kent Campus\""},{"url":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/kent/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"South Campus\". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130318083521/http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/south/index.php","url_text":"\"South Campus\""},{"url":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/south/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Betty P. Cook Nassau Center\". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130304142337/http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/nassau-center/index.php","url_text":"\"Betty P. Cook Nassau Center\""},{"url":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/nassau-center/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cecil Center North\". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on March 16, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130316085023/http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/cecil-center/cecil-north/index.php","url_text":"\"Cecil Center North\""},{"url":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/cecil-center/cecil-north/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cecil Center South - Aviation Center of Excellence\". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on September 14, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130914212656/http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/cecil-center/cecil-south/","url_text":"\"Cecil Center South - Aviation Center of Excellence\""},{"url":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/cecil-center/cecil-south/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Ritzy '80s Florida Mall Flamed Out - Until It Went to Community College\". Adapt + Reuse. 3 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://adaptandreuse.com/a-ritzy-80s-florida-mall-flamed-out-until-it-went-to-community-college/","url_text":"\"A Ritzy '80s Florida Mall Flamed Out - Until It Went to Community College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deerwood Center\". www.fscj.edu. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2013. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130407034036/http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/deerwood-center/index.php","url_text":"\"Deerwood Center\""},{"url":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/deerwood-center/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Florida_State_College_at_Jacksonville¶ms=30_20_05.0_N_81_39_35_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"30°20′05.0″N 81°39′35″W / 30.334722°N 81.65972°W / 30.334722; -81.65972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Florida_State_College_at_Jacksonville¶ms=30_20_05.0_N_81_39_35_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"30°20′05.0″N 81°39′35″W / 30.334722°N 81.65972°W / 30.334722; -81.65972"},{"Link":"https://www.fscj.edu/","external_links_name":"fscj.edu"},{"Link":"https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx","external_links_name":"U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20"},{"Link":"https://www.fscj.edu/docs/default-source/governance/oiea/grant-resource-development/fscj-fact-sheet-2018_final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FSCJ Fact Sheet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130325031530/http://www.fscj.edu/district/about/enrollment-growth.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://jacksonville.com/news/metro/2009-03-03/story/fccj_or_fscj_name_change_being_voted_on","external_links_name":"\"New name: FCCJ to be Florida State College at Jacksonville\""},{"Link":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/downtown/index.php","external_links_name":"\"Downtown Campus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130217080442/http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/administrative-offices/index.php","external_links_name":"\"Administrative Offices\""},{"Link":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/administrative-offices/index.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/advanced-technology-center/index.php","external_links_name":"\"Advanced Technology Center\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130304134019/http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/open/index.php","external_links_name":"\"Open Campus\""},{"Link":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/open/index.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130304135111/http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/north/index.php","external_links_name":"\"North Campus\""},{"Link":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/north/index.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130304140334/http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/kent/index.php","external_links_name":"\"Kent Campus\""},{"Link":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/kent/index.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130318083521/http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/south/index.php","external_links_name":"\"South Campus\""},{"Link":"http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/south/index.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130304142337/http://www.fscj.edu/mydegree/campuses/nassau-center/index.php","external_links_name":"\"Betty P. 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